Descriptive statistics of F- mg/L for all samples.
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Tirri",authors:[{id:"75553",title:"Dr.",name:"Pasquale",middleName:null,surname:"De Negri",fullName:"Pasquale De Negri",slug:"pasquale-de-negri"},{id:"85148",title:"Dr.",name:"Tiziana",middleName:null,surname:"Tirri",fullName:"Tiziana Tirri",slug:"tiziana-tirri"}]},{id:"29566",title:"Osteoporosis: A Look at the Future",slug:"osteoporosis-a-look-at-the-future",signatures:"Iliyan Kolev, Lyudmila Ivanova, Leni Markova, Anelia Dimitrova, Cyril Popov and Margarita D. Apostolova",authors:[{id:"75527",title:"Dr.",name:"Margarita",middleName:"Dimitrova",surname:"Apostolova",fullName:"Margarita Apostolova",slug:"margarita-apostolova"},{id:"86282",title:"MSc.",name:"Iliyan",middleName:null,surname:"Kolev",fullName:"Iliyan Kolev",slug:"iliyan-kolev"},{id:"86283",title:"MSc.",name:"Lyudmila",middleName:null,surname:"Ivanova",fullName:"Lyudmila Ivanova",slug:"lyudmila-ivanova"},{id:"86284",title:"Mrs.",name:"Leni",middleName:null,surname:"Markova",fullName:"Leni Markova",slug:"leni-markova"},{id:"86286",title:"Prof.",name:"Anelia",middleName:"Aleksandrova",surname:"Dimitrova",fullName:"Anelia Dimitrova",slug:"anelia-dimitrova"},{id:"86289",title:"Prof.",name:"Cyril",middleName:null,surname:"Popov",fullName:"Cyril Popov",slug:"cyril-popov"}]},{id:"29567",title:"Simulating Bone Atrophy and Its Effects on the Structure and Stability of the Trabecular Bone",slug:"simulating-bone-atrophy-and-its-effects-on-the-structure-and-stability-of-the-trabecular-bone",signatures:"Christoph Räth, Irina Sidorenko, Roberto Monetti, Jan Bauer, Thomas Baum, Maiko Matsuura, Philippe Zysset and Felix Eckstein",authors:[{id:"56283",title:"Dr.",name:"Christoph",middleName:null,surname:"Räth",fullName:"Christoph Räth",slug:"christoph-rath"}]},{id:"29568",title:"Role of Phytoestrogen Ferutinin in Preventing/Recovering Bone Loss: Results from Experimental Ovariectomized Rat Models",slug:"role-of-phytoestrogen-ferutinin-in-preventing-recovering-bone-loss-results-from-experimental-ovariec",signatures:"Carla Palumbo, Francesco Cavani, Laura Bertoni and Marzia Ferretti",authors:[{id:"75816",title:"Prof.",name:"Carla",middleName:null,surname:"Palumbo",fullName:"Carla Palumbo",slug:"carla-palumbo"},{id:"84964",title:"Prof.",name:"Marzia",middleName:null,surname:"Ferretti",fullName:"Marzia Ferretti",slug:"marzia-ferretti"},{id:"84968",title:"Dr.",name:"Francesco",middleName:null,surname:"Cavani",fullName:"Francesco Cavani",slug:"francesco-cavani"},{id:"84970",title:"Dr.",name:"Laura",middleName:null,surname:"Bertoni",fullName:"Laura Bertoni",slug:"laura-bertoni"}]},{id:"29569",title:"The Phytoestrogens, Calcitonin and Thyroid Hormones: Effects on Bone Tissue",slug:"the-phytoestrogens-calcitonin-and-thyroid-hormones-effects-on-bone-tissue",signatures:"Branko Filipović and Branka Šošić-Jurjević",authors:[{id:"44958",title:"Dr.",name:"Branko",middleName:null,surname:"Filipovic",fullName:"Branko Filipovic",slug:"branko-filipovic"},{id:"85513",title:"Dr.",name:"Branka",middleName:null,surname:"Sosic-Jurjevic",fullName:"Branka Sosic-Jurjevic",slug:"branka-sosic-jurjevic"}]},{id:"29570",title:"Nutrition for Enhancing Bone Volume in Mice",slug:"nutrition-for-enhancing-bone-volume-in-mice",signatures:"Junji Ohtani, Fujita Tadashi, R.A. 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Rothschild",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/982.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"68037",title:"Dr.",name:"Bruce M.",surname:"Rothschild",slug:"bruce-m.-rothschild",fullName:"Bruce M. Rothschild"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},onlineFirst:{chapter:{type:"chapter",id:"71250",title:"GIS and Statistical Evaluation of Fluoride Content in Southern Part of Upper Rasyan Aquifer, Taiz, Yemen",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.91329",slug:"gis-and-statistical-evaluation-of-fluoride-content-in-southern-part-of-upper-rasyan-aquifer-taiz-yem",body:'\nFluorine has the highest chemical reactivity among all known elements and occurs mainly as free fluoride ions in natural waters, although some fluoride complexes also exist under specific conditions [1]. In groundwater, the natural concentration of fluoride depends on the geological, chemical and physical characteristics of the aquifer, the porosity and acidity of the soil and rocks, the temperature and the action of other chemical elements [2]. Fluoride ion in drinking water is known for both beneficial and detrimental effects on health. Fluoride in small amounts is an essential component for normal mineralization of bones and formation of dental enamel [3]. However, excessive intake of fluoride can cause dental and skeleton fluorosis [4, 5]. Due to its strong electronegativity, fluoride is attracted by positively charged calcium in teeth and bones [6]. Fluorosis is a considerable health problem worldwide, which is afflicting millions of people in many areas of the world, for example, East Africa [7, 8, 9] and India [10, 11, 12]. According to World Health Organization (WHO) Guidelines for Drinking Water Quality [13], the limit value for fluoride is 1.5 mg/L. The value of 1.5 mg/L is a guiding value, which may be changed based on climatic conditions like temperature, humidity, volume of water intake, fluoride from other sources, etc. for different regions of the world [14]. The source of water supplies in Yemen is mostly from groundwater accumulated during previous and current times [15]. Fluorosis continues to be an endemic problem in Yemen. More areas are being affected by fluorosis in different parts of the country. Recently, a report from General Authority of Rural Water Projects (GARWP) indicates markedly increasing in fluoride content in groundwater (between 2000 and 2006) in districts of some governorates such as Sana’a, Ibb, Dhamar, Taiz, Al-Dhalei and Raimah. The highest fluoride concentration in drinking water was reported in some districts of Sana’a governorate, especially Sanhan [16]. Most Yemenis dwelling in rural areas use deep well water for drinking and household works, and a large number of these wells are contaminated with fluoride in a concentration of 2.5–32 mg [14]. The present study aims to identify the intensity and the spatial extent of the existing groundwater contamination by fluoride in the study area and tries to identify sources pollution responsible for the current pollution of the affected areas through an analytical study in the southern part of the upper Wadi Rasyan of Taiz governorate in Yemen.
\nTo achieve the objectives mentioned above, there has been:
Identifying and understanding of the characteristics of the study area (topographic and hydrological analysis): location, topography and hydrological characteristics using arc Map GIS.
Inventing sources of pollution and production of their maps: inventory of number, type and intensity of human activities and the village’s distribution that is likely to contaminate the groundwater in the study area, view inventory results on the map using arc Map GIS and using this map in the interpretation of the results of the spatial assessment of groundwater quality of the study area.
Inventing of wells in the study area and displaying them on the map using arc Map GIS.
Determining sampling points based on type of wells (dug well and bore well), type of aquifers (alluvial and volcanic), the different depths (from 9 to 500 m) and their location according to the hydrology system and the pollution sources in order to appropriate selection of sampling point and production of the map of sampling points, by using the arc Map GIS.
Taking, transporting and analyzing samples.
Data processing and interpreting by using arc Map GIS and Minitab 18 program software.
Viewing the results of the analysis on the maps in order to know the spatial distribution of fluoride concentration in groundwater of the study area. The spatial distribution of fluoride in groundwater samples in the study area is represented as a thematic layer using IDW tool in the arc Map GIS software program that was used to the prediction of an unknown value for fluoride of the rest of the study area that was not covered by analysis and thus gave the spatial distribution of the fluoride that used in assessing the suitability of groundwater for drinking in the study area as a whole.
Using the results of the groundwater assessment quality to propose alternative strategies to deal with groundwater.
Preparing the final reports (article).
The sampling was collected in polyethylene bottles of 1000-ml capacity after rinsed with distilled water and the water of the well, through months in August, September and October, 2014. The fluoride concentration of groundwater samples was determined using DR 2800 spectrophotometer.
\nThe Fisher test was used when comparing dichotomous data separately and Pearson’s correlation coefficient for continuous variables. On the other hand, after verifying the hypotheses of normality and homogeneity, we used the nonparametric Kruskal-Wallis H to test whether three or more samples were drawn from the same population, or from populations with identical characteristics (distribution with the same median). An analysis of variance was used to study the difference in means between the different samples greater than or equal to three and in the multivariate analysis between our samples two by two we chose the Bonferroni test. In the study, Al-Hawban, Al-Burayhi and Hedran and Al-Dhabab sub-basins were all different samples. After, we performed logistic regression analysis. Fluoride was included as a dichotomous variable (lower or greater than 1.5 mg/L). Other variables with p-values < 0.2 in the univariate analysis were entered into the multivariate logistic regression model, which where taken into account in the multivariate logistic analysis. We studied the cause-effect association between the fluoride (lower or greater than 1.5 g/ml) and the included variables using odds ratio (OR). In our first model (crude model), we were satisfied only on the univariate analysis between each variable (independent factors) and the dichotomous concentration of fluoride (dependent variable). In a second model, we performed a simultaneous analysis between the independent variables and the dichotomous dependent variable of fluoride. In order to assess the accuracy of the estimates, we have indicated the 95% confidence interval (IC to 95%) of the average data. A p-value of less than 0.05 at 95% confidence level was considered as statistically significant.
\nThe study area represents the southern part of the Upper Wadi Rasyan catchment area, Taiz governorate, Yemen. The study area is estimated at 472 square kilometers which is densely populated and includes Taiz city which represented the third largest and important cities in Yemen (Figure 1).
\nLocation of the study area [
The results of the topographic analysis (morphology, elevation and slopes degree) of the study area are illustrated in Figures 2–4.
\nTopography of the study area.
The elevation in the study area.
The slope degree in the study area.
From the topographic analysis of the study area, we find that the group of mountains and plateaus that surrounding the study area made it semi-closed. Therefore, the north-west corner of the study area formed the outlet for the runoff network as shown in Figure 5. According to the digital elevation model of the study area that was obtained from the NASA site and topographic analysis, the elevations in the study area concentrated in the south and southwest, where the height of the mountain of Sabir was up to 3000 m above sea level, whereas Jabal Habashi has a maximum height of 2400 m above sea level. The lowest elevation is located in the north-west and is 872 m above sea level, and in the east, elevations are between 1200 and 1600 m above sea level (Figure 3). Figure 4 shows the map of the degrees of slope in the study area. The degree of slope determines the flow intensity of the floods and, therefore, the extent of water (or water and pollutants) infiltration into the ground.
\nHydrology system in the study area.
The results of the hydrological analysis [the hydrological limits, direction of surface runoff and then the flow direction of pollutant at the surface (hydrology system) and the hydrological level (main valleys and its tributaries)] of the study area are illustrated in Figures 5 and 6. From the hydrology map of the study area, we found that the watershed drainage (the hydrology system) in the study area is dendritic and the direction of water surface is into the north-west corner of the study area. Based on hydrological characteristics, the study area has been divided into three main sub-catchment area or sub-basins as shown below:
Al-Hawban sub-basin has 146 km2.
Al-Dhabab sub-basin has 112 km2.
Al-Burayhi and Hedran sub-basin (Central sub-basin) has 214 km2.
Main valleys and its tributaries in the study area.
The geology of Yemen is a part of the Arab Shield which consists of a Proterozoic crystalline subsoil covered by a Paleogene sedimentary sequence (Mesozoic sediments). In the west of the country, the sedimentary sequence is covered by Yemen volcanic (Cenozoic volcanic) [18]. The study area occupies the southwestern corner of the Arabian Shield, and the geological complexity of the region is mainly due to its position at the junction of the Red Sea and the Gulf of Aden rift systems. Geological map and geological cross sections for the study area were derived from the geological map of the upper Wadi Rasyan, scale 1: 100,000; that prepared by Dar Yemen Consulting Company [19]. As shown in Figure 7, the geomorphology of the study area is dominated by the tertiary volcano that covers most of the region.
\nGeomorphology of study area (the source of basic map [
Geomorphology of the study area was characterized as modern rock units, which was formed during the Cenozoic (Cenozoic volcanic group), which was formed by a series of eruptions and volcanic eruptions that were affected by Yemen in general and the province of Taiz, especially during the third geological age as a result of movements of the successive continental shelf separation tectonics along the fault line of large expanses of the Gulf of Aden, in the southern Dead Sea to north and the emergence of the Red Sea gorge and the separation of the Arabian plate from the African plate where it was accompanied by the emergence of streaks parallel to the axis of the Red Sea, which represented the levels of weakness and pathways of magmatic systems [20]. A major crack extends from the east to the west of the study area. There are also local cracks stretching group north-west to south-east perpendicular to the main fault (Figure 8).
\nGeology faults in the study area (the source of basic map [
According to [19], the geology of the study area consists of Cretaceous Tawilah Sandstone (Kt), Lower Basalt (Tb1), Low Volcanic Acids (Tr1), Basic Volcanic Medium (Tb2), Second Volcanic Acids (Tr2), Granite (Tgr):
The geology cross-section of Jabal Habashi to Hedran (the source of basic map [
The geology cross-section of Jabal Sabir to Al-Hawban (the source of basic map [
According to [19], groundwater in the study area is being produced from three aquifers: the Quaternary alluvium, the Tertiary fractured volcanic and the Cretaceous Tawilah Sandstone. Cretaceous Tawilah Sandstone in the study area is located in the lower classes, in the southwest of the study area and extends to the north, as shown in Figure 11.
\nCretaceous Tawilah sandstone in the study area (the source of basic map [
Alluvial aquifers form the highest and shallow aquifers in the region. These sediments exist along the Wadis path (Figure 6). The total thickness rarely exceeds 30–40 m, but they can locally reach considerable thicknesses (up to 70 m). Hydraulic properties vary from site to other. Intergranular groundwater flow is dominant [19].
\nVolcanic aquifers consist of the tertiary volcanic sequence. The thickness of this sequence may exceed 600–700 m. Groundwater flows mainly in this type of aquifers through the cracks/faults. The sandstone aquifer includes Tawilah Sandstone, Southwest of the study area (Al-Dhabab), and this formation is soaked to an expected depth of more than 500 m. In general, sandstone is largely silicified and fractured, so that the dominant groundwater flow in this aquifer is of intergranular type and mixed fracture. The quality of this aquifer is excellent to good [19].
\nGroundwater aquifers in the study area are recharged by many sources of water, as follows:
In Al-Hawban sub-basin, the aquifers are recharged with rainwater (either pure or loaded with wastewater that is disposed of in floodwaters), wastewater disposed of in sewers, industrial wastewater in the eastern part of the sub-basin where there is an industrial food complex.
In Al-Burayhi and Hedran sub-basin, the aquifers are recharge with the floods coming from the Al-Hawban sub-basin that loaded with liquid and solid waste types, domestic wastewater that is transported from the city of Taiz across the sewerage network is deposited in sedimentation ponds in this sub-basin, wastewater used to irrigate crops in this sub-basin, irrigation water, which goes downloaded with high concentrations of salts, sedimentation ponds for industrial wastewater in the western part of the sub-basin, the floods that coming from the Al-Dhabab sub-basin to the south-west of the Al-Burayhi and Hedran basin, these floods reach the Al-Burayhi and Hedran sub-basin, which is mostly pure but soon to be contaminated by the remnants of industrial activities located west of the Al-Burayhi and Hedran sub-basin.
In the Al-Dhabab sub-basin, rainwater is almost the only source of recharge for the aquifers.
According to [19], in general, the groundwater movement in the study area is a function of the hydrological system into the north-west corner of the study area (toward the Al-Burayhi and Hedran sub-basin). In the volcanic aquifers, the direction of the groundwater movement is subject to the direction of the faults.
\nThe results and spatial distribution maps of village and inventory’s contamination source in the study area are shown in Figures 12 and 13.
\nSpatial distribution of pollution sources in the study area.
Village’s distribution in the study area.
The sampling sites are illustrated in Figure 14.
\nSampling sites.
A summarized statistic descriptive of results of fluoride’s concentration (mg/L) in groundwater of the study area is shown in Table 1, and the minimum, maximum, means and standard deviation of results based on each sub-basin are illustrated in Table 2.
\nVariable | \nMin | \nQ1 | \nMedian | \nQ3 | \nMax | \nMean | \nStDev | \n
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
F- mg/L | \n0.100 | \n1.470 | \n1.890 | \n2.980 | \n6.000 | \n2.353 | \n1.449 | \n
Descriptive statistics of F- mg/L for all samples.
\n | Al-Hawban, sub-basin | \nAl-Burayhi and Hedran, sub-basin | \nAl-Dhabab, sub-basin | \n
---|---|---|---|
No. of wells | \n56 | \n29 | \n8 | \n
Minimum | \n0.98 | \n0.1 | \n0.58 | \n
Maximum | \n5.81 | \n5.45 | \n1.11 | \n
Mean | \n2.32 | \n2.66 | \n0.85 | \n
S.D | \n1.15 | \n1.26 | \n0.189 | \n
Descriptive statistics of fluoride values mg/L in groundwater samples of the study area by sub-basin.
SD, standard deviation.
We used boxplot tool in order to provide a simplified presentation of how the values of fluoride’s concentration are distributed, the boxplot (Figure 15) illustrated, the values’ distributions are dissimilarities in their distribution in three sub-basins.
\nBox plot to provide a simplified presentation of how the values of fluoride’s concentration are distributed in groundwater of three sub-basins.
The correlation analysis between the fluoride concentration and the different physicochemical parameters showed that the fluoride concentration is positively correlated with the Cl, EC, TDS, K, Na, Mg and T. H at the significance level of 0.01 and with the parameters Ca and HCO3 at the significance level of 0.05 (Table 3).
\n\n | \n | C° | \npH | \nEC (μs/cm) | \nTDS (mg/L) | \nT.H (mg/L) | \nT.A (mg/L) | \nCa (mg/L) | \nMg (mg/L) | \nNa (mg/L) | \nK (mg/L) | \nFe (mg/L) | \nCl (mg/L) | \nSO4 (mg/L) | \nHCO3 (mg/L) | \nNO3 (mg/L) | \nF- (mg/L) | \n
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
F- mg/L | \nP C | \n0.086 | \n−0.055 | \n0.491\n**\n\n | \n0.491\n**\n\n | \n0.394\n**\n\n | \n0.014 | \n0.211\n*\n\n | \n0.427\n**\n\n | \n0.453\n**\n\n | \n0.489\n**\n\n | \n0.072 | \n0.536\n**\n\n | \n0.168 | \n0.262\n*\n\n | \n0.014 | \n1 | \n
Sig. (2-tailed) | \n0.414 | \n0.602 | \n0.000 | \n0.000 | \n0.000 | \n0.897 | \n0.043 | \n0.000 | \n0.000 | \n0.000 | \n0.490 | \n0.000 | \n0.107 | \n0.012 | \n0.895 | \n\n | |
No | \n93 | \n93 | \n93 | \n93 | \n92 | \n93 | \n93 | \n93 | \n93 | \n93 | \n93 | \n93 | \n93 | \n92 | \n93 | \n93 | \n
Correlation between fluoride and different physico-chemical parameters.
Correlation is significant at the 0.05 level (two-tailed).
Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (two-tailed).
PC, Pearson Correlation.
\nFigure 16 illustrated how the values of fluoride’s concentration are distributed according to water type, and Figure 17 show the comparison of the mean of F-mg/L according to water type with 95% confidence interval.
\nThe distribution’s values of fluoride according to water type.
Comparison of the mean of F- mg/L according to water type with 95% confidence interval.
From the results of fluoride contain in the 93 samples, we found that the very high fluoride’s concentration (4.501–6 mg/L) was associated with the water type both of Na-Cl (5 samples), Na-HCO3 (1 sample) and Mg-Cl (1 sample), the high fluoride’s concentration (3.01–4.5 mg/L) was associated with the water type both of Na-Cl (8), Na-SO4 (3), Mg-Cl (1), Na-HCO3 (2) and Ca-HCO3 (1), the moderately abundant of fluoride’s concentrations (1.5–3.0 mg/L) was associated with the water type both of Ca-Cl (4), Ca-HCO3 (2), Ca-SO4 (2), Mg-Cl (2), Mg-SO4 (1), Na-Cl (13), Na-HCO3 (16) and Na-SO4 (4), the optimal fluoride’s concentration (0.5–1.5 mg/L) was associated with the water type both of Ca-HCO3 (5), Mg-HCO3 (5), Na-Cl (8), Na-HCO3 (7) and Na-SO4 (1) and one sample with water type of Na-SO4 has fluoride’s concentration lower than 0.5 mg/L as shown in Table 4 and Figure 19. The distribution of water type according to sub-basins of the study area is illustrated in Figure 18, and the spatial distribution of both of water type and fluoride concentrations is illustrated in Figure 19.
\nConcentration of fluoride (mg/L) | \nType of water and number of samples | \n
---|---|
0.5–1.5 | \nCa-HCO3 (5), Mg-HCO3 (5), Na-Cl (8), Na-HCO3 (7) and Na-SO4 (2) | \n
1.5–3.0 | \nCa-Cl (4), Ca-HCO3 (2), Ca-SO4 (2), Mg-Cl (2), Mg-SO4 (1), Na-Cl (13), Na-HCO3 (16) and Na-SO4 (4) | \n
3.01–4.5 | \nNa-Cl (8), Na-SO4 (3), Mg-Cl (1), Na-HCO3 (2) and Ca-HCO3 (1) | \n
4.501–10.0 | \nNa-Cl (5), Na-HCO3 (1) and Mg-Cl (1) | \n
Classification of F- mg/L and their relation to the water type.
The distribution of water type according to sub-basins of the study area.
The spatial distribution both of water type and the F- mg/L in the study area.
There are variations for the fluoride concentration in the same of water type as shown in Table 4. Normal concentration of fluoride in Al-Dhabab sub-basin was associated with Ca-HCO3 and Mg-HCO3 water type; however, the sources of samples (wells No. 32 and 43, and spring No. 44) in Al-Hawban with the Ca-HCO3 water type showed high values of fluoride concentration 3.66, 2.36 and 1.96 mg/L containing fluoride concentration that exceeds the WHO drinking water, respectively. These sources are located in the southwest of Al-Hawban sub-basin, likely the sources of fluoride results of geology formation of the Sabir’s mountain granits, according to [21]. The groundwater with high concentration of fluoride is associated with the granits rocks.
\nFor the Na-Cl water type, we found that 26 samples out of 34 samples have high concentration of fluoride, 12 samples located in the Al-Burayhi and Hedran sub-basin [(wells No. 83, 80, 78, 77, 68, 65, 88, 82, 87, 79, 75 and 92), where 4 samples of them (wells No. 83, 80, 78 and 77) have 4 of highest values of fluoride’s concentration of out of 5 the highest values)] and 14 samples located in the Al-Hawban sub-basin (wells No. 6, 12, 2, 11, 1, 36, 30, 25, 42, 29,24, 28, 55 and 34); however, there are 8 wells with water type of Na-Cl that have fluoride’s concentration equalizer or lower than 1.5 mg/L [(7 wells located in the Al-Hawban sub-basin (wells No. 54, 37, 49, 53, 51, 40 and 5) and one well (No. 72) located in the Al-Burayhi and Hedran sub-basin)]. The wells with the Na-HCO3 water type have 19 groundwater samples out of 26 samples (wells and one spring) with a high fluoride’s concentration [(11 wells and one spring in Al-Hawban (dug wells No. 9, 22, 27, 18, 15, 47, 17, 19, 20, 23 and 52, spring No. 16) and 7 wells in Al-Burayhi and Hedran sub-basin (No. 67, 85, 70, 89, 69, 84 and 86)]. There are 7 samples out of 9 groundwater samples with water type of Na-SO4 have a high values of fluoride’s concentration, 6 wells located in the Al-Hawban [(wells No. 39, 33, 4, 46, 3 and 35) and one located in Al-Burayhi and Hedran sub-basin (well No. 66)]. All samples with water type both of Ca-SO4, Mg-Cl, Ca-Cl and Mg-SO4 have abnormal fluoride’s concentration as shown in Table 5. Abnormal concentration of fluoride was more prevalent with groundwater samples with Mg-Cl water type in Al-Hawban sub-basin (well No. 41 with 4.87 mg/L, No. 26 with 1.58 mg/L and well No. 10 with 3.33 mg/L) and Al-Burayhi and Hedran (source No. 81 with 2.66 mg/L); and with water type both of Ca-SO4 (wells No. 38 and 8 in Al-Hawban sub-basin), Ca-Cl (wells No. 71, 73 and 91 in the Al-Burayhi and Hedran sub-basin and well No. 31 in Al-Hawban sub-basin) and Mg-SO4 (well No. 7 in Al-Hawban sub-basin). Figure 20 illustrated that there are no significant different in the fluoride concentration between the sources of groundwater samples according to the water type.
\nWater type | \nNormal concentration N (%) | \nAbnormal concentration N (%) | \nP-value | \n
---|---|---|---|
Mg-HCO3 | \n5 (100%) | \nNIL | \n1 | \n
Ca-HCO3 | \n5 (62.5%) | \n3 (37.5%) | \n0.3 | \n
Mg-SO4 | \nNil | \n1 (100%) | \n0.10 | \n
Na-HCO3 | \n7 (26.9%) | \n19 (73.1%) | \n0.01 | \n
Na-SO4 | \n2 (22.22%) | \n7 (77.78%) | \n0.02 | \n
Na-Cl | \n8 (23.53%) | \n26 (76.47%) | \n0.01 | \n
Ca-SO4 | \nNil | \n2 (100.0%) | \n0.05 | \n
Mg-Cl | \nNil | \n4 (100%) | \n0.02 | \n
Ca-Cl | \nNil | \n4 (100%) | \n0.02 | \n
Water type, normal and abnormal of F- mg/L and number of wells.
The difference of means for F- mg/L with 95% Cl.
The distribution type of groundwater according to pH showed that, from Mg-So4 type through a Na-HCO3, Na-So4 and Na-Cl type groundwater to Mg-Cl and ultimately Ca-Cl when the pH range between 7.3 and 8 was more lower than pH ≠ [7.3–8] (Figure 21) and the comparison of the groups “pH [7.3–8]” and “pH ≠ [7.3–8]” showed a significant difference in fluoride concentration (p < 0.05).
\nDistribution of water type according to pH.
Results of the multivariate analysis are shown in Table 6. In the two logistic regression model, after adjusting for pH, water type and sub-basin (ORa = 0.366; CI: 1.76–0.76), the water type (ORa = 1.71; CI: 1.261–2.32) remained dependently associated with abnormal fluoride concentration (Table 6).
\n\n | ORcrude | \nCI for 95% | \np-value | \nORa | \nCI for 95% | \np-value | \n
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
pH [7.3–8] | \n0.417 | \n0.164–1.062 | \n0.067 | \n0.373 | \n0.139–0.99 | \n0.050 | \n
Water type | \n1.755 | \n1.295–2.378 | \n0.000 | \n1.711 | \n1.261–2.322 | \n0.001 | \n
Sub-basin | \n0.389 | \n0.194–0.778 | \n0.008 | \n0.366 | \n0.176–0.760 | \n0.007 | \n
Logistic regression univariate and multivariate model for fluoride variation.
ORa: odds ratio adjusted. pH ≠ [7.3–8]: reference. Mg-HCO3 water type: reference. Al-Hawban sub-basin: reference.
The results statistic analysis show that the different of the fluoride concentration between the different sources of water samples (dug well, bore well and spring) in the study area is not significantly different. Fluoride concentration decreases not significantly according to well’s type F (2) =2.19, p = 0.121.
\nFluoride concentration is positively and not significantly related to depth of the groundwater (r = 0.046, p > 0.05).
\nThe comparison of the abnormal and normal fluoride concentration according to TDS (total dissolved solids) in the three sub-basins showed a significant differences between the three sub-basins (p < 0.0001) and positive relationship between the fluoride concentration and TDS (r = 0.5; p < 0.0001). A multiple comparison of median concentration among these sub-basins in fluoride shows that Al-Hawban and Al-Burayhi and Hedran sub-basins reach higher fluoride content which is more than 1.5 mg/L and similar but significantly higher than the Al-Dhabab sub-basin; Al-Hawban-Al-Burayhi and Hedran: (p > 0.072); Al-Hawban-Al-Dhabab: (p < 0.003); Al-Dhabab-Al-Burayhi and Hedran: (p < 0.0001). Moreover, this increase in TDS has been found only at two sub-basins when the fluoride is abnormal content (Figure 22). The results of the study samples of electrical conductivity and TDS according to study sub-basins are given in Figure 23.
\nBox plot for the maxi, min and average of the fluoride content in groundwater according to TDS of three sub-basins.
Box plot for the max, min and average of electrical conductivity and total dissolved solids according to study sub-basins.
In order to enable sustainable development of groundwater resources, it is necessary to delineate the safe and unsafe zones with reference of fluoride content (1.5 mg/L); hence spatial distribution of fluoride’s concentration was mapped in the three sub-basins of the study area (Figure 24).
\nSpatial distribution of fluoride concentration in the study area.
Based on the Kruskal-Wallis test for the various sub-basins, the level of significance was (p < 0.05). This result illustrated that there were a significant differences between three sun-basins with regard to the concentration of fluoride in groundwater. The differences of means for fluoride concentration in groundwater for the three sub-basins show the mean’s fluoride in Al-Burayhi and Hedran (F-) > Al-Hawban (F-) > Al-Dhabab (F-). A multiple comparison of mean concentration of fluoride among these sub-basins shows that there is no a significant difference between the Al-Hawban and Al-Burayhi and Hedran sub-basins P-value 0.277, there is a significant difference between the Al-Hawban and Al-Dhabab sub-basins P-value 0.017 and there is a significant difference between the Al-Burayhi and Hedran and Al-Dhabab sub-basins P-value 0.001.
\nFluoride concentration variation is widely in the study area from 0.1 mg/L (in well No.93 in Al-Burayhi and Hedran sub-basin) to 6 mg/L [in Well No. 83, of the same sub-basin (Al-Burayhi and Hedran sub-basin)]. We observed that the concentration of fluoride in the Al-Dhabab sub-basin is the optimal concentration according to the WHO drinking water guidelines value of 1.5 mg/L.
\nWaters with high fluoride concentrations occur in large and extensive geographical belts associated with (a) sediments of marine origin in mountainous areas, (b) volcanic rocks and (c) granitic and gneissic rocks [21], and the high concentration of fluoride widely accepted that most of the F are derived mainly from acidic volcanic rocks such as pumice, obsidians, pyroclastic deposits, ignimbrites and rhyolite, and the main minerals for F are fluorite, fluorapatite, micas and hornblende [22]. Because the geology of study mainly constituent from the acid and basic volcanic and grants rocks, the level of fluoride concentration in the Al-Dhabab sub-basin can be explained by the nature on aquiver in this study area (Cretaceous Tawilah Sandstone), while the groundwater in the other sub-basin is produced either from Tertiary fractured volcanic (that have F- bearing mineral and the groundwater in this aquiver have long-time contact with aquiver, which adjudge the important factors leading to the high fluoride concentration result of interaction between the groundwater and the aquiver) or from the Quaternary alluvium aquiver, where the Wadi sediments deposited are derived from the alteration of volcanic ash and tufa mainly of (Tr1); this quiver depends on their recharge mainly on the wastewater of the urban and industrial activates; this aquiver exposed to over exploration of their groundwater and finally the dry and semi-dry condition plays an important role in the degradation of groundwater in this aquiver.
\nIt is clearly observed that the Al-Burayhi and Hedran and Al-Hawban sub-basins have the highest concentration of fluoride ion in the chemistry of water. Highest concentrations were found to be 6 mg/L from Al-Burayhi and Hedran sub-basin, 5.81 mg/L from Al-Hawban unlike the Al-Dhabab sub-basin which remains unaffected by the contamination fluoride of groundwater. According to the report of [23], the dental fluorosis is the widely fluoride disease observed in the affected areas, and there is a positive relationship between fluoride in water and the occurrence of dental fluorosis in Taiz region.
\nIn order to understand the vertical distribution of the fluoride ion concentration from the water of the study area, the type of the sample water (dug well, bore well and spring) evaluated separately. There was no significant difference between the three well types, dug well sample, springs and bore wells. It can be concluded that shallow aquifers do not reflect higher fluoride contamination than deeper aquifers. It is observed that most of the water samples showed enhanced concentrations with generally increasing trends to the low elevated area (Al-Burayhi and Hedran sub-basin), while the high elevation shows low concentration of fluoride (Al-Dhabab sub-basin). All the water samples collected from the uphill zones of Al-Dhabab sub-basin were exhibited low fluoride concentration.
\nCompared with Na-HCO3 type groundwater, Ca-HCO3 type groundwater is known to generally contain lower fluoride [24]. Its hydrochemistry is characterized by increased Ca2+ ion concentration with increasing total dissolved solid due to the gradual dissolution of carbonate minerals or Ca2+ bearing plagioclase in aquifer materials [25, 26]. The Na-HCO3 type groundwater is generally enriched in fluoride and sodium ions, due to the dissolution of silicates as well as the removal of Ca2+ by calcite precipitation and cation exchange [27, 28]. The solubility limits for fluorite and calcite provide a natural control on water composition in a view that calcium, fluoride and carbonate activities are interdependent [29, 30]. In addition to the effect of those areas by different liquid waste by runoff and sewage disposal, the heavy pumping of well water is also contributed because of the scarcity of water which leads to the increase of the concentration of salt in the water. TDS levels ranged widely from 291 to 6188 mg/L with most station levels above 400 mg/L and many of the samples studied were higher than the permissible limit of 1500 mg/L according to WHO (2003). This wide variation in TDS values indicates that the area hydrochemistry is influenced by diverse processes such as water-rock interaction and anthropogenic pollution. Fluoride concentrations frequently are proportional to the degree of water-rock interaction because fluoride primarily originates from the geology [9, 31, 32, 33, 34]. Due to the high rainfall, rugged topography, factories, lack of total coverage per sewerage network, population density and faults in the study areas could also explain this high fluoride content by runoff and infiltration of chemical fertilizers in agricultural areas, septic and sewage treatment system discharges with fluoridated water supplies and liquid waste from industrial sources. The topography of the study areas varies from level plain to steep slopes. Study area ranges in elevation between 900 and 3000 m above sea level. Taiz plain receives about 500 mm/year of rainfall and significant recharge form runoff of surrounding mountains [35]. In addition to this groundwater fluoride pollution that can affect human health, there have been indications that uptake of fluoride from other sources like food, dust and beverages may be many times higher than that of water [36]. About the fluorosis in selected villages of Taiz Governorate, the percentage of children with fluorosis was very high. Not only because of drinking water, various food habits (like drinking black tea and Chewing Qat) indicated a high contribution of fluoride to food. In AL-Hawban sub-basin, some of children, especially from Jabal Sabir area, used to chew Qat daily, and the Qat are cultivated in the man-made terraces of Jabal Sabir alkali granite, where it expected to be the main source of F- reach minerals like fluorite [23].
\nOn the other hand, the use of fluoridated water for cooking increases the fluoride content significantly especially in dry foods like maize flour which absorbs much water during cooking. It has been reported that fluoride availability may be influenced by simultaneous intake of food and fluoride containing compounds in a positive or negative manner depending on the food type, mode of administration and type of fluoride compound [37].
\nMuch of the fluoride entering the body is from water and the high concentration of fluoride in water’s sources is therefore a major concern. The fluoride is found in the atmosphere, soil and water. It enters the soil through weathering of rocks, precipitation or waste runoff. Understanding of the fluoride occurrence is important in the management of the fluoride related epidemiological problems. Al-Hawban and Al-Burayhi and Hedran are the worst sub-basins affected by fluoride contamination in drinking water. 71% of samples (66 samples out of 93 samples) in the study area have F- concentration (mg/L) above the permissible limit and alternate water sources will be difficult. Therefore, defluoridation of drinking water is the only practicable option to overcome the problem of excessive fluoride in drinking water in these areas. More refined studies however need to be done before any long-term intervention efforts can be planned. In the meantime, there is a critical need to educate young Yemenis about fluorosis and simple intervention measures to avoid long-term health problems. Other studies in the region are urged studying the cause and effect relationship between the abnormal content fluoride and population health.
\nAuthors are listed below with their open access chapters linked via author name:
",metaTitle:"IntechOpen authors on the Global Highly Cited Researchers 2018 list",metaDescription:null,metaKeywords:null,canonicalURL:null,contentRaw:'[{"type":"htmlEditorComponent","content":"New for 2018 (alphabetically by surname).
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\\n\\nJim Van Os 2015-18
\\n\\nLong Wang 2017, 2018
\\n\\nFei Wei 2016-18
\\n\\nIoannis Xenarios 2017, 2018
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\\n\\nXin-She Yang 2017, 2018
\\n\\nYulong Yin 2015, 2017, 2018
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\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nJocelyn Chanussot (chapter to be published soon...)
\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nYuekun Lai
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\n\nAbdul Latif Ahmad 2016-18
\n\nKhalil Amine 2017, 2018
\n\nEwan Birney 2015-18
\n\nFrede Blaabjerg 2015-18
\n\nGang Chen 2016-18
\n\nJunhong Chen 2017, 2018
\n\nZhigang Chen 2016, 2018
\n\nMyung-Haing Cho 2016, 2018
\n\nMark Connors 2015-18
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\n\nBiswajeet Pradhan 2016-18
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\n\nLong Wang 2017, 2018
\n\nFei Wei 2016-18
\n\nIoannis Xenarios 2017, 2018
\n\nQi Xie 2016-18
\n\nXin-She Yang 2017, 2018
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I am also a member of the team in charge for the supervision of Ph.D. students in the fields of development of silicon based planar waveguide sensor devices, study of inelastic electron tunnelling in planar tunnelling nanostructures for sensing applications and development of organotellurium(IV) compounds for semiconductor applications. I am a specialist in data analysis techniques and nanosurface structure. 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After obtaining a Master's degree in Mechanical Engineering, he continued his PhD studies in Robotics at the Vienna University of Technology. Here he worked as a robotic researcher with the university's Intelligent Manufacturing Systems Group as well as a guest researcher at various European universities, including the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL). During this time he published more than 20 scientific papers, gave presentations, served as a reviewer for major robotic journals and conferences and most importantly he co-founded and built the International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems- world's first Open Access journal in the field of robotics. Starting this journal was a pivotal point in his career, since it was a pathway to founding IntechOpen - Open Access publisher focused on addressing academic researchers needs. Alex is a personification of IntechOpen key values being trusted, open and entrepreneurial. 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Cárdenas-Aguayo, M. del C. Silva-Lucero, M. Cortes-Ortiz,\nB. Jiménez-Ramos, L. Gómez-Virgilio, G. Ramírez-Rodríguez, E. Vera-\nArroyo, R. Fiorentino-Pérez, U. García, J. Luna-Muñoz and M.A.\nMeraz-Ríos",authors:[{id:"42225",title:"Dr.",name:"Jose",middleName:null,surname:"Luna-Muñoz",slug:"jose-luna-munoz",fullName:"Jose Luna-Muñoz"},{id:"114746",title:"Dr.",name:"Marco",middleName:null,surname:"Meraz-Ríos",slug:"marco-meraz-rios",fullName:"Marco Meraz-Ríos"},{id:"169616",title:"Dr.",name:"Maria del Carmen",middleName:null,surname:"Cardenas-Aguayo",slug:"maria-del-carmen-cardenas-aguayo",fullName:"Maria del Carmen Cardenas-Aguayo"},{id:"169857",title:"Dr.",name:"Maria del Carmen",middleName:null,surname:"Silva-Lucero",slug:"maria-del-carmen-silva-lucero",fullName:"Maria del Carmen Silva-Lucero"},{id:"169858",title:"Dr.",name:"Maribel",middleName:null,surname:"Cortes-Ortiz",slug:"maribel-cortes-ortiz",fullName:"Maribel Cortes-Ortiz"},{id:"169859",title:"Dr.",name:"Berenice",middleName:null,surname:"Jimenez-Ramos",slug:"berenice-jimenez-ramos",fullName:"Berenice Jimenez-Ramos"},{id:"169860",title:"Dr.",name:"Laura",middleName:null,surname:"Gomez-Virgilio",slug:"laura-gomez-virgilio",fullName:"Laura Gomez-Virgilio"},{id:"169861",title:"Dr.",name:"Gerardo",middleName:null,surname:"Ramirez-Rodriguez",slug:"gerardo-ramirez-rodriguez",fullName:"Gerardo Ramirez-Rodriguez"},{id:"169862",title:"Dr.",name:"Eduardo",middleName:null,surname:"Vera-Arroyo",slug:"eduardo-vera-arroyo",fullName:"Eduardo Vera-Arroyo"},{id:"169863",title:"Dr.",name:"Rosana Sofia",middleName:null,surname:"Fiorentino-Perez",slug:"rosana-sofia-fiorentino-perez",fullName:"Rosana Sofia Fiorentino-Perez"},{id:"169864",title:"Dr.",name:"Ubaldo",middleName:null,surname:"Garcia",slug:"ubaldo-garcia",fullName:"Ubaldo Garcia"}]},{id:"58070",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72427",title:"MRI Medical Image Denoising by Fundamental Filters",slug:"mri-medical-image-denoising-by-fundamental-filters",totalDownloads:2564,totalCrossrefCites:17,totalDimensionsCites:30,abstract:"Nowadays Medical imaging technique Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) plays an important role in medical setting to form high standard images contained in the human brain. MRI is commonly used once treating brain, prostate cancers, ankle and foot. The Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) images are usually liable to suffer from noises such as Gaussian noise, salt and pepper noise and speckle noise. So getting of brain image with accuracy is very extremely task. An accurate brain image is very necessary for further diagnosis process. During this chapter, a median filter algorithm will be modified. Gaussian noise and Salt and pepper noise will be added to MRI image. A proposed Median filter (MF), Adaptive Median filter (AMF) and Adaptive Wiener filter (AWF) will be implemented. The filters will be used to remove the additive noises present in the MRI images. The noise density will be added gradually to MRI image to compare performance of the filters evaluation. The performance of these filters will be compared exploitation the applied mathematics parameter Peak Signal-to-Noise Ratio (PSNR).",book:{id:"6144",slug:"high-resolution-neuroimaging-basic-physical-principles-and-clinical-applications",title:"High-Resolution Neuroimaging",fullTitle:"High-Resolution Neuroimaging - Basic Physical Principles and Clinical Applications"},signatures:"Hanafy M. Ali",authors:[{id:"213318",title:"Dr.",name:"Hanafy",middleName:"M.",surname:"Ali",slug:"hanafy-ali",fullName:"Hanafy Ali"}]},{id:"41589",doi:"10.5772/50323",title:"The Role of the Amygdala in Anxiety Disorders",slug:"the-role-of-the-amygdala-in-anxiety-disorders",totalDownloads:9671,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:28,abstract:null,book:{id:"2599",slug:"the-amygdala-a-discrete-multitasking-manager",title:"The Amygdala",fullTitle:"The Amygdala - A Discrete Multitasking Manager"},signatures:"Gina L. Forster, Andrew M. Novick, Jamie L. Scholl and Michael J. Watt",authors:[{id:"145620",title:"Dr.",name:"Gina",middleName:null,surname:"Forster",slug:"gina-forster",fullName:"Gina Forster"},{id:"146553",title:"BSc.",name:"Andrew",middleName:null,surname:"Novick",slug:"andrew-novick",fullName:"Andrew Novick"},{id:"146554",title:"MSc.",name:"Jamie",middleName:null,surname:"Scholl",slug:"jamie-scholl",fullName:"Jamie Scholl"},{id:"146555",title:"Dr.",name:"Michael",middleName:null,surname:"Watt",slug:"michael-watt",fullName:"Michael Watt"}]},{id:"26258",doi:"10.5772/28300",title:"Excitotoxicity and Oxidative Stress in Acute Ischemic Stroke",slug:"excitotoxicity-and-oxidative-stress-in-acute-ischemic-stroke",totalDownloads:7157,totalCrossrefCites:6,totalDimensionsCites:25,abstract:null,book:{id:"931",slug:"acute-ischemic-stroke",title:"Acute Ischemic Stroke",fullTitle:"Acute Ischemic Stroke"},signatures:"Ramón Rama Bretón and Julio César García Rodríguez",authors:[{id:"73430",title:"Prof.",name:"Ramon",middleName:null,surname:"Rama",slug:"ramon-rama",fullName:"Ramon Rama"},{id:"124643",title:"Prof.",name:"Julio Cesar",middleName:null,surname:"García",slug:"julio-cesar-garcia",fullName:"Julio Cesar García"}]},{id:"62072",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.78695",title:"Brain-Computer Interface and Motor Imagery Training: The Role of Visual Feedback and Embodiment",slug:"brain-computer-interface-and-motor-imagery-training-the-role-of-visual-feedback-and-embodiment",totalDownloads:1439,totalCrossrefCites:13,totalDimensionsCites:23,abstract:"Controlling a brain-computer interface (BCI) is a difficult task that requires extensive training. Particularly in the case of motor imagery BCIs, users may need several training sessions before they learn how to generate desired brain activity and reach an acceptable performance. A typical training protocol for such BCIs includes execution of a motor imagery task by the user, followed by presentation of an extending bar or a moving object on a computer screen. In this chapter, we discuss the importance of a visual feedback that resembles human actions, the effect of human factors such as confidence and motivation, and the role of embodiment in the learning process of a motor imagery task. Our results from a series of experiments in which users BCI-operated a humanlike android robot confirm that realistic visual feedback can induce a sense of embodiment, which promotes a significant learning of the motor imagery task in a short amount of time. We review the impact of humanlike visual feedback in optimized modulation of brain activity by the BCI users.",book:{id:"6610",slug:"evolving-bci-therapy-engaging-brain-state-dynamics",title:"Evolving BCI Therapy",fullTitle:"Evolving BCI Therapy - Engaging Brain State Dynamics"},signatures:"Maryam Alimardani, Shuichi Nishio and Hiroshi Ishiguro",authors:[{id:"11981",title:"Prof.",name:"Hiroshi",middleName:null,surname:"Ishiguro",slug:"hiroshi-ishiguro",fullName:"Hiroshi Ishiguro"},{id:"231131",title:"Dr.",name:"Maryam",middleName:null,surname:"Alimardani",slug:"maryam-alimardani",fullName:"Maryam Alimardani"},{id:"231134",title:"Dr.",name:"Shuichi",middleName:null,surname:"Nishio",slug:"shuichi-nishio",fullName:"Shuichi Nishio"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"29764",title:"Underlying Causes of Paresthesia",slug:"underlying-causes-of-paresthesia",totalDownloads:192666,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:7,abstract:null,book:{id:"1069",slug:"paresthesia",title:"Paresthesia",fullTitle:"Paresthesia"},signatures:"Mahdi Sharif-Alhoseini, Vafa Rahimi-Movaghar and Alexander R. 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Precise anatomical description along with a correct characterization of the component structures is essential for understanding its functions.",book:{id:"6331",slug:"hypothalamus-in-health-and-diseases",title:"Hypothalamus in Health and Diseases",fullTitle:"Hypothalamus in Health and Diseases"},signatures:"Miana Gabriela Pop, Carmen Crivii and Iulian Opincariu",authors:null},{id:"57103",title:"GABA and Glutamate: Their Transmitter Role in the CNS and Pancreatic Islets",slug:"gaba-and-glutamate-their-transmitter-role-in-the-cns-and-pancreatic-islets",totalDownloads:3478,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:9,abstract:"Glutamate and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) are the major neurotransmitters in the mammalian brain. Inhibitory GABA and excitatory glutamate work together to control many processes, including the brain’s overall level of excitation. The contributions of GABA and glutamate in extra-neuronal signaling are by far less widely recognized. In this chapter, we first discuss the role of both neurotransmitters during development, emphasizing the importance of the shift from excitatory to inhibitory GABAergic neurotransmission. The second part summarizes the biosynthesis and role of GABA and glutamate in neurotransmission in the mature brain, and major neurological disorders associated with glutamate and GABA receptors and GABA release mechanisms. The final part focuses on extra-neuronal glutamatergic and GABAergic signaling in pancreatic islets of Langerhans, and possible associations with type 1 diabetes mellitus.",book:{id:"6237",slug:"gaba-and-glutamate-new-developments-in-neurotransmission-research",title:"GABA And Glutamate",fullTitle:"GABA And Glutamate - New Developments In Neurotransmission Research"},signatures:"Christiane S. Hampe, Hiroshi Mitoma and Mario Manto",authors:[{id:"210220",title:"Prof.",name:"Christiane",middleName:null,surname:"Hampe",slug:"christiane-hampe",fullName:"Christiane Hampe"},{id:"210485",title:"Prof.",name:"Mario",middleName:null,surname:"Manto",slug:"mario-manto",fullName:"Mario Manto"},{id:"210486",title:"Prof.",name:"Hiroshi",middleName:null,surname:"Mitoma",slug:"hiroshi-mitoma",fullName:"Hiroshi Mitoma"}]},{id:"35802",title:"Cross-Cultural/Linguistic Differences in the Prevalence of Developmental Dyslexia and the Hypothesis of Granularity and Transparency",slug:"cross-cultural-linguistic-differences-in-the-prevalence-of-developmental-dyslexia-and-the-hypothesis",totalDownloads:3601,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:7,abstract:null,book:{id:"673",slug:"dyslexia-a-comprehensive-and-international-approach",title:"Dyslexia",fullTitle:"Dyslexia - A Comprehensive and International Approach"},signatures:"Taeko N. 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Testosterone affects nitric oxide (NO) production and phosphodiesterase type 5 (PDE-5) expression in the corpus cavernosum through molecular pathways, preserves smooth muscle contractility by regulating both contraction and relaxation, and maintains the structure of the corpus cavernosum. Interestingly, testosterone deficiency has relationship to neurological diseases, which leads to ED. Testosterone replacement therapy is widely used to treat patients with testosterone deficiency; however, this treatment might also induce some problems. Basic research suggests that PDE-5 inhibitors, L-citrulline, and/or resveratrol therapy might be effective therapeutic options for testosterone deficiency-induced ED. Future research should confirm these findings through more specific experiments using molecular tools and may shed more light on endocrine-related ED and its possible treatments.",book:{id:"5994",slug:"sex-hormones-in-neurodegenerative-processes-and-diseases",title:"Sex Hormones in Neurodegenerative Processes and Diseases",fullTitle:"Sex Hormones in Neurodegenerative Processes and Diseases"},signatures:"Tomoya Kataoka and Kazunori Kimura",authors:[{id:"219042",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Tomoya",middleName:null,surname:"Kataoka",slug:"tomoya-kataoka",fullName:"Tomoya Kataoka"},{id:"229066",title:"Prof.",name:"Kazunori",middleName:null,surname:"Kimura",slug:"kazunori-kimura",fullName:"Kazunori Kimura"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"18",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[{id:"81646",title:"Cortical Plasticity under Ketamine: From Synapse to Map",slug:"cortical-plasticity-under-ketamine-from-synapse-to-map",totalDownloads:14,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104787",abstract:"Sensory systems need to process signals in a highly dynamic way to efficiently respond to variations in the animal’s environment. For instance, several studies showed that the visual system is subject to neuroplasticity since the neurons’ firing changes according to stimulus properties. This dynamic information processing might be supported by a network reorganization. Since antidepressants influence neurotransmission, they can be used to explore synaptic plasticity sustaining cortical map reorganization. To this goal, we investigated in the primary visual cortex (V1 of mouse and cat), the impact of ketamine on neuroplasticity through changes in neuronal orientation selectivity and the functional connectivity between V1 cells, using cross correlation analyses. We found that ketamine affects cortical orientation selectivity and alters the functional connectivity within an assembly. These data clearly highlight the role of the antidepressant drugs in inducing or modeling short-term plasticity in V1 which suggests that cortical processing is optimized and adapted to the properties of the stimulus.",book:{id:"11374",title:"Sensory Nervous System - Computational Neuroimaging Investigations of Topographical Organization in Human Sensory Cortex",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11374.jpg"},signatures:"Ouelhazi Afef, Rudy Lussiez and Molotchnikoff Stephane"},{id:"81582",title:"The Role of Cognitive Reserve in Executive Functioning and Its Relationship to Cognitive Decline and Dementia",slug:"the-role-of-cognitive-reserve-in-executive-functioning-and-its-relationship-to-cognitive-decline-and",totalDownloads:22,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104646",abstract:"In this chapter, we explore how cognitive reserve is implicated in coping with the negative consequences of brain pathology and age-related cognitive decline. Individual differences in cognitive performance are based on different brain mechanisms (neural reserve and neural compensation), and reflect, among others, the effect of education, occupational attainment, leisure activities, and social involvement. These cognitive reserve proxies have been extensively associated with efficient executive functioning. We discuss and focus particularly on the compensation mechanisms related to the frontal lobe and its protective role, in maintaining cognitive performance in old age or even mitigating the clinical expression of dementia.",book:{id:"11742",title:"Neurophysiology",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11742.jpg"},signatures:"Gabriela Álvares-Pereira, Carolina Maruta and Maria Vânia Silva-Nunes"},{id:"81488",title:"Aggression and Sexual Behavior: Overlapping or Distinct Roles of 5-HT1A and 5-HT1B Receptors",slug:"aggression-and-sexual-behavior-overlapping-or-distinct-roles-of-5-ht1a-and-5-ht1b-receptors",totalDownloads:19,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104872",abstract:"Distinct brain mechanisms for male aggressive and sexual behavior are present in mammalian species, including man. However, recent evidence suggests a strong connection and even overlap in the central nervous system (CNS) circuitry involved in aggressive and sexual behavior. The serotonergic system in the CNS is strongly involved in male aggressive and sexual behavior. In particular, 5-HT1A and 5-HT1B receptors seem to play a critical role in the modulation of these behaviors. The present chapter focuses on the effects of 5-HT1A- and 5-HT1B-receptor ligands in male rodent aggression and sexual behavior. Results indicate that 5-HT1B-heteroreceptors play a critical role in the modulation of male offensive behavior, although a definite role of 5-HT1A-auto- or heteroreceptors cannot be ruled out. 5-HT1A receptors are clearly involved in male sexual behavior, although it has to be yet unraveled whether 5-HT1A-auto- or heteroreceptors are important. Although several key nodes in the complex circuitry of aggression and sexual behavior are known, in particular in the medial hypothalamus, a clear link or connection to these critical structures and the serotonergic key receptors is yet to be determined. This information is urgently needed to detect and develop new selective anti-aggressive (serenic) and pro-sexual drugs for human applications.",book:{id:"10195",title:"Serotonin and the CNS - New Developments in Pharmacology and Therapeutics",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10195.jpg"},signatures:"Berend Olivier and Jocelien D.A. Olivier"},{id:"81093",title:"Prehospital and Emergency Room Airway Management in Traumatic Brain Injury",slug:"prehospital-and-emergency-room-airway-management-in-traumatic-brain-injury",totalDownloads:49,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104173",abstract:"Airway management in trauma is critical and may impact patient outcomes. Particularly in traumatic brain injury (TBI), depressed level of consciousness may be associated with compromised protective airway reflexes or apnea, which can increase the risk of aspiration or result in hypoxemia and worsen the secondary brain damage. Therefore, patients with TBI and Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) ≤ 8 have been traditionally managed by prehospital or emergency room (ER) endotracheal intubation. However, recent evidence challenged this practice and even suggested that routine intubation may be harmful. This chapter will address the indications and optimal method of securing the airway, prehospital and in the ER, in patients with traumatic brain injury.",book:{id:"11367",title:"Traumatic Brain Injury",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11367.jpg"},signatures:"Dominik A. Jakob, Jean-Cyrille Pitteloud and Demetrios Demetriades"},{id:"81011",title:"Amino Acids as Neurotransmitters. The Balance between Excitation and Inhibition as a Background for Future Clinical Applications",slug:"amino-acids-as-neurotransmitters-the-balance-between-excitation-and-inhibition-as-a-background-for-f",totalDownloads:19,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.103760",abstract:"For more than 30 years, amino acids have been well-known (and essential) participants in neurotransmission. They act as both neuromediators and metabolites in nervous tissue. Glycine and glutamic acid (glutamate) are prominent examples. These amino acids are agonists of inhibitory and excitatory membrane receptors, respectively. Moreover, they play essential roles in metabolic pathways and energy transformation in neurons and astrocytes. Despite their obvious effects on the brain, their potential role in therapeutic methods remains uncertain in clinical practice. In the current chapter, a comparison of the crosstalk between these two systems, which are responsible for excitation and inhibition in neurons, is presented. The interactions are discussed at the metabolic, receptor, and transport levels. Reaction-diffusion and a convectional flow into the interstitial fluid create a balanced distribution of glycine and glutamate. Indeed, the neurons’ final physiological state is a result of a balance between the excitatory and inhibitory influences. However, changes to the glycine and/or glutamate pools under pathological conditions can alter the state of nervous tissue. Thus, new therapies for various diseases may be developed on the basis of amino acid medication.",book:{id:"10890",title:"Recent Advances in Neurochemistry",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10890.jpg"},signatures:"Yaroslav R. Nartsissov"},{id:"80821",title:"Neuroimmunology and Neurological Manifestations of COVID-19",slug:"neuroimmunology-and-neurological-manifestations-of-covid-19",totalDownloads:41,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.103026",abstract:"Infection with SARS-CoV-2 is causing coronavirus disease in 2019 (COVID-19). Besides respiratory symptoms due to an attack on the broncho-alveolar system, COVID-19, among others, can be accompanied by neurological symptoms because of the affection of the nervous system. These can be caused by intrusion by SARS-CoV-2 of the central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral nervous system (PNS) and direct infection of local cells. In addition, neurological deterioration mediated by molecular mimicry to virus antigens or bystander activation in the context of immunological anti-virus defense can lead to tissue damage in the CNS and PNS. In addition, cytokine storm caused by SARS-CoV-2 infection in COVID-19 can lead to nervous system related symptoms. Endotheliitis of CNS vessels can lead to vessel occlusion and stroke. COVID-19 can also result in cerebral hemorrhage and sinus thrombosis possibly related to changes in clotting behavior. Vaccination is most important to prevent COVID-19 in the nervous system. There are symptomatic or/and curative therapeutic approaches to combat COVID-19 related nervous system damage that are partly still under study.",book:{id:"10890",title:"Recent Advances in Neurochemistry",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10890.jpg"},signatures:"Robert Weissert"}],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:17},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:0,limit:8,total:null},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:87,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:99,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:27,numberOfPublishedChapters:288,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:9,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:139,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:8,numberOfPublishedChapters:129,numberOfOpenTopics:0,numberOfUpcomingTopics:2,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!1},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:107,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:104,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:12,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:0,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!1},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:11,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"6",text:"It is great to work with the IntechOpen to produce a worthwhile collection of research that also becomes a great educational resource and guide for future research endeavors.",author:{id:"259298",name:"Edward",surname:"Narayan",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",slug:"edward-narayan",institution:{id:"3",name:"University of Queensland",country:{id:null,name:"Australia"}}}},{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. The whole process of submitting an article and editing of the submitted article goes extremely smooth and fast, the number of reads and downloads of chapters is high, and the contributions are also frequently cited.",author:{id:"55578",name:"Antonio",surname:"Jurado-Navas",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRisIQAS/Profile_Picture_1626166543950",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",institution:{id:"720",name:"University of Malaga",country:{id:null,name:"Spain"}}}}]},series:{item:{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",issn:"2633-1403",scope:"Artificial Intelligence (AI) is a rapidly developing multidisciplinary research area that aims to solve increasingly complex problems. In today's highly integrated world, AI promises to become a robust and powerful means for obtaining solutions to previously unsolvable problems. This Series is intended for researchers and students alike interested in this fascinating field and its many applications.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/14.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"May 18th, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfPublishedBooks:9,editor:{id:"218714",title:"Prof.",name:"Andries",middleName:null,surname:"Engelbrecht",slug:"andries-engelbrecht",fullName:"Andries Engelbrecht",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRNR8QAO/Profile_Picture_1622640468300",biography:"Andries Engelbrecht received the Masters and PhD degrees in Computer Science from the University of Stellenbosch, South Africa, in 1994 and 1999 respectively. He is currently appointed as the Voigt Chair in Data Science in the Department of Industrial Engineering, with a joint appointment as Professor in the Computer Science Division, Stellenbosch University. Prior to his appointment at Stellenbosch University, he has been at the University of Pretoria, Department of Computer Science (1998-2018), where he was appointed as South Africa Research Chair in Artifical Intelligence (2007-2018), the head of the Department of Computer Science (2008-2017), and Director of the Institute for Big Data and Data Science (2017-2018). In addition to a number of research articles, he has written two books, Computational Intelligence: An Introduction and Fundamentals of Computational Swarm Intelligence.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Stellenbosch University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"South Africa"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},subseries:{paginationCount:10,paginationItems:[{id:"22",title:"Applied Intelligence",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/22.jpg",editor:{id:"27170",title:"Prof.",name:"Carlos",middleName:"M.",surname:"Travieso-Gonzalez",slug:"carlos-travieso-gonzalez",fullName:"Carlos Travieso-Gonzalez",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/27170/images/system/27170.jpeg",biography:"Carlos M. Travieso-González received his MSc degree in Telecommunication Engineering at Polytechnic University of Catalonia (UPC), Spain in 1997, and his Ph.D. degree in 2002 at the University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria (ULPGC-Spain). He is a full professor of signal processing and pattern recognition and is head of the Signals and Communications Department at ULPGC, teaching from 2001 on subjects on signal processing and learning theory. His research lines are biometrics, biomedical signals and images, data mining, classification system, signal and image processing, machine learning, and environmental intelligence. He has researched in 52 international and Spanish research projects, some of them as head researcher. He is co-author of 4 books, co-editor of 27 proceedings books, guest editor for 8 JCR-ISI international journals, and up to 24 book chapters. He has over 450 papers published in international journals and conferences (81 of them indexed on JCR – ISI - Web of Science). He has published seven patents in the Spanish Patent and Trademark Office. He has been a supervisor on 8 Ph.D. theses (11 more are under supervision), and 130 master theses. He is the founder of The IEEE IWOBI conference series and the president of its Steering Committee, as well as the founder of both the InnoEducaTIC and APPIS conference series. He is an evaluator of project proposals for the European Union (H2020), Medical Research Council (MRC, UK), Spanish Government (ANECA, Spain), Research National Agency (ANR, France), DAAD (Germany), Argentinian Government, and the Colombian Institutions. He has been a reviewer in different indexed international journals (<70) and conferences (<250) since 2001. He has been a member of the IASTED Technical Committee on Image Processing from 2007 and a member of the IASTED Technical Committee on Artificial Intelligence and Expert Systems from 2011. \n\nHe has held the general chair position for the following: ACM-APPIS (2020, 2021), IEEE-IWOBI (2019, 2020 and 2020), A PPIS (2018, 2019), IEEE-IWOBI (2014, 2015, 2017, 2018), InnoEducaTIC (2014, 2017), IEEE-INES (2013), NoLISP (2011), JRBP (2012), and IEEE-ICCST (2005)\n\nHe is an associate editor of the Computational Intelligence and Neuroscience Journal (Hindawi – Q2 JCR-ISI). He was vice dean from 2004 to 2010 in the Higher Technical School of Telecommunication Engineers at ULPGC and the vice dean of Graduate and Postgraduate Studies from March 2013 to November 2017. He won the “Catedra Telefonica” Awards in Modality of Knowledge Transfer, 2017, 2018, and 2019 editions, and awards in Modality of COVID Research in 2020.\n\nPublic References:\nResearcher ID http://www.researcherid.com/rid/N-5967-2014\nORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4621-2768 \nScopus Author ID https://www.scopus.com/authid/detail.uri?authorId=6602376272\nScholar Google https://scholar.google.es/citations?user=G1ks9nIAAAAJ&hl=en \nResearchGate https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Carlos_Travieso",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"13633",title:"Prof.",name:"Abdelhamid",middleName:null,surname:"Mellouk",slug:"abdelhamid-mellouk",fullName:"Abdelhamid Mellouk",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/13633/images/1567_n.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Paris 12 Val de Marne University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"France"}}},{id:"109268",title:"Dr.",name:"Ali",middleName:null,surname:"Al-Ataby",slug:"ali-al-ataby",fullName:"Ali Al-Ataby",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/109268/images/7410_n.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Liverpool",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}},{id:"3807",title:"Dr.",name:"Carmelo",middleName:"Jose Albanez",surname:"Bastos-Filho",slug:"carmelo-bastos-filho",fullName:"Carmelo Bastos-Filho",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/3807/images/624_n.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade de Pernambuco",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"38850",title:"Dr.",name:"Efren",middleName:null,surname:"Gorrostieta Hurtado",slug:"efren-gorrostieta-hurtado",fullName:"Efren Gorrostieta Hurtado",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/38850/images/system/38850.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Autonomous University of Queretaro",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}},{id:"239041",title:"Prof.",name:"Yang",middleName:null,surname:"Yi",slug:"yang-yi",fullName:"Yang Yi",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/239041/images/system/239041.jpeg",institutionString:"Virginia Tech",institution:{name:"Virginia Tech",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}]},{id:"23",title:"Computational Neuroscience",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/23.jpg",editor:{id:"14004",title:"Dr.",name:"Magnus",middleName:null,surname:"Johnsson",slug:"magnus-johnsson",fullName:"Magnus Johnsson",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/14004/images/system/14004.png",biography:"Dr Magnus Johnsson is a cross-disciplinary scientist, lecturer, scientific editor and AI/machine learning consultant from Sweden. \n\nHe is currently at Malmö University in Sweden, but also held positions at Lund University in Sweden and at Moscow Engineering Physics Institute. \nHe holds editorial positions at several international scientific journals and has served as a scientific editor for books and special journal issues. \nHis research interests are wide and include, but are not limited to, autonomous systems, computer modeling, artificial neural networks, artificial intelligence, cognitive neuroscience, cognitive robotics, cognitive architectures, cognitive aids and the philosophy of mind. \n\nDr. Johnsson has experience from working in the industry and he has a keen interest in the application of neural networks and artificial intelligence to fields like industry, finance, and medicine. \n\nWeb page: www.magnusjohnsson.se",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Malmö University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Sweden"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"13818",title:"Dr.",name:"Asim",middleName:null,surname:"Bhatti",slug:"asim-bhatti",fullName:"Asim Bhatti",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/13818/images/system/13818.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Deakin University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Australia"}}},{id:"151889",title:"Dr.",name:"Joao Luis Garcia",middleName:null,surname:"Rosa",slug:"joao-luis-garcia-rosa",fullName:"Joao Luis Garcia Rosa",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/151889/images/4861_n.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Sao Paulo",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"103779",title:"Prof.",name:"Yalcin",middleName:null,surname:"Isler",slug:"yalcin-isler",fullName:"Yalcin Isler",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRyQ8QAK/Profile_Picture_1628834958734",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Izmir Kâtip Çelebi University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}}]},{id:"24",title:"Computer Vision",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/24.jpg",editor:{id:"294154",title:"Prof.",name:"George",middleName:null,surname:"Papakostas",slug:"george-papakostas",fullName:"George Papakostas",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002hYaGbQAK/Profile_Picture_1624519712088",biography:"George A. Papakostas has received a diploma in Electrical and Computer Engineering in 1999 and the M.Sc. and Ph.D. degrees in Electrical and Computer Engineering in 2002 and 2007, respectively, from the Democritus University of Thrace (DUTH), Greece. Dr. Papakostas serves as a Tenured Full Professor at the Department of Computer Science, International Hellenic University, Greece. Dr. Papakostas has 10 years of experience in large-scale systems design as a senior software engineer and technical manager, and 20 years of research experience in the field of Artificial Intelligence. Currently, he is the Head of the “Visual Computing” division of HUman-MAchines INteraction Laboratory (HUMAIN-Lab) and the Director of the MPhil program “Advanced Technologies in Informatics and Computers” hosted by the Department of Computer Science, International Hellenic University. He has (co)authored more than 150 publications in indexed journals, international conferences and book chapters, 1 book (in Greek), 3 edited books, and 5 journal special issues. His publications have more than 2100 citations with h-index 27 (GoogleScholar). His research interests include computer/machine vision, machine learning, pattern recognition, computational intelligence. \nDr. Papakostas served as a reviewer in numerous journals, as a program\ncommittee member in international conferences and he is a member of the IAENG, MIR Labs, EUCogIII, INSTICC and the Technical Chamber of Greece (TEE).",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"International Hellenic University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Greece"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"1177",title:"Prof.",name:"Antonio",middleName:"J. R.",surname:"Neves",slug:"antonio-neves",fullName:"Antonio Neves",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/1177/images/system/1177.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Aveiro",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Portugal"}}},{id:"220565",title:"Dr.",name:"Jucheng",middleName:null,surname:"Yang",slug:"jucheng-yang",fullName:"Jucheng Yang",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/220565/images/5988_n.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Tianjin University of Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"29299",title:"Prof.",name:"Serestina",middleName:null,surname:"Viriri",slug:"serestina-viriri",fullName:"Serestina Viriri",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYOalQAG/Profile_Picture_1620817405517",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of KwaZulu-Natal",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"South Africa"}}},{id:"315933",title:"Dr.",name:"Yalın",middleName:null,surname:"Baştanlar",slug:"yalin-bastanlar",fullName:"Yalın Baştanlar",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00002qpr7hQAA/Profile_Picture_1621430127547",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Izmir Institute of Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}}]},{id:"25",title:"Evolutionary Computation",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/25.jpg",editor:{id:"136112",title:"Dr.",name:"Sebastian",middleName:null,surname:"Ventura Soto",slug:"sebastian-ventura-soto",fullName:"Sebastian Ventura Soto",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/136112/images/system/136112.png",biography:"Sebastian Ventura is a Spanish researcher, a full professor with the Department of Computer Science and Numerical Analysis, University of Córdoba. Dr Ventura also holds the positions of Affiliated Professor at Virginia Commonwealth University (Richmond, USA) and Distinguished Adjunct Professor at King Abdulaziz University (Jeddah, Saudi Arabia). Additionally, he is deputy director of the Andalusian Research Institute in Data Science and Computational Intelligence (DaSCI) and heads the Knowledge Discovery and Intelligent Systems Research Laboratory. He has published more than ten books and over 300 articles in journals and scientific conferences. Currently, his work has received over 18,000 citations according to Google Scholar, including more than 2200 citations in 2020. In the last five years, he has published more than 60 papers in international journals indexed in the JCR (around 70% of them belonging to first quartile journals) and he has edited some Springer books “Supervised Descriptive Pattern Mining” (2018), “Multiple Instance Learning - Foundations and Algorithms” (2016), and “Pattern Mining with Evolutionary Algorithms” (2016). He has also been involved in more than 20 research projects supported by the Spanish and Andalusian governments and the European Union. He currently belongs to the editorial board of PeerJ Computer Science, Information Fusion and Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence journals, being also associate editor of Applied Computational Intelligence and Soft Computing and IEEE Transactions on Cybernetics. Finally, he is editor-in-chief of Progress in Artificial Intelligence. 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Dr. Badria was listed among the world’s top 2% of scientists in medicinal and biomolecular chemistry in 2019 and 2020. He is a member of the Arab Development Fund, Kuwait; International Cell Research Organization–United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (ICRO–UNESCO), Chile; and UNESCO Biotechnology France",institutionString:"Mansoura University",institution:{name:"Mansoura University",country:{name:"Egypt"}}},{id:"329385",title:"Dr.",name:"Rajesh K.",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Singh",slug:"rajesh-k.-singh",fullName:"Rajesh K. Singh",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/329385/images/system/329385.png",biography:"Dr. Singh received a BPharm (2003) and MPharm (2005) from Panjab University, Chandigarh, India, and a Ph.D. (2013) from Punjab Technical University (PTU), Jalandhar, India. He has more than sixteen years of teaching experience and has supervised numerous postgraduate and Ph.D. students. He has to his credit more than seventy papers in SCI- and SCOPUS-indexed journals, fifty-five conference proceedings, four books, six Best Paper Awards, and five projects from different government agencies. He is currently an editorial board member of eight international journals and a reviewer for more than fifty scientific journals. He received Top Reviewer and Excellent Peer Reviewer Awards from Publons in 2016 and 2017, respectively. He is also on the panel of The International Reviewer for reviewing research proposals for grants from the Royal Society. He also serves as a Publons Academy mentor and Bentham brand ambassador.",institutionString:"Punjab Technical University",institution:{name:"Punjab Technical University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"142388",title:"Dr.",name:"Thiago",middleName:"Gomes",surname:"Gomes Heck",slug:"thiago-gomes-heck",fullName:"Thiago Gomes Heck",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/142388/images/7259_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Regional do Noroeste do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"336273",title:"Assistant Prof.",name:"Janja",middleName:null,surname:"Zupan",slug:"janja-zupan",fullName:"Janja Zupan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/336273/images/14853_n.jpeg",biography:"Janja Zupan graduated in 2005 at the Department of Clinical Biochemistry (superviser prof. dr. Janja Marc) in the field of genetics of osteoporosis. Since November 2009 she is working as a Teaching Assistant at the Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Clinical Biochemistry. In 2011 she completed part of her research and PhD work at Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh. She finished her PhD entitled The influence of the proinflammatory cytokines on the RANK/RANKL/OPG in bone tissue of osteoporotic and osteoarthritic patients in 2012. From 2014-2016 she worked at the Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Aberdeen as a postdoctoral research fellow on UK Arthritis research project where she gained knowledge in mesenchymal stem cells and regenerative medicine. She returned back to University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Pharmacy in 2016. She is currently leading project entitled Mesenchymal stem cells-the keepers of tissue endogenous regenerative capacity facing up to aging of the musculoskeletal system funded by Slovenian Research Agency.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Ljubljana",country:{name:"Slovenia"}}},{id:"357453",title:"Dr.",name:"Radheshyam",middleName:null,surname:"Maurya",slug:"radheshyam-maurya",fullName:"Radheshyam Maurya",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/357453/images/16535_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Hyderabad",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"311457",title:"Dr.",name:"Júlia",middleName:null,surname:"Scherer Santos",slug:"julia-scherer-santos",fullName:"Júlia Scherer Santos",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/311457/images/system/311457.jpg",biography:"Dr. Júlia Scherer Santos works in the areas of cosmetology, nanotechnology, pharmaceutical technology, beauty, and aesthetics. Dr. Santos also has experience as a professor of graduate courses. Graduated in Pharmacy, specialization in Cosmetology and Cosmeceuticals applied to aesthetics, specialization in Aesthetic and Cosmetic Health, and a doctorate in Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology. Teaching experience in Pharmacy and Aesthetics and Cosmetics courses. She works mainly on the following subjects: nanotechnology, cosmetology, pharmaceutical technology, aesthetics.",institutionString:"Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora",institution:{name:"Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"219081",title:"Dr.",name:"Abdulsamed",middleName:null,surname:"Kükürt",slug:"abdulsamed-kukurt",fullName:"Abdulsamed Kükürt",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRNVJQA4/Profile_Picture_2022-03-07T13:23:04.png",biography:"Dr. Kükürt graduated from Uludağ University in Turkey. He started his academic career as a Research Assistant in the Department of Biochemistry at Kafkas University. In 2019, he completed his Ph.D. program in the Department of Biochemistry at the Institute of Health Sciences. He is currently working at the Department of Biochemistry, Kafkas University. He has 27 published research articles in academic journals, 11 book chapters, and 37 papers. He took part in 10 academic projects. He served as a reviewer for many articles. He still serves as a member of the review board in many academic journals.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Kafkas University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"178366",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Volkan",middleName:null,surname:"Gelen",slug:"volkan-gelen",fullName:"Volkan Gelen",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/178366/images/system/178366.jpg",biography:"Volkan Gelen is a Physiology specialist who received his veterinary degree from Kafkas University in 2011. Between 2011-2015, he worked as an assistant at Atatürk University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Physiology. In 2016, he joined Kafkas University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Physiology as an assistant professor. Dr. Gelen has been engaged in various academic activities at Kafkas University since 2016. There he completed 5 projects and has 3 ongoing projects. He has 60 articles published in scientific journals and 20 poster presentations in scientific congresses. His research interests include physiology, endocrine system, cancer, diabetes, cardiovascular system diseases, and isolated organ bath system studies.",institutionString:"Kafkas University",institution:{name:"Kafkas University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"418963",title:"Dr.",name:"Augustine Ododo",middleName:"Augustine",surname:"Osagie",slug:"augustine-ododo-osagie",fullName:"Augustine Ododo Osagie",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/418963/images/16900_n.jpg",biography:"Born into the family of Osagie, a prince of the Benin Kingdom. I am currently an academic in the Department of Medical Biochemistry, University of Benin. Part of the duties are to teach undergraduate students and conduct academic research.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Benin",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"192992",title:"Prof.",name:"Shagufta",middleName:null,surname:"Perveen",slug:"shagufta-perveen",fullName:"Shagufta Perveen",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/192992/images/system/192992.png",biography:"Prof. Shagufta Perveen is a Distinguish Professor in the Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Dr. Perveen has acted as the principal investigator of major research projects funded by the research unit of King Saud University. She has more than ninety original research papers in peer-reviewed journals of international repute to her credit. She is a fellow member of the Royal Society of Chemistry UK and the American Chemical Society of the United States.",institutionString:"King Saud University",institution:{name:"King Saud University",country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}},{id:"49848",title:"Dr.",name:"Wen-Long",middleName:null,surname:"Hu",slug:"wen-long-hu",fullName:"Wen-Long Hu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/49848/images/system/49848.jpg",biography:"Wen-Long Hu is Chief of the Division of Acupuncture, Department of Chinese Medicine at Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, as well as an adjunct associate professor at Fooyin University and Kaohsiung Medical University. Wen-Long is President of Taiwan Traditional Chinese Medicine Medical Association. He has 28 years of experience in clinical practice in laser acupuncture therapy and 34 years in acupuncture. He is an invited speaker for lectures and workshops in laser acupuncture at many symposiums held by medical associations. He owns the patent for herbal preparation and producing, and for the supercritical fluid-treated needle. Dr. Hu has published three books, 12 book chapters, and more than 30 papers in reputed journals, besides serving as an editorial board member of repute.",institutionString:"Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital",institution:{name:"Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital",country:{name:"Taiwan"}}},{id:"298472",title:"Prof.",name:"Andrey V.",middleName:null,surname:"Grechko",slug:"andrey-v.-grechko",fullName:"Andrey V. Grechko",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/298472/images/system/298472.png",biography:"Andrey Vyacheslavovich Grechko, Ph.D., Professor, is a Corresponding Member of the Russian Academy of Sciences. He graduated from the Semashko Moscow Medical Institute (Semashko National Research Institute of Public Health) with a degree in Medicine (1998), the Clinical Department of Dermatovenerology (2000), and received a second higher education in Psychology (2009). Professor A.V. Grechko held the position of Сhief Physician of the Central Clinical Hospital in Moscow. He worked as a professor at the faculty and was engaged in scientific research at the Medical University. Starting in 2013, he has been the initiator of the creation of the Federal Scientific and Clinical Center for Intensive Care and Rehabilitology, Moscow, Russian Federation, where he also serves as Director since 2015. He has many years of experience in research and teaching in various fields of medicine, is an author/co-author of more than 200 scientific publications, 13 patents, 15 medical books/chapters, including Chapter in Book «Metabolomics», IntechOpen, 2020 «Metabolomic Discovery of Microbiota Dysfunction as the Cause of Pathology».",institutionString:"Federal Research and Clinical Center of Intensive Care Medicine and Rehabilitology",institution:null},{id:"199461",title:"Prof.",name:"Natalia V.",middleName:null,surname:"Beloborodova",slug:"natalia-v.-beloborodova",fullName:"Natalia V. Beloborodova",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/199461/images/system/199461.jpg",biography:'Natalia Vladimirovna Beloborodova was educated at the Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, with a degree in pediatrics in 1980, a Ph.D. in 1987, and a specialization in Clinical Microbiology from First Moscow State Medical University in 2004. She has been a Professor since 1996. Currently, she is the Head of the Laboratory of Metabolism, a division of the Federal Research and Clinical Center of Intensive Care Medicine and Rehabilitology, Moscow, Russian Federation. N.V. Beloborodova has many years of clinical experience in the field of intensive care and surgery. She studies infectious complications and sepsis. She initiated a series of interdisciplinary clinical and experimental studies based on the concept of integrating human metabolism and its microbiota. Her scientific achievements are widely known: she is the recipient of the Marie E. Coates Award \\"Best lecturer-scientist\\" Gustafsson Fund, Karolinska Institutes, Stockholm, Sweden, and the International Sepsis Forum Award, Pasteur Institute, Paris, France (2014), etc. Professor N.V. Beloborodova wrote 210 papers, five books, 10 chapters and has edited four books.',institutionString:"Federal Research and Clinical Center of Intensive Care Medicine and Rehabilitology",institution:null},{id:"354260",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Tércio Elyan",middleName:"Azevedo",surname:"Azevedo Martins",slug:"tercio-elyan-azevedo-martins",fullName:"Tércio Elyan Azevedo Martins",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/354260/images/16241_n.jpg",biography:"Graduated in Pharmacy from the Federal University of Ceará with the modality in Industrial Pharmacy, Specialist in Production and Control of Medicines from the University of São Paulo (USP), Master in Pharmaceuticals and Medicines from the University of São Paulo (USP) and Doctor of Science in the program of Pharmaceuticals and Medicines by the University of São Paulo. Professor at Universidade Paulista (UNIP) in the areas of chemistry, cosmetology and trichology. Assistant Coordinator of the Higher Course in Aesthetic and Cosmetic Technology at Universidade Paulista Campus Chácara Santo Antônio. Experience in the Pharmacy area, with emphasis on Pharmacotechnics, Pharmaceutical Technology, Research and Development of Cosmetics, acting mainly on topics such as cosmetology, antioxidant activity, aesthetics, photoprotection, cyclodextrin and thermal analysis.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Sao Paulo",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"334285",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Sameer",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Jagirdar",slug:"sameer-jagirdar",fullName:"Sameer Jagirdar",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/334285/images/14691_n.jpg",biography:"I\\'m a graduate student at the center for biosystems science and engineering at the Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India. I am interested in studying host-pathogen interactions at the biomaterial interface.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Indian Institute of Science Bangalore",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"329795",title:"Dr.",name:"Mohd Aftab",middleName:"Aftab",surname:"Siddiqui",slug:"mohd-aftab-siddiqui",fullName:"Mohd Aftab Siddiqui",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/329795/images/15648_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Mohd Aftab Siddiqui is currently working as Assistant Professor in the Faculty of Pharmacy, Integral University, Lucknow for the last 6 years. He has completed his Doctor in Philosophy (Pharmacology) in 2020 from Integral University, Lucknow. He completed his Bachelor in Pharmacy in 2013 and Master in Pharmacy (Pharmacology) in 2015 from Integral University, Lucknow. He is the gold medalist in Bachelor and Master degree. He qualified GPAT -2013, GPAT -2014, and GPAT 2015. His area of research is Pharmacological screening of herbal drugs/ natural products in liver and cardiac diseases. He has guided many M. Pharm. research projects. He has many national and international publications.",institutionString:"Integral University",institution:null},{id:"255360",title:"Dr.",name:"Usama",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmad",slug:"usama-ahmad",fullName:"Usama Ahmad",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/255360/images/system/255360.png",biography:"Dr. Usama Ahmad holds a specialization in Pharmaceutics from Amity University, Lucknow, India. He received his Ph.D. degree from Integral University. Currently, he’s working as an Assistant Professor of Pharmaceutics in the Faculty of Pharmacy, Integral University. From 2013 to 2014 he worked on a research project funded by SERB-DST, Government of India. He has a rich publication record with more than 32 original articles published in reputed journals, 3 edited books, 5 book chapters, and a number of scientific articles published in ‘Ingredients South Asia Magazine’ and ‘QualPharma Magazine’. He is a member of the American Association for Cancer Research, International Association for the Study of Lung Cancer, and the British Society for Nanomedicine. Dr. Ahmad’s research focus is on the development of nanoformulations to facilitate the delivery of drugs that aim to provide practical solutions to current healthcare problems.",institutionString:"Integral University",institution:{name:"Integral University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"30568",title:"Prof.",name:"Madhu",middleName:null,surname:"Khullar",slug:"madhu-khullar",fullName:"Madhu Khullar",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/30568/images/system/30568.jpg",biography:"Dr. Madhu Khullar is a Professor of Experimental Medicine and Biotechnology at the Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India. She completed her Post Doctorate in hypertension research at the Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, USA in 1985. She is an editor and reviewer of several international journals, and a fellow and member of several cardiovascular research societies. Dr. Khullar has a keen research interest in genetics of hypertension, and is currently studying pharmacogenetics of hypertension.",institutionString:"Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research",institution:{name:"Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"223233",title:"Prof.",name:"Xianquan",middleName:null,surname:"Zhan",slug:"xianquan-zhan",fullName:"Xianquan Zhan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/223233/images/system/223233.png",biography:"Xianquan Zhan received his MD and Ph.D. in Preventive Medicine at West China University of Medical Sciences. He received his post-doctoral training in oncology and cancer proteomics at the Central South University, China, and the University of Tennessee Health Science Center (UTHSC), USA. He worked at UTHSC and the Cleveland Clinic in 2001–2012 and achieved the rank of associate professor at UTHSC. Currently, he is a full professor at Central South University and Shandong First Medical University, and an advisor to MS/PhD students and postdoctoral fellows. He is also a fellow of the Royal Society of Medicine and European Association for Predictive Preventive Personalized Medicine (EPMA), a national representative of EPMA, and a member of the American Society of Clinical Oncology (ASCO) and the American Association for the Advancement of Sciences (AAAS). He is also the editor in chief of International Journal of Chronic Diseases & Therapy, an associate editor of EPMA Journal, Frontiers in Endocrinology, and BMC Medical Genomics, and a guest editor of Mass Spectrometry Reviews, Frontiers in Endocrinology, EPMA Journal, and Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity. He has published more than 148 articles, 28 book chapters, 6 books, and 2 US patents in the field of clinical proteomics and biomarkers.",institutionString:"Shandong First Medical University",institution:{name:"Affiliated Hospital of Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences",country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"297507",title:"Dr.",name:"Charles",middleName:"Elias",surname:"Assmann",slug:"charles-assmann",fullName:"Charles Assmann",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/297507/images/system/297507.jpg",biography:"Charles Elias Assmann is a biologist from Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM, Brazil), who spent some time abroad at the Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München (LMU, Germany). He has Masters Degree in Biochemistry (UFSM), and is currently a PhD student at Biochemistry at the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of the UFSM. His areas of expertise include: Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, Enzymology, Genetics and Toxicology. He is currently working on the following subjects: Aluminium toxicity, Neuroinflammation, Oxidative stress and Purinergic system. Since 2011 he has presented more than 80 abstracts in scientific proceedings of national and international meetings. Since 2014, he has published more than 20 peer reviewed papers (including 4 reviews, 3 in Portuguese) and 2 book chapters. He has also been a reviewer of international journals and ad hoc reviewer of scientific committees from Brazilian Universities.",institutionString:"Universidade Federal de Santa Maria",institution:{name:"Universidade Federal de Santa Maria",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"217850",title:"Dr.",name:"Margarete Dulce",middleName:null,surname:"Bagatini",slug:"margarete-dulce-bagatini",fullName:"Margarete Dulce Bagatini",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/217850/images/system/217850.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Margarete Dulce Bagatini is an associate professor at the Federal University of Fronteira Sul/Brazil. She has a degree in Pharmacy and a PhD in Biological Sciences: Toxicological Biochemistry. She is a member of the UFFS Research Advisory Committee\nand a member of the Biovitta Research Institute. She is currently:\nthe leader of the research group: Biological and Clinical Studies\nin Human Pathologies, professor of postgraduate program in\nBiochemistry at UFSC and postgraduate program in Science and Food Technology at\nUFFS. She has experience in the area of pharmacy and clinical analysis, acting mainly\non the following topics: oxidative stress, the purinergic system and human pathologies, being a reviewer of several international journals and books.",institutionString:"Universidade Federal da Fronteira Sul",institution:{name:"Universidade Federal da Fronteira Sul",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"226275",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Metin",middleName:null,surname:"Budak",slug:"metin-budak",fullName:"Metin Budak",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/226275/images/system/226275.jfif",biography:"Metin Budak, MSc, PhD is an Assistant Professor at Trakya University, Faculty of Medicine. He has been Head of the Molecular Research Lab at Prof. Mirko Tos Ear and Hearing Research Center since 2018. His specializations are biophysics, epigenetics, genetics, and methylation mechanisms. He has published around 25 peer-reviewed papers, 2 book chapters, and 28 abstracts. He is a member of the Clinical Research Ethics Committee and Quantification and Consideration Committee of Medicine Faculty. His research area is the role of methylation during gene transcription, chromatin packages DNA within the cell and DNA repair, replication, recombination, and gene transcription. His research focuses on how the cell overcomes chromatin structure and methylation to allow access to the underlying DNA and enable normal cellular function.",institutionString:"Trakya University",institution:{name:"Trakya University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"243049",title:"Dr.",name:"Anca",middleName:null,surname:"Pantea Stoian",slug:"anca-pantea-stoian",fullName:"Anca Pantea Stoian",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/243049/images/system/243049.jpg",biography:"Anca Pantea Stoian is a specialist in diabetes, nutrition, and metabolic diseases as well as health food hygiene. She also has competency in general ultrasonography.\n\nShe is an associate professor in the Diabetes, Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases Department, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania. She has been chief of the Hygiene Department, Faculty of Dentistry, at the same university since 2019. Her interests include micro and macrovascular complications in diabetes and new therapies. Her research activities focus on nutritional intervention in chronic pathology, as well as cardio-renal-metabolic risk assessment, and diabetes in cancer. She is currently engaged in developing new therapies and technological tools for screening, prevention, and patient education in diabetes. \n\nShe is a member of the European Association for the Study of Diabetes, Cardiometabolic Academy, CEDA, Romanian Society of Diabetes, Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases, Romanian Diabetes Federation, and Association for Renal Metabolic and Nutrition studies. She has authored or co-authored 160 papers in national and international peer-reviewed journals.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy",country:{name:"Romania"}}},{id:"279792",title:"Dr.",name:"João",middleName:null,surname:"Cotas",slug:"joao-cotas",fullName:"João Cotas",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/279792/images/system/279792.jpg",biography:"Graduate and master in Biology from the University of Coimbra.\n\nI am a research fellow at the Macroalgae Laboratory Unit, in the MARE-UC – Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre of the University of Coimbra. My principal function is the collection, extraction and purification of macroalgae compounds, chemical and bioactive characterization of the compounds and algae extracts and development of new methodologies in marine biotechnology area. \nI am associated in two projects: one consists on discovery of natural compounds for oncobiology. The other project is the about the natural compounds/products for agricultural area.\n\nPublications:\nCotas, J.; Figueirinha, A.; Pereira, L.; Batista, T. 2018. An analysis of the effects of salinity on Fucus ceranoides (Ochrophyta, Phaeophyceae), in the Mondego River (Portugal). Journal of Oceanology and Limnology. in press. DOI: 10.1007/s00343-019-8111-3",institutionString:"Faculty of Sciences and Technology of University of Coimbra",institution:null},{id:"279788",title:"Dr.",name:"Leonel",middleName:null,surname:"Pereira",slug:"leonel-pereira",fullName:"Leonel Pereira",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/279788/images/system/279788.jpg",biography:"Leonel Pereira has an undergraduate degree in Biology, a Ph.D. in Biology (specialty in Cell Biology), and a Habilitation degree in Biosciences (specialization in Biotechnology) from the Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Coimbra, Portugal, where he is currently a professor. In addition to teaching at this university, he is an integrated researcher at the Marine and Environmental Sciences Center (MARE), Portugal. His interests include marine biodiversity (algae), marine biotechnology (algae bioactive compounds), and marine ecology (environmental assessment). Since 2008, he has been the author and editor of the electronic publication MACOI – Portuguese Seaweeds Website (www.seaweeds.uc.pt). He is also a member of the editorial boards of several scientific journals. Dr. Pereira has edited or authored more than 20 books, 100 journal articles, and 45 book chapters. He has given more than 100 lectures and oral communications at various national and international scientific events. He is the coordinator of several national and international research projects. In 1998, he received the Francisco de Holanda Award (Honorable Mention) and, more recently, the Mar Rei D. Carlos award (18th edition). He is also a winner of the 2016 CHOICE Award for an outstanding academic title for his book Edible Seaweeds of the World. In 2020, Dr. Pereira received an Honorable Mention for the Impact of International Publications from the Web of Science",institutionString:"University of Coimbra",institution:{name:"University of Coimbra",country:{name:"Portugal"}}},{id:"61946",title:"Dr.",name:"Carol",middleName:null,surname:"Bernstein",slug:"carol-bernstein",fullName:"Carol Bernstein",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/61946/images/system/61946.jpg",biography:"Carol Bernstein received her PhD in Genetics from the University of California (Davis). She was a faculty member at the University of Arizona College of Medicine for 43 years, retiring in 2011. Her research interests focus on DNA damage and its underlying role in sex, aging and in the early steps of initiation and progression to cancer. In her research, she had used organisms including bacteriophage T4, Neurospora crassa, Schizosaccharomyces pombe and mice, as well as human cells and tissues. She authored or co-authored more than 140 scientific publications, including articles in major peer reviewed journals, book chapters, invited reviews and one book.",institutionString:"University of Arizona",institution:{name:"University of Arizona",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"182258",title:"Dr.",name:"Ademar",middleName:"Pereira",surname:"Serra",slug:"ademar-serra",fullName:"Ademar Serra",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/182258/images/system/182258.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Serra studied Agronomy on Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul (UFMS) (2005). He received master degree in Agronomy, Crop Science (Soil fertility and plant nutrition) (2007) by Universidade Federal da Grande Dourados (UFGD), and PhD in agronomy (Soil fertility and plant nutrition) (2011) from Universidade Federal da Grande Dourados / Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz (UFGD/ESALQ-USP). Dr. Serra is currently working at Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation (EMBRAPA). His research focus is on mineral nutrition of plants, crop science and soil science. Dr. Serra\\'s current projects are soil organic matter, soil phosphorus fractions, compositional nutrient diagnosis (CND) and isometric log ratio (ilr) transformation in compositional data analysis.",institutionString:"Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation",institution:{name:"Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation",country:{name:"Brazil"}}}]}},subseries:{item:{id:"9",type:"subseries",title:"Biotechnology - Biosensors, Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering",keywords:"Biotechnology, Biosensors, Biomaterials, Tissue Engineering",scope:"The Biotechnology - Biosensors, Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering topic within the Biomedical Engineering Series aims to rapidly publish contributions on all aspects of biotechnology, biosensors, biomaterial and tissue engineering. We encourage the submission of manuscripts that provide novel and mechanistic insights that report significant advances in the fields. Topics can include but are not limited to: Biotechnology such as biotechnological products and process engineering; Biotechnologically relevant enzymes and proteins; Bioenergy and biofuels; Applied genetics and molecular biotechnology; Genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics; Applied microbial and cell physiology; Environmental biotechnology; Methods and protocols. Moreover, topics in biosensor technology, like sensors that incorporate enzymes, antibodies, nucleic acids, whole cells, tissues and organelles, and other biological or biologically inspired components will be considered, and topics exploring transducers, including those based on electrochemical and optical piezoelectric, thermal, magnetic, and micromechanical elements. Chapters exploring biomaterial approaches such as polymer synthesis and characterization, drug and gene vector design, biocompatibility, immunology and toxicology, and self-assembly at the nanoscale, are welcome. 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