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",isbn:"978-1-83969-603-9",printIsbn:"978-1-83969-602-2",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83969-604-6",doi:null,price:0,priceEur:0,priceUsd:0,slug:null,numberOfPages:0,isOpenForSubmission:!0,isSalesforceBook:!1,hash:"63deca41156136bb9fc21e070181a5dd",bookSignature:"Associate Prof. Monjur Ahmed",publishedDate:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11851.jpg",keywords:"Peptic Ulcer, Ischemic Ulcer, Crohn's Ulcer, Duodenal Infections, Adenoma, Carcinoma, Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors, Neuroendocrine Tumors, Ampullectomy, Bariatric Surgery, Duodenal Resurfacing, Duodenal Stenting",numberOfDownloads:null,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:null,numberOfDimensionsCitations:null,numberOfTotalCitations:null,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"April 26th 2022",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"May 24th 2022",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"July 23rd 2022",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"October 11th 2022",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"December 10th 2022",remainingDaysToSecondStep:"9 hours",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:3,editedByType:null,kuFlag:!1,biosketch:"Trained and board-certified in Internal Medicine and Gastroenterology in the United Kingdom and the United States. Has worked in many academic medical centers such as Temple University Hospital and Marshall University. He has a passion for teaching, training, doing clinical research, and publishing and is a member of the American College of Gastroenterology, American Gastroenterology Association, and the Royal College of Physicians of the United Kingdom.",coeditorOneBiosketch:null,coeditorTwoBiosketch:null,coeditorThreeBiosketch:null,coeditorFourBiosketch:null,coeditorFiveBiosketch:null,editors:[{id:"206355",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Monjur",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmed",slug:"monjur-ahmed",fullName:"Monjur Ahmed",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/206355/images/system/206355.jpeg",biography:"Monjur Ahmed, MD, FRCP, is an Associate Professor of Medicine at Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA. He has been a practicing gastroenterologist for twenty-two years. 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From chapter submission and review, to approval and revision, copyediting and design, until final publication, I work closely with authors and editors to ensure a simple and easy publishing process. I maintain constant and effective communication with authors, editors and reviewers, which allows for a level of personal support that enables contributors to fully"}},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"6550",title:"Cohort Studies in Health Sciences",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"01df5aba4fff1a84b37a2fdafa809660",slug:"cohort-studies-in-health-sciences",bookSignature:"R. Mauricio Barría",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6550.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"88861",title:"Dr.",name:"R. Mauricio",surname:"Barría",slug:"r.-mauricio-barria",fullName:"R. 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There are three noteworthy gatherings: lymphomas, leukemia and plasma cell neoplasms. European patients with hematological malignancies have improved over the previous decade, most likely as a result of new medications, for example, imatinib in chronic myeloid leukemia and rituximab in lymphomas [1].
\nIn developed countries and developing countries hematological malignancies (HMs) are differs and account about 8–9% of all cancers, being the fourth common cancer in developed countries [2]. The leukemia incidence rates are 24.5 per 100,000 is 8.8% in the US, 6.3% in Jordan, 5.4% in Egypt [3] The lymphoma incidence rate have been reported to be high in Canada (27.7%), Australia (25%) and Western Europe (17.9%), moderate (10.2%) in Middle East and Africa and low (6.5%) in East Asia [3].
\nWhile the previous 20 years witnessed an explosion in the quantity approved treatments for lymphoid and myeloid malignancies and few medications were endorsed, especially for leukemia, lymphoma and myeloma. This was astounding in light of comparable, if not more prominent, propels in the comprehension of the genetic basis and pathophysiology of hematological malignancies, which account 8–24% of every single grown-up disease [1]. The test of making an interpretation of these logical revelations into powerful treatments for patients with hematological malignancies established as an urgent unmet medical need.
\nHematological malignancies are heterogeneous in both clinical and biological aspects. The association of genomic profile changes associated with hematological malignancies is complex and variable including translocations, karyotypic improvements, transformations and adjustments of post-translational alteration and some genetic changes are needed, to induce the onset of disease. This proof in relationship with the development of molecular techniques has prompted an alteration of the current authoritative opinion concentrating on a solitary quality or single pathway analysis [4].
\nThe advancement in molecular biology techniques has not just permitted the individualized molecular diagnosis of hematological malignancies but have also prompted the disclosure of genetic or targeted therapeutic schemes with cytotoxic, anti-metabolic or immunomodulatory properties [4].
\nUtilizing karyotype analysis and the new technique of polymerase chain reaction (PCR), chromosomal microarrays (CMA), fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) and new generation sequencing technique (NGS), it is conceivable to configuration better hazard stratification classes and decide if there is complete remission or presence of minimal residual disease (MRD).
\nNew molecular and cytogenetic methods have been connected to determination of diagnosis and treatment. As to, the reasonableness of those strategies expands the precision and the speed of results while screening can be even more successfully performed. In regard to treatments, immunomodulatory and target therapies assurance better outcomes with less hematological side effects.
\nThe molecular basis of hematological malignancies has developed aberrant genes expression and/or pathological expression of natural genes [5]. Also other new somatic mutations detected by Next Generation Sequencing NGS have prompted the revelation of already unknown molecular and pathological genes as well as diagnostic and therapeutic value [6].
\nGenetic changes plays a vital role to diagnose and classify the stage of disease and determine the prognosis of diseases and choice of treatment in most hematological malignancies [7, 8, 9]. Molecular diagnostic technology in patients with HMs is useful for diagnosis and prognosis and selecting the proper treatment, and to monitor the degree of response to new therapies [5, 8].
\nThe majority of leukemia, specifically predictable by gene expression profiles [9]. Vulnerability tests are being developed through the explicit treatment of targeted therapies such as imatinib in acute lymphoblastic leukemia BCR-ABL positive (ALL) and farnesyltransferase inhibitors in acute myeloblastic leukemia (AML) [10].
\nMyelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) and acute leukemia (AML and ALL) are intensely influenced by epigenetics [11]. Targeted epigenetic therapies may be particularly attractive as long-term treatment in post remission period, if they could target certain subclones once standard chemotherapy has produced targeted cytoreduction to induce remission of acute leukemia [12]. Personalized targeted therapy have just upset treatment results in some HMs, especially, chronic myeloid leukemia (CML), non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma (NHL), multiple myeloma (MM) and acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) [12, 13].
\nIn the late 1970s, the technology development of monoclonal antibody (MoAb) was possible to produce antibodies targeting specific antigens to the surface of cancer cells. The antibodies target an antigen present at high concentrations on cancer cells and missing or present at low fixations on typical cells. The MoAbs, is given as monotherapy or target therapy with chemotherapy, have excellent outcome in different types of neoplasm’s with improve quality of life and survival rate and time. An assortment of components has been proposed that would allow monoclonal antibodies to kill cancer cells, including apoptosis, inhibition of cell growth, cellular cytotoxicity.
\nThe development of molecular and genetic technology play important role in the modernization and modification of the (2016 WHO Edition) for classification of tumors of hematopoietic and lymphoid tissues, is being published by World Health Organization, the aims to provide these data with essential clinical characteristics, morphology and immunophenotyping relevant to targeted and novel therapies against incurable diseases [18].
\nThe targeted and novel therapies currently used in the treatment of hematological malignancies are: (1) Acute myeloblastic leukemia subtypes: lintuzumab, midostaurin, gemtuzumab, ulocuplumab, sorafinib, navitoclax, panobinostat, vorinostat, Dr383-IL3 and lestaurtinib; (2) acute myeloblastic leukemia (promyelocytic type): all trans-retinoic acid gemtuzumab ozogamicin and arsenic trioxide; (3) acute lymphoblastic leukemia: tyrosine kinase inhibitors, rituximab, inotuzumab ozogamicin, nelarabine, blinatumomab, and CAR T-cells; (4) myelodysplastic syndrome: azacitidine, decitabine, and lenalidomide; (5) chronic myeloid leukemia: imatinib, nilotinib, dasatinib and ponatinib; (6) chronic myeloproliferative neoplasms: ruxolitinib; (7) chronic lymphatic leukemia (CLL): rituximab, idelalisib, ibrutinib, venetoclax obinutuzumab, and duvelisib; (8) HL: brentuximabvedotin, nivolumab, rituximab and everolimus; (9) B-cell lymphomas: tositumomab, rituximab, ibritumomab tiuxetan and CAR T-cells; (10) T-cell lymphomas: romidepsin, alemtuzumab, epratuzumab, denileukin and nelarabine; (11) hairy cell leukemia: vemurafenib; and (12) multiple myeloma: bortezomib, carfilzomib, lenalidomide, pomalidomide, daratumumab milatuzumab, and ixazomib [17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26].
\nThe targeted treatments are directed to the cancer cell and do not harm or affect the healthy cell, which is of course a breakthrough in the treatment of hematological malignancies, but is still in the process of research despite the success of the experiments, which have been conducted and targeted therapies exist for many types of cancers, including: Chronic leukemia and lymphoma is used in making there are opportunities for no need for bone marrow transplantation, and targeted therapies have proven to be a great success.
\nMutations in isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH) occur in 20% of AML cases and are also found in gliomas and cholangiocarcinomas. Enasidenib was approved in August 2017 by FDA for treatment acute myeloblastic leukemia patients (AML) refractory or relapsed to chemotherapy with presence of IDH2 mutation. IDH2 mutations are relatively common in hematological malignancies, which occur in ~12% of AML patients [27]. The follow up of patients for a period of 6.6 months, 23% of patients experienced a complete remission [28]. The dose of enasidenib is 100 mg once daily and continuously was chosen for the extension stage.
\nGemtuzumab ozogamicin (Mylotarg) is an antibody-drug conjugate to treat patients who are more than 60 years old in first relapse AML with CD33+ and not candidates for chemotherapy and also for pediatric patients, more than 2 years old with relapsed or refractory CD33+ AML. Subsequent studies with positive findings resulted in the resurrection of gemtuzumab ozogamicin and its approval in 2017.
\nMidostaurin was approved on 28 April 2017 by FDA for patients with AML who had FLT3 mutations. Midostaurin is an oral small molecule FLT3 inhibitor that inhibits wild-type and mutant FLT3 kinases as well as a number of other factors. The recommended dose of midostaurin is 50 mg capsules given twice daily on days 8–21, with cytarabine (200 mg/m2), continuously for 7 days (d1–7) and 60 mg/m2 daunorubicin for 3 days on (d1–3) and also repeat same dose of midostaurin daily for 2 weeks (day 8–21) in each cycle of consolidation in combination with high dose of cytarabine [29].
\nThe expression of CD20 is varies according to type of cancer (expression in follicular lymphoma is very high, while in chronic lymphocytic leukemia is low). The R-CHOP combination chemotherapy protocol (rituximab, cyclophosphamide, oncovin adriamycin and prednisone) has shown better survival than CHOP alone for treatment of high grade diffuse large cell lymphoma (DLBCL).
\nAnti-CD47 antibodies have emerged in recent years as a new class of checkpoint inhibitors that may be useful target therapy of hematological malignancies and more effective in treatment of MM, CLL and NHL [31]. Milatuzumab in single monotherapy or in combination with bortezomib is very effective in multiple myeloma.
\nEpratuzumab targets the CD22 antigen on B lymphocytes and has additionally been utilized against refractory or relapsed DLBCL patients to rituximab and can be given as monotherapy or in combination with rituximab or standard chemotherapy achieved complete remission in 60% of patients [32].
\nLike gemtuzumab ozogamicin, inotuzumab ozogamicin (Besponsa), an antibody/chemotherapy conjugate that internalizes into the tumor cells upon binding to CD22 on the cell surface. “It’s carrying a CD22 Trojan horse to the cell, discharging the payload there (the microtubule-targeting agent calicheamicin) is a highly potent chemotherapeutic drug belonging to the enediyne class of DNA-damaging cytotoxic agents derived from the soil bacterium
In September, 2017, Copanlisib
In 2017, ibrutinib (Imbruvica) was approved as the first drug for GVHD after corticosteroid therapies response failure. Ibrutinib is a small-molecule of the B-cell antigen receptor inhibits cell proliferation, and promotes apoptosis of cancer cells through inhibition of Bruton’s tyrosine kinase. The daily oral dose of 420 mg with median time response of 12 weeks and overall response rate about 67% [35].
\nIn fact, the new therapeutic progress of chimeric antigen receptor T cell is simultaneously a genetically, mechanically, and cellular therapy. This technique changed the leukocytes of the patient in such a way that they could identify and destroy the cancer cells. Despite a number of side effects, CAR T-Cell therapy will be effective for most patients who do not accept any other treatment or in relapses.
\nThe purpose of CAR creation is to attack specific target molecules on the surface of cancer cells. They are usually antigens CD19 and CD22, which are designated for malignant cells in leukemia and lymphoma. It is very important that there are no similar molecules on the surface of healthy cells. The patient’s own T cells are designed to show antigen receptors as “warheads” to focus on and assault tumor cells tumor cells when infused back into the patient. At the point when T cells perceive their target, they are activated, prompting the release of natural killer cells, cytokines, cytotoxic T lymphocytes, and other effector components.
\nThe test of these engineered cells is to avoid inhibitor and suppressive signals from regulatory immune cells, the target cells, and the tumor microenvironment. It is beneficial to make reference to that CAR-T cell can recognize potential antigens in almost all structures including lipid, carbohydrate and protein antigens, which can be joined explicitly by antibodies [36, 37].
\nTo make a situation where the CAR T cells will be respected, the patient experiences lymphodepleting treatment with fludarabine and cyclophosphamide. A couple of days after the fact, the T-cell item is transfused into the patient, where CD8+ and CD4+ cells will extend and endure until the tumor is dispensed with. Whenever effective, this procedure prompts long-term remission [38, 39].
\nIn August 2017, a number of large clinical trials of the new cancer treatment technique, CAR T-cell, were completed. According to their findings, two drugs were approved by FDA: tisagenlecleucel (Kymriah) and as the first synthetic therapy for relapsed or refractory B- ALL and the second product of CAR T-cell therapy is axicabtagene ciloleucel (Yescarta), as immunotherapy for adults patients whose large cell lymphoma in refractory or relapsed on other therapies, including high-grade large cell lymphoma (mediastinal or transformed from follicular lymphoma) [38].
\nThe improvement method of treatment with of CAR T cell therapy requires experience in many areas, including biology, molecular biology, antibody technology, regulatory requirements, and more. Increasing collaboration among key specialists from universities, research centers, and stakeholders will enhance the success of these drugs [39].
\nBone marrow transplantation is an important branch and important indicator of the treatment model of hematologic malignancies. Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) has been included in therapeutic guidelines for most malignant tumors [40]. For those diseases that can be treated by a conventional therapy, how many of the acute leukemia and aggressive lymphomas and allogeneic BMT they are often the preferred treatment, if the initial relapse. For hematologic malignancies curable with a conventional therapy, such as multiple myeloma, myelodysplastic syndromes and low-grade lymphoma and acute leukemia poor risk, usually the treatment will be allogeneic BMT treatment at the time survival duration is felt to be relatively short.
\nMixed reality (MR) is the most advanced technology of today’s virtual reality (VR) systems. It is the area of computer research dealing with a combination of real-world and computer-generated data. Computer-generated graphic objects are mixed into the real environment and vice versa in real time. Mixed reality, based on Azuma [1]:
Combines real and virtual space
Is interactive
Is processed in real time
Is registered in three dimensions
Mixed reality represents a combination of real and virtual worlds, where virtual data are inserted into the real environment or vice versa. The main function of mixed reality system is computer-based harmonization of real and virtual scene coordination systems and overlap of virtual and real images.
\nThe virtual fixtures were the first mixed reality platform developed in 1992 at the Armstrong Laboratories of the USAF [2]. This project allowed virtual objects to overlap with the real environment in a direct user view. At present, mixed reality can arise using at least one of the following technologies: augmented reality (AR) and/or augmented virtuality (AV).
\nMixed reality technologies give to users the chance to get a new experience. This solution, as already mentioned in classic VR systems, is particularly suitable for the presentation of design, urban, and architectural studies. It is a preview of a new form of visualization of real-world objects enhanced with virtual complementary information. A model can be created using 3D modeling tools, respectively, using direct export from, e.g., CAD tools, and they put into the real scene. The subsequent resulting scene of mixed reality can be created using some of the AR systems (marker or markerless). The correct placement of virtual objects in the scene is used either by markers or by other positional reference devices (e.g., GPS). Virtual objects together with the view of the real world create a mixed environment. They form a solution that brings a totally new form of computing resources usage overall in human-computer interfaces (HCI). In Figure 1 a principle of the system of relations between the two areas/subjects is shown, and it cannot exist only on a computer but also on any device/system. For example, a TV remote controller has a user interface. This concept is valid also for mixed reality systems, but in this case (MR), it must be more natural and more interactive (one subject is human). Thus, MR can also be a good example of improving the interface for people with disabilities or for their therapy (see also Figure 23). A very nice example is a study described in the chapter “Using Augmented Reality Technology to Construct a Wood Furniture Sampling Platform for Designers and Sample makers to Narrow the Gap between Judgment and Prototype.” The 3D printing output was included into mixed environment, and so limitations have appeared here. The form and state of sampling through innovative experimental methods were simulated. MR system design, aiming to quantify the objective data on furniture sampling on the shape, was presented, but because the size of the 3D printing was much smaller than the actual sampling size, the difference between the visual judgment of MR system users and the spatial shape was affected. This demonstrates the importance of the coordinate systems of the MR system components’ coordination in terms of the interface’s naturalness (see also Figure 6).
\nMixed reality as user interface concept.
The AR environment contains both real-world objects and virtual (synthesized) objects. For example, a user working with an AR system uses a display device (e.g., transparent display glasses or head-mounted display (HMD), monitor+camera combination), and he can see the real world combined with computer-generated (synthesized) objects displayed “as” on the surface of this world.
\nAugmented virtuality is similar to AR. Unlike AR, AV is the opposite approach. With AV systems, most of the displayed scene is virtual, and real objects are inserted into the scene. When a user is embedded in a scene, it is, like embedded, real objects, dynamically integrated into the AV system. It is possible to manipulate both, virtual and real objects in the scene, all in real time.
\nBoth of these systems are quite similar, and both fall, as already mentioned, under the concept of mixed reality. Mixed reality includes both augmented reality and augmented virtuality. It is a system that attempts to combine the real world and the virtual world into a new environment and display, where physically existing objects and virtual (synthesized) objects coexist and interact with each other in real time. The relationship among mixed reality, augmented reality, augmented virtuality, and the real world is shown in Figure 2. An extended continuum by using of terms such as
Milgram’s continuum between reality and virtuality [
In Mann’s classification (Figure 3), the classification space is extended by mediality [4]. It means mediality in the form of mediation. The mediation in terms of this technology is an extended term encompassing certain objects of transferring visibility (visualization) to another format, i.e., transforming objects into a “media” form. And so, the mediation is understood as a process of transferring (transforming) data within the object creation or movement, including a set of transformations which allowed the transport of data for visibility (visualization). Overall, mediality is understood as an interactive interface, i.e. the environment of different worlds contact. It is, therefore, a measure of the possible interconnection between heterogeneous worlds using different forms of mediation (visibility, visualization).
\nMann’s classification of mixed reality systems (mediated reality continuum) [
Depending on how the user sees the mixed reality, these systems can be divided into two types:
\n
\n
Schematic representation of a mixed reality system optical see-through (a) and a video see-through systems (b).
There are two MR systems used to coupling virtual objects with the real world:
\n
\n
Depending on the area where the MR system is operated, MR systems are divided into:
\n
\n
\n
Depending on the geometric relation between the real world and virtual objects, MR systems can be divided into:
\n
\n
Extended (a) and enhanced (b) mixed reality systems.
Starting with Figure 5b, the examples presented in this chapter are results of the LIRKIS laboratory at the home institution of the authors (Department of Computers and Informatics, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Informatics, Technical University of Košice).
\nA standard virtual reality system attempts to fully immerse the user in a computer-generated environment. This environment is maintained by a system whose displaying part is provided by a computing system with the virtual world rendering graphical system. In order for the immersion to be effective, the user’s mind and sometimes his body must identify with the visualized environment. This requires that the changes and movements made by the user in the real world correspond to the appropriate changes/movements in the provided virtual world. Because the user is looking at the virtual world, there is no natural connection between these two worlds, and therefore the connection (interface) must be established. The mixed reality system can be considered as a definitive immersive system. The user cannot be any more immersed in the real world. The goal is to bind the virtual image with the user view. This linkage is most critical for AR systems because we are (people) much more sensitive for visual inaccuracies than standard virtual reality systems. Figure 6 shows the combination of displayed areas (coordinating systems) that must be realized in the mixed reality systems.
\nThe combination of displayed areas (coordinating systems) in the mixed reality systems.
The camera realizes a perspective projection of the real 3D world into the 2D projection plane. The internal (focal length and lens curvature) and external (position, viewing direction, or other settings) of the device accurately determine what is displayed on the display. Virtual image generation is realized using a standard computer graphics system (e.g., based on OpenGL). Virtual objects are displayed in a derived projection plane (screen). The graphics system requires information/data about the real scene image to render synthetic objects correctly. These information/data are applied to control of the virtual camera (computation of the inverse projection matrix) used to generate an image of virtual objects in the scene. This image is then merged with the real scene image to produce a mixed reality output image on the output display device.
\nThe overall schematic way of implementing the MR system at the control and data flow level (Figure 7) is derived from the implementation of conventional VR systems. The biggest differences are at the input and output subsystem levels. This is mainly determined by the use of some special devices, e.g., transparent displays or gesture sensors. The abovementioned calculations of the inverse projection matrix, parts of image composition/combination, or image and possible marker recognition extend also the MR system kernel. In this case, the tracking subsystem is very important as described in the chapter “An interactive VR system for anatomy training” (Figure 1, Conceptual Diagram (Tracking module)).
\nSchematic diagram of control/data flow in mixed reality systems.
Several stages are required in the process of implementation of AR technologies [5]. The first one concerns the preparation of virtual objects as 3D models. However, this can be performed by various technologies and principles. Therefore, the creation of 3D objects is possible through the following:
3D modeling tools and applications (for instance, a Trimble Sketchup).
Utilization of 3D scanners.
Modification of the existing 3D model.
In the second stage, the whole model is verified and performed to the required output format (OBJ, 3DS, GLTF, VRML, FBX, etc.). The type of output format depends on the engine and graphics library, which utilizes the AR application. The third stage contains the preparation of markers that are used for model placement into a physical environment. The fourth stage focuses on marker detection when the AR application is running. Then the proper visual output of the virtual object is performed. Detection of AR markers is conducted in real time by runtime processes that are responsible for visual output handling. Concerning the markerless MR system, the third and fourth stages are omitted and replaced by technology able to merge the real environment with included virtual objects.
\nThe preparation of scenes purposed for mixed reality usage takes different technological scopes than AR. Even though the basis of AR is utilizing markers, there are still situations when some of them are out of detection range. In that case, the detection failure occurs. Unlike AR, mixed reality is more powerful and user-friendly which increase its usability for common usage. Utilizing depth-sensing to scan the surrounding physical environment is more effective in producing more enhanced visual content. All the virtual objects behave more naturally when they are placed in physical surroundings. Mixed reality devices also utilize depth-sensing to provide gestural interfaces for natural interaction. Mixing virtual objects and user’s hands immerses human perception to manipulate virtual content more naturally. Figure 8 contains a complete description of the whole process of creation MR scene as well as shows the basic structure of own created applications. Some steps are similar as in the case of a semi-markerless system (Figure 12).
\nMarked mixed reality creation process.
One of the problems of marker-based MR systems is marker design and size. The most important factors of correct recognition are marker complexity, camera resolution, scene lighting conditions and the distance between the camera and the marker. A bigger marker improves chances for recognition. It is advisable to use markers that contain combinations of larger areas with high contrast between them.
\nOn top of already mentioned criteria, there are additional ones that have an effect on correct recognition of marker—the whole marker needs to be in the field of view of a camera; there is a problem with recognition if part of the marker is covered. Difficulties occur as well under low light conditions and when marker orientation toward the camera is not ideal. Too bright light source brings an additional set of problems as well as bright spots and reflections from the surface of the marker. The marker does not necessarily need to be printed on paper or sticker and surfaces with better contrast, and antireflective coating can be used. Another way to tackle problems with recognition is to print a marker visible under UV light, etc. The most used marked MR system is based on older ARToolKit software library (Software library for building AR applications created by Human Interface Technology Laboratory: http://www.hitl.washington.edu/artoolkit/), and schematic diagram of runtime process based on this library is shown in Figure 9. The one example of a typical AR Toolkit usage is presented also in the chapter “Augmented Reality as a new and innovative learning platform for the medical area” (see Figure 1. Image of a two-dimensional (2D) human heart placed in front of a camera where typical ARToolKit marker is used).
\nRuntime process of marked mixed reality system.
Mobile mixed reality introduces an intelligent interface accessible for mobile devices. This technology originated outside the primary interest, for which the MR was invented [5]. Mobile MR can be performed by utilizing these technologies and services:
Global positioning.
Wireless communication.
Location-based calculations.
Location-based services.
Mobile devices.
Each of the mentioned services and technologies provides localization of virtual objects and performs their proper visual output. Concerning mobile data services, the virtual object can be placed globally around the world without the limitation of geographical distances. The biggest challenge in mobile augmented reality is tracking and registration. Mixed reality applications include two separate components, which cover a whole process from setting markers and 3D models to producing visual output. The first component introduces a standalone application. Its main objective is to combine markers and 3D models into “datasets” and upload them to a server or networked storage. The second component contains a mobile application, which obtains datasets from the network and then renders whole 3D content. The overall design and functionality are described in Figure 10.
\nMobile mixed reality application architecture.
The standalone application can be written in C#. The mobile application (e.g., android app), however, is more complex. Usually, a software library support is needed. Two libraries working together can be used:
Because of the limited 3D model capabilities Vuforia has, the library will be modified so that it does no rendering at all, only marker recognition in the camera output. All rendering will be done by the 3D rendering library (min3d) based on the data it receives from Vuforia. The main disadvantage Vuforia library is the way to build markers for augmented reality. These markers must be made on the official site of the library.
\n\n
Examples of the “augmented reality screen” on mobile (android) platform.
As it was already mentioned, it is more difficult to implement MR systems without exact markers (so-called semi-markerless and markerless systems). The whole process then uses objects that occur in the environment normally instead of artificial markers. It also utilizes other means, such as recognition of images, gestures or faces, depth cameras, 3D scanners, and GPS or Wi-Fi signal strength.
\nThis technology can be divided into three types, which differ in the way the position and orientation of the inserted graphical entity are obtained:
By recognizing observed objects in the real environment, e.g., detection of points, edges, lines, etc.
By recognizing planar surfaces, e.g., texture recognition (semi-markerless systems)
Using information from another source, e.g. GPS
Regarding the first type, to be able to add a virtual object to a real environment (image), captured by a camera, we need to know the exact position of the virtual object. But the position changes when the camera is moved. In practice, this means that the virtual object remains fixed in the real image in the real environment and the look on it changes with the camera. The key part of this technology is environment tracking (scanning). This means that the system is always checking the position and orientation of the camera as well as detecting certain natural environmental clues (points, edges, etc.). Using these clues, we can add more graphical information to the image. And we know the position and orientation of the inserted virtual object. It is a computationally demanding process, considering that it should be computed in real time. It is appropriate to apply parallelization when implementing it.
\nThe second type uses planar surface recognition. The planar surface may be a painting, a book cover, a photograph, a face, and so on. This technology is similar to the marker-based MR. However, it uses a specific rectangular planar surface (painting, photo, etc.) instead of an artificial marker. Various filters, as well as methods to identify significant points in the image, are used to recognize a texture in the image. In this case, however, the computational demands of the application significantly increase, especially when detecting recognized shapes. How an MR system of this type works is shown in Figure 12. In this type of system, a learning phase is required. The learning phase involves scanning the environment for examples of objects we need to recognize and acquiring templates of these objects, e.g., in the form of their photographs.
\nThe architecture of the semi-markerless system.
The third type is used primarily in smartphones (see previous subchapter “
The principle of creating an MR without exact markers is similar to creating an MR with exact markers (Figures 8 and 9). However, there is a significant difference in the method of recognizing the original and positioning it in the real scene image.
\nHow markerless (semi-markerless) MR works can be, on the basis of Figure 12, described by the following steps:
After initialization, the camera constantly captures the real scene and sends the video to the computing system for processing.
The software processes the captured image by frame and searches for the pattern(s)/object(s) in the image using the selected detection method.
The position and orientation of the object/s (pattern) are computed after it is recognized (computer vision area).
After the position and orientation are known, the virtual object model is placed at the position.
The user sees the real scene, as captured by the camera (
Steps 2 and 3 are essential and the most demanding ones. The most commonly used methods for image recognition are based on
\n
\n
The implementation of semi-(markerless) mixed reality consists of four main components:
The component
The component
The component
The relationship between pattern coordinates and the camera coordinates.
\n
The determination of the line parameters can be calculated in several ways. One of them is a calculation of parameters, if we know at least two points that lie on this line. Because pattern/object has a square or rectangle shape, we can obtain coordinates of its four vertices in the screen coordinate system. These coordinates are obtained using the SURF method after pattern/object recognition in the video image. Denote the pattern as a rectangle
Rectangle ABCD and interest points obtained by SURF method.
Determination of line parameters
Finding of direction vector line
\n
\n\n
\n\n
Determination of the vector that is perpendicular to it: \n
Substitution of the values into the general equation of the line \n
\n
Substitution of the values
In a similar way, the general equations of lines
The last component
Semi-markerless augmented system. The virtual model is displayed in the real world.
Gestural interfaces offer various features to provide hand tracking for nonverbal interaction [10]. In the mixed reality, hands are the most effective tools that can be used for natural hand-object manipulation. Unlike touch interfaces, there is an opportunity to work with a variety of gestures and transform their semantics to specific commands. Gesture-based interfaces give users the freedom to interact without any limitation than using contact VR controllers.
\nConsidering human-computer interaction (HCI), gesture recognition is performed by a digital system that senses users’ handshapes and responds to them [11]. Handshapes are equal to visual patterns, which are recognizable in real time. Nowadays, there are several technologies that can provide full hand tracking.
\nThe
The similar technology as MS HoloLens is Microsoft Kinect (MS Kinect), which provides motion sensing of the human’s rigid body and hands [14]. The gesture recognition and body tracking utilize the same principles based on the depth sensor including an infrared laser projector. In contrast to MS HoloLens, the MS Kinect can sense multiple persons concurrently, who can interact together [15].
\nIn general, mixed reality focuses on gesture recognition to intent powerful and natural HCI. The utilization of IR sensors proves excellent results in development and research [16]. One of the specific systems is
In mixed reality, gestures can be utilized to perform a single event or continual activity. The majority of gesture recognition considers two categories that consider gestures duration:
Static gestures (considered as events executed in the shortest time intervals, Figure 16)
Dynamic gestures (considered as an activity with longer time duration, Figure 17)
Clicking on hologram, static gesture utilization.
Continuous hologram manipulation by a hand, dynamic gesture utilization.
The recognition of static hand gestures (Figure 18) in mixed reality uses the identification of hand poses in a stream of image frames [18]. The static gesture represents an event executed in the shortest time intervals [19].
\nDetection of static hand gesture interaction in real time.
Gestural interfaces based on static gesture recognition include several stages to process gesture inputs. The first stage concerns hand tracking technology able to sense human hand in real time. This is usually supported by depth sensors or infrared cameras. In the second stage, the image sequence is performed. The hand detection obtains a hand posture from the image sequence. Using a variety of detection techniques [20] can filter different hand poses. In the third stage, the image segmentation preprocessing is provided. Then all of the detected hand regions are filled by contrasting colors and sharpened on boundaries. The final hand boundary representation is necessary for gesture recognition [21]. In the fifth stage, the obtained gesture is compared with records from gesture datasets. If the classification of detected gesture is similar to its dataset record, then recognition is successful. In the final stage, the gesture is executed into the output command.
\nThe advantage of static gesture recognition concerns the storage of gestural dataset records in simple readable structures such as images and text files. On the other hand, the preparation of new gestures requires the preparation of large dataset records.
\nContinuous dynamic gestures (Figure 19) represent the activity sensed over a long time during which the movement of the human hand or limb is carried on [22]. The reason for utilizing continuous gestures in mixed reality refers to the interaction based on continuous manipulation of a virtual object. In contrast to static gestures, the preparation of dynamic gestures utilizes diverse principles in tracking [23]. While static gestures contain detection of hand posture, dynamic gestures equip motion tracking. The motion tracking performs real-time detection of the user’s hands and limbs concurrently.
\nPerforming continuous dynamic gesture recognition.
Most mixed reality systems support dynamic gestures to provide natural interaction. During the continual activity, the user can pick up virtual objects and manipulates them. This activity is triggered by static gestures that manage the beginning and terminating of dynamic gestures. As shown in Figure 20, before the activity starts, the trigger gesture is obtained. The whole activity (dynamic gesture) can last over a long time, while the user interacts with virtual content. After the activity fulfills, the ending gesture terminates the action.
\nPerforming continuous dynamic gesture recognition.
The human speech represents the most common form of everyday communication [24]. In terms of human communication, extending mixed reality with speech recognition has an effective approach to provide multimodal interfaces. Through voice commands, the user can naturally communicate with the system [25]. This kind of interface frees the user from the touch or haptics interaction. Speech commands can be helpful in situations when users perform activities that engage their hands. The uniformity of speech recognition interfaces results in excellent usage on different platforms. Nowadays, mixed reality applications are utilizing speech interfaces in fields of education, research, medicine, and industry (Figure 21).
\nPerforming speech recognition.
The whole process of speech recognition includes four stages which concern the following [26]:
Analysis of speech inputs
Feature extraction
Speech recognition
Decoding output command
In the first stage, the system obtains speech inputs. The speech input can include one or even several words. After the speech input is recorded, it is important to convert its representation into the analog signal.
\nThe speech input can contain surrounding noise that affects the purity of speaking voice. This step focuses on extracting two waveforms from the input, the whole speech, and environmental sounds. The speech input is purified using various techniques based on spoken context, pitch and variation, duration, and frequency of speaking. Most of the mixed reality systems utilize the artificial intelligence components that provide automated feature extraction in short time intervals.
\nThis stage concerns the modeling techniques by using the acoustic and language model [27] to identify words in the speech input. The acoustic model works with audio records and process statistics of every spoken word to recognize syntax. The language model recognizes the semantics resulted from the speech input and detects the language in which the word is spoken. After performing speech identification, the final words are formed.
\nAfter finishing word recognition, the output command is performed. Each of the commands can perform various functions according to final use. Their functionality is fully unlimited. The speech recognition in mixed reality commonly prefers shorter speech inputs that are more effective than sentences. One-word commands are more specific and user-friendly.
\nMixed reality increases users’ experiences utilizing gestural and speech recognition. This feature becomes useful for providing collaborative environments with multiuser interaction. Unlike other collaboration systems, collaborative mixed reality (CMR) offers a virtual and physical environment, where members can interact together. In fact, there are many systems designed for CMR purposes.
\nThe CoVAR [28] introduces a remote collaborative system supporting VR and MR technologies. Participants can collaborate within the same local real-world environment or remotely. In the locally based collaboration, the MR user captures the surrounding physical space and shares its 3D model with other VR users. The remote collaboration utilizes the same principles but also a network to share a collaborative environment over long distances. The whole system primarily utilizes MS HoloLens for MR and HTC Vive for VR usage. In the case of interaction, the system inputs are formed to support head gaze, eye gaze, and hand gestures. The head gaze equips technologies included in VR and MR devices concerning the spatial mapping and head tracking movement. The eye gaze is supported by the Pupil Labs system, which tracks eye movement to ensure eye to object interaction. Gesture input is supported by hand tracking, for which MS HoloLens (in MR usage) and LeapMotion (in VR usage) are responsible.
\nThe next of CMR systems called Vishnu [29] is concerning the mediation of virtual and real environments for remote guiding on a global scale. The system prepares separate visual outputs for MR and VR platforms. The whole collaboration focuses only on the objects that are captured by the MR side. The MR creates a real-time 3D scan and shares it with the VR side. The VR participant is able to manipulate a 3D scan and also can work together with the MR participant. The technological scope of the Vishnu includes hand tracking (OptiTrack and Kinect) and video-see mode through Oculus Rift stereo cameras for MR usage.
\nAnother system [30] related to remote guiding through collaborative mixed reality utilizes 3D point cloud data. Two collaborators, the local worker, and remote helper can operate in a commonly shared environment. Both are using the same head-mounted technology (Oculus Rift DK2). The local worker captures his workspace through Oculus stereo cameras and distributes real-time visual output to the remote helper. The hands of the remote helper are captured by a depth sensor continuously. Their 3D point cloud overlays the visual output of the local worker even if it necessary to guide him.
\nThe next point cloud collaboration [31] focuses on remote Telepresence where MR and VR are used to engage physically presented (on-site users) and remotely shared users (remote users) in one shared space. The on-site users are physically available in the same physical environment, while the remote users are connected over the network and presented by their 3D point clouds. The system affords interaction between all participants through high-res point clouds that include realistic bodies. All point clouds are captured by depth-sensing through Kinect V1 and V2. The interaction is performed by a gestural interface equipped with free-hand tracking through MS HoloLens and Leap Motion.
\nThe LIRKIS G-CVE [32] introduces global collaborative virtual environments that are fully compatible with mixed reality usage (Figure 22). Unlike other collaborative mixed reality software and systems, the LIRKIS G-CVE is accessible through web browsers that ensure cross-platform support for a variety of VR, MR, and AR devices. All collaborative environments are distributed over the network. The system includes several interfaces, which enhance user interaction. There are gesture recognition, haptic interaction, and voice commands. The haptic interaction utilizes VR controllers equipped with three and six degrees of freedom. These immerse participants to interact more naturally and improve object manipulation. Gesture interface offers an intuitive object manipulation through MS HoloLens as grabbing, pulling, throwing, and stretching 3D object. These are currently limited to using only one hand than both. LIRIS project used MR and MS HoloLens for rehabilitation of patients after stroke, and training of movement of their hand is also very important. A patient uses MS HoloLens, and he can see real hand and also phantom virtual hand with appropriate movement. Then he can try to perform the suggested movements. An example of a patient’s view is illustrated in the Figure 23.
\nAn example of virtual collaborative environment with multiple avatars.
An example of a patient’s view in rehabilitation process using MR.
The voice commands perform multimodal user inputs when utilizing other interaction techniques. Interacting through voice is limited to simple commands that are responsible for simple operations (enable and disable functions, hiding and showing 3D objects).
\nBuilding a SMART household without testing and implementing it into real operation is complicated and can be very costly. Therefore, simulators are created. The study [33] identified areas in which smart intelligence simulation research is being conducted. The study [33] shows an overview of some simulation tools analyzed for the SMART household. Figure 24 shows the view from a created simulator of a SMART environment using freeware technologies such as Blender, Python, and JavaScript. The program serves to visualize smart home simulation with few basic appliances, which are used to present the way the simulator works. These appliances can be controlled using the control panel or with a direct approach using clicks and context menu. The control panel sets the profiles for appliances’ statuses. It is possible to move freely in the household and interact with the appliances.
\nSimulation model of SMART household (left) and real SMART household user interface control (right).
The user interface consists of a scene containing the model itself with appliances and other functional and nonfunctional object models. This simulation model and its smart appliances can be visualized as part of the mixed reality, using Microsoft HoloLens or other data helmets that can run a web browser. In this mode, the user can freely move and control appliances, such as turning on/off the television, lights, sunblind, etc. Users can also choose or modify one of the existing presets. Choosing presets, all appliances will set appropriate states based on the selected profile. For example, choosing “away from home” will turn off lights and TV and lock the doors. In such simulated environment, more users can collaborate because all requests and responses are done on the backend server and all users have actual data about simulated appliances states. This interface is also suitable for controlling households with handicapped people.
\nMixed reality research is progressing quite well, although it requires significant financial resources. On the other hand, this technology offers a very immersive experience for its users. Mixed reality allows to bring gaming, education, training, and presentation of various kinds of designs up to an entirely new level. It represents a new form of visualization of real objects, extended with virtual information. Models can be created using 3D modeling tools, including CAD software, and inserted to a real scene. A mixed reality scene can be then created using one of the available augmented reality systems. The correct placement of virtual models inside a scene is ensured either by markers or by a combination of recognizable objects from the real environment and additional information from other sources, such as positioning systems. Together they create a solution that brings a new form of computing resource utilization.
\nThis work has been supported by the APVV grant no. APVV-16-0202 “Enhancing cognition and motor rehabilitation using mixed reality” and by the KEGA grant No. 035TUKE-4/2019: “Virtual-reality technologies and handicapped people education.”
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\\n\\n7.1 Further Assurance: The Corresponding Author shall and will ensure that any relevant third party (including any Co-Author) shall, execute and deliver whatever further documents or deeds and perform such acts as IntechOpen reasonably requires from time to time for the purpose of giving IntechOpen the full benefit of the provisions of this Publication Agreement.
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\\n\\n7.3 Entire Agreement: This Publication Agreement constitutes the entire agreement between the parties in relation to its subject matter. It replaces and extinguishes all prior agreements, draft agreements, arrangements, collateral warranties, collateral contracts, statements, assurances, representations and undertakings of any nature made by or on behalf of the parties, whether oral or written, in relation to that subject matter. Each party acknowledges that in entering into this Publication Agreement it has not relied upon any oral or written statements, collateral or other warranties, assurances, representations or undertakings which were made by or on behalf of the other party in relation to the subject matter of this Publication Agreement at any time before its signature (together "Pre-Contractual Statements"), other than those which are set out in this Publication Agreement. Each party hereby waives all rights and remedies which might otherwise be available to it in relation to such Pre-Contractual Statements. Nothing in this clause shall exclude or restrict the liability of either party arising out of its pre-contract fraudulent misrepresentation or fraudulent concealment.
\\n\\n7.4 Waiver: No failure or delay by a party to exercise any right or remedy provided under this Publication Agreement or by law shall constitute a waiver of that or any other right or remedy, nor shall it preclude or restrict the further exercise of that or any other right or remedy. No single or partial exercise of such right or remedy shall preclude or restrict the further exercise of that or any other right or remedy.
\\n\\n7.5 Variation: No variation of this Publication Agreement shall be effective unless it is in writing and signed by the parties (or their duly authorized representatives).
\\n\\n7.6 Severance: If any provision or part-provision of this Publication Agreement is or becomes invalid, illegal or unenforceable, it shall be deemed modified to the minimum extent necessary to make it valid, legal and enforceable. If such modification is not possible, the relevant provision or part-provision shall be deemed deleted.
\\n\\nAny modification to or deletion of a provision or part-provision under this clause shall not affect the validity and enforceability of the rest of this Publication Agreement.
\\n\\n7.7 No partnership: Nothing in this Publication Agreement is intended to, or shall be deemed to, establish or create any partnership or joint venture or the relationship of principal and agent or employer and employee between IntechOpen and the Corresponding Author or any Co-Author, nor authorize any party to make or enter into any commitments for or on behalf of any other party.
\\n\\n7.8 Governing law: This Publication Agreement and any dispute or claim (including non-contractual disputes or claims) arising out of or in connection with it or its subject matter or formation shall be governed by and construed in accordance with the law of England and Wales. The parties submit to the exclusive jurisdiction of the English courts to settle any dispute or claim arising out of or in connection with this Publication Agreement (including any non-contractual disputes or claims).
\\n"}]'},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:"The Corresponding Author (acting on behalf of all Authors) and INTECHOPEN LIMITED, incorporated and registered in England and Wales with company number 11086078 and a registered office at 5 Princes Gate Court, London, United Kingdom, SW7 2QJ conclude the following Agreement regarding the publication of a Journal Article:
\n\n1. DEFINITIONS
\n\nCorresponding Author: The Author of the Article who serves as a Signatory to this Agreement. The Corresponding Author acts on behalf of any other Co-Author. Co-Author: All other Authors of the Article besides the Corresponding Author. IntechOpen: IntechOpen Ltd., the Publisher of the Journal.
\n\nJournal: The publication as a collection of Articles compiled by IntechOpen .
\n\nArticle: The original literary work created by Corresponding Author and any Co Author that is the subject of this Agreement.
\n\n2. CORRESPONDING AUTHOR'S GRANT OF RIGHTS
\n\n2.1 Subject to the following Article, the Corresponding Author grants and shall ensure that each Co-Author grants, to IntechOpen, during the full term of copyright and any extensions or renewals of that term the following:
\n\n• An irrevocable, worldwide, royalty-free, perpetual, transferable, sublicensable, non-exclusive right to publish, communicate to the public, reproduce, republish, transmit, sell, distribute and otherwise use and make available the Article in whole, partial or adapted from and/or incorporated in or in conjunction with other works, in electronic and print editions of the Publication and in derivative works and on any platform owned and/or operated by IntechOpen, throughout the world, in all languages, and in all media and formats now known or later developed.
\n\n• An irrevocable, worldwide, royalty-free, perpetual, transferable, sublicensable, non-exclusive right to create and store electronic archival copies of the Article, including the right to deposit the Article in open access digital repositories.
\n\n• An irrevocable, worldwide, royalty-free, perpetual, transferable, sublicensable, non-exclusive right to license others to reproduce, translate, republish, transmit and distribute the Article in whole, partial or adapted from and/or incorporated in or in conjunction with other works under the condition that the Corresponding Author and each Co-Author is attributed (currently this is carried out by publishing the Article under a Creative Commons 4.0 International Licence).
\n\nThe aforementioned licenses shall survive the expiry or termination of this Agreement for any reason.
\n\n2.2 The Corresponding Author (on their own behalf and on behalf of any Co-Author) reserves the following rights to the Article but agrees not to exercise them in such a way as to adversely affect IntechOpen's ability to utilize the full benefit of this Publication Agreement: (i) reprographic rights worldwide, other than those which subsist in the typographical arrangement of the Article as published by IntechOpen; and (ii) public lending rights arising under the Public Lending Right Act 1979, as amended from time to time, and any similar rights arising in any part of the world. The Corresponding Author confirms that they (and any Co-Author) are and will remain a member of any applicable licensing and collecting society and any successor to that body responsible for administering royalties for the reprographic reproduction of copyright works.
\n\nSubject to the license granted above, copyright in the Article and all versions of it created during IntechOpen's editing process (including the published version) is retained by the Corresponding Author and any Co-Author.
\n\nSubject to the license granted above, the Corresponding Author and any Co-Author retains patent, trademark and other intellectual property rights to the Article.
\n\n2.3 All rights granted to IntechOpen in this Article are assignable, sublicensable or otherwise transferrable to third parties without the Corresponding Author's or any Co-Author’s specific approval.
\n\n2.4 The Corresponding Author (on their own behalf and on behalf of each Co Author) will not assert any rights under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 to object to derogatory treatment of the Article as a consequence of IntechOpen's changes to the Article arising from translation of it, corrections and edits for house style, removal of problematic material and other reasonable edits.
\n\n3. CORRESPONDING AUTHOR'S DUTIES
\n\n3.1 When distributing or re-publishing the Article, the Corresponding Author agrees to credit the Journal in which the Article has been published as the source of first publication, as well as IntechOpen. The Corresponding Author warrants that each Co-Author will also credit the Journal in which the Article has been published as the source of first publication, as well as IntechOpen, when they are distributing or re publishing the Article.
\n\n3.2 When submitting the Article, the Corresponding Author agrees to:
\n\n• Comply with all instructions and guidelines provided by IntechOpen;
\n\n• Produce the Article with all due skill, care and diligence, and in accordance with good scientific practice;
\n\n• Submit all the corrections in due time as defined during the publishing process schedule.
\n\nThe Corresponding Author will be held responsible for the payment of the Article Processing Charge.
\n\nAll payments shall be due 30 days from the date of the issued invoice. The Corresponding Author or the payer on the Corresponding Author's and Co-Authors' behalf will bear all banking and similar charges incurred.
\n\n3.3 The Corresponding Author shall obtain in writing all consents necessary for the reproduction of any material in which a third-party right exists, including quotations, photographs and illustrations, in all editions of the Article worldwide for the full term of the above licenses, and shall provide to IntechOpen upon request the original copies of such consents for inspection (at IntechOpen's option) or photocopies of such consents.
\n\nThe Corresponding Author shall obtain written informed consent for publication from people who might recognize themselves or be identified by others (e.g. from case reports or photographs).
\n\n3.4 The Corresponding Author and any Co-Author shall respect confidentiality rights during and after the termination of this Agreement. The information contained in all correspondence and documents as part of the publishing activity between IntechOpen and the Corresponding Author and any Co-Author are confidential and are intended only for the recipient. The contents may not be disclosed publicly and are not intended for unauthorized use or distribution. Any use, disclosure, copying, or distribution is prohibited and may be unlawful.
\n\n4. CORRESPONDING AUTHOR'S WARRANTY
\n\n4.1 The Corresponding Author represents and warrants that the Article does not and will not breach any applicable law or the rights of any third party and, specifically, that the Article contains no matter that is defamatory or that infringes any literary or proprietary rights, intellectual property rights, or any rights of privacy. The Corresponding Author warrants and represents that: (i) the Article is the original work of themselves and any Co-Author and is not copied wholly or substantially from any other work or material or any other source; (ii) the Article has not been formally published in any other peer-reviewed journal or in a Journal or edited collection, and is not under consideration for any such publication; (iii) they themselves and any Co-Author are qualifying persons under section 154 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988; (iv) they themselves and any Co-Author have not assigned and will not during the term of this Publication Agreement purport to assign any of the rights granted to IntechOpen under this Publication
\n\nAgreement; and (v) the rights granted by this Publication Agreement are free from any security interest, option, mortgage, charge or lien.
\n\nThe Corresponding Author also warrants and represents that: (i) they have the full power to enter into this Publication Agreement on their own behalf and on behalf of each Co-Author; and (ii) they have the necessary rights and/or title in and to the Article to grant IntechOpen, on behalf of themselves and any Co-Author, the rights and licenses expressed to be granted in this Publication Agreement. If the Article was prepared jointly by the Corresponding Author and any Co-Author, the Corresponding Author warrants and represents that: (i) each Co-Author agrees to the submission, license and publication of the Article on the terms of this Publication Agreement; and (ii) they have the authority to enter into this Publication Agreement on behalf of and bind each Co-Author. The Corresponding Author shall: (i) ensure each Co-Author complies with all relevant provisions of this Publication Agreement, including those relating to confidentiality, performance and standards, as if a party to this Publication Agreement; and (ii) remain primarily liable for all acts and/or omissions of each such Co-Author.
\n\nThe Corresponding Author agrees to indemnify and hold IntechOpen harmless against all liabilities, costs, expenses, damages and losses and all reasonable legal costs and expenses suffered or incurred by IntechOpen arising out of or in connection with any breach of the aforementioned representations and warranties. This indemnity shall not cover IntechOpen to the extent that a claim under it results from IntechOpen's negligence or willful misconduct.
\n\n4.2 Nothing in this Publication Agreement shall have the effect of excluding or limiting any liability for death or personal injury caused by negligence or any other liability that cannot be excluded or limited by applicable law.
\n\n5. TERMINATION
\n\n5.1 IntechOpen has a right to terminate this Publication Agreement for quality, program, technical or other reasons with immediate effect, including without limitation (i) if the Corresponding Author or any Co-Author commits a material breach of this Publication Agreement; (ii) if the Corresponding Author or any Co Author (being an individual) is the subject of a bankruptcy petition, application or order; or (iii) if the Corresponding Author or any Co-Author (being a company) commences negotiations with all or any class of its creditors with a view to rescheduling any of its debts, or makes a proposal for or enters into any compromise or arrangement with any of its creditors.
\n\nIn case of termination, IntechOpen will notify the Corresponding Author, in writing, of the decision.
\n\n6. INTECHOPEN’S DUTIES AND RIGHTS
\n\n6.1 Unless prevented from doing so by events outside its reasonable control, IntechOpen, in its discretion, agrees to publish the Article attributing it to the Corresponding Author and any Co-Author.
\n\n6.2 IntechOpen has the right to use the Corresponding Author’s and any Co-Author’s names and likeness in connection with scientific dissemination, retrieval, archiving, web hosting and promotion and marketing of the Article and has the right to contact the Corresponding Author and any Co-Author until the Article is publicly available on any platform owned and/or operated by IntechOpen.
\n\n6.3 IntechOpen is granted the authority to enforce the rights from this Publication Agreement, on behalf of the Corresponding Author and any Co-Author, against third parties (for example in cases of plagiarism or copyright infringements). In respect of any such infringement or suspected infringement of the copyright in the Article,
\n\nIntechOpen shall have absolute discretion in addressing any such infringement which is likely to affect IntechOpen's rights under this Publication Agreement, including issuing and conducting proceedings against the suspected infringer.
\n\n7. MISCELLANEOUS
\n\n7.1 Further Assurance: The Corresponding Author shall and will ensure that any relevant third party (including any Co-Author) shall, execute and deliver whatever further documents or deeds and perform such acts as IntechOpen reasonably requires from time to time for the purpose of giving IntechOpen the full benefit of the provisions of this Publication Agreement.
\n\n7.2 Third Party Rights: A person who is not a party to this Publication Agreement may not enforce any of its provisions under the Contracts (Rights of Third Parties) Act 1999.
\n\n7.3 Entire Agreement: This Publication Agreement constitutes the entire agreement between the parties in relation to its subject matter. It replaces and extinguishes all prior agreements, draft agreements, arrangements, collateral warranties, collateral contracts, statements, assurances, representations and undertakings of any nature made by or on behalf of the parties, whether oral or written, in relation to that subject matter. Each party acknowledges that in entering into this Publication Agreement it has not relied upon any oral or written statements, collateral or other warranties, assurances, representations or undertakings which were made by or on behalf of the other party in relation to the subject matter of this Publication Agreement at any time before its signature (together "Pre-Contractual Statements"), other than those which are set out in this Publication Agreement. Each party hereby waives all rights and remedies which might otherwise be available to it in relation to such Pre-Contractual Statements. Nothing in this clause shall exclude or restrict the liability of either party arising out of its pre-contract fraudulent misrepresentation or fraudulent concealment.
\n\n7.4 Waiver: No failure or delay by a party to exercise any right or remedy provided under this Publication Agreement or by law shall constitute a waiver of that or any other right or remedy, nor shall it preclude or restrict the further exercise of that or any other right or remedy. No single or partial exercise of such right or remedy shall preclude or restrict the further exercise of that or any other right or remedy.
\n\n7.5 Variation: No variation of this Publication Agreement shall be effective unless it is in writing and signed by the parties (or their duly authorized representatives).
\n\n7.6 Severance: If any provision or part-provision of this Publication Agreement is or becomes invalid, illegal or unenforceable, it shall be deemed modified to the minimum extent necessary to make it valid, legal and enforceable. If such modification is not possible, the relevant provision or part-provision shall be deemed deleted.
\n\nAny modification to or deletion of a provision or part-provision under this clause shall not affect the validity and enforceability of the rest of this Publication Agreement.
\n\n7.7 No partnership: Nothing in this Publication Agreement is intended to, or shall be deemed to, establish or create any partnership or joint venture or the relationship of principal and agent or employer and employee between IntechOpen and the Corresponding Author or any Co-Author, nor authorize any party to make or enter into any commitments for or on behalf of any other party.
\n\n7.8 Governing law: This Publication Agreement and any dispute or claim (including non-contractual disputes or claims) arising out of or in connection with it or its subject matter or formation shall be governed by and construed in accordance with the law of England and Wales. The parties submit to the exclusive jurisdiction of the English courts to settle any dispute or claim arising out of or in connection with this Publication Agreement (including any non-contractual disputes or claims).
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His studies in robotics lead him not only to a PhD degree but also inspired him to co-found and build the International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems - world's first Open Access journal in the field of robotics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"TU Wien",country:{name:"Austria"}}},{id:"441",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Jaekyu",middleName:null,surname:"Park",slug:"jaekyu-park",fullName:"Jaekyu Park",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/441/images/1881_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"LG Corporation (South Korea)",country:{name:"Korea, South"}}},{id:"465",title:"Dr",name:"Christian",middleName:null,surname:"Martens",slug:"christian-martens",fullName:"Christian Martens",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"479",title:"Dr.",name:"Valentina",middleName:null,surname:"Colla",slug:"valentina-colla",fullName:"Valentina Colla",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/479/images/358_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sant'Anna School of Advanced Studies",country:{name:"Italy"}}},{id:"494",title:"PhD",name:"Loris",middleName:null,surname:"Nanni",slug:"loris-nanni",fullName:"Loris Nanni",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/494/images/system/494.jpg",biography:"Loris Nanni received his Master Degree cum laude on June-2002 from the University of Bologna, and the April 26th 2006 he received his Ph.D. in Computer Engineering at DEIS, University of Bologna. On September, 29th 2006 he has won a post PhD fellowship from the university of Bologna (from October 2006 to October 2008), at the competitive examination he was ranked first in the industrial engineering area. He extensively served as referee for several international journals. He is author/coauthor of more than 100 research papers. He has been involved in some projects supported by MURST and European Community. His research interests include pattern recognition, bioinformatics, and biometric systems (fingerprint classification and recognition, signature verification, face recognition).",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"496",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos",middleName:null,surname:"Leon",slug:"carlos-leon",fullName:"Carlos Leon",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Seville",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"512",title:"Dr.",name:"Dayang",middleName:null,surname:"Jawawi",slug:"dayang-jawawi",fullName:"Dayang Jawawi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Technology Malaysia",country:{name:"Malaysia"}}},{id:"528",title:"Dr.",name:"Kresimir",middleName:null,surname:"Delac",slug:"kresimir-delac",fullName:"Kresimir Delac",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/528/images/system/528.jpg",biography:"K. Delac received his B.Sc.E.E. degree in 2003 and is currentlypursuing a Ph.D. degree at the University of Zagreb, Faculty of Electrical Engineering andComputing. His current research interests are digital image analysis, pattern recognition andbiometrics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Zagreb",country:{name:"Croatia"}}},{id:"557",title:"Dr.",name:"Andon",middleName:"Venelinov",surname:"Topalov",slug:"andon-topalov",fullName:"Andon Topalov",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/557/images/1927_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Andon V. Topalov received the MSc degree in Control Engineering from the Faculty of Information Systems, Technologies, and Automation at Moscow State University of Civil Engineering (MGGU) in 1979. He then received his PhD degree in Control Engineering from the Department of Automation and Remote Control at Moscow State Mining University (MGSU), Moscow, in 1984. From 1985 to 1986, he was a Research Fellow in the Research Institute for Electronic Equipment, ZZU AD, Plovdiv, Bulgaria. In 1986, he joined the Department of Control Systems, Technical University of Sofia at the Plovdiv campus, where he is presently a Full Professor. He has held long-term visiting Professor/Scholar positions at various institutions in South Korea, Turkey, Mexico, Greece, Belgium, UK, and Germany. And he has coauthored one book and authored or coauthored more than 80 research papers in conference proceedings and journals. 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Science",value:19,count:5}],publicationYearFilters:[{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2022",value:2022,count:2},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2021",value:2021,count:3},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2020",value:2020,count:3},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2019",value:2019,count:1},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2018",value:2018,count:1}],authors:{paginationCount:148,paginationItems:[{id:"165328",title:"Dr.",name:"Vahid",middleName:null,surname:"Asadpour",slug:"vahid-asadpour",fullName:"Vahid Asadpour",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/165328/images/system/165328.jpg",biography:"Vahid Asadpour, MS, Ph.D., is currently with the Department of Research and Evaluation, Kaiser Permanente Southern California. He has both an MS and Ph.D. in Biomedical Engineering. He was previously a research scientist at the University of California Los Angeles (UCLA) and visiting professor and researcher at the University of North Dakota. He is currently working in artificial intelligence and its applications in medical signal processing. In addition, he is using digital signal processing in medical imaging and speech processing. Dr. Asadpour has developed brain-computer interfacing algorithms and has published books, book chapters, and several journal and conference papers in this field and other areas of intelligent signal processing. He has also designed medical devices, including a laser Doppler monitoring system.",institutionString:"Kaiser Permanente Southern California",institution:null},{id:"169608",title:"Prof.",name:"Marian",middleName:null,surname:"Găiceanu",slug:"marian-gaiceanu",fullName:"Marian Găiceanu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/169608/images/system/169608.png",biography:"Prof. Dr. Marian Gaiceanu graduated from the Naval and Electrical Engineering Faculty, Dunarea de Jos University of Galati, Romania, in 1997. He received a Ph.D. (Magna Cum Laude) in Electrical Engineering in 2002. Since 2017, Dr. Gaiceanu has been a Ph.D. supervisor for students in Electrical Engineering. He has been employed at Dunarea de Jos University of Galati since 1996, where he is currently a professor. Dr. Gaiceanu is a member of the National Council for Attesting Titles, Diplomas and Certificates, an expert of the Executive Agency for Higher Education, Research Funding, and a member of the Senate of the Dunarea de Jos University of Galati. He has been the head of the Integrated Energy Conversion Systems and Advanced Control of Complex Processes Research Center, Romania, since 2016. He has conducted several projects in power converter systems for electrical drives, power quality, PEM and SOFC fuel cell power converters for utilities, electric vehicles, and marine applications with the Department of Regulation and Control, SIEI S.pA. (2002–2004) and the Polytechnic University of Turin, Italy (2002–2004, 2006–2007). He is a member of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) and cofounder-member of the IEEE Power Electronics Romanian Chapter. He is a guest editor at Energies and an academic book editor for IntechOpen. He is also a member of the editorial boards of the Journal of Electrical Engineering, Electronics, Control and Computer Science and Sustainability. Dr. Gaiceanu has been General Chairman of the IEEE International Symposium on Electrical and Electronics Engineering in the last six editions.",institutionString:'"Dunarea de Jos" University of Galati',institution:{name:'"Dunarea de Jos" University of Galati',country:{name:"Romania"}}},{id:"4519",title:"Prof.",name:"Jaydip",middleName:null,surname:"Sen",slug:"jaydip-sen",fullName:"Jaydip Sen",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/4519/images/system/4519.jpeg",biography:"Jaydip Sen is associated with Praxis Business School, Kolkata, India, as a professor in the Department of Data Science. His research areas include security and privacy issues in computing and communication, intrusion detection systems, machine learning, deep learning, and artificial intelligence in the financial domain. He has more than 200 publications in reputed international journals, refereed conference proceedings, and 20 book chapters in books published by internationally renowned publishing houses, such as Springer, CRC press, IGI Global, etc. Currently, he is serving on the editorial board of the prestigious journal Frontiers in Communications and Networks and in the technical program committees of a number of high-ranked international conferences organized by the IEEE, USA, and the ACM, USA. He has been listed among the top 2% of scientists in the world for the last three consecutive years, 2019 to 2021 as per studies conducted by the Stanford University, USA.",institutionString:"Praxis Business School",institution:null},{id:"320071",title:"Dr.",name:"Sidra",middleName:null,surname:"Mehtab",slug:"sidra-mehtab",fullName:"Sidra Mehtab",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00002v6KHoQAM/Profile_Picture_1584512086360",biography:"Sidra Mehtab has completed her BS with honors in Physics from Calcutta University, India in 2018. She has done MS in Data Science and Analytics from Maulana Abul Kalam Azad University of Technology (MAKAUT), Kolkata, India in 2020. Her research areas include Econometrics, Time Series Analysis, Machine Learning, Deep Learning, Artificial Intelligence, and Computer and Network Security with a particular focus on Cyber Security Analytics. Ms. Mehtab has published seven papers in international conferences and one of her papers has been accepted for publication in a reputable international journal. She has won the best paper awards in two prestigious international conferences – BAICONF 2019, and ICADCML 2021, organized in the Indian Institute of Management, Bangalore, India in December 2019, and SOA University, Bhubaneswar, India in January 2021. Besides, Ms. Mehtab has also published two book chapters in two books. Seven of her book chapters will be published in a volume shortly in 2021 by Cambridge Scholars’ Press, UK. Currently, she is working as the joint editor of two edited volumes on Time Series Analysis and Forecasting to be published in the first half of 2021 by an international house. Currently, she is working as a Data Scientist with an MNC in Delhi, India.",institutionString:"NSHM College of Management and Technology",institution:null},{id:"226240",title:"Dr.",name:"Andri Irfan",middleName:null,surname:"Rifai",slug:"andri-irfan-rifai",fullName:"Andri Irfan Rifai",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/226240/images/7412_n.jpg",biography:"Andri IRFAN is a Senior Lecturer of Civil Engineering and Planning. He completed the PhD at the Universitas Indonesia & Universidade do Minho with Sandwich Program Scholarship from the Directorate General of Higher Education and LPDP scholarship. He has been teaching for more than 19 years and much active to applied his knowledge in the project construction in Indonesia. His research interest ranges from pavement management system to advanced data mining techniques for transportation engineering. He has published more than 50 papers in journals and 2 books.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universitas Internasional Batam",country:{name:"Indonesia"}}},{id:"314576",title:"Dr.",name:"Ibai",middleName:null,surname:"Laña",slug:"ibai-lana",fullName:"Ibai Laña",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/314576/images/system/314576.jpg",biography:"Dr. Ibai Laña works at TECNALIA as a data analyst. He received his Ph.D. in Artificial Intelligence from the University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Spain, in 2018. He is currently a senior researcher at TECNALIA. His research interests fall within the intersection of intelligent transportation systems, machine learning, traffic data analysis, and data science. He has dealt with urban traffic forecasting problems, applying machine learning models and evolutionary algorithms. He has experience in origin-destination matrix estimation or point of interest and trajectory detection. Working with large volumes of data has given him a good command of big data processing tools and NoSQL databases. He has also been a visiting scholar at the Knowledge Engineering and Discovery Research Institute, Auckland University of Technology.",institutionString:"TECNALIA Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"314575",title:"Dr.",name:"Jesus",middleName:null,surname:"L. Lobo",slug:"jesus-l.-lobo",fullName:"Jesus L. Lobo",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/314575/images/system/314575.png",biography:"Dr. Jesús López is currently based in Bilbao (Spain) working at TECNALIA as Artificial Intelligence Research Scientist. In most cases, a project idea or a new research line needs to be investigated to see if it is good enough to take into production or to focus on it. That is exactly what he does, diving into Machine Learning algorithms and technologies to help TECNALIA to decide whether something is great in theory or will actually impact on the product or processes of its projects. So, he is expert at framing experiments, developing hypotheses, and proving whether they’re true or not, in order to investigate fundamental problems with a longer time horizon. He is also able to design and develop PoCs and system prototypes in simulation. He has participated in several national and internacional R&D projects.\n\nAs another relevant part of his everyday research work, he usually publishes his findings in reputed scientific refereed journals and international conferences, occasionally acting as reviewer and Programme Commitee member. Concretely, since 2018 he has published 9 JCR (8 Q1) journal papers, 9 conference papers (e.g. ECML PKDD 2021), and he has co-edited a book. He is also active in popular science writing data science stories for reputed blogs (KDNuggets, TowardsDataScience, Naukas). Besides, he has recently embarked on mentoring programmes as mentor, and has also worked as data science trainer.",institutionString:"TECNALIA Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"103779",title:"Prof.",name:"Yalcin",middleName:null,surname:"Isler",slug:"yalcin-isler",fullName:"Yalcin Isler",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRyQ8QAK/Profile_Picture_1628834958734",biography:"Yalcin Isler (1971 - Burdur / Turkey) received the B.Sc. degree in the Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering from Anadolu University, Eskisehir, Turkey, in 1993, the M.Sc. degree from the Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Suleyman Demirel University, Isparta, Turkey, in 1996, the Ph.D. degree from the Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey, in 2009, and the Competence of Associate Professorship from the Turkish Interuniversity Council in 2019.\n\nHe was Lecturer at Burdur Vocational School in Suleyman Demirel University (1993-2000, Burdur / Turkey), Software Engineer (2000-2002, Izmir / Turkey), Research Assistant in Bulent Ecevit University (2002-2003, Zonguldak / Turkey), Research Assistant in Dokuz Eylul University (2003-2010, Izmir / Turkey), Assistant Professor at the Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering in Bulent Ecevit University (2010-2012, Zonguldak / Turkey), Assistant Professor at the Department of Biomedical Engineering in Izmir Katip Celebi University (2012-2019, Izmir / Turkey). He is an Associate Professor at the Department of Biomedical Engineering at Izmir Katip Celebi University, Izmir / Turkey, since 2019. In addition to academics, he has also founded Islerya Medical and Information Technologies Company, Izmir / Turkey, since 2017.\n\nHis main research interests cover biomedical signal processing, pattern recognition, medical device design, programming, and embedded systems. He has many scientific papers and participated in several projects in these study fields. He was an IEEE Student Member (2009-2011) and IEEE Member (2011-2014) and has been IEEE Senior Member since 2014.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Izmir Kâtip Çelebi University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"339677",title:"Dr.",name:"Mrinmoy",middleName:null,surname:"Roy",slug:"mrinmoy-roy",fullName:"Mrinmoy Roy",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/339677/images/16768_n.jpg",biography:"An accomplished Sales & Marketing professional with 12 years of cross-functional experience in well-known organisations such as CIPLA, LUPIN, GLENMARK, ASTRAZENECA across different segment of Sales & Marketing, International Business, Institutional Business, Product Management, Strategic Marketing of HIV, Oncology, Derma, Respiratory, Anti-Diabetic, Nutraceutical & Stomatological Product Portfolio and Generic as well as Chronic Critical Care Portfolio. A First Class MBA in International Business & Strategic Marketing, B.Pharm, D.Pharm, Google Certified Digital Marketing Professional. Qualified PhD Candidate in Operations and Management with special focus on Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning adoption, analysis and use in Healthcare, Hospital & Pharma Domain. Seasoned with diverse therapy area of Pharmaceutical Sales & Marketing ranging from generating revenue through generating prescriptions, launching new products, and making them big brands with continuous strategy execution at the Physician and Patients level. Moved from Sales to Marketing and Business Development for 3.5 years in South East Asian Market operating from Manila, Philippines. Came back to India and handled and developed Brands such as Gluconorm, Lupisulin, Supracal, Absolut Woman, Hemozink, Fabiflu (For COVID 19), and many more. In my previous assignment I used to develop and execute strategies on Sales & Marketing, Commercialization & Business Development for Institution and Corporate Hospital Business portfolio of Oncology Therapy Area for AstraZeneca Pharma India Ltd. Being a Research Scholar and Student of ‘Operations Research & Management: Artificial Intelligence’ I published several pioneer research papers and book chapters on the same in Internationally reputed journals and Books indexed in Scopus, Springer and Ei Compendex, Google Scholar etc. Currently, I am launching PGDM Pharmaceutical Management Program in IIHMR Bangalore and spearheading the course curriculum and structure of the same. I am interested in Collaboration for Healthcare Innovation, Pharma AI Innovation, Future trend in Marketing and Management with incubation on Healthcare, Healthcare IT startups, AI-ML Modelling and Healthcare Algorithm based training module development. I am also an affiliated member of the Institute of Management Consultant of India, looking forward to Healthcare, Healthcare IT and Innovation, Pharma and Hospital Management Consulting works.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Lovely Professional University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"1063",title:"Prof.",name:"Constantin",middleName:null,surname:"Volosencu",slug:"constantin-volosencu",fullName:"Constantin Volosencu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/1063/images/system/1063.png",biography:"Prof. Dr. Constantin Voloşencu graduated as an engineer from\nPolitehnica University of Timișoara, Romania, where he also\nobtained a doctorate degree. He is currently a full professor in\nthe Department of Automation and Applied Informatics at the\nsame university. Dr. Voloşencu is the author of ten books, seven\nbook chapters, and more than 160 papers published in journals\nand conference proceedings. He has also edited twelve books and\nhas twenty-seven patents to his name. He is a manager of research grants, editor in\nchief and member of international journal editorial boards, a former plenary speaker, a member of scientific committees, and chair at international conferences. His\nresearch is in the fields of control systems, control of electric drives, fuzzy control\nsystems, neural network applications, fault detection and diagnosis, sensor network\napplications, monitoring of distributed parameter systems, and power ultrasound\napplications. He has developed automation equipment for machine tools, spooling\nmachines, high-power ultrasound processes, and more.",institutionString:"Polytechnic University of Timişoara",institution:{name:"Polytechnic University of Timişoara",country:{name:"Romania"}}},{id:"221364",title:"Dr.",name:"Eneko",middleName:null,surname:"Osaba",slug:"eneko-osaba",fullName:"Eneko Osaba",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/221364/images/system/221364.jpg",biography:"Dr. Eneko Osaba works at TECNALIA as a senior researcher. He obtained his Ph.D. in Artificial Intelligence in 2015. He has participated in more than twenty-five local and European research projects, and in the publication of more than 130 papers. He has performed several stays at universities in the United Kingdom, Italy, and Malta. Dr. Osaba has served as a program committee member in more than forty international conferences and participated in organizing activities in more than ten international conferences. He is a member of the editorial board of the International Journal of Artificial Intelligence, Data in Brief, and Journal of Advanced Transportation. He is also a guest editor for the Journal of Computational Science, Neurocomputing, Swarm, and Evolutionary Computation and IEEE ITS Magazine.",institutionString:"TECNALIA Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"275829",title:"Dr.",name:"Esther",middleName:null,surname:"Villar-Rodriguez",slug:"esther-villar-rodriguez",fullName:"Esther Villar-Rodriguez",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/275829/images/system/275829.jpg",biography:"Dr. Esther Villar obtained a Ph.D. in Information and Communication Technologies from the University of Alcalá, Spain, in 2015. She obtained a degree in Computer Science from the University of Deusto, Spain, in 2010, and an MSc in Computer Languages and Systems from the National University of Distance Education, Spain, in 2012. Her areas of interest and knowledge include natural language processing (NLP), detection of impersonation in social networks, semantic web, and machine learning. Dr. Esther Villar made several contributions at conferences and publishing in various journals in those fields. Currently, she is working within the OPTIMA (Optimization Modeling & Analytics) business of TECNALIA’s ICT Division as a data scientist in projects related to the prediction and optimization of management and industrial processes (resource planning, energy efficiency, etc).",institutionString:"TECNALIA Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"49813",title:"Dr.",name:"Javier",middleName:null,surname:"Del Ser",slug:"javier-del-ser",fullName:"Javier Del Ser",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/49813/images/system/49813.png",biography:"Prof. Dr. Javier Del Ser received his first PhD in Telecommunication Engineering (Cum Laude) from the University of Navarra, Spain, in 2006, and a second PhD in Computational Intelligence (Summa Cum Laude) from the University of Alcala, Spain, in 2013. He is currently a principal researcher in data analytics and optimisation at TECNALIA (Spain), a visiting fellow at the Basque Center for Applied Mathematics (BCAM) and a part-time lecturer at the University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU). His research interests gravitate on the use of descriptive, prescriptive and predictive algorithms for data mining and optimization in a diverse range of application fields such as Energy, Transport, Telecommunications, Health and Industry, among others. In these fields he has published more than 240 articles, co-supervised 8 Ph.D. theses, edited 6 books, coauthored 7 patents and participated/led more than 40 research projects. He is a Senior Member of the IEEE, and a recipient of the Biscay Talent prize for his academic career.",institutionString:"Tecnalia Research & Innovation",institution:null},{id:"278948",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos Pedro",middleName:null,surname:"Gonçalves",slug:"carlos-pedro-goncalves",fullName:"Carlos Pedro Gonçalves",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRcmyQAC/Profile_Picture_1564224512145",biography:'Carlos Pedro Gonçalves (PhD) is an Associate Professor at Lusophone University of Humanities and Technologies and a researcher on Complexity Sciences, Quantum Technologies, Artificial Intelligence, Strategic Studies, Studies in Intelligence and Security, FinTech and Financial Risk Modeling. He is also a progammer with programming experience in:\n\nA) Quantum Computing using Qiskit Python module and IBM Quantum Experience Platform, with software developed on the simulation of Quantum Artificial Neural Networks and Quantum Cybersecurity;\n\nB) Artificial Intelligence and Machine learning programming in Python;\n\nC) Artificial Intelligence, Multiagent Systems Modeling and System Dynamics Modeling in Netlogo, with models developed in the areas of Chaos Theory, Econophysics, Artificial Intelligence, Classical and Quantum Complex Systems Science, with the Econophysics models having been cited worldwide and incorporated in PhD programs by different Universities.\n\nReceived an Arctic Code Vault Contributor status by GitHub, due to having developed open source software preserved in the \\"Arctic Code Vault\\" for future generations (https://archiveprogram.github.com/arctic-vault/), with the Strategy Analyzer A.I. module for decision making support (based on his PhD thesis, used in his Classes on Decision Making and in Strategic Intelligence Consulting Activities) and QNeural Python Quantum Neural Network simulator also preserved in the \\"Arctic Code Vault\\", for access to these software modules see: https://github.com/cpgoncalves. He is also a peer reviewer with outsanding review status from Elsevier journals, including Physica A, Neurocomputing and Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence. Science CV available at: https://www.cienciavitae.pt//pt/8E1C-A8B3-78C5 and ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0298-3974',institutionString:"University of Lisbon",institution:{name:"Universidade Lusófona",country:{name:"Portugal"}}},{id:"241400",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohammed",middleName:null,surname:"Bsiss",slug:"mohammed-bsiss",fullName:"Mohammed Bsiss",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/241400/images/8062_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"276128",title:"Dr.",name:"Hira",middleName:null,surname:"Fatima",slug:"hira-fatima",fullName:"Hira Fatima",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/276128/images/14420_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Hira Fatima\nAssistant Professor\nDepartment of Mathematics\nInstitute of Applied Science\nMangalayatan University, Aligarh\nMobile: no : 8532041179\nhirafatima2014@gmal.com\n\nDr. Hira Fatima has received his Ph.D. degree in pure Mathematics from Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh India. Currently working as an Assistant Professor in the Department of Mathematics, Institute of Applied Science, Mangalayatan University, Aligarh. She taught so many courses of Mathematics of UG and PG level. Her research Area of Expertise is Functional Analysis & Sequence Spaces. She has been working on Ideal Convergence of double sequence. She has published 17 research papers in National and International Journals including Cogent Mathematics, Filomat, Journal of Intelligent and Fuzzy Systems, Advances in Difference Equations, Journal of Mathematical Analysis, Journal of Mathematical & Computer Science etc. She has also reviewed few research papers for the and international journals. 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Many parasitic diseases are classified as neglected tropical diseases because they have received minimal funding over recent years and, in many cases, are under-reported despite the critical role they play in morbidity and mortality among human and animal hosts. The current topic, Parasitic Infectious Diseases, in the Infectious Diseases Series aims to publish studies on the systematics, epidemiology, molecular biology, genomics, pathogenesis, genetics, and clinical significance of parasitic diseases from blood borne to intestinal parasites as well as zoonotic parasites. We hope to cover all aspects of parasitic diseases to provide current and relevant research data on these very important diseases. In the current atmosphere of the Coronavirus pandemic, communities around the world, particularly those in different underdeveloped areas, are faced with the growing challenges of the high burden of parasitic diseases. At the same time, they are faced with the Covid-19 pandemic leading to what some authors have called potential syndemics that might worsen the outcome of such infections. Therefore, it is important to conduct studies that examine parasitic infections in the context of the coronavirus pandemic for the benefit of all communities to help foster more informed decisions for the betterment of human and animal health.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/5.jpg",keywords:"Blood Borne Parasites, Intestinal Parasites, Protozoa, Helminths, Arthropods, Water Born Parasites, Epidemiology, Molecular Biology, Systematics, Genomics, Proteomics, Ecology"},{id:"6",title:"Viral Infectious Diseases",scope:"The Viral Infectious Diseases Book Series aims to provide a comprehensive overview of recent research trends and discoveries in various viral infectious diseases emerging around the globe. The emergence of any viral disease is hard to anticipate, which often contributes to death. A viral disease can be defined as an infectious disease that has recently appeared within a population or exists in nature with the rapid expansion of incident or geographic range. This series will focus on various crucial factors related to emerging viral infectious diseases, including epidemiology, pathogenesis, host immune response, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, treatment, and clinical recommendations for managing viral infectious diseases, highlighting the recent issues with future directions for effective therapeutic strategies.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/6.jpg",keywords:"Novel Viruses, Virus Transmission, Virus Evolution, Molecular Virology, Control and Prevention, Virus-host Interaction"}],annualVolumeBook:{},thematicCollection:[],selectedSeries:null,selectedSubseries:null},seriesLanding:{item:{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",issn:"2632-0983",scope:"Biochemistry, the study of chemical transformations occurring within living organisms, impacts all areas of life sciences, from molecular crystallography and genetics to ecology, medicine, and population biology. Biochemistry examines macromolecules - proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, and lipids – and their building blocks, structures, functions, and interactions. Much of biochemistry is devoted to enzymes, proteins that catalyze chemical reactions, enzyme structures, mechanisms of action and their roles within cells. Biochemistry also studies small signaling molecules, coenzymes, inhibitors, vitamins, and hormones, which play roles in life processes. Biochemical experimentation, besides coopting classical chemistry methods, e.g., chromatography, adopted new techniques, e.g., X-ray diffraction, electron microscopy, NMR, radioisotopes, and developed sophisticated microbial genetic tools, e.g., auxotroph mutants and their revertants, fermentation, etc. More recently, biochemistry embraced the ‘big data’ omics systems. Initial biochemical studies have been exclusively analytic: dissecting, purifying, and examining individual components of a biological system; in the apt words of Efraim Racker (1913 –1991), “Don’t waste clean thinking on dirty enzymes.” Today, however, biochemistry is becoming more agglomerative and comprehensive, setting out to integrate and describe entirely particular biological systems. The ‘big data’ metabolomics can define the complement of small molecules, e.g., in a soil or biofilm sample; proteomics can distinguish all the comprising proteins, e.g., serum; metagenomics can identify all the genes in a complex environment, e.g., the bovine rumen. This Biochemistry Series will address the current research on biomolecules and the emerging trends with great promise.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/11.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"May 18th, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfPublishedChapters:287,numberOfPublishedBooks:27,editor:{id:"31610",title:"Dr.",name:"Miroslav",middleName:null,surname:"Blumenberg",fullName:"Miroslav Blumenberg",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/31610/images/system/31610.jpg",biography:"Miroslav Blumenberg, Ph.D., was born in Subotica and received his BSc in Belgrade, Yugoslavia. He completed his Ph.D. at MIT in Organic Chemistry; he followed up his Ph.D. with two postdoctoral study periods at Stanford University. Since 1983, he has been a faculty member of the RO Perelman Department of Dermatology, NYU School of Medicine, where he is codirector of a training grant in cutaneous biology. Dr. Blumenberg’s research is focused on the epidermis, expression of keratin genes, transcription profiling, keratinocyte differentiation, inflammatory diseases and cancers, and most recently the effects of the microbiome on the skin. He has published more than 100 peer-reviewed research articles and graduated numerous Ph.D. and postdoctoral students.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"New York University Langone Medical Center",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}},subseries:[{id:"14",title:"Cell and Molecular Biology",keywords:"Omics (Transcriptomics; Proteomics; Metabolomics), Molecular Biology, Cell Biology, Signal Transduction and Regulation, Cell Growth and Differentiation, Apoptosis, Necroptosis, Ferroptosis, Autophagy, Cell Cycle, Macromolecules and Complexes, Gene Expression",scope:"The Cell and Molecular Biology topic within the IntechOpen Biochemistry Series aims to rapidly publish contributions on all aspects of cell and molecular biology, including aspects related to biochemical and genetic research (not only in humans but all living beings). We encourage the submission of manuscripts that provide novel and mechanistic insights that report significant advances in the fields. Topics include, but are not limited to: Advanced techniques of cellular and molecular biology (Molecular methodologies, imaging techniques, and bioinformatics); Biological activities at the molecular level; Biological processes of cell functions, cell division, senescence, maintenance, and cell death; Biomolecules interactions; Cancer; Cell biology; Chemical biology; Computational biology; Cytochemistry; Developmental biology; Disease mechanisms and therapeutics; DNA, and RNA metabolism; Gene functions, genetics, and genomics; Genetics; Immunology; Medical microbiology; Molecular biology; Molecular genetics; Molecular processes of cell and organelle dynamics; Neuroscience; Protein biosynthesis, degradation, and functions; Regulation of molecular interactions in a cell; Signalling networks and system biology; Structural biology; Virology and microbiology.",annualVolume:11410,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/14.jpg",editor:{id:"165627",title:"Dr.",name:"Rosa María",middleName:null,surname:"Martínez-Espinosa",fullName:"Rosa María Martínez-Espinosa",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/165627/images/system/165627.jpeg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Alicante",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"79367",title:"Dr.",name:"Ana Isabel",middleName:null,surname:"Flores",fullName:"Ana Isabel Flores",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRpIOQA0/Profile_Picture_1632418099564",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Hospital Universitario 12 De Octubre",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"328234",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Christian",middleName:null,surname:"Palavecino",fullName:"Christian Palavecino",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000030DhEhQAK/Profile_Picture_1628835318625",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Central University of Chile",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Chile"}}},{id:"186585",title:"Dr.",name:"Francisco Javier",middleName:null,surname:"Martin-Romero",fullName:"Francisco Javier Martin-Romero",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSB3HQAW/Profile_Picture_1631258137641",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Extremadura",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}}]},{id:"15",title:"Chemical Biology",keywords:"Phenolic Compounds, Essential Oils, Modification of Biomolecules, Glycobiology, Combinatorial Chemistry, Therapeutic peptides, Enzyme Inhibitors",scope:"Chemical biology spans the fields of chemistry and biology involving the application of biological and chemical molecules and techniques. In recent years, the application of chemistry to biological molecules has gained significant interest in medicinal and pharmacological studies. This topic will be devoted to understanding the interplay between biomolecules and chemical compounds, their structure and function, and their potential applications in related fields. Being a part of the biochemistry discipline, the ideas and concepts that have emerged from Chemical Biology have affected other related areas. This topic will closely deal with all emerging trends in this discipline.",annualVolume:11411,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/15.jpg",editor:{id:"441442",title:"Dr.",name:"Şükrü",middleName:null,surname:"Beydemir",fullName:"Şükrü Beydemir",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00003GsUoIQAV/Profile_Picture_1634557147521",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Anadolu University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},editorTwo:{id:"13652",title:"Prof.",name:"Deniz",middleName:null,surname:"Ekinci",fullName:"Deniz Ekinci",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYLT1QAO/Profile_Picture_1634557223079",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ondokuz Mayıs University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"241413",title:"Dr.",name:"Azhar",middleName:null,surname:"Rasul",fullName:"Azhar Rasul",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRT1oQAG/Profile_Picture_1635251978933",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Government College University, Faisalabad",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"178316",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Sergey",middleName:null,surname:"Sedykh",fullName:"Sergey Sedykh",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/178316/images/system/178316.jfif",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Novosibirsk State University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Russia"}}}]},{id:"17",title:"Metabolism",keywords:"Biomolecules Metabolism, Energy Metabolism, Metabolic Pathways, Key Metabolic Enzymes, Metabolic Adaptation",scope:"Metabolism is frequently defined in biochemistry textbooks as the overall process that allows living systems to acquire and use the free energy they need for their vital functions or the chemical processes that occur within a living organism to maintain life. Behind these definitions are hidden all the aspects of normal and pathological functioning of all processes that the topic ‘Metabolism’ will cover within the Biochemistry Series. Thus all studies on metabolism will be considered for publication.",annualVolume:11413,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/17.jpg",editor:{id:"138626",title:"Dr.",name:"Yannis",middleName:null,surname:"Karamanos",fullName:"Yannis Karamanos",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002g6Jv2QAE/Profile_Picture_1629356660984",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Artois University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"France"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"243049",title:"Dr.",name:"Anca",middleName:null,surname:"Pantea Stoian",fullName:"Anca Pantea Stoian",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/243049/images/system/243049.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Romania"}}},{id:"203824",title:"Dr.",name:"Attilio",middleName:null,surname:"Rigotti",fullName:"Attilio Rigotti",profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Pontifical Catholic University of Chile",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Chile"}}},{id:"300470",title:"Dr.",name:"Yanfei (Jacob)",middleName:null,surname:"Qi",fullName:"Yanfei (Jacob) Qi",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/300470/images/system/300470.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Centenary Institute of Cancer Medicine and Cell Biology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Australia"}}}]},{id:"18",title:"Proteomics",keywords:"Mono- and Two-Dimensional Gel Electrophoresis (1-and 2-DE), Liquid Chromatography (LC), Mass Spectrometry/Tandem Mass Spectrometry (MS; MS/MS), Proteins",scope:"With the recognition that the human genome cannot provide answers to the etiology of a disorder, changes in the proteins expressed by a genome became a focus in research. Thus proteomics, an area of research that detects all protein forms expressed in an organism, including splice isoforms and post-translational modifications, is more suitable than genomics for a comprehensive understanding of the biochemical processes that govern life. The most common proteomics applications are currently in the clinical field for the identification, in a variety of biological matrices, of biomarkers for diagnosis and therapeutic intervention of disorders. From the comparison of proteomic profiles of control and disease or different physiological states, which may emerge, changes in protein expression can provide new insights into the roles played by some proteins in human pathologies. Understanding how proteins function and interact with each other is another goal of proteomics that makes this approach even more intriguing. Specialized technology and expertise are required to assess the proteome of any biological sample. Currently, proteomics relies mainly on mass spectrometry (MS) combined with electrophoretic (1 or 2-DE-MS) and/or chromatographic techniques (LC-MS/MS). MS is an excellent tool that has gained popularity in proteomics because of its ability to gather a complex body of information such as cataloging protein expression, identifying protein modification sites, and defining protein interactions. The Proteomics topic aims to attract contributions on all aspects of MS-based proteomics that, by pushing the boundaries of MS capabilities, may address biological problems that have not been resolved yet.",annualVolume:11414,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/18.jpg",editor:{id:"200689",title:"Prof.",name:"Paolo",middleName:null,surname:"Iadarola",fullName:"Paolo Iadarola",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSCl8QAG/Profile_Picture_1623568118342",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Pavia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},editorTwo:{id:"201414",title:"Dr.",name:"Simona",middleName:null,surname:"Viglio",fullName:"Simona Viglio",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRKDHQA4/Profile_Picture_1630402531487",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Pavia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"72288",title:"Dr.",name:"Arli Aditya",middleName:null,surname:"Parikesit",fullName:"Arli Aditya Parikesit",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/72288/images/system/72288.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Indonesia International Institute for Life Sciences",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Indonesia"}}},{id:"40928",title:"Dr.",name:"Cesar",middleName:null,surname:"Lopez-Camarillo",fullName:"Cesar Lopez-Camarillo",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/40928/images/3884_n.png",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidad Autónoma de la Ciudad de México",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}},{id:"81926",title:"Dr.",name:"Shymaa",middleName:null,surname:"Enany",fullName:"Shymaa Enany",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRqB9QAK/Profile_Picture_1626163237970",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Suez Canal University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Egypt"}}}]}]}},libraryRecommendation:{success:null,errors:{},institutions:[]},route:{name:"profile.detail",path:"/profiles/92096",hash:"",query:{},params:{id:"92096"},fullPath:"/profiles/92096",meta:{},from:{name:null,path:"/",hash:"",query:{},params:{},fullPath:"/",meta:{}}}},function(){var e;(e=document.currentScript||document.scripts[document.scripts.length-1]).parentNode.removeChild(e)}()