Carbon footprint of continents and most important nations [3]
\\n\\n
These books synthesize perspectives of renowned scientists from the world’s most prestigious institutions - from Fukushima Renewable Energy Institute in Japan to Stanford University in the United States, including Columbia University (US), University of Sidney (AU), University of Miami (USA), Cardiff University (UK), and many others.
\\n\\nThis collaboration embodied the true essence of Open Access by simplifying the approach to OA publishing for Academic editors and authors who contributed their research and allowed the new research to be made available free and open to anyone anywhere in the world.
\\n\\nTo celebrate the 50 books published, we have gathered them at one location - just one click away, so that you can easily browse the subjects of your interest, download the content directly, share it or read online.
\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:null},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'
IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched formed a partnership to support researchers working in engineering sciences by enabling an easier approach to publishing Open Access content. Using the Knowledge Unlatched crowdfunding model to raise the publishing costs through libraries around the world, Open Access Publishing Fee (OAPF) was not required from the authors.
\n\nInitially, the partnership supported engineering research, but it soon grew to include physical and life sciences, attracting more researchers to the advantages of Open Access publishing.
\n\n\n\nThese books synthesize perspectives of renowned scientists from the world’s most prestigious institutions - from Fukushima Renewable Energy Institute in Japan to Stanford University in the United States, including Columbia University (US), University of Sidney (AU), University of Miami (USA), Cardiff University (UK), and many others.
\n\nThis collaboration embodied the true essence of Open Access by simplifying the approach to OA publishing for Academic editors and authors who contributed their research and allowed the new research to be made available free and open to anyone anywhere in the world.
\n\nTo celebrate the 50 books published, we have gathered them at one location - just one click away, so that you can easily browse the subjects of your interest, download the content directly, share it or read online.
\n\n\n\n\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"webinar-introduction-to-open-science-wednesday-18-may-1-pm-cest-20220518",title:"Webinar: Introduction to Open Science | Wednesday 18 May, 1 PM CEST"},{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"},{slug:"introducing-intechopen-book-series-a-new-publishing-format-for-oa-books-20210915",title:"Introducing IntechOpen Book Series - A New Publishing Format for OA Books"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"5149",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Empirical Modeling and Its Applications",title:"Empirical Modeling and Its Applications",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"Empirical modeling has been a useful approach for the analysis of different problems across numerous areas/fields of knowledge. As it is known, this type of modeling is particularly helpful when parametric models, due to various reasons, cannot be constructed. Based on different methodologies and approaches, empirical modeling allows the analyst to obtain an initial understanding of the relationships that exist among the different variables that belong to a particular system or process. In some cases, the results from empirical models can be used in order to make decisions about those variables, with the intent of resolving a given problem in the real-life applications. This book entitled Empirical Modeling and Its Applications consists of six (6) chapters.",isbn:"978-953-51-2494-8",printIsbn:"978-953-51-2493-1",pdfIsbn:"978-953-51-5779-3",doi:"10.5772/61406",price:119,priceEur:129,priceUsd:155,slug:"empirical-modeling-and-its-applications",numberOfPages:148,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:null,isInBkci:!1,hash:"e644de90262c3f61a092a0bd4a8b683a",bookSignature:"Mamun Habib",publishedDate:"July 20th 2016",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5149.jpg",numberOfDownloads:9605,numberOfWosCitations:12,numberOfCrossrefCitations:5,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:1,numberOfDimensionsCitations:13,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:2,hasAltmetrics:1,numberOfTotalCitations:30,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"September 30th 2015",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"December 31st 2015",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"January 25th 2016",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"April 24th 2016",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"July 5th 2016",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6,7",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"12501",title:"Prof.",name:"Dr. Md. Mamun",middleName:null,surname:"Habib",slug:"dr.-md.-mamun-habib",fullName:"Dr. Md. Mamun Habib",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/12501/images/59_n.jpg",biography:"Assoc. Prof. Dr. Md. Mamun Habib is a Visiting Scholar at the Dept. of Operations Research/Decision Sciences at the School of Quantitative Sciences, Universiti Utara Malaysia (UUM), Malaysia. Prior to that, he was working as Associate Professor at the Dept. of Operations Management, American International University-Bangladesh (AIUB). He is the Editor-in-Chief in International Journal of Supply Chain Management (IJSCM), London, UK which is accepted for SCOPUS Indexing. He accomplished his Ph.D. and M.S. with outstanding performance in Computer & Engineering Management (CEM) under the Graduate School of Business (GSB) from Assumption University, Thailand. His Ph.D. research was in the field of Supply Chain Management. \nHe has 13-year experience in the field of teaching for graduate and postgraduate students, as well as in training, consultancy and research. At present, he is supervising some Ph.D. students at UUM, Malaysia. He is GSB (Graduate School of Business) Ph.D. Dissertation Committee member of Assumption University, Thailand, Ph.D. Advisor at Institute for Technology and Management (ITM) – University, India and University of the Assumption, Philippines, External examiner of Birla Institute of Technology (BIT) – Deemed University, India and National Institute of Technology (NIT), India. He also involved with online learning programme at University of Roehampton (UoR), London, UK and Asia e University (AeU), Malaysia as International Ph.D. Reader.\n\nAs a researcher, Dr. Habib published about 70+ research papers, including Conference Proceedings, Journal articles, and book chapters/books. Books have been published from USA, UK, Germany, Croatia, and India. Also, he serves as the Editor-in-Chief/Lead Guest Editor/Editor/Editorial Board Member/Reviewer of more than 20 journals, particularly Scopus and ISI Indexed Journals. \nHe delivers lecture as Keynote Speaker at various international conferences, namely BPSCM Conference 2012, India; 3rd LSCM Conference 2013, Bali, Indonesia; 2nd ICIE Conference 2013, India; 7th ICIEM Conference 2013, China; 1st ICIDSC Conference 2014, Malaysia; 8th MASS Conference 2014, China; 2014-15 COES&RJ Conferences, Singapore; 2015 IRED Conferences, Thailand and Malaysia; 2nd ICAEM 2015, China; IRP Conference 2015, Malaysia; ASCA 2015, Thailand.\nHe also serves as General Chair, Program Chair, Technical Chair, Organizing Committee Member, Technical Committee Member, Track Chair, Session Chair as well as Reviewer of numerous international conferences, particularly IEEE ICMIT’2010 (Singapore), 2012 (Indonesia), 2014 (Singapore); IEEE ITMC’2011 (San Jose, CA, USA), 2012 (Dallas, TX, USA); IEEE IEEM’2011 (Singapore), 2012 (Hong Kong), 2013 (Thailand), 2014 (Malaysia), 2015 (Singapore); INFORMS IEOM’2012 (Istanbul, Turkey), 2014 (Indonesia), 2016 (Malaysia); IEEE 2013 IIE Conference (Turkey); APMS 2013 (Pennsylvania, USA); MASS 2015 (China); 2015 IRED Conference (Thailand, Malaysia); 2015 ASCA Conference (Thailand), etc. He received Best Track Chair Award at IEOM’2012 Conference.\nHis core research areas are supply chain management, production & operations management, operations research, research methodology, engineering management, technology management, and educational management. Finally, Dr. Habib is an active member of different professional organizations, including IEEE (Senior Member), IEOM (President, SCM Technical Division), IETI (Senior Member), IRED, IEB, AIMS, INFOMS, just to name a few.",institutionString:null,position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"3",institution:{name:"Northern University of Malaysia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Malaysia"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"607",title:"Mathematical Modeling",slug:"numerical-analysis-and-scientific-computing-mathematical-modeling"}],chapters:[{id:"50592",title:"Empirical Modeling of the Total Electron Content of the Ionosphere",doi:"10.5772/62837",slug:"empirical-modeling-of-the-total-electron-content-of-the-ionosphere",totalDownloads:1352,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:4,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"With the appearance of such satellite systems as GPS, GLONASS, Galileo, and others, the total electron content TEC measured by means of navigational satellites became a key parameter characterizing a state of the ionized space. In turn, functioning of navigational and telecommunication systems needs models of TEC for an estimation of accuracy of positioning, for the short-term and long-term prediction of this parameter. In this Chapter, empirical models of the total electron content are presented. The new result is their comparison. It is shown that the majority of them provide an adequate accuracy and reliability. As the basic application of TEC measurements, the problem of determination of maximum concentration NmF2 of the ionosphere with use of its equivalent slab thickness τ is considered. It is shown that existing models of τ are not global and do not provide sufficient accuracy in determining NmF2. An approach for new global model is offered.",signatures:"Olga Maltseva and Natalia Mozhaeva",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/50592",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/50592",authors:[{id:"179064",title:"Dr.",name:"Olga",surname:"Maltseva",slug:"olga-maltseva",fullName:"Olga Maltseva"}],corrections:null},{id:"50806",title:"The Empirical Models to Correct Water Column Effects for Optically Shallow Water",doi:"10.5772/63149",slug:"the-empirical-models-to-correct-water-column-effects-for-optically-shallow-water",totalDownloads:1412,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Seagrass as one of the blue carbon sinks plays an important role in environment, and it can be tracked remotely in the optically shallow water. Usually the signals of seagrass are weak which can be confused with the water column. The chapter will offer a model to simulate the propagation of light. The model can be used to improve the accuracy of seagrass mapping. Based on the in situ data, we found that the appropriate wavebands for seagrass mapping generally lie between 500–630 nm and 680–710 nm as well. In addition, a strong relationship between the reflectance value at 715 nm and LAI was found with a correlation coefficient of 0.99. The chapter provided an improved algorithm to retrieve bottom reflectance and map the bottom types. That would be meaningful for management and preservation of coastal marine resources.",signatures:"Chaoyu Yang",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/50806",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/50806",authors:[{id:"83514",title:"Dr.",name:"Chaoyu",surname:"Yang",slug:"chaoyu-yang",fullName:"Chaoyu Yang"}],corrections:null},{id:"50524",title:"Least Squares Method and Empirical Modeling: A Case Study in a Mexican Manufacturing Firm",doi:"10.5772/63151",slug:"least-squares-method-and-empirical-modeling-a-case-study-in-a-mexican-manufacturing-firm",totalDownloads:1635,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Empirical modeling (EM) has been a useful approach for the analysis of different problems across a number of areas/fields of knowledge. As is known, this type of modeling is particularly helpful when parametric models due to a number of reasons cannot be constructed. Based on different methodologies and approaches (e.g., Least Squares Method, LSM), EM allows the analyst to obtain an initial understanding of the relationships that exists among the different variables that belong to a particular system or a process.",signatures:"Raúl Hernández-Molinar, Roberto Sarmiento-Rebeles and César F.\nMéndez-Barrios",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/50524",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/50524",authors:[{id:"180787",title:"Dr.",name:"Roberto",surname:"Sarmiento",slug:"roberto-sarmiento",fullName:"Roberto Sarmiento"},{id:"180874",title:"Dr.",name:"Raul Ignacio",surname:"Hernandez",slug:"raul-ignacio-hernandez",fullName:"Raul Ignacio Hernandez"},{id:"185991",title:"Dr.",name:"Cesar",surname:"Mendez-Barrios",slug:"cesar-mendez-barrios",fullName:"Cesar Mendez-Barrios"}],corrections:null},{id:"50422",title:"Applied Hydrological Modeling with the Use of Geoinformatics: Theory and Practice",doi:"10.5772/62824",slug:"applied-hydrological-modeling-with-the-use-of-geoinformatics-theory-and-practice",totalDownloads:2374,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:6,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Water resource management and catchment analysis are crucial aspects of the twenty-first century in hydrological and environmental sciences. Linked directly with studies and research about climate change effects in global resources (e.g., diminution of rainfall dynamic), as well as continuously growing extreme natural phenomena with catastrophic results (e.g., floods and erosion), hydrological modeling has become a key priority in modern academic research goals. On a national or lower administrative level, the need for coping with natural disasters—affecting mainly human life, property, local economy, infrastructure, etc.—and the need to design management plans and projects for sustainable exploitation of natural resources set hydrological modeling in high demand by government organizations and local authorities. Thus, hazard assessment and risk evaluation modeling have become a strategic aim and an extremely useful tool for stakeholders, decision-makers, and scientific community.",signatures:"Christos Chalkias, Nikolaos Stathopoulos, Kleomenis\nKalogeropoulos and Efthimios Karymbalis",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/50422",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/50422",authors:[{id:"16474",title:"Dr.",name:"Efthimios",surname:"Karymbalis",slug:"efthimios-karymbalis",fullName:"Efthimios Karymbalis"},{id:"27223",title:"Prof.",name:"Christos",surname:"Chalkias",slug:"christos-chalkias",fullName:"Christos Chalkias"},{id:"179269",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Kleomenis",surname:"Kalogeropoulos",slug:"kleomenis-kalogeropoulos",fullName:"Kleomenis Kalogeropoulos"},{id:"179648",title:"MSc.",name:"Nikos",surname:"Stathopoulos",slug:"nikos-stathopoulos",fullName:"Nikos Stathopoulos"}],corrections:null},{id:"50672",title:"Critical Loss Analyses in Korean Liquor Mergers",doi:"10.5772/63225",slug:"critical-loss-analyses-in-korean-liquor-mergers",totalDownloads:1359,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"The SSNIP(Small but Significant Nontransitory Increase in Price) test is a well-known conceptual framework of market definition for competition policies in most countries. Critical loss analysis is a practical method that implements the principle of SSNIP test in a quantitative way to determine whether the relevant market for an antitrust case should be enlarged or not. The method and empirical results have been successfully adopted in defining markets relevant to Korean merger cases in soju and beer industries (Moohak-Daesun in 2002 and Hite-Jinro in 2005), providing useful references for the Korean Court and Fair Trade Commission. This paper introduces the actual applications of critical loss analyses in these cases and remarks on several issues brought in the course of applications.",signatures:"Jeon Seonghoon",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/50672",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/50672",authors:[{id:"178482",title:"Prof.",name:"Seonghoon",surname:"Jeon",slug:"seonghoon-jeon",fullName:"Seonghoon Jeon"}],corrections:null},{id:"50567",title:"A Comparison between the Presence and Absence of Regulation in the Spanish Electricity Market",doi:"10.5772/62953",slug:"a-comparison-between-the-presence-and-absence-of-regulation-in-the-spanish-electricity-market",totalDownloads:1473,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"There is an important gap in the literature on the promotion of competition in electricity markets in what pertains to the analysis of two different streams: the absence and presence of regulation. Accordingly, the main objective of this study is to analyze the interactions among market power indexes, marginal costs, and bidding strategies in the two mentioned scenarios, for comparative purposes. The methodology used is based on panel cointegration methods. The results point to the significant inclusion of different bidding strategies in the retail market: (i) fuel prices exercise a differential impact on the power plants’ marginal costs, (ii) the marginal costs have a significantly positive effect on quantity sold and on net quantity, and (iii) the market power measures under regulation have a significantly positive long-term impact on the quantity sold and a negative impact on net quantity supplied in wholesale market. Although there is some literature on this issue, the main novelty of this article is the discussion of the regulatory implications that could have been adopted in order to control and mitigate the market power, to encourage new investments in new technologies, and to recover sunk costs with the transition to a competitive market.",signatures:"Victor M. F. Moutinho, António C. Moreira and Jorge H. 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and Environment",slug:"nanomaterials-toxicity-human-health-and-environment",publishedDate:"February 19th 2020",bookSignature:"Simona Clichici, Adriana Filip and Gustavo M. do Nascimento",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8137.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"64160",title:"Prof.",name:"Simona",middleName:null,surname:"Clichici",slug:"simona-clichici",fullName:"Simona Clichici"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:[{id:"251730",title:"Dr.",name:"Guilherme",middleName:"Fredeico Bernardo",surname:"Lenz E Silva",fullName:"Guilherme Lenz E Silva",slug:"guilherme-lenz-e-silva",email:"guilhermelenz@usp.br",position:null,institution:null},{id:"286148",title:"Dr.",name:"Camila",middleName:null,surname:"Viana",fullName:"Camila Viana",slug:"camila-viana",email:"camilaoviana@gmail.com",position:null,institution:null},{id:"286149",title:"Dr.",name:"Fernanda",middleName:null,surname:"Vieira",fullName:"Fernanda Vieira",slug:"fernanda-vieira",email:"fevieira2001@gmail.com",position:null,institution:null},{id:"286151",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Danieli",middleName:"Silva",surname:"Domingues",fullName:"Danieli Domingues",slug:"danieli-domingues",email:"danielisilva@ymail.com",position:null,institution:null}]}},chapter:{id:"66689",slug:"risk-assessment-and-health-safety-and-environmental-management-of-carbon-nanomaterials",signatures:"Guilherme Lenz e Silva, Camila Viana, Danieli Domingues and Fernanda Vieira",dateSubmitted:null,dateReviewed:"February 26th 2019",datePrePublished:"April 11th 2019",datePublished:"February 19th 2020",book:{id:"8137",title:"Nanomaterials",subtitle:"Toxicity, Human Health and Environment",fullTitle:"Nanomaterials - Toxicity, Human Health and Environment",slug:"nanomaterials-toxicity-human-health-and-environment",publishedDate:"February 19th 2020",bookSignature:"Simona Clichici, Adriana Filip and Gustavo M. do Nascimento",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8137.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"64160",title:"Prof.",name:"Simona",middleName:null,surname:"Clichici",slug:"simona-clichici",fullName:"Simona Clichici"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:[{id:"251730",title:"Dr.",name:"Guilherme",middleName:"Fredeico Bernardo",surname:"Lenz E Silva",fullName:"Guilherme Lenz E Silva",slug:"guilherme-lenz-e-silva",email:"guilhermelenz@usp.br",position:null,institution:null},{id:"286148",title:"Dr.",name:"Camila",middleName:null,surname:"Viana",fullName:"Camila Viana",slug:"camila-viana",email:"camilaoviana@gmail.com",position:null,institution:null},{id:"286149",title:"Dr.",name:"Fernanda",middleName:null,surname:"Vieira",fullName:"Fernanda Vieira",slug:"fernanda-vieira",email:"fevieira2001@gmail.com",position:null,institution:null},{id:"286151",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Danieli",middleName:"Silva",surname:"Domingues",fullName:"Danieli Domingues",slug:"danieli-domingues",email:"danielisilva@ymail.com",position:null,institution:null}]},book:{id:"8137",title:"Nanomaterials",subtitle:"Toxicity, Human Health and Environment",fullTitle:"Nanomaterials - Toxicity, Human Health and Environment",slug:"nanomaterials-toxicity-human-health-and-environment",publishedDate:"February 19th 2020",bookSignature:"Simona Clichici, Adriana Filip and Gustavo M. do Nascimento",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8137.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"64160",title:"Prof.",name:"Simona",middleName:null,surname:"Clichici",slug:"simona-clichici",fullName:"Simona Clichici"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}},ofsBook:{item:{type:"book",id:"11433",leadTitle:null,title:"Human Migration in the Last Three Centuries",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"
\r\n\tIn March 2022, another book on human migration seems important when the events or tragedies unfolding in Eastern Europe are considered. People have always migrated and have moved, but, specifically looking at the last three hundred years, involuntary migration is on the rise. Involuntary migration does not only affect Europe; Asia, Africa, and North as well as South America, have had their fair share of natural catastrophes, invasions, and wars.
\r\n\tThis book will intend to look at different migrant patterns, voluntary and involuntary migration, over the last three centuries. What influenced people to leave their home countries, family, and friends and settle somewhere else? The book may include histories of the 19th century, consider tragedies and movements activated by political events in the 20th century, and/or look at recent events of the 21st century. Push and pull factors are important points. While most of us may be influenced in a negative way by the current happenings in Eastern Europe, the Russian invasion and resulting tragedies also demonstrate some very positive human traits – the preparedness of Ukraine’s surrounding countries to help those in need and to provide a safe place for the present.
\r\n\tWhether one looks at voluntary or involuntary migration into any country, after a period of adjustment, migrants do play a positive role. The research found that migrants contribute to the economy (food, shelter, employment, tax) and enrich a country’s cultural norms. Prerequisites for successful settlements are that the host society adopts a tolerant approach and that the migrants recognize the law and the language of the host country. Nothing is ever easy or without controversy, but I am a migrant (German Australian), and life in Australia has been relatively harmonious. Issues that could be considered in the book are multicultural societies (do monocultural societies still exist?) and theories of acculturation versus integration (settlement processes).
\r\n\tTwo further issues are very important in relation to human migration. There is climate change, global warming, and the environment, which clearly affect people’s movement. Small island populations are very concerned about rising sea levels. 2021 has also seen floods costing human lives: Turkey (August 2021), Brazil (December 2021), Chile (January 2021), and South India (November 2021), to name but a few. In Australia (March 2022), farms and whole townships in New South Wales and Queensland have been flooded for the second time in five years, and plans to resettle these towns are considered. Official and social media provide ample coverage of the events, which leads me to the next issue. There is today’s very important role of the media, of the official and social media. We are constantly bombarded with images of human war tragedies and flood victims. People in industrialized, western countries must be the best-informed populace. How far do the images and up-to-date TV news influence us, make us change our behavior, and perhaps even consider us more generous than we have been?
\r\n\tClimate change and the media are relatively new to the human migration debate, but both issues play important parts, and some interesting discussions are appreciated.
\r\n\t
Carbon footprint, as an indicator of the impact of the emissions of GHG of products and services, is interesting for enterprises, consumers, and politicians [1]. Investors control the carbon footprint of their products as it is an indicator of their investment risk. Purchasing managers are interested in the carbon footprint of the goods that they are dealing with, and the market is beginning to offer consumers carbon-labeled products. These are the reasons for the popularity of product carbon footprint. It is defined as the mass of cumulated CO2 emissions that can be measured through a supply chain or through the life cycle of a product [2]. The average per capita carbon footprint of continents and of the most important nations is reported in Table 1 (data are expressed in equivalent tons of carbon dioxide per capita per year). Also the contribution of different sectors is reported (expressed in percentage).
\n\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t
Europe | \n\t\t\t13 | \n\t\t\t9 | \n\t\t\t21 | \n\t\t\t16 | \n\t\t\t3 | \n\t\t\t12 | \n\t\t\t21 | \n\t\t\t17 | \n\t\t\t6 | \n\t\t
USA | \n\t\t\t29 | \n\t\t\t7 | \n\t\t\t25 | \n\t\t\t8 | \n\t\t\t3 | \n\t\t\t12 | \n\t\t\t21 | \n\t\t\t16 | \n\t\t\t8 | \n\t\t
Canada | \n\t\t\t20 | \n\t\t\t8 | \n\t\t\t18 | \n\t\t\t8 | \n\t\t\t2 | \n\t\t\t9 | \n\t\t\t30 | \n\t\t\t18 | \n\t\t\t6 | \n\t\t
South America | \n\t\t\t5 | \n\t\t\t6 | \n\t\t\t8 | \n\t\t\t36 | \n\t\t\t3 | \n\t\t\t8 | \n\t\t\t22 | \n\t\t\t13 | \n\t\t\t5 | \n\t\t
Russian Federation | \n\t\t\t10 | \n\t\t\t9 | \n\t\t\t40 | \n\t\t\t15 | \n\t\t\t1 | \n\t\t\t3 | \n\t\t\t16 | \n\t\t\t17 | \n\t\t\t1 | \n\t\t
Asia | \n\t\t\t7 | \n\t\t\t11 | \n\t\t\t14 | \n\t\t\t24 | \n\t\t\t4 | \n\t\t\t11 | \n\t\t\t19 | \n\t\t\t16 | \n\t\t\t4 | \n\t\t
Africa | \n\t\t\t2 | \n\t\t\t6 | \n\t\t\t13 | \n\t\t\t40 | \n\t\t\t2 | \n\t\t\t6 | \n\t\t\t10 | \n\t\t\t22 | \n\t\t\t3 | \n\t\t
Australia and New Zealand | \n\t\t\t16 | \n\t\t\t8 | \n\t\t\t18 | \n\t\t\t18 | \n\t\t\t3 | \n\t\t\t9 | \n\t\t\t19 | \n\t\t\t16 | \n\t\t\t13 | \n\t\t
Carbon footprint of continents and most important nations [3]
Carbon footprint is most appropriately calculated using life-cycle assessment or input-output analysis [3,4]. In this sense it is based on the ISO 14040 [4] and ISO 14043 [5] norms, on life cycle assessment (LCA). Specific norms for carbon footprint of enterprises and products are ISO 14064 (part 1,2, and 3) [6-8], ISO 14067 [9], and PAS 2500 [10]. Carbon footprint calculation process is shown in Figure 1.
Carbon footprint calculation
Main emissions due to the most important processes are added through the whole life cycle. Carbon footprint of a purchased good or service can be calculated using Equation 1 [11].
Where:
S1 is the sum across purchased goods and services;
S2 is the sum of emissions due to material inputs;
S3 is the sum of emissions due to transport of material inputs;
S4 is the sum of emissions due to waste outputs;
OE stands for other emissions emitted in provision of the good or service.
In order to calculate carbon footprint, it is very important to consider the boundaries of the process: which emissions should be considered in calculation of the footprint? This problem can be solved by considering three definitions: Scope 1, Scope 2, and Scope 3.
Scope 1 indicates direct emissions, for example, on-site emissions; Scope 2 indicates emissions embodied in the purchased energy; and Scope 3 indicates all the emissions not covered under Scope 2, such as those associated with transport of goods and waste disposal [12].
Another important aspect is the functional unit, which is defined as a measure of the function of the studied system, and it provides a reference to which the inputs and outputs can be related. This enables the comparison of two essential different systems.
The carbon footprint of transport fuels has been analyzed in several studies starting from 1990. One of the most important is the study realized by Sheehan et al. [13] at National Renewable Energy Laboratory of the United States.This is an LCA study that includes the impact of CO2 emissions. Most important operations belonging to the petroleum diesel product system include crude oil extraction, its transport to an oil refinery, crude oil refining to diesel fuel, its transportation to the user, and its use in a bus engine.
In addition to energy and environmental outputs in each step, energy and environmental inputs from raw materials use are also included. Generally, life cycle flows include all raw materials used for extraction. Likewise, life cycle flows from intermediate energy sources such as electricity, back to the extraction of coal, oil, natural gas, limestone, and other primary resources should be included.
Life cycle presents a typical allocation case because the refining process is a multiple product process and the other sub-products obtained during diesel production are shown in Figure 2, together with the definition of the most important processes involved in the refining step.
Crude oil refining step [
The final results show that diesel production and use account for a total emission of CO2 of 633 gCO2eq/bhp-h. The processes that contribute most to the release of CO2 emissions are refining (which is responsible for 10% of the emissions) and petroleum combustion in the engine (which is responsible for 87% of the emissions).
The electricity supply sector is responsible for over 7,700 million tonnes of CO2 emissions annually (2,100 Mt C/yr); being 37.5% of total CO2 emissions [14]. The annual carbon emissions, associated with electricity generation, is projected to surpass the 4,000 Mt C level by 2020 [15]. Past and projected electricity production from fossil fuels is shown in Table 2 and also CO2 emissions per kWh.
\n\t\t\t | 1995 | \n\t\t\t2000 | \n\t\t\t2010 | \n\t\t\t2020 | \n\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t4,949 | \n\t\t\t5,758 | \n\t\t\t7,795 | \n\t\t\t10,296 | \n\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t1,932 | \n\t\t\t2,664 | \n\t\t\t5,063 | \n\t\t\t8,243 | \n\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t1,315 | \n\t\t\t1,422 | \n\t\t\t1,663 | \n\t\t\t1,941 | \n\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t158 | \n\t\t\t157 | \n\t\t\t151 | \n\t\t\t147 | \n\t\t
Past and projected global production from the electricity generating sector (TWh/yr) and average CO2 emissions per kWh [14]
The efficiencies of modern thermal power stations using the steam cycle can exceed 40% based on lower heating value, although the average efficiency of the installed stock worldwide is closer to 30%. Recently, efficiencies of 48.5% have been reported and, with further development, by 2020, they could reach 55% at costs only slightly higher than current technology.
Physical carbon sequestration is more useful with the emissions of large point sources of CO2 such as power plants. It can be captured either before combustion, in an IGCC or in a reforming process (transforming steam to methane), or after combustion from the flue gas stream using amine solvents, for example. The volume percentage of CO2 in exhaust flue gases is between 4% (for gas turbines) and 14% (for a pulverized coal-fired plant), which means that large volumes of gas have to be treated using efficient solvents, and this will result in high-energy consumption because of solvent regeneration. These techniques will achieve an efficiency of 80–90% in carbon capture. Other carbon capture techniques include cryogenics, membranes, and adsorption. After the CO2 has been captured, it is pressurized, typically up to 100 bar, before transportation to storage areas. CO2 capture and compression imply a decrease on the thermal efficiency of a power plant, which has been estimated to be equal to 8–13%. The cost of CO2 capture in power plants comprises between $30 and 50/t CO2 of emissions; while the cost of CO2 transportation is influenced by the distance and the capacity of the pipeline and ranges between $1 and 3/t CO2 per 100 km. The cost of underground storage, which excludes the costs due to compression and transport, is estimated to range between $1 and 2/t CO2 stored. With the development of new technologies, for example the development of new solvents and system components, the costs of carbon capture and storage would decrease.
Glaeser and Kahn [16] evaluated the emissions released by American households for heating purposes. The two primary heating sources for households are fuel oil and natural gas. On the one hand in the United States, the use of fuel oil is pretty rare, with the exception of the Northeast, and it is used as a source of home heating in few metropolitan areas; on the other hand, natural gas is the most common home heating source; and in some areas electricity is also used. Natural gas consumption is driven primarily by climate.
For fuel oil and natural gas, there are conversion factors that enable to move from energy use to CO2 emissions. In the case of fuel oil, the factor is 22.38 lb of CO2 per gallon.
It can be considered that about 20,000 kWh/yr are required to heat a typical house in developed countries. If hard coal, oil, natural gas, and LPG are used, the annual total CO2 emissions are 8,280 kg CO2/yr, 6,280 kgCO2/yr, 4,540 kg CO2/yr, and 5,180 kg CO2/yr, respectively [17]. These data agree with those reported by Johnson [18], which are shown in Figure 3.
Carbon footprint of different heating fuels [
Recent advances in drilling and fracking technologies have made the access to huge deposits of natural gas in shale deposits technically and economically feasible. These are located across the United States and elsewhere [19,20], and thus shale gas production has grown about 48% per year from 2006 to 2010 in the United States. This fact will influence the American and the world energy outlooks for the near future, together with the variation in the oil price [21]. The growth of the shale gas industry has brought important benefits, such as significant job growth, decoupling gas and oil prices, providing an alternative to the more polluting use of oil in transportation and of coal in power generation [22,23]. The carbon footprint of shale gas can be calculated evaluating or measuring the direct CO2 emissions from its final use and evaluating indirect CO2 emissions produced from fossil fuels used to extract, develop, and transport it. Also methane fugitive emissions and emissions from venting have to be considered. Literature studies have shown that the indirect CO2 emissions throughout shale oil life cycle are relatively small than that of the direct combustion of the fuel. In fact indirect emissions range between 1 and 1.5 g CO2/MJ−1 [24], whereas direct emissions range between 13-15 g CO2/MJ [25,26]. Indirect emissions from shale gas are comparable with those due to conventional gas production [26].
Comparison of GHG emissions from shale gas and conventional natural gas with low and high estimates of fugitive methane emissions, surface-mined coal, deep-mined coal, and diesel oil; time horizon equal to 100 years [
From the most important studies available in literature, it can be inferred that both carbon footprints of shale gas and of conventional gas are dominated by direct CO2 emissions and fugitive methane emissions. In Figure 4 direct emissions of CO2 during combustion of shale gas, conventional gas, coal, and diesel oil are represented with white bars, whereas indirect emissions occurring during the development and the use of the energy sources are represented in black bars, and fugitive emissions of methane are represented with grey bars. All the emissions have been normalized to the quantity of energy released during combustion.
The GHG emissions released during biodiesel life cycle are about 40–65% of those released during conventional diesel life cycle. For bioethanol technologies, the GHG emissions are deeply influenced by the technology. Emissions of the whole life cycle of bioethanol produced from corn can be about 80–90% of those of competitor fossil fuels. For bioethanol produced from sugar cane, a reduction of 75-80% in fossil fuels emissions can be achieved. Important factors that influence the final results are the amounts and type of fossil fuels used in the life cycle as energy carriers to produce, transport, and process the feedstock. Also non-CO2 emissions, generated during the cultivation phase, such as N2O, have to be considered. Besides, the efficiency in the conversion process is important too, together with the degree to which biomass is used to provide the energy required by the process, and feedstock yields during the cultivation phase. The mass and energy balances are also influenced by the capacity of the bioenergy plant and the scale of the project. In the case of large-scale projects, there will be important land use changes that can influence carbon stocks in the soil. Table 3 shows GHG emissions per kilometer travelled.
\n\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t
Bioethanol from sugar cane | \n\t\t\t50-75 | \n\t\t
Bioethanol from other crops (corn, sugar beet, wheat) | \n\t\t\t100-195 | \n\t\t
Biogas | \n\t\t\t25-100 | \n\t\t
Biodiesel (rapeseed, soy, sunflower) | \n\t\t\t80-140 | \n\t\t
Fischer Tropsch diesel from biomass | \n\t\t\t15-55 | \n\t\t
Bioethanol from lignocellulose | \n\t\t\t25-50 | \n\t\t
Gasoline | \n\t\t\t210-220 | \n\t\t
Diesel | \n\t\t\t185-220 | \n\t\t
Natural gas | \n\t\t\t155-185 | \n\t\t
GHG emissions per kilometer travelled using renewable fuels and fossil fuels [28]
The carbon footprint of electricity generation through RES (Renewable Energy Systems) are described in this section. Hydro-electricity is described first, and then wind power, followed by bioenergy systems and solar energy.
Hydro-electricity is the most developed renewable resource worldwide, even if it has to face social and environmental barriers [29]. In fact societal preferences are difficult to predict, while hydro-sites are often difficult to reach, which results in high transmission and capital investment costs. These are difficult to be accepted by private power companies. The global economic hydropower potential ranges between 7000 and 9000 TWh per year. Particularly rural communities without electricity appear to be convenient for small (<10 MWe), mini- (<1 MWe), and micro- (<100 kWe) scale hydro schemes. They have low environmental impacts, and generation costs are around 6–12 c/kWh. Emissions of GHG linked with hydro-electricity operation are due to flooding of land upstream of a dam that can imply a loss of biological carbon stocks and can produce methane emissions due to vegetation decomposition.
Wind power is a technology that has been developed recently. It has an intermittent flow and produces about 4% of total global electricity. In 2013 the production capacity reached 282,000 MWe, which implies a huge development, respect from year 2000 [30]. Denmark is producing about 40% of its total electricity consumption from wind power, and it\'s one of the main exporters of wind turbine technology. Many wind turbines will be sited off-shore. On the one hand in this way future demand can be met, the advantage is to increase the rated output to more than 3 MWe, to decrease costs linked with operation and maintenance, to have more reliable plants; on the other hand the cost of investment for wind turbines is decreasing, while the installed capacity increases. So wind power is becoming competitive with other sources of energy in highly windy areas. The costs of electricity generation in this case range between 3 and 5 c/kWh. The investment costs will fall from $1000 to $635/kWe and operating costs will decrease to about 0.01 c/kWh - 0.005 c/kWh [31].
Bioenergy can be produced from agricultural and forestry residues, animal effluents, the organic fraction of municipal solid wastes, and dedicated energy crops. Since biomass is widely spread in the territory, it is an interesting source of energy for rural and mountain areas. The challenge is to optimize the production of biomass, collection and logistics, optimize its conversion to energy and delivery to the end user, to provide a service that is economically competitive with that obtainable using other fossil fuels. Residual biomasses, such as bagasse, rice husks, straw, olive husk, bark, and sawdust often have a corresponding cost for disposal. Therefore, biomass-to-energy conversion, in the case of residues, can have good economic performance, especially in rural areas, where there is abundance of them. Denmark produces about 40% of the electricity it consumes through cogeneration plants, using wood waste and straw. Also biogas is produced from animal breeding effluents. Energy crops are less promising in the short term due to their higher production costs in terms of $/GJ of available energy. Also the competition for land use with food crops is becoming an issue. Biomass as a fuel is more reactive than coal if it is used in gasification process, which promotes the use of biomass in IGCC systems, that are approaching to commercial realization. Besides if coupled with carbon capture, biomass integrated gasification combined cycle can be a carbon-negative technology, because CO2 is absorbed during biomass cultivation and production, and it is not released in the IGCC plant, due to carbon capture. On the one hand, capital investment for a biomass gasification–combined cycle plant, working with an high pressure reactor, is decreasing from $2000/kWe to $1100/kWe by 2020; on the other hand operating costs (fuel supply included) will decline from 3.98 to 3.12 c/kWh [31]. Actually operation costs for a traditional plat working with boiler plus steam turbine are about 5.50 c/kWh.
The cost of solar photovoltaic (PV) is slowly decreasing from $5,000/kWe to $4,000/kWe installed. The increase in the installed capacity corresponds to an increase in scale-up of manufacturing plants and the use of mass production techniques that are the main reasons for costs reduction. Also operating costs are quite high, being about 20–40 c/kWh. Promising new applications for solar PV are represented by grid connected buildings and by large installations (up to 1 MWe), which are pushing innovation in inverters and net metering systems. Other important markets for photovoltaic power systems are off-grid applications for rural areas, especially in developing countries where there is a need for electrification projects. The worldwide installed PV capacity is estimated to be about 178 GWe in 2014, while it will reach about 400 GWe in 2020. Conversion efficiencies of silicon cells are continuously improving. The efficiency of commercial monocrystalline modules is about 13–17%, whereas the efficiency of multicrystalline module is about 12–14%. Literature studies show that a single factory of 400 MWe capacity (obtainable with 5 million panels) can reduce production costs of 75%, due to economies of scale [32]. Neij [33] calculated that a $100 billion investment in manufacturing capacity would be needed in order to reach an acceptable generating level of 5 c/kWh (excluding back-up supply or storage costs). Capital costs for concentrated solar will fall from $4000/kWe to $2500/kWe by 2030 (Table 4) [34].
\n\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t \n\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t
Energy source | \n\t\t\tCoal | \n\t\t\tCoal | \n\t\t\tGas | \n\t\t\tCoal | \n\t\t\tGas | \n\t\t\tUranium | \n\t\t\tWater | \n\t\t\tWind | \n\t\t\tBiofuel | \n\t\t\tSolar | \n\t\t
Emissions (gC/kWh) | \n\t\t\t229 | \n\t\t\t190-198 | \n\t\t\t103-122 | \n\t\t\t40 | \n\t\t\t17 | \n\t\t\t0 | \n\t\t\t0 | \n\t\t\t0 | \n\t\t\t0 | \n\t\t\t0 | \n\t\t
Reduction potential to 2020 (MtC/yr) | \n\t\t\tBaseline | \n\t\t\t55 | \n\t\t\t103 | \n\t\t\t5-50 | \n\t\t\tN.A. | \n\t\t\t191 | \n\t\t\t37 | \n\t\t\t128 | \n\t\t\t77 | \n\t\t\t20 | \n\t\t
Cost of C reduction ($/t C avoided) | \n\t\t\tBaseline | \n\t\t\t-10-40 | \n\t\t\t0-156 | \n\t\t\t159 | \n\t\t\t71-165 | \n\t\t\t-38-135 | \n\t\t\t-31-127 | \n\t\t\t-82-135 | \n\t\t\t-92-117 | \n\t\t\t175-1400 | \n\t\t
Cost estimates of alternative mitigation technologies in the power generation sector compared to baseline pulverized coal-fired power plant and natural gas Combined Cycle with Gas Turbine (CCGT) power stations and the potential reductions in CO2 emissions to 2020 [14]
PF, pulverised fuel; fgd, flue gas desulphurization; IGCC, integrated gasification combined cycle
Heat production and hot water supply to buildings are essential and important worldwide. The problem is how to produce them in a sustainable way, replacing fossil fuels. Today, it is intensively being discussed how to do so in the best way in future energy systems in which the combustion of fossil fuel should be reduced or completely avoided. One way could be through the promotion of low energy buildings in which the consumption of energy can be reduced or even removed (through the use for example of solar thermal heating systems). Another way could be the one to use excess heat produced from the industrial sector, waste incineration, power stations based on large-scale exploitation of geothermal energy, solar thermal energy, and heat pumps powered by excess wind energy. In these cases, a district heating network becomes essential. Table 5 shows the comparison of GHG emissions for different household.
\n\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t
Biomass (i.e., wood chips, pellets) | \n\t\t\t520 | \n\t\t
Geothermal | \n\t\t\t15 | \n\t\t
Solar thermal | \n\t\t\t1030 | \n\t\t
Coal | \n\t\t\t110150 | \n\t\t
Oil | \n\t\t\t90120 | \n\t\t
Natural gas | \n\t\t\t7085 | \n\t\t
Electricity from natural gas (space heating) | \n\t\t\t180210 | \n\t\t
Electricity from oil (space heating) | \n\t\t\t265295 | \n\t\t
Electricity from coal (space heating) | \n\t\t\t290320 | \n\t\t
GHG emissions per unit output in the heating sector (taken from [28])
The development of district heating systems is linked with the development of other systems such as combined heat and power systems, which generate waste heat, together with power. These increase the fuel use efficiency [35]. Also heat pumps should be introduced in residential heating systems [18]. In some countries like Norway, district heating system’s GHG emissions have been compared with those of individual heating systems and it has been found that the first have lower CO2 emissions.
Food industry sector is one of the major contributors to climate change [36]. In Sweden, it has been estimated that about 25% of GHG emissions from the private sector are due to the consumption of food [37]. In the European Union, food industry contribution to GHG emissions is estimated to be about 31% [36,38]. GHG emissions in the transport sector are mainly due to CO2; while in agriculture most emitted GHG are methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O). The CO2 emitted from land use change represents also an important source of emissions of the food production system. Starting from the publication of the Fourth Assessment Report of the IPCC in 2007 [39], the calculation of food carbon footprint has become more and more popular. Food carbon footprint is calculated by companies also for marketing purposes [40-42]. Also research efforts in the calculation of carbon footprint of food and in the estimate of its uncertainty have increased in recent years [43-46] (see Figure 5). Challenges in calculating the carbon footprint of food products can be linked with the functional unit, system boundaries and allocation, land use change, carbon sequestration in soils, uncertainties, and variation.
Carbon footprint of different types of food products at retail. Average values estimated to be representative for food products sold on the Swedish market. Error bars show ranges of values found in the literature. Emissions from land use change and carbon stock changes in soils are not included [
Besides marketing purposes, carbon footprint is calculated in the food sector also with the aim at reducing its value, producing more sustainable food. The main ways to reduce the product carbon footprint of food are as follows: by reducing emissions of CO2 due to energy use in agriculture (for example improving energy efficiency and using renewable energy sources) and reducing CH4 emissions from enteric fermentation and N2O emissions from fertilizer nitrification in soil. CH4 emissions can be reduced to some extent by altering the diet fed to ruminants [48], but the risk of pollution swapping is great [49,50]. N2O emissions from soils can be reduced by optimizing nitrogen use and promoting N2O inhibitors.
Another way to reduce GHG emissions in the food sector is changing the consumption patterns [51-54]; for example, switching from diets based on meat to diets in which proteins are also supplied by vegetables.
Being on-farm emissions (from cultivation and animals breeding) the most important source of GHG in food life cycle, numerous studies have tried to reduce them. Ahlgren [55] has used LCA to evaluate the use of biofuels in tractors and the substitution of mineral nitrogen fertilizers. This implied that 3–6% of a farm’s available land was needed to produce the required biomass (to produce biofuels and fertilizer).
Another issue is represented by dairy production and the carbon footprint of milk [56,50]. An important area of research is the production of animal feed for the different diets used in livestock production [57-58].
Many enterprises in the textile and clothing industry are involved in product carbon footprint calculation. They range from fiber manufacturers (e.g., Lenzing, Advansa, Dupont) to producers of flooring material (e.g., InterfaceFlor, Desso, Heugaveld), to fashion brands (united in the Sustainable Apparel Coalition), to other organizations (European Commission and the Dutch branch organization Modint). They are using LCA to calculate the environmental impacts of textile-related products. Also educational textile and fashion institutes (e.g., the Amsterdam Fashion Institute) are promoting life cycle thinking, picking up the signals from companies and other organizations. A literature survey [59] shows that Collins and Aumônier [60] compiled a LCI (Life Cycle Inventory) on textile products upon references dating from 1978 to 1999. Another research executed by Kalliala and Talvenmaa [61] reports, for example, spinning energy, which is derived from a study out of 1997. In-depth investigation on weaving led to the research of Koç and Çinçik [62]. In the recent work of Shen [63], non-renewable energy use for the production processes of different fabrics is given, based upon a report from 1997 [64].
Walser et al. [65] have published a LCA study using inventory data for polyester (PET) textile production. The authors also noticed that the data in the Ecoinvent database [66] on cotton and bast fibers do not specify the yarn size, which has an important influence on energy use.
Figure 6 presents the carbon footprint of cotton textiles and of synthetic textiles. In the case of cotton, different yarn thickness are taken into account. They are expressed on decitex (abbreviated dtex). In the case of synthetic textiles, only yarn thickness of 70 dtex is taken into account.
Carbon footprint of cotton textiles with yarn thickness comprised between 70 and 300 dtex (left) and synthetic textiles - acryl, nylon, PET, elastane-, with yarn thickness of 70 dtex (right) [
The cement industry is one of the sectors that contributes most to climate change, accounting for roughly 5% of the total CO2 emissions worldwide [67]. Therefore reducing these emissions is a primary goal in order to comply with the objectives laid down in the Kyoto protocol to combat climate change. Currently, the cement industry, belonging to the WBSCD (World Business Council for Sustainable Development), has launched the Cement Sustainable Initiative program to meet the challenges of sustainable development. The carbon footprint is the most promising tool to evaluate the impact of carbon emissions of different products and can be an indicator to be used for eco-labeling. Several efforts have been made to develop it [68]. The study of Cagiao et al. [69] is based on the MC3 approach, also called organization-product-based-life-cycle assessment (OP-LCA). Given its top-down approach, this methodology first allows the organization’s footprint to be calculated and then distributing it among the products that it manufactures. Some of the advantages are as follows:
It is a single methodology to be used both for organizations and products.
It uses all the financial accounts as input data.
The information flows automatically through the value chain.
The scope is always the same for all the analyses.
It is simple and easy-to-understand and adaptable.
Both the carbon footprint and the ecological footprint of the organization can be obtained [70-72].
The study of Cagiao et al. [69] was carried out with three potential scenarios in mind: case A pertaining to a conventional integral plant; case B which refers to a grinding plant; and case C, an integral plant which has been subject to the best available technical improvements. All the plants have the same productivity of 1,000,000 t/year. A summary of main results is proposed in Table 6.
\n\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t
Carbon footprint of cement industry | \n\t\t\t1,003,555.2 tCO2/year | \n\t\t\tCase A | \n\t\t
907,384.2 tCO2/year | \n\t\t\tCase B | \n\t\t|
790,278.3 tCO2/year | \n\t\t\tCase C | \n\t\t|
Carbon footprint of one ton of cement | \n\t\t\t1.00 tCO2/tcement | \n\t\t\tCase A | \n\t\t
0.91 tCO2/tcement | \n\t\t\tCase B | \n\t\t|
0.79 tCO2/tcement | \n\t\t\tCase C | \n\t\t|
Main parts of the carbon footprint produced | \n\t\t\tDirect emissions (75.33%) and wastes (17.98%) | \n\t\t\tCase A | \n\t\t
Materials (75.07%) and services (14.60%) | \n\t\t\tCase B | \n\t\t|
Direct emissions (77.06%) and wastes (15.18%) | \n\t\t\tCase C | \n\t\t|
Reduction of total footprint by using BATs | \n\t\t\t213,276.9 tCO2/year (21.25% of initial carbon footprint) | \n\t\t\t\n\t\t |
Carbon footprint of cement production [69]
Fantozzi et al. [73] presents the study of the carbon footprint of a typical food product in Central Italy: truffle sauce. This is a mixture of vegetable oil and truffle in proportions of 33% and 67% respectively and minor components and spices (garlic, salt, pepper, etc.). Both truffles and olives are cultivated and harvested in a farm in Umbria (Italy). Olives are crushed in a mill that is situated few kilometers from the farm. Once it has been produced, the extra virgin oil, together with the truffle, is transported to another facility to produce bottled truffle sauce. The carbon footprint calculation is based on ISO 14076 technical standard. Product Category Rules (PCR) have been developed (see Table 7).
\n\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t
Scope and functional unit | \n\t\t\tScope | \n\t\t\tCalculate PCF of truffle sauce (expressed in kgCO2eq/kg product) | \n\t\t
System boundary | \n\t\t\tCultivation, transformation, packaging, and waste disposal are taken into account, while consumption is neglected | \n\t\t|
Allocation | \n\t\t\tAllocation based on system expansion has to be preferred to allocation based on mass and economic value | \n\t\t|
Product definition | \n\t\t\tTruffle sauce | \n\t\t\tTruffle sauce is a mixture of vegetable oil and truffle in proportions of 33% and 67% respectively and minor components and spices (garlic, salt, pepper, etc.) that were not considered in the analysis | \n\t\t
LC stages | \n\t\t\tCultivation; Milling; Truffle production; Transport; Sauce production | \n\t\t|
PCF calculation | \n\t\t\tSoftware | \n\t\t\tSimapro software was used to design process tree, and calculate PCF, based on the impact method GWP 100 years. Cut-off on processes impact is set to 1% to ease results view | \n\t\t
Data uncertainty | \n\t\t\tData uncertainty was measured based on used instruments precision and on the uncertainty of Simapro datasets | \n\t\t|
Results communication | \n\t\t\tLabel | \n\t\t\tA carbon footprint label was designed for the package | \n\t\t
Product Category Rules of truffle sauce [73]
The cut-off threshold on life cycle processes is about 1%. This decision is due to the need to simplify the process tree diagram. All the calculations are referred to the growing season 2011/2012.
The boundaries of the system analyzed are shown in Figure 7. Truffle sauce life cycle has been divided in the following product stages:
cultivation;
truffle production;
truffle sauce production;
packaging.
This is a clear example of a cradle-to-grave study, so GHG fluxes comprise also disposal of the packaging. The consumption phase is not considered in the study. The functional unit is 1 kg of truffle sauce.
System boundaries [
Results of the analysis are proposed in Table 8. Cultivation gives an important contribution to the final impact of truffle sauce, while truffle production has a reduced impact, because it is a very extensive production. Olive trees cultivation uses fertilizers, diesel fuel for field operations, electricity for the olives harvest, herbicides and pesticides.
\n\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t
1) Cultivation | \n\t\t\t0.94 | \n\t\t
2) Milling | \n\t\t\t0.28 | \n\t\t
3) Truffle production | \n\t\t\t0.09 | \n\t\t
4) Sauce production | \n\t\t\t0.06 | \n\t\t
5) Packaging production & disposal | \n\t\t\t0.77 | \n\t\t
6) Transport | \n\t\t\t0.03 | \n\t\t
7) Avoided emissionsAvoided fuel - Avoided fertilizer | \n\t\t\t0.18 0.02 | \n\t\t
Total | \n\t\t\t1.93 | \n\t\t
Carbon footprint of truffle sauce [73]
When people are asked why health is important, many are unable to answer it. The reason for this may be due to their lack of awareness of the importance of health and the consequent lack of proper self-care. Health can generally be considered an essential basis of life, but many people still do things that show that health is not a priority in their lives. They spend a lot of time on the opportunities they find but do not spend time learning what is good for them to exercise or stay healthy; they spend their budget on Nonsignificant things. But for a more nutritious diet, they pay less.
According to the World Health Organization’s definition, health is a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not only the absence of disease or infirmity. This definition of health has been given more attention since 1978 at the UN Summit in Almaty. Due to the considerable differences in the level of health in different countries of the world, the members of this organization were required to provide Primary Health Care by providing an essential package aimed at reducing the health gap between different countries and with the goal of Health for All by the year 2000. Undoubtedly, one of the most critical concerns and challenges that different countries have faced in providing primary health care to their population has been the lack of resources in the face of the growing need to receive this care during all these years.
So from the perspective of health economists, health is a durable good, or type of capital, that provides services. The flow of services produced from the stock of health capital is consumed continuously over an individual’s lifetime. Each person is assumed to be endowed with a given stock of health at the birth time, such as a year. Over the period, the stock of health depreciates with age and maybe promoted by investments in Health services. Death occurs when an individual’s stock of health falls below a critical minimum level.
To request a product or service, you must ask for it, afford it, and have a specific plan for purchasing it. Desires are, in fact, the unlimited desires and inclinations that people have for goods and services. Imagine being able to afford something if you could afford it or it was not so expensive. When we make choices, scarcity guarantees that many of our desires will never be met. Demand reflects our plan and vision for the demands that will be met. The amount of goods and services that the consumer plans to buy depends on many factors: commodity prices, related commodity prices, personal income, expected future prices, population, advertising, and preferences.
We must first discuss the relationship between the demand for a good or service and the price. All other factors influencing demand must be kept constant to study this relationship called the Citrus Paribus principle. The demand for a good or service is inversely related to its price; as the price increases, the demand for it decreases, and vice versa. Of course, the rate of demand response to price changes is not the same for all goods, which will be discussed in the topic of elasticity [1].
The demand curve is a geometric location of points where the dependent variable is the rate of use of a good, and the independent variable is the price of that good; in general, the demand curve shows the maximum demand for a good at different prices and also represent the ultimate price for a certain amount of a good. Usually, the price variable is shown on the y axis and the amount of goods or services on the x-axis (Figure 1).
Demand curve.
This shows the maximum amount someone is willing to pay for a small increment in consumption rate. Care should be taken in using the “demand” to mean the amount of consumption of a particular good or service at a specific price and to use it to mean a range of corresponding values in the price range (for example, one point on the demand curve versus the whole Points on the curve). The demand for a good or service is a function of its relative price and buyers’ income. The demand curve is a two-dimensional representation of this process. Responding to price changes is moving along the demand curve and responding to changes in revenue as the entire demand curve changes and shifts (Figure 2). Some of the characteristics of the demand side that should always be kept in mind when using the demand curve in healthcare, especially when making normative statements about well-being, are: Uncertainty on the part of the consumer about the likelihood of future illness; Side effects, the effectiveness of treatment methods and their possible cost. When sick, people experience anxiety, disability, suffering, and pain that may not be considered in the theory of desirability; It is also important to note that there may be an external demand for care and treatment of a person in addition to their need; And the fact that the price at which the applicant responds to the service or goods may in no way be an accurate reflection of the final cost of providing that product or service to the service provider.
Change in demand curve.
We can also consider the demand curve as a payment ability curve that measures the ultimate benefit. This curve shows the highest price a person is willing and able to pay for the last unit purchased. If there are fewer goods available, the highest price that a person is willing and able to pay for a larger unit will be high. But as the quantity of available goods increases, the ultimate benefit of each additional unit decreases, and the highest price offered on the demand curve decreases.
In addition to the price of the product in question, which is inversely related to the demand for that product, we can examine the relationship between the demand for a product and other factors in the space of the demand curve.
A complementary good is a good that is used with another commodity, and if the price of one of these commodities increases, in addition to the demand for that commodity, the demand for the other commodity also decreases.
Medical care consists of countless goods and services that maintain, improve, or restore a person’s health. For example, a young man may have wrist surgery to repair a torn tendon so he can return to work, an older woman may have cataract surgery to improve her vision, or a parent may have to Bring their child to a healthcare center for an annual dental checkup to prevent future problems. Prescription drugs, prescription glasses, and dentures are examples of medical supplies, while surgeries, periodic physical examinations, and visits to medical professionals are examples of medical services. Preventive and medical care are heterogeneous, making it difficult to measure and quantify medical care units accurately. Medical care services have four characteristics that distinguish these from other goods and services: intangibility, inseparability, inventory, and inconsistency.
Intangibility means that the five senses are incapable of evaluating medical services. Unlike new shoes, a vegetable salad dinner, or a new cell phone, the consumer cannot see, taste, or touch medical services. Indivisibility also means that the production and consumption of a medical service take place simultaneously. For example, when you see an ophthalmologist for an examination, you use ophthalmic services right at the time of production. In addition, a patient is often seen as both a producer and a consumer. Inventory is directly related to inseparability. Because the production and consumption of a medical service occur simultaneously, healthcare providers cannot store or maintain medical services. For example, a physiotherapist cannot provide a list of different physiotherapy services to meet demand during busy times. Finally, inconsistency means that the variety, composition, and quality of medical services are very different. Although different people may see a doctor simultaneously, there are various reasons for visiting a doctor. One person may see a doctor because of a typical physical problem, while another may see a doctor because of a heart attack. The combination of prescribed medical care or the frequency of its use can vary significantly from person to person and at different times [4, 5].
The following factors affect the demand for healthcare:
Needs (based on patient perception)
Patient preferences
Price or cost of use
Income
transportation cost
waiting time
Quality of care (based on patient perception)
The use of healthcare depends on demand and availability. If planners allocate resources based on need rather than demand, they may find themselves in a situation where some services are underused, and some services are overused.
Just as the healthcare market is different from other commodities, so is the demand for healthcare different from the simple demand model. One of the differences is that healthcare is not demanded because it is self-satisfying. After all, healthcare itself does not lead to satisfaction. Instead, healthcare is in demand because people are satisfied with their activities when they are healthy. So the demand for healthcare is a derived demand.
Patients’ perceptions of their need and capacity to benefit from healthcare are strongly influenced by physicians and healthcare providers. Although in economics, it is assumed that consumers can make informed decisions about their consumption patterns, healthcare consumers delegate this decision-making power to healthcare workers who are more aware of them. This phenomenon is due to information asymmetry between healthcare providers and patients, which carries the risk of induced demand by providers to increase revenue. Another complication stems from the fact that healthcare is highly heterogeneous. Each patient has a relatively different combination of pain and symptoms. Therefore each patient needs to purchase a fairly different package of care that both the patient and the physician have uncertainty about its effectiveness in meeting the need.
Another critical difference is that many health services are paid for by third parties. Payments by third parties or insurance companies Although they significantly increase people’s purchasing power for healthcare, it is also important to note that they can lead to ethical risks and increase demand for services that patients may not need.
Demand for healthcare depends on the level of consumption of an individual in case of illness; the amount of consumption can differ according to the factors affecting the demand, such as income, service price, education, norms, social traditions, and quality. A person’s decision to use or use services is related to his or her illness/injury status rather than healthcare. Developing countries are focused on promoting healthcare as an essential policy to improve health outcomes and fulfill international obligations and universal coverage of health services. However, many policies have focused more on improving physical access than on the demand-side healthcare needs pattern. In low-income countries, allocating scarce financial resources is based on clear criteria for the impact of investment in the health sector on service demand.
In these countries, due to the lack or weakness of social security systems, the occurrence of the disease leads to increased health costs and reduced labor productivity and leads to a loss of household welfare. In developed countries, due to insurance, many health services are used with minimal consumer participation in the payment; however, in developing countries, concerns about less use of health services, to the extent of supply. Or poor access is associated. However, even in health services, due to various barriers on the demand side, related to the cost of treatment, travel costs, and quality of services, the rate of exploitation is low. Also, the importance of a person’s health status in a clinical context is related to the analysis and social evaluation of a person’s health and social environment. Studies have shown that the risk of death is related to people’s perception of the health importance of maintaining it. Since one of the priorities of health policymakers is to improve people’s health, various factors that directly and indirectly affect the demand for health services should be examined more carefully. Identifying the factors influencing individuals’ decision to request healthcare services and choosing from different providers. Therefore, evaluating the determinants of demand for health services will introduce and implement appropriate incentive schemes to encourage better health services. Because health is one of the essential components of human capital and healthy human beings are the center of sustainable development, health can significantly increase the ability of individuals to perform various activities, including productive activities. As a result, people are looking for health. At the individual level, health is mainly influenced by multiple factors such as biological factors, lifestyle, purchased non-medical services, purchased medical services and goods, and different socio-economic characteristics. People’s understanding and expectation of healthcare quality are essential because the perceived quality of health services often affects health services’ behavior and consumption patterns [6].
Grossman used human capital theory to explain the demand for healthcare. According to human capital theory, people invest in themselves through education and health to increase their income. Grossman proposed an approach in which many important aspects of the demand for health services differ from the traditional demand approach:
That consumers are looking for health and demand health services to achieve it.
To achieve health, consumers buy health services from the market and combine them with their efforts to improve health, such as diet and exercise.
The health gained lasts more than a period and is not immediately depreciated to be analyzed as a capital good.
Most notably, health can be considered as both a consumer good and a capital good. From the people’s point of view, health is a consumer product because it makes them feel better. As a capital good, it is also suitable for people’s health because it increases the number of healthy days of life to work and earn money. Figure 3 provides a simple diagram that explains the concept of health capital. Just as one thinks that cars or laptops are capital goods that use the flow of their services over time, one can also understand the savings of one’s health capital, the outcome of which is “healthy days”. Outflow may be considered as one dimension of healthy days or measured in several dimensions of physical, mental health, and limited activity. People consume a range of health inputs, including healthcare inputs, diet, exercise, and time, so they invest in health savings. These investments help maintain or improve consumers’ health reserves, providing them with healthy days. Over time, health reserves may either grow, remain constant, or decrease with age due to illness or injury. As mentioned in Box 3, many technologies may generate health capital, using different amounts of time or health goods and services. Figure 3 shows how the ultimate goal of “healthy days” guides consumer decisions about the amount, time, and cost of investing in health storage. We will see that the prices of healthcare, the rate of wages of individuals, and their productivity in the production of health determine how resources are allocated between health capital and other goods and services that people buy. Consider a consumer who buys market inputs (e.g., medical care, food, clothing) and combines them with his or her own time to generate a health capital reserve that increases his or her utility [2].
Investing in health.
As an economic principle, the price of a good and the demand for that good are inversely related. That is, the higher the price of a commodity, the less demand there is for that commodity, and the lower the price of a good, the greater the demand for it. Price elasticity of demand shows that a one percent change in a good price causes a few percent changes in the demand. For example, if the price of a car rises by one percent, the demand for it will fall by a few percent, and vice versa, if the price of a vehicle falls by one percent, the demand will increase by a few percent.
Three things can happen when we calculate the price elasticity for a commodity:
When a one percent change in the price of a commodity occurs, the demand for that commodity changes by more than one percent. These types of goods are very price sensitive.
When a one percent change in a good price causes the demand for that good to change by less than one percent, this type of product is called inelastic. Demand for this type of goods shows a mild reaction to price changes.
The third case is when a one percent change in the price of a good causes a one percent change in the demand for that good.
If there is an inverse relationship between price and demand, demand elasticity will always be negative because the percentage change in one face or denominator is a negative fraction. Therefore, after calculating the price elasticity of demand, if the result, regardless of the negative sign of the number, becomes more than one, the commodity with elasticity is less than one, the good without elasticity, and if it is equal to one, the good has a single elasticity.
Although the price elasticity of a commodity can be determined only by collecting price information and calculating, some factors affect this ratio.
Alternative goods: The more alternative goods there are, the higher the price elasticity of that product. That is, when the price changes, the demand for that product changes more drastically. Also, price changes in a product cause a shift in the demand for alternative goods. In the healthcare sector, there are usually few alternatives to a health or medical intervention.
Complementary goods: When a product has a supplement, a change in the price of a complementary product causes a change in the demand for another product. Maternal and child care can be mentioned as complementary goods in the field of health (Figure 4).
Types of elasticity.
Commodity prices: In general, if the price of a commodity is very low, the amount of demand does not react to price changes. But high-priced products are attractive. On the other hand, different results are obtained depending on the price at which the demand elasticity is calculated. As mentioned initially, the price of a product has an inverse relationship with the amount of demand. When the price is precisely in the middle of the demand curve of a commodity, the commodity has a single elasticity. Also, if the price is less than the midpoint, the product in that range is unattractive. If the price is above the midpoint, the product will be pulled. You can see this in the chart below.
Marginal modes in demand elasticity.
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These changes start from birth—one grows, develops and attains maturity. To the young, ageing is exciting. Middle age is the time when people notice the age-related changes like greying of hair, wrinkled skin and a fair amount of physical decline. Even the healthiest, aesthetically fit cannot escape these changes. Slow and steady physical impairment and functional disability are noticed resulting in increased dependency in the period of old age. According to World Health Organization, ageing is a course of biological reality which starts at conception and ends with death. It has its own dynamics, much beyond human control. However, this process of ageing is also subject to the constructions by which each society makes sense of old age. In most of the developed countries, the age of 60 is considered equivalent to retirement age and it is said to be the beginning of old age. In this chapter, you understand the details of ageing processes and associated physiological changes.",book:{id:"6381",slug:"gerontology",title:"Gerontology",fullTitle:"Gerontology"},signatures:"Shilpa Amarya, Kalyani Singh and Manisha Sabharwal",authors:[{id:"226573",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Shilpa",middleName:null,surname:"Amarya",slug:"shilpa-amarya",fullName:"Shilpa Amarya"},{id:"226593",title:"Dr.",name:"Kalyani",middleName:null,surname:"Singh",slug:"kalyani-singh",fullName:"Kalyani Singh"},{id:"243264",title:"Dr.",name:"Manisha",middleName:null,surname:"Sabharwal",slug:"manisha-sabharwal",fullName:"Manisha Sabharwal"}]},{id:"56330",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.69932",title:"Russian Scientific Trends on Specific Language Impairment in Childhood",slug:"russian-scientific-trends-on-specific-language-impairment-in-childhood",totalDownloads:1940,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:23,abstract:"In Russia, there are many decades of experience in the scientific study of the problem of impaired language development in children. Today, the term “Systemic speech-and-language underdevelopment (SLU)” has firmly established in Russian science and practice, implying a complex developmental disorder of speech and language in children with a primary normal hearing and a conserved intellect, in which the main components of the language system are violated: vocabulary, grammar, phonetics, and, as a consequence, dialogic and monologic speech. Traditionally, a differentiated level-by-level analysis of the speech and language abilities of children is used. The variability of the manifestations and severity of speech-and-language disorders were initially systematized and characterized in four levels of underdevelopment: from the complete absence of phrase speech to the availability of simple and complex sentences with lexico-grammatical errors. Effective algorithms of speech therapist work with SLU are introduced. The effectiveness of the application of these models and algorithms on the material of various language groups is proved.",book:{id:"5957",slug:"advances-in-speech-language-pathology",title:"Advances in Speech-language Pathology",fullTitle:"Advances in Speech-language Pathology"},signatures:"Tatiana Tumanova and Tatiana Filicheva",authors:[{id:"204529",title:"Dr.",name:"Tatiana Volodarovna",middleName:null,surname:"Tumanova",slug:"tatiana-volodarovna-tumanova",fullName:"Tatiana Volodarovna Tumanova"},{id:"208704",title:"Dr.",name:"Tatiana Borisovna",middleName:null,surname:"Filicheva",slug:"tatiana-borisovna-filicheva",fullName:"Tatiana Borisovna Filicheva"}]},{id:"36452",doi:"10.5772/38931",title:"Qualitative Research Methods in Psychology",slug:"qualitative-research-methods-in-psychology",totalDownloads:35851,totalCrossrefCites:13,totalDimensionsCites:17,abstract:null,book:{id:"1997",slug:"psychology-selected-papers",title:"Psychology",fullTitle:"Psychology - Selected Papers"},signatures:"Deborah Biggerstaff",authors:[{id:"123274",title:"Dr.",name:"Deborah",middleName:null,surname:"Biggerstaff",slug:"deborah-biggerstaff",fullName:"Deborah Biggerstaff"}]},{id:"56560",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.70235",title:"The Role of Speech and Language Therapist in Autism Spectrum Disorders Intervention – An Inclusive Approach",slug:"the-role-of-speech-and-language-therapist-in-autism-spectrum-disorders-intervention-an-inclusive-app",totalDownloads:2332,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:16,abstract:"The chapter describes the possibilities of involving a speech-language therapist in the assessment of the pragmatic level of communication in autism spectrum disorders (ASD), where one of the most frequently impaired areas is communication pragmatics. These difficulties lead to a disruption of social interaction, which might be one of the obstacles to speech-language intervention in these children. The text is based on an originally developed testing material aimed at selected pragmatic-oriented communication situations relating to everyday activities and real life. Based on a comparison of domestic and international resources in this area, as well as mediated and own empirical experience, our assessment approach is based on the conclusion that pragmatics can be understood in different contexts and perspectives. The text presents the results of a partial survey comparing the performance of children with ASD and children with typical development. The assessment focused on the children’s election of the correct picture of a pair of pictures that represent usual communication and social situations. The results of the research suggest fewer incorrect responses in children with ASD and in different areas compared with children with typical development. However, the results of a qualitative analysis indicate a necessity to expand the assessment of communication pragmatics by adding an individually specific qualitative analysis of children’s performance.",book:{id:"5957",slug:"advances-in-speech-language-pathology",title:"Advances in Speech-language Pathology",fullTitle:"Advances in Speech-language Pathology"},signatures:"Kateřina Vitásková and Lucie Kytnarová",authors:[{id:"203061",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Kateřina",middleName:null,surname:"Vitásková",slug:"katerina-vitaskova",fullName:"Kateřina Vitásková"},{id:"212035",title:"MSc.",name:"Lucie",middleName:null,surname:"Kytnarová",slug:"lucie-kytnarova",fullName:"Lucie Kytnarová"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"73271",title:"Social Media and Its Effects on Beauty",slug:"social-media-and-its-effects-on-beauty",totalDownloads:2991,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"Beauty is concerned with physical and mental health as both are intimately related. Short-term decisions to alter one’s body structure irrespective of genetic, environmental, occupational and nutritional needs can leave medium- and long-term effects. This chapter analyzes the role of social media and its effects on the standards of beauty. The researchers have summarized the literature on how social media plays a role in affecting beauty trends, body image and self-esteem concerns. There is support that social media affects individuals negatively, in pushing them to engage in life threatening beauty trends due to social compliance and acceptance in society. The aim was to review social networking sites’ impact on perception of standards of beauty and newer unrealistic trends gaining popularity that could alter opinions and also cause harm to individuals in the long run. This is an emerging area of research that is of high importance to the physical and mental health in the beauty, health and hospitality industry with the latter being manifested in depression, anxiety and fear of non-acceptability and being seen as a social gauche.",book:{id:"7811",slug:"beauty-cosmetic-science-cultural-issues-and-creative-developments",title:"Beauty",fullTitle:"Beauty - Cosmetic Science, Cultural Issues and Creative Developments"},signatures:"Mavis Henriques and Debasis Patnaik",authors:[{id:"320016",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Mavis",middleName:"Lilian",surname:"Henriques",slug:"mavis-henriques",fullName:"Mavis Henriques"},{id:"320978",title:"Dr.",name:"Debasis",middleName:null,surname:"Patnaik",slug:"debasis-patnaik",fullName:"Debasis Patnaik"}]},{id:"60564",title:"Ageing Process and Physiological Changes",slug:"ageing-process-and-physiological-changes",totalDownloads:6884,totalCrossrefCites:16,totalDimensionsCites:31,abstract:"Ageing is a natural process. Everyone must undergo this phase of life at his or her own time and pace. In the broader sense, ageing reflects all the changes taking place over the course of life. These changes start from birth—one grows, develops and attains maturity. To the young, ageing is exciting. Middle age is the time when people notice the age-related changes like greying of hair, wrinkled skin and a fair amount of physical decline. Even the healthiest, aesthetically fit cannot escape these changes. Slow and steady physical impairment and functional disability are noticed resulting in increased dependency in the period of old age. According to World Health Organization, ageing is a course of biological reality which starts at conception and ends with death. It has its own dynamics, much beyond human control. However, this process of ageing is also subject to the constructions by which each society makes sense of old age. In most of the developed countries, the age of 60 is considered equivalent to retirement age and it is said to be the beginning of old age. In this chapter, you understand the details of ageing processes and associated physiological changes.",book:{id:"6381",slug:"gerontology",title:"Gerontology",fullTitle:"Gerontology"},signatures:"Shilpa Amarya, Kalyani Singh and Manisha Sabharwal",authors:[{id:"226573",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Shilpa",middleName:null,surname:"Amarya",slug:"shilpa-amarya",fullName:"Shilpa Amarya"},{id:"226593",title:"Dr.",name:"Kalyani",middleName:null,surname:"Singh",slug:"kalyani-singh",fullName:"Kalyani Singh"},{id:"243264",title:"Dr.",name:"Manisha",middleName:null,surname:"Sabharwal",slug:"manisha-sabharwal",fullName:"Manisha Sabharwal"}]},{id:"27237",title:"Emotional Intelligence",slug:"emotional-intelligence",totalDownloads:5728,totalCrossrefCites:6,totalDimensionsCites:9,abstract:null,book:{id:"679",slug:"emotional-intelligence-new-perspectives-and-applications",title:"Emotional Intelligence",fullTitle:"Emotional Intelligence - New Perspectives and Applications"},signatures:"Adrian Furnham",authors:[{id:"85492",title:"Prof.",name:"Adrian",middleName:null,surname:"Furnham",slug:"adrian-furnham",fullName:"Adrian Furnham"}]},{id:"70731",title:"Theoretical Perspective of Traditional Counseling",slug:"theoretical-perspective-of-traditional-counseling",totalDownloads:1582,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"This chapter discusses the theoretical perspective of traditional counseling from an African context. Traditional counseling involves a broad perspective that enhances learning for transformation and integration of sociocultural values that are peculiar to each human society. A cursory review of the literature suggests that the concept of traditional counseling is rooted in traditional systems of knowledge and sociocultural customs and practices, and it promotes a collective approach to problem identification, resolution, and management. The traditional counseling process centers on four aspects: traditional counselor, client, family, and community. The key elements that inform the theoretical framework of traditional counseling from an African perspective are: cultural context, collective belief system, and initiation rituals Traditional systems of knowledge deemed essential for each generation are passed on successively to the next generation by elderly people who do not only have the necessary wisdom and experience, but are also adorned with social competences and skills.",book:{id:"9136",slug:"counseling-and-therapy",title:"Counseling and Therapy",fullTitle:"Counseling and Therapy"},signatures:"Hector Chiboola",authors:[{id:"314172",title:"Prof.",name:"Hector",middleName:null,surname:"Chiboola",slug:"hector-chiboola",fullName:"Hector Chiboola"}]},{id:"55388",title:"Beauty, Body Image, and the Media",slug:"beauty-body-image-and-the-media",totalDownloads:7678,totalCrossrefCites:5,totalDimensionsCites:12,abstract:"This chapter analyses the role of the mass media in people’s perceptions of beauty. We summarize the research literature on the mass media, both traditional media and online social media, and how they appear to interact with psychological factors to impact appearance concerns and body image disturbances. There is a strong support for the idea that traditional forms of media (e.g. magazines and music videos) affect perceptions of beauty and appearance concerns by leading women to internalize a very slender body type as ideal or beautiful. Rather than simply being passive recipients of unrealistic beauty ideals communicated to them via the media, a great number of individuals actually seek out idealized images in the media. Finally, we review what is known about the role of social media in impacting society’s perception of beauty and notions of idealized physical forms. Social media are more interactive than traditional media and the effects of self‐presentation strategies on perceptions of beauty have just begun to be studied. This is an emerging area of research that is of high relevance to researchers and clinicians interested in body image and appearance concerns.",book:{id:"5925",slug:"perception-of-beauty",title:"Perception of Beauty",fullTitle:"Perception of Beauty"},signatures:"Jennifer S. Mills, Amy Shannon and Jacqueline Hogue",authors:[{id:"202110",title:"Dr.",name:"Jennifer S.",middleName:null,surname:"Mills",slug:"jennifer-s.-mills",fullName:"Jennifer S. Mills"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"21",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[{id:"82260",title:"Psychometric Analysis of an Instrument to Study Retention in Engineering",slug:"psychometric-analysis-of-an-instrument-to-study-retention-in-engineering",totalDownloads:4,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105443",abstract:"Although engineering programs admit highly qualified students with strong academic credentials, retention in engineering remains lower than most other programs of study. Addressing retention by modeling student success shows promise. Instruments incorporating noncognitive attributes have proven to be more accurate than those using only cognitive variables in predicting student success. The Student Attitudinal Success Instrument (SASI-I), a survey assessing nine specific noncognitive constructs, was developed based largely on existing, validated instruments. It was designed to collect data on affective (noncognitive) characteristics for incoming engineering students (a) that can be collected prior to the first year and (b) for which higher education institutions may have an influence during students’ first year of study. This chapter will focus on the psychometric analysis of this instrument. Three years of data from incoming first-year engineering students were collected and analyzed. This work was conducted toward investigating the following research questions: Do the scale scores of the instrument demonstrate evidence of reliability and validity, and what is the normative taxonomy of the scale scores of first-year engineering students across multiple years? Further, to what extent did the overall affective characteristics change over the first year of study?",book:{id:"11441",title:"Psychometrics - New Insights",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11441.jpg"},signatures:"Kenneth J. Reid"},{id:"82112",title:"Comparative Senescence and Lifespan",slug:"comparative-senescence-and-lifespan",totalDownloads:8,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105137",abstract:"The word senescence is derived from the Latin word “senex” (meaning old). In biology, senescence is a process by which a cell ages and permanently stops dividing. Senescence is a natural universal phenomenon affecting all living organisms (e.g., humans, animals, and plants). It is the process of growing old (aging). The underlying mechanisms of senescence and aging at the cellular level are not fully understood. Senescence is a multifactorial process that can be induced by several stimuli including cellular stress, DNA damage, telomere shortening, and oncogene activation. The most popular theory to explain aging is the free radical theory. Senescence plays a role in the development of several age-related chronic diseases in humans (e.g., ischemic heart disease, osteoporosis, and cancer). Lifespan is a biological characteristic of every species. The lifespan of living organisms ranges from few hours (with mayfly) to potential eternity (with jellyfish and hydra). The maximum theoretical lifespan in humans is around 120 years. The lifespan in humans is influenced by multiple factors including genetic, epigenetic, lifestyle, environmental, metabolic, and endocrine factors. There are several ways to potentially extend the lifespan of humans and eventually surpass the maximum theoretical lifespan of 120 years. The tools that can be proposed include lifestyle, reduction of several life-threatening diseases and disabilities, hormonal replacement, antioxidants, autophagy inducers, senolytic drugs, stem cell therapy, and gene therapy.",book:{id:"10935",title:"Mechanisms and Management of Senescence",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10935.jpg"},signatures:"Hassan M. Heshmati"},{id:"81748",title:"Emotional Creativity",slug:"emotional-creativity",totalDownloads:5,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104544",abstract:"Creativity encompasses and is influenced by several emotions. Emotional creativity is a critical component in the creative process. It is the ability to create something new through the influence of emotions evoked from the personal or experiences of others. Creative works inspired by emotions are often original and greeted with Euphoria. This chapter demonstrates how different emotions inspire different forms and levels of creativity with examples of notable artists who experienced emotional creativity. This chapter discusses research linking emotions to creativity and the explanations of how the identification and regulation of emotions, which are often referred to as emotional intelligence, make a difference in whether creativity becomes useful, helpful, or hurtful. The dark side of creativity, which occurs when creativity becomes hurtful instead of helpful, and research into its causes is also discussed in this chapter. An example of a notable figure in the twentieth century, i.e., Adolf Hitler who masterminded World War II, is used to demonstrate how emotions played a role in this phenomenon. A conclusion alluding to the fact that creativity or creative outcomes are not necessarily bad but the application of creative work and the ability to identify emotions and regulate or control the emotions to drive creative performance validates emotional creativeness.",book:{id:"11303",title:"Creativity",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11303.jpg"},signatures:"Cynthia Naa Anyimah Botchway"},{id:"82097",title:"Including Religion in Rational-Emotive Behavior Counseling",slug:"including-religion-in-rational-emotive-behavior-counseling",totalDownloads:6,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104980",abstract:"Cognitive-behavioral therapies (CBT) have been disseminated worldwide. This therapeutic approach is being considered some of the best empirically supported treatments for a large variety of psychological disorders. The core tenet of CBT is to restore mental health and promote psychological well-being by focusing on cognitive dysfunctional patterns that cause emotional distress and maladaptive behaviors. First, a general view of the basic principles and origins of cognitive-behavior therapies constitute the basis on which the chapter is built. Thereafter, a more in-depth discussion on specific forms of CBT, namely cognitive therapy (CT) and rational-emotive behavior therapy (REBT) provides further support for the integration of religion and psychological intervention. Next, a thorough analysis of the theoretical premises of this integration and the ways in which religious beliefs and psychological mechanisms merge in practice is provided. Finally, the REBT conceptualization, techniques, and strategies are illustrated in a practical situation; here, the relationship between religious beliefs and practices on the one hand, and irrational beliefs, dysfunctional emotions, and maladaptive behaviors, on the other hand, is easy to observe. The example provided aptly illustrates the many ways in which REBT can incorporate religious principles, beliefs, and practices; all of them, advocating for the harmonious relationship between Christian values and REBT.",book:{id:"11305",title:"Counseling and Therapy - Recent Developments in Theories and Concepts",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11305.jpg"},signatures:"Adrian Opre and Bianca Macavei"},{id:"82075",title:"Sexuality and Disability",slug:"sexuality-and-disability",totalDownloads:10,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104325",abstract:"Sexuality and disability is an important topic in our global society. Dismantling myths about sexuality and disability is considered a final frontier for people with disabilities. Dismantling myths about sexuality and disability is vital to the overall health and well-being of people with disabilities. A major aspect of the dismantling process is to acknowledge that sexuality is a significant quality of life determinant for all human beings. This chapter provides information that will promote a healthier and more accurate view of Sexuality and Disability. Dismantling this last frontier involves providing the readership with relevant historical information; information about psychosocial factors and attitudes that influence sexuality; and information about ethical practice guidelines. Information pertaining to sexuality training, specific provider competencies and how select disabilities and chronic illness impact sexuality is also covered in the chapter.",book:{id:"11267",title:"Human Sexuality",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11267.jpg"},signatures:"Danita H. Stapleton, Sekeria V. Bossie, Angela L. Hall and Lovett O. Lowery"},{id:"81962",title:"Gender and Modern-Day Slavery: Aggression and Violence in the Context of a Nigerian Focus",slug:"gender-and-modern-day-slavery-aggression-and-violence-in-the-context-of-a-nigerian-focus",totalDownloads:16,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104727",abstract:"This chapter explored the various forms of gender-based modern-day slavery in Nigeria. Such modern slaveries as baby factories (unlawful maternity and orphanages where children are sold and their mothers serve as ‘economic-slaves, sex-slaves, procreation-slaves, and money-ritual-slaves’), peonage (debt bondage), and early forced marriage were found to be common and on the increase in Nigeria and fundamentally precipitated by patriarchy. The predictors and risk factors of these slavery typologies were supported by the tenets of feminist and political economy theories, which formed the framework. A patriarchal society engenders inequalities, alienation, subjugation, aggression, violence, deprivations, and frustration, with women on the receiving end, when compared to men. The female population is largely the victim, while most perpetrators are males. The new, emerging trend in slavery enterprise are typically organised and largely motivated by women’s vulnerabilities and powerlessness, with dehumanising and destructive consequences. Arising from this is the conclusion that certain cultural practices and socioeconomic forces intertwine with poverty, lack of qualitative education, and other exclusions to expose women and girls to servitudes. The problem requires robust intersectoral approaches—that is, coordinated intervention, programmes, and collaborative efforts between governments and local authorities and institutions—to (re)solve.",book:{id:"11440",title:"Aggression and Violent Behaviour",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11440.jpg"},signatures:"Mary Juachi Eteng and Macpherson Uchenna Nnam"}],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:50},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:8,limit:8,total:0},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:89,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:104,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:32,numberOfPublishedChapters:318,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:12,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:141,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:8,numberOfPublishedChapters:129,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:113,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:106,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:5,numberOfOpenTopics:1,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:15,numberOfOpenTopics:5,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"6",text:"It is great to work with the IntechOpen to produce a worthwhile collection of research that also becomes a great educational resource and guide for future research endeavors.",author:{id:"259298",name:"Edward",surname:"Narayan",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",slug:"edward-narayan",institution:{id:"3",name:"University of Queensland",country:{id:null,name:"Australia"}}}},{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. The whole process of submitting an article and editing of the submitted article goes extremely smooth and fast, the number of reads and downloads of chapters is high, and the contributions are also frequently cited.",author:{id:"55578",name:"Antonio",surname:"Jurado-Navas",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRisIQAS/Profile_Picture_1626166543950",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",institution:{id:"720",name:"University of Malaga",country:{id:null,name:"Spain"}}}}]},series:{item:{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",issn:"2631-6188",scope:"This series will provide a comprehensive overview of recent research trends in various Infectious Diseases (as per the most recent Baltimore classification). Topics will include general overviews of infections, immunopathology, diagnosis, treatment, epidemiology, etiology, and current clinical recommendations for managing infectious diseases. Ongoing issues, recent advances, and future diagnostic approaches and therapeutic strategies will also be discussed. This book series will focus on various aspects and properties of infectious diseases whose deep understanding is essential for safeguarding the human race from losing resources and economies due to pathogens.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/6.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"June 25th, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfPublishedBooks:13,editor:{id:"131400",title:"Prof.",name:"Alfonso J.",middleName:null,surname:"Rodriguez-Morales",slug:"alfonso-j.-rodriguez-morales",fullName:"Alfonso J. Rodriguez-Morales",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/131400/images/system/131400.png",biography:"Dr. Rodriguez-Morales is an expert in tropical and emerging diseases, particularly zoonotic and vector-borne diseases (especially arboviral diseases). He is the president of the Travel Medicine Committee of the Pan-American Infectious Diseases Association (API), as well as the president of the Colombian Association of Infectious Diseases (ACIN). He is a member of the Committee on Tropical Medicine, Zoonoses, and Travel Medicine of ACIN. He is a vice-president of the Latin American Society for Travel Medicine (SLAMVI) and a Member of the Council of the International Society for Infectious Diseases (ISID). Since 2014, he has been recognized as a Senior Researcher, at the Ministry of Science of Colombia. He is a professor at the Faculty of Medicine of the Fundacion Universitaria Autonoma de las Americas, in Pereira, Risaralda, Colombia. He is an External Professor, Master in Research on Tropical Medicine and International Health, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain. He is also a professor at the Master in Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Universidad Científica del Sur, Lima, Peru. In 2021 he has been awarded the “Raul Isturiz Award” Medal of the API. Also, in 2021, he was awarded with the “Jose Felix Patiño” Asclepius Staff Medal of the Colombian Medical College, due to his scientific contributions to COVID-19 during the pandemic. He is currently the Editor in Chief of the journal Travel Medicine and Infectious Diseases. His Scopus H index is 47 (Google Scholar H index, 68).",institutionString:"Institución Universitaria Visión de las Américas, Colombia",institution:null},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},subseries:{paginationCount:3,paginationItems:[{id:"86",title:"Business and Management",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/86.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,annualVolume:11970,editor:{id:"128342",title:"Prof.",name:"Vito",middleName:null,surname:"Bobek",slug:"vito-bobek",fullName:"Vito Bobek",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/128342/images/system/128342.jpg",biography:"Dr. Vito Bobek works as an international management professor at the University of Applied Sciences FH Joanneum, Graz, Austria. He has published more than 400 works in his academic career and visited twenty-two universities worldwide as a visiting professor. Dr. Bobek is a member of the editorial boards of six international journals and a member of the Strategic Council of the Minister of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Slovenia. He has a long history in academia, consulting, and entrepreneurship. His own consulting firm, Palemid, has managed twenty significant projects, such as Cooperation Program Interreg V-A (Slovenia-Austria) and Capacity Building for the Serbian Chamber of Enforcement Agents. He has also participated in many international projects in Italy, Germany, Great Britain, the United States, Spain, Turkey, France, Romania, Croatia, Montenegro, Malaysia, and China. Dr. Bobek is also a co-founder of the Academy of Regional Management in Slovenia.",institutionString:"Universities of Applied Sciences FH Joanneum, Austria",institution:null},editorTwo:{id:"293992",title:"Dr.",name:"Tatjana",middleName:null,surname:"Horvat",slug:"tatjana-horvat",fullName:"Tatjana Horvat",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002hXb0hQAC/Profile_Picture_1642419002203",biography:"Tatjana Horvat works as a professor for accountant and auditing at the University of Primorska, Slovenia. She is a Certified State Internal Auditor (licensed by Ministry of Finance RS) and Certified Internal Auditor for Business Sector and Certified accountant (licensed by Slovenian Institute of Auditors). At the Ministry of Justice of Slovenia, she is a member of examination boards for court expert candidates and judicial appraisers in the following areas: economy/finance, valuation of companies, banking, and forensic investigation of economic operations/accounting. At the leading business newspaper Finance in Slovenia (Swedish ownership), she is the editor and head of the area for business, finance, tax-related articles, and educational programs.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Primorska",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Slovenia"}}},editorThree:null},{id:"87",title:"Economics",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/87.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,annualVolume:11971,editor:{id:"327730",title:"Prof.",name:"Jaime",middleName:null,surname:"Ortiz",slug:"jaime-ortiz",fullName:"Jaime Ortiz",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00002zaOKZQA2/Profile_Picture_1642145584421",biography:"Dr. Jaime Ortiz holds degrees from Chile, the Netherlands, and the United States. He has held tenured faculty, distinguished professorship, and executive leadership appointments in several universities around the world. Dr. Ortiz has previously worked for international organizations and non-government entities in economic and business matters, and he has university-wide globalization engagement in more than thirty-six countries. He has advised, among others, the United Nations Development Program, Inter-American Development Bank, Organization of American States, Pre-investment Organization of Latin America and the Caribbean, Technical Cooperation of the Suisse Government, and the World Bank. Dr. Ortiz is the author, co-author, or editor of books, book chapters, textbooks, research monographs and technical reports, and refereed journal articles. He is listed in Who’s Who in the World, Who’s Who in America, Who’s Who in Finance and Business, Who’s Who in Business Higher Education, Who’s Who in American Education, and Who’s Who Directory of Economists. Dr. Ortiz has been a Fulbright Scholar and an MSI Leadership Fellow with the W.K. Kellogg Foundation. His teaching interests revolve around global economies and markets while his research focuses on topics related to development and growth, global business decisions, and the economics of technical innovation.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Houston",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"88",title:"Marketing",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/88.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,annualVolume:11972,editor:{id:"203609",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Hanna",middleName:null,surname:"Gorska-Warsewicz",slug:"hanna-gorska-warsewicz",fullName:"Hanna Gorska-Warsewicz",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSD9pQAG/Profile_Picture_2022-06-14T11:58:32.jpeg",biography:"Hanna Górska-Warsewicz, Ph.D. is Associate Professor at Warsaw University of Life Sciences and Head of Department of Food Market and Consumption Research. She specializes in the subject of brands, brand equity, and brand management in production, service, and trade enterprises. She combines this subject with marketing and marketing management in both theoretical and practical aspects. Prof. Hanna Górska-Warsewicz also analyzes brands in the context of trademarks, legal regulations and the protection of intangible. She is an author or co-author of over 200 publications in this field, including 8 books. She works with the business sector and has participated in projects for the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development and the Ministry of Education and Science in Poland.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Warsaw University of Life Sciences",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Poland"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null}]},overviewPageOFChapters:{paginationCount:45,paginationItems:[{id:"82135",title:"Carotenoids in Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz)",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105210",signatures:"Lovina I. Udoh, Josephine U. Agogbua, Eberechi R. Keyagha and Itorobong I. Nkanga",slug:"carotenoids-in-cassava-manihot-esculenta-crantz",totalDownloads:8,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Carotenoids - New Perspectives and Application",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10836.jpg",subseries:{id:"13",title:"Plant Physiology"}}},{id:"82112",title:"Comparative Senescence and Lifespan",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105137",signatures:"Hassan M. Heshmati",slug:"comparative-senescence-and-lifespan",totalDownloads:8,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:[{name:"Hassan M.",surname:"Heshmati"}],book:{title:"Mechanisms and Management of Senescence",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10935.jpg",subseries:{id:"11",title:"Cell Physiology"}}},{id:"81796",title:"Apoptosis-Related Diseases and Peroxisomes",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105052",signatures:"Meimei Wang, Yakun Liu, Ni Chen, Juan Wang and Ye Zhao",slug:"apoptosis-related-diseases-and-peroxisomes",totalDownloads:11,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"The Metabolic Role of Peroxisome in Health and Disease",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10837.jpg",subseries:{id:"11",title:"Cell Physiology"}}},{id:"81723",title:"Peroxisomal Modulation as Therapeutic Alternative for Tackling Multiple Cancers",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104873",signatures:"Shazia Usmani, Shadma Wahab, Abdul Hafeez, Shabana Khatoon and Syed Misbahul Hasan",slug:"peroxisomal-modulation-as-therapeutic-alternative-for-tackling-multiple-cancers",totalDownloads:4,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"The Metabolic Role of Peroxisome in Health and Disease",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10837.jpg",subseries:{id:"11",title:"Cell Physiology"}}}]},overviewPagePublishedBooks:{paginationCount:11,paginationItems:[{type:"book",id:"7264",title:"Calcium and Signal Transduction",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7264.jpg",slug:"calcium-and-signal-transduction",publishedDate:"October 24th 2018",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"John N. Buchholz and Erik J. Behringer",hash:"e373a3d1123dbd45fddf75d90e3e7c38",volumeInSeries:1,fullTitle:"Calcium and Signal Transduction",editors:[{id:"89438",title:"Dr.",name:"John N.",middleName:null,surname:"Buchholz",slug:"john-n.-buchholz",fullName:"John N. Buchholz",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/89438/images/6463_n.jpg",biography:"Full Professor and Vice Chair, Division of Pharmacology, Loma Linda University, School of Medicine. He received his B.S. Degree in Biology at La Sierra University, Riverside California (1980) and a PhD in Pharmacology from Loma Linda University School of Medicine (1988). Post-Doctoral Fellow at University of California, Irvine, College of Medicine 1989-1992 with a focus on autonomic nerve function in blood vessels and the impact of aging on the function of these nerves and overall blood vessel function. Twenty years of research funding and served on NIH R01 review panels, Editor-In-Chief of Edorium Journal of Aging Research. Serves as a peer reviewer for biomedical journals. Military Reserve Officer serving with the 100 Support Command, 100 Troop Command, 40 Infantry Division, CA National Guard.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Loma Linda University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}]},{type:"book",id:"6925",title:"Endoplasmic Reticulum",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6925.jpg",slug:"endoplasmic-reticulum",publishedDate:"April 17th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Angel Català",hash:"a9e90d2dbdbc46128dfe7dac9f87c6b4",volumeInSeries:2,fullTitle:"Endoplasmic Reticulum",editors:[{id:"196544",title:"Prof.",name:"Angel",middleName:null,surname:"Catala",slug:"angel-catala",fullName:"Angel Catala",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/196544/images/system/196544.jpg",biography:"Angel Catalá studied chemistry at Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Argentina, where he received a Ph.D. in Chemistry (Biological Branch) in 1965. From 1964 to 1974, he worked as an Assistant in Biochemistry at the School of Medicine at the same university. From 1974 to 1976, he was a fellow of the National Institutes of Health (NIH) at the University of Connecticut, Health Center, USA. From 1985 to 2004, he served as a Full Professor of Biochemistry at the Universidad Nacional de La Plata. He is a member of the National Research Council (CONICET), Argentina, and the Argentine Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (SAIB). His laboratory has been interested for many years in the lipid peroxidation of biological membranes from various tissues and different species. Dr. Catalá has directed twelve doctoral theses, published more than 100 papers in peer-reviewed journals, several chapters in books, and edited twelve books. He received awards at the 40th International Conference Biochemistry of Lipids 1999 in Dijon, France. He is the winner of the Bimbo Pan-American Nutrition, Food Science and Technology Award 2006 and 2012, South America, Human Nutrition, Professional Category. In 2006, he won the Bernardo Houssay award in pharmacology, in recognition of his meritorious works of research. Dr. Catalá belongs to the editorial board of several journals including Journal of Lipids; International Review of Biophysical Chemistry; Frontiers in Membrane Physiology and Biophysics; World Journal of Experimental Medicine and Biochemistry Research International; World Journal of Biological Chemistry, Diabetes, and the Pancreas; International Journal of Chronic Diseases & Therapy; and International Journal of Nutrition. He is the co-editor of The Open Biology Journal and associate editor for Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity.",institutionString:"Universidad Nacional de La Plata",institution:{name:"National University of La Plata",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Argentina"}}}]},{type:"book",id:"6924",title:"Adenosine Triphosphate in Health and Disease",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6924.jpg",slug:"adenosine-triphosphate-in-health-and-disease",publishedDate:"April 24th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Gyula Mozsik",hash:"04106c232a3c68fec07ba7cf00d2522d",volumeInSeries:3,fullTitle:"Adenosine Triphosphate in Health and Disease",editors:[{id:"58390",title:"Dr.",name:"Gyula",middleName:null,surname:"Mozsik",slug:"gyula-mozsik",fullName:"Gyula Mozsik",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/58390/images/system/58390.png",biography:"Gyula Mózsik MD, Ph.D., ScD (med), is an emeritus professor of Medicine at the First Department of Medicine, Univesity of Pécs, Hungary. He was head of this department from 1993 to 2003. His specializations are medicine, gastroenterology, clinical pharmacology, clinical nutrition, and dietetics. His research fields are biochemical pharmacological examinations in the human gastrointestinal (GI) mucosa, mechanisms of retinoids, drugs, capsaicin-sensitive afferent nerves, and innovative pharmacological, pharmaceutical, and nutritional (dietary) research in humans. He has published about 360 peer-reviewed papers, 197 book chapters, 692 abstracts, 19 monographs, and has edited 37 books. He has given about 1120 regular and review lectures. He has organized thirty-eight national and international congresses and symposia. He is the founder of the International Conference on Ulcer Research (ICUR); International Union of Pharmacology, Gastrointestinal Section (IUPHAR-GI); Brain-Gut Society symposiums, and gastrointestinal cytoprotective symposiums. He received the Andre Robert Award from IUPHAR-GI in 2014. Fifteen of his students have been appointed as full professors in Egypt, Cuba, and Hungary.",institutionString:"University of Pécs",institution:{name:"University of Pecs",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Hungary"}}}]},{type:"book",id:"8008",title:"Antioxidants",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8008.jpg",slug:"antioxidants",publishedDate:"November 6th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Emad Shalaby",hash:"76361b4061e830906267933c1c670027",volumeInSeries:5,fullTitle:"Antioxidants",editors:[{id:"63600",title:"Prof.",name:"Emad",middleName:null,surname:"Shalaby",slug:"emad-shalaby",fullName:"Emad Shalaby",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/63600/images/system/63600.png",biography:"Dr. Emad Shalaby is a professor of biochemistry on the Biochemistry Department Faculty of Agriculture, Cairo University. He\nreceived a short-term scholarship to carry out his post-doctoral\nstudies abroad, from Japan International Cooperation Agency\n(JICA), in coordination with the Egyptian government. Dr.\nShalaby speaks fluent English and his native Arabic. He has 77\ninternationally published research papers, has attended 15 international conferences, and has contributed to 18 international books and chapters.\nDr. Shalaby works as a reviewer on over one hundred international journals and is\non the editorial board of more than twenty-five international journals. 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He worked as a post-doctoral fellow at the Public Health Research Institute (PHRI), Newark, NJ for four years before accepting a three-year faculty position at Brigham Young University-Hawaii. Dr. Engohang-Ndong is a tenured faculty member with the academic rank of Full Professor at Kent State University, Ohio, where he teaches a wide range of biological science courses and pursues his research in medical and environmental microbiology. 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He has an excellent track record in the herpesvirus field, and his group is engaged in clinical research in the field of Epstein-Barr virus diseases. He is the editor of the online Encyclopedia of Environment and he coordinates the Universal Health Coverage education program for the BioHealth Computing Schools of the European Institute of Science.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Grenoble Alpes University",country:{name:"France"}}},{id:"131400",title:"Prof.",name:"Alfonso J.",middleName:null,surname:"Rodriguez-Morales",slug:"alfonso-j.-rodriguez-morales",fullName:"Alfonso J. Rodriguez-Morales",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/131400/images/system/131400.png",biography:"Dr. Rodriguez-Morales is an expert in tropical and emerging diseases, particularly zoonotic and vector-borne diseases (especially arboviral diseases). He is the president of the Travel Medicine Committee of the Pan-American Infectious Diseases Association (API), as well as the president of the Colombian Association of Infectious Diseases (ACIN). He is a member of the Committee on Tropical Medicine, Zoonoses, and Travel Medicine of ACIN. He is a vice-president of the Latin American Society for Travel Medicine (SLAMVI) and a Member of the Council of the International Society for Infectious Diseases (ISID). Since 2014, he has been recognized as a Senior Researcher, at the Ministry of Science of Colombia. He is a professor at the Faculty of Medicine of the Fundacion Universitaria Autonoma de las Americas, in Pereira, Risaralda, Colombia. He is an External Professor, Master in Research on Tropical Medicine and International Health, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain. He is also a professor at the Master in Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Universidad Científica del Sur, Lima, Peru. In 2021 he has been awarded the “Raul Isturiz Award” Medal of the API. Also, in 2021, he was awarded with the “Jose Felix Patiño” Asclepius Staff Medal of the Colombian Medical College, due to his scientific contributions to COVID-19 during the pandemic. He is currently the Editor in Chief of the journal Travel Medicine and Infectious Diseases. His Scopus H index is 47 (Google Scholar H index, 68).",institutionString:"Institución Universitaria Visión de las Américas, Colombia",institution:null},{id:"332819",title:"Dr.",name:"Chukwudi Michael",middleName:"Michael",surname:"Egbuche",slug:"chukwudi-michael-egbuche",fullName:"Chukwudi Michael Egbuche",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/332819/images/14624_n.jpg",biography:"I an Dr. Chukwudi Michael Egbuche. I am a Senior Lecturer in the Department of Parasitology and Entomology, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Nnamdi Azikiwe University",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"284232",title:"Mr.",name:"Nikunj",middleName:"U",surname:"Tandel",slug:"nikunj-tandel",fullName:"Nikunj Tandel",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/284232/images/8275_n.jpg",biography:'Mr. Nikunj Tandel has completed his Master\'s degree in Biotechnology from VIT University, India in the year of 2012. He is having 8 years of research experience especially in the field of malaria epidemiology, immunology, and nanoparticle-based drug delivery system against the infectious diseases, autoimmune disorders and cancer. He has worked for the NIH funded-International Center of Excellence in Malaria Research project "Center for the study of complex malaria in India (CSCMi)" in collaboration with New York University. The preliminary objectives of the study are to understand and develop the evidence-based tools and interventions for the control and prevention of malaria in different sites of the INDIA. Alongside, with the help of next-generation genomics study, the team has studied the antimalarial drug resistance in India. Further, he has extended his research in the development of Humanized mice for the study of liver-stage malaria and identification of molecular marker(s) for the Artemisinin resistance. At present, his research focuses on understanding the role of B cells in the activation of CD8+ T cells in malaria. 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She is currently an Adjunct Professor at Feevale University in Medicine and Biomedicine courses and a permanent professor of the Academic Master\\'s Degree in Virology. She has experience in the field of Microbiology, with an emphasis on Bacteriology, working mainly on the following topics: bacteriophages, bacterial resistance, clinical microbiology and food microbiology.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Feevale",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"229220",title:"Dr.",name:"Amjad",middleName:"Islam",surname:"Aqib",slug:"amjad-aqib",fullName:"Amjad Aqib",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/229220/images/system/229220.png",biography:"Dr. Amjad Islam Aqib obtained a DVM and MSc (Hons) from University of Agriculture Faisalabad (UAF), Pakistan, and a PhD from the University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences Lahore, Pakistan. 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Professor Derbel is presently working at the Clinique les Oliviers, Sousse, Tunisia. His hospital activities are mostly concerned with laparoscopic, colorectal, pancreatic, hepatobiliary, and gastric surgery. He is also very interested in hernia surgery and performs ventral hernia repairs and inguinal hernia repairs. He has been a member of the GREPA and Tunisian Hernia Society (THS). During his residency, he managed patients suffering from diabetic foot, and he was very interested in this pathology. For this reason, he decided to coordinate a book project dealing with the diabetic foot. Professor Derbel has published many articles in journals and collaborates intensively with IntechOpen Access Publisher as an editor.",institutionString:"Clinique les Oliviers",institution:null},{id:"300144",title:"Dr.",name:"Meriem",middleName:null,surname:"Braiki",slug:"meriem-braiki",fullName:"Meriem Braiki",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/300144/images/system/300144.jpg",biography:"Dr. Meriem Braiki is a specialist in pediatric surgeon from Tunisia. She was born in 1985. She received her medical degree from the University of Medicine at Sousse, Tunisia. She achieved her surgical residency training periods in Pediatric Surgery departments at University Hospitals in Monastir, Tunis and France.\r\nShe is currently working at the Pediatric surgery department, Sidi Bouzid Hospital, Tunisia. Her hospital activities are mostly concerned with laparoscopic, parietal, urological and digestive surgery. She has published several articles in diffrent journals.",institutionString:"Sidi Bouzid Regional Hospital",institution:null},{id:"229481",title:"Dr.",name:"Erika M.",middleName:"Martins",surname:"de Carvalho",slug:"erika-m.-de-carvalho",fullName:"Erika M. de Carvalho",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/229481/images/6397_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Oswaldo Cruz Foundation",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"186537",title:"Prof.",name:"Tonay",middleName:null,surname:"Inceboz",slug:"tonay-inceboz",fullName:"Tonay Inceboz",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/186537/images/system/186537.jfif",biography:"I was graduated from Ege University of Medical Faculty (Turkey) in 1988 and completed his Med. PhD degree in Medical Parasitology at the same university. I became an Associate Professor in 2008 and Professor in 2014. I am currently working as a Professor at the Department of Medical Parasitology at Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey.\n\nI have given many lectures, presentations in different academic meetings. I have more than 60 articles in peer-reviewed journals, 18 book chapters, 1 book editorship.\n\nMy research interests are Echinococcus granulosus, Echinococcus multilocularis (diagnosis, life cycle, in vitro and in vivo cultivation), and Trichomonas vaginalis (diagnosis, PCR, and in vitro cultivation).",institutionString:"Dokuz Eylül University",institution:{name:"Dokuz Eylül University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"71812",title:"Prof.",name:"Hanem Fathy",middleName:"Fathy",surname:"Khater",slug:"hanem-fathy-khater",fullName:"Hanem Fathy Khater",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/71812/images/1167_n.jpg",biography:"Prof. Khater is a Professor of Parasitology at Benha University, Egypt. She studied for her doctoral degree, at the Department of Entomology, College of Agriculture, Food and Natural Resources, University of Missouri, Columbia, USA. She has completed her Ph.D. degrees in Parasitology in Egypt, from where she got the award for “the best scientific Ph.D. dissertation”. She worked at the School of Biological Sciences, Bristol, England, the UK in controlling insects of medical and veterinary importance as a grant from Newton Mosharafa, the British Council. Her research is focused on searching of pesticides against mosquitoes, house flies, lice, green bottle fly, camel nasal botfly, soft and hard ticks, mites, and the diamondback moth as well as control of several parasites using safe and natural materials to avoid drug resistances and environmental contamination.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Banha University",country:{name:"Egypt"}}},{id:"99780",title:"Prof.",name:"Omolade",middleName:"Olayinka",surname:"Okwa",slug:"omolade-okwa",fullName:"Omolade Okwa",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/99780/images/system/99780.jpg",biography:"Omolade Olayinka Okwa is presently a Professor of Parasitology at Lagos State University, Nigeria. She has a PhD in Parasitology (1997), an MSc in Cellular Parasitology (1992), and a BSc (Hons) Zoology (1990) all from the University of Ibadan, Nigeria. She teaches parasitology at the undergraduate and postgraduate levels. She was a recipient of a Commonwealth fellowship supported by British Council tenable at the Centre for Entomology and Parasitology (CAEP), Keele University, United Kingdom between 2004 and 2005. She was awarded an Honorary Visiting Research Fellow at the same university from 2005 to 2007. \nShe has been an external examiner to the Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Ibadan, MSc programme between 2010 and 2012. She is a member of the Nigerian Society of Experimental Biology (NISEB), Parasitology and Public Health Society of Nigeria (PPSN), Science Association of Nigeria (SAN), Zoological Society of Nigeria (ZSN), and is Vice Chairperson of the Organisation of Women in Science (OWSG), LASU chapter. She served as Head of Department of Zoology and Environmental Biology, Lagos State University from 2007 to 2010 and 2014 to 2016. She is a reviewer for several local and international journals such as Unilag Journal of Science, Libyan Journal of Medicine, Journal of Medicine and Medical Sciences, and Annual Research and Review in Science. \nShe has authored 45 scientific research publications in local and international journals, 8 scientific reviews, 4 books, and 3 book chapters, which includes the books “Malaria Parasites” and “Malaria” which are IntechOpen access publications.",institutionString:"Lagos State University",institution:{name:"Lagos State University",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"273100",title:"Dr.",name:"Vijay",middleName:null,surname:"Gayam",slug:"vijay-gayam",fullName:"Vijay Gayam",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/273100/images/system/273100.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Vijay Bhaskar Reddy Gayam is currently practicing as an internist at Interfaith Medical Center in Brooklyn, New York, USA. He is also a Clinical Assistant Professor at the SUNY Downstate University Hospital and Adjunct Professor of Medicine at the American University of Antigua. He is a holder of an M.B.B.S. degree bestowed to him by Osmania Medical College and received his M.D. at Interfaith Medical Center. His career goals thus far have heavily focused on direct patient care, medical education, and clinical research. He currently serves in two leadership capacities; Assistant Program Director of Medicine at Interfaith Medical Center and as a Councilor for the American\r\nFederation for Medical Research. As a true academician and researcher, he has more than 50 papers indexed in international peer-reviewed journals. He has also presented numerous papers in multiple national and international scientific conferences. His areas of research interest include general internal medicine, gastroenterology and hepatology. He serves as an editor, editorial board member and reviewer for multiple international journals. His research on Hepatitis C has been very successful and has led to multiple research awards, including the 'Equity in Prevention and Treatment Award” from the New York Department of Health Viral Hepatitis Symposium (2018) and the 'Presidential Poster Award” awarded to him by the American College of Gastroenterology (2018). He was also awarded 'Outstanding Clinician in General Medicine” by Venus International Foundation for his extensive research expertise and services, perform over and above the standard expected in the advancement of healthcare, patient safety and quality of care.",institutionString:"Interfaith Medical Center",institution:{name:"Interfaith Medical Center",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"93517",title:"Dr.",name:"Clement",middleName:"Adebajo",surname:"Meseko",slug:"clement-meseko",fullName:"Clement Meseko",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/93517/images/system/93517.jpg",biography:"Dr. Clement Meseko obtained DVM and PhD degree in Veterinary Medicine and Virology respectively. He has worked for over 20 years in both private and public sectors including the academia, contributing to knowledge and control of infectious disease. Through the application of epidemiological skill, classical and molecular virological skills, he investigates viruses of economic and public health importance for the mitigation of the negative impact on people, animal and the environment in the context of Onehealth. \r\nDr. Meseko’s field experience on animal and zoonotic diseases and pathogen dynamics at the human-animal interface over the years shaped his carrier in research and scientific inquiries. He has been part of the investigation of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza incursions in sub Saharan Africa and monitors swine Influenza (Pandemic influenza Virus) agro-ecology and potential for interspecies transmission. He has authored and reviewed a number of journal articles and book chapters.",institutionString:"National Veterinary Research Institute",institution:{name:"National Veterinary Research Institute",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"158026",title:"Prof.",name:"Shailendra K.",middleName:null,surname:"Saxena",slug:"shailendra-k.-saxena",fullName:"Shailendra K. Saxena",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRET3QAO/Profile_Picture_2022-05-10T10:10:26.jpeg",biography:"Professor Dr. Shailendra K. Saxena is a vice dean and professor at King George's Medical University, Lucknow, India. His research interests involve understanding the molecular mechanisms of host defense during human viral infections and developing new predictive, preventive, and therapeutic strategies for them using Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), HIV, and emerging viruses as a model via stem cell and cell culture technologies. His research work has been published in various high-impact factor journals (Science, PNAS, Nature Medicine) with a high number of citations. He has received many awards and honors in India and abroad including various Young Scientist Awards, BBSRC India Partnering Award, and Dr. JC Bose National Award of Department of Biotechnology, Min. of Science and Technology, Govt. of India. Dr. Saxena is a fellow of various international societies/academies including the Royal College of Pathologists, United Kingdom; Royal Society of Medicine, London; Royal Society of Biology, United Kingdom; Royal Society of Chemistry, London; and Academy of Translational Medicine Professionals, Austria. He was named a Global Leader in Science by The Scientist. He is also an international opinion leader/expert in vaccination for Japanese encephalitis by IPIC (UK).",institutionString:"King George's Medical University",institution:{name:"King George's Medical University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"94928",title:"Dr.",name:"Takuo",middleName:null,surname:"Mizukami",slug:"takuo-mizukami",fullName:"Takuo Mizukami",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/94928/images/6402_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"National Institute of Infectious Diseases",country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"233433",title:"Dr.",name:"Yulia",middleName:null,surname:"Desheva",slug:"yulia-desheva",fullName:"Yulia Desheva",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/233433/images/system/233433.png",biography:"Dr. Yulia Desheva is a leading researcher at the Institute of Experimental Medicine, St. Petersburg, Russia. She is a professor in the Stomatology Faculty, St. Petersburg State University. She has expertise in the development and evaluation of a wide range of live mucosal vaccines against influenza and bacterial complications. Her research interests include immunity against influenza and COVID-19 and the development of immunization schemes for high-risk individuals.",institutionString:'Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution "Institute of Experimental Medicine"',institution:null},{id:"238958",title:"Mr.",name:"Atamjit",middleName:null,surname:"Singh",slug:"atamjit-singh",fullName:"Atamjit Singh",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/238958/images/6575_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"333753",title:"Dr.",name:"Rais",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmed",slug:"rais-ahmed",fullName:"Rais Ahmed",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/333753/images/20168_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"252058",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Juan",middleName:null,surname:"Sulca",slug:"juan-sulca",fullName:"Juan Sulca",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/252058/images/12834_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"191392",title:"Dr.",name:"Marimuthu",middleName:null,surname:"Govindarajan",slug:"marimuthu-govindarajan",fullName:"Marimuthu Govindarajan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/191392/images/5828_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. M. Govindarajan completed his BSc degree in Zoology at Government Arts College (Autonomous), Kumbakonam, and MSc, MPhil, and PhD degrees at Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar, Tamil Nadu, India. He is serving as an assistant professor at the Department of Zoology, Annamalai University. His research interests include isolation, identification, and characterization of biologically active molecules from plants and microbes. He has identified more than 20 pure compounds with high mosquitocidal activity and also conducted high-quality research on photochemistry and nanosynthesis. He has published more than 150 studies in journals with impact factor and 2 books in Lambert Academic Publishing, Germany. He serves as an editorial board member in various national and international scientific journals.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"274660",title:"Dr.",name:"Damodar",middleName:null,surname:"Paudel",slug:"damodar-paudel",fullName:"Damodar Paudel",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/274660/images/8176_n.jpg",biography:"I am DrDamodar Paudel,currently working as consultant Physician in Nepal police Hospital.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"241562",title:"Dr.",name:"Melvin",middleName:null,surname:"Sanicas",slug:"melvin-sanicas",fullName:"Melvin Sanicas",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/241562/images/6699_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"337446",title:"Dr.",name:"Maria",middleName:null,surname:"Zavala-Colon",slug:"maria-zavala-colon",fullName:"Maria Zavala-Colon",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Puerto Rico, Medical Sciences Campus",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"338856",title:"Mrs.",name:"Nur Alvira",middleName:null,surname:"Pascawati",slug:"nur-alvira-pascawati",fullName:"Nur Alvira Pascawati",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universitas Respati Yogyakarta",country:{name:"Indonesia"}}},{id:"441116",title:"Dr.",name:"Jovanka M.",middleName:null,surname:"Voyich",slug:"jovanka-m.-voyich",fullName:"Jovanka M. Voyich",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Montana State University",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"330412",title:"Dr.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Farhab",slug:"muhammad-farhab",fullName:"Muhammad Farhab",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Agriculture Faisalabad",country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"349495",title:"Dr.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Ijaz",slug:"muhammad-ijaz",fullName:"Muhammad Ijaz",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences",country:{name:"Pakistan"}}}]}},subseries:{item:{id:"38",type:"subseries",title:"Pollution",keywords:"Human activity, Pollutants, Reduced risks, Population growth, Waste disposal, Remediation, Clean environment",scope:"
\r\n\tPollution is caused by a wide variety of human activities and occurs in diverse forms, for example biological, chemical, et cetera. In recent years, significant efforts have been made to ensure that the environment is clean, that rigorous rules are implemented, and old laws are updated to reduce the risks towards humans and ecosystems. However, rapid industrialization and the need for more cultivable sources or habitable lands, for an increasing population, as well as fewer alternatives for waste disposal, make the pollution control tasks more challenging. Therefore, this topic will focus on assessing and managing environmental pollution. It will cover various subjects, including risk assessment due to the pollution of ecosystems, transport and fate of pollutants, restoration or remediation of polluted matrices, and efforts towards sustainable solutions to minimize environmental pollution.
",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/38.jpg",hasOnlineFirst:!1,hasPublishedBooks:!0,annualVolume:11966,editor:{id:"110740",title:"Dr.",name:"Ismail M.M.",middleName:null,surname:"Rahman",slug:"ismail-m.m.-rahman",fullName:"Ismail M.M. Rahman",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/110740/images/2319_n.jpg",biography:"Ismail Md. Mofizur Rahman (Ismail M. M. Rahman) assumed his current responsibilities as an Associate Professor at the Institute of Environmental Radioactivity, Fukushima University, Japan, in Oct 2015. He also has an honorary appointment to serve as a Collaborative Professor at Kanazawa University, Japan, from Mar 2015 to the present. \nFormerly, Dr. Rahman was a faculty member of the University of Chittagong, Bangladesh, affiliated with the Department of Chemistry (Oct 2002 to Mar 2012) and the Department of Applied Chemistry and Chemical Engineering (Mar 2012 to Sep 2015). Dr. Rahman was also adjunctly attached with Kanazawa University, Japan (Visiting Research Professor, Dec 2014 to Mar 2015; JSPS Postdoctoral Research Fellow, Apr 2012 to Mar 2014), and Tokyo Institute of Technology, Japan (TokyoTech-UNESCO Research Fellow, Oct 2004–Sep 2005). \nHe received his Ph.D. degree in Environmental Analytical Chemistry from Kanazawa University, Japan (2011). He also achieved a Diploma in Environment from the Tokyo Institute of Technology, Japan (2005). Besides, he has an M.Sc. degree in Applied Chemistry and a B.Sc. degree in Chemistry, all from the University of Chittagong, Bangladesh. \nDr. Rahman’s research interest includes the study of the fate and behavior of environmental pollutants in the biosphere; design of low energy and low burden environmental improvement (remediation) technology; implementation of sustainable waste management practices for treatment, handling, reuse, and ultimate residual disposition of solid wastes; nature and type of interactions in organic liquid mixtures for process engineering design applications.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Fukushima University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}},editorTwo:{id:"201020",title:"Dr.",name:"Zinnat Ara",middleName:null,surname:"Begum",slug:"zinnat-ara-begum",fullName:"Zinnat Ara Begum",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/201020/images/system/201020.jpeg",biography:"Zinnat A. Begum received her Ph.D. in Environmental Analytical Chemistry from Kanazawa University in 2012. She achieved her Master of Science (M.Sc.) degree with a major in Applied Chemistry and a Bachelor of Science (B.Sc.) in Chemistry, all from the University of Chittagong, Bangladesh. Her work affiliations include Fukushima University, Japan (Visiting Research Fellow, Institute of Environmental Radioactivity: Mar 2016 to present), Southern University Bangladesh (Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering: Jan 2015 to present), and Kanazawa University, Japan (Postdoctoral Fellow, Institute of Science and Engineering: Oct 2012 to Mar 2014; Research fellow, Venture Business Laboratory, Advanced Science and Social Co-Creation Promotion Organization: Apr 2018 to Mar 2021). The research focus of Dr. Zinnat includes the effect of the relative stability of metal-chelator complexes in the environmental remediation process designs and the development of eco-friendly soil washing techniques using biodegradable chelators.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Fukushima University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}},editorThree:null,series:{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",issn:"2754-6713"},editorialBoard:[{id:"252368",title:"Dr.",name:"Meng-Chuan",middleName:null,surname:"Ong",slug:"meng-chuan-ong",fullName:"Meng-Chuan Ong",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRVotQAG/Profile_Picture_2022-05-20T12:04:28.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universiti Malaysia Terengganu",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Malaysia"}}},{id:"63465",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohamed Nageeb",middleName:null,surname:"Rashed",slug:"mohamed-nageeb-rashed",fullName:"Mohamed Nageeb Rashed",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/63465/images/system/63465.gif",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Aswan University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Egypt"}}},{id:"187907",title:"Dr.",name:"Olga",middleName:null,surname:"Anne",slug:"olga-anne",fullName:"Olga Anne",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSBE5QAO/Profile_Picture_2022-04-07T09:42:13.png",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Klaipeda State University of Applied Sciences",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Lithuania"}}}]},onlineFirstChapters:{paginationCount:6,paginationItems:[{id:"82135",title:"Carotenoids in Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz)",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105210",signatures:"Lovina I. 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