Informants’ bio-data.
\\n\\n
Released this past November, the list is based on data collected from the Web of Science and highlights some of the world’s most influential scientific minds by naming the researchers whose publications over the previous decade have included a high number of Highly Cited Papers placing them among the top 1% most-cited.
\\n\\nWe wish to congratulate all of the researchers named and especially our authors on this amazing accomplishment! We are happy and proud to share in their success!
Note: Edited in March 2021
\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:{caption:"Highly Cited",originalUrl:"/media/original/117"}},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'IntechOpen is proud to announce that 191 of our authors have made the Clarivate™ Highly Cited Researchers List for 2020, ranking them among the top 1% most-cited.
\n\nThroughout the years, the list has named a total of 261 IntechOpen authors as Highly Cited. Of those researchers, 69 have been featured on the list multiple times.
\n\n\n\nReleased this past November, the list is based on data collected from the Web of Science and highlights some of the world’s most influential scientific minds by naming the researchers whose publications over the previous decade have included a high number of Highly Cited Papers placing them among the top 1% most-cited.
\n\nWe wish to congratulate all of the researchers named and especially our authors on this amazing accomplishment! We are happy and proud to share in their success!
Note: Edited in March 2021
\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"intechopen-supports-asapbio-s-new-initiative-publish-your-reviews-20220729",title:"IntechOpen Supports ASAPbio’s New Initiative Publish Your Reviews"},{slug:"webinar-introduction-to-open-science-wednesday-18-may-1-pm-cest-20220518",title:"Webinar: Introduction to Open Science | Wednesday 18 May, 1 PM CEST"},{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"10787",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Hepatocellular Carcinoma - Challenges and Opportunities of a Multidisciplinary Approach",title:"Hepatocellular Carcinoma",subtitle:"Challenges and Opportunities of a Multidisciplinary Approach",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) represents one of the most significant global health issues, given its high prevalence and the challenging nature and physiology of the liver and hepatic surgery, in its many forms. This means that the most appropriate management for HCC should incorporate a multidisciplinary approach, combining the expertise from several different specialties. This book showcases the various steps in the development, diagnosis, staging, and management of HCC and provides views and thoughts from true experts in the field. As such, it is a useful resource for any physician or surgeon, whether training or practicing, who is interested in caring for patients with HCC.",isbn:"978-1-83969-111-9",printIsbn:"978-1-83969-110-2",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83969-112-6",doi:null,price:119,priceEur:129,priceUsd:155,slug:"hepatocellular-carcinoma-challenges-and-opportunities-of-a-multidisciplinary-approach",numberOfPages:202,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:null,isInBkci:!1,hash:"bc00a66513e51003e5dbbc0294e0fc3d",bookSignature:"Georgios Tsoulfas",publishedDate:"June 15th 2022",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10787.jpg",numberOfDownloads:1240,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:null,numberOfDimensionsCitations:0,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:null,hasAltmetrics:0,numberOfTotalCitations:0,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"March 8th 2021",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"April 5th 2021",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"June 4th 2021",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"August 23rd 2021",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"October 22nd 2021",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"57412",title:"Prof.",name:"Georgios",middleName:null,surname:"Tsoulfas",slug:"georgios-tsoulfas",fullName:"Georgios Tsoulfas",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/57412/images/system/57412.png",biography:"Dr. Georgios Tsoulfas received his medical degree from Brown University School of Medicine, Rhode Island, and completed his general surgery residency at the University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, as well as a transplant research fellowship at the Starzl Transplant Institute, University of Pittsburgh. He then completed a two-year transplantation surgery fellowship at Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, and then joined the Division of Solid Organ Transplantation and Hepatobiliary Surgery at the University of Rochester Medical Center, New York, as Assistant Professor of Surgery. He has currently moved back to Greece, where he is a Professor of Transplantation Surgery and Chief of the Department of Transplantation Surgery at the Aristotle University School of Medicine. He has published more than 150 papers in peer-reviewed journals and PubMed, as well as 35 book chapters. He is a reviewer for more than forty international journals and serves on the editorial boards of several others.",institutionString:"Aristotle University of Thessaloniki",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"6",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"8",institution:{name:"Aristotle University of Thessaloniki",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Greece"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"1078",title:"Gastrointestinal Oncology",slug:"gastrointestinal-oncology"}],chapters:[{id:"78357",title:"Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) - Induced Hepatocarcinogenesis, a Founding Framework of Cancer Evolution and Development (Cancer Evo-Dev)",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.99838",slug:"hepatitis-b-virus-hbv-induced-hepatocarcinogenesis-a-founding-framework-of-cancer-evolution-and-deve",totalDownloads:103,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"In this chapter, we present the founding framework of a novel theory termed as Cancer Evolution-Development (Cancer Evo-Dev), based on the current understanding of hepatitis B virus (HBV) induced hepatocarcinogenesis. The interactions of genetic predispositions and HBV infection is responsible for the maintenance of chronic non-resolving inflammation. Under the inflammatory microenvironment, pro-inflammatory factors trans-activate the expression of cytidine deaminases and suppress the expression of uracil DNA glycosylase. The imbalance between the mutagenic forces and mutation-correcting forces facilitates the generations of somatic mutations, viral mutations, and viral integrations into the host genomes. The majority of cells with genomic mutations and mutated viruses are eliminated in survival competition. Only a small percentage of the mutated cells adapted to the hostile environment can survive, retro-differentiate, and function as cancer-initiating cells, representing a process of “mutation-selection-adaptation”. Cancer Evo-Dev lays the theoretical foundation for understanding the mechanisms by which chronic infection of HBV promotes hepatocarcinogenesis. This theory also plays an important role in specific prophylaxis, prediction, early diagnosis, and targeted treatment of cancers.",signatures:"Wenbin Liu and Guangwen Cao",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/78357",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/78357",authors:[{id:"355126",title:"Prof.",name:"Guangwen",surname:"Cao",slug:"guangwen-cao",fullName:"Guangwen Cao"},{id:"355203",title:"Dr.",name:"Wenbin",surname:"Liu",slug:"wenbin-liu",fullName:"Wenbin Liu"}],corrections:null},{id:"78741",title:"Histopathological Features of the Steatohepatitic Variant of Hepatocellular Carcinoma and Its Relationship with Fatty Liver Disease",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.99842",slug:"histopathological-features-of-the-steatohepatitic-variant-of-hepatocellular-carcinoma-and-its-relati",totalDownloads:77,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most common primary malignant tumor of the liver in adults. Steatohepatitic HCC (SH-HCC) is a recently described, rarer variant of HCC and is associated with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). The relationship between fatty liver disease and/or steatohepatitis and SH-HCC is now known. This subtype can be confused with lipid-containing nodules (such as cirrhotic nodules, regenerative nodules, focal nodular hyperplasia) clinically, radiologically and histopathologically. Here, the histopathological features of SH-HCC, its relationship with fatty liver disease and briefly its clinical features will be discussed. In addition, histopathological features of this specific variant, immunohistochemical staining of the tumor and diagnostic difficulties in tru-cut biopsies will also be discussed. Actually, I think this article will raise clinicopathological awareness about this rare variant.",signatures:"Emine Turkmen Samdanci",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/78741",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/78741",authors:[{id:"357242",title:"Prof.",name:"Emine",surname:"Turkmen Samdanci",slug:"emine-turkmen-samdanci",fullName:"Emine Turkmen Samdanci"}],corrections:null},{id:"78261",title:"Multimodal Imaging of Hepatocellular Carcinoma Using Dynamic Liver Phantom",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.99861",slug:"multimodal-imaging-of-hepatocellular-carcinoma-using-dynamic-liver-phantom",totalDownloads:142,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Liver phantom is used at various medical levels, such as detecting hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in the early stages, training medical staff to deal with HCC by taking biopsies, developing new sequences on medical imaging devices, confirming the image quality, applying treatments to HCC, and others. All of the trials should be applied before entering the real human body. The phantom includes properties very similar to those of the human body, as well as the properties of liver cancer and how it is treated within the body through its biological form. Therefore, the present chapter aims to provide comprehensive information to consider when fabricating HCC-containing phantoms and the characteristics of those phantoms in proportion to multimodal medical imaging to aid in understanding the main target of dynamic phantom for HCC.",signatures:"Muntaser S. Ahmad, Osama Makhamrah and Mohammad Hjouj",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/78261",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/78261",authors:[{id:"354581",title:"Dr.",name:"Muntaser",surname:"S.Ahmad",slug:"muntaser-s.ahmad",fullName:"Muntaser S.Ahmad"},{id:"428307",title:"Ms.",name:"Osama",surname:"Makhamrah",slug:"osama-makhamrah",fullName:"Osama Makhamrah"},{id:"428308",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohammad",surname:"Hjouj",slug:"mohammad-hjouj",fullName:"Mohammad Hjouj"}],corrections:null},{id:"78406",title:"Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Diagnosis and Surveillance",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.99839",slug:"hepatocellular-carcinoma-diagnosis-and-surveillance",totalDownloads:157,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Hepatocellular carcinoma arises commonly on the background of liver cirrhosis. Patients presenting with clinical symptoms have advanced stage and often are unsuitable for curative therapies. Diagnosis of hepatocellular carcinoma is commonly performed by multiphase computed tomography (CT) and / or magnetic resonance imaging scans (MRI). Contrast enhanced ultrasound and MRI with hepatobiliary contrast agents are better in characterizing small lesions. Tumor markers play an adjunct role in diagnosis. For HCC in cirrhotic liver biopsy is seldom required and diagnosis is based on typical imaging features of non-rim arterial phase hyperenhancement and washout on delayed phase and pseudocapsule appearance. This is due to differential blood supply of liver parenchyma, regenerative nodules and tumor. Biopsy is only required in noncirrhotic liver, vascular liver diseases, atypical imaging features. Surveillance programs involving high risk groups can help in early detection of lesions which are amenable for curative therapies. Biannual ultrasound with or without alfa fetoprotein are commonly used surveillance tests. Multidisciplinary teams provide platform for care coordination, reassessments of clinical course, and fine changes in treatment plans required for management of this complex group of patients.",signatures:"Aditya Kale",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/78406",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/78406",authors:[{id:"355318",title:"Dr.",name:"Aditya",surname:"Kale",slug:"aditya-kale",fullName:"Aditya Kale"}],corrections:null},{id:"77115",title:"Circulating Biomarkers for Early Diagnosis of Hepatocellular Carcinoma",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.98483",slug:"circulating-biomarkers-for-early-diagnosis-of-hepatocellular-carcinoma",totalDownloads:171,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most common malignant tumors, which is also often fatal. An early and accurate diagnosis is a decisive step towards the survival of the patients. Molecular biology improved significantly the prognosis of liver cancers through learned use of tumor markers like proteantigens, cytokines, enzymes, isoenzymes, circulating RNAs, gene mutations and methylations. Nevertheless, much improvement is still achievable and needed in this area, which is crucial in order to make an early diagnosis and monitor the progression of the disease. We present in this review what we believe to be the most relevant data regarding tissue and serum biomarkers related to HCC.",signatures:"Hoang Van Tong, Pham Van Dung, Nguyen Thi Mong Diep and Nguyen Linh Toan",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/77115",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/77115",authors:[{id:"417099",title:"Dr.",name:"Hoang",surname:"Van Tong",slug:"hoang-van-tong",fullName:"Hoang Van Tong"},{id:"417100",title:"Dr.",name:"Pham",surname:"Van Dung",slug:"pham-van-dung",fullName:"Pham Van Dung"},{id:"417101",title:"Dr.",name:"Nguyen",surname:"Thi Mong Diep",slug:"nguyen-thi-mong-diep",fullName:"Nguyen Thi Mong Diep"},{id:"417102",title:"Prof.",name:"Nguyen",surname:"Linh Toan",slug:"nguyen-linh-toan",fullName:"Nguyen Linh Toan"}],corrections:null},{id:"78483",title:"Classification of Hepatocellular Carcinoma Using Machine Learning",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.99841",slug:"classification-of-hepatocellular-carcinoma-using-machine-learning",totalDownloads:125,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Hepatocellular Carcinoma (HCC) proves to be challenging for detection and classification of its stages mainly due to the lack of disparity between cancerous and non cancerous cells. This work focuses on detecting hepatic cancer stages from histopathology data using machine learning techniques. It aims to develop a prototype which helps the pathologists to deliver a report in a quick manner and detect the stage of the cancer cell. Hence we propose a system to identify and classify HCC based on the features obtained by deep learning using pre-trained models such as VGG-16, ResNet-50, DenseNet-121, InceptionV3, InceptionResNet50 and Xception followed by machine learning using support vector machine (SVM) to learn from these features. The accuracy obtained using the system comprised of DenseNet-121 for feature extraction and SVM for classification gives 82% accuracy.",signatures:"Lekshmi Kalinathan, Deepika Sivasankaran, Janet Reshma Jeyasingh, Amritha Sennappa Sudharsan and Hareni Marimuthu",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/78483",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/78483",authors:[{id:"355782",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Lekshmi",surname:"Kalinathan",slug:"lekshmi-kalinathan",fullName:"Lekshmi Kalinathan"},{id:"421771",title:"Ms.",name:"Deepika",surname:"Sivasankaran",slug:"deepika-sivasankaran",fullName:"Deepika Sivasankaran"},{id:"421773",title:"Ms.",name:"Amritha",surname:"Sennappa Sudharsan",slug:"amritha-sennappa-sudharsan",fullName:"Amritha Sennappa Sudharsan"},{id:"421774",title:"Ms.",name:"Janet Reshma",surname:"Jeyasingh",slug:"janet-reshma-jeyasingh",fullName:"Janet Reshma Jeyasingh"},{id:"421775",title:"Ms.",name:"Hareni",surname:"Marimuthu",slug:"hareni-marimuthu",fullName:"Hareni Marimuthu"}],corrections:null},{id:"78329",title:"Minimally Invasive Surgery for Hepatocellular Carcinoma; Latest Advances",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.99840",slug:"minimally-invasive-surgery-for-hepatocellular-carcinoma-latest-advances",totalDownloads:57,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Surgical resection is the gold standard for hepatocellular carcinoma management for early stages of the disease. With advances in technology and techniques, minimally invasive surgery provides a great number of advantages for these patients during their surgery and for their post-operative care. The selection of patients following a multi-disciplinary approach is of paramount importance. Adding to this, the developments in laparoscopic instruments and training, as well as the promising advantages of robotic surgery along with other forms of technology, increase the pool of patients that can undergo operation safely and with good results worldwide. We review results from great centres worldwide and delineate the accurate multi-disciplinary approach for this.",signatures:"Alexandros Giakoustidis, Apostolos Koffas, Dimitrios Giakoustidis and Vasileios N. Papadopoulos",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/78329",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/78329",authors:[{id:"40807",title:"Dr.",name:"Alexandros",surname:"Giakoustidis",slug:"alexandros-giakoustidis",fullName:"Alexandros Giakoustidis"},{id:"423726",title:"Dr.",name:"Apostolos",surname:"Koffas",slug:"apostolos-koffas",fullName:"Apostolos Koffas"},{id:"423727",title:"Prof.",name:"Dimitrios",surname:"Giakoustidis",slug:"dimitrios-giakoustidis",fullName:"Dimitrios Giakoustidis"},{id:"423728",title:"Prof.",name:"Vasileios N.",surname:"Papadopoulos",slug:"vasileios-n.-papadopoulos",fullName:"Vasileios N. Papadopoulos"}],corrections:null},{id:"80990",title:"Laparoscopic Liver Resection for Hepatocellular Carcinoma",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.102981",slug:"laparoscopic-liver-resection-for-hepatocellular-carcinoma",totalDownloads:26,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), remains one of the most common causes of cancer-related death globally. HCC typically arises in the setting of chronic liver disease and cirrhosis and as such, treatment must be balanced between the biology of the tumor, underlying liver function and performance status of the patient. Hepatic resection is the procedure of choice in patients with high-performance status who harbor a solitary mass (regardless of size). Before the first laparoscopic hepatectomy (LH) was described as early as 1991, open hepatectomy (OH) was the only choice for surgical treatment of liver tumors. LH indications were initially based solely on tumor location, size, and type and was only used for partial resection of the anterolateral segments. Since then, LH has been shown to share the benefits of other laparoscopic procedures, such as earlier recovery and discharge, and reduced postoperative pain; these are obtained with no differences in oncologic outcomes compared to open resection. Specific to liver resection, LH can limit the volume of intraoperative blood loss, shorten portal clamp time and decrease overall and liver-specific complications. This chapter will offer an overview of standard steps are in pursuing laparoscopic liver resection, be it for a minor segmentectomy or a lobectomy.",signatures:"Melina Vlami, Nikolaos Arkadopoulos and Ioannis Hatzaras",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/80990",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/80990",authors:[{id:"355048",title:"Prof.",name:"Ioannis",surname:"Hatzaras",slug:"ioannis-hatzaras",fullName:"Ioannis Hatzaras"},{id:"452698",title:"Prof.",name:"Nikolaos",surname:"Arkadopoulos",slug:"nikolaos-arkadopoulos",fullName:"Nikolaos Arkadopoulos"},{id:"452699",title:"Ms.",name:"Melina",surname:"Vlami",slug:"melina-vlami",fullName:"Melina Vlami"}],corrections:null},{id:"78327",title:"Treatment of Advanced Hepatocellular Carcinoma",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.99837",slug:"treatment-of-advanced-hepatocellular-carcinoma",totalDownloads:90,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"Hepatocellular Carcinoma (HCC) is the fifth most common cancer and represents the fourth most common cause of cancer related death worldwide. Treatment of HCC is dictated based upon cancer stage, with the most universally accepted staging system being the Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer (BCLC) staging system. This system takes into account tumor burden, active liver function, and patient performance status. BCLC stage C HCC is deemed advanced disease, which is often characterized by preserved liver function (Child-Pugh A or B) with potential portal invasion, extrahepatic spread, cancer related symptoms, or decreased performance status. Sorafenib has been the standard treatment for advanced HCC over the past decade; however, its use is limited by low response rates, decreased tolerance, and limited survival benefit. Researchers and clinicians have been investigating effective treatment modalities for HCC over the past several years with a focus on systemic regimens, locoregional therapy, and invasive approaches. In this systemic review, we discuss the management of advanced HCC as well as the ongoing research on various treatment opportunities for these patients.",signatures:"Mahmoud Aryan, Ellery Altshuler, Xia Qian and Wei Zhang",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/78327",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/78327",authors:[{id:"345604",title:"Dr.",name:"Ellery",surname:"Altshuler",slug:"ellery-altshuler",fullName:"Ellery Altshuler"},{id:"355009",title:"Dr.",name:"Wei",surname:"Zhang",slug:"wei-zhang",fullName:"Wei Zhang"},{id:"357255",title:"M.D.",name:"Mahmoud",surname:"Aryan",slug:"mahmoud-aryan",fullName:"Mahmoud Aryan"},{id:"435070",title:"Dr.",name:"Xia",surname:"Qian",slug:"xia-qian",fullName:"Xia Qian"}],corrections:null},{id:"78221",title:"Research Frontier of Accurate Diagnosis and Treatment Guided by Molecular Typing of Hepatocellular Carcinoma",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.99836",slug:"research-frontier-of-accurate-diagnosis-and-treatment-guided-by-molecular-typing-of-hepatocellular-c",totalDownloads:100,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Liver cancer will continue to be a major disease threatening the lives and health of our people in the next few decades. In recent years, with the development of early diagnosis and treatment of liver cancer, precise liver resection, and the development of targeted and immunotherapeutic drugs, the survival rate of liver cancer patients has been improved. Nevertheless, due to the high heterogeneity of liver cancer, patients with liver cancer in the same clinical stage still have great differences in response to treatment and prognosis. New staging and classification indicators are urgently needed to facilitate accurate diagnosis and treatment of liver cancer, so as to further improve the survival rate of patients. The continuous progress and development of multi-omics technology, single-cell technology, tumor molecular visualization technology and medical artificial intelligence, etc., make the molecular classification of liver cancer more and more approaching the true nature of tumor biological characteristics, thus contributing to the accurate diagnosis and treatment of liver cancer.",signatures:"Haicaho Zhao, Changzhou Chen and Jiefeng He",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/78221",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/78221",authors:[{id:"354074",title:"Dr.",name:"Haichao",surname:"Zhao",slug:"haichao-zhao",fullName:"Haichao Zhao"},{id:"354075",title:"Dr.",name:"Changzhou",surname:"Chen",slug:"changzhou-chen",fullName:"Changzhou Chen"},{id:"354848",title:"Prof.",name:"Jiefeng",surname:"He",slug:"jiefeng-he",fullName:"Jiefeng He"}],corrections:null},{id:"79097",title:"Surgical Therapy of Hepatocellular Carcinoma: State of the Art Liver Resection",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100231",slug:"surgical-therapy-of-hepatocellular-carcinoma-state-of-the-art-liver-resection",totalDownloads:111,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) represents the third most common cause of cancer-related death, showing incremental growth rates throughout the last decades. HCC requires multidisciplinary approach in a group of patients suffering from underlying chronic liver disease, usually in the setting of cirrhosis. The mainstay of treatment in resectable cases is surgery, with anatomic and non-anatomic liver resections widely implemented, as well as liver transplantation in well-selected individuals. Nowadays, there is a variety of liver parenchyma transection devices used by hepatobiliary surgeons in specialized centers, which has significantly improved postoperative outcomes in HCC patients. Therefore, hepatectomy is considered safe and feasible and should be the main therapeutic option for HCC patients, candidates for resection. Liver resection utilizing cavitron ultrasonic aspirator in combination with bipolar radiofrequency ablation is safe and effective for the treatment of HCC with favorable clinical and oncological outcomes.",signatures:"Spyridon Davakis, Michail Vailas, Alexandros Kozadinos, Panagiotis Sakarellos, Anastasia Karampa, Dimitrios Korkolis, Georgios Glantzounis, Alexandros Papalampros and Evangelos Felekouras",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/79097",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/79097",authors:[{id:"357291",title:"Prof.",name:"Evangelos",surname:"Felekouras",slug:"evangelos-felekouras",fullName:"Evangelos Felekouras"},{id:"477996",title:"Dr.",name:"Spyridon",surname:"Davakis",slug:"spyridon-davakis",fullName:"Spyridon Davakis"},{id:"477997",title:"Dr.",name:"Michail",surname:"Vailas",slug:"michail-vailas",fullName:"Michail Vailas"},{id:"477998",title:"Dr.",name:"Alexandros",surname:"Kozadinos",slug:"alexandros-kozadinos",fullName:"Alexandros Kozadinos"},{id:"477999",title:"Dr.",name:"Panagiotis",surname:"Sakarellos",slug:"panagiotis-sakarellos",fullName:"Panagiotis Sakarellos"},{id:"478000",title:"Dr.",name:"Anastasia",surname:"Karampa",slug:"anastasia-karampa",fullName:"Anastasia Karampa"},{id:"478001",title:"Dr.",name:"Dimitrios",surname:"Korkolis",slug:"dimitrios-korkolis",fullName:"Dimitrios Korkolis"},{id:"478002",title:"Dr.",name:"Georgios",surname:"Glantzounis",slug:"georgios-glantzounis",fullName:"Georgios Glantzounis"},{id:"478003",title:"Dr.",name:"Alexandros",surname:"Papalampros",slug:"alexandros-papalampros",fullName:"Alexandros Papalampros"}],corrections:null},{id:"78669",title:"Systemic Therapy in Hepatocellular Carcinoma",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100257",slug:"systemic-therapy-in-hepatocellular-carcinoma",totalDownloads:86,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Systemic therapy of advanced stage hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) was limited to the sorafenib in the past decade since 2007. Novel agents including multiple targeting agents, immune checkpoint inhibitors and anti-angiogenesis reported efficacy in treatment. This is the first time, the combination of atezolizumab and bevacizumab as first-line treatment is superior to sorafenib. Standard guideline in advanced HCC was changing. New novel drugs increase in available including multiple targeting agents and immune checkpoint blockade such as Lenvatinib, regorafenib, cabozantinib, ramucirumab and immunotherapy as first line or second line therapy will benefit in term of survival benefit and quality of life in advanced stage or unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma.",signatures:"Chanchai Charonpongsuntorn",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/78669",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/78669",authors:[{id:"353777",title:"Dr.",name:"chanchai",surname:"Charonpongsuntorn",slug:"chanchai-charonpongsuntorn",fullName:"chanchai Charonpongsuntorn"}],corrections:null}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},subseries:null,tags:null},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"6705",title:"Organ Donation and Transplantation",subtitle:"Current Status and Future 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But, most of the images displayed on the modern display devices such as TVs, monitors, and mobile displays are two-dimensional (2D); therefore, people have always been interested in 3D imaging systems on how to acquire and display the 3D images properly, especially, after the photographic method has been put to practical use. The 3D imaging technology has been developed since the 1840s, but since 2009, after the stereoscopic 3D movie “Avatar” has been released, it became a hot topic worldwide. Nowadays, the 3D imaging/display systems are widely used in various fields such as entertainment, education, training, biomedical science, and so on.”
\nA head-mounted display (HMD) which has gained much popularity in recent years after the virtual reality (VR)/augmented reality (AR) application’s boom is a display device that the user wears it on the head like a helmet [1]. Note that, in the application of the combat aircrafts, it is called as a helmet-mounted display that shows the situational awareness of that moment, and the combatant-pilot can control the weapons according to the head pointing direction [2]. Also, the terrestrial guardians and special combatants of special forces of various countries widely use the helmet-mounted displays. Figure 1 shows the actual representation of the typical HMD and helmet-mounted display.
\nThe actual representation of (a) the typical HMD (source:
Most of the HMDs are based on the stereoscopic 3D display technique. The stereoscopic technique is a simple way to display 3D images through the binocular depth cues of human visual perception considering the interocular distance of the human eyes [3, 4]. It provides slightly different dual two-dimensional (2D) images to the left and right eyes, respectively, and makes sure that each eye gets the corresponding image only, by the use of the special spectacles. Then, both 2D offset images are combined in the brain to give the perception of 3D depth. The general structure of the typical HMD is that two micro displays, lenses, and semitransparent mirrors or prisms are installed in for each eye, as shown in Figure 2(a). Some HMDs has single micro display and lens for one eye, and this structure is named by monocular HMD, as shown in Figure 2(b), where the typical HMD is defined as binocular. Nowadays, a binocular-type HMD is usually applied in the VR-based applications, and monocular-type HMD is mainly used in AR applications.
\nGeneral structure of the HMD systems: (a) binocular and (b) monocular.
Then, it can be seen that the AR can be the next generation of VR. Unlike the VR technique, the AR can be seen as a half reality in which any virtual computer-generated perceptual items and features can be viewed and controlled in the real-world environment, instead of the user that is completely sequestered from the real world. In other words, the AR technique is able to overlay the elements of the digital world into a real world. Here, the information of the digital elements can be added into the real world or masked. The user can control the digital elements without using any specific device such as keyboard or mouse, only by the face’s actions such as blinking eyes, and see the text and video on any background where he/she wants. Most of the AP systems are applied through the glass-type monocular HMD or head-up display (HUD). The HUD is a transparent display that is usually located in front of the users, and users observe the important data without looking up or down. Initially, it was developed for the military aviation-based applications, but currently, it is widely used in the automobiles, aircrafts, and so on.
\nThe HMD-based VR and AR technology markets become extremely huge and rapidly growing continuously. For the VR, it has been applied extensively for educational and training purposes in recent years, not only in the entertainment fields such as 3D games and videos. Especially, for the drivers, pilots, and special combatants, it is the efficient and safe way for the training that the trainer can perform various activities in a virtual space similar to the actual environment. Also, VR systems are exploited in the dental clinics for children, in order to reduce the children’s fear during the treatment.
\nBased on the ability and development of the technology, the interest for the see-through AR systems is increasing acutely. Modern handheld smart mobile devices include a lot of functions such as the Internet use, navigation, image and video processing, high-resolution camera, games, and so on, except the communication, and it was a huge technological revolution. But, the size of the smart mobile devices is limited by the average hand size of the human; so, no matter how good the display resolution is, it gives a lot of inconvenience to users. For the see-through AR systems, the smart mobile devices can be replaced, because the AR systems have all of the functions of mobile devices basically and enough of computing power; additionally, they include the hand-free feature that does not require the interaction of the hands and large-screen experience, while the user wears the AR simply like the eyeglasses. Therefore, experts and developers believe that the AR technology will open the new generation of mobile devices soon.
\nThe term “augmented reality” has been popularized by T. Caudell and D. Mizell who were the researchers at the Boeing, since 1990. However, a transparent electronic display that displays the virtual objects in the real-world environment has been mentioned the first time in the children novel
Actually, the HUD has been developed since the 1940s, but in that time, it has not been commercialized and is only used in the military applications such as in the night fighting combat aircrafts [5]. It was advantageous during the air fight in the night or bad visibility, because the radar display has been projected to the window front of the pilot, and, later, the gunsight has been displayed additionally.
\nA HUD system for pilots’ training application in the commercial aviation has been introduced by G. Lintern, from the University of Illinois, in 1980. Also, in 1980, S. Mann has invented a wearable computer which is a glass-type computer vision system, “EyeTap.” It was a monocular HMD and the first example of the AR display system which includes the camera, computer, projector, and micro display in front of the human eye. It was allowed to the users that is observing the computer-generated data and real-world environment at the same time. Here, when the camera captures the images, the microcomputer processes the captured images as the computer-generated data, and the processed data is overlaid with the real-world environment through the projector and micro display. But in that time, it was quite difficult to demonstrate the full AR features through the system.
\nThe AR technologies also have been in the TV applications such as in the weather broadcasting that the virtual symbols and information are mixed with the actual earth map. Also, the AR system has been presented precisely in the movie “The Terminator,” in 1984.
\nThe HUD has been applied in the astronomical telescope system that the images of the stars and celestial body images and any other specific information are displayed when the users observe the actual sky images through the eyepiece of the astronomical telescope.
\nIn the 1990s, several popular AR systems have been introduced. The “virtual fixture” which is a first complete functional AR system for the aircraft has been proposed by L. Rosenberg, in 1992. The system provides the improvement of the human performance in both of actual and remotely manipulated processes, and this system was somehow VR technology.
\nThereafter, various institutes and researchers developed the AR technologies in the 1990s and 2000s. For example, the ARToolKit has been created by HITLAB. in 1999 (it was allowed for web browser in 2009), an AR game “ARQuake” has been demonstrated in 2000, the Wikitude AR traveling guide for Android mobile devices has been released in 2008, and so on.
\nIn 2013, Google demonstrated the beta version of complete wearable glass-type see-through AR system “Google Glass” which includes the microcomputer, camera, projector, micro-liquid crystal display (LCD), microphone, and speaker. Also, it was able to connect to the Internet and other devices through the wireless network and Bluetooth. It has many functions such that the user can send/receive the emails, see the maps, watch the images and videos, make the voice call, and use the Internet.
\nIn 2014, Sony released their 85% see-through wearable glass-type AR device “SmartEyeGlass.” It includes the basic devices required in the modern AR systems such as microcomputer, micro display, and microphone, and it can be connected to the smart phones. The most important feature is that the system is based on holographic waveguide structure, and this structure makes the device as light-weighted and small.
\nAnother AR technology-based see-through HMD system using the diffractive waveguide structure “HoloLens” which contains the multiple cameras and sensors is released by Microsoft in 2015. Here, they attributed another term “mixed reality (MR),” and this term is much popularized currently. The meaning of the MR is almost similar with the AR that virtual components can be mixed in real-world environment, half real and half virtual.
\nIn 2016, Niantic has released an AR-based mobile game “Pokemon GO,” and it became the most popular smart phone game in short time. Accordingly, the people got more interests in AR technology.
\nIn 2017, Apple Inc. announced that their new operating system for iPhone and iPad products supports the AR contents. Also, in 2017, Microsoft Research presented the prototype of holographic near-eye display which is a see-through display system using holographic waveguide for the AR/VR applications.
\nAs mentioned earlier, the AR and/or MR technology is the next generation of VR technology, and it expected to be the direction of the 3D display development in the near future. AR system has a lot more of functions than VR systems that it has been defined as a wearable computer, and the hardware structure is much complicated. Due to the multifunctions, the AR technology requires several electronic and optical devices such as microcomputer, projector, microphone, speaker, and in- and out-couplers; so, if the typical HMD structure is utilized, the system will become very bulky, and it is inconvenient to wear it. Therefore, the miniaturized and light-weighted hardware structure is necessary.
\nRecently released complete AR technologies such as Google Glass, Epson Moverio, Sony SmartEyeglass, and Microsoft HoloLens use the optical waveguide structure. The waveguide structure makes the AR systems small and light-weighted, and it is the biggest advantage for the users to use an ad hoc or day-to-day basis. This section mainly discusses about the principle of the optical waveguide and the various waveguide for the AR application-based HMD devices.
\nThe waveguide structure is widely applied in various fields such as electromagnetics, optics, and sound synthesis [6]. It guides the electromagnetic or sound waves through the fibers and pipes. In the optics, it is used as a transmitter that transmits the input signal, the light wave, between two different fields by guiding the waves, without any loss of input information. Figure 3 shows the basic illustration of the optical waveguide where \n
The basic structure of the optical waveguide.
The optical fiber is a typical example of the optical waveguide where the light waves are guided through the optical fiber according to the total internal reflection theory. The optical fiber consists of the basic layer of optical waveguide, the core, and the cladding with different refractive indices. Here, the light waves are transmitted through the core with higher refractive index by iteratively reflecting on the wall of the fiber, and the cladding which covered the core. The light waves are passed through the optical fiber without any loss in light quantity and emitted to the target or receiver which is located at the output field.
\nAlso, the prism can be another example of the optical waveguide. Unlike the optical fiber, it transmits the incident light through the body, and the wavelengths of the output light wave leave the prism at different angles to each other, due to the dispersion phenomena caused by the refractive index of the material of prism that it breaks the input light into the complete spectrum of colors according to the wavelength. So, the output light appears as a rainbow.
\nIn order to implement the virtual components mixed with the real-world environment, it is necessary to design the optical system considering the pupil size, virtual image, optical distance to the eye (eye relief), image magnification, and field of view. Since the optical elements such as mirror and beam splitter are utilized, the overall device becomes bulky and heavy, and it is difficult to mount various elements in a narrow space.
\nMost of the AR-based HMDs use the waveguide structure in order to reduce the overall size and weight [7]. Actually, some AR devices use the curved mirror structure using the semi-reflective curved mirror as an image reflector in front of the eyes where the projector shoots the image to the curved mirror. However, the displayed image has low resolution and is highly distorted.
\nSeveral types of waveguide method are utilized in the modern HMD systems for AR application: the reflective-type, polarized, diffractive, and holographic waveguides. The reflective-type waveguide structure uses the molded plastic substrate as guide of the light waves and semi-reflective mirror in the front of an eye. When the images are displayed by the micro display, magnified by the collimating lens, the collimated light waves are transmitted to the semi-reflective mirror through the waveguide. Finally, the human eye sees the images reflected on the semi-reflective mirror and the real-world environment at the same time. Here, the light waves are guided through the pipe without any loss or degradation, and the images are reflected on the semi-reflective mirror without color nonuniformity. Also, the system provides the high optical efficiency and low cost. The main disadvantage of this structure is that field of view is proportional to the size of the reflector; therefore, in order to increase the field of view, the reflector should be larger, the waveguide should be thick, and, accordingly, the device becomes bulky. The thick waveguide affects to the image quality that the image can be observed as highly distorted. Google Glass and Epson’s commercialized AR device “Moverio” use the reflective-type waveguide structure. Note that Google Glass does not use the total internal reflection phenomena, while Moverio uses it. The schemes of the Google Glass and Moverio are illustrated in Figure 4. In the case of Google Glass, some light waves are transmitted across through the reflector, then come back from the opposite side, and reflect again to the exit pupil. So, it causes the light intensity loss issue.
\nThe structure of the AR systems (a) Google Glass [Source:
The polarized waveguide requires multiple layers of coating and polarized reflectors. The polarized reflectors should be parallelized and polished in order to guide the light waves. Some of them are stuck with each other, and each reflector needs to be coated by different amounts of coating. Although this structure has large field of view and large eye motion box, however, it has many drawbacks such as high cost due to the coating, parallelism, low optical efficiency, only up to 30%, color nonuniformity, and too much loss of the incident light waves. Lumus uses this type of waveguide in their see-through AR products.
\nThe diffractive waveguide is one of the most widely used structures in the see-through AR displays. In this case, the incident light waves flow into the waveguide with certain angle by collimating by the first slanted gratings, in-coupler, pass through the waveguide, and extract to the exit pupil via the second slanted gratings, out-coupler. The most important parts of this structure, in- and out-couplers, are produced by the diffractive optical element (DOE) which has the deep slanted nanometric gratings. Currently, the DOE with deep slanted nanometric gratings can be fabricated cheaply anywhere through the common optical component manufacturing; accordingly, the price of AR products using DOE with deep slanted nanometric gratings is also low. However, when the incident light waves are traveled between the in-coupler and out-coupler through the waveguide, the output image is observed with the rainbow effect, because the wavelengths of the reflected light waves have the different amplitudes when they come across the diffraction pattern at the incidence angle. Therefore, it is quite difficult to be applied in the full color applications, and the monochromatic performance-based application is recommended. Also, the size of the display screen cannot be large enough, because of the variation of spectral reflectivity; accordingly, the field of view is quite narrow, averagely 20°. In order to increase the field of view, the incidence angle should be higher, but the color nonuniformity, the rainbow effect, is observed more severely to the user, due to the higher incidence angle. Currently, the diffractive waveguide structure is applied in the see-through AR-systems “Vuzix” manufactured by Nokia and Microsoft HoloLens. Figure 5 shows the schematic illustration of the diffraction waveguide structure and actual representation of Vuzix and HoloLens AR systems.
\n(a) The illustration of the diffraction waveguide [source:
The holographic waveguide structure is almost similar with the diffraction waveguide, and the holographic optical element (HOE) is applied as the in- and out-couplers, instead of DOEs. The HOEs reflect the monochromatic (single wavelength) or polychromatic (three wavelengths) light waves, according to the fabrication method. The HOE is fabricated in the analogical hologram recording process with the incident angle using the laser illumination [8]. In the holographic waveguide-based AR display, the light waves from the micro display are reflected on the in-coupler HMD with the incident angle, traveled within the waveguide surface, and out-coupler HOE turns the light back toward the eye of the user. Although, intrinsically, most of the holographic waveguides have few drawbacks such as the limited field of view and rainbow effect, due to the limited incident angle of HOE and three holographic volume gratings (HVGs) with different wavelengths, it is much an advantageous structure especially for the AR displays.
\nWhen the HOE is applied to the HMD system for AR application, the number of optical elements is remarkably reduced, and the overall device becomes considerably lighter than the conventional HMD systems. The biggest advantage of the holographic waveguide is that it does not require the glass substrate where other types of waveguide-based AR displays use the glass substrates in the in- and out-couplers, as shown in Figure 6. Here,
The schematic diagram of the holographic-type see-through HMD for AR application.
The HOE is an optical element (film) which obtains the desired wave front by recording a hologram through the analogical holographic recording process. HOE can be a lens or lens array, mirror, prism, and so on; so, currently, many conventional optical elements and devices are replaced by the HOEs [9]. The development of hologram recording material is of utmost importance for developing the HOE-based applications such as a see-through AR display.
\nThe principle of the HOE depends on the hologram recording principle. By the use of the coherent illumination such as a laser, the light waves reflected from the object, the object beam, collide with the light waves coming from another direction, the reference beam, on the holographic material. When the object and reference beams are met on the holographic material, the interference pattern consisting of many bright and dark lines occurred according to the phase difference of the reflected object waves from each part of the object. The interference pattern contains both amplitude and phase information of the object. When the reference laser beam illuminated the recorded hologram, the virtual 3D image which is visualized very close to the original object is reconstructed.
\nThe HOEs are classified into the reflection and transmission types, depending on the reconstruction method. The transmission-type HOE transmits the beam through the hologram during the reconstruction. In the reflection-type HOE, the reference beam reflects on the HOE which causes the direction of the object and reference beams to cross with each other in the opposite direction of the recording medium during the hologram recording, as shown inFigure 7(a). The reflection-type HOE transmits the imaging light to the other field by reflecting the band of specific wavelength of light waves; therefore, it is advantageous to apply the reflection-type HOEs in the see-through AR display systems.
\nThe basic scheme of (a) the hologram recording and (b) optical reconstruction processes.
Usually, the holograms are recorded on the reflective-type HOEs with an asymmetrical grating structure, as illustrated in Figure 7(b). Here, the incident beam is perpendicular to the HOE, in order to reduce the loss of light wave which can be caused by the surface reflection. The object beam is refracted at
The most commonly used HOEs are the dichromatic gelatin, silver halide, photoresist, photopolymer, etc. Among them, the photopolymer has a high diffraction efficiency in hologram recording due to a change of the refractive index according to the intensity of illumination. Also, it has the merit of recording the hologram easily by only drying treatment, without requiring the chemical treatment, and it has advantages of high reliability and high resolution. Currently, the photopolymer is widely applied to HOE-based applications, optical filters, holographic memories, and many more.
\nIn the see-through AR display systems, the optical characteristics of HOEs, in- and out-couplers, have a significant role. Here, we mainly discussed the optical characteristics of the photopolymer such that it has been recognized as the most effective HOE material especially in the application of holographic waveguides for see-through AR displays.
\nThe diffraction efficiency is the performance of the power throughput of DOEs or HOEs and is the main characteristic of the reflection-type HOE materials. In order to apply the HOEs in the see-through AR displays, the diffraction efficiency should be analyzed on how much optical power can be diffracted into a waveguide compared to incident power onto the DOEs or HOEs. In the holographic waveguide structure, the diffraction efficiency of the HOE has a great influence on the final displayed image quality; so, the diffraction efficiency must be well calculated and measured.
\nRecently, Piao et al. fully analyzed and measured the diffraction efficiency of the reflection-type photopolymer intrinsically, for the monochromatic and polychromatic cases [9]. In order to measure the diffraction efficiency of the HOE, i.e., the photopolymer, two photodetectors connected to the power meter are used to detect the diffraction and transmission beams, respectively, where the incident angle is set to 45°, in order to prevent the occurrence of the multi-spot by total internal reflection. As the principle of the holographic recording, the HVGs are recorded onto the HOE via laser illumination. Note that most of the laser illuminations have fixed wavelengths, 633 nm for red, 532 nm for green, and 473 nm for blue-colored lasers. Figure 8(a) shows the diffraction efficiency according to the exposure energy. Here, the diffraction efficiency is analyzed when the exposure energy is set to 700 mJ/cm2 at an interval of 100 mJ/cm2. Here, the optimum case of diffraction efficiency is measured that maximum value is approximately 97% at 150 mJ/cm2 (red and green lasers) and 97% at 200 mJ/cm2 (blue laser). Figure 8(b) shows the diffraction efficiency analysis for the monochromatic cases, for red, green, and blue laser illuminations, respectively, according to the incident angle where it is set between 10 and 70° at 5° interval. When the exposure energies are set as 150 mJ/cm2 for red and green lasers and 200 mJ/cm2 for blue laser, the diffraction efficiency is measured approximately more than 95% for the incident angle between 30 and 55°. For the time duration, the diffraction efficiency is almost saturated with more than 95% after 10 seconds, as illustrated in Figure 8(c).
\nThe diffraction efficiency according to (a) the exposure energy, (b) incident angle, and (c) exposure time.
Basically, the diffraction efficiency of the HOE according to the angular selectivity is calculated by
\nwhere Δ
The normalized diffraction efficiency according to the Bragg angle for (a) red, (b) green, and (c) blue laser illuminations.
But in the actual measurement of photopolymer, the diffraction efficiencies of monochromatic cases were measured as 55% for red, 54% for green, and 50% for blue laser, due to the loss of the light waves during the passing through the prism. By considering the absorption factor for each laser that 15, 25, and 28% for red, green, and blue lasers, respectively, the photopolymer provides high diffraction efficiency, similar like the analyzed result. Figure 10(a) shows the actual appearance of HOEs of in- and out-couplers which are the photopolymers and the displayed image from the micro display, and Figure 10(b) shows the final guided images in each monochromatic case of red, green, and blue lasers.
\n(a) The actual appearance of the fabricated in- and out-couplers of holographic waveguide and the originally displayed image and (b) the guided images in the monochromatic case: red, green, and blue.
In order to display the full-color image in the holographic waveguide-type AR displays, the three HVGs are recorded on the HOE film by red, green, and blue lasers simultaneously. But its much low diffraction efficiency is measured when the three HVGs are recorded simply through red, green, and blue lasers simultaneously that only 16%, 20%, and 10%, respectively, for each wavelength, so the HOE is useless in the see-though holographic waveguide-type AR display. In order to obtain the higher diffraction efficiency for full-color application in a holographic waveguide, a composite structure of HVG recording should be configured. Here, two-layered photopolymers are laminated such that the first photopolymer for red laser and second HOE for green and blue lasers are combined, as shown in Figure 11. When the fabricated HOE film is applied as in- and out-couplers, the diffraction efficiency is measured approximately 40, 44, and 42%, respectively, and it does not seem to be a problem when applied in the see-through AR displays. The example of the full-color guided images within the holographic waveguide is also presented in Figure 11.
\nThe schematic configuration of a composite structure and the example of the guided full-color image.
Additionally, if three-layered photopolymer is utilized, most exterior layer loses too much of the light beams. When three photopolymers are located in order for red, green, and blue lasers, the diffraction efficiencies are only 10, 23, and 30% that is impossible to be applied.
\nDue to the high diffraction efficiency and light weight of the holographic waveguide structure, currently, it is applied in several see-through AR display systems such as Sony SmartEyeglass, BAE Systems AR glasses, DigiLens’s HUD systems, etc. Also, Microsoft Research uses a holographic waveguide in their new research of near-eye see-through holographic display.
\nActually, the composite structure for full-color HOE cannot solve the issues of holographic waveguide such as the thickness, weight, color nonuniformity, and field of view, fully. Then, the wedge-shaped structure of holographic waveguide has a great advantage that obtains the improved field of view and color uniformity through the HOE with high diffraction efficiency [10]. Figure 12(a) shows the schematic configuration of wedge-shaped structure of holographic waveguide. Here, the in- and out-couplers of HOE films are located at the certain angles; therefore, the thickness of the waveguide can be reduced by a large angle of total internal reflection, and field of view can be widened according to the wide angular selectivity of the HVGs. For the angle of the light path inside the wedge-shaped holographic waveguide, as shown in Figure 12(b), the sum of the incident angles on the outside of the HOE films,
where
The schematic configuration of a wedge-shaped holographic waveguide structure and (b) angle of the light path inside the waveguide.
According to the above calculation, when
Analysis for (a) the angular selectivity and (b) the spectral selectivity, for the corresponding spatial frequencies of each incident angle.
For the field of view, it can be calculated as
\nwhere
The wedge-shaped holographic waveguide structure requires the thin films for in- and out-couplers, so it is necessary to record the full-color HVGs onto a single HOE film. As mentioned earlier, the simple recording method using three lasers is difficult to apply because of very low diffraction efficiency. Therefore, the time scheduling method must be utilized that the shutters control the exposure duration of each laser illumination. Here, when the HVG is recorded onto the HOE film by any laser illumination, other two lasers are blocked by the corresponding shutters. The saturation grating for each HVG should be within 5 seconds, because it will be difficult to form the grating on the HOE film after 5 seconds. The biggest advantage of this recording method is that the full-color HVG can be recorded onto a single HOE film with good uniformity of color and short recording time, and the maximum uniformity can be with only 10% loss in diffraction efficiency.
\nBut in the actual case, especially for the photopolymer, it has the absorption and transmittance for each color of laser. Piao et al. measured the diffraction efficiencies of full-color single HOE in the six different cases for the sequence of three laser illuminations: red-green-blue, red-blue-green, green-red-blue, green-blue-red, blue-red-green, and blue-green-red. The optimum case is green-blue-red sequence, because this case exhibits much higher optical efficiency and more uniform distribution than other sequential recording processes and has a high potential for obtaining high image quality that the diffraction efficiencies are measured as 49, 47, and 44% for each wavelength. Figure 14 shows the color analysis for the different sequential exposures. Here, it can be seen that the green-blue-red sequence has successful higher color uniformity than other cases.
\n(a) For the given input image: The detected color uniformity for (b) red-green-blue, (c) red-blue-green, (d) green-red-blue, (e) green-blue-red, (f) blue-red-green, and (g) blue-green-red sequential beam exposures.
When the HVGs are recorded onto the photopolymer films by green-blue-red sequential beam exposure, and applied into the see-through AR display system, the guided image through the wedge-shaped waveguide is observed very accurately, as shown in Figure 15. Here, the diffraction efficiency was measured by 30, 34, and 28% for the monochromatic cases of red, green, and blue lasers and 31% for the full-color visualization using the green-blue-red sequence. The diffraction efficiency is fine, even though full-color HVGs are recorded onto a single HOE. Figure 15 shows the full-color visualizations for the given test image when the HOEs are fabricated by green-blue-red sequential exposure and applied into the AR display system using the wedge-shaped holographic waveguide. Note that micro display using a light emitting diode source was laid at the focal plane of the collimating lens, and the plane waves formed, in the AR display system.
\n(a) The original test image, (b) a full-color visualization, and (c) the output image illuminated by the light emitting diode source.
Nowadays, the general consumers and developers are widely interested in AR/VR technology. Especially, AR technology has been recognized that it is a technology that has a much big change in mobile technology fields. Modern smart mobile devices have limited size, and it must be touched by the user’s hand, but the see-through AR systems are hand-free and controlled only by the eye of the user. Also, it has almost every function of mobile devices such as voice call, Internet connection, video playback, virtual game, and so on and mixes the virtual objects with the real-world environment. It has been developed since the 1940s, and there is a long way to go for the development. In order to make the AR displays light-weight, the optical waveguide structure is usually utilized. Several types are existed such as reflective, polarized, diffractive, and holographic waveguides; among them, the holographic waveguide structured is an efficient way to display the clear images on the large screen with wide field of view for the comfortable viewing and make the overall AR device as small and light weight. The holographic waveguide structure requires the HOEs as the in- and out-couplers with the incident diffracting angle. Among the HOE materials, the photopolymer is advantageous that it does not require the post-processing, and it provides high diffraction, high reliability, and high resolution; it is the most suitable HOE material in the see-through AR display system. Especially, the diffraction efficiency is quite high for the both monochromatic and full-color visualizations. Also, when the full-color HVGs are recorded onto a single HOE film and applied into the wedge-shaped holographic waveguide, the entire AR display system can be more light-weighted. Currently, the technological companies such as Sony, Konica-Minolta, DigiLens, and BAE Systems use the holographic-type waveguide structure in their see-through AR application-based HMDs and HUDs. Also, Microsoft Research is working hard to release their new near-eye see-through holographic display using a holographic waveguide in the near future.
\nThis research was supported by the Government of Korea, under the ITRC (Information Technology Research Center) support program (IITP-2017-2015-0-00448) supervised by the IITP (Institute for Information and Communications Technology Promotion) and supported by the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) grant funded by the Korea government (No. NRF-2017R1A2B4012096).
\nThere seems to be a dearth in the generation of theories in the education phenomenon despite the large volumes of educational research that scholars have produced [1, 2]. The “intellectuals” generally take recourse to technicist education, which is characterized by the overreliance on technical rationality. The practitioners consider what was discovered by renowned academics to be the effective panacea to all academic ills even in situations that are apparently diverse. There is a tendency to apply the all-size-fits-all approach. The education practitioners are thus involved in miseducative practices which make the learners unaware pawns in written theories [3]. The teacher, education practitioners, both lecturers, and mentors lack knowledge about action research to the extent that they eschew it. Consequently, they adversely affect the life-long professional development of the teacher education students. The student should learn how to acquire procedural knowledge through action research.
This chapter aims at providing insights into the precipitation of agoraphobic dispositions when teacher education students are exposed to action research. The chapter is hinged on an empirical study with some teacher education students. For the clarification of issues that are in the discourse, firstly there are explications of critical concepts. The informants’ (teacher education students’) verbatim responses are then used to substantiate some viewpoints in the discourse.
At Columbia University in the United States of America, action research was formally introduced by Stephen Cory in teacher education in the 1950s [4]. Cory as a staunch advocate of action research postulated;
We are convinced that the disposition to study … the consequences of our own teaching is more likely to change and improve our practices than is reading about what someone else has discovered of his teaching.
Cory was emphasizing on the essence of action research as far as theories can be generated by the practitioners themselves. He was encouraging the education practitioners to embrace action research as it could liberate them from the academic slavery of technical rationality and systematicity. When action research was introduced in the United States of America, it was branded to be riddled with more vices than virtues [4]. In the 1970s, there was a revival of action research and educators questioned the applicability of conventional research that was grounded in positivism in generating solutions to educational problems. Some critical education practitioners postulated that conventional research was too theoretical and too general and thus not grounded on practice [5].
The renaissance of action research in the USA came with so much vigor that it was considered to be synonymous with professional development. The importance of action research was explained;
Action research is considered a requisite for professional development. The practitioner who embarks on action research is actively involved in the creation of knowledge about how to improve practice.
Agoraphobia is an anxiety disorder that is manifested by a person in situations that are perceived to be unsafe for the well-being of that person. It develops when one thinks that the immanent situation is potentially prone to causing feelings of entrapment, helplessness, or embarrassment. In other words, agoraphobia is the fear of situations that are suspected to cause estrangement or embarrassment. The person affected will go to great lengths to avoid these situations [6, 7]. Agoraphobia is often, but not always, compounded by a fear of social embarrassment. In most cases, the person who experiences agoraphobia avoids the situations and stays in the comfort of his/her safe haven [8]. Due to agoraphobic dispositions, some people refuse to leave their old practices even when the old practices are no longer valuable because the fear of being outside of their comfort areas is too great.
Agoraphobic dispositions are habits of the mind or tendencies to be apprehensive of some situations [9]. Being habits of the mind, agoraphobic dispositions are precipitated by some experiences. Experience is the conscious involvement of a person in a situation or event which requires that one thinks, feels, does, and concludes at the time or immediately thereafter [10]. It is given meaning and value when one does some reflections, that is when one recaptures his or her experience, thinks about it, mulls it over, and evaluates. Thus an experience shapes one’s perceptions. The definition of perception is given as;
Thus, perception is the viewpoint of an individual that was developed through interaction with the environment in particular situations. Through perception, the respondent gains information about properties and elements of the situation, which are critical to his or her survival [12]. The nexus between conception and experiences conjures up praxis.
Praxis is about action informed by theory and the construction of theory from practice. The contemporary conception of praxis was developed from the conception of the ancient Greek philosophers who considered it as human action in the natural and social world [13]. Aristotle, the ancient Greek philosopher, considered praxis as transformative and emphasized on the prominence of action over thought [14, 15]. Thus, according to him, praxis is a goal-directed action. The conception has since been developed to refer to the enactment or embodiment of theory. The worthiness of the theory was determined by the extent to which it could be put into practice for the transformation of the natural and social terrain.
In the education realm, praxis is realized through the cyclical process of experiential learning that was propounded by David Kolb [16]. In other words, praxis is also considered as reflection and action focused on critical consciousness of the oppressive structures [17]. The philosophy of praxis is emancipatory since it is antithetical to one-sided counterfeit venerations of reasoning that are rampant in spheres of life like religion and intellectualism [18].
Praxis is about philosophical discourses that consider the close intertwinement of empiricism and rationalism. In other words, praxis involves knowing, acting, and reasoning [19]. In praxis, reflection is the nodal point between theory and action. Reflection makes theory valuable by enabling its contextual embodiment. On the other hand, reflection provides rationality for action. Thus in praxis, the reality is interacted with consciously with the express purpose of transforming it for the improvement of the natural and social world [20, 21].
Action research is a mode of research in the quest for the requisite attitudes, knowledge, and skills about how to improve one’s practice. The educator-researcher embarks on research to improve the self in terms of teaching skills, techniques, and strategies. The value of action research is in the change that occurs in everyday classroom practice. Action research can be viewed as a tool for classroom practice reforms [4].
Action research is defined as;
Thus action research is a requisite research strategy that should be employed by educators when they are learning to solve contextual problems in their working environments [23]. The educator develops introspection and is not susceptible to externalization of teaching-learning problems. Thus the essence of action research is to improve on own practice which is tantamount to sustainable professional development [24]. Action to improve on practice is connected to research. Thus research and action are done simultaneously [25].
The teacher education learners’ perceptions and experiences were empirically explored by employing the qualitative research approach. The focus was on the generation of verbal data, which were about the descriptions of the learners’ perceptions of and meanings that they gave to experiences with action research. Thus the paradigm that guided the empirical part of the chapter is hermeneutical phenomenology. The essence of hermeneutical phenomenology is to interpret the lived experiences of the informants [26, 27, 28, 29]. The data were generated through in-depth interviews which were carried out one-on-one with 16 teacher education learners. The informants were purposively selected after they had abandoned the action research, which they had initially chosen. The interview questions were pilot-tested on four teacher education learners who had attributes similar to the sampled learners. The data generated from the pilot test were judged to be trustworthy and then the interview questions were presented to the informants whose gender data are presented in the Table 1.
Informant | Male | Female |
---|---|---|
Informant 1 | X | |
Informant 2 | X | |
Informant 3 | X | |
Informant 4 | X | |
Informant 5 | X | |
Informant 6 | X | |
Informant 7 | X | |
Informant 8 | X | |
Informant 9 | X | |
Informant 10 | X | |
Informant 11 | X | |
Informant 12 | X | |
Informant 13 | X | |
Informant 14 | X | |
Informant 15 | X | |
Informant 16 | X |
Informants’ bio-data.
The interviews carried out were audio-taped so as not to miss any data that were generated. The data were then transcribed and analyzed by employing the thematic approach. The data were coded according to themes that were identified and scrutinized for intra-coder consistency through reflexive, critical, and rigorous thinking guided by the Johnson-Christensen method. Thus the teacher education learners’ verbatim perceptions and experiences were categorized into themes that gave meaning to the prevailing situation [30, 31, 32].
Agoraphobia is the condition where sufferers become anxious in unfamiliar situations or when they perceive that they have little knowledge about a situation is precipitated by some experiences [33]. Informant 1 met with experiences that precipitate agoraphobic dispositions. He posited:
Similar experiences were met with by informant 2 who stated:
Action research is denigrated by some education practitioners. The denigration is miseducative and causes agoraphobic dispositions toward action research. In formant 3 postulated,
The condemnation of action research was corroborated by informant 4 who posited:
Further corroborative remarks were given by informant 5 who claimed:
The stage of action research non-acceptance in education that was explained by the teacher education learners was once experienced in the USA in the 1950s. Action research was attacked as being unscientific, a bit more than common sense, and an amateur’s work [4]. The attack was exacerbated by the increased interest in positivist inquiry during that era. The academics exalted positivism to utopian levels of objectivity and verifiability. To some extent the situation experienced by the teacher education, students could be worse off since some influential education practitioners are skeptical about the essence of action research.
Action research is surrounded by skepticism since most of the teacher educators did not formally study action research but the traditional conventional research. Informant 6 explained how she developed agoraphobic dispositions towards action research;
Further remarks were given by informant 7 who asserted:
In the same line of experiences, informant 8 gave the remarks;
Some teacher educators are not well versed in both declarative and procedural knowledge about action research. Such a situation leads them to the conservatism of their traditional research orientations and vilifications of action research. Lack of adequate knowledge of academic issues evokes some agoraphobic dispositions towards that issue. The dispositions are latent in some teacher educators when they insidiously discourage teacher education students to undertake action research. Thus the action research supervisors have an influence on the perceptions and experiences of students in action research.
In academia the separation of theory from practice makes the practitioners of education lose touch with reality. Detachment from reality begets alienation which according to Marx is the estrangement of learners from their experiential realities [35] which could subsequently cause the development of agoraphobic dispositions. The panacea to alienation is praxis which is conceptualized as the action and reflection upon the world in order to transform it [17]. Thus, the theory is used in studying the word and action uses the studied ‘word’ to interact meaningfully with the world. On the other hand, interaction with the world begets the generation of the meaningful ‘word’. Thus the word-world gulf is closed by the philosophy of praxis.
Informant 9 explained some experiences that lacked praxis and were causing agoraphobic dispositions;
Praxis is regarded as the only philosophy that is based on practice [36]. It is concerned with practical reasoning which is reasoning about what should be rather than what is there in real- life experiences.
The teacher should forever be a student [17]. There should never be a time of complacency and feelings of omnipotence in education since society is never at stasis. The teacher education student should always be learning how to learn in order to be an effective educator. Learning how to learn is
Learning is a pedagogical activity that focuses on the acquisition of requisite skills, knowledge, and attitudes for sustainable interaction with the environment. Learning cannot take place without a bearing on the contextual realities of life. If there was an instrument that measures the extent of learning (learnometer) it was supposed to focus on how the acquired attributes can be put into practice. The teacher education learner shows that learning would have taken place if he or she is in a position to embody the learned theories and discover their contextual virtues and vices. This can be shown when one embarks on participatory action research, which has an emphasis on reflection-in-action and reflection-on-action.
In pedagogical situations, there are some pseudo-learning activities which among others are; memorizing, cramming, mimicking, plagiarizing, and reciting. These activities lack reflection but are often confused with the learning activity by most education practitioners and learners. Informant 10 exposed how he developed agoraphobic dispositions from colleagues who had not been exposed to
Situation bereft of context-based learning.
Agoraphobic tendencies could be precipitated when pedagogical situations are bereft of context-based learning (CBL) scenarios. The CBL scenarios are efficacious since they make references to the use of real-life examples in teaching-learning situations. Thus the learners hinge learning on their practical experiences. The efficacy of the theories that are exposed to the learners should be tested against their lived experiences. Furthermore, practical experiences should help in the development of theories [37].
Informant 11 described a situation that was bereft of contextual learning, which precipitated an agoraphobic disposition in action research;
In 1896 John Dewey, the American pedagogue philosopher experimented on the efficacy of the first laboratory school [38]. The school was the first embodiment of praxis. Dewey wanted to show the intertwinement of empiricism and rationalism in the creation of knowledge. It was Dewey’s conviction that all ideas about education should be tested empirically in the laboratory (the classroom) and reflected upon to create contextual knowledge. Dewey’s praxis orientation can be considered contemporary action research [39]. Lack of proper awareness of the essence of action research exacerbated the development of agoraphobic dispositions towards action research. Informant 12 postulated;
The laboratory school was characterized by the experimentation of teaching-learning ideas and practices. The other issue focused on by the laboratory school was the relevance of the curriculum content in solving the problems experienced by the learners and society at large [40]. Taking from Dewey’s laboratory school, contemporary teacher education should discourage the practice of traditional education that is characterized by the regurgitation of facts given by the ‘educator’ or found in textbooks or the internet. The teacher education students should be encouraged to be creators of knowledge in the ‘laboratory’ which is the classroom.
The students who were exposed to monological teaching techniques are apprehensive of challenging the status quo in the acquisition of knowledge. Researching in teacher education has become confirmatory of the hunches of the renowned “educators.” Informant 13 exclaimed:
The informant had acquired the traits of a traditional teacher. When encountered by a problem, the traditional education-oriented learner ‘researches’ from the textbooks, or the internet when instead he or she is supposed to research with the learners focusing on the context of the learners he is teaching.
The other strategy that is followed by the traditional teacher education student is absolution. The student abstains from intervening in the problem and thinks that providential intervention would bring the solution. Informant 14 postulated:
The teacher education learner in a traditional education setup is by and large exposed to the acquisition of declarative knowledge which can also be referred to as descriptive knowledge, propositional knowledge, or “know that” knowledge. This type of knowledge focuses on specific facts [41]. It is content-based and could be associated with pseudo- learning activities such as cramming and memorization. Informant 15 described an agoraphobic situation derived from considering declarative knowledge on its own;
The implication is that declarative knowledge is not adequate for teacher education which requires the learner to be an effective facilitator of learning. The worthiness of declarative knowledge is realized when it provides insights into the contextual practicing of teaching. There should be a strong bond between declarative knowledge and procedural knowledge. The dearth of knowledge from experiences or practicing begets technical rationality [42].
One who succumbs to technical rationality relies on declarative knowledge which is acquired from external and secondary sources which are among others; teachers, textbooks, or the internet. The technical rationalist learner memorizes theories that he or she can hardly actualize or authenticate their efficacy in contextual situations. Informant 16 proclaimed;
Technical rationality is embedded in logical positivism since its adherents have the view that social reality is objective, measurable, explained in rational terms, and reflected upon in professionalization to enrich scientific problem-solving abilities [43]. The approach of technical rationality to problem-solving is linear since it purports that there is a systematic application of tried and tested solutions to some professional problems [44]. Thus technical rationality is employed by established professions in solving problems by considering concrete technical knowledge [45].
Technical rationality forecloses reflection-in-action for the creation of procedural knowledge. It also pertains more to the scientific and objectifiable manner in which knowledge should be obtained while reflection-in-action correlates more to the application of action that practitioners employ within their given professions to attain knowledge [43].
Procedural knowledge is concerned with the knowledge of how to perform a specific skill. It is also known as; practical knowledge, imperative knowledge, performative knowledge, or “knowing-how” knowledge [46]. The prime activity is practicing a skill that is focused on problem-solving in particular situations. Practicing and experiencing with reflection enhance the development of effective teaching skills [47]. In the context of the teacher education student, procedural knowledge about the skill of teaching is best developed when the student is oriented in action research which promotes practical and pragmatic rationality.
The teacher education learner as a practitioner should develop both practical and pragmatic rationality. Practical rationality is the substantiation of one’s knowledge anchored on one’s reflections on own experiences. In other words, practical rationality is the intellectual capacity for resolving a problem through reflection on the actions performed [48].
Practical rationality is closely related to pragmatic rationality which is now a contemporary educational value. This rationality is antithetical to the systematicity that is inherent in traditional education [48]. It makes reference to the results that are produced out of conscious action. Pragmatic rationality requires the practitioner to actively participate in making interventions to solve a problem. Subsequently, there should be reflections on the process adopted to come up with the desired results. Pragmatic rationality is realized by reflecting in action.
Schon is credited for integrating the role of science into professional practice and education through reflection-in-action [49]. Reflection-in-action entails active, persistent, and careful consideration of any belief or supposed form of knowledge in light of the grounds that support it and the further consequences to which it leads [1].
The employment of reflection-in-action in professional practice is characterized by the practitioner’s actions that show his/her desire to learn, obtain knowledge, and understand the situation that he/she works in [44]. Thus the practitioner reflects on phenomena and considers prior interpretations of knowledge that are understood and then employs this knowledge in the operation of generating new knowledge [50]. The theoretical framework in which reflection-in-action is found is reflective practice.
Reflective practice provides the anchorage for reflecting in- and on-action when being engaged in the process of continuous learning. Thus, the continuous reflection that the practitioner does on his or her own practice promotes lifelong learning. Reflective practice involves paying critical attention to the practical values and theories which inform everyday actions, by examining practice reflectively and reflexively [51]. From the definitions above, the prime rationale for reflective practice is that experience alone does not necessarily lead to professional development but the reflection on experience. Professional development does not come about with experience but is influenced by how one reflects on experience [52].
Reflective practice can be an important tool in practice-based professional learning settings where people learn from their own professional experiences, rather than from formal learning or knowledge transfer [53]. Reflective practice is one of the most important sources of personal professional development and improvement. It is also an important way to bring together theory and practice. Through reflection a practitioner is able to see and label forms of thought and theory within the context of his or her work [54]. A practitioner who reflects throughout his or her practice does not merely review the past actions and events but makes conscious scrutiny of his or her emotions, experiences, actions, and responses to gain insights into his or her existing knowledge base so as to develop professionally [55].
The concept of reflective practice is now widely employed in the field of teacher education and teacher professional development and is the basis for many programs of initial teacher education [56]. The practitioner in education is expected to embrace reflective practice since it entails the process by which the practitioner studies his or her own teaching methods to discover the best practice of learning facilitation. It involves the consideration of the ethical consequences of classroom procedures on students [56, 57]. Reflective practice in education can be described as teacher metacognition [58].
The term reflective practice is complex since it incorporates a wide range of the practitioner’s metacognition of activities in teaching-learning situations. Teaching and learning are complex concepts, and there is no universally right approach since their effectiveness is contextual rather than global. Reflecting on different approaches to teaching, and reshaping the understanding of past and current experiences, will lead to improvement in teaching practices in particular contexts [53]. The practitioners can gain insights from Schon’s reflection-in-action since they can develop professional knowledge from their experiences in the classroom.
Reflection can be regarded as learning from experience and is paramount to the educator’s practice since it evokes awareness of being accountable. Without reflection, educators are not able to look objectively at their actions or take into account the emotions, experiences, or consequences of actions to improve their practice [59]. Through reflective practice, educators get engaged in continuous professional learning. The educators are conscientized on the essence of retrospection in their practices and reflect on how they support learners to achieve optimal learning outcomes.
Reflective practice moves teachers from their knowledge base of distinct skills to a stage in their careers where they are able to modify their skills to suit specific contexts and situations, and eventually invent new strategies [60]. Thus through reflective practice educators are able to develop themselves beyond existing theories in practice and become responsive to the dynamic environments of their day-to-day practices.
Agoraphobic dispositions in action research of the teacher education learners are precipitated by the miseducative experiences of the learners. The teacher education practitioners, the lecturers, and the mentors are the perpetrators of the miseducative experiences. They have a proclivity to traditional education, which in research emphasizes the traditional fundamental research at the expense of action research. The educators explicitly vilify action research. The learners though in the laboratory (classroom) are not encouraged to be creators of procedural knowledge. The learners are credited for exhibiting technical rationality which focuses only on the use of declarative knowledge. Instead, the learners should be encouraged to focus on practical and pragmatic rationality, which uses procedural knowledge created by them. The agoraphobic dispositions could easily be warded off when learners are exposed to
IntechOpen - where academia and industry create content with global impact
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This chapter thus briefly discusses different biological methods, specially biofilm technologies, the development of biofilms on different filter media, factors affecting their development as well as their structure and function. It also tackles various conventional and modern molecular techniques for detailed exploration of the composition, diversity and dynamics of biofilms. 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Chitosan is biocompatible, biodegradable and non-toxic, so that it can be usedin medicalapplications such as antimicrobial and wound healing biomaterials. It also used as chelating agent due to its ability to bind with cholesterol, fats, proteins and metal ions.",book:{id:"4648",slug:"concepts-compounds-and-the-alternatives-of-antibacterials",title:"Concepts, Compounds and the Alternatives of Antibacterials",fullTitle:"Concepts, Compounds and the Alternatives of Antibacterials"},signatures:"H. M. Ibrahim and E.M.R. 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Over the past few decades, no major new types of antibiotics have been produced and almost all known antibiotics are increasingly losing their activity against pathogenic microorganisms. The levels of multi-drug resistant bacteria have also increased. It is known that worldwide, more than 60% of all antibiotics that are produced find their use in animal production for both therapeutic and non-therapeutic purposes. The use of antimicrobial agents in animal husbandry has been linked to the development and spread of resistant bacteria. Poultry products are among the highest consumed products worldwide but a lot of essential antibiotics are employed during poultry production in several countries; threatening the safety of such products (through antimicrobial residues) and the increased possibility of development and spread of microbial resistance in poultry settings. This chapter documents some of the studies on antibiotic usage in poultry farming; with specific focus on some selected bacterial species, their economic importance to poultry farming and reports of resistances of isolated species from poultry settings (farms and poultry products) to essential antibiotics.",book:{id:"6978",slug:"antimicrobial-resistance-a-global-threat",title:"Antimicrobial Resistance",fullTitle:"Antimicrobial Resistance - A Global Threat"},signatures:"Christian Agyare, Vivian Etsiapa Boamah, Crystal Ngofi Zumbi and\nFrank Boateng Osei",authors:[{id:"182058",title:"Dr.",name:"Christian",middleName:null,surname:"Agyare",slug:"christian-agyare",fullName:"Christian Agyare"},{id:"261271",title:"MSc.",name:"Crystal Ngofi",middleName:null,surname:"Zumbi",slug:"crystal-ngofi-zumbi",fullName:"Crystal Ngofi Zumbi"},{id:"261272",title:"MSc.",name:"Frank Boateng",middleName:null,surname:"Osei",slug:"frank-boateng-osei",fullName:"Frank Boateng Osei"},{id:"261273",title:"Dr.",name:"Vivian Etsiapa",middleName:null,surname:"Boamah",slug:"vivian-etsiapa-boamah",fullName:"Vivian Etsiapa Boamah"}]},{id:"65914",title:"Introductory Chapter: The Action Mechanisms of Antibiotics and Antibiotic Resistance",slug:"introductory-chapter-the-action-mechanisms-of-antibiotics-and-antibiotic-resistance",totalDownloads:4428,totalCrossrefCites:6,totalDimensionsCites:10,abstract:null,book:{id:"8427",slug:"antimicrobials-antibiotic-resistance-antibiofilm-strategies-and-activity-methods",title:"Antimicrobials, Antibiotic Resistance, Antibiofilm Strategies and Activity Methods",fullTitle:"Antimicrobials, Antibiotic Resistance, Antibiofilm Strategies and Activity Methods"},signatures:"Sahra Kırmusaoğlu, Nesrin Gareayaghi and Bekir S. Kocazeybek",authors:[{id:"179460",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Sahra",middleName:null,surname:"Kırmusaoğlu",slug:"sahra-kirmusaoglu",fullName:"Sahra Kırmusaoğlu"},{id:"248288",title:"Prof.",name:"Bekir",middleName:null,surname:"Kocazeybek",slug:"bekir-kocazeybek",fullName:"Bekir Kocazeybek"},{id:"406463",title:"Dr.",name:"Nesrin",middleName:null,surname:"Gareayaghi",slug:"nesrin-gareayaghi",fullName:"Nesrin Gareayaghi"}]},{id:"50992",title:"Probiotics: A Comprehensive Review of Their Classification, Mode of Action and Role in Human Nutrition",slug:"probiotics-a-comprehensive-review-of-their-classification-mode-of-action-and-role-in-human-nutrition",totalDownloads:5429,totalCrossrefCites:16,totalDimensionsCites:28,abstract:"Probiotics are live microorganisms that live in gastrointestinal (GI) tract and are beneficial for their hosts and prevent certain diseases. In this chapter, after a complete introduction to probiotics, definition, mechanism of action, and their classification, currently used organisms will be discussed in detail. Moreover, different kinds of nutritional synthetic products of probiotics along with their safety and drug interaction will be noticed. This chapter mentions all clinical trial studies that have been done to evaluate probiotic efficacy with a focus on gastrointestinal diseases.",book:{id:"5193",slug:"probiotics-and-prebiotics-in-human-nutrition-and-health",title:"Probiotics and Prebiotics in Human Nutrition and Health",fullTitle:"Probiotics and Prebiotics in Human Nutrition and Health"},signatures:"Amirreza Khalighi, Reza Behdani and Shabnam Kouhestani",authors:[{id:"179560",title:"Dr.",name:"Amirreza",middleName:null,surname:"Khalighi",slug:"amirreza-khalighi",fullName:"Amirreza Khalighi"},{id:"185238",title:"Dr.",name:"Reza",middleName:null,surname:"Behdani",slug:"reza-behdani",fullName:"Reza Behdani"},{id:"185239",title:"Dr.",name:"Shabnam",middleName:null,surname:"Kouhestani",slug:"shabnam-kouhestani",fullName:"Shabnam Kouhestani"}]},{id:"56849",title:"Physiology and Pathology of Innate Immune Response Against Pathogens",slug:"physiology-and-pathology-of-innate-immune-response-against-pathogens",totalDownloads:6226,totalCrossrefCites:21,totalDimensionsCites:28,abstract:"Pathogen infections are recognized by the immune system, which consists of two types of responses: an innate immune response and an antigen-specific adaptive immune response. The innate response is characterized by being the first line of defense that occurs rapidly in which leukocytes such as neutrophils, monocytes, macrophages, eosinophils, mast cells, dendritic cells, etc., are involved. These cells recognize the pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs), which have been evolutionarily conserved by the diversity of microorganisms that infect humans. Recognition of these pathogen-associated molecular patterns occurs through pattern recognition receptors such as Toll-like receptors and some other intracellular receptors such as nucleotide oligomerization domain (NOD), with the aim of amplifying the inflammation and activating the adaptive cellular immune response, through the antigenic presentation. In the present chapter, we will review the importance of the main components involved in the innate immune response, such as different cell types, inflammatory response, soluble immune mediators and effector mechanisms exerted by the immune response against bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites; all with the purpose of eliminating them and eradicating the infection of the host.",book:{id:"5975",slug:"physiology-and-pathology-of-immunology",title:"Physiology and Pathology of Immunology",fullTitle:"Physiology and Pathology of Immunology"},signatures:"José Luis Muñoz Carrillo, Flor Pamela Castro García, Oscar\nGutiérrez Coronado, María Alejandra Moreno García and Juan\nFrancisco Contreras Cordero",authors:[{id:"214236",title:"Dr.",name:"Jose Luis",middleName:null,surname:"Muñoz-Carrillo",slug:"jose-luis-munoz-carrillo",fullName:"Jose Luis Muñoz-Carrillo"},{id:"216080",title:"Dr.",name:"Alejandra",middleName:null,surname:"Moreno-García",slug:"alejandra-moreno-garcia",fullName:"Alejandra Moreno-García"},{id:"216081",title:"Dr.",name:"Oscar",middleName:null,surname:"Gutiérrez-Coronado",slug:"oscar-gutierrez-coronado",fullName:"Oscar Gutiérrez-Coronado"},{id:"216082",title:"Dr.",name:"Pamela",middleName:null,surname:"Castro-García",slug:"pamela-castro-garcia",fullName:"Pamela Castro-García"},{id:"220717",title:"Dr.",name:"Juan Francisco",middleName:null,surname:"Contreras Cordero",slug:"juan-francisco-contreras-cordero",fullName:"Juan Francisco Contreras Cordero"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"13",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[{id:"83067",title:"Multiplicity in the Genes of Carbon Metabolism in Antibiotic-Producing Streptomycetes",slug:"multiplicity-in-the-genes-of-carbon-metabolism-in-antibiotic-producing-streptomycetes",totalDownloads:1,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.106525",abstract:"Streptomycetes exhibit genetic multiplicity, like many other microorganisms, and redundancy occurs in many of the genes involved in carbon metabolism. The enzymes of the glycolytic pathway presenting the greatest multiplicity were phosphofructokinase, fructose 1,6-bisphosphate aldolase, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, and pyruvate kinase. The genes that encode citrate synthase and subunits of the succinate dehydrogenase complex are the ones that show the greatest multiplicity, while in the phosphoenolpyruvate-pyruvate-oxaloacetate node, only malic enzymes and pyruvate phosphate dikinase present two copies in some Streptomyces. The extra DNA from these multiple gene copies can be more than 50 kb, and the question arises whether all of these genes are transcribed and translated. As far as we know, there is few information about the transcription of these genes in any of this Streptomyces, nor if any of the activities that are encoded by a single gene could be limiting both for growth and for the formation of precursors of the antibiotics produced by these microorganisms. Therefore, it is important to study the transcription and translation of genes involved in carbon metabolism in antibiotic-producing Streptomyces growing on various sugars.",book:{id:"10893",title:"Actinobacteria",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10893.jpg"},signatures:"Toshiko Takahashi, Jonathan Alanís, Polonia Hernández and María Elena Flores"},{id:"82972",title:"Actinomycosis: Diagnosis, Clinical Features and Treatment",slug:"actinomycosis-diagnosis-clinical-features-and-treatment",totalDownloads:4,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104698",abstract:"Actinomycosis is a filamentous bacterium that forms part of the normal human flora of the gastrointestinal, oropharynx and female genitalia. This indolent infection is characterized by abscess formation, widespread granulomatous disease, fibrosis, cavitary lung lesions and mass-like consolidations, simulating an active malignancy or systemic inflammatory diseases. It is subacute, chronic and variable presentation may delay diagnosis due to its capability to simulate other conditions. An accurate diagnostic timeline is relevant. Early diagnosis of pulmonary actinomycosis decreases the risk of indolent complications. Proper treatment reduces the need for invasive surgical methods. Actinomycosis can virtually involve any organ system, the infection spread without respecting anatomical variables as metastatic disease does, making malignancy an important part of the differential diagnosis. As it is normal gastrointestinal florae, it is difficult to cultivate, and share similar morphology to other organisms such as Nocardia and fungus. It is often difficult to be identified as the culprit of disease. Its true imitator capability makes this infectious agent a remarkable organism within the spectra of localized and disseminated disease. In this chapter, we will discuss different peculiarities of actinomycosis as an infectious agent, most common presentation in different organ systems, and challenging scenarios.",book:{id:"10893",title:"Actinobacteria",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10893.jpg"},signatures:"Onix J. Cantres-Fonseca, Vanessa Vando-Rivera, Vanessa Fonseca-Ferrer, Christian Castillo Latorre and Francisco J. Del Olmo-Arroyo"},{id:"82412",title:"Potential of Native Microalgae from the Peruvian Amazon on the Removal of Pollutants",slug:"potential-of-native-microalgae-from-the-peruvian-amazon-on-the-removal-of-pollutants",totalDownloads:3,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105686",abstract:"Environmental pollution is a severe and common problem in all the countries worldwide. Various physicochemical technologies and organisms (e.g., plants, microorganisms, etc.) are used to address these environmental issues, but low-cost, practical, efficient, and effective approaches have not been available yet. Microalgae offer an attractive, novel, and little-explored bioremediation alternative because these photosynthetic organisms can eliminate pathogenic microorganisms and remove heavy metals and toxic organic compounds through processes still under study. Our research team has conducted some experiments to determine the bioremediation potential of native microalgae on some pollutant sources (i.e., leachate and wastewater) and its ability to remove hazardous chemical compounds. Therefore, in this chapter, we provide the results of our research and updated information about this exciting topic. Experiments were conducted under controlled culture conditions using several native microalgae species, variable time periods, different pollutant sources, and hazardous chemicals such as ethidium bromide. The results indicated that native microalgae can remove pollutants (i.e., phosphorus, ammonia, etc.) of wastewater, leachate, and some hazardous chemical compounds such as ethidium bromide. In conclusion, native microalgae have an excellent potential for removing several pollutants and, consequently, could be used to develop bioremediation technologies based on native microalgae from the Peruvian Amazon.",book:{id:"11366",title:"Microalgae",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11366.jpg"},signatures:"Marianela Cobos, Segundo L. Estela, Carlos G. Castro, Miguel A. Grandez, Alvaro B. Tresierra, Corayma L. Cabezudo, Santiago Galindo, Sheyla L. Pérez, Angélica V. Rios, Jhon A. Vargas, Roger Ruiz, Pedro M. Adrianzén, Jorge L. Marapara and Juan C. Castro"},{id:"81859",title:"Respiratory Syncytial Virus",slug:"respiratory-syncytial-virus",totalDownloads:6,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104771",abstract:"Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV)-driven bronchiolitis is one of the most common causes of pediatric hospitalization. Every year, we face 33.1 million episodes of RSV-driven lower respiratory tract infection without any available vaccine or cost-effective therapeutics since the discovery of RSV eighty years before. RSV is an enveloped RNA virus belonging to the pneumoviridae family of viruses. This chapter aims to elucidate the structure and functions of the RSV genome and proteins and the mechanism of RSV infection in host cells from entry to budding, which will provide current insight into the RSV-host relationship. In addition, this book chapter summarizes the recent research outcomes regarding the structure of RSV and the functions of all viral proteins along with the RSV life cycle and cell-to-cell spread.",book:{id:"11369",title:"RNA Viruses Infection",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11369.jpg"},signatures:"Sattya Narayan Talukdar and Masfique Mehedi"},{id:"82148",title:"Mosquito Population Modification for Malaria Control",slug:"mosquito-population-modification-for-malaria-control",totalDownloads:12,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104907",abstract:"Malaria is a mosquito-borne disease that kills millions of people every year. Existing control tools have been insufficient to eliminate the disease in many endemic regions and additional approaches are needed. Novel vector-control strategies using genetic engineering to create malaria-resistant mosquitoes (population modification) can potentially contribute a new set of tools for mosquito control. Here we review the current mosquito control strategies and the development of transgenic mosquitoes expressing anti-parasite effector genes, highlighting the recent improvements in mosquito genome editing with CRISPR-Cas9 as an efficient and adaptable tool for gene-drive systems to effectively spread these genes into mosquito populations.",book:{id:"11379",title:"Mosquito Research - Recent Advances in Pathogen Interactions, Immunity, and Vector Control Strategies",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11379.jpg"},signatures:"Rebeca Carballar-Lejarazú, Taylor Tushar, Thai Binh Pham and Anthony James"},{id:"81934",title:"Lactobacillus Use for Plant Fermentation: New Ways for Plant-Based Product Valorization",slug:"lactobacillus-use-for-plant-fermentation-new-ways-for-plant-based-product-valorization",totalDownloads:22,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104958",abstract:"Today, plant production is increasing, but most industrial processes generate a lot of waste and by-products for which, in the current context, it is a priority to recycle or valorize them. One of the cheapest valorization routes is fermentation, in particular lactic fermentation by Lactobacillus species, which produces lactic acid and other molecules of industrial interest such as bioactive compounds such as anthocyanin, organic acid, peptides, or phenol, which are widely found in the plant matrix, mainly in cereals, grass, fruits, and vegetables. Bioactive compounds may exert beneficial health effects, such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, or prebiotic activities. In addition, lactic acid fermentation can improve existing products and lead to new applications in food, livestock feeding and biotechnology, such as the production of lactic acid, protein, or silage. This chapter reviews the use of Lactobacillus strains in the fermentation process of many plant bioresources or by-products through their different bioactivities, active molecules, and applications.",book:{id:"11372",title:"Lactobacillus - A Multifunctional Genus",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11372.jpg"},signatures:"Morgan Le Rouzic, Pauline Bruniaux, Cyril Raveschot, François Krier, Vincent Phalip, Rozenn Ravallec, Benoit Cudennec and François Coutte"}],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:102},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:8,limit:8,total:0},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:90,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:108,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:33,numberOfPublishedChapters:330,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:14,numberOfPublishedChapters:145,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:141,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:124,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:112,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:22,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:12,numberOfOpenTopics:1,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:5,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-6580",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"6",text:"It is great to work with the IntechOpen to produce a worthwhile collection of research that also becomes a great educational resource and guide for future research endeavors.",author:{id:"259298",name:"Edward",surname:"Narayan",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",slug:"edward-narayan",institution:{id:"3",name:"University of Queensland",country:{id:null,name:"Australia"}}}},{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. The whole process of submitting an article and editing of the submitted article goes extremely smooth and fast, the number of reads and downloads of chapters is high, and the contributions are also frequently cited.",author:{id:"55578",name:"Antonio",surname:"Jurado-Navas",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRisIQAS/Profile_Picture_1626166543950",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",institution:{id:"720",name:"University of Malaga",country:{id:null,name:"Spain"}}}}]},series:{item:{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",issn:"2632-0517",scope:"Paralleling similar advances in the medical field, astounding advances occurred in Veterinary Medicine and Science in recent decades. These advances have helped foster better support for animal health, more humane animal production, and a better understanding of the physiology of endangered species to improve the assisted reproductive technologies or the pathogenesis of certain diseases, where animals can be used as models for human diseases (like cancer, degenerative diseases or fertility), and even as a guarantee of public health. Bridging Human, Animal, and Environmental health, the holistic and integrative “One Health” concept intimately associates the developments within those fields, projecting its advancements into practice. This book series aims to tackle various animal-related medicine and sciences fields, providing thematic volumes consisting of high-quality significant research directed to researchers and postgraduates. It aims to give us a glimpse into the new accomplishments in the Veterinary Medicine and Science field. By addressing hot topics in veterinary sciences, we aim to gather authoritative texts within each issue of this series, providing in-depth overviews and analysis for graduates, academics, and practitioners and foreseeing a deeper understanding of the subject. Forthcoming texts, written and edited by experienced researchers from both industry and academia, will also discuss scientific challenges faced today in Veterinary Medicine and Science. In brief, we hope that books in this series will provide accessible references for those interested or working in this field and encourage learning in a range of different topics.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/13.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"August 7th, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfPublishedBooks:11,editor:{id:"38652",title:"Prof.",name:"Rita",middleName:null,surname:"Payan-Carreira",slug:"rita-payan-carreira",fullName:"Rita Payan-Carreira",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRiFPQA0/Profile_Picture_1614601496313",biography:"Rita Payan Carreira earned her Veterinary Degree from the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine in Lisbon, Portugal, in 1985. She obtained her Ph.D. in Veterinary Sciences from the University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Portugal. After almost 32 years of teaching at the University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, she recently moved to the University of Évora, Department of Veterinary Medicine, where she teaches in the field of Animal Reproduction and Clinics. Her primary research areas include the molecular markers of the endometrial cycle and the embryo–maternal interaction, including oxidative stress and the reproductive physiology and disorders of sexual development, besides the molecular determinants of male and female fertility. She often supervises students preparing their master's or doctoral theses. She is also a frequent referee for various journals.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Évora",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Portugal"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},subseries:{paginationCount:3,paginationItems:[{id:"19",title:"Animal Science",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/19.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"259298",title:"Dr.",name:"Edward",middleName:null,surname:"Narayan",slug:"edward-narayan",fullName:"Edward Narayan",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Edward Narayan graduated with Ph.D. degree in Biology from the University of the South Pacific and pioneered non-invasive reproductive and stress endocrinology tools for amphibians - the novel development and validation of non-invasive enzyme immunoassays for the evaluation of reproductive hormonal cycle and stress hormone responses to environmental stressors. \nDr. Narayan leads the Stress Lab (Comparative Physiology and Endocrinology) at the University of Queensland. A dynamic career research platform which is based on the thematic areas of comparative vertebrate physiology, stress endocrinology, reproductive endocrinology, animal health and welfare, and conservation biology. \nEdward has supervised 40 research students and published over 60 peer reviewed research.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Queensland",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Australia"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"20",title:"Animal Nutrition",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/20.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"175967",title:"Dr.",name:"Manuel",middleName:null,surname:"Gonzalez Ronquillo",slug:"manuel-gonzalez-ronquillo",fullName:"Manuel Gonzalez Ronquillo",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/175967/images/system/175967.png",biography:"Dr. Manuel González Ronquillo obtained his doctorate degree from the University of Zaragoza, Spain, in 2001. He is a research professor at the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Husbandry, Autonomous University of the State of Mexico. He is also a level-2 researcher. He received a Fulbright-Garcia Robles fellowship for a postdoctoral stay at the US Dairy Forage Research Center, Madison, Wisconsin, USA in 2008–2009. He received grants from Alianza del Pacifico for a stay at the University of Magallanes, Chile, in 2014, and from Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología (CONACyT) to work in the Food and Agriculture Organization’s Animal Production and Health Division (AGA), Rome, Italy, in 2014–2015. He has collaborated with researchers from different countries and published ninety-eight journal articles. He teaches various degree courses in zootechnics, sheep production, and agricultural sciences and natural resources.\n\nDr. Ronquillo’s research focuses on the evaluation of sustainable animal diets (StAnD), using native resources of the region, decreasing carbon footprint, and applying meta-analysis and mathematical models for a better understanding of animal production.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"28",title:"Animal Reproductive Biology and Technology",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/28.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"177225",title:"Prof.",name:"Rosa Maria Lino Neto",middleName:null,surname:"Pereira",slug:"rosa-maria-lino-neto-pereira",fullName:"Rosa Maria Lino Neto Pereira",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bS9wkQAC/Profile_Picture_1624519982291",biography:"Rosa Maria Lino Neto Pereira (DVM, MsC, PhD and) is currently a researcher at the Genetic Resources and Biotechnology Unit of the National Institute of Agrarian and Veterinarian Research (INIAV, Portugal). 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Singh",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/329385/images/system/329385.png",institutionString:"Punjab Technical University",institution:{name:"Punjab Technical University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"8018",title:"Extracellular Matrix",subtitle:"Developments and Therapeutics",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8018.jpg",slug:"extracellular-matrix-developments-and-therapeutics",publishedDate:"October 27th 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Rama Sashank Madhurapantula, Joseph Orgel P.R.O. and Zvi Loewy",hash:"c85e82851e80b40282ff9be99ddf2046",volumeInSeries:23,fullTitle:"Extracellular Matrix - Developments and Therapeutics",editors:[{id:"212416",title:"Dr.",name:"Rama Sashank",middleName:null,surname:"Madhurapantula",slug:"rama-sashank-madhurapantula",fullName:"Rama Sashank Madhurapantula",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/212416/images/system/212416.jpg",institutionString:"Illinois Institute of Technology",institution:{name:"Illinois Institute of Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}]},subseriesFiltersForPublishedBooks:[{group:"subseries",caption:"Proteomics",value:18,count:4},{group:"subseries",caption:"Metabolism",value:17,count:6},{group:"subseries",caption:"Cell and Molecular Biology",value:14,count:9},{group:"subseries",caption:"Chemical Biology",value:15,count:14}],publicationYearFilters:[{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2022",value:2022,count:9},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2021",value:2021,count:7},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2020",value:2020,count:12},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2019",value:2019,count:3},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2018",value:2018,count:2}],authors:{paginationCount:148,paginationItems:[{id:"165328",title:"Dr.",name:"Vahid",middleName:null,surname:"Asadpour",slug:"vahid-asadpour",fullName:"Vahid Asadpour",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/165328/images/system/165328.jpg",biography:"Vahid Asadpour, MS, Ph.D., is currently with the Department of Research and Evaluation, Kaiser Permanente Southern California. He has both an MS and Ph.D. in Biomedical Engineering. He was previously a research scientist at the University of California Los Angeles (UCLA) and visiting professor and researcher at the University of North Dakota. He is currently working in artificial intelligence and its applications in medical signal processing. In addition, he is using digital signal processing in medical imaging and speech processing. Dr. Asadpour has developed brain-computer interfacing algorithms and has published books, book chapters, and several journal and conference papers in this field and other areas of intelligent signal processing. He has also designed medical devices, including a laser Doppler monitoring system.",institutionString:"Kaiser Permanente Southern California",institution:null},{id:"169608",title:"Prof.",name:"Marian",middleName:null,surname:"Găiceanu",slug:"marian-gaiceanu",fullName:"Marian Găiceanu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/169608/images/system/169608.png",biography:"Prof. Dr. Marian Gaiceanu graduated from the Naval and Electrical Engineering Faculty, Dunarea de Jos University of Galati, Romania, in 1997. He received a Ph.D. (Magna Cum Laude) in Electrical Engineering in 2002. Since 2017, Dr. Gaiceanu has been a Ph.D. supervisor for students in Electrical Engineering. He has been employed at Dunarea de Jos University of Galati since 1996, where he is currently a professor. Dr. Gaiceanu is a member of the National Council for Attesting Titles, Diplomas and Certificates, an expert of the Executive Agency for Higher Education, Research Funding, and a member of the Senate of the Dunarea de Jos University of Galati. He has been the head of the Integrated Energy Conversion Systems and Advanced Control of Complex Processes Research Center, Romania, since 2016. He has conducted several projects in power converter systems for electrical drives, power quality, PEM and SOFC fuel cell power converters for utilities, electric vehicles, and marine applications with the Department of Regulation and Control, SIEI S.pA. (2002–2004) and the Polytechnic University of Turin, Italy (2002–2004, 2006–2007). He is a member of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) and cofounder-member of the IEEE Power Electronics Romanian Chapter. He is a guest editor at Energies and an academic book editor for IntechOpen. He is also a member of the editorial boards of the Journal of Electrical Engineering, Electronics, Control and Computer Science and Sustainability. Dr. Gaiceanu has been General Chairman of the IEEE International Symposium on Electrical and Electronics Engineering in the last six editions.",institutionString:'"Dunarea de Jos" University of Galati',institution:{name:'"Dunarea de Jos" University of Galati',country:{name:"Romania"}}},{id:"4519",title:"Prof.",name:"Jaydip",middleName:null,surname:"Sen",slug:"jaydip-sen",fullName:"Jaydip Sen",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/4519/images/system/4519.jpeg",biography:"Jaydip Sen is associated with Praxis Business School, Kolkata, India, as a professor in the Department of Data Science. His research areas include security and privacy issues in computing and communication, intrusion detection systems, machine learning, deep learning, and artificial intelligence in the financial domain. He has more than 200 publications in reputed international journals, refereed conference proceedings, and 20 book chapters in books published by internationally renowned publishing houses, such as Springer, CRC press, IGI Global, etc. Currently, he is serving on the editorial board of the prestigious journal Frontiers in Communications and Networks and in the technical program committees of a number of high-ranked international conferences organized by the IEEE, USA, and the ACM, USA. He has been listed among the top 2% of scientists in the world for the last three consecutive years, 2019 to 2021 as per studies conducted by the Stanford University, USA.",institutionString:"Praxis Business School",institution:null},{id:"320071",title:"Dr.",name:"Sidra",middleName:null,surname:"Mehtab",slug:"sidra-mehtab",fullName:"Sidra Mehtab",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00002v6KHoQAM/Profile_Picture_1584512086360",biography:"Sidra Mehtab has completed her BS with honors in Physics from Calcutta University, India in 2018. She has done MS in Data Science and Analytics from Maulana Abul Kalam Azad University of Technology (MAKAUT), Kolkata, India in 2020. Her research areas include Econometrics, Time Series Analysis, Machine Learning, Deep Learning, Artificial Intelligence, and Computer and Network Security with a particular focus on Cyber Security Analytics. Ms. Mehtab has published seven papers in international conferences and one of her papers has been accepted for publication in a reputable international journal. She has won the best paper awards in two prestigious international conferences – BAICONF 2019, and ICADCML 2021, organized in the Indian Institute of Management, Bangalore, India in December 2019, and SOA University, Bhubaneswar, India in January 2021. Besides, Ms. Mehtab has also published two book chapters in two books. Seven of her book chapters will be published in a volume shortly in 2021 by Cambridge Scholars’ Press, UK. Currently, she is working as the joint editor of two edited volumes on Time Series Analysis and Forecasting to be published in the first half of 2021 by an international house. Currently, she is working as a Data Scientist with an MNC in Delhi, India.",institutionString:"NSHM College of Management and Technology",institution:{name:"Association for Computing Machinery",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"226240",title:"Dr.",name:"Andri Irfan",middleName:null,surname:"Rifai",slug:"andri-irfan-rifai",fullName:"Andri Irfan Rifai",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/226240/images/7412_n.jpg",biography:"Andri IRFAN is a Senior Lecturer of Civil Engineering and Planning. He completed the PhD at the Universitas Indonesia & Universidade do Minho with Sandwich Program Scholarship from the Directorate General of Higher Education and LPDP scholarship. He has been teaching for more than 19 years and much active to applied his knowledge in the project construction in Indonesia. His research interest ranges from pavement management system to advanced data mining techniques for transportation engineering. He has published more than 50 papers in journals and 2 books.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universitas Internasional Batam",country:{name:"Indonesia"}}},{id:"314576",title:"Dr.",name:"Ibai",middleName:null,surname:"Laña",slug:"ibai-lana",fullName:"Ibai Laña",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/314576/images/system/314576.jpg",biography:"Dr. Ibai Laña works at TECNALIA as a data analyst. He received his Ph.D. in Artificial Intelligence from the University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Spain, in 2018. He is currently a senior researcher at TECNALIA. His research interests fall within the intersection of intelligent transportation systems, machine learning, traffic data analysis, and data science. He has dealt with urban traffic forecasting problems, applying machine learning models and evolutionary algorithms. He has experience in origin-destination matrix estimation or point of interest and trajectory detection. Working with large volumes of data has given him a good command of big data processing tools and NoSQL databases. He has also been a visiting scholar at the Knowledge Engineering and Discovery Research Institute, Auckland University of Technology.",institutionString:"TECNALIA Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"314575",title:"Dr.",name:"Jesus",middleName:null,surname:"L. Lobo",slug:"jesus-l.-lobo",fullName:"Jesus L. Lobo",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/314575/images/system/314575.png",biography:"Dr. Jesús López is currently based in Bilbao (Spain) working at TECNALIA as Artificial Intelligence Research Scientist. In most cases, a project idea or a new research line needs to be investigated to see if it is good enough to take into production or to focus on it. That is exactly what he does, diving into Machine Learning algorithms and technologies to help TECNALIA to decide whether something is great in theory or will actually impact on the product or processes of its projects. So, he is expert at framing experiments, developing hypotheses, and proving whether they’re true or not, in order to investigate fundamental problems with a longer time horizon. He is also able to design and develop PoCs and system prototypes in simulation. He has participated in several national and internacional R&D projects.\n\nAs another relevant part of his everyday research work, he usually publishes his findings in reputed scientific refereed journals and international conferences, occasionally acting as reviewer and Programme Commitee member. Concretely, since 2018 he has published 9 JCR (8 Q1) journal papers, 9 conference papers (e.g. ECML PKDD 2021), and he has co-edited a book. He is also active in popular science writing data science stories for reputed blogs (KDNuggets, TowardsDataScience, Naukas). Besides, he has recently embarked on mentoring programmes as mentor, and has also worked as data science trainer.",institutionString:"TECNALIA Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"103779",title:"Prof.",name:"Yalcin",middleName:null,surname:"Isler",slug:"yalcin-isler",fullName:"Yalcin Isler",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRyQ8QAK/Profile_Picture_1628834958734",biography:"Yalcin Isler (1971 - Burdur / Turkey) received the B.Sc. degree in the Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering from Anadolu University, Eskisehir, Turkey, in 1993, the M.Sc. degree from the Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Suleyman Demirel University, Isparta, Turkey, in 1996, the Ph.D. degree from the Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey, in 2009, and the Competence of Associate Professorship from the Turkish Interuniversity Council in 2019.\n\nHe was Lecturer at Burdur Vocational School in Suleyman Demirel University (1993-2000, Burdur / Turkey), Software Engineer (2000-2002, Izmir / Turkey), Research Assistant in Bulent Ecevit University (2002-2003, Zonguldak / Turkey), Research Assistant in Dokuz Eylul University (2003-2010, Izmir / Turkey), Assistant Professor at the Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering in Bulent Ecevit University (2010-2012, Zonguldak / Turkey), Assistant Professor at the Department of Biomedical Engineering in Izmir Katip Celebi University (2012-2019, Izmir / Turkey). He is an Associate Professor at the Department of Biomedical Engineering at Izmir Katip Celebi University, Izmir / Turkey, since 2019. In addition to academics, he has also founded Islerya Medical and Information Technologies Company, Izmir / Turkey, since 2017.\n\nHis main research interests cover biomedical signal processing, pattern recognition, medical device design, programming, and embedded systems. He has many scientific papers and participated in several projects in these study fields. He was an IEEE Student Member (2009-2011) and IEEE Member (2011-2014) and has been IEEE Senior Member since 2014.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Izmir Kâtip Çelebi University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"339677",title:"Dr.",name:"Mrinmoy",middleName:null,surname:"Roy",slug:"mrinmoy-roy",fullName:"Mrinmoy Roy",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/339677/images/16768_n.jpg",biography:"An accomplished Sales & Marketing professional with 12 years of cross-functional experience in well-known organisations such as CIPLA, LUPIN, GLENMARK, ASTRAZENECA across different segment of Sales & Marketing, International Business, Institutional Business, Product Management, Strategic Marketing of HIV, Oncology, Derma, Respiratory, Anti-Diabetic, Nutraceutical & Stomatological Product Portfolio and Generic as well as Chronic Critical Care Portfolio. A First Class MBA in International Business & Strategic Marketing, B.Pharm, D.Pharm, Google Certified Digital Marketing Professional. Qualified PhD Candidate in Operations and Management with special focus on Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning adoption, analysis and use in Healthcare, Hospital & Pharma Domain. Seasoned with diverse therapy area of Pharmaceutical Sales & Marketing ranging from generating revenue through generating prescriptions, launching new products, and making them big brands with continuous strategy execution at the Physician and Patients level. Moved from Sales to Marketing and Business Development for 3.5 years in South East Asian Market operating from Manila, Philippines. Came back to India and handled and developed Brands such as Gluconorm, Lupisulin, Supracal, Absolut Woman, Hemozink, Fabiflu (For COVID 19), and many more. In my previous assignment I used to develop and execute strategies on Sales & Marketing, Commercialization & Business Development for Institution and Corporate Hospital Business portfolio of Oncology Therapy Area for AstraZeneca Pharma India Ltd. Being a Research Scholar and Student of ‘Operations Research & Management: Artificial Intelligence’ I published several pioneer research papers and book chapters on the same in Internationally reputed journals and Books indexed in Scopus, Springer and Ei Compendex, Google Scholar etc. Currently, I am launching PGDM Pharmaceutical Management Program in IIHMR Bangalore and spearheading the course curriculum and structure of the same. I am interested in Collaboration for Healthcare Innovation, Pharma AI Innovation, Future trend in Marketing and Management with incubation on Healthcare, Healthcare IT startups, AI-ML Modelling and Healthcare Algorithm based training module development. I am also an affiliated member of the Institute of Management Consultant of India, looking forward to Healthcare, Healthcare IT and Innovation, Pharma and Hospital Management Consulting works.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Lovely Professional University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"310576",title:"Prof.",name:"Erick Giovani",middleName:null,surname:"Sperandio Nascimento",slug:"erick-giovani-sperandio-nascimento",fullName:"Erick Giovani Sperandio Nascimento",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://intech-files.s3.amazonaws.com/0033Y00002pDKxDQAW/ProfilePicture%202022-06-20%2019%3A57%3A24.788",biography:"Prof. Erick Sperandio is the Lead Researcher and professor of Artificial Intelligence (AI) at SENAI CIMATEC, Bahia, Brazil, also working with Computational Modeling (CM) and HPC. He holds a PhD in Environmental Engineering in the area of Atmospheric Computational Modeling, a Master in Informatics in the field of Computational Intelligence and Graduated in Computer Science from UFES. He currently coordinates, leads and participates in R&D projects in the areas of AI, computational modeling and supercomputing applied to different areas such as Oil and Gas, Health, Advanced Manufacturing, Renewable Energies and Atmospheric Sciences, advising undergraduate, master's and doctoral students. He is the Lead Researcher at SENAI CIMATEC's Reference Center on Artificial Intelligence. In addition, he is a Certified Instructor and University Ambassador of the NVIDIA Deep Learning Institute (DLI) in the areas of Deep Learning, Computer Vision, Natural Language Processing and Recommender Systems, and Principal Investigator of the NVIDIA/CIMATEC AI Joint Lab, the first in Latin America within the NVIDIA AI Technology Center (NVAITC) worldwide program. He also works as a researcher at the Supercomputing Center for Industrial Innovation (CS2i) and at the SENAI Institute of Innovation for Automation (ISI Automação), both from SENAI CIMATEC. He is a member and vice-coordinator of the Basic Board of Scientific-Technological Advice and Evaluation, in the area of Innovation, of the Foundation for Research Support of the State of Bahia (FAPESB). He serves as Technology Transfer Coordinator and one of the Principal Investigators at the National Applied Research Center in Artificial Intelligence (CPA-IA) of SENAI CIMATEC, focusing on Industry, being one of the six CPA-IA in Brazil approved by MCTI / FAPESP / CGI.br. He also participates as one of the representatives of Brazil in the BRICS Innovation Collaboration Working Group on HPC, ICT and AI. He is the coordinator of the Work Group of the Axis 5 - Workforce and Training - of the Brazilian Strategy for Artificial Intelligence (EBIA), and member of the MCTI/EMBRAPII AI Innovation Network Training Committee. He is the coordinator, by SENAI CIMATEC, of the Artificial Intelligence Reference Network of the State of Bahia (REDE BAH.IA). He leads the working group of experts representing Brazil in the Global Partnership on Artificial Intelligence (GPAI), on the theme \"AI and the Pandemic Response\".",institutionString:"Manufacturing and Technology Integrated Campus – SENAI CIMATEC",institution:null},{id:"1063",title:"Prof.",name:"Constantin",middleName:null,surname:"Volosencu",slug:"constantin-volosencu",fullName:"Constantin Volosencu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/1063/images/system/1063.png",biography:"Prof. Dr. Constantin Voloşencu graduated as an engineer from\nPolitehnica University of Timișoara, Romania, where he also\nobtained a doctorate degree. He is currently a full professor in\nthe Department of Automation and Applied Informatics at the\nsame university. Dr. Voloşencu is the author of ten books, seven\nbook chapters, and more than 160 papers published in journals\nand conference proceedings. He has also edited twelve books and\nhas twenty-seven patents to his name. He is a manager of research grants, editor in\nchief and member of international journal editorial boards, a former plenary speaker, a member of scientific committees, and chair at international conferences. His\nresearch is in the fields of control systems, control of electric drives, fuzzy control\nsystems, neural network applications, fault detection and diagnosis, sensor network\napplications, monitoring of distributed parameter systems, and power ultrasound\napplications. He has developed automation equipment for machine tools, spooling\nmachines, high-power ultrasound processes, and more.",institutionString:'"Politechnica" University Timişoara',institution:null},{id:"221364",title:"Dr.",name:"Eneko",middleName:null,surname:"Osaba",slug:"eneko-osaba",fullName:"Eneko Osaba",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/221364/images/system/221364.jpg",biography:"Dr. Eneko Osaba works at TECNALIA as a senior researcher. He obtained his Ph.D. in Artificial Intelligence in 2015. He has participated in more than twenty-five local and European research projects, and in the publication of more than 130 papers. He has performed several stays at universities in the United Kingdom, Italy, and Malta. Dr. Osaba has served as a program committee member in more than forty international conferences and participated in organizing activities in more than ten international conferences. He is a member of the editorial board of the International Journal of Artificial Intelligence, Data in Brief, and Journal of Advanced Transportation. He is also a guest editor for the Journal of Computational Science, Neurocomputing, Swarm, and Evolutionary Computation and IEEE ITS Magazine.",institutionString:"TECNALIA Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"275829",title:"Dr.",name:"Esther",middleName:null,surname:"Villar-Rodriguez",slug:"esther-villar-rodriguez",fullName:"Esther Villar-Rodriguez",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/275829/images/system/275829.jpg",biography:"Dr. Esther Villar obtained a Ph.D. in Information and Communication Technologies from the University of Alcalá, Spain, in 2015. She obtained a degree in Computer Science from the University of Deusto, Spain, in 2010, and an MSc in Computer Languages and Systems from the National University of Distance Education, Spain, in 2012. Her areas of interest and knowledge include natural language processing (NLP), detection of impersonation in social networks, semantic web, and machine learning. Dr. Esther Villar made several contributions at conferences and publishing in various journals in those fields. Currently, she is working within the OPTIMA (Optimization Modeling & Analytics) business of TECNALIA’s ICT Division as a data scientist in projects related to the prediction and optimization of management and industrial processes (resource planning, energy efficiency, etc).",institutionString:"TECNALIA Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"49813",title:"Dr.",name:"Javier",middleName:null,surname:"Del Ser",slug:"javier-del-ser",fullName:"Javier Del Ser",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/49813/images/system/49813.png",biography:"Prof. Dr. Javier Del Ser received his first PhD in Telecommunication Engineering (Cum Laude) from the University of Navarra, Spain, in 2006, and a second PhD in Computational Intelligence (Summa Cum Laude) from the University of Alcala, Spain, in 2013. He is currently a principal researcher in data analytics and optimisation at TECNALIA (Spain), a visiting fellow at the Basque Center for Applied Mathematics (BCAM) and a part-time lecturer at the University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU). His research interests gravitate on the use of descriptive, prescriptive and predictive algorithms for data mining and optimization in a diverse range of application fields such as Energy, Transport, Telecommunications, Health and Industry, among others. In these fields he has published more than 240 articles, co-supervised 8 Ph.D. theses, edited 6 books, coauthored 7 patents and participated/led more than 40 research projects. He is a Senior Member of the IEEE, and a recipient of the Biscay Talent prize for his academic career.",institutionString:"Tecnalia Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"278948",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos Pedro",middleName:null,surname:"Gonçalves",slug:"carlos-pedro-goncalves",fullName:"Carlos Pedro Gonçalves",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRcmyQAC/Profile_Picture_1564224512145",biography:'Carlos Pedro Gonçalves (PhD) is an Associate Professor at Lusophone University of Humanities and Technologies and a researcher on Complexity Sciences, Quantum Technologies, Artificial Intelligence, Strategic Studies, Studies in Intelligence and Security, FinTech and Financial Risk Modeling. He is also a progammer with programming experience in:\n\nA) Quantum Computing using Qiskit Python module and IBM Quantum Experience Platform, with software developed on the simulation of Quantum Artificial Neural Networks and Quantum Cybersecurity;\n\nB) Artificial Intelligence and Machine learning programming in Python;\n\nC) Artificial Intelligence, Multiagent Systems Modeling and System Dynamics Modeling in Netlogo, with models developed in the areas of Chaos Theory, Econophysics, Artificial Intelligence, Classical and Quantum Complex Systems Science, with the Econophysics models having been cited worldwide and incorporated in PhD programs by different Universities.\n\nReceived an Arctic Code Vault Contributor status by GitHub, due to having developed open source software preserved in the \\"Arctic Code Vault\\" for future generations (https://archiveprogram.github.com/arctic-vault/), with the Strategy Analyzer A.I. module for decision making support (based on his PhD thesis, used in his Classes on Decision Making and in Strategic Intelligence Consulting Activities) and QNeural Python Quantum Neural Network simulator also preserved in the \\"Arctic Code Vault\\", for access to these software modules see: https://github.com/cpgoncalves. He is also a peer reviewer with outsanding review status from Elsevier journals, including Physica A, Neurocomputing and Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence. Science CV available at: https://www.cienciavitae.pt//pt/8E1C-A8B3-78C5 and ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0298-3974',institutionString:"University of Lisbon",institution:{name:"Universidade Lusófona",country:{name:"Portugal"}}},{id:"241400",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohammed",middleName:null,surname:"Bsiss",slug:"mohammed-bsiss",fullName:"Mohammed Bsiss",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/241400/images/8062_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"276128",title:"Dr.",name:"Hira",middleName:null,surname:"Fatima",slug:"hira-fatima",fullName:"Hira Fatima",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/276128/images/14420_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Hira Fatima\nAssistant Professor\nDepartment of Mathematics\nInstitute of Applied Science\nMangalayatan University, Aligarh\nMobile: no : 8532041179\nhirafatima2014@gmal.com\n\nDr. Hira Fatima has received his Ph.D. degree in pure Mathematics from Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh India. Currently working as an Assistant Professor in the Department of Mathematics, Institute of Applied Science, Mangalayatan University, Aligarh. She taught so many courses of Mathematics of UG and PG level. Her research Area of Expertise is Functional Analysis & Sequence Spaces. She has been working on Ideal Convergence of double sequence. She has published 17 research papers in National and International Journals including Cogent Mathematics, Filomat, Journal of Intelligent and Fuzzy Systems, Advances in Difference Equations, Journal of Mathematical Analysis, Journal of Mathematical & Computer Science etc. She has also reviewed few research papers for the and international journals. She is a member of Indian Mathematical Society.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"414880",title:"Dr.",name:"Maryam",middleName:null,surname:"Vatankhah",slug:"maryam-vatankhah",fullName:"Maryam Vatankhah",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Borough of Manhattan Community College",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"414879",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohammad-Reza",middleName:null,surname:"Akbarzadeh-Totonchi",slug:"mohammad-reza-akbarzadeh-totonchi",fullName:"Mohammad-Reza Akbarzadeh-Totonchi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ferdowsi University of Mashhad",country:{name:"Iran"}}},{id:"414878",title:"Prof.",name:"Reza",middleName:null,surname:"Fazel-Rezai",slug:"reza-fazel-rezai",fullName:"Reza Fazel-Rezai",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"American Public University System",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"426586",title:"Dr.",name:"Oladunni A.",middleName:null,surname:"Daramola",slug:"oladunni-a.-daramola",fullName:"Oladunni A. Daramola",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Federal University of Technology",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"357014",title:"Prof.",name:"Leon",middleName:null,surname:"Bobrowski",slug:"leon-bobrowski",fullName:"Leon Bobrowski",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Bialystok University of Technology",country:{name:"Poland"}}},{id:"302698",title:"Dr.",name:"Yao",middleName:null,surname:"Shan",slug:"yao-shan",fullName:"Yao Shan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Dalian University of Technology",country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"354126",title:"Dr.",name:"Setiawan",middleName:null,surname:"Hadi",slug:"setiawan-hadi",fullName:"Setiawan Hadi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Padjadjaran University",country:{name:"Indonesia"}}},{id:"125911",title:"Prof.",name:"Jia-Ching",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",slug:"jia-ching-wang",fullName:"Jia-Ching Wang",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"National Central University",country:{name:"Taiwan"}}},{id:"332603",title:"Prof.",name:"Kumar S.",middleName:null,surname:"Ray",slug:"kumar-s.-ray",fullName:"Kumar S. Ray",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Indian Statistical Institute",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"415409",title:"Prof.",name:"Maghsoud",middleName:null,surname:"Amiri",slug:"maghsoud-amiri",fullName:"Maghsoud Amiri",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Allameh Tabataba'i University",country:{name:"Iran"}}},{id:"357085",title:"Mr.",name:"P. Mohan",middleName:null,surname:"Anand",slug:"p.-mohan-anand",fullName:"P. Mohan Anand",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"356696",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"P.V.",middleName:null,surname:"Sai Charan",slug:"p.v.-sai-charan",fullName:"P.V. Sai Charan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"357086",title:"Prof.",name:"Sandeep K.",middleName:null,surname:"Shukla",slug:"sandeep-k.-shukla",fullName:"Sandeep K. Shukla",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur",country:{name:"India"}}}]}},subseries:{item:{id:"18",type:"subseries",title:"Proteomics",keywords:"Mono- and Two-Dimensional Gel Electrophoresis (1-and 2-DE), Liquid Chromatography (LC), Mass Spectrometry/Tandem Mass Spectrometry (MS; MS/MS), Proteins",scope:"With the recognition that the human genome cannot provide answers to the etiology of a disorder, changes in the proteins expressed by a genome became a focus in research. Thus proteomics, an area of research that detects all protein forms expressed in an organism, including splice isoforms and post-translational modifications, is more suitable than genomics for a comprehensive understanding of the biochemical processes that govern life. The most common proteomics applications are currently in the clinical field for the identification, in a variety of biological matrices, of biomarkers for diagnosis and therapeutic intervention of disorders. From the comparison of proteomic profiles of control and disease or different physiological states, which may emerge, changes in protein expression can provide new insights into the roles played by some proteins in human pathologies. Understanding how proteins function and interact with each other is another goal of proteomics that makes this approach even more intriguing. Specialized technology and expertise are required to assess the proteome of any biological sample. Currently, proteomics relies mainly on mass spectrometry (MS) combined with electrophoretic (1 or 2-DE-MS) and/or chromatographic techniques (LC-MS/MS). MS is an excellent tool that has gained popularity in proteomics because of its ability to gather a complex body of information such as cataloging protein expression, identifying protein modification sites, and defining protein interactions. The Proteomics topic aims to attract contributions on all aspects of MS-based proteomics that, by pushing the boundaries of MS capabilities, may address biological problems that have not been resolved yet.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/18.jpg",hasOnlineFirst:!0,hasPublishedBooks:!0,annualVolume:11414,editor:{id:"200689",title:"Prof.",name:"Paolo",middleName:null,surname:"Iadarola",slug:"paolo-iadarola",fullName:"Paolo Iadarola",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSCl8QAG/Profile_Picture_1623568118342",biography:"Paolo Iadarola graduated with a degree in Chemistry from the University of Pavia (Italy) in July 1972. He then worked as an Assistant Professor at the Faculty of Science of the same University until 1984. In 1985, Prof. Iadarola became Associate Professor at the Department of Biology and Biotechnologies of the University of Pavia and retired in October 2017. Since then, he has been working as an Adjunct Professor in the same Department at the University of Pavia. His research activity during the first years was primarily focused on the purification and structural characterization of enzymes from animal and plant sources. During this period, Prof. Iadarola familiarized himself with the conventional techniques used in column chromatography, spectrophotometry, manual Edman degradation, and electrophoresis). Since 1995, he has been working on: i) the determination in biological fluids (serum, urine, bronchoalveolar lavage, sputum) of proteolytic activities involved in the degradation processes of connective tissue matrix, and ii) on the identification of biological markers of lung diseases. In this context, he has developed and validated new methodologies (e.g., Capillary Electrophoresis coupled to Laser-Induced Fluorescence, CE-LIF) whose application enabled him to determine both the amounts of biochemical markers (Desmosines) in urine/serum of patients affected by Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) and the activity of proteolytic enzymes (Human Neutrophil Elastase, Cathepsin G, Pseudomonas aeruginosa elastase) in sputa of these patients. More recently, Prof. Iadarola was involved in developing techniques such as two-dimensional electrophoresis coupled to liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (2DE-LC/MS) for the proteomic analysis of biological fluids aimed at the identification of potential biomarkers of different lung diseases. He is the author of about 150 publications (According to Scopus: H-Index: 23; Total citations: 1568- According to WOS: H-Index: 20; Total Citations: 1296) of peer-reviewed international journals. He is a Consultant Reviewer for several journals, including the Journal of Chromatography A, Journal of Chromatography B, Plos ONE, Proteomes, International Journal of Molecular Science, Biotech, Electrophoresis, and others. He is also Associate Editor of Biotech.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Pavia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},editorTwo:{id:"201414",title:"Dr.",name:"Simona",middleName:null,surname:"Viglio",slug:"simona-viglio",fullName:"Simona Viglio",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRKDHQA4/Profile_Picture_1630402531487",biography:"Simona Viglio is an Associate Professor of Biochemistry at the Department of Molecular Medicine at the University of Pavia. She has been working since 1995 on the determination of proteolytic enzymes involved in the degradation process of connective tissue matrix and on the identification of biological markers of lung diseases. She gained considerable experience in developing and validating new methodologies whose applications allowed her to determine both the amount of biomarkers (Desmosine and Isodesmosine) in the urine of patients affected by COPD, and the activity of proteolytic enzymes (HNE, Cathepsin G, Pseudomonas aeruginosa elastase) in the sputa of these patients. Simona Viglio was also involved in research dealing with the supplementation of amino acids in patients with brain injury and chronic heart failure. She is presently engaged in the development of 2-DE and LC-MS techniques for the study of proteomics in biological fluids. The aim of this research is the identification of potential biomarkers of lung diseases. She is an author of about 90 publications (According to Scopus: H-Index: 23; According to WOS: H-Index: 20) on peer-reviewed journals, a member of the “Società Italiana di Biochimica e Biologia Molecolare,“ and a Consultant Reviewer for International Journal of Molecular Science, Journal of Chromatography A, COPD, Plos ONE and Nutritional Neuroscience.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Pavia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},editorThree:null,series:{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",issn:"2632-0983"},editorialBoard:[{id:"72288",title:"Dr.",name:"Arli Aditya",middleName:null,surname:"Parikesit",slug:"arli-aditya-parikesit",fullName:"Arli Aditya Parikesit",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/72288/images/system/72288.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Indonesia International Institute for Life Sciences",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Indonesia"}}},{id:"40928",title:"Dr.",name:"Cesar",middleName:null,surname:"Lopez-Camarillo",slug:"cesar-lopez-camarillo",fullName:"Cesar Lopez-Camarillo",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/40928/images/3884_n.png",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidad Autónoma de la Ciudad de México",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}},{id:"81926",title:"Dr.",name:"Shymaa",middleName:null,surname:"Enany",slug:"shymaa-enany",fullName:"Shymaa Enany",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/81926/images/system/81926.png",institutionString:"Suez Canal University",institution:{name:"Suez Canal University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Egypt"}}}]},onlineFirstChapters:{paginationCount:26,paginationItems:[{id:"83087",title:"Role of Cellular Responses in Periodontal Tissue Destruction",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.106645",signatures:"Nam Cong-Nhat Huynh",slug:"role-of-cellular-responses-in-periodontal-tissue-destruction",totalDownloads:8,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Periodontology - New Insights",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11566.jpg",subseries:{id:"1",title:"Oral Health"}}},{id:"82654",title:"Atraumatic Restorative Treatment: More than a Minimally Invasive Approach?",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105623",signatures:"Manal A. 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