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Weldon",authors:[{id:"21767",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos",middleName:null,surname:"Trejo-Pech",fullName:"Carlos Trejo-Pech",slug:"carlos-trejo-pech"},{id:"22815",title:"Dr.",name:"Abraham",middleName:null,surname:"Mendoza",fullName:"Abraham Mendoza",slug:"abraham-mendoza"},{id:"25395",title:"Dr.",name:"Richard",middleName:null,surname:"Weldon",fullName:"Richard Weldon",slug:"richard-weldon"}]},{id:"15539",title:"Differential Game for Environmental-Regulation in Green Supply Chain",slug:"differential-game-for-environmental-regulation-in-green-supply-chain",signatures:"Yenming J Chen and Jiuh-Biing Sheu",authors:[{id:"19612",title:"Dr.",name:"Yenming",middleName:"J",surname:"Chen",fullName:"Yenming Chen",slug:"yenming-chen"},{id:"19615",title:"Dr.",name:"Jiuh-Biing",middleName:null,surname:"Sheu",fullName:"Jiuh-Biing Sheu",slug:"jiuh-biing-sheu"}]},{id:"15540",title:"Logistics Strategies to Facilitate Long-Distance Just-in-Time Supply Chain System",slug:"logistics-strategies-to-facilitate-long-distance-just-in-time-supply-chain-system",signatures:"Liang-Chieh (Victor) Cheng",authors:[{id:"21154",title:"Dr.",name:"Liang Chieh (Victor)",middleName:null,surname:"Cheng",fullName:"Liang Chieh (Victor) Cheng",slug:"liang-chieh-(victor)-cheng"}]},{id:"15541",title:"Governance Mode in Reverse Logistics: A Research Framework",slug:"governance-mode-in-reverse-logistics-a-research-framework",signatures:"Qing Lu, Mark Goh and Robert De Souza",authors:[{id:"22832",title:"Dr.",name:"Robert",middleName:null,surname:"de Souza",fullName:"Robert de Souza",slug:"robert-de-souza"},{id:"23119",title:"Dr.",name:"Mark",middleName:null,surname:"Goh",fullName:"Mark Goh",slug:"mark-goh"},{id:"23120",title:"Dr.",name:"Qing",middleName:null,surname:"Lu",fullName:"Qing Lu",slug:"qing-lu"}]},{id:"15542",title:"Supply Chain Management and Automatic Identification Management Convergence: Experiences in the Pharmaceutical Scenario",slug:"supply-chain-management-and-automatic-identification-management-convergence-experiences-in-the-pharm",signatures:"U. Barchetti, A. Bucciero, A. L. Guido, L. Mainetti and L. Patrono",authors:[{id:"18608",title:"Dr.",name:"Alberto",middleName:null,surname:"Bucciero",fullName:"Alberto Bucciero",slug:"alberto-bucciero"},{id:"22648",title:"Eng.",name:"Ugo",middleName:null,surname:"Barchetti",fullName:"Ugo Barchetti",slug:"ugo-barchetti"},{id:"22649",title:"Eng.",name:"Anna Lisa",middleName:null,surname:"Guido",fullName:"Anna Lisa Guido",slug:"anna-lisa-guido"},{id:"22650",title:"Prof.",name:"Luca",middleName:null,surname:"Mainetti",fullName:"Luca Mainetti",slug:"luca-mainetti"},{id:"22651",title:"Prof.",name:"Luigi",middleName:null,surname:"Patrono",fullName:"Luigi Patrono",slug:"luigi-patrono"}]},{id:"15543",title:"Strategic Fit in Supply Chain Management: A Coordination Perspective",slug:"strategic-fit-in-supply-chain-management-a-coordination-perspective",signatures:"S. Kamal Chaharsooghi and Jafar Heydari",authors:[{id:"15869",title:"Dr.",name:"Seyed Kamal",middleName:null,surname:"Chaharsooghi",fullName:"Seyed Kamal Chaharsooghi",slug:"seyed-kamal-chaharsooghi"},{id:"18801",title:"Dr.",name:"Jafar",middleName:null,surname:"Heydari",fullName:"Jafar Heydari",slug:"jafar-heydari"}]},{id:"15544",title:"Towards Improving Supply Chain Coordination through Business Process Reengineering",slug:"towards-improving-supply-chain-coordination-through-business-process-reengineering",signatures:"Marinko Maslaric and Ales Groznik",authors:[{id:"18677",title:"Dr.",name:"Marinko",middleName:null,surname:"Maslaric",fullName:"Marinko Maslaric",slug:"marinko-maslaric"},{id:"22725",title:"Dr.",name:"Ales",middleName:null,surname:"Groznik",fullName:"Ales Groznik",slug:"ales-groznik"}]},{id:"15545",title:"Integrated Revenue Sharing Contracts to Coordinate a Multi-Period Three-Echelon Supply Chain",slug:"integrated-revenue-sharing-contracts-to-coordinate-a-multi-period-three-echelon-supply-chain",signatures:"Mei-Shiang Chang",authors:[{id:"22157",title:"Prof.",name:"Mei-Shiang",middleName:null,surname:"Chang",fullName:"Mei-Shiang Chang",slug:"mei-shiang-chang"}]},{id:"15546",title:"The Impact of Demand Information Sharing on the Supply Chain Stability",slug:"the-impact-of-demand-information-sharing-on-the-supply-chain-stability",signatures:"Jing Wang and Ling Tang",authors:[{id:"22160",title:"Prof.",name:"Jing",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",fullName:"Jing Wang",slug:"jing-wang"},{id:"22889",title:"Miss",name:"Ling",middleName:null,surname:"Tang",fullName:"Ling Tang",slug:"ling-tang"}]},{id:"15547",title:"Complexity in Supply Chains: A New Approachto Quantitative Measurement of the Supply-Chain-Complexity",slug:"complexity-in-supply-chains-a-new-approachto-quantitative-measurement-of-the-supply-chain-complexity",signatures:"Filiz Isik",authors:[{id:"19462",title:"Mrs",name:"Filiz",middleName:null,surname:"Isik",fullName:"Filiz Isik",slug:"filiz-isik"}]},{id:"15548",title:"A Multi-Agent Model for Supply Chain Ordering Management: An Application to the Beer Game",slug:"a-multi-agent-model-for-supply-chain-ordering-management-an-application-to-the-beer-game",signatures:"Mohammad Hossein Fazel Zarandi, Mohammad Hassan Anssari, Milad Avazbeigi and Ali Mohaghar",authors:[{id:"8321",title:"Mr.",name:"Miludin",middleName:null,surname:"Milankovic",fullName:"Miludin Milankovic",slug:"miludin-milankovic"},{id:"23527",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohammad Hossein",middleName:null,surname:"Fazel Zarandi",fullName:"Mohammad Hossein Fazel Zarandi",slug:"mohammad-hossein-fazel-zarandi"},{id:"23528",title:"M",name:"Mohammad Hassan",middleName:null,surname:"Anssari",fullName:"Mohammad Hassan Anssari",slug:"mohammad-hassan-anssari"},{id:"24043",title:"Dr.",name:"Ali",middleName:null,surname:"Mohaghar",fullName:"Ali Mohaghar",slug:"ali-mohaghar"}]},{id:"15549",title:"A Collaborative Vendor – Buyer Deteriorating Inventory Model for Optimal Pricing, Shipment and Payment Policy with Two – Part Trade Credit",slug:"a-collaborative-vendor-buyer-deteriorating-inventory-model-for-optimal-pricing-shipment-and-payment-",signatures:"Nita H. Shah and Kunal T. Shukla",authors:[{id:"19031",title:"Dr.",name:"Nita",middleName:null,surname:"Shah",fullName:"Nita Shah",slug:"nita-shah"},{id:"19499",title:"Mr",name:"Kunal",middleName:null,surname:"Shukla",fullName:"Kunal Shukla",slug:"kunal-shukla"}]},{id:"15550",title:"Quantifying the Demand Fulfillment Capability of a Manufacturing Organization",slug:"quantifying-the-demand-fulfillment-capability-of-a-manufacturing-organization",signatures:"César Martínez-Olvera",authors:[{id:"18528",title:"Dr.",name:"Cesar",middleName:null,surname:"Martinez-Olvera",fullName:"Cesar Martinez-Olvera",slug:"cesar-martinez-olvera"},{id:"127345",title:"Prof.",name:"Cesar",middleName:null,surname:"Martinez-Olvera",fullName:"Cesar Martinez-Olvera",slug:"cesar-martinez-olvera"}]},{id:"15551",title:"Continuum-Discrete Models for Supply Chains and Networks",slug:"continuum-discrete-models-for-supply-chains-and-networks",signatures:"Ciro D’Apice, Rosanna Manzo and Benedetto Piccoli",authors:[{id:"11309",title:"Dr.",name:"Benedetto",middleName:null,surname:"Piccoli",fullName:"Benedetto Piccoli",slug:"benedetto-piccoli"},{id:"11311",title:"Prof.",name:"Ciro",middleName:null,surname:"D'Apice",fullName:"Ciro D'Apice",slug:"ciro-d'apice"},{id:"11312",title:"Dr.",name:"Rosanna",middleName:null,surname:"Manzo",fullName:"Rosanna Manzo",slug:"rosanna-manzo"},{id:"117681",title:"Prof.",name:"Benedetto",middleName:null,surname:"Piccoli",fullName:"Benedetto Piccoli",slug:"benedetto-piccoli"},{id:"117684",title:"Dr.",name:"Rosanna",middleName:null,surname:"Manzo",fullName:"Rosanna Manzo",slug:"rosanna-manzo"}]},{id:"15552",title:"Services and Support Supply Chain Design for Complex Engineering Systems",slug:"services-and-support-supply-chain-design-for-complex-engineering-systems",signatures:"John P.T. Mo",authors:[{id:"6394",title:"Prof.",name:"John P.T.",middleName:null,surname:"Mo",fullName:"John P.T. Mo",slug:"john-p.t.-mo"}]},{id:"15553",title:"Lifecycle Based Distributed Cooperative Service Supply Chain for Complex Product",slug:"lifecycle-based-distributed-cooperative-service-supply-chain-for-complex-product",signatures:"Pengzhong Li, Rongxin Gu and Weimin Zhang",authors:[{id:"19636",title:"Prof.",name:"Pengzhong",middleName:null,surname:"Li",fullName:"Pengzhong Li",slug:"pengzhong-li"},{id:"22403",title:"Dr.",name:"Weimin",middleName:null,surname:"Zhang",fullName:"Weimin Zhang",slug:"weimin-zhang"},{id:"22404",title:"Dr.",name:"Rongxin",middleName:null,surname:"Gu",fullName:"Rongxin Gu",slug:"rongxin-gu"}]},{id:"15554",title:"A Generalized Algebraic Model for Optimizing Inventory Decisions in a Centralized or Decentralized Three-Stage Multi-Firm Supply Chain with Complete Backorders for Some Retailers",slug:"a-generalized-algebraic-model-for-optimizing-inventory-decisions-in-a-centralized-or-decentralized-t",signatures:"Kit Nam Francis 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These properties are controlled according to the nanomaterials’ size and shape, enabling the development of new innovative technologies, from new device development to tools in the health field [4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9]. In this context, nanobiotechnology is a recent field emerging from science, which establishes an interface between biology and nanotechnology, evaluating and assigning new functionalized nano biosystems [8]. Thus, this multidisciplinary research field has great potential in developing improved medical engineering [1, 10].
Nanoparticles can be amorphous or crystalline (nanocrystals), and this difference reflects directly on the physical, chemical, and biological properties. Spanó et al. demonstrated that zinc oxide (ZnO) nanocrystals are more biocompatible when compared to amorphous nanoparticles [11]. Amorphous nanoparticles have a long-range disorder of their atoms and are more reactive [12]. On the other hand, nanocrystals show the periodicity of atoms forming crystalline arrangements and consequently fewer defects and less reactivity [13, 14, 15].
Nanocrystals (NCs) are often and successfully applied in several sensors, such as colorimetric, fluorescence, surface plasmon resonance, and electrochemical [16]. Regarding electroanalytical chemistry, conductive nanostructured crystals are interesting for application in electrochemical sensing due to their well-known ability to improve the catalytic activity, the electron transfer speed, and the conductivity of the sensors. Furthermore, the deposition of nanocrystals over electronic surfaces can increase the superficial area and amplify the analytical signal, enhancing the sensitivity regarding the detection of target analytes [17]. Nowadays, nanocrystal-based sensors have been widely explored in various applications and attracted the attention of several researchers [18].
Nanoparticle drug delivery can be used to target the tissue, promote the slow-release, protect against degradation, and diminish toxicity [19, 20]. The pharmacokinetic properties of a compound of biological activity are, among other factors, related to its solubility. The low solubility will result in problems from absorption until elimination. So, it is essential to search for alternatives, and they can increase the solubility of drugs without interfering in their pharmacological activity. Several active compounds are usually poorly soluble in aqueous media [21, 22]. A vast literature reports the possibility of complexation between lipophilic organic molecules appropriately sized, inorganic ions, and other species, with cyclodextrin, dendrimers, and liposomes. Whether for the drug’s application for pharmaceutical use, the nanocrystal compounds are essential on the medical and economic side [23, 24].
The development of biomaterials arouses tremendous scientific and clinical interest, given the possibility of replacing, in part or whole, human bones and/or favoring bone regeneration, both in the craniofacial complex and in other parts of the skeleton. Therefore, it is expected that the materials have osteoconductive properties (materials that function as a support surface for adhesion and proliferation of osteoblastic cells, which promote the formation of mineralized bone tissue), osteoinduction (materials that contain inductive proteins present in the matrix bone tissue and are capable of inducing differentiation of undifferentiated mesenchymal cells into chondroblasts or osteoblasts), osteogenesis (materials that have viable osteoblasts, capable of determining the formation of the new bone when grafted into the host tissue) and/or osteopromotion (materials that constitute physical barriers for the anatomical isolation of the site under repair, aiming at the selection of cells that promote the restoration, while excluding competing for inhibitory cells) [25]. This chapter book will comment specifically on titanium dioxide nanocrystals in dental and orthopedic applications.
Therefore, this chapter shows the innovative results obtained by the group of carbon-based, semiconductor, and magnetic nanocrystals that can be used in biosensors and biomedical applications, further strengthening the development of new tools.
This section shows nanocrystals’ results in improved electrochemical sensors and their use as theranostic tools in biomedical applications. We will demonstrate how graphene nanostructures and CdSe/CdS MSQDs can improve sensors sensitivity. In the biomedical applications, we will show CdSe/CdS MSQDs and cobalt ferrite (CoFe2O4) NCs to drug deliveries and biocompatible titanium dioxide (TiO2) NCs in osseointegration processes and their bio-location.
Graphene has been the nanostructured material most utilized in electroanalytical applications due to its unique features [26]. Graphene consists of a single layer of carbon atoms in the sp2 hybridization organized in a honeycomb structure with six-membered rings, yielding 2D nanocrystals [27]. Some advantages of using graphene in electrochemical sensors are enhanced conductivity, decreased overpotentials, increased electroactive areas, and enhanced charge transfer rate [28]. Graphene is usually synthesized by the chemical reduction of graphene oxide [29, 30].
In this field, the advantages of using graphene-based nanocrystals in electroanalytical sensing have been previously demonstrated by several researchers and our research group [31]. We have reported the modification of a glassy carbon rod electrode (GCRE) with reduced graphene oxide doped with copper nanoparticles (RGO-CuNP). The synthesis of the RGO used in this work was carried out by the modified Hummers’ method [32]. This GCRE modified with RGO-CuNP was coupled, for the first time, to a paper-based electrochemical platform and applied in the electroanalysis of analytes of clinical interest, as illustrated in Figure 1.
Representation of the modification of the GCRE with RGO-CuNP, coupling of the modified sensor to the paper-based electrochemical platform such as used in work, and voltammetric responses of unmodified and modified electrodes in the simultaneous electroanalysis of paracetamol and caffeine.
The modified sensor was thoroughly studied, optimized, and characterized. The results showed that the modification with RGO-CuNP significantly improved the electrochemical properties of the working electrode. In comparison with the unmodified GCRE, the RGO-CuNP sensor presented lower peak potentials, better sensitivity (ca. two-fold higher), lower electron transfer resistance (857 vs. 21,497 Ω), and larger electroactive area (0.067 vs. 0.040 cm2). These improvements are directly related to the modification with RGO-Cu nanocrystals, which are responsible for enhancing the conductivity and increasing the superficial area of the GCRE. As proof of concept, this modified sensor was employed to determine paracetamol and caffeine in real urine samples simultaneously. These two analytes were successfully quantified in low levels without matrix interferences, and the results showed excellent concordance with high-performance liquid chromatography used to validate the method. So, it evidences some of the advantages of using graphene-based nanocrystal in sensing platforms.
In this context, quantum dots (QDs) are among the most explored nanomaterials nowadays. The synthesis and practical application of QDs are among the main focuses in the development directions of nanotechnology [33]. QDs are semiconductor nanocrystals with optical and electrical properties that are widely employed in sensing applications. Another exciting feature of QDs is that properties such as size, shape, composition, and structure can be controlled and tuned. It allows obtaining QDs with unique properties according to the desired application [34, 35].
Although, promising, conventional QDs have some drawbacks that include moderate stability, limited luminescence spectra, and large size to some applications. At this point, the magic-sized quantum dots (MSQDs) are a class of nanocrystals that show smaller particle sizes, broader spectra, and more excellent stability than conventional QDs [36]. Among other applications, the MSQDs are a promising nanomaterial for electrochemical sensing use. The small size (in nanometric scale) and the electrical properties of these nanocrystals can significantly increase the surface area and the conductivity of the sensors.
Our research group recently explored, for the first time, the application of MSQDs for the modification of electrochemical sensors [37]. This pioneering work proposed a simple and inexpensive paper electrochemical device (PED) whose carbon-based working electrode was modified with CdSe/CdS MSQDs. The three-electrode setup (working, counter, and pseudo-reference) was fabricated on the paper substrate by a simple pencil-drawing method. At the same time, the CdSe/CdS MSQDs were synthesized according to the method described by Silva et al. [36, 38, 39]. This PED was modified with CdSe/CdS MSQDs to demonstrate the analytical feasibility and applied for clinical quantification of dopamine in biological samples, as represented in Figure 2.
Picture of the paper electrochemical device containing the pencil-drawn carbon electrodes used in work, representing a modification of the working electrode with CdSe/CdS MSQDs, and the voltammetric dopamine response regarding the unmodified and modified electrodes.
Electrochemical and morphological techniques investigated the miniaturized CdSe/CdS MSQDs-based PED. This modified PED presented improved analytical signal (ca. 46% higher), lower charge transfer resistance (32 vs. 169 Ω), and larger superficial area (0.28 vs. 0.14 cm2) in comparison with the unmodified PED. It can be attributed to CdSe/CdS nanocrystals in the sensor, which was also confirmed by microscopy analysis. The electroanalysis of dopamine in real human blood serum samples was successfully carried out, and the limit of detection obtained was lower than other recent reports that utilize more complex electrochemical platforms for detecting the same analyte. In this way, MSQDs have been shown as a promising nanomaterial to be explored in electrochemical sensing.
In the last decade, several nanostructured systems for the delivery of chemotherapeutic agents have been developed to eliminate tumor cells. However, most of these systems cannot reach specific tumor cells without adequate control of these drug release processes, resulting in serious side effects [40, 41]. It is necessary to direct efforts to improve ideal drug distribution systems to release stimuli and selectively target cancer cells. Thus, quantum dots, liposomes, magnetic nanoparticles, and TiO2 nanocrystals have enormous potential.
Quantum dots have been the subject of extensive investigations in different science and technology areas in the past years [42, 43]. There are few studies of MSQDs, even though they exhibit features such as tiny size, higher fluorescence quantum efficiency, molar absorptivity greater than traditional QDs, and highly stable luminescence in theranostic, which refers to the simultaneous integration of diagnosis and therapy [36, 39, 44, 45].
Our group investigated the first study about the core-shell MSQDs by analyzing the electrochemical behavior of CdSe/CdS MSQDs immobilized on a gold electrode modified with a self-assembled cyclodextrin monolayer using cyclic voltammetry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy techniques [46]. The work showed a good interaction between the thiol group from thiolated cyclodextrin and CdSe/CdS MSQDs (Figure 3a). The proposed method was successfully applied to encapsulation studies of Mangiferin, a natural antioxidant compound, and cyclodextrin associated with the CdSe/CdS MSQDs, and the response was compared with that of the modified electrode without MSQDs. The fluorescence study revealed that CdSe/CdS MSQDs emit blue light when excited by an optical source of the wavelength of 350 nm, and a significant increase in fluorescence and absorbance intensity is observed from the core-shell CdSe/CdS MSQDs when quantities of Mangiferin are added to the solution containing thiolated cyclodextrin. CdSe/CdS MSQDs are optically and electrochemically sensitive and can be used to detect and interact with compounds encapsulated in cyclodextrin and can be applied in theranostic.
(a) CdSe/CdS MSQDs immobilized on a gold electrode modified with a self-assembled cyclodextrin to encapsulation studies of Mangiferin, and (b) illustration of liposome with MSQDs (top panel) when MSQDs are (i) inside or (ii) outside and optical image the scale bar is 1 mm (bottom panel).
Because of their reduced size, lipophilic nanoparticles of less than 100 nm can cross the brain-blood barrier by diffusion, allowing the drug delivery directly to the Central Nervous System (CNS) [47]. Neurodegenerative diseases (ND) such as Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s, strokes, glioblastoma, Huntington’s, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis may be treated differently with this approach [19]. Just like liposomes, polymeric nanoparticles may be environmentally sensitive to drug release, such as temperature change, pH change, among others. These systems may be combined therapy, delivering two or more drugs, allowing different therapy combinations.
The group has also been developing liposomes containing CdSe/CdS MSQDs aiming at a new luminescent tool for drug delivery. Figure 3b shows the illustration of liposomes with MSQDs (top panel); when MSQDs are (i) inside or (ii) outside and optical image, the scale bar is 1 mm (bottom panel). Therefore, we demonstrate that CdSe/CdS MSQDs can be used in drug delivery systems, which serve as photostable fluorescent reporters. A combination of MSQDs with liposomes is a powerful theranostic tool since it is possible to monitor their location via luminescence in addition to drug delivery.
Since the 1990’s Liposomal Amphotericin B has been available in the market, being one of the oldest and most clinical used nanoparticle formulations in the treatment of leishmaniasis. In 1978, Alvin et al. proved that the use of liposomal leishmanicidal drugs could enhance 700 times the efficacy [48]. Liposome functionalization is another advance that can enhance circulation time and release drugs according to temperature change and pH change; magnetic prepared liposomes can be target-directed by applying a magnetic field, and ligands in the lipidic bilayer can actively target cellular types [49]. Thus, the group has been working to develop drug systems containing liposomes and nanocrystals.
The study of bioactive substances by electrochemical and UV-visible spectroscopic methods is already very conceptual. The association of magnetic nanoparticles has emerged as a new bias of these techniques. We group reported the interaction between the molecule LQM10, a derivative of guanylhydrazone, with the CoFe2O4 NCs coated with polyamidoamine dendrimer (PAMAM), generating a nanocarrier to benefit LQM10 (Figure 4). The PAMAM dendrimer has empty spaces that change according to its generation. In these places, as well as cyclodextrins, “guest-host” interactions can occur, where the hydrophobic molecule can interact with dendrimers by hydrogen bonds, ionic bonding, or hydrophobic interactions, being possible interaction with LQM10 due to the tert-butyl group attached to its ring, which gives it a hydrophobic character, as well as with CoFe2O4 NCs. In addition to this type of interaction. PAMAM can make covalent and non-covalent bonds through its primary and tertiary amine groups, which would also be possible by observing the structure of LQM10. Both interactions can occur in an isolated or simultaneous way, making it possible for a single molecule of PAMAM to interact with several other substances, which enables its association with CoFe2O4 NCs, producing a better nanocarrier for LQM10 [50].
Illustrative scheme of the nanocarrier composed by the PAMAN molecule, the black spheres represent the CoFe2O4 NCs and the LQM10 molecule.
The magnetic properties of CoFe2O4 NCs and each nanocarrier were confirmed by a vibrating sample magnetometer and field-effect calorimetry. LQM10 showed good interaction corroborating with the results of UV-visible and electrochemistry data. The heat generation by magnetic hyperthermia of CoFe2O4 NCs in the presence of PAMAM G3 and LQM10 was observed, demonstrating the association of promising nanocarriers (PAMAM G3 and CoFe2O4 NCs) with anticancer substances and their applicability as magnetic hyperthermia [50].
The implantation of material inside biological tissues must meet a minimum requirement, called biocompatibility, defined as a biomaterial’s ability to perform the desired therapeutic function without triggering any undesirable local or systemic effect, generating the most cellular or tissue response. Therefore, optimizing clinical therapeutic performance should be as beneficial as possible [51]. After application, an interaction occurs between the host’s immune system and the implanted biomaterial, leading to a specific cellular reaction to the biomaterial [52]. Proteins play a crucial role in the interaction between biomaterials and cells or tissues. Thus, the absorption of proteins on the material surface is the first event of this interaction, which is decisive for the subsequent cell growth processes, differentiation, and extracellular matrix formation [53].
The deliberate, accidental implantation of any foreign material into living tissues causes a response, and it is not the response itself but the extent, intensity, and duration that define biocompatibility. The ideal response of biological tissues to a biomaterial is when the initial inflammatory response resulting from the surgical procedure is quickly resolved, without the presence of a chronic inflammatory infiltrate or the development of an immune response. Thus, the biomaterial must be biocompatible and have characteristics that include predictability, clinical applicability, absence of transoperative risks and minimal postoperative sequelae, and acceptance by the patient. It is also expected that this biomaterial is not carcinogenic, that it presents adequate chemical and biological stability, mechanical and elastic resistance, and has low cost [54].
The biomaterial is a natural or synthetic material intended to interact with biological systems to assess, treat, augment, or replace an organism’s organ, tissue, or function [51]. The primary function of biomaterials is to replace damaged tissue and passively assume its function, selection, and manufacture, based on the imitation of the chemical and physical properties of natural tissue, causing minimal response as a foreign body [53].
Since the early 1970s, various synthetic bone substitutes have been developed to minimize the difficulties inherent in using autogenous bone grafts and homogeneous and heterogeneous bone implants [25]. The main advantages of grafts created from synthetic materials through bioengineering are biocompatibility and good reabsorption [55]. The alloplastic materials most commonly used in the medical-dental field are metals or metal alloys, ceramics, polymers, composites, and bioactive glasses [25]. Despite the wide variety of organic and synthetic materials capable of replacing bone tissue or stimulating reparational osteogenesis, there is still no material that meets all the desired requirements.
Titanium dioxide (TiO2) is a semiconductor that absorbs and emits in the ultraviolet region with numerous applications in biomedical fields such as cosmetics, medicines, and pharmaceutical products [56, 57, 58]. This material has three crystalline phases: anatase, brookite, rutile, and physical and biological properties [59]. The anatase phase is more electroactive than the rutile phase, having greater genotoxicity and photocatalytic effects [60, 61, 62, 63]. The TiO2 NCs have shown great potential for use in implants due to their excellent physical, chemical, and biological properties, such as high specific surface area, ability to provoke positive cellular response and stability in body fluids, is suitable for the propagation, proliferation, and differentiation of osteoblast cells [56, 64]. Thus, will show exciting results obtained by the group using TiO2 nanocrystals as well as their luminescence bio-location.
The porous structure of TiO2 nanotubes increases bone regeneration and repair, presenting good osteointegration, being used as a graft and biological fixation element for implants [57, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70]. In an experimental study carried out by our research group using TiO2 NCs, adequate osteointegration in bone failure in the calvary of rats was evidenced, with the presence of a large amount of newly formed tissue, suggesting effective osteoinductive action, as can be seen in Figure 5.
Histological section of rats’ calvaria: (a) fibrous connective tissue (asterisk); bone tissue (arrow); and (b) TiO2 NCs (arrows), bone tissue (arrow), and neoformed fibrous connective tissue (asterisk) (hematoxylin and eosin staining, 400×).
Despite the promising findings with TiO2 NCs, it is essential to report that there may be a high contamination rate and post-surgical infection since, currently, the spread of antibiotic-resistant bacteria is a worrying threat to human health.
In this context, it is essential to establish new antimicrobial strategies, in which the idea of coating device surfaces with active antimicrobial metals is considered one of the essential strategies. Therefore, bimetallic corrosion is inevitable, in which TiO2 photocatalytic nanomaterials, in the anatase form, offer more significant advantages for antimicrobial purposes [71]. Still, the photocatalytic activity of TiO2 under exposure to ultraviolet radiation results in disinfectant properties, mainly related to the generation of reactive oxygen species [72].
In this perspective, the sensitive and accurate detection of biological analytes in low concentrations is another application of TiO2 nanostructures that is beneficial for biomedical research and clinical diagnosis. There has been significant interest in applying TiO2 detection in biosensors [57, 67]. Therefore, those reported in the literature point out that TiO2 nanocrystals are inert and safe structures when exposed to the human organism, thus contributing to new promising nanotechnologies with the biomedical application.
Luminescence is related to some materials’ ability to light emissions. This excitation energy (absorbed energy) can be obtained from different sources: photons usually in the ultraviolet region of the electromagnetic spectrum (emission called photoluminescence), electrical energy (electroluminescence), electron beam (cathodoluminescence), physical impact (gives rise to triboluminescence) and heating the luminophore (results in thermoluminescence) [73, 74]. Photoluminescent materials are often called phosphors or luminophores [73]. Efficient luminophore requirements are efficient absorption of light in a suitable spectral region; chemical stability of the excited electronic state populated after light absorption; high conversion efficiency to the excited luminescent state; a long lifetime of excited state luminescence; high luminescent efficiency [75].
Photoluminescent materials require a host crystalline matrix, such as TiO2, as well as an activating ion, such as lanthanides. Lanthanide ions are known to have characteristic luminescence (high color purity). Among lanthanides, the europium ion (Eu3+) is one of the most used for biomarking due to its intrinsic electronic spectroscopic properties in the visible region under excitation in the ultraviolet region [76, 77].
Compounds with trivalent europium ions emit red light, with emission spectra of thin bands of approximately 614 nm. Therefore, it has been applied to investigate the properties and functions of biochemical systems and the determination of biologically active substances. In this context, we find reports of its application mainly as spectroscopic probes in the study of biomolecules [78]; in biological tracers to follow the path taken by medicines in the human organism and animals; as markers in immunology (fluoroimmunoassays) [79], as well as contrast agents in non-invasive diagnosis of pathologies in tissues by nuclear magnetic resonance imaging [80].
In a study carried out by our research group with TiO2 NCs doped with Eu3+, in the culture of mesenchymal stem cells, isolated from bone marrow cells, the presence of these nanocrystals was observed in the cytoplasm of the cells after 24 hours of incubation, not being found in the cell nucleus, suggesting the absence of cytotoxicity and genotoxicity (Figure 6).
Fluorescence microscopy of mesenchymal stem cells treated with europium doped TiO2 NCs: (a) culture medium with 50 μg of mesenchymal stem cells; and (b) culture medium with 100 μg of mesenchymal stem cells.
Therefore, this chapter showed nanocrystals inserted in biosensors and their use in drug delivery tools or biomaterials. Graphene and magic-sized quantum dots into biosensors enable an increase in sensitivity and specificity, making the development of nanotechnological platforms in biological diagnosis possible. In theranostic applications, magic-sized quantum dots, magnetic nanoparticles, and TiO2 nanocrystals can be innovative drug delivery tools and dental and orthopedic applications. Thus, the fabrication of nanomaterials with interesting properties makes it possible to generate several potential tools to improve electrochemical sensors and in theranostic applications.
This work was supported by CNPq, CAPES, FAPEAL, and FAPEMIG.
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
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It is important to understand how these facets interact, given that those diagnosed with AN often fluctuate and relapse–as opposed to maintaining a stable diagnosis—between Diagnostic and Statistical Manual version 5 (DSM-5) categories, over the life course. The National Institute of Health’s Research Domain Criteria (NIH RDoC) subscribes to the transdiagnostic view of mental disorders and provides progressive guidelines for neuroscience research. As such, using the RDoC guidelines may help to pinpoint how impulsivity and compulsivity contribute to the cognitive mechanisms underlying variations in appetite restraint in eating disorders and common psychiatric comorbidities such as anxiety and obsessive-compulsive disorder. Exploring impulsivity and compulsivity in AN from the perspective of the RDoC cognitive systems domain is aided by measures of genetic, molecular, cellular, neural, physiological, behavioural and cognitive task paradigms. 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This chapter examines the literature on many of these issues, highlights challenges with clinical examples, and proposes potential tools to ameliorate some of the impact of these issues on communication.",book:{id:"5372",slug:"eating-disorders-a-paradigm-of-the-biopsychosocial-model-of-illness",title:"Eating Disorders",fullTitle:"Eating Disorders - A Paradigm of the Biopsychosocial Model of Illness"},signatures:"Martha Peaslee Levine",authors:[{id:"186919",title:"Dr.",name:"Martha",middleName:null,surname:"Peaslee Levine",slug:"martha-peaslee-levine",fullName:"Martha Peaslee Levine"}]},{id:"52677",doi:"10.5772/65695",title:"EMDR in Anorexia Nervosa: From a Theoretical Framework to the Treatment Guidelines",slug:"emdr-in-anorexia-nervosa-from-a-theoretical-framework-to-the-treatment-guidelines",totalDownloads:2238,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:4,abstract:"Studies on the risks and on the positive factors implied in the onset of anorexia nervosa (AN) have reported the role of an insecure or disorganized state of mind (SoM) with respect to attachment. We compare the effects of eyes movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) approach with cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) in the treatment of AN in terms of SoMs, reflective function (RF), and narrative coherence (Coh). Our results are part of a broader observational clinical comparative study of the two approaches, and it is based on the Adult Attachment Interview (AAI) outcomes. Differences in terms of belongingness to a secure group and an unsecure group before and after the treatments in EMDR and CBT group have been reported through McNemar's test. The generalized linear model (GLM) repeated‐measures multivariate ANOVA (RM‐MANOVA) has been selected. Our results suggest that EMDR allows an active reprocessing of traumatic memories related to family dynamics and to eating behaviors, which could enable a positive resolution of eating disorder (ED) symptoms. The emotional reprocessing of unresolved attachment issues can allow a better modulation of the control‐related rigidity that is a commonality between AN patients.",book:{id:"5372",slug:"eating-disorders-a-paradigm-of-the-biopsychosocial-model-of-illness",title:"Eating Disorders",fullTitle:"Eating Disorders - A Paradigm of the Biopsychosocial Model of Illness"},signatures:"Maria Zaccagnino, Cristina Civilotti, Martina Cussino, Chiara\nCallerame and Isabel Fernandez",authors:[{id:"186530",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Maria",middleName:null,surname:"Zaccagnino",slug:"maria-zaccagnino",fullName:"Maria Zaccagnino"},{id:"194184",title:"Dr.",name:"Cristina",middleName:null,surname:"Civilotti",slug:"cristina-civilotti",fullName:"Cristina Civilotti"},{id:"194185",title:"Dr.",name:"Martina",middleName:null,surname:"Cussino",slug:"martina-cussino",fullName:"Martina Cussino"},{id:"194186",title:"Dr.",name:"Chiara",middleName:null,surname:"Callerame",slug:"chiara-callerame",fullName:"Chiara Callerame"},{id:"194187",title:"Dr.",name:"Isabel",middleName:null,surname:"Fernandez",slug:"isabel-fernandez",fullName:"Isabel Fernandez"}]},{id:"52740",doi:"10.5772/65844",title:"Eating Disorders with Comorbidity Anxiety Disorders",slug:"eating-disorders-with-comorbidity-anxiety-disorders",totalDownloads:1774,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:3,abstract:"Although eating disorders and anxiety disorders (AD) are under different diagnosis categories, it is striking that they have high comorbidity and similar clinical features. The most frequently informed anxiety disorders are obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), social anxiety disorder (SAD) and generalized anxiety disorder (GAD). Moreover, in cases with a tendency of perfectionism, concern and harm avoidance before the diagnosis of eating disorder, the anxiety disorder is able to be failed to notice. The existence of anxiety disorder or eating disorder makes these syndromes worse. Until today, the relation in between eating disorder and AD has tried to be clarified by phenomenological, neurobiological and family studies. But even if a significant relation has been specified in phenomenological aspect in between OCD and eating disorders, the relation in between eating disorders and other AD is not clear. The existence of AD may be a risk factor in the arise of eating disorders. Therefore, diagnosis and treatment of childhood-adolescence occurring AD may prevent the development of eating disorders. The comorbidity of eating disorders and AD is negatively affecting the treatment and prognosis of the disorder. Moreover, there is limited evidence regarding the effectiveness of treatment options (medication, cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), family therapy, dialectic behavioral therapy, interpersonal therapy) used in the treatment of cases with a diagnosis of concurrent eating disorder and anxiety disorder. In this chapter, a review of the literature on the comorbidity between eating disorders and the anxiety disorders of OCD, posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), SAD, GAD, simple phobia, agoraphobia and panic disorder.",book:{id:"5372",slug:"eating-disorders-a-paradigm-of-the-biopsychosocial-model-of-illness",title:"Eating Disorders",fullTitle:"Eating Disorders - A Paradigm of the Biopsychosocial Model of Illness"},signatures:"Cicek Hocaoglu",authors:[{id:"28322",title:"Prof.",name:"Cicek",middleName:null,surname:"Hocaoglu",slug:"cicek-hocaoglu",fullName:"Cicek Hocaoglu"}]},{id:"66979",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.86083",title:"Patients’ and Carers’ Perspectives of Psychopharmacological Interventions Targeting Anorexia Nervosa Symptoms",slug:"patients-and-carers-perspectives-of-psychopharmacological-interventions-targeting-anorexia-nervosa-s",totalDownloads:910,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:2,abstract:"In clinical practice, patients with anorexia nervosa (AN), their carers and clinicians often disagree about psychopharmacological treatment. We developed two corresponding questionnaires to survey the perspectives of patients with AN and their carers on psychopharmacological treatment. These questionnaires were distributed to 36 patients and 37 carers as a quality improvement project on a specialist unit for eating disorders at the South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust. Although most patients did not believe that medication could help with AN, the majority thought that medication for AN should help with anxiety (61.1%), concentration (52.8%), sleep problems (52.8%) and anorexic thoughts (55.6%). Most of the carers shared the view that drug treatment for AN should help with anxiety (54%) and anorexic thoughts (64.8%). Most patients had concerns about potential weight gain, increased appetite, changes in body shape and metabolism during psychopharmacological treatment. By contrast, the majority of carers were not concerned about these specific side effects. Some of the concerns expressed by the patients seem to be AN-related. However, their desire for help with anxiety and anorexic thoughts, which is shared by their carers, should be taken seriously by clinicians when choosing a medication or planning psychopharmacological studies.",book:{id:"7885",slug:"anorexia-and-bulimia-nervosa",title:"Anorexia and Bulimia Nervosa",fullTitle:"Anorexia and Bulimia Nervosa"},signatures:"Amabel Dessain, Jessica Bentley, Janet Treasure, Ulrike Schmidt and Hubertus Himmerich",authors:null}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"53036",title:"Neurobiology and the Changing Face of Eating Disorder Treatment: Healing the Eating Disordered Brain",slug:"neurobiology-and-the-changing-face-of-eating-disorder-treatment-healing-the-eating-disordered-brain",totalDownloads:2009,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"By recognizing eating disorders (EDs) as disruptions in brain circuitry, neuroscience has begun to shed light on how people make changes in psychotherapy. The clinician who treats the eating disordered patient also treats the eating disordered brain. It is time for practitioners to become better acquainted with the organ they treat, and to apply neuroplasticity research findings to clinical practice. Eating disorders and body image disturbances signify the loss of integrity of the core self. Twenty-first century research and technology has validated the age‐old notion that healthy neuronal connectivity within, and between, mind(s), brain(s), and body(s) reintegrates and defines the healthy self. The concept of the “self” as embodied (grounded in somatic reality) expands the scope of effective healing practices. Neurophysiological (somatosensory education and mindful psychotherapeutic attachments) interventions that support the emergence of embodied mindfulness and sensory awareness facilitate the reintegration of the eating disordered brain, and of the fragmented core self. Both lie at the heart of eating disorder recovery. Nowhere in the field of mental health are the concepts of the embedded self and embodied healing as significant as in the treatment of eating disorders and body image disturbances. This article discusses the healing impact of neurophysiological connections, intrapersonal and interpersonal, that foster recovery of the self.",book:{id:"5372",slug:"eating-disorders-a-paradigm-of-the-biopsychosocial-model-of-illness",title:"Eating Disorders",fullTitle:"Eating Disorders - A Paradigm of the Biopsychosocial Model of Illness"},signatures:"Abigail H. Natenshon",authors:[{id:"186482",title:"M.A.",name:"Abigail H.",middleName:null,surname:"Natenshon",slug:"abigail-h.-natenshon",fullName:"Abigail H. Natenshon"}]},{id:"67092",title:"Bulimia Nervosa and Body Dissatisfaction in Terms of Self-Perception of Body Image",slug:"bulimia-nervosa-and-body-dissatisfaction-in-terms-of-self-perception-of-body-image",totalDownloads:1010,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"Bulimia nervosa is characterized by disturbed body image, repetitive binge eating, and compensatory behaviours such as self-induced vomiting, laxative abuse, or fasting. Body image dissatisfaction and eating disordered behaviours (e.g. food restriction, purging, and binge eating) can affect men and women of varied ages, races, and cultural backgrounds. Body dissatisfaction is defined as a negative subjective evaluation of the weight and shape of one’s own body. Body dissatisfaction predicts the onset, severity, and treatment outcomes of eating disorders. A core component of body dissatisfaction is appearance-based social comparisons. In this context a study on self-perception of body image of women in Riyadh in 2018 revealed that a sudden spurt in obesity after marriage is leading to shift of higher percentage of women from positive to negative perception. Overall, an underestimation of body weight in terms of BMI was found among the participants. Such misconceptions should be addressed in view of the high obesity prevalence. It was also evident that positive and negative body image perception will lead to eating disorders in adolescents.",book:{id:"7885",slug:"anorexia-and-bulimia-nervosa",title:"Anorexia and Bulimia Nervosa",fullTitle:"Anorexia and Bulimia Nervosa"},signatures:"Layam Anitha, Asma Abdulaziz Alhussaini, Hessah Ibrahim Alsuwedan, Hessa Faleh Alnefaie, Rehab Abduallah Almubrek and Shima Abdulaziz Aldaweesh",authors:null},{id:"64858",title:"The Neurobiology of Anorexia Nervosa",slug:"the-neurobiology-of-anorexia-nervosa",totalDownloads:1541,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,abstract:"Anorexia nervosa is considered the most deadly psychological illness. Individuals with and recovered from anorexia nervosa experience numerous physical and mental health difficulties, and treatment outcomes remain unpromising. Anorexia nervosa is rare in the general population, but common among individuals with a first-degree relative with the disorder. In addition, the onset of anorexia nervosa is developmentally specific, which suggests a partly biological etiology. A better understanding of the biological and neurobiological etiology of anorexia nervosa is direly needed to inform new therapies and to identify individuals at risk for the disorder. This paper summarizes the research related to neurotransmitter abnormalities, aberrant brain activity, and genetic and epigenetic mechanisms that may contribute to the etiology of this deadly disorder.",book:{id:"7885",slug:"anorexia-and-bulimia-nervosa",title:"Anorexia and Bulimia Nervosa",fullTitle:"Anorexia and Bulimia Nervosa"},signatures:"Ashley Higgins",authors:null},{id:"53353",title:"Communication Challenges Within Eating Disorders: What People Say and What Individuals Hear",slug:"communication-challenges-within-eating-disorders-what-people-say-and-what-individuals-hear",totalDownloads:2110,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:4,abstract:"Communication challenges are apparent in many different ways when working with individuals who struggle with eating disorders. These issues can include the influence of parenting styles to society’s weight messages to comments by professionals as they interact with those struggling with eating disorders. Other challenges come from the skewed interpretations that individuals with eating disorders can place on messages that they receive. This chapter examines the literature on many of these issues, highlights challenges with clinical examples, and proposes potential tools to ameliorate some of the impact of these issues on communication.",book:{id:"5372",slug:"eating-disorders-a-paradigm-of-the-biopsychosocial-model-of-illness",title:"Eating Disorders",fullTitle:"Eating Disorders - A Paradigm of the Biopsychosocial Model of Illness"},signatures:"Martha Peaslee Levine",authors:[{id:"186919",title:"Dr.",name:"Martha",middleName:null,surname:"Peaslee Levine",slug:"martha-peaslee-levine",fullName:"Martha Peaslee Levine"}]},{id:"53044",title:"Oral Implications of Eating Disorders",slug:"oral-implications-of-eating-disorders",totalDownloads:1306,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"Eating disorders (EDs) are defined as persistent behavioural problems related to food and weight control, which significantly damage the physical and mental health with dramatic effects on the oral cavity. We briefly describe the effect on oral health and the principles of dental management.",book:{id:"5372",slug:"eating-disorders-a-paradigm-of-the-biopsychosocial-model-of-illness",title:"Eating Disorders",fullTitle:"Eating Disorders - A Paradigm of the Biopsychosocial Model of Illness"},signatures:"Aurea Lumbau and Giovanni Spano",authors:[{id:"186217",title:"Dr.",name:"Aurea",middleName:null,surname:"Lumbau",slug:"aurea-lumbau",fullName:"Aurea Lumbau"},{id:"194431",title:"Dr.",name:"Giovanni",middleName:null,surname:"Spano",slug:"giovanni-spano",fullName:"Giovanni Spano"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"195",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:0},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:8,limit:8,total:0},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:8,numberOfPublishedChapters:87,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:98,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:27,numberOfPublishedChapters:286,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:9,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:139,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:8,numberOfPublishedChapters:129,numberOfOpenTopics:0,numberOfUpcomingTopics:2,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!1},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:105,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:101,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:11,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:0,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!1},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:9,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"6",text:"It is great to work with the IntechOpen to produce a worthwhile collection of research that also becomes a great educational resource and guide for future research endeavors.",author:{id:"259298",name:"Edward",surname:"Narayan",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",slug:"edward-narayan",institution:{id:"3",name:"University of Queensland",country:{id:null,name:"Australia"}}}},{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. The whole process of submitting an article and editing of the submitted article goes extremely smooth and fast, the number of reads and downloads of chapters is high, and the contributions are also frequently cited.",author:{id:"55578",name:"Antonio",surname:"Jurado-Navas",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRisIQAS/Profile_Picture_1626166543950",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",institution:{id:"720",name:"University of Malaga",country:{id:null,name:"Spain"}}}}]},series:{item:{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",issn:"2631-6188",scope:"This series will provide a comprehensive overview of recent research trends in various Infectious Diseases (as per the most recent Baltimore classification). Topics will include general overviews of infections, immunopathology, diagnosis, treatment, epidemiology, etiology, and current clinical recommendations for managing infectious diseases. Ongoing issues, recent advances, and future diagnostic approaches and therapeutic strategies will also be discussed. This book series will focus on various aspects and properties of infectious diseases whose deep understanding is essential for safeguarding the human race from losing resources and economies due to pathogens.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/6.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"May 11th, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfPublishedBooks:13,editor:{id:"131400",title:"Prof.",name:"Alfonso J.",middleName:null,surname:"Rodriguez-Morales",slug:"alfonso-j.-rodriguez-morales",fullName:"Alfonso J. Rodriguez-Morales",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/131400/images/system/131400.png",biography:"Dr. Rodriguez-Morales is an expert in tropical and emerging diseases, particularly zoonotic and vector-borne diseases (especially arboviral diseases). He is the president of the Travel Medicine Committee of the Pan-American Infectious Diseases Association (API), as well as the president of the Colombian Association of Infectious Diseases (ACIN). He is a member of the Committee on Tropical Medicine, Zoonoses, and Travel Medicine of ACIN. He is a vice-president of the Latin American Society for Travel Medicine (SLAMVI) and a Member of the Council of the International Society for Infectious Diseases (ISID). Since 2014, he has been recognized as a Senior Researcher, at the Ministry of Science of Colombia. He is a professor at the Faculty of Medicine of the Fundacion Universitaria Autonoma de las Americas, in Pereira, Risaralda, Colombia. He is an External Professor, Master in Research on Tropical Medicine and International Health, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain. He is also a professor at the Master in Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Universidad Científica del Sur, Lima, Peru. In 2021 he has been awarded the “Raul Isturiz Award” Medal of the API. Also, in 2021, he was awarded with the “Jose Felix Patiño” Asclepius Staff Medal of the Colombian Medical College, due to his scientific contributions to COVID-19 during the pandemic. He is currently the Editor in Chief of the journal Travel Medicine and Infectious Diseases. His Scopus H index is 47 (Google Scholar H index, 68).",institutionString:"Institución Universitaria Visión de las Américas, Colombia",institution:null},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},subseries:{paginationCount:4,paginationItems:[{id:"14",title:"Cell and Molecular Biology",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/14.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,annualVolume:11410,editor:{id:"165627",title:"Dr.",name:"Rosa María",middleName:null,surname:"Martínez-Espinosa",slug:"rosa-maria-martinez-espinosa",fullName:"Rosa María Martínez-Espinosa",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/165627/images/system/165627.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Rosa María Martínez-Espinosa has been a Spanish Full Professor since 2020 (Biochemistry and Molecular Biology) and is currently Vice-President of International Relations and Cooperation development and leader of the research group 'Applied Biochemistry” (University of Alicante, Spain). Other positions she has held at the university include Vice-Dean of Master Programs, Vice-Dean of the Degree in Biology and Vice-Dean for Mobility and Enterprise and Engagement at the Faculty of Science (University of Alicante). She received her Bachelor in Biology in 1998 (University of Alicante) and her PhD in 2003 (Biochemistry, University of Alicante). She undertook post-doctoral research at the University of East Anglia (Norwich, U.K. 2004-2005; 2007-2008).\nHer multidisciplinary research focuses on investigating archaea and their potential applications in biotechnology. She has an H-index of 21. She has authored one patent and has published more than 70 indexed papers and around 60 book chapters.\nShe has contributed to more than 150 national and international meetings during the last 15 years. Her research interests include archaea metabolism, enzymes purification and characterization, gene regulation, carotenoids and bioplastics production, antioxidant\ncompounds, waste water treatments, and brines bioremediation.\nRosa María’s other roles include editorial board member for several journals related\nto biochemistry, reviewer for more than 60 journals (biochemistry, molecular biology, biotechnology, chemistry and microbiology) and president of several organizing committees in international meetings related to the N-cycle or respiratory processes.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Alicante",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"15",title:"Chemical Biology",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/15.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,annualVolume:11411,editor:{id:"441442",title:"Dr.",name:"Şükrü",middleName:null,surname:"Beydemir",slug:"sukru-beydemir",fullName:"Şükrü Beydemir",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00003GsUoIQAV/Profile_Picture_1634557147521",biography:"Dr. Şükrü Beydemir obtained a BSc in Chemistry in 1995 from Yüzüncü Yıl University, MSc in Biochemistry in 1998, and PhD in Biochemistry in 2002 from Atatürk University, Turkey. He performed post-doctoral studies at Max-Planck Institute, Germany, and University of Florence, Italy in addition to making several scientific visits abroad. He currently works as a Full Professor of Biochemistry in the Faculty of Pharmacy, Anadolu University, Turkey. Dr. Beydemir has published over a hundred scientific papers spanning protein biochemistry, enzymology and medicinal chemistry, reviews, book chapters and presented several conferences to scientists worldwide. He has received numerous publication awards from various international scientific councils. He serves in the Editorial Board of several international journals. Dr. Beydemir is also Rector of Bilecik Şeyh Edebali University, Turkey.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Anadolu University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},editorTwo:{id:"13652",title:"Prof.",name:"Deniz",middleName:null,surname:"Ekinci",slug:"deniz-ekinci",fullName:"Deniz Ekinci",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYLT1QAO/Profile_Picture_1634557223079",biography:"Dr. Deniz Ekinci obtained a BSc in Chemistry in 2004, MSc in Biochemistry in 2006, and PhD in Biochemistry in 2009 from Atatürk University, Turkey. He studied at Stetson University, USA, in 2007-2008 and at the Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Germany, in 2009-2010. Dr. Ekinci currently works as a Full Professor of Biochemistry in the Faculty of Agriculture and is the Head of the Enzyme and Microbial Biotechnology Division, Ondokuz Mayıs University, Turkey. He is a member of the Turkish Biochemical Society, American Chemical Society, and German Genetics society. Dr. Ekinci published around ninety scientific papers, reviews and book chapters, and presented several conferences to scientists. He has received numerous publication awards from several scientific councils. Dr. Ekinci serves as the Editor in Chief of four international books and is involved in the Editorial Board of several international journals.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ondokuz Mayıs University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},editorThree:null},{id:"17",title:"Metabolism",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/17.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,annualVolume:11413,editor:{id:"138626",title:"Dr.",name:"Yannis",middleName:null,surname:"Karamanos",slug:"yannis-karamanos",fullName:"Yannis Karamanos",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002g6Jv2QAE/Profile_Picture_1629356660984",biography:"Yannis Karamanos, born in Greece in 1953, completed his pre-graduate studies at the Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, then his Masters and Doctoral degree at the Université de Lille (1983). He was associate professor at the University of Limoges (1987) before becoming full professor of biochemistry at the Université d’Artois (1996). He worked on the structure-function relationships of glycoconjugates and his main project was the investigations on the biological roles of the de-N-glycosylation enzymes (Endo-N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase and peptide-N4-(N-acetyl-β-glucosaminyl) asparagine amidase). From 2002 he contributes to the understanding of the Blood-brain barrier functioning using proteomics approaches. He has published more than 70 papers. His teaching areas are energy metabolism and regulation, integration and organ specialization and metabolic adaptation.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Artois University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"France"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"18",title:"Proteomics",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/18.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,annualVolume:11414,editor:{id:"200689",title:"Prof.",name:"Paolo",middleName:null,surname:"Iadarola",slug:"paolo-iadarola",fullName:"Paolo Iadarola",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSCl8QAG/Profile_Picture_1623568118342",biography:"Paolo Iadarola graduated with a degree in Chemistry from the University of Pavia (Italy) in July 1972. He then worked as an Assistant Professor at the Faculty of Science of the same University until 1984. In 1985, Prof. Iadarola became Associate Professor at the Department of Biology and Biotechnologies of the University of Pavia and retired in October 2017. Since then, he has been working as an Adjunct Professor in the same Department at the University of Pavia. His research activity during the first years was primarily focused on the purification and structural characterization of enzymes from animal and plant sources. During this period, Prof. Iadarola familiarized himself with the conventional techniques used in column chromatography, spectrophotometry, manual Edman degradation, and electrophoresis). Since 1995, he has been working on: i) the determination in biological fluids (serum, urine, bronchoalveolar lavage, sputum) of proteolytic activities involved in the degradation processes of connective tissue matrix, and ii) on the identification of biological markers of lung diseases. In this context, he has developed and validated new methodologies (e.g., Capillary Electrophoresis coupled to Laser-Induced Fluorescence, CE-LIF) whose application enabled him to determine both the amounts of biochemical markers (Desmosines) in urine/serum of patients affected by Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) and the activity of proteolytic enzymes (Human Neutrophil Elastase, Cathepsin G, Pseudomonas aeruginosa elastase) in sputa of these patients. More recently, Prof. Iadarola was involved in developing techniques such as two-dimensional electrophoresis coupled to liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (2DE-LC/MS) for the proteomic analysis of biological fluids aimed at the identification of potential biomarkers of different lung diseases. He is the author of about 150 publications (According to Scopus: H-Index: 23; Total citations: 1568- According to WOS: H-Index: 20; Total Citations: 1296) of peer-reviewed international journals. He is a Consultant Reviewer for several journals, including the Journal of Chromatography A, Journal of Chromatography B, Plos ONE, Proteomes, International Journal of Molecular Science, Biotech, Electrophoresis, and others. He is also Associate Editor of Biotech.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Pavia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},editorTwo:{id:"201414",title:"Dr.",name:"Simona",middleName:null,surname:"Viglio",slug:"simona-viglio",fullName:"Simona Viglio",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRKDHQA4/Profile_Picture_1630402531487",biography:"Simona Viglio is an Associate Professor of Biochemistry at the Department of Molecular Medicine at the University of Pavia. She has been working since 1995 on the determination of proteolytic enzymes involved in the degradation process of connective tissue matrix and on the identification of biological markers of lung diseases. 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Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:100,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:11,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:0,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!1},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:9,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],subseriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Applied Intelligence",scope:"This field is the key in the current industrial revolution (Industry 4.0), where the new models and developments are based on the knowledge generation on applied intelligence. The motor of the society is the industry and the research of this topic has to be empowered in order to increase and improve the quality of our lives.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/22.jpg",keywords:"Machine Learning, Intelligence Algorithms, Data Science, Artificial Intelligence, Applications on Applied Intelligence"},{id:"23",title:"Computational Neuroscience",scope:"Computational neuroscience focuses on biologically realistic abstractions and models validated and solved through computational simulations to understand principles for the development, structure, physiology, and ability of the nervous system. This topic is dedicated to biologically plausible descriptions and computational models - at various abstraction levels - of neurons and neural systems. This includes, but is not limited to: single-neuron modeling, sensory processing, motor control, memory, and synaptic plasticity, attention, identification, categorization, discrimination, learning, development, axonal patterning, guidance, neural architecture, behaviors, and dynamics of networks, cognition and the neuroscientific basis of consciousness. Particularly interesting are models of various types of more compound functions and abilities, various and more general fundamental principles (e.g., regarding architecture, organization, learning, development, etc.) found at various spatial and temporal levels.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/23.jpg",keywords:"Single-Neuron Modeling, Sensory Processing, Motor Control, Memory and Synaptic Pasticity, Attention, Identification, Categorization, Discrimination, Learning, Development, Axonal Patterning and Guidance, Neural Architecture, Behaviours and Dynamics of Networks, Cognition and the Neuroscientific Basis of Consciousness"},{id:"24",title:"Computer Vision",scope:"The scope of this topic is to disseminate the recent advances in the rapidly growing field of computer vision from both the theoretical and practical points of view. Novel computational algorithms for image analysis, scene understanding, biometrics, deep learning and their software or hardware implementations for natural and medical images, robotics, VR/AR, applications are some research directions relevant to this topic.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/24.jpg",keywords:"Image Analysis, Scene Understanding, Biometrics, Deep Learning, Software Implementation, Hardware Implementation, Natural Images, Medical Images, Robotics, VR/AR"},{id:"25",title:"Evolutionary Computation",scope:"Evolutionary computing is a paradigm that has grown dramatically in recent years. This group of bio-inspired metaheuristics solves multiple optimization problems by applying the metaphor of natural selection. It so far has solved problems such as resource allocation, routing, schedule planning, and engineering design. Moreover, in the field of machine learning, evolutionary computation has carved out a significant niche both in the generation of learning models and in the automatic design and optimization of hyperparameters in deep learning models. This collection aims to include quality volumes on various topics related to evolutionary algorithms and, alternatively, other metaheuristics of interest inspired by nature. For example, some of the issues of interest could be the following: Advances in evolutionary computation (Genetic algorithms, Genetic programming, Bio-inspired metaheuristics, Hybrid metaheuristics, Parallel ECs); Applications of evolutionary algorithms (Machine learning and Data Mining with EAs, Search-Based Software Engineering, Scheduling, and Planning Applications, Smart Transport Applications, Applications to Games, Image Analysis, Signal Processing and Pattern Recognition, Applications to Sustainability).",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/25.jpg",keywords:"Genetic Algorithms, Genetic Programming, Evolutionary Programming, Evolution Strategies, Hybrid Algorithms, Bioinspired Metaheuristics, Ant Colony Optimization, Evolutionary Learning, Hyperparameter Optimization"},{id:"26",title:"Machine Learning and Data Mining",scope:"The scope of machine learning and data mining is immense and is growing every day. It has become a massive part of our daily lives, making predictions based on experience, making this a fascinating area that solves problems that otherwise would not be possible or easy to solve. This topic aims to encompass algorithms that learn from experience (supervised and unsupervised), improve their performance over time and enable machines to make data-driven decisions. It is not limited to any particular applications, but contributions are encouraged from all disciplines.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/26.jpg",keywords:"Intelligent Systems, Machine Learning, Data Science, Data Mining, Artificial Intelligence"},{id:"27",title:"Multi-Agent Systems",scope:"Multi-agent systems are recognised as a state of the art field in Artificial Intelligence studies, which is popular due to the usefulness in facilitation capabilities to handle real-world problem-solving in a distributed fashion. The area covers many techniques that offer solutions to emerging problems in robotics and enterprise-level software systems. Collaborative intelligence is highly and effectively achieved with multi-agent systems. Areas of application include swarms of robots, flocks of UAVs, collaborative software management. Given the level of technological enhancements, the popularity of machine learning in use has opened a new chapter in multi-agent studies alongside the practical challenges and long-lasting collaboration issues in the field. It has increased the urgency and the need for further studies in this field. We welcome chapters presenting research on the many applications of multi-agent studies including, but not limited to, the following key areas: machine learning for multi-agent systems; modeling swarms robots and flocks of UAVs with multi-agent systems; decision science and multi-agent systems; software engineering for and with multi-agent systems; tools and technologies of multi-agent systems.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/27.jpg",keywords:"Collaborative Intelligence, Learning, Distributed Control System, Swarm Robotics, Decision Science, Software Engineering"}],annualVolumeBook:{},thematicCollection:[],selectedSeries:{title:"Artificial Intelligence",id:"14"},selectedSubseries:null},seriesLanding:{item:{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",issn:"2631-5343",scope:"Biomedical Engineering is one of the fastest-growing interdisciplinary branches of science and industry. The combination of electronics and computer science with biology and medicine has improved patient diagnosis, reduced rehabilitation time, and helped to facilitate a better quality of life. Nowadays, all medical imaging devices, medical instruments, or new laboratory techniques result from the cooperation of specialists in various fields. The series of Biomedical Engineering books covers such areas of knowledge as chemistry, physics, electronics, medicine, and biology. This series is intended for doctors, engineers, and scientists involved in biomedical engineering or those wanting to start working in this field.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/7.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"May 7th, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfPublishedChapters:96,numberOfPublishedBooks:12,editor:{id:"50150",title:"Prof.",name:"Robert",middleName:null,surname:"Koprowski",fullName:"Robert Koprowski",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYTYNQA4/Profile_Picture_1630478535317",biography:"Robert Koprowski, MD (1997), PhD (2003), Habilitation (2015), is an employee of the University of Silesia, Poland, Institute of Computer Science, Department of Biomedical Computer Systems. For 20 years, he has studied the analysis and processing of biomedical images, emphasizing the full automation of measurement for a large inter-individual variability of patients. Dr. Koprowski has authored more than a hundred research papers with dozens in impact factor (IF) journals and has authored or co-authored six books. Additionally, he is the author of several national and international patents in the field of biomedical devices and imaging. Since 2011, he has been a reviewer of grants and projects (including EU projects) in biomedical engineering.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Silesia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Poland"}}},subseries:[{id:"7",title:"Bioinformatics and Medical Informatics",keywords:"Biomedical Data, Drug Discovery, Clinical Diagnostics, Decoding Human Genome, AI in Personalized Medicine, Disease-prevention Strategies, Big Data Analysis in Medicine",scope:"Bioinformatics aims to help understand the functioning of the mechanisms of living organisms through the construction and use of quantitative tools. The applications of this research cover many related fields, such as biotechnology and medicine, where, for example, Bioinformatics contributes to faster drug design, DNA analysis in forensics, and DNA sequence analysis in the field of personalized medicine. Personalized medicine is a type of medical care in which treatment is customized individually for each patient. Personalized medicine enables more effective therapy, reduces the costs of therapy and clinical trials, and also minimizes the risk of side effects. Nevertheless, advances in personalized medicine would not have been possible without bioinformatics, which can analyze the human genome and other vast amounts of biomedical data, especially in genetics. The rapid growth of information technology enabled the development of new tools to decode human genomes, large-scale studies of genetic variations and medical informatics. The considerable development of technology, including the computing power of computers, is also conducive to the development of bioinformatics, including personalized medicine. In an era of rapidly growing data volumes and ever lower costs of generating, storing and computing data, personalized medicine holds great promises. Modern computational methods used as bioinformatics tools can integrate multi-scale, multi-modal and longitudinal patient data to create even more effective and safer therapy and disease prevention methods. Main aspects of the topic are: Applying bioinformatics in drug discovery and development; Bioinformatics in clinical diagnostics (genetic variants that act as markers for a condition or a disease); Blockchain and Artificial Intelligence/Machine Learning in personalized medicine; Customize disease-prevention strategies in personalized medicine; Big data analysis in personalized medicine; Translating stratification algorithms into clinical practice of personalized medicine.",annualVolume:11403,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/7.jpg",editor:{id:"351533",title:"Dr.",name:"Slawomir",middleName:null,surname:"Wilczynski",fullName:"Slawomir Wilczynski",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000035U1loQAC/Profile_Picture_1630074514792",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Medical University of Silesia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Poland"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"5886",title:"Dr.",name:"Alexandros",middleName:"T.",surname:"Tzallas",fullName:"Alexandros Tzallas",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/5886/images/system/5886.png",institutionString:"University of Ioannina, Greece & Imperial College London",institution:{name:"University of Ioannina",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Greece"}}},{id:"257388",title:"Distinguished Prof.",name:"Lulu",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",fullName:"Lulu Wang",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRX6kQAG/Profile_Picture_1630329584194",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Shenzhen Technology University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"225387",title:"Prof.",name:"Reda",middleName:"R.",surname:"Gharieb",fullName:"Reda Gharieb",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/225387/images/system/225387.jpg",institutionString:"Assiut University",institution:{name:"Assiut University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Egypt"}}}]},{id:"8",title:"Bioinspired Technology and Biomechanics",keywords:"Bioinspired Systems, Biomechanics, Assistive Technology, Rehabilitation",scope:'Bioinspired technologies take advantage of understanding the actual biological system to provide solutions to problems in several areas. Recently, bioinspired systems have been successfully employing biomechanics to develop and improve assistive technology and rehabilitation devices. The research topic "Bioinspired Technology and Biomechanics" welcomes studies reporting recent advances in bioinspired technologies that contribute to individuals\' health, inclusion, and rehabilitation. Possible contributions can address (but are not limited to) the following research topics: Bioinspired design and control of exoskeletons, orthoses, and prostheses; Experimental evaluation of the effect of assistive devices (e.g., influence on gait, balance, and neuromuscular system); Bioinspired technologies for rehabilitation, including clinical studies reporting evaluations; Application of neuromuscular and biomechanical models to the development of bioinspired technology.',annualVolume:11404,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/8.jpg",editor:{id:"144937",title:"Prof.",name:"Adriano",middleName:"De Oliveira",surname:"Andrade",fullName:"Adriano Andrade",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRC8QQAW/Profile_Picture_1625219101815",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Federal University of Uberlândia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"49517",title:"Prof.",name:"Hitoshi",middleName:null,surname:"Tsunashima",fullName:"Hitoshi Tsunashima",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYTP4QAO/Profile_Picture_1625819726528",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Nihon University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"425354",title:"Dr.",name:"Marcus",middleName:"Fraga",surname:"Vieira",fullName:"Marcus Vieira",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00003BJSgIQAX/Profile_Picture_1627904687309",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Federal de Goiás",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"196746",title:"Dr.",name:"Ramana",middleName:null,surname:"Vinjamuri",fullName:"Ramana Vinjamuri",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/196746/images/system/196746.jpeg",institutionString:"University of Maryland, Baltimore County",institution:{name:"University of Maryland, Baltimore County",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}]},{id:"9",title:"Biotechnology - Biosensors, Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering",keywords:"Biotechnology, Biosensors, Biomaterials, Tissue Engineering",scope:"The Biotechnology - Biosensors, Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering topic within the Biomedical Engineering Series aims to rapidly publish contributions on all aspects of biotechnology, biosensors, biomaterial and tissue engineering. We encourage the submission of manuscripts that provide novel and mechanistic insights that report significant advances in the fields. Topics can include but are not limited to: Biotechnology such as biotechnological products and process engineering; Biotechnologically relevant enzymes and proteins; Bioenergy and biofuels; Applied genetics and molecular biotechnology; Genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics; Applied microbial and cell physiology; Environmental biotechnology; Methods and protocols. Moreover, topics in biosensor technology, like sensors that incorporate enzymes, antibodies, nucleic acids, whole cells, tissues and organelles, and other biological or biologically inspired components will be considered, and topics exploring transducers, including those based on electrochemical and optical piezoelectric, thermal, magnetic, and micromechanical elements. Chapters exploring biomaterial approaches such as polymer synthesis and characterization, drug and gene vector design, biocompatibility, immunology and toxicology, and self-assembly at the nanoscale, are welcome. Finally, the tissue engineering subcategory will support topics such as the fundamentals of stem cells and progenitor cells and their proliferation, differentiation, bioreactors for three-dimensional culture and studies of phenotypic changes, stem and progenitor cells, both short and long term, ex vivo and in vivo implantation both in preclinical models and also in clinical trials.",annualVolume:11405,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/9.jpg",editor:{id:"126286",title:"Dr.",name:"Luis",middleName:"Jesús",surname:"Villarreal-Gómez",fullName:"Luis Villarreal-Gómez",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/126286/images/system/126286.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Autonomous University of Baja California",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"35539",title:"Dr.",name:"Cecilia",middleName:null,surname:"Cristea",fullName:"Cecilia Cristea",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYQ65QAG/Profile_Picture_1621007741527",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Iuliu Hațieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Romania"}}},{id:"40735",title:"Dr.",name:"Gil",middleName:"Alberto Batista",surname:"Gonçalves",fullName:"Gil Gonçalves",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYRLGQA4/Profile_Picture_1628492612759",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Aveiro",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Portugal"}}},{id:"211725",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Johann F.",middleName:null,surname:"Osma",fullName:"Johann F. Osma",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSDv7QAG/Profile_Picture_1626602531691",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidad de Los Andes",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Colombia"}}},{id:"69697",title:"Dr.",name:"Mani T.",middleName:null,surname:"Valarmathi",fullName:"Mani T. Valarmathi",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/69697/images/system/69697.jpg",institutionString:"Religen Inc. | A Life Science Company, United States of America",institution:null},{id:"205081",title:"Dr.",name:"Marco",middleName:"Vinícius",surname:"Chaud",fullName:"Marco Chaud",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSDGeQAO/Profile_Picture_1622624307737",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade de Sorocaba",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}}]}]}},libraryRecommendation:{success:null,errors:{},institutions:[]},route:{name:"profile.detail",path:"/profiles/89524",hash:"",query:{},params:{id:"89524"},fullPath:"/profiles/89524",meta:{},from:{name:null,path:"/",hash:"",query:{},params:{},fullPath:"/",meta:{}}}},function(){var e;(e=document.currentScript||document.scripts[document.scripts.length-1]).parentNode.removeChild(e)}()