The landslide area in Shenmu after 2009 [5].
\\n\\n
Dr. Pletser’s experience includes 30 years of working with the European Space Agency as a Senior Physicist/Engineer and coordinating their parabolic flight campaigns, and he is the Guinness World Record holder for the most number of aircraft flown (12) in parabolas, personally logging more than 7,300 parabolas.
\\n\\nSeeing the 5,000th book published makes us at the same time proud, happy, humble, and grateful. This is a great opportunity to stop and celebrate what we have done so far, but is also an opportunity to engage even more, grow, and succeed. It wouldn't be possible to get here without the synergy of team members’ hard work and authors and editors who devote time and their expertise into Open Access book publishing with us.
\\n\\nOver these years, we have gone from pioneering the scientific Open Access book publishing field to being the world’s largest Open Access book publisher. Nonetheless, our vision has remained the same: to meet the challenges of making relevant knowledge available to the worldwide community under the Open Access model.
\\n\\nWe are excited about the present, and we look forward to sharing many more successes in the future.
\\n\\nThank you all for being part of the journey. 5,000 times thank you!
\\n\\nNow with 5,000 titles available Open Access, which one will you read next?
\\n\\nRead, share and download for free: https://www.intechopen.com/books
\\n\\n\\n\\n
\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:null},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'
Preparation of Space Experiments edited by international leading expert Dr. Vladimir Pletser, Director of Space Training Operations at Blue Abyss is the 5,000th Open Access book published by IntechOpen and our milestone publication!
\n\n"This book presents some of the current trends in space microgravity research. The eleven chapters introduce various facets of space research in physical sciences, human physiology and technology developed using the microgravity environment not only to improve our fundamental understanding in these domains but also to adapt this new knowledge for application on earth." says the editor. Listen what else Dr. Pletser has to say...
\n\n\n\nDr. Pletser’s experience includes 30 years of working with the European Space Agency as a Senior Physicist/Engineer and coordinating their parabolic flight campaigns, and he is the Guinness World Record holder for the most number of aircraft flown (12) in parabolas, personally logging more than 7,300 parabolas.
\n\nSeeing the 5,000th book published makes us at the same time proud, happy, humble, and grateful. This is a great opportunity to stop and celebrate what we have done so far, but is also an opportunity to engage even more, grow, and succeed. It wouldn't be possible to get here without the synergy of team members’ hard work and authors and editors who devote time and their expertise into Open Access book publishing with us.
\n\nOver these years, we have gone from pioneering the scientific Open Access book publishing field to being the world’s largest Open Access book publisher. Nonetheless, our vision has remained the same: to meet the challenges of making relevant knowledge available to the worldwide community under the Open Access model.
\n\nWe are excited about the present, and we look forward to sharing many more successes in the future.
\n\nThank you all for being part of the journey. 5,000 times thank you!
\n\nNow with 5,000 titles available Open Access, which one will you read next?
\n\nRead, share and download for free: https://www.intechopen.com/books
\n\n\n\n
\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"webinar-introduction-to-open-science-wednesday-18-may-1-pm-cest-20220518",title:"Webinar: Introduction to Open Science | Wednesday 18 May, 1 PM CEST"},{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"},{slug:"introducing-intechopen-book-series-a-new-publishing-format-for-oa-books-20210915",title:"Introducing IntechOpen Book Series - A New Publishing Format for OA Books"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"5792",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Sea Urchin - From Environment to Aquaculture and Biomedicine",title:"Sea Urchin",subtitle:"From Environment to Aquaculture and Biomedicine",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"This book is addressed to the readers operating in the sea urchin field of research, as well as to the lovers of this fascinating organism. Sea urchin, among the most known marine invertebrates belonging to the deuterostomes, is more closely related to humans than other invertebrates, thus representing a suitable model system not only for developmental biology and ecotoxicology but also for biomedicine. The topics described highlight the validity and versatility of this organism for different kinds of investigations. A collection of interesting chapters contributes to this volume and clearly shows the reason of the high interest manifested by a huge number of scientists around the world for this organism over time. Each contribution is a separate and comprehensive chapter but within the book's aim.",isbn:"978-953-51-3526-5",printIsbn:"978-953-51-3525-8",pdfIsbn:"978-953-51-4636-0",doi:"10.5772/65503",price:119,priceEur:129,priceUsd:155,slug:"sea-urchin-from-environment-to-aquaculture-and-biomedicine",numberOfPages:154,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:null,isInBkci:!1,hash:"03e5af4d15dfb028a11e298e47948799",bookSignature:"Maria Agnello",publishedDate:"October 4th 2017",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5792.jpg",numberOfDownloads:8435,numberOfWosCitations:18,numberOfCrossrefCitations:9,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:1,numberOfDimensionsCitations:20,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:1,hasAltmetrics:0,numberOfTotalCitations:47,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"September 26th 2016",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"December 14th 2016",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"March 8th 2017",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"May 5th 2017",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"July 8th 2017",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"175306",title:"Dr.",name:"Maria",middleName:null,surname:"Agnello",slug:"maria-agnello",fullName:"Maria Agnello",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/175306/images/6183_n.jpg",biography:"She graduated in Biological Sciences that enabled to the profession of biologist in 2001; in 2005, she achieved the qualification of laboratory technologist and in 2006 the PhD degree in Cellular and Developmental Biology. From 2006 to 2010, she was a research fellow at the current Department STEBICEF of Palermo University, and from 2010 to 2017, she was an adjunct professor of Developmental Biology for the degree course of Biological Sciences. She was an associated research fellow for the SZN of Naples since 2016; in the current year, she achieved the enablement to associate professor for the “Comparative Anatomy and Cytology” sector. Her research activity, focused on stress response, apoptosis, autophagy and mitochondria in embryos and oocytes of sea urchin, has led to several publications on international scientific journals.",institutionString:null,position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"2",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"1",institution:null}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"322",title:"Mariculture",slug:"mariculture"}],chapters:[{id:"56623",title:"Introductory Chapter: Sea Urchin - Knowledge and Perspectives",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.70415",slug:"introductory-chapter-sea-urchin-knowledge-and-perspectives",totalDownloads:1450,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Maria Agnello",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/56623",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/56623",authors:[{id:"175306",title:"Dr.",name:"Maria",surname:"Agnello",slug:"maria-agnello",fullName:"Maria Agnello"}],corrections:null},{id:"54868",title:"Sea Urchin Covering Behavior: A Comparative Review",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.68469",slug:"sea-urchin-covering-behavior-a-comparative-review",totalDownloads:1240,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:6,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"Covering behavior in sea urchins is an important aspect of many species’ ecology and has a variety of perceived benefits including food source, mechanical defense, shielding from sunlight, and predator protection. The goal of this study was to determine whether an urchin genus’s main benefit from this form of crypsis is correlated with either phylogenetic relationships or environmental factors (ocean depth and climate). To evaluate this hypothesis, a literature review was conducted on 15 urchin genera that use the covering reaction. The function of this behavior for the aforementioned genera was both mapped onto a phylogeny and evaluated, based on the climate and depth of the genera’s habitats to determine whether the patterns exist. The results suggest that phylogenetic relationships provide a more functional predictive tool for determining the purpose of covering in an urchin genus than its environment. This conclusion is useful for understanding the biology of sea urchins as well as how the covering reaction relates to the many other cryptic behaviors used by animal species.",signatures:"Morgan A. Ziegenhorn",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/54868",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/54868",authors:[{id:"196540",title:"Ms.",name:"Morgan",surname:"Ziegenhorn",slug:"morgan-ziegenhorn",fullName:"Morgan Ziegenhorn"}],corrections:null},{id:"56010",title:"Effects of Environmental Factors on Reproduction of the Sea Urchin Strongylocentrotus Intermedius",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.69511",slug:"effects-of-environmental-factors-on-reproduction-of-the-sea-urchin-strongylocentrotus-intermedius",totalDownloads:1473,totalCrossrefCites:5,totalDimensionsCites:8,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The results of long-term studies (2003–2015) of the reproductive biology of the sea urchin Strongylocentrotus intermedius in wild populations located in the northwestern Sea of Japan along 400 km of the coast of the Primorye region of Russia and differing by the level of anthropogenic pressure are reported. Our analysis showed that since 1970–1980s, the shift in spawning season from autumn to early summer occurred in S. intermedius populations inhabiting anthropogenically polluted areas of Peter the Great Bay, resulting in the appearance of three types of populations that differ from each other in the proportions of individuals with early spawning (the end of May–June) and late spawning (September–early October). Our results indicate that neither photoperiod nor temperature may be considered as the primary external factors determining a shift in S. intermedius temporal patterns of gonad maturation and the timing of spawning and that phytoplankton concentration is the main factor for initiation of sea urchin spawning activity. We hypothesized that the shift in spawning season from autumn to early summer in S. intermedius populations inhabiting polluted areas can be explained by a phenotypic response of this species to environmental changes caused by chronic eutrophication.",signatures:"Peter M. Zhadan, Marina A. Vaschenko and Tatyana N. Almyashova",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/56010",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/56010",authors:[{id:"198112",title:"Dr.",name:"Marina",surname:"Vaschenko",slug:"marina-vaschenko",fullName:"Marina Vaschenko"},{id:"198123",title:"Dr.",name:"Peter",surname:"Zhadan",slug:"peter-zhadan",fullName:"Peter Zhadan"},{id:"198124",title:"Mrs.",name:"Tatiana",surname:"Almyashova",slug:"tatiana-almyashova",fullName:"Tatiana Almyashova"}],corrections:null},{id:"55822",title:"Morphological and Biochemical Profiles of the Gonadal Cycle in the Sea Urchin Paracentrotus lividus: Wild Type vs. Bred",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.68895",slug:"morphological-and-biochemical-profiles-of-the-gonadal-cycle-in-the-sea-urchin-paracentrotus-lividus-",totalDownloads:1494,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Paracentrotus lividus gonads represent a valued gourmet delicacy, particularly appreciated in Europe and in Japan. Their commercial value is generally associated to their size, freshness, colour and texture. Diet, gametogenesis and environmental conditions have a marked influence, promoting the indispensable mechanisms of synthesis, selective storage and mobilization of the bioactive compounds, as lipids, proteins and carbohydrates of gonads in order to obtain nutrients. The objective of this work is to compare the morphological and biochemical profiles of reproductive life cycle of the gonads of adult P. lividus in its marine natural environment and adult captured sea urchins breeding into a fish aquaculture system. The reproductive cycle of male and female wild and breeding P. lividus was characterized during 1 year by analysing variations of the gonadal content of lipids, proteins and carbohydrates of animals captured at four different locations of the south-western coast of Salento, Italy, with the animals grown in a fish farm and fed with four different types of diet. The gonadal and repletion indexes were determined before the specimen dissection for evaluation of sex, development stages and physiological aspects. Gonads were processed for histological and biochemical analysis. The gonadal content of lipids, proteins and carbohydrates was performed by the gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and by spectrometry, respectively.",signatures:"Bernardetta Anna Tenuzzo, Elisabetta Carata, Stefania Mariano and\nLuciana Dini",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/55822",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/55822",authors:[{id:"103116",title:"Prof.",name:"Luciana",surname:"Dini",slug:"luciana-dini",fullName:"Luciana Dini"},{id:"206595",title:"Dr.",name:"Bernardetta Anna",surname:"Tenuzzo",slug:"bernardetta-anna-tenuzzo",fullName:"Bernardetta Anna Tenuzzo"},{id:"206596",title:"Dr.",name:"Elisabetta",surname:"Carata",slug:"elisabetta-carata",fullName:"Elisabetta Carata"},{id:"206597",title:"Dr.",name:"Stefania",surname:"Mariano",slug:"stefania-mariano",fullName:"Stefania Mariano"}],corrections:null},{id:"56006",title:"Importance of Gamete Quality in Ecotoxicological Application: Natural versus Bred Population in Paracentrotus lividus",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.69235",slug:"importance-of-gamete-quality-in-ecotoxicological-application-natural-versus-bred-population-in-parac",totalDownloads:1186,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Several approaches have been tested to respond to the depletion of wild stocks, from the production of seeds to the setting up of closed echinoculture systems, starting with fertilization of eggs with the consequent development to adult sea urchins. Hence, in the last years, our research group has focused on the assessment of a feasible and sustainable strategy aimed to ensure a rapid and effective gonadal growth of healthy gametes in recirculating aquaculture system (RAS) to employ in ecotoxicological application. In order to compare the health of obtained gametes with wild populations, the effectiveness of diets was evaluated with different biological parameters, such as fertilization and embryo-development test, and with histological analysis of gonads to appraise the stage of maturation. Moreover, the information regarding different breeding conditions of adults and genetic variability should be combined with the analysis of larval settlement and its requirements, demonstrating the importance of these parameters for the possible closure of the echinoculture cycle in RAS. Results achieved so far in terms of gonadal development and health of gametes have provided evidence of success in overcoming natural gaps between reproductive events in natural populations and an efficient and standardize breeding condition in RAS.",signatures:"Sartori Davide, Lera Samantha, Silvia Giuliani, Simona Macchia,\nLorenzo Morroni, David Pellegrini and Andrea Gaion",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/56006",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/56006",authors:[{id:"197878",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Davide",surname:"Sartori",slug:"davide-sartori",fullName:"Davide Sartori"},{id:"198021",title:"MSc.",name:"Silvia",surname:"Giuliani",slug:"silvia-giuliani",fullName:"Silvia Giuliani"},{id:"198197",title:"Dr.",name:"Andrea",surname:"Gaion",slug:"andrea-gaion",fullName:"Andrea Gaion"},{id:"198480",title:"MSc.",name:"Simona",surname:"Macchia",slug:"simona-macchia",fullName:"Simona Macchia"},{id:"198482",title:"Dr.",name:"Samantha",surname:"Lera",slug:"samantha-lera",fullName:"Samantha Lera"},{id:"198486",title:"MSc.",name:"David",surname:"Pellegrini",slug:"david-pellegrini",fullName:"David Pellegrini"},{id:"198490",title:"MSc.",name:"Lorenzo",surname:"Morroni",slug:"lorenzo-morroni",fullName:"Lorenzo Morroni"}],corrections:null},{id:"56605",title:"The Sea Urchin Embryo: A Model for Studying Molecular Mechanisms Involved in Human Diseases and for Testing Bioactive Compounds",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.70301",slug:"the-sea-urchin-embryo-a-model-for-studying-molecular-mechanisms-involved-in-human-diseases-and-for-t",totalDownloads:1593,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:4,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Most of the current knowledge concerning fundamental genetic mechanisms, evolutionary processes and development, cellular physiology, and pathogenesis comes from studies of different animal model systems. Whereas mice, rats, and other small mammals are generally thought of as the typical model systems used by researchers in biomedical studies, aquatic models including both freshwater and marine organisms have long proved to be essential for the study of basic biological processes. For over a century, biologists have used the sea urchin embryo as a prototype for the investigation of developmental mechanisms that contribute to building the embryo body plan. Here we highlight the contribution of the sea urchin embryo as a simple model for studying aging and age-associated neurodegenerative diseases, as well as the pathways and mechanisms involved in cell survival and death. Moreover, we point out the role of this embryonic system as a potent and affordable tool for learning about developmental effects and toxicity responses to environmental contaminants and chemical compounds.",signatures:"Maria Di Bernardo and Marta Di Carlo",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/56605",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/56605",authors:[{id:"198292",title:"Dr.",name:"Marta",surname:"Di Carlo",slug:"marta-di-carlo",fullName:"Marta Di Carlo"},{id:"198293",title:"Dr.",name:"Maria",surname:"Di Bernardo",slug:"maria-di-bernardo",fullName:"Maria Di Bernardo"}],corrections:null}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},subseries:null,tags:null},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"2052",title:"Health and Environment in Aquaculture",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e9bbb1af278ed9e5df351641aaf598f0",slug:"health-and-environment-in-aquaculture",bookSignature:"Edmir Daniel Carvalho, Gianmarco Silva David and Reinaldo J. 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Model",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.89183",slug:"landslide-potential-evaluation-using-fragility-curve-model",body:'Taiwan is on the path of western Pacific typhoon path and on the circum-Pacific earthquake belt, indicating that Taiwan suffered from two or more natural disasters, which was the highest in the world [1]. Besides, most of the land in Taiwan, about 70% of total area, is hillside. Given the conditions of increasing impacts of climate change and extreme weathers, the rainfall-induced landslide has become a serious issue in Taiwan.
Most landslide researches used the landslide susceptibility analysis (LSA) to develop landslide evaluation model [2]. The LSA models basically use factors and observed data to construct the description of landslides. The factors include rainfall intensity, accumulated rainfall, slope degree, vegetation, etc. The common models developed for landslide hazard or landslide evaluation are usually deterministic analysis, including the traditional slope stability analysis [2]. Recently, a novel concept of applying probability to landslide evaluation had been proposed. The fragility curves, which are commonly used in the earthquake-induced structure analysis, had been adopted to represent the probability of landslide [3, 4, 5]. The process of applying fragility curve to landslide evaluation is to consider and estimate the recurrence and the probability of exceedance of a damage level for a landslide [3, 4].
In this chapter, the preparation of landslide fragility curves was introduced. The procedure of developing the landslide fragility curve (LFC) model was the researches of rainfall-induced shallow landslide in the past years [2, 3, 4, 5]. The proposed LFC model considered the impacts of rainfall and the vulnerability of environment. Instead of using one-variable triggering factor (rainfall intensity or accumulation) in the previous research [2], the newly improved LFC model used bivariate approach in the model [3, 4]. The improved LFC model introduced the landslide fragility surface (LFS) by considering the influence of both rainfall intensity and accumulation at the same time [4, 5].
The spatial statistics and geographic information system (GIS) were used for data processing. The data of each factor used in the model was further divided into groups. Classification of factors represented the environmental characteristics of a specific area. The analysis basis was conducted spatially on the slope units, which are topographically defined as the parts of a watershed [5]. With the LFS model, the risk assessment of landslide then was analyzed in association with the rainfall hazard potential [4, 5]. The Shenmu area of Chen-Yu-Lan watershed was selected as the study area, and historical cases were used to illustrate the application of LFS model.
When considering the factors to be used in the landslide problem, these factors are generally classified as triggering and environmental factors [6, 7, 8]. Among these factors, the rainfall is usually the major concern, and for environmental vulnerability, many factors can be chosen from. Not every chosen environmental factor can be used in developing a landslide model because of (1) few data in the database, (2) lack of data, and (3) low influence in the model. In this chapter, the cumulative rainfall and maximum hourly rainfall (rainfall intensity) were used for triggering factors, whereas slopes, slope aspects, landslide area, incremental landslide area, ratio of incremental landslide area, normalized difference vegetation index, distance to the nearest river, and geology were used for environmental factors of hillside slope in the study. A GIS database to describe landslide areas was created and was later applied in developing the proposed fragility curve model. These indexes, factors, and symbol definitions are explained in the following:
Maximum rainfall intensity (
Effective accumulated rainfall (
Hillside slope (S): the dynamic behavior of the landslide has close relationship with the slope. Hence, the degree of slope may be a prominent factor of triggering landslides. In this study, the slope was classified based on the Soil and Water Conservation Bureau manual [9]. There are seven slope levels of 5% or less, 5–15%, 15–30%, 30–40%, 40–55%, 55–100%, and slope exceeding 100%. The slopes <15% are recognized as flat ground or very gentle slopes and not included in this study. Slopes of levels 3–7 were studied in the landslide model.
Slope aspect (A): the slope aspect represents the vulnerable directions of occurring landslide when given a known topography. This factor may represent the “weak” aspect of a slope in terms of landslide.
Landslide area (LA): observing the landslide distribution through image classification results can obtain the information about the land cover change. The change from events of Typhoon Sinlaku (in 2008) and Typhoon Morakot (in 2009) was identified using GIS software.
Incremental landslide area (IA): to understand the landslide increment, the images before and after a landslide were considered. The landslides are classified into five categories (shown in Figure 2): (1) the original landslide area (number 1 + 2), (2) the original landslide area extension (number 2), (3) new landslide area on single period (number 3), (4) new landslide area on pre-/post periods (number of 2 + 3), and (5) vegetation restoration area (number of 1). In this study, the new landslide area on pre-/post periods (number of 2 + 3) was considered.
Ratio of incremental landslide area (RIL): to obtain the ratio of incremental landslide area, this study used the incremental landslide area from image of two periods to determine this factor.
Vegetation index (N): to determine the density of vegetation on a patch of land, researchers must observe the distinct colors (wavelengths) of visible and near-infrared sunlight reflected by the plants [10]. Nearly almost satellite vegetation indices employ the difference formula,
Distance to the nearest river (R): the landslide may be triggered due to the erosion by the river at the toe section. The distance to the river reflects the potential of landslide contributed from the river system.
Geology (G): the geological time scale of the area and the rock types of the site were combined into consideration as the geology factor. In the past studies, the geology-related information (like the rock types and rock strength) was not usually available. Therefore, to simplify the classification, the geological time scale was chosen to represent the possible influence of geology.
The definition of rainfall indices: Imax and Rte (modified after [
Concept of mapping landslide area change: differences between two periods of SPOT image [
To explain the landslide fragility model, the Shenmu area in Taiwan was used as a case to demonstrate the development of LFC of a given site. The Shenmu area locates in the watershed of Chen-Yu-Lan River. Chen-Yu-Lan watershed is at the central part of Taiwan (Figure 3). The Chen-Yu-Lan River originates from the north peak of Yu Mountain and is one of the upper rivers of the Zhuoshui River system, which is the largest river system in Taiwan. Chen-Yu-Lan River has a length of 42.4 km with an average declination slope of 5%, and its watershed area is about 450 km2. This area was fragile after the Chi-Chi Earthquake (occurred on September 21, 1999).
Chen-Yu-Lan watershed [
The Shenmu area is a location where debris flows frequently occurred [5]. The local village is adjacent to the confluence of three streams: Aiyuzi Stream (DF226), Huosa Stream (DF227), and Chushuei Stream (DF199). In Shenmu, the debris flows usually occurred at the Aiyuzi Stream due to its shorter length and large landslide area (Table 1) in its upstream [5]. Figure 4 shows the terrain of three streams.
Debris flow no. | Stream | Length (km) | Catchment area (km2) | Landslide area (km2) |
---|---|---|---|---|
DF199 | Chushuei stream | 7.16 | 8.62 | 0.33 |
DF227 | Huosa stream | 17.66 | 26.20 | 1.49 |
DF226 | Aiyuzi stream | 3.30 | 4.00 | 1.00 |
The landslide area in Shenmu after 2009 [5].
The terrain and landslide areas of Shenmu area.
In addition to the basic terrain data of Shenmu area, the hydrologic and geographic factors are needed in modeling. To obtain these factors, an environment database of Chen-Yu-Lan watershed was prepared. Among the data collection, the landslide increment (i.e., new landslides) after a rainfall event was also obtained by image processing method in this study.
To develop the LFC model, the local environmental data was collected for the study area, and GIS was used to process the data. The environment database of Chen-Yu-Lan watershed includes data of geology, geological layers, rock property, slope and slope aspects, and DEM, as shown in Figures 5–8.
Chen-Yu-Lan watershed: (a) geological time scale and (b) rock types.
Five-meter DEM of Chen-Yu-Lan watershed (after [
The slope of Chen-Yu-Lan watershed.
The slope aspects of Chen-Yu-Lan watershed.
The new landslide areas (Figures 9 and 10) were identified by using pre- and post-event satellite images of Typhoon Sinlaku in 2008 and Typhoon Morakot in 2009 (Table 2). These landslide areas were used for later LFC model analysis. Another important factor in the LFC model is the vegetation conditions. The information of vegetation status was also obtained by image processing the same as the determination of new landslides.
Satellite images of pre- (a) and post-event (b) Typhoon Sinlaku and the new landslide areas (c) in Chen-Yu-Lan watershed.
Satellite images of pre- (a) and post-event (b) Typhoon Morakot and the new landslide areas (c) in Chen-Yu-Lan watershed.
Watershed | Event | Image time | Satellite | Incremental area (km2) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Chen-Yu-Lan 448.14 km2 | Pre-Sinlaku | February 21, 2008 | SPOT5 | 9.52 (2.12%) |
Post-Sinlaku | November 28, 2008 | SPOT5 | ||
Pre-Morakot | November 28, 2008 | SPOT5 | 10.21 (2.28%) | |
Post-Morakot | October 14, 2009 | SPOT5 |
Satellite images of events at Chen-Yu-Lan watershed.
In addition to the hydrologic and geographic data, the landslide triggering factors were also considered in data preparation. Table 3 defines the rainfall indices. It should be noted that the effective accumulated rainfall was calculated by including the antecedent 7-day accumulated rainfall. The antecedent 7-day accumulated rainfall is the total weighted rainfall counted from the 7-day duration before the starting of current rainfall event. Take Typhoon Sinlaku (September 11–16, 2008) for example. The starting date of Typhoon Sinlaku was September 11, 2008, and the antecedent 7-day accumulation rainfall was the total weighted rainfall during September 3 to September 10, as described as
Index | Symbol | Definition |
---|---|---|
Max. hourly rainfall | The maximum hourly rainfall in a rainfall event | |
Effective accumulated rainfall | The antecedent 7-day accumulated rainfall (with reduction factor of 0.7*) before the starting of current event and the accumulated rainfall before the max. hourly rainfall in current event |
The rainfall indices.
Antecedent 7-day accumulated rainfall (Ra) can be calculated by
Figures 11 and 12 show the rainfall interpolation of the events of Typhoon Sinlaku (September 11–16, 2008) and Typhoon Morakot (August 5–10, 2009). The red spots in the figure are the locations of rainfall stations. It was noted that the rainfall intensity and the cumulative rainfall of event of Typhoon Morakot were much higher than those of Typhoon Sinlaku. Both events had caused serious landslides in the central Taiwan.
Rainfall indices of Typhoon Sinlaku: (a) Imax and (b) Rte.
Rainfall indices of Typhoon Morakot: (a) Imax and (b) Rte.
Finally, the database was used to analyze the study area on the basis of slope units. The slope unit was defined as in Figure 13. A slope unit is defined as one slope part or the left/right part of a watershed. Slope units can be topologically divided by the watershed divide and drainage line, with the help of GIS tool [12]. The application of slope unit in the development of LFC was based on the physical interpretation of slopes in the mountain area. The environmental database was applied in accordance with the slope units at the site of interest. Figure 14 shows the slope unit distribution (total 5872 units) of Chen-Yu-Lan watershed.
Slope unit delineation, the left and right slope units of a watershed [
The slope units of Chen-Yu-Lan watershed.
To develop the empirical landslide fragility model, a probability distribution was chosen to describe the potential of landslide fragility. When the probability distribution was determined, the parameters of probability, the median and standard deviation, were obtained by fitting the data from the environmental database and the landslide areas. The use of slope unit was adopted here, and the classification of environmental factors was applied to represent the conditions of landslide given rainfall intensity and accumulated rainfall. The procedure of developing the empirical landslide fragility curve was described in the following.
The fragility analysis is usually used to describe the potential of hazard in terms of potential levels or probability of exceedance of a level. To describe the probability about a hazard fragility, a feasible probability distribution can be assumed and applied in the model. The fragility curve of landslide, therefore, was assumed to be a lognormal distribution [12, 13]. The lognormal distribution can be constructed simply by the values of median and lognormal standard deviation and are called bivariate parameters (Eq. (1)):
where
Eq. (2) represents the
Since both the rainfall intensity and rainfall accumulation contribute to the probability of triggering a landslide, the bivariate lognormal distribution was applied in the developing LFC model [4, 14], as in Eq. (3):
where
Eq. (4) represents the j-th fragility curve of landslide, including four fragility parameters. The cumulative density function of Eq. (4) is a fragility surface of probability.
The parameters in Eq. (4) can be obtained by using the least square estimate. When the landslide locations and areas are available, meaning the classification of landslide based on the factors (see next section), the fragility curve of landslide (a surface) of a specific classification can be determined.
The environmental factors, geology, slope, distance to river, slope aspect, and vegetation index, were classified into levels in order to group similar slope units. The triggering factors of rainfall intensity and effective accumulated rainfall were also redistributed onto slope unit scale. These factors were classified into groups, i.e., two groups of G, three of S, two of R, two of A, and two of N (Tables 4–8), based on the available data and appropriate judgment to simplify the process. There were total of 48 combinations of classification, as described below.
Classification | Geology time scale | Rock type |
---|---|---|
G1 | Eocene | Dark gray slate and phyllite slate, interbedded with quartz sandstone |
Eocene | Slate and phyllite quartzite sandstone | |
Oligocene | Hard shale sandwiched to thick sandstone | |
Oligocene | Thick or massive white medium to very coarse quartzite and hard shale | |
G2 | Miocene | Hard shale, slate, phyllite sandstone |
Mid-Miocene | Sandstone and shale interbed, coal seam | |
Late Miocene | Sandstone and shale interbed, coal seam | |
Miocene to Pliocene | Sandstone and shale interbed, coal seam | |
Pliocene | Shale, sandy shale, mudstone | |
Pliocene | Sandstone, mudstone, shale interbed | |
Pliocene to Pleistocene | Gravel | |
Pleistocene | Gravel, sand, and clay |
The geology classification.
Classification | SWCB slope level | Technical regulations for soil and water conservation | |
---|---|---|---|
Slope range | degree (°) | ||
S1 | 3 | 15% < S ≦ 30% | 8.53 < S ≦ 16.70 |
4 | 30% < S ≦ 40% | 16.70 < S ≦ 21.80 | |
S2 | 5 | 40% < S ≦ 55% | 21.80 < S ≦ 28.81 |
S3 | 6 | 55% < S ≦ 100% | 28.81 < S ≦ 45.00 |
7 | S > 100% | S > 45.00 |
The slope classification.
Classification | Definition | Distance (m) |
---|---|---|
R1 | Close | ≤300 m |
R2 | Not close | >300 m |
The classification of distance to river.
Classification | Definition |
---|---|
A1 | Weak aspect: the four slope aspects of higher ratio of incremental landslide area. In this study, A1 are E, SE, S, and SW |
A2 | Strong aspect: the four slope aspects of lower RIL. In this study, A2 are W, NW, N, and NE |
The classification of slope aspects.
Image process | Classification | ||
---|---|---|---|
Low vegetation | Mid-to-high vegetation | ||
−1 < NDVI ≦ NDVIc* | NDVIc* < NDVI ≦ 1 | ||
Pre-event image | Barren land | N1 | N1 |
Non-barren land | N1 | N2 |
The vegetation classification.
NDVIc is the threshold value to classify low and mid-to-high vegetation index. In this study, the NDVIc was −0.35.
The geology is an important factor when considering the potential of landslide. However, the geological conditions, like soil layer depth, rock type, and strength at the site, are not usually available to researchers. Therefore, a simplified step can be used at the geology time scale to generally represent the older and younger stratum of the study area. For Chen-Yu-Lan watershed, the rock type of the area was first used to highlight the geological time scale. The same geology era contained different rock formations, and the factor of geology was classified into two groups, as shown in Table 4 and Figure 15. It was noted that there are 1798 slope units of G1 and 2463 slope units of G2.
The geology classification of Chen-Yu-Lan watershed.
Based on the Soil and Water Conservation Bureau manual, the hillside slope is classified as seven levels. In the fragility model, level 3 to level 7 slopes were considered and simply further classified as three groups, as shown in Table 5. Figure 16 shows the classification results in the Chen-Yu-Lan watershed, and 137 slope units were classified as S1, 827 as S2, and 3297 as S3.
The slope classification of Chen-Yu-Lan watershed.
The distance to the nearest river channel was classified into two groups, with the threshold value of 300 m. Table 6 and Figure 17 show the classification results, in which there are 2482 and 1779 slope units of R1 and R2, respectively.
The classification of distance to the river of Chen-Yu-Lan watershed.
The slope aspect was considered in the beginning to distinguish the range of frequent landslide on a given mountain slope. There are eight slope aspects (Figure 18) used in the study that were grouped into two classes as shown in Table 7 and Figure 19, in which there are 2051 and 2210 slope units of A1 and A2, respectively.
The slope aspects.
The slope aspect classification of Chen-Yu-Lan watershed.
The land cover status was also an important factor when estimating the landslide potential. The normalized difference vegetation index was used to represent the land cover status of a given site. Satellite images of SPOT (February 21, 2008, November 28, 2008, and October 14, 2009) were used to calculate the NDVI of the ground surface, and an empirical NDVI threshold was applied to classify barren land and non-barren land. Table 8 summarized the classification, and Figure 20 shows the results, in which there are 2765 and 1496 slope units of N1 and N2, respectively.
The vegetation index classification of Chen-Yu-Lan watershed.
The rainfall data from Typhoon Sinlaku in 2008 and Typhoon Morakot in 2009 was applied to obtain the rainfall intensity and effective accumulated rainfall in the Chen-Yu-Lan watershed. The hourly rainfall data measured at the surrounding weather stations was used to get the rainfall of each slope unit by interpolation. Figures 21 and 22 show the rainfall distribution during the two typhoon events.
The rainfall of Chen-Yu-Lan watershed during Typhoon Sinlaku: (a) max. hourly rainfall (Imax) and (b) effective accumulated rainfall (Rte).
The rainfall of Chen-Yu-Lan watershed during Typhoon Morakot: (a) max. hourly rainfall (Imax) and (b) effective accumulated rainfall (Rte).
Based on the site investigation in the past after typhoon events, the expected average landslide volume (V) was set as V = 6000 m3. By applying the relationship of
Slope S1: the slope unit is counted as a landslide when its landslide area ratio (LAR) is equal to or higher than 5% or the projected landslide area on the slope is greater than 2800 m2 (0.28 ha). Otherwise, the slope unit is not counted as a landslide area.
Slope S2: the slope unit is counted as a landslide when its landslide area ratio is equal to or higher than 5% or the projected landslide area on the slope is greater than 2400 m2 (0.24 ha). Otherwise, the slope unit is not counted as a landslide area.
Slope S3: the slope unit is counted as a landslide when its landslide area ratio is equal to or higher than 5% or the projected landslide area on the slope is greater than 2200 m2 (0.22 ha). Otherwise, the slope unit is not counted as a landslide area.
The landslide area classification of Chen-Yu-Lan watershed is shown in Figure 23. There were 1810 slope units of landslide after Typhon Sinlaku and 1544 ones after Typhoon Morakot, as shown in colored slope units in Figure 23.
The landslide area of Chen-Yu-Lan watershed during (a) Typhoon Sinlaku and (b) Typhoon Morakot.
The environmental database and rainfall data of typhoon events were applied to classify the slope units and the landslide areas. With the classification described in previous sections, there were a total of 48 classes with combinations of factors G, S, A, R, and N. Each classification was in association with two rainfall indices, the rainfall intensity and effective accumulated rainfall. The fragility of landslide, or the probability of exceeding a level of hazard, was constructed and used for landslide potential assessment. Tables 9 and 10 summarized the fragility parameters obtained from the two events, and some examples of fragility curves were shown in Figure 24. It should be noted that during the classification, insufficient samples of certain classification had led to difficulty of finding parameters needed. Therefore, these samples were combined with other classifications in order to get reasonable probability values of median and standard deviation.
Classification | Combined with* | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Median | Std. deviation | Median | Std. deviation | ||
G1S1A1R1N1 | 64.40 | 0.21 | 485.00 | 0.28 | With 21111 |
G1S1A1R1N2 | 27.53 | 1.24 | 383.77 | 0.29 | With 21112 |
G1S1A1R2N1 | 33.70 | 0.31 | 1112.62 | 0.10 | With 21121 |
G1S1A1R2N2 | 37.94 | 0.16 | 239.39 | 0.27 | With 21122 |
G1S1A2R1N1 | 44.40 | 1.10 | 290.86 | 0.24 | With 21211 |
G1S1A2R1N2 | 43.91 | 0.16 | 1007.19 | 0.71 | With 21212 |
G1S1A2R2N1 | 32.48 | 0.77 | 320.60 | 0.39 | With 21221 |
G1S1A2R2N2 | 40.58 | 0.45 | 332.07 | 0.22 | With 21222 |
G1S2A1R1N1 | 40.44 | 0.58 | 235.49 | 0.79 | With 22111 |
G1S2A1R1N2 | 72.70 | 0.32 | 384.00 | 0.67 | With 22112 |
G1S2A1R2N1 | 22.60 | 0.34 | 407.35 | 0.26 | With 22121 |
G1S2A1R2N2 | 74.16 | 1.17 | 527.59 | 1.20 | With 22122 |
G1S2A2R1N1 | 22.41 | 0.70 | 399.60 | 1.23 | With 22211 |
G1S2A2R1N2 | 42.39 | 0.28 | 252.25 | 0.62 | With 22212 |
G1S2A2R2N1 | 14.08 | 0.11 | 706.36 | 0.80 | With 22221 |
G1S2A2R2N2 | 115.74 | 0.61 | 207.21 | 0.77 | With 22222 |
G1S3A1R1N1 | 18.81 | 0.21 | 135.69 | 1.06 | |
G1S3A1R1N2 | 14.51 | 0.12 | 295.58 | 0.29 | |
G1S3A1R2N1 | 75.05 | 0.29 | 225.74 | 0.88 | |
G1S3A1R2N2 | 28.07 | 0.38 | 269.76 | 0.55 | |
G1S3A2R1N1 | 35.79 | 0.57 | 967.74 | 0.35 | |
G1S3A2R1N2 | 44.53 | 1.54 | 554.12 | 1.26 | |
G1S3A2R2N1 | 29.66 | 0.72 | 298.05 | 0.30 | |
G1S3A2R2N2 | 34.00 | 0.89 | 269.00 | 0.69 |
Fragility parameters of G1 classification.
Due to the insufficient data, some classifications were combined together in order to obtain reasonable parameters.
Classification | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Median | Std. deviation | Median | Std. deviation | |
G2S1A1R1N1 | 64.40 | 0.21 | 485.00 | 0.28 |
G2S1A1R1N2 | 27.53 | 1.24 | 383.77 | 0.29 |
G2S1A1R2N1 | 33.70 | 0.31 | 1112.62 | 0.10 |
G2S1A1R2N2 | 37.94 | 0.16 | 239.39 | 0.27 |
G2S1A2R1N1 | 44.40 | 1.10 | 290.86 | 0.24 |
G2S1A2R1N2 | 43.91 | 0.16 | 1007.19 | 0.71 |
G2S1A2R2N1 | 32.48 | 0.77 | 320.60 | 0.39 |
G2S1A2R2N2 | 40.58 | 0.45 | 332.07 | 0.22 |
G2S2A1R1N1 | 40.44 | 0.58 | 235.49 | 0.79 |
G2S2A1R1N2 | 72.70 | 0.32 | 384.00 | 0.67 |
G2S2A1R2N1 | 22.60 | 0.34 | 407.35 | 0.26 |
G2S2A1R2N2 | 74.16 | 1.17 | 527.59 | 1.20 |
G2S2A2R1N1 | 22.41 | 0.70 | 399.60 | 1.23 |
G2S2A2R1N2 | 42.39 | 0.28 | 252.25 | 0.62 |
G2S2A2R2N1 | 14.08 | 0.11 | 706.36 | 0.80 |
G2S2A2R2N2 | 115.74 | 0.61 | 207.21 | 0.77 |
G2S3A1R1N1 | 16.70 | 0.13 | 604.42 | 0.53 |
G2S3A1R1N2 | 72.54 | 0.58 | 305.93 | 0.41 |
G2S3A1R2N1 | 21.81 | 1.31 | 387.14 | 0.84 |
G2S3A1R2N2 | 56.01 | 1.07 | 527.88 | 0.69 |
G2S3A2R1N1 | 23.20 | 0.78 | 378.00 | 0.66 |
G2S3A2R1N2 | 14.50 | 0.11 | 151.30 | 0.10 |
G2S3A2R2N1 | 23.76 | 0.66 | 270.92 | 0.28 |
G2S3A2R2N2 | 29.86 | 1.02 | 249.28 | 0.80 |
Fragility parameters of G2 classification.
Examples of fragility curves of Chen-Yu-Lan watershed: (a) G1S3A1R1N1, (b) G2S2A1R1N1, (c) G1S3A1R2N1, and (d) G2S3A1R2N1.
The fragility curves of 48 classification slope units represented the local environmental characteristics of a given area. Instead of directly using 48 set fragility curves, it should be practical to obtain one set of representative fragility curve for a given site or location. To achieve this goal, the weighted fragility curves were introduced and applied to the Shenmu village. The weighted fragility parameters were determined using the following equations:
where
After the weighted calculation, the fragility parameters of Shenmu area are median
The fragility surface and fragility curves of Shenmu area.
The risk of landslide was demonstrated by using the critical values of rainfall hazard and landslide fragility. The concept of landslide warning was adopted in this study, and by combining both
The warning conditions based on landslide fragility (Fc) and rainfall hazard (Hc).
Cases of landslides and debris flows in Shenmu were collected from the disaster notices issued by Soil and Water Conservation Bureau of Taiwan. As shown in Table 11 and Figure 27, a total of seven cases were used to determine the critical values of
Year | Event | Disaster | Village | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
2009 | Typhoon Morakot | Debris flow, flood | Tongfu | 85.5 | 1130 |
2009 | Typhoon Morakot | Debris flow | Wangmei | 85.5 | 1130 |
2009 | Typhoon Morakot | Landslide | Shenmu | 47.5 | 829.5 |
2009 | Typhoon Morakot | Debris flow | Shenmu | 42.5 | 750 |
2009 | Typhoon Morakot | Debris flow | Shenmu | 33.5 | 641 |
2009 | Typhoon Morakot | Landslide | Shenmu | 20 | 476.5 |
2009 | Typhoon Morakot | Debris flow | Shenmu | 38.5 | 877 |
2012 | 0610 Heavy rainfall | Debris flow, flood | Shenmu | 18.5 | 450.6 |
The disaster notices around Shenmu area.
The probability thresholds of rainfall hazard and landslide fragility in Shenmu area: (a) rainfall warning threshold and (b) landslide warning threshold.
The rainfall history of Typhoon Morakot in 2009 and 0601 Heavy Rainfall in 2016 were used to evaluate the landslide risk assessment in Shenmu. Figure 28 shows the results of event, and the dots in the figure represent the rainfall condition (hourly rainfall and cumulative rainfall) and the probability of hazard. It was noted that the dots behaved like a “snake” line going from Safe stage to Red I and Red II stages. Also, the snake line stayed shortly at Red I stage for both events and passed to Red II in a jump. This condition implied that when the situation was beyond the
The change of probability in Shenmu area during (a) Typhoon Morakot (2009) event and (b) 0601 heavy rainfall in 2016 (after [
This study had developed the landslide fragility curve model by using the spatial data and statistical methods. The fragility curves of the study area were derived for all combinations of environmental and triggering factors. The data sets included the geomorphological and vegetation condition factors, based on the landslides at the Chen-Yu-Lan watershed in Taiwan, during Typhoon Sinlaku (September 2008) and Typhoon Morakot (August 2009). This study also proposed landslide risk assessment using rainfall hazard potential and landslide fragility curves and concluded findings as follows:
Overall, the proposed model provides considerably accurate and reliable results on landslide estimations in terms of spatial distribution.
Adoption of slope unit was physically proper in modeling landslide locations.
The classifications of slope unit can be applied to different areas, and the fragility curve of each classification can be used directly.
The procedure of risk assessment was useful for practical landslide disaster preparation and prediction.
The LFC model was developed using two typhoon events. More events and landslide cases are needed to improve the LFC model in the future. Furthermore, the classification of upstream areas based on their environment is suggested for better possible estimation.
The applicability of factors should be considered before developing the model. The concerns about the model factors and the limits of satellite images can be resolved by using different methods to obtain necessary data. For example, the information of LIDAR may be used with the satellite images to provide better description on landslide identification. Therefore, the LFC model could be improved when more factors are available and applicable.
The authors would like to express their gratitude to research assistant Xingping Wang, for helping in collecting all the data relevant to the landslides in the Chen-Yu-Lan watershed. The authors also would like to thank the Soil and Water Conservation Bureau in Taiwan for supporting this research.
IntechOpen implements a robust policy to minimize and deal with instances of fraud or misconduct. As part of our general commitment to transparency and openness, and in order to maintain high scientific standards, we have a well-defined editorial policy regarding Retractions and Corrections.
",metaTitle:"Retraction and Correction Policy",metaDescription:"Retraction and Correction Policy",metaKeywords:null,canonicalURL:"/page/retraction-and-correction-policy",contentRaw:'[{"type":"htmlEditorComponent","content":"IntechOpen’s Retraction and Correction Policy has been developed in accordance with the Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE) publication guidelines relating to scientific misconduct and research ethics:
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\\n"}]'},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'IntechOpen’s Retraction and Correction Policy has been developed in accordance with the Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE) publication guidelines relating to scientific misconduct and research ethics:
\n\n1. RETRACTIONS
\n\nA Retraction of a Chapter will be issued by the Academic Editor, either following an Author’s request to do so or when there is a 3rd party report of scientific misconduct. Upon receipt of a report by a 3rd party, the Academic Editor will investigate any allegations of scientific misconduct, working in cooperation with the Author(s) and their institution(s).
\n\nA formal Retraction will be issued when there is clear and conclusive evidence of any of the following:
\n\nPublishing of a Retraction Notice will adhere to the following guidelines:
\n\n1.2. REMOVALS AND CANCELLATIONS
\n\n2. STATEMENTS OF CONCERN
\n\nA Statement of Concern detailing alleged misconduct will be issued by the Academic Editor or publisher following a 3rd party report of scientific misconduct when:
\n\nIntechOpen believes that the number of occasions on which a Statement of Concern is issued will be very few in number. In all cases when such a decision has been taken by the Academic Editor the decision will be reviewed by another editor to whom the author can make representations.
\n\n3. CORRECTIONS
\n\nA Correction will be issued by the Academic Editor when:
\n\n3.1. ERRATUM
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\n\n3.2. CORRIGENDUM
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For this, the development of human resources should be emphasized and a suitable atmosphere should be prepared for this widespread prosperity.",book:{id:"5819",slug:"research-and-development-evolving-trends-and-practices-towards-human-institutional-and-economic-sectors-growth",title:"Research and Development Evolving Trends and Practices",fullTitle:"Research and Development Evolving Trends and Practices - Towards Human, Institutional and Economic Sectors Growth"},signatures:"Orhan Özçatalbaş",authors:[{id:"170206",title:"Prof.",name:"Dr. Orhan",middleName:null,surname:"Özçatalbaş",slug:"dr.-orhan-ozcatalbas",fullName:"Dr. Orhan Özçatalbaş"}]},{id:"66110",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.84770",title:"Gold Recovery Process from Primary and Secondary Resources Using Bioadsorbents",slug:"gold-recovery-process-from-primary-and-secondary-resources-using-bioadsorbents",totalDownloads:1996,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:3,abstract:"Bioadsorbents were prepared in a simple manner only by treating in boiling concentrated sulfuric acid from various biomass materials such as various polysaccharides, persimmon tannin, cotton, paper and biomass wastes such as orange juice residue and microalgae residue after extracting biofuel. These bioadsorbents exhibited high selectivity only to gold over other metals and extraordinary high loading capacity for gold(III), which were elucidated to be attributable to the selective reduction of gold(III) ion to elemental gold due to its highest oxidation-reduction potential of gold(III) of metal ions, catalyzed by the surface of bioadsorbents prepared in boiling sulfuric acid. By using these biosorbents, recovery of gold from actual samples of printed circuit boards of spent mobile phones and Mongolian gold ore was investigated. Recovery of trace concentration of gold(I) from simulated spent alkaline cyanide solution was also investigated using the bioadsorbent. Application of bioadsorbents to some recovery processes of gold from cyanide solutions was proposed.",book:{id:"8150",slug:"elements-of-bioeconomy",title:"Elements of Bioeconomy",fullTitle:"Elements of Bioeconomy"},signatures:"Katsutoshi Inoue, Durga Parajuli, Manju Gurung, Bimala Pangeni, Kanjana Khunathai, Keisuke Ohto and Hidetaka Kawakita",authors:[{id:"198951",title:"Prof.",name:"Keisuke",middleName:null,surname:"Ohto",slug:"keisuke-ohto",fullName:"Keisuke Ohto"},{id:"259238",title:"Dr.",name:"Hidetaka",middleName:null,surname:"Kawakita",slug:"hidetaka-kawakita",fullName:"Hidetaka Kawakita"},{id:"289372",title:"Dr.",name:"Katsutoshi",middleName:null,surname:"Inoue",slug:"katsutoshi-inoue",fullName:"Katsutoshi Inoue"},{id:"298633",title:"Dr.",name:"Bimala",middleName:null,surname:"Pangeni",slug:"bimala-pangeni",fullName:"Bimala Pangeni"},{id:"298634",title:"Dr.",name:"Manju",middleName:null,surname:"Gurung",slug:"manju-gurung",fullName:"Manju Gurung"},{id:"298635",title:"Dr.",name:"Kanjana",middleName:null,surname:"Khunathai",slug:"kanjana-khunathai",fullName:"Kanjana Khunathai"},{id:"298636",title:"Dr.",name:"Durga",middleName:null,surname:"Parajuli",slug:"durga-parajuli",fullName:"Durga Parajuli"}]},{id:"66428",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.84833",title:"Review of Biofuel Technologies in WtL and WtE",slug:"review-of-biofuel-technologies-in-wtl-and-wte",totalDownloads:1177,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,abstract:"Processing of biomass feedstocks to produce energy, fuels, and chemicals via a combination of different applied technologies is considered a promising pathway to achieve sustainable waste management, with many environmental and economic benefits. In this chapter, we review the current state of the main processes associated with energy recovery and biofuel production under the concept of waste biorefineries. The reviewed technologies are classified into thermochemical, biological, and chemical, including combustion, gasification, steam explosion, pyrolysis, hydrothermal liquefaction, and torrefaction; anaerobic digestion, fermentation, enzymatic treatment, and microbial electrolysis; and hydrolysis, solvent extraction, transesterification, and supercritical conversion. Their brief history, current status, and future developments are discussed within a perspective of valorization and managing of current waste streams with no solution.",book:{id:"8150",slug:"elements-of-bioeconomy",title:"Elements of Bioeconomy",fullTitle:"Elements of Bioeconomy"},signatures:"Bruno B. Garcia, Gonçalo Lourinho, Paulo Brito and Pedro Romano",authors:[{id:"261653",title:"Prof.",name:"Paulo",middleName:null,surname:"Brito",slug:"paulo-brito",fullName:"Paulo Brito"},{id:"261654",title:"Prof.",name:"Pedro",middleName:null,surname:"Romano",slug:"pedro-romano",fullName:"Pedro Romano"},{id:"291751",title:"B.Sc.",name:"Bruno B.",middleName:"B",surname:"Garcia",slug:"bruno-b.-garcia",fullName:"Bruno B. Garcia"},{id:"291752",title:"MSc.",name:"Gonçalo",middleName:null,surname:"Lourinho",slug:"goncalo-lourinho",fullName:"Gonçalo Lourinho"}]},{id:"55744",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.69369",title:"Smart Microgrids: Optimizing Local Resources toward Increased Efficiency and a More Sustainable Growth",slug:"smart-microgrids-optimizing-local-resources-toward-increased-efficiency-and-a-more-sustainable-growt",totalDownloads:1306,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,abstract:"Smart microgrids are a possibility to reduce complexity by performing local optimization of power production, consumption and storage. We do not envision smart microgrids to be island solutions but rather to be integrated into a larger network of microgrids that form the future energy grid. Operating and controlling a smart microgrid involves optimization for using locally generated energy and to provide feedback to the user when and how to use devices. This chapter shows how these issues can be addressed starting with measuring and modeling energy consumption patterns by collecting an energy consumption dataset at device level. The open dataset allows to extract typical usage patterns and subsequently to model test scenarios for energy management algorithms. Section 3 discusses means for analyzing measured data and for providing detailed feedback about energy consumption to increase customers’ energy awareness. Section 4 shows how renewable energy sources can be integrated in a smart microgrid and how energy production can be accurately predicted. Section 5 introduces a self-organizing local energy system that autonomously coordinates production and consumption via an agent-based energy auction system. The final section discusses how the proposed methods contribute to sustainable growth and gives an outlook to future research.",book:{id:"5819",slug:"research-and-development-evolving-trends-and-practices-towards-human-institutional-and-economic-sectors-growth",title:"Research and Development Evolving Trends and Practices",fullTitle:"Research and Development Evolving Trends and Practices - Towards Human, Institutional and Economic Sectors Growth"},signatures:"Wilfried Elmenreich, Tamer Khatib and Andrea Monacchi",authors:[{id:"163771",title:"Dr.",name:"Wilfried",middleName:null,surname:"Elmenreich",slug:"wilfried-elmenreich",fullName:"Wilfried Elmenreich"},{id:"197214",title:"Dr.",name:"Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Monacchi",slug:"andrea-monacchi",fullName:"Andrea Monacchi"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"66110",title:"Gold Recovery Process from Primary and Secondary Resources Using Bioadsorbents",slug:"gold-recovery-process-from-primary-and-secondary-resources-using-bioadsorbents",totalDownloads:1996,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:3,abstract:"Bioadsorbents were prepared in a simple manner only by treating in boiling concentrated sulfuric acid from various biomass materials such as various polysaccharides, persimmon tannin, cotton, paper and biomass wastes such as orange juice residue and microalgae residue after extracting biofuel. These bioadsorbents exhibited high selectivity only to gold over other metals and extraordinary high loading capacity for gold(III), which were elucidated to be attributable to the selective reduction of gold(III) ion to elemental gold due to its highest oxidation-reduction potential of gold(III) of metal ions, catalyzed by the surface of bioadsorbents prepared in boiling sulfuric acid. By using these biosorbents, recovery of gold from actual samples of printed circuit boards of spent mobile phones and Mongolian gold ore was investigated. Recovery of trace concentration of gold(I) from simulated spent alkaline cyanide solution was also investigated using the bioadsorbent. Application of bioadsorbents to some recovery processes of gold from cyanide solutions was proposed.",book:{id:"8150",slug:"elements-of-bioeconomy",title:"Elements of Bioeconomy",fullTitle:"Elements of Bioeconomy"},signatures:"Katsutoshi Inoue, Durga Parajuli, Manju Gurung, Bimala Pangeni, Kanjana Khunathai, Keisuke Ohto and Hidetaka Kawakita",authors:[{id:"198951",title:"Prof.",name:"Keisuke",middleName:null,surname:"Ohto",slug:"keisuke-ohto",fullName:"Keisuke Ohto"},{id:"259238",title:"Dr.",name:"Hidetaka",middleName:null,surname:"Kawakita",slug:"hidetaka-kawakita",fullName:"Hidetaka Kawakita"},{id:"289372",title:"Dr.",name:"Katsutoshi",middleName:null,surname:"Inoue",slug:"katsutoshi-inoue",fullName:"Katsutoshi Inoue"},{id:"298633",title:"Dr.",name:"Bimala",middleName:null,surname:"Pangeni",slug:"bimala-pangeni",fullName:"Bimala Pangeni"},{id:"298634",title:"Dr.",name:"Manju",middleName:null,surname:"Gurung",slug:"manju-gurung",fullName:"Manju Gurung"},{id:"298635",title:"Dr.",name:"Kanjana",middleName:null,surname:"Khunathai",slug:"kanjana-khunathai",fullName:"Kanjana Khunathai"},{id:"298636",title:"Dr.",name:"Durga",middleName:null,surname:"Parajuli",slug:"durga-parajuli",fullName:"Durga Parajuli"}]},{id:"56708",title:"Human Development and Research-Development-Extension Relationships",slug:"human-development-and-research-development-extension-relationships",totalDownloads:1733,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:5,abstract:"Human capital is the most important strategic factor for development; as new technologies emerge, the market demand for better and healthier products and consumer demand in terms of quality and delivery time are changing. In today’s world, it becomes increasingly important to know how information can be accessed, how it is adopted, and how it can be assimilated. In this respect, each country allocates budget for training, education, and extension according to its own conditions. This budget may be intended for rural community-based social assistance, but the economic and welfare effect is essential. In this way, it is aimed to increase the living standards of the families living in the rural areas. This will naturally contribute to national income and to the prosperity of society. The subject has been discussed generally in the world, especially in the case of Turkey. According to this, all over the world, particularly in developing countries, research and extension (R&E) is very important and should be considered at least as much as research and development (R&D). However, it will be ensured that societies meet with the technology produced. For this, the development of human resources should be emphasized and a suitable atmosphere should be prepared for this widespread prosperity.",book:{id:"5819",slug:"research-and-development-evolving-trends-and-practices-towards-human-institutional-and-economic-sectors-growth",title:"Research and Development Evolving Trends and Practices",fullTitle:"Research and Development Evolving Trends and Practices - Towards Human, Institutional and Economic Sectors Growth"},signatures:"Orhan Özçatalbaş",authors:[{id:"170206",title:"Prof.",name:"Dr. Orhan",middleName:null,surname:"Özçatalbaş",slug:"dr.-orhan-ozcatalbas",fullName:"Dr. Orhan Özçatalbaş"}]},{id:"68851",title:"Introductory Chapter: Objectives and Scope of Bioeconomy",slug:"introductory-chapter-objectives-and-scope-of-bioeconomy",totalDownloads:970,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:null,book:{id:"8150",slug:"elements-of-bioeconomy",title:"Elements of Bioeconomy",fullTitle:"Elements of Bioeconomy"},signatures:"Krzysztof Biernat",authors:[{id:"155009",title:"Prof.",name:"Krzysztof",middleName:null,surname:"Biernat",slug:"krzysztof-biernat",fullName:"Krzysztof Biernat"}]},{id:"68007",title:"Overview of the Process of Enzymatic Transformation of Biomass",slug:"overview-of-the-process-of-enzymatic-transformation-of-biomass",totalDownloads:1378,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:5,abstract:"Cellulase is an enzyme which depolymerizes the cellulose into glucose. Cellulases are produced by a diverse array of microbes including fungi, bacteria, yeast and actinomycetes. Considerable research for understanding the mechanism of cellulases began in early 1950s because of the significant use of these enzymes in various industries. This review provides a general account structure and availability of lignocellulosic biomass, pretreatment strategies for effective digestion, cellulase producing organisms, cellulase activity assay, and enzymology of cellulose degradation. Cellulase production, optimization, purification and characterization studies in addition to the industrial application of cellulase have also been discussed. At last a brief account of present market scenario of cellulases and future prospects of the study are also taken into account.",book:{id:"8150",slug:"elements-of-bioeconomy",title:"Elements of Bioeconomy",fullTitle:"Elements of Bioeconomy"},signatures:"Namita Singh, Anita Devi, Manju Bala Bishnoi, Rajneesh Jaryal, Avni Dahiya, Oleksandr Tashyrev and Vira Hovorukha",authors:[{id:"278205",title:"Prof.",name:"Namita",middleName:null,surname:"Singh",slug:"namita-singh",fullName:"Namita Singh"},{id:"282352",title:"Dr.",name:"Anita",middleName:null,surname:"Devi",slug:"anita-devi",fullName:"Anita Devi"},{id:"282353",title:"MSc.",name:"Avni",middleName:null,surname:"Dahiya",slug:"avni-dahiya",fullName:"Avni Dahiya"},{id:"282354",title:"MSc.",name:"Manju Bala",middleName:null,surname:"Bishnoi",slug:"manju-bala-bishnoi",fullName:"Manju Bala Bishnoi"},{id:"282355",title:"Dr.",name:"Oleksandr",middleName:null,surname:"Tashyrev",slug:"oleksandr-tashyrev",fullName:"Oleksandr Tashyrev"},{id:"282356",title:"Dr.",name:"Rajneesh",middleName:null,surname:"Jaryal",slug:"rajneesh-jaryal",fullName:"Rajneesh Jaryal"},{id:"282939",title:"Dr.",name:"Vira",middleName:null,surname:"Hovorukha",slug:"vira-hovorukha",fullName:"Vira Hovorukha"}]},{id:"67691",title:"The Use of Waste Management Techniques to Enhance Household Income and Reduce Urban Water Pollution",slug:"the-use-of-waste-management-techniques-to-enhance-household-income-and-reduce-urban-water-pollution",totalDownloads:1013,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,abstract:"Appropriate waste management options are major concerns in the developing world. Current methods include incineration in the open and accumulation of wastes in designated places where they constitute nuisance to the environment. Apart from air pollution from the incinerators, leachates from decomposed wastes are either washed off where they serve as source of pollutants to the adjourning streams and rivers or contaminate groundwater through deep percolation. We present viable options for managing agricultural wastes in this chapter. The options presented are so simple and sustainable such that it can be managed by individuals. Hence, they are independent of the government bureaucratic bottlenecks that have been the bane of the previous government interventions. If embraced, it will also serve as sources of income for the concerned household, hence enhance their livelihood.",book:{id:"8150",slug:"elements-of-bioeconomy",title:"Elements of Bioeconomy",fullTitle:"Elements of Bioeconomy"},signatures:"Olayiwola A. Akintola, Olufunmilayo O. Idowu, Suraju A. Lateef, Gbenga A. Adebayo, Adekemi O. Shokalu and Omolara I. Akinyoola",authors:[{id:"293178",title:"Dr.",name:"Olayiwola A.",middleName:null,surname:"Akintola",slug:"olayiwola-a.-akintola",fullName:"Olayiwola A. Akintola"},{id:"297217",title:"Dr.",name:"Olufunmilayo O.",middleName:null,surname:"Idowu",slug:"olufunmilayo-o.-idowu",fullName:"Olufunmilayo O. Idowu"},{id:"297218",title:"Dr.",name:"Suraju A.",middleName:null,surname:"Lateef",slug:"suraju-a.-lateef",fullName:"Suraju A. Lateef"},{id:"297219",title:"Dr.",name:"Gbenga A.",middleName:null,surname:"Adebayo",slug:"gbenga-a.-adebayo",fullName:"Gbenga A. Adebayo"},{id:"297221",title:"Dr.",name:"Adekemi O.",middleName:null,surname:"Shokalu",slug:"adekemi-o.-shokalu",fullName:"Adekemi O. Shokalu"},{id:"297222",title:"Mrs.",name:"Omolara I.",middleName:null,surname:"Akinyoola",slug:"omolara-i.-akinyoola",fullName:"Omolara I. Akinyoola"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"455",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:0},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:8,limit:8,total:0},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:87,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:99,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:27,numberOfPublishedChapters:289,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:9,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:139,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:8,numberOfPublishedChapters:129,numberOfOpenTopics:0,numberOfUpcomingTopics:2,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!1},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:108,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:104,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:12,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:0,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!1},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:12,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"6",text:"It is great to work with the IntechOpen to produce a worthwhile collection of research that also becomes a great educational resource and guide for future research endeavors.",author:{id:"259298",name:"Edward",surname:"Narayan",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",slug:"edward-narayan",institution:{id:"3",name:"University of Queensland",country:{id:null,name:"Australia"}}}},{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. The whole process of submitting an article and editing of the submitted article goes extremely smooth and fast, the number of reads and downloads of chapters is high, and the contributions are also frequently cited.",author:{id:"55578",name:"Antonio",surname:"Jurado-Navas",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRisIQAS/Profile_Picture_1626166543950",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",institution:{id:"720",name:"University of Malaga",country:{id:null,name:"Spain"}}}}]},series:{item:{id:"10",title:"Physiology",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",issn:"2631-8261",scope:"Modern physiology requires a comprehensive understanding of the integration of tissues and organs throughout the mammalian body, including the cooperation between structure and function at the cellular and molecular levels governed by gene and protein expression. While a daunting task, learning is facilitated by identifying common and effective signaling pathways mediated by a variety of factors employed by nature to preserve and sustain homeostatic life. \r\nAs a leading example, the cellular interaction between intracellular concentration of Ca+2 increases, and changes in plasma membrane potential is integral for coordinating blood flow, governing the exocytosis of neurotransmitters, and modulating gene expression and cell effector secretory functions. Furthermore, in this manner, understanding the systemic interaction between the cardiovascular and nervous systems has become more important than ever as human populations' life prolongation, aging and mechanisms of cellular oxidative signaling are utilised for sustaining life. \r\nAltogether, physiological research enables our identification of distinct and precise points of transition from health to the development of multimorbidity throughout the inevitable aging disorders (e.g., diabetes, hypertension, chronic kidney disease, heart failure, peptic ulcer, inflammatory bowel disease, age-related macular degeneration, cancer). With consideration of all organ systems (e.g., brain, heart, lung, gut, skeletal and smooth muscle, liver, pancreas, kidney, eye) and the interactions thereof, this Physiology Series will address the goals of resolving (1) Aging physiology and chronic disease progression (2) Examination of key cellular pathways as they relate to calcium, oxidative stress, and electrical signaling, and (3) how changes in plasma membrane produced by lipid peroxidation products can affect aging physiology, covering new research in the area of cell, human, plant and animal physiology.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/10.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"May 14th, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfPublishedBooks:11,editor:{id:"35854",title:"Prof.",name:"Tomasz",middleName:null,surname:"Brzozowski",slug:"tomasz-brzozowski",fullName:"Tomasz Brzozowski",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/35854/images/system/35854.jpg",biography:"Prof. Dr. Thomas Brzozowski works as a professor of Human Physiology and is currently Chairman at the Department of Physiology and is V-Dean of the Medical Faculty at Jagiellonian University Medical College, Cracow, Poland. His primary area of interest is physiology and pathophysiology of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, with the major focus on the mechanism of GI mucosal defense, protection, and ulcer healing. He was a postdoctoral NIH fellow at the University of California and the Gastroenterology VA Medical Center, Irvine, Long Beach, CA, USA, and at the Gastroenterology Clinics Erlangen-Nuremberg and Munster in Germany. He has published 290 original articles in some of the most prestigious scientific journals and seven book chapters on the pathophysiology of the GI tract, gastroprotection, ulcer healing, drug therapy of peptic ulcers, hormonal regulation of the gut, and inflammatory bowel disease.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Jagiellonian University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Poland"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},subseries:{paginationCount:4,paginationItems:[{id:"10",title:"Animal Physiology",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/10.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,annualVolume:11406,editor:{id:"202192",title:"Dr.",name:"Catrin",middleName:null,surname:"Rutland",slug:"catrin-rutland",fullName:"Catrin Rutland",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/202192/images/system/202192.png",biography:"Catrin Rutland is an Associate Professor of Anatomy and Developmental Genetics at the University of Nottingham, UK. She obtained a BSc from the University of Derby, England, a master’s degree from Technische Universität München, Germany, and a Ph.D. from the University of Nottingham. She undertook a post-doctoral research fellowship in the School of Medicine before accepting tenure in Veterinary Medicine and Science. Dr. Rutland also obtained an MMedSci (Medical Education) and a Postgraduate Certificate in Higher Education (PGCHE). She is the author of more than sixty peer-reviewed journal articles, twelve books/book chapters, and more than 100 research abstracts in cardiovascular biology and oncology. She is a board member of the European Association of Veterinary Anatomists, Fellow of the Anatomical Society, and Senior Fellow of the Higher Education Academy. Dr. Rutland has also written popular science books for the public. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2009-4898. www.nottingham.ac.uk/vet/people/catrin.rutland",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Nottingham",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"11",title:"Cell Physiology",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/11.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,annualVolume:11407,editor:{id:"133493",title:"Prof.",name:"Angel",middleName:null,surname:"Catala",slug:"angel-catala",fullName:"Angel Catala",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/133493/images/3091_n.jpg",biography:"Prof. Dr. Angel Catalá \r\nShort Biography Angel Catalá was born in Rodeo (San Juan, Argentina). He studied \r\nchemistry at the Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Argentina, where received aPh.D. degree in chemistry (Biological Branch) in 1965. From\r\n1964 to 1974, he worked as Assistant in Biochemistry at the School of MedicineUniversidad Nacional de La Plata, Argentina. From 1974 to 1976, he was a Fellowof the National Institutes of Health (NIH) at the University of Connecticut, Health Center, USA. From 1985 to 2004, he served as a Full Professor oBiochemistry at the Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Argentina. He is Member ofthe National Research Council (CONICET), Argentina, and Argentine Society foBiochemistry and Molecular Biology (SAIB). His laboratory has been interested for manyears in the lipid peroxidation of biological membranes from various tissues and different species. Professor Catalá has directed twelve doctoral theses, publishedover 100 papers in peer reviewed journals, several chapters in books andtwelve edited books. Angel Catalá received awards at the 40th InternationaConference Biochemistry of Lipids 1999: Dijon (France). W inner of the Bimbo PanAmerican Nutrition, Food Science and Technology Award 2006 and 2012, South AmericaHuman Nutrition, Professional Category. 2006 award in pharmacology, Bernardo\r\nHoussay, in recognition of his meritorious works of research. Angel Catalá belongto the Editorial Board of Journal of lipids, International Review of Biophysical ChemistryFrontiers in Membrane Physiology and Biophysics, World Journal oExperimental Medicine and Biochemistry Research International, W orld Journal oBiological Chemistry, Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity, Diabetes and thePancreas, International Journal of Chronic Diseases & Therapy, International Journal oNutrition, Co-Editor of The Open Biology Journal.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"National University of La Plata",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Argentina"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"12",title:"Human Physiology",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/12.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,annualVolume:11408,editor:{id:"195829",title:"Prof.",name:"Kunihiro",middleName:null,surname:"Sakuma",slug:"kunihiro-sakuma",fullName:"Kunihiro Sakuma",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/195829/images/system/195829.jpg",biography:"Professor Kunihiro Sakuma, Ph.D., currently works in the Institute for Liberal Arts at the Tokyo Institute of Technology. He is a physiologist working in the field of skeletal muscle. He was awarded his sports science diploma in 1995 by the University of Tsukuba and began his scientific work at the Department of Physiology, Aichi Human Service Center, focusing on the molecular mechanism of congenital muscular dystrophy and normal muscle regeneration. His interest later turned to the molecular mechanism and attenuating strategy of sarcopenia (age-related muscle atrophy). 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