\\n\\n
More than half of the publishers listed alongside IntechOpen (18 out of 30) are Social Science and Humanities publishers. IntechOpen is an exception to this as a leader in not only Open Access content but Open Access content across all scientific disciplines, including Physical Sciences, Engineering and Technology, Health Sciences, Life Science, and Social Sciences and Humanities.
\\n\\nOur breakdown of titles published demonstrates this with 47% PET, 31% HS, 18% LS, and 4% SSH books published.
\\n\\n“Even though ItechOpen has shown the potential of sci-tech books using an OA approach,” other publishers “have shown little interest in OA books.”
\\n\\nAdditionally, each book published by IntechOpen contains original content and research findings.
\\n\\nWe are honored to be among such prestigious publishers and we hope to continue to spearhead that growth in our quest to promote Open Access as a true pioneer in OA book publishing.
\\n\\n\\n\\n
\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:{caption:"IntechOpen Maintains",originalUrl:"/media/original/113"}},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'
Simba Information has released its Open Access Book Publishing 2020 - 2024 report and has again identified IntechOpen as the world’s largest Open Access book publisher by title count.
\n\nSimba Information is a leading provider for market intelligence and forecasts in the media and publishing industry. The report, published every year, provides an overview and financial outlook for the global professional e-book publishing market.
\n\nIntechOpen, De Gruyter, and Frontiers are the largest OA book publishers by title count, with IntechOpen coming in at first place with 5,101 OA books published, a good 1,782 titles ahead of the nearest competitor.
\n\nSince the first Open Access Book Publishing report published in 2016, IntechOpen has held the top stop each year.
\n\n\n\nMore than half of the publishers listed alongside IntechOpen (18 out of 30) are Social Science and Humanities publishers. IntechOpen is an exception to this as a leader in not only Open Access content but Open Access content across all scientific disciplines, including Physical Sciences, Engineering and Technology, Health Sciences, Life Science, and Social Sciences and Humanities.
\n\nOur breakdown of titles published demonstrates this with 47% PET, 31% HS, 18% LS, and 4% SSH books published.
\n\n“Even though ItechOpen has shown the potential of sci-tech books using an OA approach,” other publishers “have shown little interest in OA books.”
\n\nAdditionally, each book published by IntechOpen contains original content and research findings.
\n\nWe are honored to be among such prestigious publishers and we hope to continue to spearhead that growth in our quest to promote Open Access as a true pioneer in OA book publishing.
\n\n\n\n
\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"intechopen-supports-asapbio-s-new-initiative-publish-your-reviews-20220729",title:"IntechOpen Supports ASAPbio’s New Initiative Publish Your Reviews"},{slug:"webinar-introduction-to-open-science-wednesday-18-may-1-pm-cest-20220518",title:"Webinar: Introduction to Open Science | Wednesday 18 May, 1 PM CEST"},{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"11332",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Essential Oils - Advances in Extractions and Biological Applications",title:"Essential Oils",subtitle:"Advances in Extractions and Biological Applications",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"Over the years, natural products such as essential oils have been gaining more and more prominence due to their perceived health benefits. Plants rich in essential oils represent a viable source of biomolecules for use in the most varied human activities, such as agricultural, cosmetic, and pharmaceutical applications. Essential oils are natural volatile fractions extracted from aromatic plants that are formed by classes of substances such as fatty acid esters, mono and sesquiterpenes, phenylpropanoids, and aldehyde alcohols, and in some cases, aliphatic hydrocarbons, among others. In this context, this book includes twelve chapters that present new information on the extraction and application of essential oils in various industrial segments. It is divided into three sections that discuss the general concepts of essential oils and techniques for their extraction, topics in food science and technology, and essential oils and their pharmacological properties in various activities and applications.",isbn:"978-1-80355-754-0",printIsbn:"978-1-80355-753-3",pdfIsbn:"978-1-80355-755-7",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.98130",price:119,priceEur:129,priceUsd:155,slug:"essential-oils-advances-in-extractions-and-biological-applications",numberOfPages:228,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:null,isInBkci:!1,hash:"742e6cae3a35686f975edc8d7f9afa94",bookSignature:"Mozaniel Santana de Oliveira and Eloisa Helena de Aguiar Andrade",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11332.jpg",numberOfDownloads:808,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:1,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:0,numberOfDimensionsCitations:1,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:0,hasAltmetrics:0,numberOfTotalCitations:2,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"October 19th 2021",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"November 16th 2021",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"January 15th 2022",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"April 5th 2022",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"June 4th 2022",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6,7",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"195290",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Mozaniel",middleName:null,surname:"Santana De Oliveira",slug:"mozaniel-santana-de-oliveira",fullName:"Mozaniel Santana De Oliveira",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/195290/images/system/195290.png",biography:"Mozaniel Santana de Oliveira graduated in Chemistry from the Federal University of Pará, Brazil. He obtained both a master’s and Ph.D. in Food Science and Technology from the same university. He has 12 years of professional experience. From 2010 to 2014, he worked on the chemistry of natural products at the Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária (Embrapa), and from 2014 to 2018, he worked in the Postgraduate Program in Food Science and Technology at the Federal University of Pará, specifically with essential oils. Since 2020, he has been a researcher for the Institutional Training Program - PCI, at the institution Museu Paraense Emilio Goeldi, linked to the Ministério da Ciência, Tecnologia e Inovações of Brazil (MCTI), with studies focused on extraction, characterization chemistry, and applications of essential oils in several industrial segments, among them the food industry. Specifically, Dr. Oliveira has experience in engineering, food science and technology, pharmacology and drug discovery, medicinal chemistry, ethnopharmacology and ethnobotany, phytochemistry, methods of extraction of bioactive compounds, biotechnology of natural products, and allelopathy to find new natural herbicides to control invasive plants. He also has experience in the area of essential oil extraction using supercritical technology and conventional methods. Since 2020, he has supervised and co-supervised master’s and Ph.D. students in several graduate programs. Dr. Oliveira serves as a reviewer for thirty-one international scientific journals and is the academic editor of the journals Evidence-based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, Journal of Food Quality, Molecules, and Open Chemistry.",institutionString:"Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"6",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"2",institution:{name:"Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:{id:"314369",title:"Dr.",name:"Eloisa",middleName:null,surname:"Helena De Aguiar Andrade",slug:"eloisa-helena-de-aguiar-andrade",fullName:"Eloisa Helena De Aguiar Andrade",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/314369/images/system/314369.jpg",biography:"Eloisa Helena de Aguiar Andrade holds a degree in Pharmacy (1980), a qualification in Biochemistry (1982), a master\\'s degree in Chemistry of Natural Products (1992), and a Ph.D. in Chemistry (2008) from the Federal University of Pará, Brazil. For. She is currently Associate Researcher II at the Botany Coordination of the Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi and Adjunct Professor III at the Faculty of Chemistry at the Federal University of Pará. Professor of the Graduate Programs in Chemistry, UFPA, PPG- in Biological C. - Tropical Botany, UFRA/MPEG and Graduate in Biodiversity Biotechnology - Bionorte Network. She is the coordinator of the Pole of the State of Pará, Graduate Program in Biodiversity and Biotechnology (PPG-BIONORTE/PA) of the Bionorte Network (2016-2020). Dr. Andrade is the author of more than 500 scientific contributions, including articles, event communications, book chapters, and books. She has experience in the field of chemistry, with an emphasis on the chemistry of natural products, working mainly on gas chromatography and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry in volatile and fixed chemical constituents (derivatized).",institutionString:"Federal University of Para",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"Federal University of Para",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}},coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"500",title:"Phytochemistry",slug:"organic-chemistry-phytochemistry"}],chapters:[{id:"80761",title:"Extractions Methods and Biological Applications of Essential Oils",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.102955",slug:"extractions-methods-and-biological-applications-of-essential-oils",totalDownloads:48,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Plants produce secondary metabolites for defense and based on the biosynthetic pathway, these chemical compounds are broadly divided into three categories namely nitrogen-containing compounds, phenolic compounds, and terpenes. Essential oils and other such compounds are known for their biological activities. The extraction of essential oils is a challenging aspect for researchers in the field of natural products. Hydrodistillation is a time-consuming and very tedious method. Nowadays, accelerated solvent extraction, supercritical fluid extraction, subcritical water extraction, microwave hydrodiffusion are promising alternatives for conventional methods with several advantages. Essential oils have several biological activities in the field of pharmacological, ethnopharmacological, pesticidal, etc.",signatures:"Sonu Kumar Mahawer, Himani, Sushila Arya, Ravendra Kumar and Om Prakash",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/80761",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/80761",authors:[{id:"286069",title:"Prof.",name:"Om",surname:"Prakash",slug:"om-prakash",fullName:"Om Prakash"},{id:"324055",title:"Dr.",name:"Sonu Kumar",surname:"Mahawer",slug:"sonu-kumar-mahawer",fullName:"Sonu Kumar Mahawer"},{id:"351760",title:"Dr.",name:"Ravendra",surname:"Kumar",slug:"ravendra-kumar",fullName:"Ravendra Kumar"},{id:"439443",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Himani",surname:"Himani",slug:"himani-himani",fullName:"Himani Himani"},{id:"448272",title:"Ms.",name:"Sushila",surname:"Arya",slug:"sushila-arya",fullName:"Sushila Arya"}],corrections:null},{id:"81545",title:"Physiochemical Properties of Essential Oils and Applications",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104112",slug:"physiochemical-properties-of-essential-oils-and-applications",totalDownloads:63,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Essential oils have received increasing interest due to the high potential of their novel properties, i.e. antibacterial, antifungal and antioxidant activities. Essential oils are obtained from various parts of aromatic cultures, i.e. roots, leaves, seeds, bark, fruits, flowers, stems, etc. by various oil production methods, i.e. field distillation unit (FDU), steam distillation, water and steam distillation & several advanced (supercritical fluid extraction). Therefore, it is necessary to understand the characterization of the essential oils. This study reports on the method of determination of physiochemical properties with the test parameters, i.e. odor, color, optical rotation, solubility, refractive index, specific gravity, acid value, ester value, and ester value after acetylation. There is also discussion about instruments such as gas chromatography-mass spectrometry due to one of the best tools for identifying and quantifying the constituents of essential oils as its simplicity, rapidity, accuracy, and efficiency.",signatures:"Sunil Kumar Yadav",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/81545",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/81545",authors:[{id:"443537",title:"Dr.",name:"Sunil",surname:"Kumar Yadav",slug:"sunil-kumar-yadav",fullName:"Sunil Kumar Yadav"}],corrections:null},{id:"80600",title:"Essential Oil as Green Preservative Obtained by Ecofriendly Extraction Techniques",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.103035",slug:"essential-oil-as-green-preservative-obtained-by-ecofriendly-extraction-techniques",totalDownloads:100,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Essential oils are formed by a complex matrix of substances that are biosynthesized in the secondary metabolism of plants. Nowadays, different ecofriendly extraction techniques (e.g., ultrasound-, microwave-, enzyme-assisted extraction, and supercritical fluid by CO2, etc.) have been adopted to obtain essential oils. These techniques provide unique quality of essentials oils or extracts from aromatic plants in a short time with high energy savings. Essential oils not only impart aroma, but also possess antimicrobial and antioxidant activities. Health limitations in the use of synthetic additives have drawn researchers’ attention towards essential oils as safe natural preservatives. Therefore, this chapter summarizes novel technologies to recover essential oils or extracts. In addition, it focuses on application of essential oils and their constituents as green preservatives to retard microbial growth and oxidative spoilage.",signatures:"Nashwa Fathy Sayed Morsy",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/80600",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/80600",authors:[{id:"193168",title:"Prof.",name:"Nashwa",surname:"Fathy Sayed Morsy",slug:"nashwa-fathy-sayed-morsy",fullName:"Nashwa Fathy Sayed Morsy"}],corrections:null},{id:"80654",title:"Essential Oils as Antimicrobial and Food Preservatives",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.103000",slug:"essential-oils-as-antimicrobial-and-food-preservatives",totalDownloads:33,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Essential oils (EOs) are secondary metabolites produced by aromatic and medicinal plants. These oils have a wide range of applications in the culinary, perfume, antimicrobial and food industries. Because of several reported side effects of synthetic oils, the use of essential oils as antimicrobials and food preservatives is a source of concern. For cereals, grains, pulses, fruits, and vegetables, essential oils have the potential to be employed as a food preservative. When compared to synthetic compounds, EOs derived from safe natural sources and are effective for human health. This chapter will shed light on some medicinal plants that are rich in essential oils, as well as their antimicrobial properties. Because essential oils are rich in a number of active ingredients [e.g., terpenes, terpenoids, carotenoids, coumarins, curcumins] that are important in food industry, they have strong antimicrobial and food preservation. As a result of the diverse properties of essential oils, they can be used in a natural, safe, eco-friendly, cost-effective and renewable manner. Examples of some foodborne diseases will also be highlighted.",signatures:"Mamdouh S. Serag, Reham A. Elfayoumy and Marwa T. Mohesien",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/80654",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/80654",authors:[{id:"443044",title:"Prof.",name:"Mamdouh S.",surname:"Serag",slug:"mamdouh-s.-serag",fullName:"Mamdouh S. Serag"},{id:"443045",title:"Dr.",name:"Reham A.",surname:"Elfayoumy",slug:"reham-a.-elfayoumy",fullName:"Reham A. Elfayoumy"},{id:"452235",title:"Dr.",name:"Marwa",surname:"T. Mohesien",slug:"marwa-t.-mohesien",fullName:"Marwa T. Mohesien"}],corrections:null},{id:"81067",title:"Encapsulation of Essential Oils and Their Use in Food Applications",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.103147",slug:"encapsulation-of-essential-oils-and-their-use-in-food-applications",totalDownloads:94,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Due to the modern lifestyle and consumers’ interests, demands toward healthy foods and nutraceuticals were increased, among them essential oils (EOs) characterized by different biological activities. However, the use of EOs in foods and pharmaceuticals may be limited due to the hydrophobicity nature in addition to the instability and cause of degradation upon exposure to environmental conditions, e.g., oxygen, temperature, and light. Therefore, encapsulation in various colloidal systems such as microcapsules, nanospheres, nanoemulsions, liposomes, and molecular inclusion complexes, seem to be the solution for such issues. New trends in food packaging have also been focused on exploiting capsulated bioactive EOs constituents for extending foods’ shelf life due to their potent antimicrobial agents and the great activity against pathological bacteria. Micro and nanoencapsulation of EOs may affect their biological activities based on the technique used. In the current chapter, different subjects have been discussed, like techniques used for the encapsulation of EOs, potential applications in food, and their behaviors/trends after encapsulation.",signatures:"Hamdy A. Shaaban and Amr Farouk",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/81067",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/81067",authors:[{id:"238275",title:"Prof.",name:"Amr",surname:"Farouk",slug:"amr-farouk",fullName:"Amr Farouk"},{id:"314303",title:"Prof.",name:"Hamdy A.",surname:"Shaaban",slug:"hamdy-a.-shaaban",fullName:"Hamdy A. Shaaban"}],corrections:null},{id:"80959",title:"Biological Application of Essential Oils and Essential Oils Components in Terms of Antioxidant Activity and Inhibition of Cholinesterase Enzymes",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.102874",slug:"biological-application-of-essential-oils-and-essential-oils-components-in-terms-of-antioxidant-activ",totalDownloads:78,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"This chapter will be described oxidative stress related to modern age illness as well as biological activity of essential oils and essential oil components in terms of their antioxidant activity. The importance of essential oils and their constituents in terms of protecting lipids and proteins from oxidation will also be explained. Alzheimer’s disease as a disease related to oxidative stress and strategies in their treatment by using essential oil components as cholinesterase inhibitors will also be described. As case studies will be pointed out medicinal plants, endemic Saturejasubspicata L., and widely used Menthapulegium L. growing in Bosnia and Herzegovina.",signatures:"Mejra Bektašević and Olivera Politeo",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/80959",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/80959",authors:[{id:"284827",title:"Dr.",name:"Olivera",surname:"Politeo",slug:"olivera-politeo",fullName:"Olivera Politeo"},{id:"443304",title:"Assistant Prof.",name:"Mejra",surname:"Bektašević",slug:"mejra-bektasevic",fullName:"Mejra Bektašević"}],corrections:null},{id:"80122",title:"Pharmaceutical and Therapeutic Potentials of Essential Oils",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.102037",slug:"pharmaceutical-and-therapeutic-potentials-of-essential-oils",totalDownloads:167,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"It is a common perspective that medicinal plants have played and continue to perform an undeniably major role in the lives of people worldwide. Essential oils are the key constituents of medicinal herbs and their biological activities have been discovered since ancient times and are enormously utilised in multiple industries. The essential oils possess important biological properties like antibacterial, antioxidant, antiviral, insecticidal, etc. Because of these unique features they are more acceptable and are utilised in various fields throughout the world. In the cosmetics industry they play an important role in the development of perfumes while in the food industry they have been used as food preservatives. Essential oil components are interestingly utilised for pharmaceutical applications. The most investigated properties are antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, wound-healing, anxiolytic activities etc. The current thrust area is evaluation for aromatherapy and anti-cancer, as it is noted that essential oils reported in plants may prevent, inhibit, or even reverse formation of cancerous cells. The aim of this chapter is to provide a concise and comprehensive overview on the therapeutic and pharmaceutical potential of essential oils in the current scenario.",signatures:"Ishrat Nazir and Sajad Ahmad Gangoo",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/80122",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/80122",authors:[{id:"444501",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Ishrat",surname:"Nazir",slug:"ishrat-nazir",fullName:"Ishrat Nazir"},{id:"444941",title:"Prof.",name:"Sajad Ahmad",surname:"Gangoo",slug:"sajad-ahmad-gangoo",fullName:"Sajad Ahmad Gangoo"}],corrections:null},{id:"81232",title:"Application of Essential Oils in the Treatment of Inflammatory Bowel Disease",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.102966",slug:"application-of-essential-oils-in-the-treatment-of-inflammatory-bowel-disease",totalDownloads:25,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Essential oils (EOs) are natural compounds obtained from algae and different parts of plants. EOs are volatile secondary metabolites and are classified into major groups, including terpenes/terpenoids and aromatic/aliphatic compounds. There are numerous studies about the biological activities of EOs, demonstrating their abilities for the prevention and treatment of diseases. Their biological activities are mainly related to their constituents, such as α-pinene, thymol, 1, 8-cineole, carvacrol, etc. Thus, the use of EOs as pharmaceutical agents for curing several diseases has gained much attraction in recent years. Moreover, inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a type of disease that causes chronic inflammation in the intestine. Ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn’s disease (CD) are two main forms of IBD. Some studies have reported the efficacy of EOs in treating IBD, in particular, UC. This chapter will focus on the biomedical application of EOs in the treatment of IBD.",signatures:"Najmeh Oliyaei, Nader Tanideh and Seyedeh Zahra Nasirifar",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/81232",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/81232",authors:[{id:"443279",title:"Dr.",name:"Najme",surname:"Oliyaei",slug:"najme-oliyaei",fullName:"Najme Oliyaei"},{id:"443937",title:"Prof.",name:"Nader",surname:"Tanideh",slug:"nader-tanideh",fullName:"Nader Tanideh"},{id:"443938",title:"Dr.",name:"Seyede Zahra",surname:"Nasirifar",slug:"seyede-zahra-nasirifar",fullName:"Seyede Zahra Nasirifar"}],corrections:null},{id:"80673",title:"Teucrium ramosissimum Derived-Natural Products and Its Potent Effect in Alleviating the Pathological Kidney Damage in LPS-Induced Mice",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.102788",slug:"-em-teucrium-ramosissimum-em-derived-natural-products-and-its-potent-effect-in-alleviating-the-patho",totalDownloads:61,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Teucrium esssential oil mediates an extensive spectrum of biological effects, including renal diseases. The aim of this research was to explore the ethnobotanical feature, biochemical composition and antiinflammatory potential of T. ramosissimum alone or prior the use of LPS-induced kidney damage. The essential oils were subjected to Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/MS) apparatus to detect biomolecules in T. ramosissimum. In vivo renal dysfunction induced by LPS was investigated using mouse model. Our data showed that oral treatment of animals with LPS highly increased level of serum biomarkers and induces renal dysfuntion, whereas, pre-treatment with T. ramosissimum mediated markedly histopatological changes of kidney architecture and ameliorates renal function. Dense cover of secretory structures in teucrium leaves may protect this specie. Overall, this study showed phytocompounds richness and interesting biological activities of Tunisian Teucrium ramosissimum. Essential oil of this specie T. ramossimum given prior to LPS exposure protected mice from renal inflammation.",signatures:"Fatma Guesmi and Ahmed Landoulsi",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/80673",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/80673",authors:[{id:"58262",title:"Prof.",name:"Ahmed",surname:"Landoulsi",slug:"ahmed-landoulsi",fullName:"Ahmed Landoulsi"},{id:"438655",title:"Dr.",name:"Fatma",surname:"Guesmi",slug:"fatma-guesmi",fullName:"Fatma Guesmi"}],corrections:null},{id:"80322",title:"Essential Oil, Chemical Compositions, and Therapeutic Potential",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.102447",slug:"essential-oil-chemical-compositions-and-therapeutic-potential",totalDownloads:26,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Essential oils-(EOs) are organic compounds derived from aromatic plant sources such as roots, bark, flowers, leaves and seeds. Essential oils were obtained via two different methods of extraction: steam distillation (SD) and water distillation (WD). EOs-therapy, refers to a range of traditional, alternative or complementary therapies that use essential oils from natural products and other aromatic plant compounds. The chemical components composition of EOs depends on the place of origin, climatic conditions, plant species, plant part extracted, and harvesting time. Essential oils are constituted by diversified bioactive constituents, lipophilic and volatile, and in most cases derivatives of terpene compounds and in lower occurrence phenylpropanoids. They have been long recognized for their medicinal uses: antiviral, antibacterial, insecticidal, antifungal, and antioxidant properties. This chapter provides studies on chemical composition, medicinal uses, and benefits of essential oils.",signatures:"Slimen Selmi, Kais Rtibi, Karim Hosni and Hichem Sebai",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/80322",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/80322",authors:[{id:"446205",title:"Dr.",name:"Slimen",surname:"Selmi",slug:"slimen-selmi",fullName:"Slimen Selmi"},{id:"446212",title:"Dr.",name:"Kais",surname:"Rtibi",slug:"kais-rtibi",fullName:"Kais Rtibi"},{id:"446213",title:"Dr.",name:"Hichem",surname:"Sebai",slug:"hichem-sebai",fullName:"Hichem Sebai"},{id:"478479",title:"Dr.",name:"Karim",surname:"Hosni",slug:"karim-hosni",fullName:"Karim Hosni"}],corrections:null},{id:"81081",title:"Essential Oils High in 1,8-Cineole of Mediterranean Flavoring Plants: Health Benefits",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.103831",slug:"essential-oils-high-in-1-8-cineole-of-mediterranean-flavoring-plants-health-benefits",totalDownloads:39,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Aromatic flavoring plants are important ingredients of the Mediterranean diet, one of the healthiest and most sustainable dietary forms, often associated with greater longevity as well as contributing to the reduction of some chronic pathologies with high mortality and morbidity. Their essential oils (EOs) are increasingly used as therapeutic agents and food supplements, due to their antioxidants, anti-inflammatory or anti-tumoral properties. The Health benefits of essential oils are closely related with their chemical constituents. The 1,8-cineole, a naturally cyclic oxygenated monoterpene, has been attributed several biological properties such as antioxidants, anti-inflammatory or antitumoral. Nevertheless, the EO properties are attributed not only to their main components but also to the synergistic effect of minor components. This review chapter focused on the chemical composition and antioxidant and anti-inflammatory potential of EOs of flavoring Lamiaceae plants, with high content in 1,8-cineole, including chemotypes of genera Lavandula, Calamintha, Rosmarinus, and Thymus, often used in the Mediterranean diet.",signatures:"Sílvia Macedo Arantes, Ana Teresa Caldeira and Maria Rosário Martins",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/81081",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/81081",authors:[{id:"172689",title:"Prof.",name:"Maria Rosário",surname:"Martins",slug:"maria-rosario-martins",fullName:"Maria Rosário Martins"},{id:"293779",title:"Prof.",name:"Ana Teresa",surname:"Caldeira",slug:"ana-teresa-caldeira",fullName:"Ana Teresa Caldeira"},{id:"445412",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Sílvia",surname:"Macedo Arantes",slug:"silvia-macedo-arantes",fullName:"Sílvia Macedo Arantes"}],corrections:null},{id:"80859",title:"Antioxidant Effect and Medicinal Properties of Allspice Essential Oil",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.103001",slug:"antioxidant-effect-and-medicinal-properties-of-allspice-essential-oil",totalDownloads:74,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Pimenta dioica L. Merrill. Myrtaceae family, known for its berries called pimenta or allspice, is one of the oldest spices in the world, widely used for its culinary and medicinal qualities. The main commercial product obtained from this spice is its essential oil, the reason for the interest in essential oil is based on the versatility of its use in different industrial areas (food, cosmetics, perfumery, and pharmaceuticals) due to its harmless and beneficial effects for health. In addition, it contains compounds that have shown broad biological activity, which turns out to be useful in the treatment of diseases related to the excessive formation of oxygen radicals. As a result, the extraction process and operating conditions have a significant impact on the bioactivity of these molecules. As a consequence, selecting the correct mix of variables to improve oil extraction and functionality is essential. The most of study on this essential oil is being focused on resolving these issues, as well as purification and identification. This chapter will cover the methods for obtaining P. dioica essential oil, as well as the chemical profile of the oil and its biological properties, which include its effects on humans, plants, animals, insects, and microorganisms.",signatures:"Yasvet Yareni Andrade Avila, Julián Cruz-Olivares and César Pérez-Alonso",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/80859",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/80859",authors:[{id:"447203",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Yasvet",surname:"Yareni Andrade Avila",slug:"yasvet-yareni-andrade-avila",fullName:"Yasvet Yareni Andrade Avila"},{id:"447205",title:"Dr.",name:"Julian",surname:"Cruz-Olivares",slug:"julian-cruz-olivares",fullName:"Julian Cruz-Olivares"},{id:"460691",title:"Dr.",name:"César",surname:"Pérez Alonso",slug:"cesar-perez-alonso",fullName:"César Pérez Alonso"}],corrections:null}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},subseries:{id:"15",series:{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",issn:"2632-0983",editor:{id:"31610",title:"Dr.",name:"Miroslav",middleName:null,surname:"Blumenberg",slug:"miroslav-blumenberg",fullName:"Miroslav Blumenberg",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/31610/images/system/31610.jpg",biography:"Miroslav Blumenberg, Ph.D., was born in Subotica and received his BSc in Belgrade, Yugoslavia. He completed his Ph.D. at MIT in Organic Chemistry; he followed up his Ph.D. with two postdoctoral study periods at Stanford University. Since 1983, he has been a faculty member of the RO Perelman Department of Dermatology, NYU School of Medicine, where he is codirector of a training grant in cutaneous biology. Dr. Blumenberg’s research is focused on the epidermis, expression of keratin genes, transcription profiling, keratinocyte differentiation, inflammatory diseases and cancers, and most recently the effects of the microbiome on the skin. 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\r\n\tZeolites are microporous crystalline materials characterized by a framework of linked TO4 tetrahedra (where T=Si, Al, or others), each consisting of four O atoms surrounding a cation. They are natural phases or synthetic materials.
\r\n\tSynthetic zeolites can be formed from different raw materials and among these many wastes represent some interesting sources due to their chemical and mineralogical composition. Today, a large number of different types of waste resulting from many human activities are produced in the world (e.g. industrial, municipal, agricultural waste) and most of them are deposed of in landfills thus determining a great environmental problem.
\r\n\tThis book intends to provide the reader with a comprehensive overview of the current state-of-the-art on the possibility to transform the different types of waste materials into useful products, zeolites, through conventional processes and innovative methods. The aim is to demonstrate that waste can be a problem or a resource depending on how it is managed.
",isbn:"978-1-80356-426-5",printIsbn:"978-1-80356-425-8",pdfIsbn:"978-1-80356-427-2",doi:null,price:0,priceEur:0,priceUsd:0,slug:null,numberOfPages:0,isOpenForSubmission:!0,isSalesforceBook:!1,isNomenclature:!1,hash:"3ed0dfd842de9cd1143212415903e6ad",bookSignature:"Dr. Claudia Belviso",publishedDate:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11561.jpg",keywords:"Structure, Properties, Natural Material, Synthetic Product, Type, Composition, Production, Disposal, Hydrothermal Method, Pre-fusion Process, Sonication, Multiple Steps",numberOfDownloads:null,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:null,numberOfDimensionsCitations:null,numberOfTotalCitations:null,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"February 25th 2022",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"March 25th 2022",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"May 24th 2022",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"August 12th 2022",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"October 11th 2022",dateConfirmationOfParticipation:null,remainingDaysToSecondStep:"5 months",secondStepPassed:!0,areRegistrationsClosed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,editedByType:null,kuFlag:!1,biosketch:"Since 2002, Dr. Claudia Belviso has been carrying out research activity in the field of mineralogy and geochemistry aimed at environmental protection. She is responsible for the research activity on zeolite synthesis from waste materials and natural sources which has allowed her to be the inventor of an International Patent, publish numerous scientific articles in peer-reviewed journals, and carry out scientific research in national and international projects.",coeditorOneBiosketch:null,coeditorTwoBiosketch:null,coeditorThreeBiosketch:null,coeditorFourBiosketch:null,coeditorFiveBiosketch:null,editors:[{id:"61457",title:"Dr.",name:"Claudia",middleName:null,surname:"Belviso",slug:"claudia-belviso",fullName:"Claudia Belviso",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/61457/images/system/61457.jpg",biography:"Claudia Belviso is a researcher at the Institute of Methodologies of Environmental Analysis (IMAA) of CNR. After graduating in Geological Sciences and qualifying as a professional geologist, she earned a Ph.D. in Earth Sciences. Since 2002 has been carrying out her research activity in the field of mineralogy and geochemistry aimed at environmental protection. She is responsible for the research activity on zeolite synthesis from waste materials and natural sources as well as their application to solving environmental problems and as new raw material. These research activities have allowed her to be the inventor of an International Patent, publish numerous scientific articles in peer-reviewed journals, participate in national and international conferences, take part in the organization of international congresses, and carry out scientific research in national and international projects.",institutionString:"National Research Council",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"1",institution:{name:"National Research Council",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}}],coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"8",title:"Chemistry",slug:"chemistry"}],chapters:null,productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},personalPublishingAssistant:{id:"453622",firstName:"Tea",lastName:"Jurcic",middleName:null,title:"Ms.",imageUrl:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",email:"tea@intechopen.com",biography:null}},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"5306",title:"Zeolites",subtitle:"Useful Minerals",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"eec7f864baf093058440c0f56072a7cf",slug:"zeolites-useful-minerals",bookSignature:"Claudia Belviso",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5306.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"61457",title:"Dr.",name:"Claudia",surname:"Belviso",slug:"claudia-belviso",fullName:"Claudia Belviso"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1591",title:"Infrared Spectroscopy",subtitle:"Materials Science, Engineering and Technology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"99b4b7b71a8caeb693ed762b40b017f4",slug:"infrared-spectroscopy-materials-science-engineering-and-technology",bookSignature:"Theophile Theophanides",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1591.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"37194",title:"Dr.",name:"Theophile",surname:"Theophanides",slug:"theophile-theophanides",fullName:"Theophile Theophanides"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3161",title:"Frontiers in Guided Wave Optics and Optoelectronics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"deb44e9c99f82bbce1083abea743146c",slug:"frontiers-in-guided-wave-optics-and-optoelectronics",bookSignature:"Bishnu Pal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3161.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"4782",title:"Prof.",name:"Bishnu",surname:"Pal",slug:"bishnu-pal",fullName:"Bishnu Pal"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"371",title:"Abiotic Stress in Plants",subtitle:"Mechanisms and Adaptations",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"588466f487e307619849d72389178a74",slug:"abiotic-stress-in-plants-mechanisms-and-adaptations",bookSignature:"Arun Shanker and B. 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These satellite measurements can also give indirect information about the factors important from the point of formation of tropical storms processes in the ocean and on its bottom, outside of direct line of sight remote means. Their use in this case "allows researcher to look into the ocean column on the surface of which as a kind of screen are projected the various images of deep-water processes” [1].
The long-term goal of this research is the creation of methods and technologies for diagnosing the origin of tropical hurricanes (THs) in the areas of the ocean, which are regular sources, the origin of hurricanes on basis of the data of passive MCW microwave radiometric measurements from satellite, ship, buoy measurements and results of mathematical modeling of the behavior of the parameters of the ocean-atmosphere system (SOA) at different stages: the stage that precedes the appearance of TH; the appearance TH; the stage of SOA relaxation after TH appearance.
The important theoretical purpose of the work is the search for effects and regularities, which can explain the reasons and circumstances under which THs appearance is inevitable.
In this section are presented some results of the study of the SOA reaction on passing the powerful Hurricane Katrina in August 2005 in the Florida Straits in the area of the buoy station SMKF1 (Sombrero Key) as well as the results of a behavior of the system in the period of time preceding the beginning and development of the Hurricane Humberto in the Gulf of Mexico in September 2007 at the point of the buoy station 42019. For these time periods an analysis of the following synoptic variations of atmospheric and oceanic characteristics were conducted: These include air temperature, humidity, pressure and wind speed in the near-surface 10-th meter layer in area of the stations SMKF1 and 42019, vertical turbulent fluxes of sensible and latent heat at the sea-water boundary calculated with the measurement data the stations SMKF1 and 42019 and integral (total) water vapor content and enthalpy of the atmosphere calculated by integration of the air humidity and temperature within the height range 10-10000 meters.
The source of information on the earth-based data is the American center - National Data Buoy Center NOAA (NDBC); the data of regular measurements from the microwave radiometers, SSM/I (Special Sensor Microwave/Imager) of the meteorological satellite F15 DMSP and AMSR-E (Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer) of the satellite EOS Aqua were used as the source of satellite data. The technical characteristics of these radiometers are given in references [2] and [3], respectively.
Spacious network of meteorological of the NOAA stations, in particular, the stations situated in the Gulf of Mexico and the equatorial zone of the Pacific Ocean provide exclusively measurements of the parameters of the ocean surface and near-surface atmosphere. Meteorological means of observation from these stations are not able to give information on the vertical distribution of temperature and humidity in the atmosphere. This problem can be solved by means of use of measurement data of the multichannel MCW radiometer SSMIS (Special Sensor Microwave Imager/Sounder) from satellites DMSP F16 and F17 [4]. In addition to this function of the scanner, this device is able to determine the atmosphere temperature and humidity at various heights. However, a periodicity of remote sensing these atmospheric characteristics (once per day) is not enough for studying such fast processes as tropical hurricane formation, with noticeably varying characteristics during several hours.
The method of combining the data of the buoy measurements of the atmospheric near-surface layer and the ocean surface parameters with data obtained from satellite MCW measurements has been developed, which provide information on the air temperature and humidity, not only in the near-surface atmosphere but also in overlying atmospheric layers. This technique allows the determination of values of the atmosphere temperature and humidity at its various horizons (the property of satellite MCW radiometric measurements) and hourly (the property of buoy meteorological measurements).
The station SMKF1 from the NDBC data arsenal is used as the reference point in the Florida Straits (24.38o N, 81.07o W) when analyzing an influence of the Hurricane Katrina on the atmospheric parameters. The nearest distance between a trajectory of Katrina and this station was ~120 km in the noon of 26 August 2005, by this moment the hurricane has passed about 800 km from the place of its formation near the Bahamas.
The NDBC data in an area of the station SMKF1 between 21 and 31 August 2005 was analyzed. It can be observed here that significant contrasts of the near-surface air parameters with respect to their undisturbed (background) values are appearing before the coming of Hurricane Katrina and after it moving off: the variations of the air temperature, humidity and pressure are about -6oC, -15 mb and -13 mb, respectively.
Fig. 1 illustrates variations of the air temperature ta and pressure P in the atmosphere near-surface layer between the 21st and 31st August 2005 recorded by sensors of the SMKF1 station as well as computed values of the near-surface air humidity (water vapor pressure) e. These results were obtained using the data from previous studies of the relationship of the parameter e with the difference of water and air temperatures in various zones of the world ocean derived in [5]: the NOAA buoy stations are not includes direct measurements of the air humidity. Fig. 1 presents the smoothed results of station measurements of the parameters ta, P and calculated estimates of the parameter e. A smoothing is compiled with the standard means of the computer program ORIGIN Adjacent Averaging with the 3-hour interval of averaging of the hourly samples. Initial data level from the SMKF1 sensors was 240 hourly samples for each of the parameters ta, e and P, characterizing the stage proceeding an appearance of the Hurricane Katrina in an area of the station SMKF1 (21-24 August), the stage of its passing this area (25-29 August) and the stage of the SOA relaxation (30-31 August). These results suggest the need to apply an idea of the explosive effects in the atmosphere during the THs activity.
Results of the linear regression analysis show close interrelations between variations of the near-surface air temperature and humidity, the coefficient of correlation of the parameters ta and e is 0.94. On the basis of the data of buoy meteorological measurements and using the technique cited in [6] computed values of internal energy (enthalpy) of the near-surface atmosphere in the period from 21 to 31 August 2005 were carried out. When passing the point SMKF1, Hurricane Katrina collects the heat energy from the atmosphere near-surface layer, according to this estimate it is reducing roughly to 32500 J/m2 in this period.
Variations of the near-surface temperature ta, humidity e, pressure P in the area of location of the station SMKF1 in the Florida Strait during passing the TH Katrina in August 2005.
Hurricane Humberto was born in the middle of September 2007 in the Gulf of Mexico, it was not as intensive as Hurricane Katrina, but it is important in these studies as its source area coincided with the location of the buoy station 42019 situated at coordinates 27.91o N, 95.35o W. This peculiarity allows the monitoring of parameters of the atmospheric near-surface layer (as well as parameters of overlying layers when using data of simultaneous MCW radiometric measurements) over various stages of forming the hurricane. According to the data measurements from the station 42019 this point is characterized by a strong changeability of parameters of the atmospheric near-surface layer in the period of forming Hurricane Humberto: variations of the air temperature, humidity, pressure, and wind speed amounted to 3oC, 8 mb, 5 mb and 7 m/s, respectively (see Fig. 2).
Variations of the near-surface temperature
Variations of the near-surface air humidity in the period from 9th to 14th September practically repeat variations of the near-surface air temperature: the coefficient of their correlation is 0.97. The near-surface air pressure is sharply declining at the stage of this hurricane development (12 September). The atmospheric near-surface layer enthalpy was computed between 9th and 14th September 2007 in the area of location of the station 42019: it follows from the results of computation that the enthalpy has been reduced by 12500 J/m2 during the development of Hurricane Humberto. An analysis of variations of the ocean surface temperature during the passing the Hurricane Katrina passed the station SMKF1 (22-31 August 2005) and during the period of formation and development of the Hurricane Humberto (8-16 September 2007) has been fulfilled - these results are shown at the Fig. 3. To emphasize the character of behavior of the ocean surface temperature, the data of buoy measurements are approximated with the standard means of the computer technique ORIGIN (Sigmoidal), which produces the stick-slip motion of original dependencies. Figure 3 demonstrates the “jump” of the ocean surface temperature values in area of the station SMKF1 caused by passing the Hurricane Katrina is in a few times more in comparison with this phenomena observed during beginning the Hurricane Humberto.
Character of changes of the ocean surface temperature ts: (a) an area of the station SMKF1 during passing the TH Katrina: (b) an area of the station 42019 in the period of forming the TH Humberto.
Resting upon the data of buoy measurements of the ocean surface temperature, the near-surface air humidity estimates and wind speed we computed the values of sensible qh and latent qe heat at the air-sea boundary using the well-known in dynamic meteorology formulas of the Global Aerodynamic Method) - so called Bulk Formulas were justified in [7]. Due to this approach the values qh and qe are characterized with the following relationships:
i.e. they are become apparent through following parameters of the SOA - the air temperature tа, pressure P, humidity е and wind speed V in the near-surface atmosphere, as well as through the ocean surface temperature ts and proper for this the maximal value of the air humidity еo. As the constant of proportionality in these relations are served the numbers of Schmidt ct (heat exchange), Dalton ce (moisture exchange), the specific heat of evaporation (L), the specific air heat under constant pressure (cp), and its density (ρ). Below some results of computing the heat fluxes with reference to the stations SMKF1 and 42019 based on the buoy measurements in these areas of the Gulf of Mexico are presented.
Figure 4 shows some results of computation of the heat fluxes (with 3-hour averaging). One can observe an influence of passing the Hurricane Katrina through the station SMKF1 seen in the form of appreciable reducing of the heat fluxes, about 20 W/m2 (from 30 to 10 W/m2) for the fluxes of sensible heat, and about 150 W/m2 (from 350 to 200 W/m2) for the fluxes of latent heat. This result demonstrates an effect of smoothing the heat contrasts between the ocean surface and near-surface atmosphere due to the effects of the passing of the hurricane.
Variations of sensible (a) and latent (b) heat fluxes at the ocean surface in an area of the station SMKF1 location in the period of passing the TH Katrina in August 2005.
The moment of passing of the hurricane over the station SMKF1 (noon of 26 August) is accompanied by a positive increase of the parameters qh and qe, which amount to 80 and 500 W/m2, respectively.
Figure 5 shows results of computing the fluxes of sensible and latent heat and impulse (with the 3-hour smoothing); one can observe here a sharp maximum peak of the values qh and qe simultaneously, which falls at the noon of 12 September 2007 that coincides with the data of ground observations of the Hurricane Humberto development.
Variations of sensible (a), latent (b) heat and impulse (c) fluxes at the ocean surface in area of the station 42019 location in period of beginning the Hurricane Humberto in September 2007.
Average values of the heat and moisture fluxes at the stage preceding TH Humberto appearance (9-12 September) amount to 5 W/m2, 150 W/m2 and 0.05 N/m2, respectively, and their maximal values at the stage of its development in the noon of 12 September reach to 75 W/m2, 530 W/m2 and 0.2 N/m2. Notably, that maximal value of the total (sensible+latent) heat fluxes in area of the station 42019 (~ 600 W/m2) is close to the estimate cited by Golytsin for tropical latitudes [8]. Also, this value is comparable with the total heat fluxes values in the Newfoundland energy active zone of the North Atlantic, which is subjected regularly to influence of powerful mid-latitude cyclones, which in compliance with the data of experiments NEWFOUEX-88 and ATLANTEX-90 reached to values of 800 W/m2 in March 1988 and April 1990 [9].
Figure 6 demonstrates variations of the heat and moisture fluxes in the period 17-20 September at the stage of relaxation of the SOA parameters in area of the station 42019 after the development of Hurricane Humberto and it’s leaving this area.
Behavior of the sensible (a) and latent (b) heat fluxes at the ocean surface in area of the station 42019 location after Hurricane Humberto’s appearance.
It is seen from the illustration that average values of the parameters qh and qe are a few times under their limit values observed at noon on the 12th September. One interesting peculiarity manifests itself - the oscillatory character of variations in the heat and moisture fluxes in this time with the oscillation period closed to 24 hours, i.e. to the diurnal cycle. In addition, the sensible heat fluxes are alternating, that is the processes of heat transfer from the ocean surface to the atmosphere are alternating with the processes of heat transfer from the atmosphere to the ocean surface; this phenomenon was not observed in the period between 9th and 12th September preceding the appearance of Hurricane Humberto (see Fig. 2). This effect is similar to the effect of excitation of oscillations in high-Q resonant systems as the ringing circuits in radio-engineering described in [10] for example.
The sought dependences tа(h) and и ρ(h) are found in the form of exponential functions tа(h) = tа(0) ехр(-кt h); ρ(h) = ρ(0) ехр (-кρ h) providing a minimal root-mean-square error (discrepancy) between measured by the MCW radiometers SSM/I и AMSR-E values of the SOA brightness temperatures and their simulated (model) estimates. With the dependences tа(h) and ρ(h) the linear and integral absorption of radiowaves as well as the brightness temperatures of the SOA natural MCW radiation in various atmospheric layers for all satellite MCW radiometric channels are computed using the-known plane-layer model of natural microwave radiation of the system [11, 12].
As the radiometers SSM/I and AMSR-E are the multi-channel systems, their measurement data seems to be sufficient for determination of the coefficients кt and кρ required for retrieving the dependencies tа(h) and ρ(h) over the ocean. The value of discrepancy between simulated and measured estimates of the SOA brightness temperature is computed both with ascending as descending satellite orbits falling into cells 0.25o x 0.25o centralized about the stations SMKF1 and 42019 for the following spectral and polarization channels of the radiometers SSM/I and AMSR-E: a) 37 GHz (0.81 cm), 19 GHz (1.58 cm), vertical and horizontal polarizations; 22.235 GHz (1.35 cm), vertical polarization (radiometer SSM/I and b) 36.5 GHz (0.82 cm), 18.7 GHz (1.6 cm), 23.8 GHz (1.26 cm), vertical and horizontal polarization (radiometer AMSR-E).
This developed technique allows the computation of approximately values of the temperature and humidity of the atmosphere at various horizons for estimating its integral characteristics such as the integral water vapor content and enthalpy (heat content), for example. It seems that mainly the atmosphere integral characteristics will be informative in an analysis of the SOA dynamics in zones of activity of the tropical hurricanes in spite of the fact that the real profiles of the air temperature and humidity can be appreciably different from the exponential ones.
Resting upon the buoy data on the air humidity in the near-surface layer and the computed estimates of this parameter in overlying atmosphere layers the integral water vapor content of the atmosphere (IVA) Q in the layer 10-10000 m was computed. Comparing the results of computing the parameter Q with its satellite estimates derived with the radiometer SSM/I in area of the station SMKF1 and the radiometer AMSR-E in area of the station 42019 was made. Besides, the calculation estimates of the atmosphere enthalpy for various its layers were obtained in areas of activity of the Hurricanes Katrina and Humberto.
Figure 7 compares the estimates of the IVA variations in area of the station SMKF1 during the period 1-30 August 2005 computed by a layer-wise integrating of the air humidity at various heights with the satellite estimates of the parameter Q derived with the measurement data from the radiometer SSM/I using the known technique [13]. It can be observed here the appreciable variations of the parameter Q, which are coincide with the time of passing the Hurricane Humberto through the station SMKF1, when the maximum of the near-surface heat fluxes was observed in the noon 25 August.
Comparing the estimates of the atmosphere integral water vapor content Q in area of the station SMKF1: 1 - data of computing for the layer 10:10000 m; 2 - data of measurements of the radiometer SSM/I.
A difference between the absolute values of the computed and satellite estimates of the parameter Q can be explained by the fact that when modeling the SOA brightness temperature did not allow for its increase caused by the cloudiness and precipitation, which are registered by the satellite radiometer SSM/I. Irregularity of remote sensing an area of the SMKF1 station and availability of noticeable gaps in the satellite measurements is an important consideration also. Though, one can mark a good compliance of relative changes (variations) of the both estimates; this is essentially for validation of the developed technique of determination of the air temperature and humidity and especially, of their changeability at various horizons of the atmosphere under arising (passing) the tropical hurricanes.
The IVA estimates was derived in the area of station 42019 in the period 6-15 September including the stages of the formation of Hurricane Humberto and compared the satellite estimates of the parameter Q with the data of measurements from the radiometer AMSR-E (see Fig. 8).
Estimates of the atmosphere integral water vapor content Q in area of the station 42019: (a) - data of computation for the atmosphere layer 10:10000 m; (b) - data of measurements from the radiometer AMSR-E.
It is seen from Fig. 8, that the formation of Hurricane Humberto is accompanied by increases of the value of Q (in the noon of 12 September); one can observe that maximum of Q (in the noon 12 September) happens together with maximums of fluxes of sensible, latent heat. The peak of values of Q on 12th September precedes the fragment (7-9 September) with increased water vapor content of the atmosphere.
Figure 9 compares the satellite and simulated estimates of the parameter Q after Hurricane Humberto left the area of station 42019 for the time interval 13-20 September. It follows from the illustration that a reducing IVA value occurred in this period, which has an oscillatory characteristic, similar to the case of the near-surface fluxes of sensible and latent heat.
Compare of satellite (1) and simulated (2) estimates of the atmosphere integral water vapor content Q after leaving by the Hurricane Humberto an area of the station 42019.
Variations of the enthalpy (heat content) were computed of various atmospheric layers in areas of the stations SMKF1 and 42019 in periods of activity of the Hurricanes Katrina and Humberto. Figure 10 demonstrates some results of computation of the enthalpy J for the layer 10−10000 m.
Variations of the atmospheric enthalpy J10000 during passing Hurricane Katrina the station SMKF1 (a) and the formation of Hurricane Humberto in area of the station 42019 (b).
This illustration shows that during passing Katrina the station SMKF1 and arising Hurricane Humberto in area of the station 42019 we can observe a sharp reduction of the J10000 value. This reduction is of the resonant type and accompanied by a strong increase in the vertical turbulent heat and moisture fluxes at the ocean-atmosphere boundary. Thus, the hurricanes cause a reduction of the atmosphere in these areas occurs, just like this effect occurs for the mid-latitude cyclones in the Newfoundland energy active zone of the North Atlantic in the experiment ATLANTEX-90 as shown in [9].
The long-term goal is to study some peculiarities of behavior of the atmosphere heat and microwave radiation characteristics in waters observed by contact and distant means for situations preceded to appearance of the storms.
The research areas are: an area of the station SMKF1 (Sombrero Key) in the Florida Straight in August 2005; a shore of the Black Sea (Gelendzik, territory of the South branch of the P.P. Shirshov Institute of Oceanology Russian Academy of Sciences) in September and October 2010 before the appearance of an intensive storm in 1 October).
Using meteorological and satellite microwave radiometric data comparison of the behavior of near-surface air humidity, fluxes of sensible and latent heat, total water vapor content of the atmosphere, as well as the microwave radiation characteristics of the water surface-atmosphere system were carried out in the periods before the appearance of Hurricane Katrina in area of the station SMKF1 and the development of sea storm in the area of the Gelendzik test site This effect is similar to the effect of a heat accumulation in the atmosphere water vapor observed in the Florida Straights in August 2005 when a clear effect of the monotonous strengthening of the integral water vapor content in the atmosphere was observed in the area of station SMKF1 before the atmospheric perturbations caused by appearance the Hurricane Katrina. In both cases the effect of accumulation of the water vapor in the atmosphere was observed.
Research on the atmosphere parameters were carried out in a near-shore zone of the Black Sea. The measurements were conducted from 11th September until 10th October 2010 in area of the Blue Bay, which is located four kilometers west of Gelendzik Bay. Some data have been derived including for cloudless atmosphere and a calm sea situation and for the situation preceding a storm appearance. Devices of the measuring complex were placed on the pier end (Fig. 11). The pier has a length about 200 m; the depth of water is 7 m.
Besides traditional meteorological sensors a MCW radiometer mounted at the scanning platform was used. The radiometer operated at the wavelength 1.35 cm, i.e. in the line of attenuation of the atmospheric water vapor, which helps estimate a total water vapor content of the atmosphere. The scanning of a hemisphere of space was realized in five fixed directions on an azimuth through 30 degrees. Scanning in an angle of elevation was conducted by slow change of an angle from zenith to a nadir and inverse.
Measuring complex (left) and scanning platform (right).Ю
Figure 12 presents measured scans of the atmosphere brightness temperatures at the wavelength 1.35 cm as the functions of the azimuth angle and the angle of elevation during the period from 23 to 30 September preceding to the storm appearance (the storm has passed the test site on 1 October). It is seen from Fig. 12 the increase of minimal and maximal values of the atmosphere brightness temperature measured under positions of the scanning platform 0 and 90 degrees respectively.
Brightness temperature Tb for the azimuth scans of the atmosphere at the wavelength 1.35 cm before the storm approach into the Blue Bay.
Results of meteorological measurements at the pier show the effect of increasing the near-surface air temperature and humidity before the storm came into the Blue Bay area. In this period an accumulation of heat in the near-surface air water vapor occurred; its specific heat content was increased by 61 KJ/m2. So a sizeable increment of the air enthalpy in comparison with the storm situation in the Florida Straight in August 2005 (when Hurricane Katrina approached station SMKF1) for example is caused by essentially more variations of the temperature and humidity of the near-surface air. The vertical heat and latent fluxes were estimated with the bulk-formulas with use of the direct measurements of the air and water temperature as well as the near-surface wind speed; its results are presented in Fig. 13.
It is seen from Fig.13 that as the storm approaches there is a decrease of the sensible heat flux from 40 to 100 W/m2 and latent heat flux from 225 to 10 W/m2 occurred. Before an approach of the sea storm, the water surface gave up its heat to the near-surface air, but about the day before the storm’s appearance in Blue Bay a characteristic of the heat interchanges in the water/air interface was changed.
Variations of sensible qh and latent qe heat fluxes caused by the storm activity in the Blue Bay.
A comparison of the variations of the near-surface air temperature and humidity measured directly from the pier by the meteorological sensors with those obtained from the EOS Aqua radiometer AMSR-E at the wavelength 1.26 cm (23.8 GHz) in the sea area bordered by Blue Bay from the Black Sea side was carried out. A comparison of satellite measurement data proper for the Blue Bay will be uncorrected, as its sizes are considerably less in comparison with the spatial resolution of the AMSR-E channel 1.26 cm. Figure 14 show results of comparison of the near-surface air temperature and humidity (a), the brightness temperature measured by the AMSR-E radiometer at the wavelength 1.26 cm (b); the brightness temperature measured from the pier by the radiometer operating at the wavelength 1.35 cm (c). The sizes of selected area are confirmed to the sizes the satellite “spot”, which linear sizes for the AMSR-E radiometer 23.8 GHz are of 40x60 km with the center coordinated of 44oW, 38oE.
4Fig.14 illustrates a similarity of reactions of the SOA characteristics such as the near-surface air temperature and humidity measures from the pier as well as the SOA brightness temperature in the resonant region of the wavelength of attenuation of the radiowaves in the atmospheric water vapor, with any methods of the MCW passive radiometric observation means independently (from the pier or from the space). The effect of “pumping” the near-surface air temperature and humidity before the approach of Hurricane Katrina in the area of the SMKF1 station was observed, also during a progress of the Hurricane Katrina in the Florida Straights (station SMKF1) in August 2005 (Fig. 15). The estimates of the parameter Q were obtained from the measurements of the radiometer AMSR-E at the wavelength 1.26 cm.
Variations of heat and thermal microwave characteristics of the atmosphere before approach of the sea storm into Blue Bay: (a) - temperature (1) and humidity (2) of the near-surface air; (b) - AMSR-E brightness temperature at the wavelength 1.26 cm; (c) - brightness temperature measured from the Gelendzik pier at the wavelength 1.35 cm.
Variations of the absolute humidity of the near surface air Δa (a) and the total water vapor of the atmosphere ΔQ (b) before the approach of Hurricane Katrina to the SMKF1 station. Dot lines - approximation of original results by polynomial of the 2-th order.
The dynamics of different characteristics of the atmosphere in periods of activity of Hurricanes Katrina (August 2005) and Humberto (September 2007) was analyzed. This study is based on coupling the data of the buoy meteorological measurements with the data of simultaneous measurements from the DMSP SSM/I radiometer (in area of the NOAA station SMKF1) and the EOS-Aqua AMSR-E radiometer (in area of the station 42019). The technique of analysis of the atmosphere’s integral characteristics such as its total water vapor content and enthalpy was developed. It enables determination of variations of the atmosphere temperature and humidity at its various horizons during the passing of Hurricane Katrina passed the station SMKF1 and the formation of Hurricane Humberto in the area of the station 42019. It is shown that in both cases the effect of taking off heat energy by hurricanes from the atmosphere and the ocean surface takes place. This effect results in strong disturbances of the temperature, humidity and pressure in the near-surface atmosphere and is accompanied by a sharp decrease of the atmosphere enthalpy and considerable increase of the vertical turbulent heat and moisture fluxes at the ocean surface.
The following features of the results of an analysis of the SOA parameters dynamics during the process of the formation of Hurricane Humberto can be noted, firstly the oscillating nature of behavior of the sensible and latent heat fluxes as well as the atmosphere integral water vapor after leaving by the formation location of the hurricane, i.e. at the stage of the SOA relaxation, secondly the availability of anomalies in behavior of the atmosphere integral water vapor the 4-5 days before an appearance of Hurricane Humberto. This leaves open to further research the question of what becomes of these anomalies as the hurricane passes. This research is required in order to further examine with observational data the processes of formation of other tropical hurricanes in various oceanic areas in various years and seasons taking into account the effect of the atmospheric horizontal circulation.
A good agreement between simulated and satellite estimates of the variations of the atmosphere water vapor content in areas of the stations SMKF1 and 42019 indicates that the adopted exponential model of vertical distribution of the air temperature and humidity provides useful information about dynamics of this integral characteristic of the atmosphere state, which is important for studying the influence of transient and developing tropical cyclones on the state of the system “ocean-atmosphere”.
Results of the researches confirm a role of the atmospheric integral water vapor content, which is ease accessible in studying with modern satellite microwave radiometric means at the stages proceeding to development of the storm situations in the ocean and the sea, this is an important and required condition for studying the problems of the tropical cyclone genesis [14].
These investigations were conducted in a frame of the project on elaboration of technologies for the diagnosis of tropical hurricanes beginning in oceans. The project was maintained by the International Scientific and Technological Center (ISTC) in 2008-2011, grant no. 3827. We are grateful to Dr. Vladimir Krapivin, (V.A. Kotelnikov Institute of Radioengineering and Electronics RAS) and Dr E. Sharkov (Institute of Space Reseaches) for collaboration and useful discussions. We are also grateful to Dr. A. Lugovskoi for the assistance in our work.
This chapter aims to bring information and consideration regarding cultural competence as part of the education of the professionals that work with Communication Sciences and Disorders in Brazil. The first important information is that this professional is called Phonoaudiologist and has habilitation both in Speech and Language and in Audiology.
Phonoaudiologist is the professional with higher education that works in the area of Communication Sciences and Disorders. In all Latin America the areas of Audiology (assessment and rehabilitation of hearing and hearing disorders) and Speech-Language Therapy (assessment and intervention with communication, voice and swallowing disorders) are the professional field of Phonoaudiology.
Another major aspect that must be brought to attention is the complexity of the country. The authors will present some information about Brazil as a country and the current issues that are most relevant to the discussion of how cultural competence is considered in the education of Phonoaudiologists and the impact of COVID-19 in this regard.
It is easy to understand that the overview about Brazil will be superficial and incomplete, as would happen with any other attempt to synthesize important aspects such as the history, geography, and economy of a country in just a few paragraphs.
What is nowadays the country of Brazil was a Portuguese colony from the sixteenth century until the nineteenth century. The formation of its people and society was the result of the genocide of the original population, the enslavement, and forced immigration through the kidnapping of African individuals aiming to boost the colony’s economic workforce based on the extractivist agriculture [1]. During the three centuries of slavery, almost 4 million persons were forcibly brought from Africa to Brazil [2]. These groups, added by the European colonizers, brought different cultural elements that are now an intrinsic part of Brazilian culture in areas such as food, religion, music, and language [3].
When slavery came to an end there was no official segregation, but structural racism still can be observed. It is clear in the small numbers of African descendants in universities, or higher positions in the workforce or political posts—when the topic is black women, the lack of possibilities is even bigger. Albeit several debates have been dedicated to the racial question in Brazil, including the famous idea of a racial democracy [4], this is still a sensitive issue generating social gaps in different and complex levels of the Brazilian society in major cities as well as in small and distant towns.
Structural racism is defined as a social, economic and politic system where institutional and public policies reinforce and maintain the segregation and inequities of social groups based on ethnicity, race or “color.”
The “whitening” process that the Brazilian population went through during the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, with the arrival of different groups of immigrants, mainly from Europe, the Middle East, and Japan, was a National State Policy and helped in the deepening of racial and social inequalities. Its reflexes are seen until the present day. Figure 1 shows the origins of the 4.3 million immigrants that arrived in Brazil during the nineteenth century.
Imigrants during the nineteenth century.
Brazil is the 5th largest country in the world and there are also enormous geographic contrasts. The largest cities are located in the southeast, a very industrialized region that concentrates almost 55% of the country’s entire gross product and 42% of the population. For example, São Paulo is the largest city, with over 12.3 million inhabitants; Rio de Janeiro has a demographic density of over 5.6 thousand inhabitants per square kilometer. The north and central regions are the most rural and preserved areas, despite the recent reduction of environmental preservation policies. In the Amazon region, the state of Roraima has the lowest demographic density in the country, with 2.33 inhabitants per square kilometer.
Immigration and migration processes are also different in different regions and at various moments, with different cultural impacts. During the last decade, the number of immigrants arriving in Brazil has increased from 17,188 in 2010 to 117,037 in 2020 [2]. Figure 2 shows the origins of the largest groups of immigrants to Brazil in the last decade.
Immigrants in the last decade.
Their distribution in the different regions of the country is shown in Figure 3.
Distribution in the different regions.
Brazil has many and large cultural, social, environmental, economic, and educational differences. Portuguese is the official language, spoken by the whole population (over 213 million), but there are large differences associated with specific regions of the country, traditions, age groups, and other aspects.
The original populations are still another aspect of Brazilian diversity. Of the almost 1 million persons of indigenous origin, 60% live in protected areas designated by the federal government. The North region has the largest indigenous population and there are 305 different ethnic groups that speak 274 different languages [5].
It becomes clear that cultural differences are, historically, a relevant part of Brazilian society. Therefore, all the major universities have “Culture and Extension” offices that encourage and support initiatives directed toward the integration between the universities and the specific society where they are located. This way, different actions are carried out in different universities aiming to better reach the different groups. This includes the programs in the areas of communication sciences and disorders.
Culture and Extension offices in the universities usually have a mission statement of bringing together the university and the environment and community where it is located. The activities are usually as diverse as developing educational experiences to children of different groups to expand sports technology, or from providing health assistance to facilitating cultural shows of developing environmental systems for pollution control.
Out of approximately 48,000
The Ministry of Education determines education guidelines for phonoaudiologists that guarantee basic standards for the whole country. The guidelines allow different programs address specific needs and characteristics associated with different regions, cultures, and institutions. The number of programs in the different regions of Brazil is roughly associated with the size of the population therein, as can be observed in Figure 4. Programs include a minimum of 800 h of supervised practice in clinical schools and school hospitals, with supervision by professors [6]. These services are offered free of charge. They include populations that are usually underserved in all the regions of the country.
Distribution of Phonoaudiology bachelor programs and of the population in the different regions of Brazil.
The first programs were developed in Brazil in the 1950s decade. One of them was part of the education department of a catholic university and the other was part of the otorhinolaryngology department of a school of Medicine. As expected, there are clear differences regarding how each program approaches cultural competence in professional education. In both programs, as is the case in all Phonoaudiology education, the opportunities for supervised practice involve contact with a very diverse population.
Cultural Competence refers to a continuously evolving process that involves self-awareness regarding our actions with individuals from cultures that are different from our own. It includes considering the culture, beliefs and values of students, clients and patients in any decision-making and intervention processes.
Therefore, fostering competencies of cultural awareness, respect and empathy is part of the supervisors’ routine work. However, there is not a uniform approach to this content by the different programs; there is a constant search for improvement, based on specific institutional aims and policies.
For example, in one of the oldest programs mentioned above, 5 years ago, after ample discussions by the faculty, a new educational project was approved. According to the project, students started observing supervised practice during the first semester of the program. This activity enabled the early start of discussions about cultural diversity and exercises of cultural competence. These experiences continue to develop, involving different activities and experiences in all the 10 semesters of the program, with effective practice in various scenarios in the last four semesters.
Regarding reach-out projects, depending on the specific pedagogical plan of each program, before the COVID-19 pandemic, actions from various programs focused on cultural diversity in different contexts. They involved, for example, screening for hearing and communication disorders in regular visits to riverside communities in the Amazon region by students from the state of Sao Paulo. Other groups could be involved in programs developed in small towns in the Southeast region, or reaching refugees that arrived from countries such as Venezuela, Haiti, or Colombia.
Cultural competence has been part of the different programs, with different intensities and approaches, for several years. There is not a specific policy about it, determining how or at which moment of the program the issue should be addressed. Therefore, each program can place the focus on cultural competence according to the specific academic context.
The process of getting access to academic education in Brazil is a process mostly based on the results of specific academic exams. Therefore, usually, the groups of students are also comprised of individuals from different social, economic, and cultural backgrounds. Dealing with these differences is an important issue in academic programs, and most important in areas that deal with human communication and interaction, such as Phonoaudiology.
Brazil has public systems that guarantee integral health care and 9 years of fundamental education to the whole population. However, these systems do not eliminate the severe inequities that can be observed everywhere. The COVID-19 pandemic had a major impact in several areas of health care delivery. Despite a vaccination system that otherwise works very efficiently and a population that was willing to be vaccinated, the distribution of vaccines was delayed and the process was very slow. The health system collapsed in all regions of the country, with overloaded ICUs and even a shortage of oxygen at some moments.
As occurred in several countries, the Brazilian central government was slow to respond to those challenges, failing to provide leadership aimed toward unified and collaborative actions. All decisions were transferred to state and city authorities, resulting in disjointed efforts and few positive results.
More than 650,000 persons perished, millions were infected, and continue to struggle with the consequences. Economic impacts continue to be observed in unemployment, increasing numbers of bankruptcies, hunger, and homelessness. These consequences are evident in all regions and affect either rural or urban populations.
Now, more than 1 year after the start of the vaccination in Brazil, a significant proportion of the population is vaccinated and the number of infections and deaths are decreasing. Several restrictions are being suspended, face-to-face activities are starting, and schools are re-opening. However, the consequences of the COVID19 pandemic will probably continue to affect the educational, health, and economic systems for a long time. It is not possible to think that things will be “back to normal” within a short period. It is important to think, for example, not just about children that were sick with COVID-19 and the long-term consequences of long hospitalization periods with, eventually, reduced oxygen amounts provided to the brain. Health, educational, and social security systems will have to deal with a great number of children that were orphaned and how to guarantee equal chances and compensating intervention. There are several challenges that will have to be met in the near and farther future.
Since the onset of the pandemic, in the first semester of 2020, it became clear that social distancing was one of the most effective ways of avoiding the spread of the COVID-19 pandemic. Authorities and stakeholders proposed several strategies to reduce human physical contact while trying to maintain most of the activities we used to consider “normal.” Most of the universities either enhanced or implemented online classes, study groups, and supervisions. However, it was believed that this situation would last for a few weeks or a few months at the most. During those first weeks, there was a somewhat relaxed approach to the new challenges with expectations such as “
As a result, different groups proposed and organized different responses. Some universities interrupted completely their activities, while others continued with online theoretical courses but interrupted all practice. Still, others built on previous experience and expertise in telehealth in order to continue to offer services. This also facilitated the establishment of clinical competence for future practice.
Telehealth or telepractice is the use of digital information and communication technologies, such as computers and mobile devices, to access and provide/receive health care services remotely.
Access to the Internet and digital equipment varies widely among students. In some cases the public university provided equipment and Internet packages to students, aiming to improve equity of access to tele-practice, tele-supervision, and distance education among students. The same was not true for many patients. It was not as easy to reduce the differences between patients from different social and cultural backgrounds, who did not have access to such technologies. Barriers to providing services through remote technologies also included the parent’s education level, their proficiency in the use of digital technology, and involvement with the intervention process.
Remote technologies can include, personal computers, notebooks, tablets and mobile phones.
As weeks, months and a year went by it became clear that those who started adapting their practices earlier had more effective results and better outcomes. This applied to teaching activities involved in theoretical courses as well as interventions associated with supervised practice.
The COVID 19 pandemic made even more evident another unwanted kind of social distancing. Differences in access to basic health resources highlighted social differences. As a result, discussions with students about alternatives to address the various and specific difficulties became frequent topics of classes and supervision meetings. Through such discussions, access to technology emerged as another challenge to be addressed in the process of increasing the equality of chances and opportunities for all.
Even considering that there are an increasing number of Internet users, there is still a large proportion of the population without any access to the web. Concerns about the use of digital technology in school environments, which have yielded poor results despite some public policies supporting accessibility to persons with special needs, are reported [7].
Research conducted before the pandemic revealed that, with 71% of the Brazilian population responding, 28% of the households did not have access to the Internet; 25% of the population did not use the Web and only one-third of the participants did any kind of work through the Internet. People living in the rural area (79%) or with lower income (85%) reported using the Internet exclusively on their cell phones [8].
A study focused on children and adolescents before the pandemic informed that there were 3 million children and adolescents that did not have access to the Internet in Brazil; of which 1.4 million never had access to the Web either in school, at work, or at home. Besides that, 4.8 million children and adolescents between 9 and 17 years (18% of the population) did not have access to the Internet at home. [9]. Considering the use of digital technology in the schools, the study reports that 58% of the students from urban schools used cell phones to perform school activities and only 33% of the teachers had some kind of instruction about the use of the Internet. In rural environments, only 40% of the schools had at least one computer with access to the Internet and 9% could access the Web via other devices [10].
Telehealth resources have great potential to address barriers such as the lack of professional experts in a specific area, and physical distance, besides saving transportation time and costs. However, not all families have access to the best technology devices to allow for the best services of online therapy. Professional education programs should include competencies regarding the resources available in different contexts.
It seems that the alternative strategies that had to be used in the implementation of tele-practice represent an important experience to be considered in offering SLP services to underserved or unserved populations and to in-training professionals that will be able to use them [11]. A study [12] conducted in 2020 assessed the reactions of final-period undergraduate students after 10 weeks of supervised telepractice with children with ASD in Sao Paulo, Brazil. Results indicate that 70% of them reported being self-confident and encouraged and that it was possible to continue the learning process. They considered that the improved contact with the families was the most positive aspect of telepractice, while the negative aspects were the lack of personal contact and the dependency on technology. This same publication [12] reports on 552 sessions of online language therapy with 83 children with ASD. These data highlight the importance of flexibility in the use of the available technology. More than 50% of the contacts occurred through WhatsApp. This surely is not the best way to provide a speech-language therapy session, but the alternative was no therapy. Overall, in 76.3% of the sessions, the therapists (supervised students) reported that the specific goals were met. These preliminary results seem to indicate that even in a situation where the resources are not the best ones, telehealth seems to be a viable alternative to the delivery of SLP services to children with ASD and their families.
Cultural differences and characteristics are not just observed in the minorities represented by migrants, refugees, and persons that frequently lack adequate access to basic housing, health, and education services [11]. They can also be observed in everyday life in small attitudes, and in regional popular sayings and customs that involve social, cultural, and economic aspects. Critical thinking is necessary to understand cultural differences that may reflect power differences associated with cultural identity. The notion of cultural humility [13] involves a better understanding of health issues regarding the context in which they occur.
Cultural awareness is essential to all SLPs in everyday situations [14], but more so when the service is provided through technological resources that “put the therapist inside the client’s home.”
This is the situation either when the therapist proposes to work with the client with the assistance of an adult at home or if “guiding” activities that are to be conducted at home by a familiar adult. Anyway, we are “invading” the client’s home (and probably the whole family), by being part of the routine of other family members, sharing routines and habits. Regardless of how productive it can be for the work itself, allowing the inclusion of tasks and abilities in the child’s routine and environment, we are entering their homes and it is easy to consider that this “participation” maybe a little (or too much) more than the families anticipated. The same may be true about online teaching. The study setting for the student may not be appropriate; or the student may feel uncomfortable and exposed, sharing their home environment or a disrupted routine during a class or supervision. It can happen anywhere, with anyone. Building the notion that improving cultural competence will be a never-ending task for any professional that deals with people, education, or communication should be part of the aims of education regarding remote access in education and intervention for the future.
The pandemic interrupted projects of modernity previously proposed and the need for changes has emerged. The ruptures created by the pandemic may represent an important opportunity for society to overcome barriers imposed by prejudices, lack of coherent information, and other elements that can harm the action of the speech therapist within the clinical practice. The notion of telepractice as the only mode of access between the phonoaudiologist and the client/patient during a long period and the cultural aspects involved has never been discussed like this before. Cultural competence in remote practice is now an essential part of the equation.
The concept of cultural competence has already been studied by several specialties within the area of health, addressing how it can benefit both the professional and the patient. One of the studies highlights that culture is not only something that people have but also something present in every human being, in its roots, which influences all their actions. In the literature, cultural aspects have already been defined as a set of values, beliefs, and norms that guide the thinking and decision-making processes of a certain population group about the actions it takes [15, 16]. Then, if the culture in which individuals are born can determine the thought and actions of each individual and the group, the expansion of this culture and the encounter, clash, and confluence with other cultures, can modify complete mental processes as well as personal, professional, and group decision-making mechanisms [17].
The phonoaudiologist is the professional trained to assist the language and communication skills of individuals of all ages. The assistance, however, should consider all complex issues regarding cultural sensitivity in all aspects involved in the integration of knowledge, competencies, and attitudes that influence therapeutic practice. Betancourt et al. [18] pointed out that the health professionals’ awareness of these complex dimensions that relate to cultural competence incorporates the understanding of the influence of social and cultural issues on beliefs and behaviors, taking into account their interaction with health providers. For these reasons, the COVID-19 pandemic and the need to transform all intervention, supervision, and education activities to remote access, made it clear that cultural competence must include these resources as part of the discussions during the speech-language pathologist’s training.
The understanding of the multicultural aspects of clients with speech, language, and hearing problems is essential to the professional’s ability to perform their best practices, providing a high-quality service for the population.
A small study conducted online interviews with 54 undergraduate and graduate students of Phonoaudiology and questioned their positions on the relevance of cultural competence in their professional training and their ability to work with individuals from different cultures. The results indicate that only 20% of the participants considered they had good knowledge about different cultures and 70% would be interested in different cultural experiences. This is important feedback regarding teaching strategies. Faculty needs to address how to bring cultural awareness as one of the competencies that are focused in several academic activities so students would be able to recognize and value the experiences they are already having with persons from different cultures. Different strategies may be used to achieve this goal, such as lectures, online discussions, or classroom activities [19]. The challenges imposed by the pandemic, restricting personal contact, will demand the continuity of the search for the best strategies.
The small study reported above confirms the expectations of Brazilian students in the area of communication sciences and disorders regarding the impact of experiences with different cultural groups on the development of cultural competence. The limitations imposed by the COVID-19 pandemic delayed all planning about face-to-face contact in the short term. However, there are many alternatives for distance meetings and communication. Developing communication partnerships among students and universities from different regions, environments, and even countries can foster interaction between students and improve general cultural sensitivity. Hopefully, the return to more mobile possibilities will allow the continuity and improvement of previous experiences.
Even different languages should not be barriers if communication is the true aim. Learning how to understand each other and reducing differences and distances may be the kind of soft skill that contributes to the development of empathy. It can surely be interesting for a CSD student to experience the role of not being able to communicate efficiently and needing to overcome linguistic and cultural barriers and becoming more flexible in different settings. It may be said that empathy is not enough, but it can be an important intrinsic motivator to the development of cultural competence.
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2022",editors:[{id:"215610",title:"Prof.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Sarfraz",slug:"muhammad-sarfraz",fullName:"Muhammad Sarfraz"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},subject:{topic:{id:"367",title:"Pathology",slug:"agricultural-and-biological-sciences-plant-biology-pathology",parent:{id:"41",title:"Plant Biology",slug:"agricultural-and-biological-sciences-plant-biology"},numberOfBooks:5,numberOfSeries:0,numberOfAuthorsAndEditors:108,numberOfWosCitations:43,numberOfCrossrefCitations:75,numberOfDimensionsCitations:142,videoUrl:null,fallbackUrl:null,description:null},booksByTopicFilter:{topicId:"367",sort:"-publishedDate",limit:12,offset:0},booksByTopicCollection:[{type:"book",id:"10985",title:"Agro-Economic Risks of Phytophthora and an Effective Biocontrol Approach",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5ce2fdab78f95851db363572e8e44e36",slug:"agro-economic-risks-of-phytophthora-and-an-effective-biocontrol-approach",bookSignature:"Waleed Mohamed Hussain Abdulkhair",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10985.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"175713",title:"Dr.",name:"Waleed Mohamed Hussain",middleName:null,surname:"Abdulkhair",slug:"waleed-mohamed-hussain-abdulkhair",fullName:"Waleed Mohamed Hussain Abdulkhair"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10113",title:"Diagnostics of Plant Diseases",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"daef7c0ea5e568cfc5ae1613a74634b3",slug:"diagnostics-of-plant-diseases",bookSignature:"Dmitry Kurouski",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10113.jpg",editedByType:"Edited 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Pathology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"99196a55714f4057fd77655b42e6855f",slug:"advances-in-plant-pathology",bookSignature:"Josphert Ngui Kimatu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6642.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"224171",title:"Prof.",name:"Josphert N.",middleName:null,surname:"Kimatu",slug:"josphert-n.-kimatu",fullName:"Josphert N. Kimatu"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"5606",title:"Citrus Pathology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"99254ddaa61bea53d3c328233a4f6c15",slug:"citrus-pathology",bookSignature:"Harsimran Gill and Harsh Garg",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5606.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"169846",title:"Dr.",name:"Harsimran",middleName:null,surname:"Gill",slug:"harsimran-gill",fullName:"Harsimran Gill"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],booksByTopicTotal:5,seriesByTopicCollection:[],seriesByTopicTotal:0,mostCitedChapters:[{id:"53286",doi:"10.5772/66518",title:"Advance in Citrus Postharvest Management: Diseases, Cold Storage and Quality Evaluation",slug:"advance-in-citrus-postharvest-management-diseases-cold-storage-and-quality-evaluation",totalDownloads:3181,totalCrossrefCites:10,totalDimensionsCites:18,abstract:"Citrus is a fruit crop grown in different Mediterranean countries. Generally, harvested fruits are used for fresh consumption or are processed (mainly to produce juices). In this chapter, the authors discuss the state of art on citrus postharvest with a scientific approach, evaluating the current knowledge about the physiology and pathology of citrus fruits and the main causes of deterioration. In addition, the authors explain the main facilities for the cold storage of citrus fruit with particular reference to the rapid-cooling techniques and treatments needed prior to shipment of citrus fruits (refer shipment). In the last part of the chapter, the non-destructive methods for the quality evaluation are presented.",book:{id:"5606",slug:"citrus-pathology",title:"Citrus Pathology",fullTitle:"Citrus Pathology"},signatures:"Maria C. Strano, Giuseppe Altieri, Naouel Admane, Francesco\nGenovese and Giovanni C. Di Renzo",authors:[{id:"193555",title:"Dr.",name:"Francesco",middleName:null,surname:"Genovese",slug:"francesco-genovese",fullName:"Francesco Genovese"},{id:"193583",title:"Prof.",name:"Giovanni Carlo",middleName:null,surname:"Di Renzo",slug:"giovanni-carlo-di-renzo",fullName:"Giovanni Carlo Di Renzo"},{id:"193584",title:"Prof.",name:"Giuseppe",middleName:null,surname:"Altieri",slug:"giuseppe-altieri",fullName:"Giuseppe Altieri"},{id:"193585",title:"Dr.",name:"Maria Concetta",middleName:null,surname:"Strano",slug:"maria-concetta-strano",fullName:"Maria Concetta Strano"},{id:"193789",title:"Dr.",name:"Naouel",middleName:null,surname:"Admane",slug:"naouel-admane",fullName:"Naouel Admane"}]},{id:"67782",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.87101",title:"Aspects in Tobamovirus Management in Intensive Agriculture",slug:"aspects-in-em-tobamovirus-em-management-in-intensive-agriculture",totalDownloads:992,totalCrossrefCites:10,totalDimensionsCites:17,abstract:"In the recent years, disease spread of old and newly evolved tobamoviruses has occurred worldwide, affecting production of various vegetable and ornamental crops. The tobamoviruses are highly stable plant viruses that could cause severe disease symptoms. The well-known tobamovirus Cucumber green mottle mosaic virus (CGMMV) has recently caused severe damages in the cucumber, melon, and watermelon cucurbitaceous crops, worldwide. Similarly, a recent widespread of the newly identified tobamoviruses, Tomato mottle mosaic virus (ToMMV) and Tomato brown rugose fruit virus (ToBRFV), has reduced the solanaceous crop production. The primary route of tobamoviral infection is through mechanical means. These viruses adhere to agricultural facilities, contaminate the soil, infect seeds, and spread via beneficial pollinators and irrigation water. Mechanical plant injury suffices to initiate viral infection. Practicing hygiene by plant growers and in nurseries is currently the main strategy for mitigation of tobamoviral infection. Promoting the production of solanaceous vegetable crops genetically resistant to ToMMV and ToBRFV infection is a promising approach. However, CGMMV-resistant sources of cucurbitaceous vegetable crops are scarce. Conferring resistance to rootstocks and cross-protection strategies are newly implemented approaches that could alleviate tobamovirus disease spread in both solanaceous and cucurbitaceous crops.",book:{id:"8814",slug:"plant-diseases-current-threats-and-management-trends",title:"Plant Diseases",fullTitle:"Plant Diseases - Current Threats and Management Trends"},signatures:"Elisheva Smith and Aviv Dombrovsky",authors:null},{id:"68107",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.87958",title:"Plant Metabolites in Plant Defense Against Pathogens",slug:"plant-metabolites-in-plant-defense-against-pathogens",totalDownloads:1404,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:11,abstract:"Medicinal plants are widely used worldwide to treat various diseases. Its widespread use is due in part to the cultural acceptance of traditional medicine in different regions of the world, as well as its effectiveness in treating various diseases. Many of its active substances or secondary metabolites are formed to a response of various situations that generate stress in their habitat, such as sudden changes in environmental temperature, humidity, rain, drought, and infections by phytopathogens (fungi, bacteria, viruses, nematodes, protozoa). The production of these secondary metabolites is a mechanism of defense of plants. In this context, the objective of this chapter is to study the secondary metabolites of medicinal plants that could have a promising application in the control of different phytopathogens in crops of agricultural and economic interest.",book:{id:"8814",slug:"plant-diseases-current-threats-and-management-trends",title:"Plant Diseases",fullTitle:"Plant Diseases - Current Threats and Management Trends"},signatures:"Xóchitl S. Ramírez-Gómez, Sandra N. Jiménez-García, Vicente Beltrán Campos and Ma. Lourdes García Campos",authors:null},{id:"67930",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.87055",title:"Impact of Climate Change on Plant Diseases and IPM Strategies",slug:"impact-of-climate-change-on-plant-diseases-and-ipm-strategies",totalDownloads:1991,totalCrossrefCites:7,totalDimensionsCites:10,abstract:"There has been a remarkable scientific output on the topic of how climate change is likely to affect plant diseases. Climate change influences the occurrence, prevalence, and severity of plant diseases. Projected atmospheric and climate change will thus affect the interaction between crops and pathogens in multiple ways. This will also affect disease management with regard to timing, preference, and efficacy of chemical, physical, and biological measures of control and their utilization within integrated pest management (IPM) strategies. Prediction of future requirements in disease management is of great interest for agro-industries, extension services, and practical farmers. A comprehensive analysis of potential climate change effects on disease control is difficult because current knowledge is limited and fragmented and due to the complexity of future risks for plant disease management, particularly if new crops are introduced in an area. Uncertainty in models of plant disease development under climate change calls for a diversity of management strategies, from more participatory approaches to interdisciplinary science. Involvement of stakeholders and scientists from outside plant pathology shows the importance of trade-offs. All these efforts and integrations will produce effective crop protection strategies using novel technologies as appropriate tools to adapt to altered climatic conditions.",book:{id:"8814",slug:"plant-diseases-current-threats-and-management-trends",title:"Plant Diseases",fullTitle:"Plant Diseases - Current Threats and Management Trends"},signatures:"Sahar Abdou Zayan",authors:null},{id:"62605",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.75837",title:"The Biology of Thecaphora frezii Smut and Its Effects on Argentine Peanut Production",slug:"the-biology-of-thecaphora-frezii-smut-and-its-effects-on-argentine-peanut-production",totalDownloads:1117,totalCrossrefCites:7,totalDimensionsCites:9,abstract:"Thecaphora frezii was first reported in 1962 in wild peanut from Aquidauana, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil. In Argentina, it was first detected in 1995 in commercial crops from the central-northern area of Córdoba province. The fungus can survive in the soil as teliospores. When peanut gynophore penetrates the soil, their exudates disrupt telial dormancy; T. frezii penetrates and colonizes the tissues and replaces the cells with teliospores. Since its first report, peanut smut prevalence has gradually increased in peanut areas to reach a 100% in 2012. Currently, it is the most important peanut disease in Argentina, not only for its destructive power on crop but also for its quick spread throughout the growing region of Córdoba and the lack of effective tools for its management. It is important for additional research to find effective agronomical practice that reaches high control efficiencies. The collaboration of all those involved in Argentinian peanut production systems is necessary for the management of peanut smut to be successful.",book:{id:"6642",slug:"advances-in-plant-pathology",title:"Advances in Plant Pathology",fullTitle:"Advances in Plant Pathology"},signatures:"Luis Ignacio Cazón, Juan Andrés Paredes and Alejandro Mario Rago",authors:[{id:"232647",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Luis Ignacio",middleName:null,surname:"Cazón",slug:"luis-ignacio-cazon",fullName:"Luis Ignacio Cazón"},{id:"240515",title:"MSc.",name:"Juan Andrés",middleName:null,surname:"Paredes",slug:"juan-andres-paredes",fullName:"Juan Andrés Paredes"},{id:"240517",title:"MSc.",name:"Alejandro Mario",middleName:null,surname:"Rago",slug:"alejandro-mario-rago",fullName:"Alejandro Mario Rago"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"53686",title:"Major and Emerging Fungal Diseases of Citrus in the Mediterranean Region",slug:"major-and-emerging-fungal-diseases-of-citrus-in-the-mediterranean-region",totalDownloads:3195,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:9,abstract:"This chapter deals with major endemic and emerging fungal diseases of citrus as well as with exotic fungal pathogens potentially harmful for citrus industry in the Mediterranean region, with particular emphasis on diseases reported in Italy and Maghreb countries. The aim is to provide an update of both the taxonomy of the causal agents and their ecology based on a molecular approach, as a preliminary step towards developing or upgrading integrated and sustainable disease management strategies. Potential or actual problems related to the intensification of new plantings, introduction of new citrus cultivars and substitution of sour orange with other rootstocks, globalization of commerce and climate changes are discussed. Fungal pathogens causing vascular, foliar, fruit, trunk and root diseases in commercial citrus orchards are reported, including Plenodomus tracheiphilus, Colletotrichum spp., Alternaria spp., Mycosphaerellaceae, Botryosphaeriaceae, Guignardia citricarpa and lignicolous basidiomycetes. Diseases caused by Phytophthora spp. (oomycetes) are also included as these pathogens have many biological, ecological and epidemiological features in common with the true fungi (eumycetes).",book:{id:"5606",slug:"citrus-pathology",title:"Citrus Pathology",fullTitle:"Citrus Pathology"},signatures:"Khaled Khanchouch, Antonella Pane, Ali Chriki and Santa Olga\nCacciola",authors:[{id:"193916",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Khaled",middleName:null,surname:"Khanchouch",slug:"khaled-khanchouch",fullName:"Khaled Khanchouch"},{id:"193918",title:"Dr.",name:"Santa Olga",middleName:null,surname:"Cacciola",slug:"santa-olga-cacciola",fullName:"Santa Olga Cacciola"},{id:"196942",title:"Dr.",name:"Antonella",middleName:null,surname:"Pane",slug:"antonella-pane",fullName:"Antonella Pane"},{id:"196943",title:"Prof.",name:"Ali",middleName:null,surname:"Chriki",slug:"ali-chriki",fullName:"Ali Chriki"}]},{id:"67930",title:"Impact of Climate Change on Plant Diseases and IPM Strategies",slug:"impact-of-climate-change-on-plant-diseases-and-ipm-strategies",totalDownloads:1988,totalCrossrefCites:7,totalDimensionsCites:10,abstract:"There has been a remarkable scientific output on the topic of how climate change is likely to affect plant diseases. Climate change influences the occurrence, prevalence, and severity of plant diseases. Projected atmospheric and climate change will thus affect the interaction between crops and pathogens in multiple ways. This will also affect disease management with regard to timing, preference, and efficacy of chemical, physical, and biological measures of control and their utilization within integrated pest management (IPM) strategies. Prediction of future requirements in disease management is of great interest for agro-industries, extension services, and practical farmers. A comprehensive analysis of potential climate change effects on disease control is difficult because current knowledge is limited and fragmented and due to the complexity of future risks for plant disease management, particularly if new crops are introduced in an area. Uncertainty in models of plant disease development under climate change calls for a diversity of management strategies, from more participatory approaches to interdisciplinary science. Involvement of stakeholders and scientists from outside plant pathology shows the importance of trade-offs. All these efforts and integrations will produce effective crop protection strategies using novel technologies as appropriate tools to adapt to altered climatic conditions.",book:{id:"8814",slug:"plant-diseases-current-threats-and-management-trends",title:"Plant Diseases",fullTitle:"Plant Diseases - Current Threats and Management Trends"},signatures:"Sahar Abdou Zayan",authors:null},{id:"74757",title:"The Trends in the Evaluation of Fusarium Wilt of Chickpea",slug:"the-trends-in-the-evaluation-of-fusarium-wilt-of-chickpea",totalDownloads:734,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) is one of the important annual legume crops, cultivated throughout the India since ancient time. It is also grown in many countries of the world. The crop has been facing numerous biotic and abiotic constraints. Among biotic constraint crop affected adversely by diseases, caused by many pathogens. Ever since 1918 when for the first time wilt disease of chickpea was reported and Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. ciceri was the causal organism many strategies have been adopted to control the wilt disease. The controlling methods included conventional as well as modern one. However, more and more emphasis was given on biological control agents such as AM fungi and Trichoderma. The role of AM fungi have been evaluated for controlling the wilt disease similarly role of Trichoderma is thoroughly established biological control agent against Fusarium wilt. With the advent of modern tools and techniques developing markers, resistant varieties, all such sources enable us to reduce the effect of pathogens. Here an attempted has been made to acknowledge the trend of disease management and evaluation strategies of Fusarium wilt of chickpea for getting better yields of the crop.",book:{id:"10113",slug:"diagnostics-of-plant-diseases",title:"Diagnostics of Plant Diseases",fullTitle:"Diagnostics of Plant Diseases"},signatures:"Chandan Singh and Deepak Vyas",authors:[{id:"315463",title:"Mr.",name:"Chandan",middleName:null,surname:"Singh",slug:"chandan-singh",fullName:"Chandan Singh"},{id:"338974",title:"Prof.",name:"Deepak",middleName:null,surname:"Vyas",slug:"deepak-vyas",fullName:"Deepak Vyas"}]},{id:"60615",title:"Leaf Curl Disease: A Significant Constraint in the Production of Tomato in India",slug:"leaf-curl-disease-a-significant-constraint-in-the-production-of-tomato-in-india",totalDownloads:1457,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:5,abstract:"Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) is one of the most economically important vegetable crops in the world. Among the major biotic constraints, virus-associated Tomato leaf curl disease (ToLCD) is a major limiting factor affecting its cultivation and yield. Different symptoms associated with disease are reported such as leaf curling, puckering of leaves, vein yellowing, stunting, excessive branching, from pale yellowing to deep yellowing, and small leaves. The genus Begomovirus is a circular single-stranded DNA virus which is exclusively being transmitted by whitefly (Bemisia tabaci) in a persistent circulative manner. Most of the begomovirus species are monopartite (having DNA-A molecule only), except few species, which are bipartite (having DNA-A and DNA-B as the genomic component). No absolute effective control measures of the disease could be developed so far, except resistance, management of insect vectors, and altering the dates of sowing to avoid peaks of insect vector population. This chapter reports an account of history, symptoms, transmission, genome organization, distribution, and management of Tomato leaf curl disease.",book:{id:"6642",slug:"advances-in-plant-pathology",title:"Advances in Plant Pathology",fullTitle:"Advances in Plant Pathology"},signatures:"Pradeep Kumar and Manish Kumar",authors:[{id:"234558",title:"Dr.",name:"Manish",middleName:null,surname:"Kumar",slug:"manish-kumar",fullName:"Manish Kumar"},{id:"239750",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Pradeep",middleName:null,surname:"Kumar",slug:"pradeep-kumar",fullName:"Pradeep Kumar"}]},{id:"68015",title:"Sisal Bole Rot: An Important but Neglected Disease",slug:"sisal-bole-rot-an-important-but-neglected-disease",totalDownloads:988,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"Sisal (Agave sisalana) is one of the main sources of hard natural fibre and raw materials for the industry, medicine and handicrafts. Sisal yields a coarse and strong fibre that is increasingly being used in composite materials for automobiles, furniture, construction and plastic and paper products. Extracts of sisal contain substances with anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial and anthelmintic activities. Sisal is adapted to warm environments with low rainfall and is an excellent option for cultivation in semiarid conditions, where other crops cannot be grown. The world’s largest sisal producers are Brazil, Tanzania, China, Kenya and Madagascar. Sisal is a labour-intensive crop with great socio-economical importance as it is cultivated in poor areas employing familiar labour. Sisal bole rot is the main disease of sisal, responsible for substantial losses in producing countries. The disease is caused by certain species of the genus Aspergillus, especially the ones belonging in the section Nigri. The main symptoms are yellowing of the aerial parts and the red-coloured rot of the bole, which causes the plant to die. In this review we are going to address the taxonomy of the causal agents, disease diagnosis and epidemiology and disease management, with emphasis on biological control.",book:{id:"8814",slug:"plant-diseases-current-threats-and-management-trends",title:"Plant Diseases",fullTitle:"Plant Diseases - Current Threats and Management Trends"},signatures:"Valter Cruz-Magalhães, Jackeline Pereira Andrade, Yasmim Freitas Figueiredo, Phellippe Arthur Santos Marbach and Jorge Teodoro de Souza",authors:null}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"367",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:0},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:8,limit:8,total:0},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:90,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:108,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:33,numberOfPublishedChapters:330,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:14,numberOfPublishedChapters:145,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:141,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:123,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:112,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:22,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:11,numberOfOpenTopics:1,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:5,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-6580",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. The whole process of submitting an article and editing of the submitted article goes extremely smooth and fast, the number of reads and downloads of chapters is high, and the contributions are also frequently cited.",author:{id:"55578",name:"Antonio",surname:"Jurado-Navas",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRisIQAS/Profile_Picture_1626166543950",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",institution:{id:"720",name:"University of Malaga",country:{id:null,name:"Spain"}}}},{id:"6",text:"It is great to work with the IntechOpen to produce a worthwhile collection of research that also becomes a great educational resource and guide for future research endeavors.",author:{id:"259298",name:"Edward",surname:"Narayan",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",slug:"edward-narayan",institution:{id:"3",name:"University of Queensland",country:{id:null,name:"Australia"}}}}]},series:{item:{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",issn:"2633-1403",scope:"Artificial Intelligence (AI) is a rapidly developing multidisciplinary research area that aims to solve increasingly complex problems. 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He is a full professor of signal processing and pattern recognition and is head of the Signals and Communications Department at ULPGC, teaching from 2001 on subjects on signal processing and learning theory. His research lines are biometrics, biomedical signals and images, data mining, classification system, signal and image processing, machine learning, and environmental intelligence. He has researched in 52 international and Spanish research projects, some of them as head researcher. He is co-author of 4 books, co-editor of 27 proceedings books, guest editor for 8 JCR-ISI international journals, and up to 24 book chapters. He has over 450 papers published in international journals and conferences (81 of them indexed on JCR – ISI - Web of Science). He has published seven patents in the Spanish Patent and Trademark Office. He has been a supervisor on 8 Ph.D. theses (11 more are under supervision), and 130 master theses. 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He is currently a principal researcher in data analytics and optimisation at TECNALIA (Spain), a visiting fellow at the Basque Center for Applied Mathematics (BCAM) and a part-time lecturer at the University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU). His research interests gravitate on the use of descriptive, prescriptive and predictive algorithms for data mining and optimization in a diverse range of application fields such as Energy, Transport, Telecommunications, Health and Industry, among others. In these fields he has published more than 240 articles, co-supervised 8 Ph.D. theses, edited 6 books, coauthored 7 patents and participated/led more than 40 research projects. 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He is currently the Director of the Postgraduate Program in Implantology of the Bioface/UCAM/PgO (Montevideo, Uruguay), Director of the Cathedra of Biotechnology of the Catholic University of Murcia (Murcia, Spain), an Extraordinary Full Professor of the Catholic University of Murcia (Murcia, Spain) as well as the Director of the private center of research Biotecnos – Technology and Science (Montevideo, Uruguay). Applied biomaterials, cellular and molecular biology, and dental implants are among his research interests. He has published several original papers in renowned journals. 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She is also Invisalign certified. She’s working as a Senior Lecturer in the Department of Orthodontics, SRM Dental College since November 2019. She is actively involved in teaching orthodontics to the undergraduates and the postgraduates. Her clinical research topics include new orthodontic brackets, fixed appliances and TADs. She’s published 4 articles in well renowned indexed journals and has a published patency of her own. Her private practice is currently limited to orthodontics and works as a consultant in various clinics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"SRM Dental College",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"323731",title:"Prof.",name:"Deepak M.",middleName:"Macchindra",surname:"Vikhe",slug:"deepak-m.-vikhe",fullName:"Deepak M. Vikhe",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/323731/images/13613_n.jpg",biography:"Dr Deepak M.Vikhe .\n\n\t\n\tDr Deepak M.Vikhe , completed his Masters & PhD in Prosthodontics from Rural Dental College, Loni securing third rank in the Pravara Institute of Medical Sciences Deemed University. He was awarded Dr.G.C.DAS Memorial Award for Research on Implants at 39th IPS conference Dubai (U A E).He has two patents under his name. He has received Dr.Saraswati medal award for best research for implant study in 2017.He has received Fully funded scholarship to Spain ,university of Santiago de Compostela. He has completed fellowship in Implantlogy from Noble Biocare. \nHe has attended various conferences and CDE programmes and has national publications to his credit. His field of interest is in Implant supported prosthesis. Presently he is working as a associate professor in the Dept of Prosthodontics, Rural Dental College, Loni and maintains a successful private practice specialising in Implantology at Rahata.\n\nEmail: drdeepak_mvikhe@yahoo.com..................",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Pravara Institute of Medical Sciences",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"204110",title:"Dr.",name:"Ahmed A.",middleName:null,surname:"Madfa",slug:"ahmed-a.-madfa",fullName:"Ahmed A. Madfa",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/204110/images/system/204110.jpg",biography:"Dr. Madfa is currently Associate Professor of Endodontics at Thamar University and a visiting lecturer at Sana'a University and University of Sciences and Technology. He has more than 6 years of experience in teaching. 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Dr. Madfa also regularly attends international conferences and holds administrative positions (Deputy Dean of the Faculty for Students’ & Academic Affairs and Deputy Head of Research Unit).",institutionString:"Thamar University",institution:null},{id:"210472",title:"Dr.",name:"Nermin",middleName:"Mohammed Ahmed",surname:"Yussif",slug:"nermin-yussif",fullName:"Nermin Yussif",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/210472/images/system/210472.jpg",biography:"Dr. Nermin Mohammed Ahmed Yussif is working at the Faculty of dentistry, University for October university for modern sciences and arts (MSA). Her areas of expertise include: periodontology, dental laserology, oral implantology, periodontal plastic surgeries, oral mesotherapy, nutrition, dental pharmacology. She is an editor and reviewer in numerous international journals.",institutionString:"MSA University",institution:null},{id:"204606",title:"Dr.",name:"Serdar",middleName:null,surname:"Gözler",slug:"serdar-gozler",fullName:"Serdar Gözler",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/204606/images/system/204606.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Serdar Gözler has completed his undergraduate studies at the Marmara University Faculty of Dentistry in 1978, followed by an assistantship in the Prosthesis Department of Dicle University Faculty of Dentistry. Starting his PhD work on non-resilient overdentures with Assoc. Prof. Hüsnü Yavuzyılmaz, he continued his studies with Prof. Dr. Gürbüz Öztürk of Istanbul University Faculty of Dentistry Department of Prosthodontics, this time on Gnatology. He attended training programs on occlusion, neurology, neurophysiology, EMG, radiology and biostatistics. In 1982, he presented his PhD thesis \\Gerber and Lauritzen Occlusion Analysis Techniques: Diagnosis Values,\\ at Istanbul University School of Dentistry, Department of Prosthodontics. As he was also working with Prof. Senih Çalıkkocaoğlu on The Physiology of Chewing at the same time, Gözler has written a chapter in Çalıkkocaoğlu\\'s book \\Complete Prostheses\\ entitled \\The Place of Neuromuscular Mechanism in Prosthetic Dentistry.\\ The book was published five times since by the Istanbul University Publications. Having presented in various conferences about occlusion analysis until 1998, Dr. Gözler has also decided to use the T-Scan II occlusion analysis method. Having been personally trained by Dr. Robert Kerstein on this method, Dr. Gözler has been lecturing on the T-Scan Occlusion Analysis Method in conferences both in Turkey and abroad. Dr. Gözler has various articles and presentations on Digital Occlusion Analysis methods. He is now Head of the TMD Clinic at Prosthodontic Department of Faculty of Dentistry , Istanbul Aydın University , Turkey.",institutionString:"Istanbul Aydin University",institution:{name:"Istanbul Aydın University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"256417",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Sanaz",middleName:null,surname:"Sadry",slug:"sanaz-sadry",fullName:"Sanaz Sadry",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/256417/images/8106_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Istanbul Aydın University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"240870",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Alaa Eddin Omar",middleName:null,surname:"Al Ostwani",slug:"alaa-eddin-omar-al-ostwani",fullName:"Alaa Eddin Omar Al Ostwani",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/240870/images/system/240870.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Al Ostwani Alaa Eddin Omar received his Master in dentistry from Damascus University in 2010, and his Ph.D. in Pediatric Dentistry from Damascus University in 2014. Dr. Al Ostwani is an assistant professor and faculty member at IUST University since 2014. \nDuring his academic experience, he has received several awards including the scientific research award from the Union of Arab Universities, the Syrian gold medal and the international gold medal for invention and creativity. Dr. Al Ostwani is a Member of the International Association of Dental Traumatology and the Syrian Society for Research and Preventive Dentistry since 2017. He is also a Member of the Reviewer Board of International Journal of Dental Medicine (IJDM), and the Indian Journal of Conservative and Endodontics since 2016.",institutionString:"International University for Science and Technology.",institution:{name:"Islamic University of Science and Technology",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"42847",title:"Dr.",name:"Belma",middleName:null,surname:"Işik Aslan",slug:"belma-isik-aslan",fullName:"Belma Işik Aslan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/42847/images/system/42847.jpg",biography:"Dr. Belma IşIk Aslan was born in 1976 in Ankara-TURKEY. After graduating from TED Ankara College in 1994, she attended to Gazi University, Faculty of Dentistry in Ankara. She completed her PhD in orthodontic education at Gazi University between 1999-2005. Dr. Işık Aslan stayed at the Providence Hospital Craniofacial Institude and Reconstructive Surgery in Michigan, USA for three months as an observer. She worked as a specialist doctor at Gazi University, Dentistry Faculty, Department of Orthodontics between 2005-2014. She was appointed as associate professor in January, 2014 and as professor in 2021. Dr. Işık Aslan still works as an instructor at the same faculty. She has published a total of 35 articles, 10 book chapters, 39 conference proceedings both internationally and nationally. Also she was the academic editor of the international book 'Current Advances in Orthodontics'. She is a member of the Turkish Orthodontic Society and Turkish Cleft Lip and Palate Society. She is married and has 2 children. Her knowledge of English is at an advanced level.",institutionString:"Gazi University Dentistry Faculty Department of Orthodontics",institution:null},{id:"202198",title:"Dr.",name:"Buket",middleName:null,surname:"Aybar",slug:"buket-aybar",fullName:"Buket Aybar",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/202198/images/6955_n.jpg",biography:"Buket Aybar, DDS, PhD, was born in 1971. She graduated from Istanbul University, Faculty of Dentistry, in 1992 and completed her PhD degree on Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery in Istanbul University in 1997.\r\nDr. Aybar is currently a full-time professor in Istanbul University, Faculty of Dentistry Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery. She has teaching responsibilities in graduate and postgraduate programs. Her clinical practice includes mainly dentoalveolar surgery.\r\nHer topics of interest are biomaterials science and cell culture studies. She has many articles in international and national scientific journals and chapters in books; she also has participated in several scientific projects supported by Istanbul University Research fund.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Marmara University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"178412",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Guhan",middleName:null,surname:"Dergin",slug:"guhan-dergin",fullName:"Guhan Dergin",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/178412/images/6954_n.jpg",biography:"Assoc. Prof. Dr. Gühan Dergin was born in 1973 in Izmit. He graduated from Marmara University Faculty of Dentistry in 1999. He completed his specialty of OMFS surgery in Marmara University Faculty of Dentistry and obtained his PhD degree in 2006. In 2005, he was invited as a visiting doctor in the Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Department of the University of North Carolina, USA, where he went on a scholarship. Dr. Dergin still continues his academic career as an associate professor in Marmara University Faculty of Dentistry. He has many articles in international and national scientific journals and chapters in books.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Marmara University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"178414",title:"Prof.",name:"Yusuf",middleName:null,surname:"Emes",slug:"yusuf-emes",fullName:"Yusuf Emes",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/178414/images/6953_n.jpg",biography:"Born in Istanbul in 1974, Dr. Emes graduated from Istanbul University Faculty of Dentistry in 1997 and completed his PhD degree in Istanbul University faculty of Dentistry Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery in 2005. He has papers published in international and national scientific journals, including research articles on implantology, oroantral fistulas, odontogenic cysts, and temporomandibular disorders. Dr. Emes is currently working as a full-time academic staff in Istanbul University faculty of Dentistry Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Istanbul University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"192229",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Ana Luiza",middleName:null,surname:"De Carvalho Felippini",slug:"ana-luiza-de-carvalho-felippini",fullName:"Ana Luiza De Carvalho Felippini",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/192229/images/system/192229.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:"University of São Paulo",institution:{name:"University of Sao Paulo",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"256851",title:"Prof.",name:"Ayşe",middleName:null,surname:"Gülşen",slug:"ayse-gulsen",fullName:"Ayşe Gülşen",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/256851/images/9696_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Ayşe Gülşen graduated in 1990 from Faculty of Dentistry, University of Ankara and did a postgraduate program at University of Gazi. \nShe worked as an observer and research assistant in Craniofacial Surgery Departments in New York, Providence Hospital in Michigan and Chang Gung Memorial Hospital in Taiwan. \nShe works as Craniofacial Orthodontist in Department of Aesthetic, Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Gazi, Ankara Turkey since 2004.",institutionString:"Orthodontist, Assoc Prof in the Department of Aesthetic, Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Gazi",institution:null},{id:"255366",title:"Prof.",name:"Tosun",middleName:null,surname:"Tosun",slug:"tosun-tosun",fullName:"Tosun Tosun",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/255366/images/7347_n.jpg",biography:"Graduated at the Faculty of Dentistry, University of Istanbul, Turkey in 1989;\nVisitor Assistant at the University of Padua, Italy and Branemark Osseointegration Center of Treviso, Italy between 1993-94;\nPhD thesis on oral implantology in University of Istanbul and was awarded the academic title “Dr.med.dent.”, 1997;\nHe was awarded the academic title “Doç.Dr.” (Associated Professor) in 2003;\nProficiency in Botulinum Toxin Applications, Reading-UK in 2009;\nMastership, RWTH Certificate in Laser Therapy in Dentistry, AALZ-Aachen University, Germany 2009-11;\nMaster of Science (MSc) in Laser Dentistry, University of Genoa, Italy 2013-14.\n\nDr.Tosun worked as Research Assistant in the Department of Oral Implantology, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Istanbul between 1990-2002. \nHe worked part-time as Consultant surgeon in Harvard Medical International Hospitals and John Hopkins Medicine, Istanbul between years 2007-09.\u2028He was contract Professor in the Department of Surgical and Diagnostic Sciences (DI.S.C.), Medical School, University of Genova, Italy between years 2011-16. \nSince 2015 he is visiting Professor at Medical School, University of Plovdiv, Bulgaria. \nCurrently he is Associated Prof.Dr. at the Dental School, Oral Surgery Dept., Istanbul Aydin University and since 2003 he works in his own private clinic in Istanbul, Turkey.\u2028\nDr.Tosun is reviewer in journal ‘Laser in Medical Sciences’, reviewer in journal ‘Folia Medica\\', a Fellow of the International Team for Implantology, Clinical Lecturer of DGZI German Association of Oral Implantology, Expert Lecturer of Laser&Health Academy, Country Representative of World Federation for Laser Dentistry, member of European Federation of Periodontology, member of Academy of Laser Dentistry. Dr.Tosun presents papers in international and national congresses and has scientific publications in international and national journals. He speaks english, spanish, italian and french.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Istanbul Aydın University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"260116",title:"Dr.",name:"Mehmet",middleName:null,surname:"Yaltirik",slug:"mehmet-yaltirik",fullName:"Mehmet Yaltirik",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/260116/images/7413_n.jpg",biography:"Birth Date 25.09.1965\r\nBirth Place Adana- Turkey\r\nSex Male\r\nMarrial Status Bachelor\r\nDriving License Acquired\r\nMother Tongue Turkish\r\n\r\nAddress:\r\nWork:University of Istanbul,Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Oral Surgery and Oral Medicine 34093 Capa,Istanbul- TURKIYE",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Istanbul University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"171887",title:"Prof.",name:"Zühre",middleName:null,surname:"Akarslan",slug:"zuhre-akarslan",fullName:"Zühre Akarslan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/171887/images/system/171887.jpg",biography:"Zühre Akarslan was born in 1977 in Cyprus. She graduated from Gazi University Faculty of Dentistry, Ankara, Turkey in 2000. \r\nLater she received her Ph.D. degree from the Oral Diagnosis and Radiology Department; which was recently renamed as Oral and Dentomaxillofacial Radiology, from the same university. \r\nShe is working as a full-time Associate Professor and is a lecturer and an academic researcher. \r\nHer expertise areas are dental caries, cancer, dental fear and anxiety, gag reflex in dentistry, oral medicine, and dentomaxillofacial radiology.",institutionString:"Gazi University",institution:{name:"Gazi University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"272237",title:"Dr.",name:"Pinar",middleName:"Kiymet",surname:"Karataban",slug:"pinar-karataban",fullName:"Pinar Karataban",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/272237/images/8911_n.png",biography:"Assist.Prof.Dr.Pınar Kıymet Karataban, DDS PhD \n\nDr.Pınar Kıymet Karataban was born in Istanbul in 1975. After her graduation from Marmara University Faculty of Dentistry in 1998 she started her PhD in Paediatric Dentistry focused on children with special needs; mainly children with Cerebral Palsy. She finished her pHD thesis entitled \\'Investigation of occlusion via cast analysis and evaluation of dental caries prevalance, periodontal status and muscle dysfunctions in children with cerebral palsy” in 2008. She got her Assist. Proffessor degree in Istanbul Aydın University Paediatric Dentistry Department in 2015-2018. ın 2019 she started her new career in Bahcesehir University, Istanbul as Head of Department of Pediatric Dentistry. In 2020 she was accepted to BAU International University, Batumi as Professor of Pediatric Dentistry. She’s a lecturer in the same university meanwhile working part-time in private practice in Ege Dental Studio (https://www.egedisklinigi.com/) a multidisciplinary dental clinic in Istanbul. Her main interests are paleodontology, ancient and contemporary dentistry, oral microbiology, cerebral palsy and special care dentistry. She has national and international publications, scientific reports and is a member of IAPO (International Association for Paleodontology), IADH (International Association of Disability and Oral Health) and EAPD (European Association of Pediatric Dentistry).",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"172009",title:"Dr.",name:"Fatma Deniz",middleName:null,surname:"Uzuner",slug:"fatma-deniz-uzuner",fullName:"Fatma Deniz Uzuner",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/172009/images/7122_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Deniz Uzuner was born in 1969 in Kocaeli-TURKEY. After graduating from TED Ankara College in 1986, she attended the Hacettepe University, Faculty of Dentistry in Ankara. \nIn 1993 she attended the Gazi University, Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Orthodontics for her PhD education. After finishing the PhD education, she worked as orthodontist in Ankara Dental Hospital under the Turkish Government, Ministry of Health and in a special Orthodontic Clinic till 2011. Between 2011 and 2016, Dr. Deniz Uzuner worked as a specialist in the Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Gazi University in Ankara/Turkey. In 2016, she was appointed associate professor. Dr. Deniz Uzuner has authored 23 Journal Papers, 3 Book Chapters and has had 39 oral/poster presentations. She is a member of the Turkish Orthodontic Society. Her knowledge of English is at an advanced level.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"332914",title:"Dr.",name:"Muhammad Saad",middleName:null,surname:"Shaikh",slug:"muhammad-saad-shaikh",fullName:"Muhammad Saad Shaikh",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Jinnah Sindh Medical University",country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"315775",title:"Dr.",name:"Feng",middleName:null,surname:"Luo",slug:"feng-luo",fullName:"Feng Luo",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sichuan University",country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"344229",title:"Dr.",name:"Sankeshan",middleName:null,surname:"Padayachee",slug:"sankeshan-padayachee",fullName:"Sankeshan Padayachee",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of the Witwatersrand",country:{name:"South Africa"}}},{id:"315727",title:"Ms.",name:"Kelebogile A.",middleName:null,surname:"Mothupi",slug:"kelebogile-a.-mothupi",fullName:"Kelebogile A. Mothupi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of the Witwatersrand",country:{name:"South Africa"}}},{id:"423519",title:"Dr.",name:"Sizakele",middleName:null,surname:"Ngwenya",slug:"sizakele-ngwenya",fullName:"Sizakele Ngwenya",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of the Witwatersrand",country:{name:"South Africa"}}},{id:"337613",title:"Mrs.",name:"Tshakane",middleName:null,surname:"R.M.D. Ralephenya",slug:"tshakane-r.m.d.-ralephenya",fullName:"Tshakane R.M.D. Ralephenya",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of the Witwatersrand",country:{name:"South Africa"}}},{id:"419270",title:"Dr.",name:"Ann",middleName:null,surname:"Chianchitlert",slug:"ann-chianchitlert",fullName:"Ann Chianchitlert",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Walailak University",country:{name:"Thailand"}}},{id:"419271",title:"Dr.",name:"Diane",middleName:null,surname:"Selvido",slug:"diane-selvido",fullName:"Diane Selvido",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Walailak University",country:{name:"Thailand"}}},{id:"419272",title:"Dr.",name:"Irin",middleName:null,surname:"Sirisoontorn",slug:"irin-sirisoontorn",fullName:"Irin Sirisoontorn",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Walailak University",country:{name:"Thailand"}}}]}},subseries:{item:{id:"28",type:"subseries",title:"Animal Reproductive Biology and Technology",keywords:"Animal Reproduction, Artificial Insemination, Embryos, Cryopreservation, Conservation, Breeding, Epigenetics",scope:"The advances of knowledge on animal reproductive biology and technologies revolutionized livestock production. Artificial insemination, for example, was the first technology applied on a large scale, initially in dairy cattle and afterward applied to other species. Nowadays, embryo production and transfer are used commercially along with other technologies to modulate epigenetic regulation. Gene editing is also emerging as an innovative tool. This topic will discuss the potential use of these techniques, novel strategies, and lines of research in progress in the fields mentioned above.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/28.jpg",hasOnlineFirst:!1,hasPublishedBooks:!0,annualVolume:11417,editor:{id:"177225",title:"Prof.",name:"Rosa Maria Lino Neto",middleName:null,surname:"Pereira",slug:"rosa-maria-lino-neto-pereira",fullName:"Rosa Maria Lino Neto Pereira",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bS9wkQAC/Profile_Picture_1624519982291",biography:"Rosa Maria Lino Neto Pereira (DVM, MsC, PhD and) is currently a researcher at the Genetic Resources and Biotechnology Unit of the National Institute of Agrarian and Veterinarian Research (INIAV, Portugal). She is the head of the Reproduction and Embryology Laboratories and was lecturer of Reproduction and Reproductive Biotechnologies at Veterinary Medicine Faculty. She has over 25 years of experience working in reproductive biology and biotechnology areas with a special emphasis on embryo and gamete cryopreservation, for research and animal genetic resources conservation, leading research projects with several peer-reviewed papers. Rosa Pereira is member of the ERFP-FAO Ex situ Working Group and of the Management Commission of the Portuguese Animal Germplasm Bank.",institutionString:"The National Institute for Agricultural and Veterinary Research. 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