Summary of the features of the available software frameworks for robotics: The XBot was developed from scratch given the limitations and the missing features of the presented existing framework.
\r\n\tRisk management aims to develop an efficient organizational development environment through risk planning, assessment, analysis, and control. This process will apply in all areas of activity, and the evaluation framework is the same regardless of the field. This volume will aim to appeal to chapters that address methods, models, evaluation frameworks, benefits, barriers, and other dimensions of risk management.
\r\n\tSustainability and the circular economy are approaches approached by many companies and have become activities of global interest. Protecting the environment, streamlining the consumption of organizational resources, reducing the amount of waste generated, and other activities are objectives of these efforts. The circular economy contributes to the sustainable development of the company or country and the achievement of the global objectives of sustainable development. This book will aim to collect various studies for organizational and global sustainability.
\r\n\tLeadership has become a globally desirable approach that can help improve organizational competitiveness and reduce organizational risks. Risks and barriers in risk-free management can be well managed through effective organizational leadership. This book will aim to bring together chapters that explore different areas of leadership.
Combinations of two or more physically and chemically distinct materials that results in improved properties compared to individual materials are termed as “composites.” Due to the adequate combination of such distinct materials, the properties of composites can be enhanced due to the presence of various materials. Composite materials bring the additional strength, stiffness apart from reducing the overall density compared to monolithic and non-aggregates allowing considerable reduction in the weight. Additionally, composites possess unidirectional properties (specific tensile strength) and increased fatigue endurance. The reinforcement plays an important role by providing the additional strength, stiffness and tribological properties in the composite. In many cases, the important properties of the reinforcement are strength, hardness and stiffness which are normally higher than the matrix materials. Today, the most man made engineered composites includes mortar; concrete; reinforced plastics; ceramic composites and metal composites. Particulates, whiskers/short fibers are the common type of reinforcements (Figure 1) used successfully for the fabrication of composite. Particulates are available in platelets, spherical and various regular or irregular shapes which may be having equal geometry in all directions. The particulate reinforcement was limited to 30–40 vol% in the composite due to its brittleness and fabrication difficulties. Fiber glasses were the first modern composites and are used for sports materials, car bodies, ship and other structural applications. But, due to the advancement in the composite technology, carbon fibers replaced the glass reinforcement in the composite and were used for many expensive sporting equipment and aircrafts structures. Carbon nanotube is being used successfully in these days for making of stronger and lighter composites. Another advantage of any composite material is that their properties are tailorable to certain extent along any direction. Further, these developed composite materials have design—flexibility, close tolerance, high durable, chemical inert and corrosive resistance. Also, the innovation in the fabrication techniques and combination of advanced materials resulted in superior thermal stability, high temperature retention and outstanding electrical properties. Composite materials are used for various applications such as building blocks, structures, bridges, automobile components, race car bodies, aerospace structural materials, space crafts and more.
Type of reinforcements used for the composites.
Metal matrix composites (MMCs) comprises lightweight and low-density materials (aluminum, magnesium, copper, etc.) reinforced with fiber or particulate of ceramic (silicon carbide, alumina, graphite, etc.). MMCs gave the opportunity to tailor the desire properties for specific applications. The important properties of metal matrix composites are stiffness, specific strength at elevated operating temperature and high tribological performance. On the other hand, fabrication cost of MMCs found to be higher for high performance application such as space and military and conceding the ductility and toughness. Also, MMCs have wide applications and are used in jet engines, aircrafts, satellite materials, and piston materials, cutting tools and space shuttle (NASA). MMCs with high strength and specific stiffness could be used in high speed machinery tools, robots, ships and rotating shaft where weight is an important criterion. MMCs also exhibit good wear resistance with high specific strength which is favorable for brake and engine components. Further, flexibility in tailorable thermal conductivity and thermal expansion, MMCs are very good candidate for precision machinery, lasers and electronic packaging. In order to make use of MMCs in all the production areas and commercially attractive, prioritized research and development should be made on highly reliable manufacturing process with lowering the processing costs. Also, advanced processing techniques in powder metallurgy, plasma spraying, liquid metal infiltration, innovative casting methods and innovative combination of advanced reinforcing materials is needed very much. Further, functionalization and coating on the matrix/reinforcement are very much necessary which can prevent the deleterious chemical reaction at higher operating temperature conditions.
Powder metallurgy consists of a sequence of activities where, a feedstock in powder form μm to nm is used for fabricating the components of several shape and structures. Figure 2 shows the general sequence of operations involved in a typical powder metallurgy production technology to obtain a finished component. Mechanical alloying, milling, electrolytic decomposition and gas atomization are the few metal powder techniques. Metal or alloy powder comes in various shapes and sizes which are dependent on the production method and parameters. Mixing of powders involves the introduction of various metal/alloy powders along with calculated quantity of reinforcement materials. Thus obtained powder mixtures are subjected to consolidation using rigid tool set comprising of die and punches. Thus obtained green compacts are sintered to make the particle bonding, (Figure 3) enhance the strength and the integrity which is usually done in protective atmosphere. The powder metallurgy process exists for the past 100 years, over the past years it has become a superior method to produce high-quality realistic industrial components with integration of novel reinforcements during preprocessing stage.
Conventional powder metallurgy process.
Powder to bonded structure during sintering.
With the several advantages of powder technology it become highly sustainable processing method over many conventional metal forming methods in producing complex shape, effective raw material utilization and the high tolerance. In the recent years, powder metallurgy process has been upgraded to consolidate pores or fully dense structures. Out of several new methods like hot isostatic pressing (HIP), metal injection molding (MIM), composites produced using powder forging (PF) and metal additive manufacturing (AM) have gained much popularity. Figure 4 shows some of the structures produced through powder metallurgy route. Most of the powder metallurgy parts include filtration systems, magnetic assemblies, automobile components and structural parts. Gears, bushes and bearings produced through powder metallurgy process exhibit the more porous but they naturally reduce the noise. Powder metallurgy is also a very feasible technique for producing parts with magnetic properties. Further, magnetism can be enhanced by varying the sintering parameters.
Complex structures produced through powder metallurgy.
The main advantage of powder metallurgy process is its ability to compress the powder into final size of closed dimensions and there is no need of any other subsequent forming process. Further, the process utilizes the 100% raw materials to get final component there by reducing the production cost compared to other conventional process (5–10% wastage). In the powder metallurgy process metal or alloy will not melt completely. So, there will not be any impurities by oxidation or deoxidizing or impurities from the crucible. Also, the process enables the production of high purity materials where, sintering is carried out in vacuum or gas atmosphere which will remain as the unique atmosphere throughout the process. Powder metallurgy enables the correctness of the material composition/weight/volume ratio and its homogeneity and it is suitable for mass production of same shape components.
According to the specific densification requirements, sintered metal or alloy compacts are subjected to post processing treatments which includes impregnation, repressing, heat treatment, surface treatment and extrusion. Impregnation is performed by dipping oil or plastic into molten metal. The specific purpose of this process is to improve the self- lubrication, wear resistance, strength and rusting proof. Repressing is carried out to improve the various mechanical properties, surface roughness and physical properties. In order to improve the product performance, sintered components are heated to a certain temperature and cooled with controlled temperature. Thermomechanical treatment, chemical treatment and heat hardening are the commonly used methods. Heat treated parts exhibits the well refined grain structure, high strength and high fracture toughness. Surface heat treatment methods such as steam treatment, galvanizing, plating, etc., are performed to make pores free and dense surface. In addition, extrusion, forging, welding and special processing method are used to obtain a desired shape, improved mechanical properties and high tolerance sintered structures of the final requirement to improve the product quality and its performance.
Carbon (C) is a chemical element with atomic number 6 and having [He] 2s22p2 electron configuration [1]. It is the fourth most abundant chemical element on the earth by mass. Diamond, amorphous carbon, graphite, and fullerenes are the well-known allotropes of the carbon. Figure 5 shows the various crystallographic physical structures of these allotropes. Diamond is well known for its high hardness, which consist of pure sp3 hybridized carbon atoms with the strong covalent bonding among carbon atoms (Figure 5). Diamond is frequently used as cutting and polishing tools [2]. Graphite is made up of layers of carbon atoms in a planar structure (Figure 5b). The carbon atoms are organized in a hexagonal lattice. Graphite is the softest structure in which the carbon atoms are sp2 hybridized and the layers are hold by van der Waals force of attraction. Graphite is mainly used in industrial lubrication purposes. Other allotropic form is the amorphous carbon. It is soot and black carbon which does not have any crystalline structure (Figure 5). Amorphous carbon can be used as inks, paints, and industrial rubber filler [3]. Fullerene is the fourth allotrope of carbon at nanoscale. Figure 5d–f demonstrates the structures of fullerene family members. It includes the ellipsoidal fullerenes, spherical fullerene (buckyball), cylindrical carbon nanotubes, and planar graphene. In the buckyball (C60) all the carbon atoms are arranged in the three adjacent carbon atoms with covalent bonding (Figure 5d) and these are having promised applications in polymer as filler to increase the mechanical strength. Ellipsoidal fullerenes; C70 (Figure 5e), C84, C72 and C76, icosahedral fullerene; C540 is also synthesized in the laboratories [4]. Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) (Figure 5f) and the graphene are discussed in the next sections.
Allotropes of carbon (a) diamond (b) graphite (c) amorphous carbon (d) spherical fullerene, C60 (e) ellipsoidal fullerene, C70. (f) SWCNT.
In 1991 CNTs were first discovered by a scientist Sumio Iijima (NEC Company, Tsukuba, Japan) [5]. The discover looks like concentric carbon tube called as multi walled carbon nanotube as shown in Figure 6. At the later stages another form of CNT called single walled carbon nanotube (SWCNT) was discovered. One dimensional fullerene with tubular structure of carbon atom is called as SWNT which poses a lower aspect ratio compared to SWCNT and also have different mechanical and electrical properties. CNT poses excellent thermal conductivity which is equal to diamond [1]. In the recent years, carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are known to be one of the most efficient nanomaterials making next generation engineering and industrial revolution. Extraordinary properties of CNTs are of high demand mainly in semi-conductors, electronics and aerospace fields, etc. Figure 6 shows the various types of CNTs which are depending on the number of carbon single atom layers (x). CNTs are referred to as SWCNTs (Figure 6a) if x = 1 (single layer of carbon atom), DWCNTs (Figure 6b) if x = 2 (double layer of carbon atom) and MWCNTs (Figure 6c) if x < 2 (multilayer of carbon atom). The diameter of CNTs is in nanometric scale and the length will be several micrometers to millimeter. CNTs exhibit unique properties such as high tensile strength (up to 100 GPa) and young’s modulus (up to 1500 GPa) [6].
Different types of CNTs based on their number of carbon single atom cylinders: (a) single wall CNT (SWNT); (b) double wall CNT (DWCNT); and (c) multi wall CNT (MWCNT).
The quality of produced CNTs highly relies on the method of synthesis. Arc discharge method, laser ablation and chemical vapor deposition technique (CVD) are the three main methods to manufacture CNTs. However CVD method got the immense attraction due better quality, high purity and better control during the synthesis [7]. CNTs which are produced through this methods is very much ideal to use for composite due to high purity during production. All other methods will induce the some percentage of impurities such as graphite, fullerenes and other various catalysts during production. Thus synthesized individual CNTs will have agglomerated, interwoven and entwined. So, dispersion of such CNTs becomes a crucial challenge while processing CNTs—metal matrix composite. Moreover, due to van der Waals force of attraction of carbon surfaces also will increases the much difficulty in CNTs dispersion [8]. An independent separated CNT is the main objective of the dispersion where it can orient in one dimension or as two dimensional (as a flat sheet) or like a three dimensions (as a bulk solid). Dispersion of CNTs was carried out through chemical or mechanical processing. Dispersion through mechanical means was done by ultrasonic liquid processor (ULP); whereas, chemical dispersion is carried out through functionalizing the surface energy of CNT. Advantage of functionalization will help in adhesion characteristics to the matrix, which imparts the reduction in agglomerations. Ultrasonication method usually results in improvement of the uniform and homogeneous dispersion of the CNTs by shortening the size of CNT. Also, the disadvantage of this technique involves the risk of tube wall damage or breakage, removal of outer one layer in MWCNTs and shortens [9]. A study showed that, ≈70–≈90% purification take place during ultrasonication of CNTs [15]. Ball milling is the other option for the CNTs dispersion, to modify the aspect ratio, to obtain CNTs nanoparticles and for functionalizing. Various chemical-mechanical reactions are initiated during ball milling of CNTs. During ball milling CNTs are subjected to severe mechanical strain and may break the structure depending on the milling ratio.
Graphene is a two dimensional sp2 hybridized, one-atom-thick planar sheet of carbon atoms form a honeycomb crystal lattice (Figure 7). The graphene sheet exists in hexagonal structure in which each atom possesses three bands (σ bonds) which are together with its adjacent neighbor [10]. The term graphene was derived as combination graphite with the suffix “–ene” which describes the single layer of carbon [11].
Molecular model (single sheet) of a graphene.
Graphene is the basic structural element for all the allotropes of carbon and it is reflected as the mother of all graphitic forms group. Graphene can be wrapped and structured into buckyball (0D), rolled into carbon nanotube (1D), and can be stacked into graphite (3D) as shown in the Figure 8. Distance between the two adjacent graphene sheets is approximately 0.3 nm and these are held together with the weak van der Waals forces [12]. Graphite has been studied extensively for decades but experiments on graphene are on infancy stage. This might be due to difficulty in dispersion or isolation of single layer of graphene.
Graphene is a building material (2D) for other carbon-based dimensionalities [
Due to the astonishing properties, CNTs received the attention of the researchers in utilizing it for developing composites. The research took place in polymer, ceramic and metal-based composite. But, major research was carried out on polymer composites due low stress and low temperature operating conditions compared to ceramic or metal matrix composites. Metal matrix composite processing requires high pressure, high temperature and the process should be carried out in a controlled atmosphere. CNT reinforced metal matrix composites exhibited enormous improvement in the strength and stiffness. But, there are still several challenges in development of CNT-metal matrix composites to make use of its compete properties. The primary challenge is obtaining a uniform and homogeneous dispersion. CNT always tends to agglomerate cluster formation due to large surface area and tubular structure. Also, it exhibits a non-wetting property with the molten metal which leads to agglomeration. Other challenge of CNT is retaining its structure along with the chemical stability when processed at high temperature and stressed condition. But CNTs are capable of producing a stronger material to the human mankind for many applications have been reported in terms of mechanical and functional material.
Uniform distribution of carbon nanotube in the metal matrix is the main criteria for the successful processing and it includes minimal damage to CNTs physical structure. The retention of its structure is subjected to operating temperature and the applied stress. At elevated temperature, CNT is subjected to react with the molten metal/alloy and leads to carbide formation. Formation of carbides within the matrix material may have some advantages but it is not favorable when concentrating for particular application. Alignment of the CNT during processing will constitute the overall property of the developed composite. It is also possible to achieve unidirectional properties depending upon the sequence and method of processing. Currently, CNTs with various combinations of matrix such as aluminum (Al), nickel (Ni), copper (Cu), magnesium (Mg), titanium (Ti), silicon (Si), cobalt (Co), and zinc (Zn), etc., are successfully developed. Among metals, aluminum with CNTs combination constitutes a major literature followed by copper and magnesium [13].
Casting process has been used to fabricate Mg-CNT composites. CNT was coated by Ni electroless deposition method for better wetting with the Mg before adding to the Mg, which was melted at 700°C followed by pouring of CNTs to the melt by stirring and cast into ingots. Thus produced Mg-CNTs composites exhibited 150% improvement in the tensile strength and 30% improvement in the ductility for only addition of 0.67 wt% CNT. Also, mechanical properties are deteriorated at higher concentrations of CNTs due to agglomeration [14].
Powder metallurgy technique has been widely used for synthesis of aluminum and copper-CNTs composites majorly. It is also been used to fabricate Ni, Mg, Ti, Au, Sn and its alloys with CNT reinforcement. The powder metallurgy technique becomes very flexible to fabricate CNTs composite because its quality of dispersion and its manly depends on the matrix particle size. Liquid media can be used for the processing of matrix and the CNT where it prevents the oxidation and controls the heat generation during processing. The consolidation of these powder precursors was carried out through various methods. Cu-CNT composite processed through ball milling followed by isostatic pressing and sintering at 800°C for 2 h are found to be least porosity (2.4%). Ball milling process shown to be effective process in producing an Al-CNT composites [15, 16] and also this process is used for process Si-CNT composite powders for Li-ion batteries [17]. Silver-CNT composites were blended and compacted at 320 MPa and sintered at 700°C. Thus developed composites exhibited uniform distribution of CNTs without agglomeration of CNT at 8 wt% in the matrix.
Use of pressure to the dies containing a matrix and reinforcement precursor during sintering results in dense compact. This operation was done in inert atmosphere as well as vacuum conditions for metal matrix-CNT composites. Al-CNTs composites were fabricated through hot pressing found to be agglomeration of CNT. Also, the process leads to formation of carbide compounds. Further, precursors are also processed through ultrasonic dispersion of CNT in alcoholic media and isostatic pressing leads no chemical reaction between the SWCNT and aluminum. Cu-CNT was hot pressed after ball milling the powder at 1100°C in graphite die successfully. Mg-CNT [16] and Ti-CNT [17] combinations are also prepared through hot pressing in vacuum conditions which results in CNT agglomeration [18].
Spark plasma sintering (SPS) or electric field assisted sintering (EFAS) was found to be different from hot pressing and the heat was generated by pulsed DC current which is passed to powder kept in die. Great improvement in the compressive strength of Cu-10 vol% CNTs composite was observed for SPS processed compacts [19]. Improvement in hardness and sliding wear resistance were observed for the various metal matrix-CNT composites. SPS processed Al-1 wt% CNTs compacts are exhibited slight improvement in the hardness, flexural and improvement in the wear resistance. Compared to other conventional process SPS process became a promising method to obtain high density metal matrix-CNT composites. Other advantage was small sintering time which ensures the minimal reaction of the CNT with matrix component during consolidation [20].
Density of the metal matrix-CNTs compacts can be increased by deformation process and the method was suitable for aluminum- and copper-based composites. Hot extrusion is the commonly used deformation technique for metal matrix-CNTs composite. Equal channel angular extrusion (ECAE) and cold rolling are the other deformation techniques to process the composites. Aluminum and CNTs powders are processed through ultra-sonication in ethanol followed by drying, compaction and extrusion at 500°C with an extrusion ratio 25:1 [21]. In the other case, aluminum-CNT mixtures were ultra-sonicated and ball milled followed by sintering (580°C) and extrusion at 560°C successfully [30]. During deformation, CNT clusters are broken and are aligned in the direction of shear stress. Efforts have been made to process Mg-CNT and Mg-SiC-CNT composites through hot extrusion and 36% improvement in the yield strength was observed [22, 23]. Au-Sn-Cu solders with 1 wt% SWCNTs produced through hot extrusion shown 18% increase in the tensile strength [24].
Disintegrated melt deposition (DMD) was used to improve the CNT dispersion. This was carried out to fabricate Mg-CNT composite [25] where, the molten Mg-2 wt% CNT at 750°C is made to pass through an orifice and was disintegrated by two argon jets. Thus disintegrated molten melt is deposited in the metallic mold and thus obtained ingot is extruded at 350°C to get the Mg-CNT rods. Improvement in strength and ductility was observed for such fabricated materials. Also, increase in the content of CNTs affected the fatigue performance by reducing the number of cycle due to presence of voids and the matrix-CNT interface [26].
Melt filtration method was the commonly used technique to develop the Metal matrix composite. This method enables the high chances of homogeneous distribution of CNTs in the metal matrix. The key factor in this method includes proper filling up of pores and that constitute the final dense of the product. Mg-CNT was prepared in this manner and found to be enhanced in the shear modulus [27]. Aluminum-CNT mixtures were ball milled (7 h at 300 rpm) and compacted to make preform. Thus prepared preform was infiltrated spontaneously by LY12 Aluminum alloy at 800°C in nitrogen atmosphere and core shell type microstructure developed in the preform. Such a type of an infiltrated composite with 20 vol% of CNT showed a decrease in wear rate and the coefficient of friction. The decrease in the coefficient of friction was seen up to 15 vol% of CNT [27]. Melt infiltration is quite economical method to fabricate composite with CNT combination and properties are completely rely on degree of homogeneity of the CNT in the matrix. Further, due to partial melting of the matrix in connection with the CNTs lead to inevitable reactions and that can be prevented through surface coatings methods.
Thermal spray was used in many mass production industries. In this process the material to be subjected to spraying is fed into the heating source in the form of wire or powder and it get melted. Thus melted molten metal was accelerated by carrier inert gas and impinged on the substrate. Splats are formed on the substrate in the form of layer by layer and accumulation of these slats became a coating. Such a method was used to synthesis of ceramic-CNT [28, 29] and metal-CNT [30, 31] composite. Once the CNTs were uniformly distributed within the single splats, then the complete composite structure which was built layer over layer will also have CNTs homogeneous distribution. Thus, the near net shaped metal-CNT composite structures can be produced for the real time applications such as aerospace and heavy machinery surfaces with reasonable corrosion and wear resistance.
Plasma spraying forming (PSF) was carried out for Al-Si alloys reinforced with CNTs [30]. Blending was carried out through ball milling process and the mixed powders are plasma sprayed. The spraying process was done through cryogenically cooling environment on AA 6061 aluminum mandrel. Further, the current proved the retaining the CNT structure at higher temperature and there no carbide formation. Also, it was inferred that the sintering did not produced any perceptible damage to the CNT structure. Thus produced composite exhibited 78% increase in the elastic modulus for the 10 wt% of CNTs [32].
High Velocity Oxy-Fuel Spraying (HVOF) was found to be other novel thermal spray method which uses the heat source from the combustion of fuels in oxygen. Al-10 wt% composite produced through this method exhibited 49% improvement in the elastic modulus and 17% improvement in the microhardness which was more compared to same composite produced through PSF [30]. HVOF process has the capability to produce metal matrix-CNTs composite with high homogeneous dispersion, which enhances the mechanical properties.
Cold spraying method accelerates the powder particle to high velocity and made to impact on the substrate which leads to formation of splats. Al-CNT composite coating was prepared from the blended pure aluminum powders from this method and composite observed to be a dance microstructure [31]. But, CNTs were shortened due to high impact shearing between the particles. Also, necking formation followed by cup and cone type of fracture observed for mild carbon steel and CNT composites [33].
Electrochemical route can be used to synthesis MWCNT composites as well thin films by material deposition. Most of the composites are processed through co-deposition of CNTs and metals-ions [34]. Uniform distribution and homogeneous distribution of CNTs can be achieved in this technique [35]. This method also has flexibility to fabricate CNTs-based one-dimensional (1D) composites [36]. Thus developed composite has an application for nanosensors and precursor for larger MWCNT composite structures. The processing parameters govern the nature of the structures and also different in both electroless deposition and electrochemical deposition technique. Current density and type of power source (AC or DC) plays an important role in case of electrodeposition which was directly proportional to deposition of CNTs. On the other hand pH value and bath temperature are the important key factors in case of thermochemical process which determines the coating composition and morphology of the developed composite. Thus, electroless deposition and electrodeposition have become an effective method to produce thin metal matrix composite and coating techniques. Ni, Cu, Zn and Cr along with CNT combination composite coatings and thin films system were studied so far.
Sputtering method was used to deposit the metal over CNTs. This method was suitable for fabricating the one dimensional (1D) nanostructured composite. Further, sputtering technique enables the alignment of CNTs in the developed composite. Deposition of aluminum on CNTs was carried out by the magnetron sputtering and subjected to various annealing treatment [37]. Sputtering method carried out for Au on SWCNT shows the self-organization and evenly spaced cluster [37]. Sandwich method involves the dispersing of CNTs between many thin metallic or alloy layers followed by cold weld with the application of pressure. This method was successfully used to fabricate Cu-SWCNT composites and good dispersion along with proper bonding was observed [38]. Aluminum-CNT composite also processed by spray deposition which was carried out by spraying CNT on aluminum foil and rolling. Nearly, 59% improvement in the elastic modulus for the Al-2 vol% was observed for such a developed composite.
In the friction stirring process, frictional force was used to weld the metal and the MWCNT composite. This method was used to process the Mg-CNT and Al-CNT composite successfully. The decrease in the grain size was observed due to incorporation of carbon nanotube through this process. Processing of Al-5 wt% SWCNT through this method resulted in the reduction of grain size up to be 80% [39].
The explanation of graphene covers all forms of graphitic material from 100 nm < thick platelets down to single layer graphene [40]. However, the obtainability of single-or few-layer graphene that has caused the interest. In fact, it is possible to distinguish between flakes of graphene with different numbers of atomic layers in a transmission optical microscope due to its nature of significant optically energetic [41]. The work to determine the number of layers to be used for the reinforcement was formed and found that monolayer has the higher stress transfer than the bilayer graphene [42] and the flakes are sufficiently large(>30 micro meter) and aspect ratio should be high for the effective reinforcement of both bilayer [43] and monolayer graphene in the composite [44]. There has already been considerable effort put into the development routes of preparing high-quality graphene in large quantities for the research purposes along with the view to possible applications where it is suitable [45]. There are number of motives to develop graphene-metal composites. The strengthening mechanism of graphene reinforcement was thought to be related to the excellent mechanical and the unique structured characteristics of graphene, and good bonding interfaces between graphene and matrix. There are many challenges involved to get graphene dispersed metal matrix composite with the existing conventional metallurgical process or methods due to huge density difference between graphene nanoflakes (GNFs) and metal matrix, more interfacial contact area than carbon nanotubes and also reaction at matrix reinforcement interface [46] because the metals are much reactive. The work relating to this field is still remaining in their infancy. But the increase of publications in this category signifies that growing an interest toward graphene-based metal composites. Research on development of metal-graphene composites is still in its infancy stage as compared to polymer-graphene and ceramic-graphene composites. The metal matrix composites incorporated with the secondary phase graphene includes aluminum, magnesium, nickel, platinum [47], gold [48], cobalt [49], palladium [50], and silicon [51]. Further, these composites found to be application in supercapacitors [52], energy devices (batteries) [52], electrocatalysts and biosensors [53].
Powder metallurgy route was the commonly used technique for processing of graphene-based Cu, Al, Mg, etc., and alloys composites. It consists of processing of graphene with the metal or alloy powder followed by compaction and sintering. Usually dispersion and compaction is done through various methods. This step will have a great influence on final densification and properties of the developed composite. The common problem associated with the graphene includes agglomeration and it requires high energy to overtake the surface energy of the graphene to make it single flake. Further, high energy was utilized to break the graphene interlayer van der Waals force to obtain an individual sheet of graphene. In many cases graphene has been processed through ball milling and ultrasonication in order to disperse it into the matrix material. During the preparation of graphene-metal matrix composite, dimethylformamide (DMF), isopropanol, N-methyl pyrrolidone (NMP), deionized water and acetone was utilized as liquid media for ball milling.
Wet chemistry method utilizes the ultrasonication for mixing of matrix and graphene flakes in a liquid media. Sound waves generated during Ultrasonication are used to induce cavitation followed by agitating the particles in liquid media. Tip and bath sonicator are the commonly used ultrasonication devices for processing the graphene-metal powder mixtures. Ultrasonication processes will not use an impact or shear force on graphene sheets unlike ball milling and there is no particle size reduction during processing. Further, wet chemistry method completely eliminates the contamination issues during processing, except from the liquid media. Also, wet chemistry and the ball milling can be combined to process the metal and graphene precursors [54].
Mechanical alloying method was the most commonly used technique for fabrication of the metal-/alloy-based composite. The commonly used metals to fabricate the composite incorporating with the graphene includes: copper (Cu), aluminum (Al) and magnesium (Mg), etc. During alloying, the milling process was carried out to refine the metal or alloy powder in the milling media. Further, the milling process produces the repeated cold welding, re-welding and fracture of the metallic powders. Thus, it leads to simultaneous strengthening during milling by grain refining and work hardening. Microstructure of the composite can be controlled by modification of milling process parameters such as time, milling ratio and media. ZrO2 [55] are the commonly used balls for mechanical alloying of Al-graphene powder in a milling jar. The quantity of graphene added for the metal powder is typically <12 wt% so far. Further, milling process was carried out usually in argon (Ar) atmosphere to control the oxidation. Methanol, cryomilling and petroleum ether are the commonly involved process control agents during milling. Also, increasing in the milling time will degrade the properties of graphene leading to formation of defects in the developed composites. Additionally, hardness and strength of the graphene-MMCs fabricated via ball-milling followed by compaction and sintering are improved due to improved interfacial reaction, bonding and grain refinement.
Hot extrusion follows a hot working process; it requires a large quantity of powder and preparatory process (ball milling, compaction and sintering) to make a billet to extrude. For aluminum-graphene composites, the prepared billets are heated to >500°C which may lead to carbide formation at the metal graphene interfaces which reduces the strength of the composite. Most of the research has been carried out using spherical shaped aluminum powder (1–22 μm). But, it is observed that nanoflake size matrix possesses a great compatibility with the graphene and significant improvement in the properties was observed. graphene synthesized through chemically, thermally exfoliated and hummer’s method are used to fabricate the composite through hot extrusion. Some of the studies used slurry blending technique in which the ethanol or acetone is used as the medium. Thus processed metal matrix and graphene mixtures are consolidated through hydraulic pressing or hot isostatic pressing (HIP) and sintered at <600°C in argon (Ar) atmosphere followed by extrusion [56].
The metal (Al, Mg)/graphene composite produced through hot extrusion possess densities close to theoretical densities. Further, nanofiller graphene and the metallic grains are aligned along the direction of extrusion. Most of the graphene-MMCs, synthesized through hot extrusion, exhibit an improvement in strength, fracture toughness and hardness. Al-graphene composites extruded at a temperature less than 500°C possess a drastic improvement in the properties and it was found that they are defect free. Also, optimized graphene content for the aluminum matrix induce the extreme strength and larger grain refinement in the developed composite. Further, optimized graphene content in the matrix prevents the agglomeration which helps in preventing the carbide formation sites [57].
Hot rolling involves a combination of ball milling (high energy) and rolling which was used to fabricate the graphene-metal matrix composite effectively. The metal particle size range of 20–200 μm with 97–99.7% purity was considered in the studies. Thus processed powder mixtures were compacted in a thin copper (Cu) tube and subjected to rolling. Usually high speed differential rolling (HSDR) or equal speed rolling (ESR) is used and HSDR exhibited a larger amount of deformation]. Solid state friction stirring procedure same as friction stir welding. The process uses a non-consumable rotating tool which was hold mechanically by the rotating head and stirs the material. The main challenge in case of graphene/metal matrix system was the huge aspect ratio and small thickness will lead to agglomeration during the surface processing. In addition, a novel combination of liquid state solid stirring followed by friction stir processing to fabricate graphene/metal composite. Lot of agglomeration was found in the current method [58].
Graphene oxide reduction to graphene during chemical mixing was used to form a composite. This method was applied to develop many composite including palladium, platinum, cobalt, gold, etc. In the chemical mixing method solution media was used to disperse GO and metal particles during the synthesis [59]. During the process metal nanoparticles absorbed on the GO flakes and subjected to catalytic reduction reaction of GO with the solution and form a metal-graphene composite. This method enables the metal particle to sit over the reduced graphene nanoflakes and prevents the agglomeration and restacking. Chemical mixing of graphene with metal uses a metallic salts and graphene as a starting material. During the process, metallic salts are reduced in to the solvent and deposited on the graphene sheets to form a composite. The process prevents the agglomeration of the graphene flakes by developing a nonosized metallic particle between each graphene layers.
Most of the researchers have discussed the positive aspects of graphene reinforced composites, the extensive property of graphene and its huge potential for industrial applications. Due to the 2D structure and high specific surface area (SSA) of the graphene, it has several typical and intrinsic merits over the other reinforcements to incorporate in matrix for developing the composite structure. Graphene with very low content addition to the matrix showed a break through improvement and evolved as effective reinforcement for the material over high content particulate and CNT-based reinforcement composite system.
Nowadays effective robotic solutions targeting new applications outside the traditional industrial environment, are supposed to operate in partially known spaces with unforeseen uncertainty and increased variability in the application tasks. Hence, to be effective, they have to adapt rapidly and seemly their functionalities in these demands, leading to an increase of the complexity in each layer of the robotic system, from the hardware to the high level control.
To tackle this, several software frameworks for robotics have been developed in the past twenty years, as stated in [1], aiming to provide flexible infrastructures, which not only permit the seamless integration of new functionalities and interfaces in the robotic system, but also ensure standardization, easy tracking and maintenance of the software development, despite the increased complexity. Apart from dealing with the software complexity, these frameworks have to provide hard Real-Time (RT) performance, ensuring predictable response times [2] as required in critical tasks when robots need to perform in autonomous mode, responding to disturbances and interacting with the physical environment during the execution of a task. Thus, a vital feature of a software framework for robotics is the Real-Time safeness and scheduling, essential for precise robot control, especially when dealing with high frequency and low jittering control cycles.
Furthermore, a software middleware needs to abstract the complex hardware (e.g. actuators and sensors) of the robot providing an easy-to-use, standardized Application Programming Interface (API). As a matter of fact, a robot can be considered a distributed system composed of a set of hardware devices communicating through a fieldbus. The fast prototype and development of control and application software which can be shared, ported and reused in various robotic platforms with minimum effort, is another fundamental requirement for the software architecture. An important component needed to achieve this goal is the Hardware Abstraction Layer (HAL), which can be incorporated to mask the physical hardware differences and limitations (e.g. control frequency, kinematics/dynamics model, actuators type and size, sensors, etc) varying from one robot to another. The HAL can provide a relatively uniform abstraction layer that assures portability and code reuse: it permits the development of control modules that can be easily ported from one robot to another.
The existing robotics software frameworks address different needs and requirements, therefore one of the key aspects for a brand-new middleware is the interoperability with well-known and established robotic software platforms. Interoperability should ideally allow users to execute existing software without the necessity of (i) changing the current code and (ii) writing hand-coded “bridges” for each use case [3].
In this chapter the
In this section the state of the art of robotic software architectures will be analyzed.
In [4] the low level control framework, called
Very similar to OROCOS is
In [10] an RT architecture based on OpenJDK is introduced (used by IHMC during the DRC Finals). Nevertheless, to their own admission [11], none of the commercially available implementations of the Java Real Time Specification had the performance required to run their controller. Existing Real-time Java Support is insufficient.
Considering the above limitations, summarized in Table 1, the
The development of
In the next sections, the
The considerations and limitations of the existing frameworks, described in detail in the previous section, motivated the development of the
Finally, the
As presented in Figure 1, the
Framework | RT | HAL | IPC Complexity | Ready-to-Use | Community |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
No | Yes | Low | Yes | Big and active | |
No | Yes | High | Yes | Medium and active | |
Yes | No | Very High | Yes | Medium and inactive | |
Yes | Yes | Very High | Yes | Part of docs in Japanese | |
Yes | Yes | High | No | Small and Active | |
Yes | Yes | Very High | No, not available | KAIST group only | |
Yes, low performance | No | Medium | Yes | Small | |
Summary of the features of the available software frameworks for robotics: The XBot was developed from scratch given the limitations and the missing features of the presented existing framework.
The Cross-Robot compatibility feature is achieved through the development of a suitable hardware abstraction layer [18], which enables the user to efficiently port and run the same control modules on different robots, both in simulation and on the real hardware platforms. The main goal of this software component is to provide an independent layer in between the robot hardware and the high-level control, enabling the seamless integration of new actuators, sensors or other hardware components.
Concerning the threads configuration,
COMAN+ robot controlled inside the gazebo simulator (left) and CENTAURO robot in RViZ (right): Both using two different implementations of the
The main component of the
UML state diagram showing a
The Plugin implementation is compiled as a shared object library (.so). In details a Plugin is a simple class inherited from the abstract class
an
a
a
After the design and the implementation of the latency-free, hard real-time layer the next significant feature is accompanied by the implementation of flexible interfaces, called
The above mentioned software components do not give the possibility to communicate with external modules/hosts outside the robot: for this purpose the software framework of a robotic system should incorporate a set of non-RT threads that permit the communication of the system with remote pilot stations or cloud services.
It is relatively straightforward to add a new
In the specific ROS case,
a joint space interface, consisting of standard ROS topics that are advertised/subscribed by the
a set of tools for using a subset of ROS inter-process communication capabilities from the RT domain
ROS-powered robots expose to their users an interface that is mainly based on topics. For instance, the robot joint state is usually published to a
Inside
The
Inside the
In this section the results of the validation of the overall framework is going to be presented with particular focus on the flexibility in terms of integration with different robots and external software frameworks, and also on the overhead introduced by the
To evaluate the performance of the
In the
The
In [28], ArmarX was integrated with the robot software environment YARP taking advantage of the built-in YARP
In the experiment
In the
In the
In Figure 7 the RTT (Round Trip Time) measured by the EtherCAT master implementation of the R-HAL during the
Experiment
In Figure 8 a comparison is presented between
Experiment
In the
Experiment
In this chapter the
The framework has been successfully used an validated as a main software infrastructure (Figure 5) for humanoid robots such as WALK-MAN (result of WALK-MAN EU FP7 project8, notably
Regarding the simulation part,
Further development of the framework will target to provide synchronized distributed execution of multiple RT threads in multiple computational units. In fact currently the
This project has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement No. 101016007 CONCERT, and the European Union’s Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Programme (H2020-ICT-2019-2/ 2019-2023) under grant agreement No. 871237 SOPHIA and the Italian Fondo per la Crescita Sostenibile – Sportello “Fabbrica intelligente”, PON I&C 2014 - 2020, project number F/190042/01-03/X44 RELAX.
Our journals are currently in their launching issue. They will be applied to all relevant indexes as soon as they are eligible. These include (but are not limited to): Web of Science, Scopus, PubMed, MEDLINE, Database of Open Access Journals (DOAJ), Google Scholar and Inspec.
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This introductory chapter explains how a new tool can be added to this toolkit: robots. The use of robotic assets in search and rescue operations is explained and an overview is given of the worldwide efforts to incorporate robotic tools in search and rescue operations. Furthermore, the European Union ICARUS project on this subject is introduced. The ICARUS project proposes to equip first responders with a comprehensive and integrated set of unmanned search and rescue tools, to increase the situational awareness of human crisis managers, such that more work can be done in a shorter amount of time. The ICARUS tools consist of assistive unmanned air, ground, and sea vehicles, equipped with victim-detection sensors. The unmanned vehicles collaborate as a coordinated team, communicating via ad hoc cognitive radio networking. To ensure optimal human-robot collaboration, these tools are seamlessly integrated into the command and control equipment of the human crisis managers and a set of training and support tools is provided to them to learn to use the ICARUS system.",book:{id:"6181",slug:"search-and-rescue-robotics-from-theory-to-practice",title:"Search and Rescue Robotics",fullTitle:"Search and Rescue Robotics - From Theory to Practice"},signatures:"Geert De Cubber, Daniela Doroftei, Konrad Rudin, Karsten Berns,\nAnibal Matos, Daniel Serrano, Jose Sanchez, Shashank Govindaraj,\nJanusz Bedkowski, Rui Roda, Eduardo Silva and Stephane Ourevitch",authors:[{id:"206420",title:"Dr.",name:"Geert",middleName:null,surname:"De Cubber",slug:"geert-de-cubber",fullName:"Geert De Cubber"}]},{id:"56737",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.69738",title:"UAV for Landmine Detection Using SDR-Based GPR Technology",slug:"uav-for-landmine-detection-using-sdr-based-gpr-technology",totalDownloads:3441,totalCrossrefCites:14,totalDimensionsCites:17,abstract:"This chapter presents an approach for explosive-landmine detection on-board an autonomous aerial drone. The chapter describes the design, implementation and integration of a ground penetrating radar (GPR) using a software defined radio (SDR) platform into the aerial drone. The chapter?s goal is first to tackle in detail the development of a custom-designed lightweight GPR by approaching interplay between hardware and software radio on an SDR platform. The SDR-based GPR system results on a much lighter sensing device compared against the conventional GPR systems found in the literature and with the capability of re-configuration in real-time for different landmines and terrains, with the capability of detecting landmines under terrains with different dielectric characteristics. Secondly, the chapter introduce the integration of the SDR-based GPR into an autonomous drone by describing the mechanical integration, communication system, the graphical user interface (GUI) together with the landmine detection and geo-mapping. This chapter approach completely the hardware and software implementation topics of the on-board GPR system given first a comprehensive background of the software-defined radar technology and second presenting the main features of the Tx and Rx modules. Additional details are presented related with the mechanical and functional integration of the GPR into the UAV system.",book:{id:"5905",slug:"robots-operating-in-hazardous-environments",title:"Robots Operating in Hazardous Environments",fullTitle:"Robots Operating in Hazardous Environments"},signatures:"Manuel Ricardo Pérez Cerquera, Julian David Colorado Montaño\nand Iván Mondragón",authors:[{id:"177422",title:"Dr.",name:"Julian",middleName:null,surname:"Colorado",slug:"julian-colorado",fullName:"Julian Colorado"},{id:"197884",title:"Prof.",name:"Ivan",middleName:null,surname:"Mondragon",slug:"ivan-mondragon",fullName:"Ivan Mondragon"},{id:"199958",title:"Prof.",name:"Manuel",middleName:null,surname:"Perez",slug:"manuel-perez",fullName:"Manuel Perez"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"56737",title:"UAV for Landmine Detection Using SDR-Based GPR Technology",slug:"uav-for-landmine-detection-using-sdr-based-gpr-technology",totalDownloads:3443,totalCrossrefCites:14,totalDimensionsCites:17,abstract:"This chapter presents an approach for explosive-landmine detection on-board an autonomous aerial drone. The chapter describes the design, implementation and integration of a ground penetrating radar (GPR) using a software defined radio (SDR) platform into the aerial drone. The chapter?s goal is first to tackle in detail the development of a custom-designed lightweight GPR by approaching interplay between hardware and software radio on an SDR platform. The SDR-based GPR system results on a much lighter sensing device compared against the conventional GPR systems found in the literature and with the capability of re-configuration in real-time for different landmines and terrains, with the capability of detecting landmines under terrains with different dielectric characteristics. Secondly, the chapter introduce the integration of the SDR-based GPR into an autonomous drone by describing the mechanical integration, communication system, the graphical user interface (GUI) together with the landmine detection and geo-mapping. This chapter approach completely the hardware and software implementation topics of the on-board GPR system given first a comprehensive background of the software-defined radar technology and second presenting the main features of the Tx and Rx modules. Additional details are presented related with the mechanical and functional integration of the GPR into the UAV system.",book:{id:"5905",slug:"robots-operating-in-hazardous-environments",title:"Robots Operating in Hazardous Environments",fullTitle:"Robots Operating in Hazardous Environments"},signatures:"Manuel Ricardo Pérez Cerquera, Julian David Colorado Montaño\nand Iván Mondragón",authors:[{id:"177422",title:"Dr.",name:"Julian",middleName:null,surname:"Colorado",slug:"julian-colorado",fullName:"Julian Colorado"},{id:"197884",title:"Prof.",name:"Ivan",middleName:null,surname:"Mondragon",slug:"ivan-mondragon",fullName:"Ivan Mondragon"},{id:"199958",title:"Prof.",name:"Manuel",middleName:null,surname:"Perez",slug:"manuel-perez",fullName:"Manuel Perez"}]},{id:"67705",title:"Advanced UAVs Nonlinear Control Systems and Applications",slug:"advanced-uavs-nonlinear-control-systems-and-applications",totalDownloads:1971,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,abstract:"Recent development of different control systems for UAVs has caught the attention of academic and industry, due to the wide range of their applications such as in surveillance, delivery, work assistant, and photography. In addition, arms, grippers, or tethers could be installed to UAVs so that they can assist in constructing, transporting, and carrying payloads. In this book chapter, the control laws of the attitude and position of a quadcopter UAV have been derived basically utilizing three methods including backstepping, sliding mode control, and feedback linearization incorporated with LQI optimal controller. The main contribution of this book chapter would be concluded in the strategy of deriving the control laws of the translational positions of a quadcopter UAV. The control laws for trajectory tracking using the proposed strategies have been validated by simulation using MATLAB®/Simulink and experimental results obtained from a quadcopter test bench. Simulation results show a comparison between the performances of each of the proposed techniques depending on the nonlinear model of the quadcopter system under investigation; the trajectory tracking has been achieved properly for different types of trajectories, i.e., spiral trajectory, in the presence of unknown disturbances. Moreover, the practical results coincided with the results of the simulation results.",book:{id:"7792",slug:"unmanned-robotic-systems-and-applications",title:"Unmanned Robotic Systems and Applications",fullTitle:"Unmanned Robotic Systems and Applications"},signatures:"Abdulkader Joukhadar, Mohammad Alchehabi and Adnan Jejeh",authors:null},{id:"60953",title:"Small to Medium UAVs for Civilian Applications in Indonesia",slug:"small-to-medium-uavs-for-civilian-applications-in-indonesia",totalDownloads:1339,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"Indonesian government needs a well-built, easy to operate unmanned aircraft systems (UAS) to perform various civilian missions as UAS are a well-known platform for dirty, dull, and dangerous missions. Hence, the Indonesian government has an organization that performs research and development of UAS, named as Aeronautic Technology Center. This organization is placed underneath Indonesian National Institute of Aeronautics and Space. The UAS developments in this institute are primarily driven by civilian uses; therefore, the UAS size, sensor types, and mission payload are optimized for civilian missions. In order to produce the decent to the best quality of the aerial image, which is the essential product for various civilian missions, the UAS regularly flies under the cloud. For this reason, the Aeronautic Technology Center is only developing the LASE (low altitude, short-endurance) and the LALE (low altitude, long endurance) UAS type as of now. The UAS development was begun with LSU-01, followed by LSU-02, LSU-03, and LSU-05. The LSU-01, LSU-02, and LSU-03 are in the operational phase, while the LSU-05 is in the experimental Phase. In this chapter, the specification of the platforms and the sensor capabilities that are relevant with the demands of users in the civilian sector are described.",book:{id:"6465",slug:"drones-applications",title:"Drones",fullTitle:"Drones - Applications"},signatures:"Fuad Surastyo Pranoto, Ari Sugeng Budiyanta and Gunawan Setyo\nPrabowo",authors:[{id:"223333",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Fuad",middleName:"Surastyo",surname:"Pranoto",slug:"fuad-pranoto",fullName:"Fuad Pranoto"},{id:"223356",title:"MSc.",name:"Ari Sugeng",middleName:null,surname:"Budiyanta",slug:"ari-sugeng-budiyanta",fullName:"Ari Sugeng Budiyanta"},{id:"223357",title:"MSc.",name:"Gunawan Setyo",middleName:null,surname:"Prabowo",slug:"gunawan-setyo-prabowo",fullName:"Gunawan Setyo Prabowo"}]},{id:"67003",title:"Vision-Based Autonomous Control Schemes for Quadrotor Unmanned Aerial Vehicle",slug:"vision-based-autonomous-control-schemes-for-quadrotor-unmanned-aerial-vehicle",totalDownloads:978,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:4,abstract:"This chapter deals with the development of vision-based sliding mode control strategies for a quadrotor system that would enable it to perform autonomous tasks such as take-off, landing and visual inspection of structures. The aim of this work is to provide a basic understanding of the quadrotor dynamical model, key concepts in image processing and a detailed description of the sliding mode control, a widely used robust non-linear control scheme. Extensive MATLAB simulations are presented to enhance the understanding of the controller on the quadrotor system subjected to bounded disturbances and uncertainties. The vision algorithms developed in this chapter would provide the necessary reference trajectory to the controller enabling it to exercise control over the system. This work also describes, in brief, the implementation of the developed control and vision algorithms on the DJI Matrice 100 to present real-time experimental data to the readers of this chapter.",book:{id:"7792",slug:"unmanned-robotic-systems-and-applications",title:"Unmanned Robotic Systems and Applications",fullTitle:"Unmanned Robotic Systems and Applications"},signatures:"Archit Krishna Kamath, Vibhu Kumar Tripathi and Laxmidhar Behera",authors:null},{id:"59130",title:"The Use of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles by Urban Search and Rescue Groups",slug:"the-use-of-unmanned-aerial-vehicles-by-urban-search-and-rescue-groups",totalDownloads:1294,totalCrossrefCites:5,totalDimensionsCites:6,abstract:"In the case of natural or man-made disaster, the top priority of urban search and rescue (USAR) groups is to localise the victim as quickly as possible. Even minutes might play a crucial role in the victim’s survival. A number of standard operating procedures may be applied to achieve best performance. Rescue dogs are trained to search for alive victims; special inspection cameras are used, before heavy equipment is being implemented. To improve the effectiveness of USAR group operations, innovative technologies might be implemented. The most recent solution is currently designed in MOBNET project, founded by EU under the Horizon 2020 programme. The scope of the project is to combine both cellular technology and early Galileo services to localise the smartphones of potential victims. Integration tests give some promising outcomes. The following chapter looks at typical applications, real needs of public services as well as the performance of the novel system.",book:{id:"6465",slug:"drones-applications",title:"Drones",fullTitle:"Drones - Applications"},signatures:"Marzena Półka, Szymon Ptak, Łukasz Kuziora and Aneta Kuczyńska",authors:[{id:"226977",title:"Dr.Ing.",name:"Szymon",middleName:null,surname:"Ptak",slug:"szymon-ptak",fullName:"Szymon Ptak"},{id:"240085",title:"Prof.",name:"Marzena",middleName:null,surname:"Półka",slug:"marzena-polka",fullName:"Marzena Półka"},{id:"240086",title:"MSc.",name:"Łukasz",middleName:null,surname:"Kuziora",slug:"lukasz-kuziora",fullName:"Łukasz Kuziora"},{id:"240087",title:"MSc.",name:"Aneta",middleName:null,surname:"Kuczyńska",slug:"aneta-kuczynska",fullName:"Aneta Kuczyńska"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"242",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:0},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:8,limit:8,total:0},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:90,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:107,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:33,numberOfPublishedChapters:330,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:14,numberOfPublishedChapters:145,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:139,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:122,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:112,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:21,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:10,numberOfOpenTopics:1,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:5,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-6580",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"6",text:"It is great to work with the IntechOpen to produce a worthwhile collection of research that also becomes a great educational resource and guide for future research endeavors.",author:{id:"259298",name:"Edward",surname:"Narayan",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",slug:"edward-narayan",institution:{id:"3",name:"University of Queensland",country:{id:null,name:"Australia"}}}},{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. 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These advances have helped foster better support for animal health, more humane animal production, and a better understanding of the physiology of endangered species to improve the assisted reproductive technologies or the pathogenesis of certain diseases, where animals can be used as models for human diseases (like cancer, degenerative diseases or fertility), and even as a guarantee of public health. Bridging Human, Animal, and Environmental health, the holistic and integrative “One Health” concept intimately associates the developments within those fields, projecting its advancements into practice. This book series aims to tackle various animal-related medicine and sciences fields, providing thematic volumes consisting of high-quality significant research directed to researchers and postgraduates. It aims to give us a glimpse into the new accomplishments in the Veterinary Medicine and Science field. 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He is an academic staff member of the Department of Reproduction and Artificial Insemination, Selçuk University, Turkey. He manages several studies on sperms and embryos and is an editorial board member for several international journals. His studies include sperm cryobiology, in vitro fertilization, and embryo production in animals.",institutionString:"Selçuk University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine",institution:null},{id:"90846",title:"Prof.",name:"Yusuf",middleName:null,surname:"Bozkurt",slug:"yusuf-bozkurt",fullName:"Yusuf Bozkurt",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/90846/images/system/90846.jpg",biography:"Yusuf Bozkurt has a BSc, MSc, and Ph.D. from Ankara University, Turkey. He is currently a Professor of Biotechnology of Reproduction in the field of Aquaculture, İskenderun Technical University, Turkey. His research interests include reproductive biology and biotechnology with an emphasis on cryo-conservation. He is on the editorial board of several international peer-reviewed journals and has published many papers. Additionally, he has participated in many international and national congresses, seminars, and workshops with oral and poster presentations. He is an active member of many local and international organizations.",institutionString:"İskenderun Technical University",institution:{name:"İskenderun Technical University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"61139",title:"Dr.",name:"Sergey",middleName:null,surname:"Tkachev",slug:"sergey-tkachev",fullName:"Sergey Tkachev",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/61139/images/system/61139.png",biography:"Dr. Sergey Tkachev is a senior research scientist at the Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, Russia, and at the Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine SB RAS, Novosibirsk, Russia. He received his Ph.D. in Molecular Biology with his thesis “Genetic variability of the tick-borne encephalitis virus in natural foci of Novosibirsk city and its suburbs.” His primary field is molecular virology with research emphasis on vector-borne viruses, especially tick-borne encephalitis virus, Kemerovo virus and Omsk hemorrhagic fever virus, rabies virus, molecular genetics, biology, and epidemiology of virus pathogens.",institutionString:"Russian Academy of Sciences",institution:{name:"Russian Academy of Sciences",country:{name:"Russia"}}},{id:"310962",title:"Dr.",name:"Amlan",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Patra",slug:"amlan-patra",fullName:"Amlan Patra",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/310962/images/system/310962.jpg",biography:"Amlan K. Patra, FRSB, obtained a Ph.D. in Animal Nutrition from Indian Veterinary Research Institute, India, in 2002. He is currently an associate professor at West Bengal University of Animal and Fishery Sciences. He has more than twenty years of research and teaching experience. He held previous positions at the American Institute for Goat Research, The Ohio State University, Columbus, USA, and Free University of Berlin, Germany. His research focuses on animal nutrition, particularly ruminants and poultry nutrition, gastrointestinal electrophysiology, meta-analysis and modeling in nutrition, and livestock–environment interaction. He has authored around 175 articles in journals, book chapters, and proceedings. Dr. Patra serves on the editorial boards of several reputed journals.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"West Bengal University of Animal and Fishery Sciences",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"53998",title:"Prof.",name:"László",middleName:null,surname:"Babinszky",slug:"laszlo-babinszky",fullName:"László Babinszky",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/53998/images/system/53998.png",biography:"László Babinszky is Professor Emeritus, Department of Animal Nutrition Physiology, University of Debrecen, Hungary. He has also worked in the Department of Animal Nutrition, University of Wageningen, Netherlands; the Institute for Livestock Feeding and Nutrition (IVVO), Lelystad, Netherlands; the Agricultural University of Vienna (BOKU); the Institute for Animal Breeding and Nutrition, Austria; and the Oscar Kellner Research Institute for Animal Nutrition, Rostock, Germany. In 1992, Dr. Babinszky obtained a Ph.D. in Animal Nutrition from the University of Wageningen. His main research areas are swine and poultry nutrition. He has authored more than 300 publications (papers, book chapters) and edited four books and fourteen international conference proceedings.",institutionString:"University of Debrecen",institution:{name:"University of Debrecen",country:{name:"Hungary"}}},{id:"201830",title:"Dr.",name:"Fernando",middleName:"Sanchez",surname:"Davila",slug:"fernando-davila",fullName:"Fernando Davila",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/201830/images/5017_n.jpg",biography:"I am a professor at UANL since 1988. My research lines are the development of reproductive techniques in small ruminants. We also conducted research on sexual and social behavior in males.\nI am Mexican and study my professional career as an engineer in agriculture and animal science at UANL. Then take a masters degree in science in Germany (Animal breeding). Take a doctorate in animal science at the UANL.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León",country:{name:"Mexico"}}},{id:"309250",title:"Dr.",name:"Miguel",middleName:null,surname:"Quaresma",slug:"miguel-quaresma",fullName:"Miguel Quaresma",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/309250/images/9059_n.jpg",biography:"Miguel Nuno Pinheiro Quaresma was born on May 26, 1974 in Dili, Timor Island. He is married with two children: a boy and a girl, and he is a resident in Vila Real, Portugal. He graduated in Veterinary Medicine in August 1998 and obtained his Ph.D. degree in Veterinary Sciences -Clinical Area in February 2015, both from the University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro. He is currently enrolled in the Alternative Residency of the European College of Animal Reproduction. He works as a Senior Clinician at the Veterinary Teaching Hospital of UTAD (HVUTAD) with a role in clinical activity in the area of livestock and equine species as well as to support teaching and research in related areas. He teaches as an Invited Professor in Reproduction Medicine I and II of the Master\\'s in Veterinary Medicine degree at UTAD. Currently, he holds the position of Chairman of the Portuguese Buiatrics Association. He is a member of the Consultive Group on Production Animals of the OMV. He has 19 publications in indexed international journals (ISIS), as well as over 60 publications and oral presentations in both Portuguese and international journals and congresses.",institutionString:"University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro",institution:{name:"University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro",country:{name:"Portugal"}}},{id:"38652",title:"Prof.",name:"Rita",middleName:null,surname:"Payan-Carreira",slug:"rita-payan-carreira",fullName:"Rita Payan-Carreira",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRiFPQA0/Profile_Picture_1614601496313",biography:"Rita Payan Carreira earned her Veterinary Degree from the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine in Lisbon, Portugal, in 1985. She obtained her Ph.D. in Veterinary Sciences from the University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Portugal. After almost 32 years of teaching at the University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, she recently moved to the University of Évora, Department of Veterinary Medicine, where she teaches in the field of Animal Reproduction and Clinics. Her primary research areas include the molecular markers of the endometrial cycle and the embryo–maternal interaction, including oxidative stress and the reproductive physiology and disorders of sexual development, besides the molecular determinants of male and female fertility. She often supervises students preparing their master's or doctoral theses. She is also a frequent referee for various journals.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Évora",country:{name:"Portugal"}}},{id:"283019",title:"Dr.",name:"Oudessa",middleName:null,surname:"Kerro Dego",slug:"oudessa-kerro-dego",fullName:"Oudessa Kerro Dego",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/283019/images/system/283019.png",biography:"Dr. Kerro Dego is a veterinary microbiologist with training in veterinary medicine, microbiology, and anatomic pathology. Dr. Kerro Dego is an assistant professor of dairy health in the department of animal science, the University of Tennessee, Institute of Agriculture, Knoxville, Tennessee. He received his D.V.M. (1997), M.S. (2002), and Ph.D. (2008) degrees in Veterinary Medicine, Animal Pathology and Veterinary Microbiology from College of Veterinary Medicine, Addis Ababa University, Ethiopia; College of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, the Netherlands and Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Canada respectively. He did his Postdoctoral training in microbial pathogenesis (2009 - 2015) in the Department of Animal Science, the University of Tennessee, Institute of Agriculture, Knoxville, Tennessee. Dr. Kerro Dego’s research focuses on the prevention and control of infectious diseases of farm animals, particularly mastitis, improving dairy food safety, and mitigation of antimicrobial resistance. Dr. Kerro Dego has extensive experience in studying the pathogenesis of bacterial infections, identification of virulence factors, and vaccine development and efficacy testing against major bacterial mastitis pathogens. Dr. Kerro Dego conducted numerous controlled experimental and field vaccine efficacy studies, vaccination, and evaluation of immunological responses in several species of animals, including rodents (mice) and large animals (bovine and ovine).",institutionString:"University of Tennessee at Knoxville",institution:{name:"University of Tennessee at Knoxville",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"251314",title:"Dr.",name:"Juan Carlos",middleName:null,surname:"Gardón Poggi",slug:"juan-carlos-gardon-poggi",fullName:"Juan Carlos Gardón Poggi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/251314/images/system/251314.jpeg",biography:"Juan Carlos Gardón Poggi received University degree from the Faculty of Agrarian Science in Argentina, in 1983. Also he received Masters Degree and PhD from Córdoba University, Spain. He is currently a Professor at the Catholic University of Valencia San Vicente Mártir, at the Department of Medicine and Animal Surgery. He teaches diverse courses in the field of Animal Reproduction and he is the Director of the Veterinary Farm. He also participates in academic postgraduate activities at the Veterinary Faculty of Murcia University, Spain. His research areas include animal physiology, physiology and biotechnology of reproduction either in males or females, the study of gametes under in vitro conditions and the use of ultrasound as a complement to physiological studies and development of applied biotechnologies. Routinely, he supervises students preparing their doctoral, master thesis or final degree projects.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Valencia Catholic University Saint Vincent Martyr",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"309529",title:"Dr.",name:"Albert",middleName:null,surname:"Rizvanov",slug:"albert-rizvanov",fullName:"Albert Rizvanov",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/309529/images/9189_n.jpg",biography:'Albert A. Rizvanov is a Professor and Director of the Center for Precision and Regenerative Medicine at the Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University (KFU), Russia. He is the Head of the Center of Excellence “Regenerative Medicine” and Vice-Director of Strategic Academic Unit \\"Translational 7P Medicine\\". Albert completed his Ph.D. at the University of Nevada, Reno, USA and Dr.Sci. at KFU. He is a corresponding member of the Tatarstan Academy of Sciences, Russian Federation. Albert is an author of more than 300 peer-reviewed journal articles and 22 patents. He has supervised 11 Ph.D. and 2 Dr.Sci. dissertations. Albert is the Head of the Dissertation Committee on Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Genetics at KFU.\nORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9427-5739\nWebsite https://kpfu.ru/Albert.Rizvanov?p_lang=2',institutionString:"Kazan Federal University",institution:{name:"Kazan Federal University",country:{name:"Russia"}}},{id:"210551",title:"Dr.",name:"Arbab",middleName:null,surname:"Sikandar",slug:"arbab-sikandar",fullName:"Arbab Sikandar",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/210551/images/system/210551.jpg",biography:"Dr. Arbab Sikandar, PhD, M. Phil, DVM was born on April 05, 1981. He is currently working at the College of Veterinary & Animal Sciences as an Assistant Professor. He previously worked as a lecturer at the same University. \nHe is a Member/Secretory of Ethics committee (No. CVAS-9377 dated 18-04-18), Member of the QEC committee CVAS, Jhang (Regr/Gen/69/873, dated 26-10-2017), Member, Board of studies of Department of Basic Sciences (No. CVAS. 2851 Dated. 12-04-13, and No. CVAS, 9024 dated 20/11/17), Member of Academic Committee, CVAS, Jhang (No. CVAS/2004, Dated, 25-08-12), Member of the technical committee (No. CVAS/ 4085, dated 20,03, 2010 till 2016).\n\nDr. Arbab Sikandar contributed in five days hands-on-training on Histopathology at the Department of Pathology, UVAS from 12-16 June 2017. He received a Certificate of appreciation for contributions for Popularization of Science and Technology in the Society on 17-11-15. He was the resource person in the lecture series- ‘scientific writing’ at the Department of Anatomy and Histology, UVAS, Lahore on 29th October 2015. He won a full fellowship as a principal candidate for the year 2015 in the field of Agriculture, EICA, Egypt with ref. to the Notification No. 12(11) ACS/Egypt/2014 from 10 July 2015 to 25th September 2015.; he received a grant of Rs. 55000/- as research incentives from Director, Advanced Studies and Research, UVAS, Lahore upon publications of research papers in IF Journals (DR/215, dated 19-5-2014.. He obtained his PhD by winning a HEC Pakistan indigenous Scholarship, ‘Ph.D. fellowship for 5000 scholars – Phase II’ (2av1-147), 17-6/HEC/HRD/IS-II/12, November 15, 2012. \n\nDr. Sikandar is a member of numerous societies: Registered Veterinary Medical Practitioner (life member) and Registered Veterinary Medical Faculty of Pakistan Veterinary Medical Council. The Registration code of PVMC is RVMP/4298 and RVMF/ 0102.; Life member of the University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Alumni Association with S# 664, dated: 6-4-12. ; Member 'Vets Care Organization Pakistan” with Reference No. VCO-605-149, dated 05-04-06. :Member 'Vet Crescent” (Society of Animal Health and Production), UVAS, Lahore.",institutionString:"University of Veterinary & Animal Science",institution:{name:"University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences",country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"311663",title:"Dr.",name:"Prasanna",middleName:null,surname:"Pal",slug:"prasanna-pal",fullName:"Prasanna Pal",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/311663/images/13261_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"National Dairy Research Institute",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"202192",title:"Dr.",name:"Catrin",middleName:null,surname:"Rutland",slug:"catrin-rutland",fullName:"Catrin Rutland",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/202192/images/system/202192.png",biography:"Catrin Rutland is an Associate Professor of Anatomy and Developmental Genetics at the University of Nottingham, UK. She obtained a BSc from the University of Derby, England, a master’s degree from Technische Universität München, Germany, and a Ph.D. from the University of Nottingham. She undertook a post-doctoral research fellowship in the School of Medicine before accepting tenure in Veterinary Medicine and Science. Dr. Rutland also obtained an MMedSci (Medical Education) and a Postgraduate Certificate in Higher Education (PGCHE). She is the author of more than sixty peer-reviewed journal articles, twelve books/book chapters, and more than 100 research abstracts in cardiovascular biology and oncology. She is a board member of the European Association of Veterinary Anatomists, Fellow of the Anatomical Society, and Senior Fellow of the Higher Education Academy. Dr. Rutland has also written popular science books for the public. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2009-4898. www.nottingham.ac.uk/vet/people/catrin.rutland",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Nottingham",country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}},{id:"283315",title:"Prof.",name:"Samir",middleName:null,surname:"El-Gendy",slug:"samir-el-gendy",fullName:"Samir El-Gendy",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRduYQAS/Profile_Picture_1606215849748",biography:"Samir El-Gendy is a Professor of anatomy and embryology at the faculty of veterinary medicine, Alexandria University, Egypt. Samir obtained his PhD in veterinary science in 2007 from the faculty of veterinary medicine, Alexandria University and has been a professor since 2017. Samir is an author on 24 articles at Scopus and 12 articles within local journals and 2 books/book chapters. His research focuses on applied anatomy, imaging techniques and computed tomography. Samir worked as a member of different local projects on E-learning and he is a board member of the African Association of Veterinary Anatomists and of anatomy societies and as an associated author at local and international journals. Orcid: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6180-389X",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Alexandria University",country:{name:"Egypt"}}},{id:"246149",title:"Dr.",name:"Valentina",middleName:null,surname:"Kubale",slug:"valentina-kubale",fullName:"Valentina Kubale",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/246149/images/system/246149.jpg",biography:"Valentina Kubale is Associate Professor of Veterinary Medicine at the Veterinary Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Slovenia. Since graduating from the Veterinary faculty she obtained her PhD in 2007, performed collaboration with the Department of Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Denmark. She continued as a post-doctoral fellow at the University of Copenhagen with a Lundbeck foundation fellowship. She is the editor of three books and author/coauthor of 23 articles in peer-reviewed scientific journals, 16 book chapters, and 68 communications at scientific congresses. Since 2008 she has been the Editor Assistant for the Slovenian Veterinary Research journal. She is a member of Slovenian Biochemical Society, The Endocrine Society, European Association of Veterinary Anatomists and Society for Laboratory Animals, where she is board member.",institutionString:"University of Ljubljana",institution:{name:"University of Ljubljana",country:{name:"Slovenia"}}},{id:"258334",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos Eduardo",middleName:null,surname:"Fonseca-Alves",slug:"carlos-eduardo-fonseca-alves",fullName:"Carlos Eduardo Fonseca-Alves",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/258334/images/system/258334.jpg",biography:"Dr. Fonseca-Alves earned his DVM from Federal University of Goias – UFG in 2008. He completed an internship in small animal internal medicine at UPIS university in 2011, earned his MSc in 2013 and PhD in 2015 both in Veterinary Medicine at Sao Paulo State University – UNESP. Dr. Fonseca-Alves currently serves as an Assistant Professor at Paulista University – UNIP teaching small animal internal medicine.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Paulista",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"245306",title:"Dr.",name:"María Luz",middleName:null,surname:"Garcia Pardo",slug:"maria-luz-garcia-pardo",fullName:"María Luz Garcia Pardo",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/245306/images/system/245306.png",biography:"María de la Luz García Pardo is an agricultural engineer from Universitat Politècnica de València, Spain. She has a Ph.D. in Animal Genetics. Currently, she is a lecturer at the Agrofood Technology Department of Miguel Hernández University, Spain. Her research is focused on genetics and reproduction in rabbits. The major goal of her research is the genetics of litter size through novel methods such as selection by the environmental sensibility of litter size, with forays into the field of animal welfare by analysing the impact on the susceptibility to diseases and stress of the does. Details of her publications can be found at https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9504-8290.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Miguel Hernandez University",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"350704",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Camila",middleName:"Silva Costa",surname:"Ferreira",slug:"camila-ferreira",fullName:"Camila Ferreira",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/350704/images/17280_n.jpg",biography:"Graduated in Veterinary Medicine at the Fluminense Federal University, specialist in Equine Reproduction at the Brazilian Veterinary Institute (IBVET) and Master in Clinical Veterinary Medicine and Animal Reproduction at the Fluminense Federal University. She has experience in analyzing zootechnical indices in dairy cattle and organizing events related to Veterinary Medicine through extension grants. I have experience in the field of diagnostic imaging and animal reproduction in veterinary medicine through monitoring and scientific initiation scholarships. I worked at the Equus Central Reproduction Equine located in Santo Antônio de Jesus – BA in the 2016/2017 breeding season. I am currently a doctoral student with a scholarship from CAPES of the Postgraduate Program in Veterinary Medicine (Pathology and Clinical Sciences) at the Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRRJ) with a research project with an emphasis on equine endometritis.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"41319",title:"Prof.",name:"Lung-Kwang",middleName:null,surname:"Pan",slug:"lung-kwang-pan",fullName:"Lung-Kwang Pan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/41319/images/84_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"125292",title:"Dr.",name:"Katy",middleName:null,surname:"Satué Ambrojo",slug:"katy-satue-ambrojo",fullName:"Katy Satué Ambrojo",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/125292/images/system/125292.jpeg",biography:"Katy Satué Ambrojo received her Veterinary Medicine degree, Master degree in Equine Technology and doctorate in Veterinary Medicine from the Faculty of Veterinary, CEU-Cardenal Herrera University in Valencia, Spain.Dr. Satué is accredited as a Private University Doctor Professor, Doctor Assistant, and Contracted Doctor by AVAP (Agència Valenciana d'Avaluació i Prospectiva) and currently, as a full professor by ANECA (since January 2022). To date, Katy has taught 22 years in the Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery at the CEU-Cardenal Herrera University in undergraduate courses in Veterinary Medicine (General Pathology, integrated into the Applied Basis of Veterinary Medicine module of the 2nd year, Clinical Equine I of 3rd year, and Equine Clinic II of 4th year). Dr. Satué research activity is in the field of Endocrinology, Hematology, Biochemistry, and Immunology in the Spanish Purebred mare. She has directed 5 Doctoral Theses and 5 Diplomas of Advanced Studies, and participated in 11 research projects as a collaborating researcher. She has written 2 books and 14 book chapters in international publishers related to the area, and 68 scientific publications in international journals. Dr. Satué has attended 63 congresses, participating with 132 communications in international congresses and 19 in national congresses related to the area. 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Since 2014 she has been responsible for the Clinical Analysis Laboratory of the CEU-Cardenal Herrera University Veterinary Clinical Hospital.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"201721",title:"Dr.",name:"Beatrice",middleName:null,surname:"Funiciello",slug:"beatrice-funiciello",fullName:"Beatrice Funiciello",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/201721/images/11089_n.jpg",biography:"Graduated from the University of Milan in 2011, my post-graduate education included CertAVP modules mainly on equines (dermatology and internal medicine) and a few on small animal (dermatology and anaesthesia) at the University of Liverpool. After a general CertAVP (2015) I gained the designated Certificate in Veterinary Dermatology (2017) after taking the synoptic examination and then applied for the RCVS ADvanced Practitioner status. After that, I completed the Postgraduate Diploma in Veterinary Professional Studies at the University of Liverpool (2018). My main area of work is cross-species veterinary dermatology.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"291226",title:"Dr.",name:"Monica",middleName:null,surname:"Cassel",slug:"monica-cassel",fullName:"Monica Cassel",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/291226/images/8232_n.jpg",biography:'Degree in Biological Sciences at the Federal University of Mato Grosso with scholarship for Scientific Initiation by FAPEMAT (2008/1) and CNPq (2008/2-2009/2): Project \\"Histological evidence of reproductive activity in lizards of the Manso region, Chapada dos Guimarães, Mato Grosso, Brazil\\". Master\\\'s degree in Ecology and Biodiversity Conservation at Federal University of Mato Grosso with a scholarship by CAPES/REUNI program: Project \\"Reproductive biology of Melanorivulus punctatus\\". PhD\\\'s degree in Science (Cell and Tissue Biology Area) \n at University of Sao Paulo with scholarship granted by FAPESP; Project \\"Development of morphofunctional changes in ovary of Astyanax altiparanae Garutti & Britski, 2000 (Teleostei, Characidae)\\". She has experience in Reproduction of vertebrates and Morphology, with emphasis in Cellular Biology and Histology. She is currently a teacher in the medium / technical level courses at IFMT-Alta Floresta, as well as in the Bachelor\\\'s degree in Animal Science and in the Bachelor\\\'s degree in Business.',institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"442807",title:"Dr.",name:"Busani",middleName:null,surname:"Moyo",slug:"busani-moyo",fullName:"Busani Moyo",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Gwanda State University",country:{name:"Zimbabwe"}}},{id:"439435",title:"Dr.",name:"Feda S.",middleName:null,surname:"Aljaser",slug:"feda-s.-aljaser",fullName:"Feda S. 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Dr. Koprowski has authored more than a hundred research papers with dozens in impact factor (IF) journals and has authored or co-authored six books. Additionally, he is the author of several national and international patents in the field of biomedical devices and imaging. Since 2011, he has been a reviewer of grants and projects (including EU projects) in biomedical engineering.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Silesia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Poland"}}},subseries:[{id:"7",title:"Bioinformatics and Medical Informatics",keywords:"Biomedical Data, Drug Discovery, Clinical Diagnostics, Decoding Human Genome, AI in Personalized Medicine, Disease-prevention Strategies, Big Data Analysis in Medicine",scope:"Bioinformatics aims to help understand the functioning of the mechanisms of living organisms through the construction and use of quantitative tools. The applications of this research cover many related fields, such as biotechnology and medicine, where, for example, Bioinformatics contributes to faster drug design, DNA analysis in forensics, and DNA sequence analysis in the field of personalized medicine. Personalized medicine is a type of medical care in which treatment is customized individually for each patient. Personalized medicine enables more effective therapy, reduces the costs of therapy and clinical trials, and also minimizes the risk of side effects. Nevertheless, advances in personalized medicine would not have been possible without bioinformatics, which can analyze the human genome and other vast amounts of biomedical data, especially in genetics. The rapid growth of information technology enabled the development of new tools to decode human genomes, large-scale studies of genetic variations and medical informatics. 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We encourage the submission of manuscripts that provide novel and mechanistic insights that report significant advances in the fields. Topics can include but are not limited to: Biotechnology such as biotechnological products and process engineering; Biotechnologically relevant enzymes and proteins; Bioenergy and biofuels; Applied genetics and molecular biotechnology; Genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics; Applied microbial and cell physiology; Environmental biotechnology; Methods and protocols. Moreover, topics in biosensor technology, like sensors that incorporate enzymes, antibodies, nucleic acids, whole cells, tissues and organelles, and other biological or biologically inspired components will be considered, and topics exploring transducers, including those based on electrochemical and optical piezoelectric, thermal, magnetic, and micromechanical elements. Chapters exploring biomaterial approaches such as polymer synthesis and characterization, drug and gene vector design, biocompatibility, immunology and toxicology, and self-assembly at the nanoscale, are welcome. 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