Revised task force criteria for arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy.
\\n\\n
More than half of the publishers listed alongside IntechOpen (18 out of 30) are Social Science and Humanities publishers. IntechOpen is an exception to this as a leader in not only Open Access content but Open Access content across all scientific disciplines, including Physical Sciences, Engineering and Technology, Health Sciences, Life Science, and Social Sciences and Humanities.
\\n\\nOur breakdown of titles published demonstrates this with 47% PET, 31% HS, 18% LS, and 4% SSH books published.
\\n\\n“Even though ItechOpen has shown the potential of sci-tech books using an OA approach,” other publishers “have shown little interest in OA books.”
\\n\\nAdditionally, each book published by IntechOpen contains original content and research findings.
\\n\\nWe are honored to be among such prestigious publishers and we hope to continue to spearhead that growth in our quest to promote Open Access as a true pioneer in OA book publishing.
\\n\\n\\n\\n
\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:{caption:"IntechOpen Maintains",originalUrl:"/media/original/113"}},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'
Simba Information has released its Open Access Book Publishing 2020 - 2024 report and has again identified IntechOpen as the world’s largest Open Access book publisher by title count.
\n\nSimba Information is a leading provider for market intelligence and forecasts in the media and publishing industry. The report, published every year, provides an overview and financial outlook for the global professional e-book publishing market.
\n\nIntechOpen, De Gruyter, and Frontiers are the largest OA book publishers by title count, with IntechOpen coming in at first place with 5,101 OA books published, a good 1,782 titles ahead of the nearest competitor.
\n\nSince the first Open Access Book Publishing report published in 2016, IntechOpen has held the top stop each year.
\n\n\n\nMore than half of the publishers listed alongside IntechOpen (18 out of 30) are Social Science and Humanities publishers. IntechOpen is an exception to this as a leader in not only Open Access content but Open Access content across all scientific disciplines, including Physical Sciences, Engineering and Technology, Health Sciences, Life Science, and Social Sciences and Humanities.
\n\nOur breakdown of titles published demonstrates this with 47% PET, 31% HS, 18% LS, and 4% SSH books published.
\n\n“Even though ItechOpen has shown the potential of sci-tech books using an OA approach,” other publishers “have shown little interest in OA books.”
\n\nAdditionally, each book published by IntechOpen contains original content and research findings.
\n\nWe are honored to be among such prestigious publishers and we hope to continue to spearhead that growth in our quest to promote Open Access as a true pioneer in OA book publishing.
\n\n\n\n
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Performance of solid-state lasers improved amazingly during five decades. Nowadays, solid-state lasers remain one of the most rapidly developing branches of laser science and become an increasingly important tool for modern technology. This book represents a selection of chapters exhibiting various investigation directions \r\nin the field of solid-state lasers and the cutting edge of related applications. The materials are contributed by leading researchers and each chapter represents a comprehensive study reflecting advances in modern laser physics. Considered topics are intended to meet the needs of both specialists in laser system design and those who use laser techniques in fundamental science and applied research. \r\n \r\nThis book is the result of efforts of experts from different countries. I would like to acknowledge the authors for their contribution to the book. 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\r\n\tAnimal models are used to understand physiological, biochemical, and pathological mechanisms of cells, tissues, organs, and systems, to elucidate inter-system relations, to develop new diagnostic methods for diseases or functional disorders, and to develop new strategies for their treatment. When considering the ethical and legal constraints, the need to use animal models maintains its importance from past to present. The success of the research depends on the suitability of the chosen model. For example, while single-celled organisms such as yeast are a convenient model for the study of basic eukaryotic cell functions such as cell cycle regulation, vesicular transport, protein folding, and DNA repair, simple invertebrates such as Caenorhabditis elegans or Drosophila are regarded as good models in studies examining the coordinated functions of genes related to signal transmission or protein-protein interactions. Simple vertebrates (zebrafish, frogs, etc.) or mammals (rat, mouse, rabbit, guinea pig, etc.) are used to establish human disease models or to explain their effects at the organism level. In addition, the use of experimental animals is quite common in experimental medicine research, especially in pharmaceutical developments and molecular pathway studies.
\r\n\r\n\tThis book aims to discuss current developments such as the definition of model animals, the purposes of using model animals and the diseases in which they are used, the selection of appropriate models and subjects, and the technological methods used in the experimental model.
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So far, he has authored 65 journal papers, 5 book chapters, and 75 other publications. He worked as an assistant professor in the Department of Biochemistry from 2004 to 2009. He earned the title of Associate Professor of Biochemistry in the field of Health Sciences in 2009. Dr. Karapehlivan was appointed Professor in 2014.",coeditorOneBiosketch:"Dr. Gelen has been engaged in various academic activities at Kafkas University since 2016. There he completed 5 projects and has 3 ongoing projects. He has 60 articles published in scientific journals and 20 poster presentations in scientific congresses. His research interests include physiology, endocrine system, cancer, diabetes, cardiovascular system diseases, and isolated organ bath system studies.",coeditorTwoBiosketch:"Dr. Kükürt has 27 published research articles in academic journals, 11 book chapters, and 37 papers. He took part in 10 academic projects. He served as a reviewer for many articles. 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He worked as an assistant professor in the Department of Biochemistry from 2004 to 2009. He earned the title of Associate Professor of Biochemistry in the field of Health Sciences in 2009. He was appointed Professor in 2014. He is currently working as a Professor in the Department of Biochemistry at Kafkas University Faculty of Medicine.",institutionString:"Kafkas University",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"2",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"Kafkas University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}}],coeditorOne:{id:"178366",title:"Dr.",name:"Volkan",middleName:null,surname:"Gelen",slug:"volkan-gelen",fullName:"Volkan Gelen",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/178366/images/system/178366.jpg",biography:"Volkan Gelen is a Physiology specialist who received his veterinary degree from Kafkas University in 2011. Between 2011-2015, he worked as an assistant at Atatürk University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Physiology. In 2016, he joined Kafkas University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Physiology as an assistant professor. Dr. Gelen has been engaged in various academic activities at Kafkas University since 2016. There he completed 5 projects and has 3 ongoing projects. He has 60 articles published in scientific journals and 20 poster presentations in scientific congresses. His research interests include physiology, endocrine system, cancer, diabetes, cardiovascular system diseases, and isolated organ bath system studies.",institutionString:"Kafkas University",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"5",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"Kafkas University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},coeditorTwo:{id:"219081",title:"Dr.",name:"Abdulsamed",middleName:null,surname:"Kükürt",slug:"abdulsamed-kukurt",fullName:"Abdulsamed Kükürt",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/219081/images/system/219081.png",biography:"Dr. Kükürt graduated from Uludağ University in Turkey. He started his academic career as a Research Assistant in the Department of Biochemistry at Kafkas University. In 2019, he completed his Ph.D. program in the Department of Biochemistry at the Institute of Health Sciences. He is currently working at the Department of Biochemistry, Kafkas University. He has 27 published research articles in academic journals, 11 book chapters, and 37 papers. He took part in 10 academic projects. He served as a reviewer for many articles. He still serves as a member of the review board in many academic journals. 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It is of genetic origin and two main proteins have been associated with the disease. The clinical manifestations include wooly hair, keratosis of the extremities, and right ventricular dysfunction. Albeit rare, the disease can cause advanced heart failure and life-threatening arrhythmias, even in the young [2]. Data on Naxos disease are limited, and current patient management follows the guidelines for heart failure and ARVC. In recent years, research has focused on the field of bioengineering, illuminating some of the aspects of the disease and cultivating future perspectives regarding its management. In this chapter we present current knowledge regarding the clinical presentation, epidemiology, genetic substrate, pathophysiology, current guidelines for patient management, and future paths for Naxos disease.
Naxos disease manifests with a typical phenotype including both cardiac and extracardiac characteristics. The extracardiac manifestation of the disease involves tight, wooly and rough hair, commonly present from birth [3]. In addition, Naxos patients exhibit diffuse palmoplantar non-epidermolytic keratosis, with clear borders, manifesting as soon as the child starts using hands and feet [3, 4]. Small arms and hands, short fingers, curved nails and hypo/oligodontia have also been reported in some cases [5, 6]. Notably, heterozygous carriers do not display certain aspects of the disease, such as palmoplantar keratoderma but wooly hair may manifest [7].
Regarding the cardiac characteristics, the disease resembles the ARVC phenotype. Echocardiography frequently portrays right ventricular dysfunction. In more detail, prominent dilation is often present along with hypokinesia and aneurysms that affect mainly the outflow tract, apex, and inferior wall of the right ventricle [3, 7]. In a quarter of the cases, the left ventricle is also affected, exhibiting the same characteristics as seen in dilated cardiomyopathy [4]. The term ‘triangle of dysplasia’ has been suggested in Naxos disease, which refers to aneurysms of the outflow tract, apex, and posterior wall of the right ventricle [8]. The disease prognosis is generally adverse [8]. The annual cardiac mortality reaches 3.0% [7].
While the extra-cardiac manifestations are prominent from a young age, symptoms suggestive of cardiac involvement usually occur in adolescence and in young adulthood. Heart failure and life-threatening ventricular arrhythmias may occur in adolescence [4]. Palpitations, syncope, and atrial arrhythmias are frequently encountered [5]. Arrhythmic events involve a wide range of patterns, from numerous premature ventricular complexes to sustained ventricular tachycardia (VT) and are present in half of the patients [7]. Events of VT, most commonly of a left bundle branch block (LBBB) pattern suggestive of right ventricular origin [9], have been documented in Naxos disease, even being drug-refractory in some cases [5]. Symptomatic patients tend to exhibit inducible VT in electrophysiology studies [3].
Symptoms suggestive of right ventricular dysfunction occur in advanced heart failure [8], while heart failure, either right- or bi-ventricular affects half of the patients after 10-year follow-up after diagnosis [7]. When severe hypokinesia is present in the context of progression of heart failure, intra-cardiac thrombi may occur [10]. Heterozygous carriers do not display ventricular arrhythmias or late potentials on signal-averaged electrocardiography (ECG), but atypical ECG or echocardiographic discrepancies may occur [7]. Similarly, they did not display symptoms or echocardiographic abnormalities in follow-up, in a paper by Protonotarios et al. [7].
Naxos disease has been identified as a form of ARVC inherited in an autosomal recessive pattern by the World Health Organization since 1995 [11]. However, the disease was first described in 1986, when Protonotarios and associates first documented the disease manifestations and clinical course [5]. The name “Naxos” originates from this original description of the disease; nine patients, aged 7 to 41 years, from four families of Naxos island in Greece, were presented. All these patients had wooly hair and palmoplantar keratosis as well as a range of arrhythmic events, including VT. Interestingly, all patients had echocardiographic signs of right ventricular (RV) dysfunction, while in some the left ventricle (LV) was also affected [5]. Since then, more patients have been found not only in Greece, but in Israel, Saudi Arabia, Italy, and Turkey [12]. Sporadic cases of the disease have also been identified in Bangladesh and in Canada [13, 14]. The prevalence of the disease in the Greek islands has been calculated to 1:1000 [3]. Officially, the disease was first named “Naxos disease” in a 1994 abstract [15]. Of interest, since ARVC and its clinical spectrum has been found to manifest with biventricular or mainly LV dysfunction, the term arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy (ACM) has been proposed as more accurate [1]. Prevalence of heterozygous carriers is up to 5% in the Naxos population [8].
The proposed recessive hereditary pattern and the resemblance of the disease to ARVC [5, 16], was confirmed in 1998, when its locus was identified in chromosome 17 in position q21 [17], and in 2000 when plakoglobin was identified as the mutated protein attributed to the disease [18]. Since then, research has concluded that the causative mutation (Pk2157del2TG) is in the gene truncating the C-terminal of the protein plakoglobin [3, 12]. In addition, another mutation, the homozygous 2-bp deletion (c.2157delTG) (also in the protein plakoglobin) has been associated with the disease [18]. Furthermore, mutations of the protein desmoplakin have been identified to cause cardiocutaneous ARVC [19, 20]. Early data suggested that Naxos disease was a more severe form of ARVC [12], while a more recent comparison between the two entities indicates a similar cardiac phenotype, easily identified through non-invasive screening [2, 21]. In 2017, a novel homozygous mutation was discovered to cause Naxos disease, in unrelated patients of French-Canadian families. This is a mutation of the exon 5 of the JUP gene (p.Glu301 Gly) [14]. Two mutations of the desmoplakin gene have been implicated; Dsp7901del1G and DspG2375R [19, 20]. All aforementioned mutations follow an autosomal recessive pattern [2]. However, in 2011 a mutation (c.1790 C > T, p.Ser597Leu) was reported to be causative of the disease associated with hypo/oligodontia, that follows an autosomal dominant pattern [6].
A syndrome resembling Naxos disease, known as Carvajal syndrome, has been described in families from Ecuador and India as well as in Arab-Palestinian families [8, 22, 23]. Truncated proteins of desmoplakin, plakoglobin and desmocollin-2 have been implemented in the genetic substrate [23]. This syndrome was first described by Carvajal-Huerta [22]. Patients present with epidermolytic keratoderma while the disease usually manifests at a younger age and the LV is commonly affected [3, 8]. Notably, the replacement of the myocytes by fatty tissue is not apparent in Carvajal syndrome [24].
Both plakoglobin (γ-catenin) and desmoplakin, that are linked with Naxos disease are associated with myocardial cell adhesion [3, 25]. Plakoglobin has a two-fold role in both mechanical contraction and electrical signal conduction; it is a component of the desmosomes, interconnecting with the intermediate filaments of desmin, and constitutes a component of the adherens junctions where it is connected to the actin skeleton [3, 26]. Similarly, desmoplakin is a cytoplasmic protein that links plakoglobin to the intermediate filaments of desmin [3]. The defective cell adhesion in the case of the truncated plakoglobin protein, also causes a reduction in the connexin-43 levels, a major gap junction protein. The associated myocardial gap-junction remodeling, creates a substrate for arrhythmogenic events [27]. Furthermore, the defective cell adhesion of the cardiomyocytes leads to their apoptosis which is then followed by fibrofatty replacement in the affected ventricles [18]. The associated conduction disturbances created can induce arrhythmogenic events and sustain re-entry circuits [3].
In the landmark paper Protonotarios et al., all patients were reported to have signs of intra-ventricular conduction delay ECG as well as echocardiographic findings of right- or bi-ventricular dysfunction. In more detail, the ECG abnormalities that were reported include a wide QRS ≥120 ms and abnormal T-wave inversions in seven out of nine patients [5]. The most common abnormalities documented in Naxos patients are wide QRS and inverted T-waves in V1-V3 or in all precordial leads, while epsilon waves may also be present [3]. An incomplete right bundle branch block may also be apparent, while the extrasystoles tend to manifest with an LBBB morphology [7]. Flattened T-waves appear in the case of biventricular involvement [3]. Late potentials in Naxos disease are more often abnormal than in other forms of cardiomyopathies [28]. In echocardiography, dysfunction, hypokinesia and aneurysms are prominent [3, 7]. In histological specimens fibrofatty patterns are prominent, while focal myocarditis has also been reported in follow-up histology specimens [4]. Both the subepicardial and the mediomural myocardium of the involved ventricles is replaced by fibrofatty tissue, while healthy myocytes are surrounded by fatty tissue [3, 29]. In immunohistochemical specimens the signal of plakoglobin and connexin-43 in the intracellular junctions is diminished [24, 27].
Since the disease belongs in the ARVC spectrum and there are currently no specific diagnostic criteria for the cardiac manifestations of Naxos disease, the diagnostic criteria of ARVC are widely used [30, 31]. However, while the specificity of the revised task force criteria is high, sensitivity has been shown to be as low as 13–20% [32]. Since then, progress has been made regarding tissue characterization through cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR), possibly providing a tool of higher diagnostic accuracy, high specificity and high sensitivity [32, 33]. The revised task force criteria for ARVC are depicted in Table 1. In November 2020 the Padua criteria for the diagnosis of ACM was published. The Padua diagnostic criteria introduce tissue characterization by contrast enhanced cardiac magnetic resonance for detection of fibro-fatty myocardial replacement of both ventricles. It also adds new ECG criteria, including depolarization/ repolarization abnormalities and ventricular arrhythmias, specific for the LV involvement [34]. The proposed Padua diagnostic criteria need to be validated by further clinical studies in large cohorts of patients.
Category | Criteria |
---|---|
Global or regional dysfunction and structural alterations | By 2-D echocardiography: Regional RV akinesia, dyskinesia, or aneurysm and 1 of the following (measured in end diastole): PLAX RVOT ≥32 mm (corrected for body size PLAX/BSA ≥19 mm/m2) PSAX RVOT ≥36 mm (corrected for body size PSAX/BSA ≥21 mm/m2) or fractional area change ≤33% By CMR: Regional RV akinesia, dyskinesia or dyssynchronous RV contraction and 1 of the following: Ratio of RV end-diastolic volume to BSA ≥110 mL/m2 (male) or ≥100 mL/m2 (female) or RV ejection fraction ≤40% By RV angiography: Regional RV akinesia, dyskinesia or aneurysm By 2-D echocardiography: Regional RV akinesia or dyskinesia and 1 of the following (measured in end diastole): PLAX RVOT ≥29 to <32 mm (corrected for body size PLAX/BSA ≥ 16 to <19 mm/m2) PSAX RVOT 32 to 36 mm (corrected for body size PSAX/BSA ≥18 to <21 mm/m2) or fractional area change 33–40% By CMR: Regional RV akinesia or dyskinesia or dyssynchronous RV contraction and 1 of the following: Ratio of RV end-diastolic volume to BSA ≥100 to <110 mL/m2 (male) or ≥ 90 to <100 mL/m2 (female) or RV ejection fraction >40% to ≤45% |
Wall tissue characterization | Residual myocytes <60% by morphometric analysis (or < 50% if estimated), with fibrous replacement of the RV free wall myocardium in ≥1 sample, with or without fatty replacement of tissue on endomyocardial biopsy Residual myocytes 60–75% by morphometric analysis (or 50–65% if estimated), with fibrous replacement of the RV free wall myocardium in ≥1 sample, with or without fatty replacement of tissue on endomyocardial biopsy |
Repolarization abnormalities | Inverted T waves in right precordial leads (V1, V2, and V3), or beyond in individuals >14 years old (in the absence of complete RBBB ≥QRS 120 ms) Inverted T waves in leads V1 and V2 in individuals >14 years old (in the absence of complete RBBB) or in V4, V5 or V6 Inverted T waves in leads V1, V2, V3, and V4 in individuals >14 years old in the presence of complete RBBB |
Depolarization/conduction abnormalities | Epsilon wave (reproducible low-amplitude signals between end of QRS complex to onset of the T wave) in the right precordial leads (V1 to V3) Late potentials by SAECG in ≥1 of 3 parameters in the absence of QRS ≥110 ms on the standard ECG Filtered QRS duration (fQRS) ≥114 ms Duration of terminal QRS <40 μV (low-amplitude signal duration) ≥38 ms Root-mean-square voltage of terminal 40 ms ≤20 μV Terminal activation duration of QRS ≥55 ms measured from the nadir of the S wave to the end of the QRS, including R’, in V1, V2, or V3, in the absence of complete RBBB |
Arrhythmias | Nonsustained or sustained ventricular tachycardia of LBBB morphology with superior axis (negative or indeterminate QRS in leads II, III, and aVF and positive in lead aVL) Nonsustained or sustained ventricular tachycardia of RV outflow configuration, LBBB morphology with inferior axis (positive QRS in leads II, III, and aVF and negative in lead aVL) or of unknown axis >500 ventricular extrasystoles per 24 hours (Holter monitoring) |
Family history | ARVC confirmed in a first-degree relative who meets current Task Force criteria ARVC confirmed pathologically at autopsy or surgery in a first degree relative Identification of a pathogenic mutation categorized as associated or probably associated with ARVC in the patient under evaluation History of ARVC in a first-degree relative in whom it is not possible or practical to determine whether the family member meets current Task Force criteria Premature sudden death (<35 years of age) due to suspected ARVC in a first-degree relative ARVC confirmed pathologically or by current Task Force Criteria in a second-degree relative |
Revised task force criteria for arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy.
Required for definite diagnosis: 2 major or 1 major and 2 minor criteria or 4 minor from different categories; borderline: 1 major and 1 minor or 3 minor criteria from different categories
Possible diagnosis: 1 major or 2 minor criteria from different categories.
ARVC, arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy; BSA, body surface area; CMR, cardiac magnetic resonance imaging; LBBB, left bundle branch block; PLAX, parasternal long-axis view; PSAX, parasternal short-axis view; RBBB, right bundle branch block; RV, right ventricular; RVOT, RV outflow tract; SAEG, signal averaged ECG.
Adapted from Marcus et al. [31].
Naxos disease is predominantly a condition affecting the right ventricle, causing right ventricular failure. Unlike for LV failure, less is known regarding the optimal pharmacological therapy. However, the expert consensus regarding the management of ACMs suggests that when treating left or right ventricular dysfunction, angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors, angiotensin receptor blockers, beta-blockers, mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists, and diuretics, in the case of fluid overload, should be considered [35]. Despite the lack of Naxos-specific guidelines, ACE inhibitors, betablockers, and diuretics are reasonable prescribing choices [2]. Dapagliflozine and empagliflozine have been introduced in the treatment of heart failure, even in non-diabetic patients [36, 37], while sacubitril/valsartan is indicated for patients with left ventricular ejection fraction (EF) ≤35% [38]. Anticoagulation treatment is indicated in the case of atrial fibrillation/flutter, in the event of intra-cardiac thrombi and can also be considered in patients with ventricular aneurysms, either left or right [35, 39]. In the case of advanced heart failure, patients may benefit from devices such as cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT), often combined with an implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD), left ventricular assist devices (LVAD) and assist devices for the right ventricle (RVAD or BiVAD) in the setting of an LVAD implantation and considered as bridge to transplant [38].
The prognosis of the disease is adverse, especially in the young and annual SCD mortality is 2.3% [7, 8]. As risk factors for SCD, the following have been identified: history of syncope, onset of symptoms before the age of 35, structural progression before the age of 35, and left-ventricular involvement [7]. However, risk stratification of SCD constitutes a challenge. ARVC guidelines and position papers on ICD implantation, guide the same decisions in the management of Naxos disease [35, 40]. Criteria for risk stratification for SCD is presented in Table 2. A clear indication for an ICD implantation is aborted SCD and VT with haemodynamic instability, while in the case of VT without haemodynamic compromise it should also be considered [35, 40]. An ICD protects from SCD in ARVC either in secondary prevention or is justified as primary prevention based on careful judgment of risk factors [40, 41, 42]. However, the clinical presentation should play a major part in the decision making; unexplained syncope, risk markers associated with medical history, family history and severity of clinical presentation and deterioration should be considered [40]. An ICD is indicated for ACM patients with low ejection fraction ≤35% and New York Heart Association (NYHA) class II or III, provided that the patient’s estimated survival exceeds one year [35]. The same guidelines apply for Naxos patients. The first implantation of an ICD in a Naxos patient was reported in 2000 [43]. Naxos-specific guidelines are rare. Among those, an ICD is indicated for patients who are symptomatic or present structural progression especially before the age of 35 [8, 44]. Naxos patients, like ARVC patients, should abstain from competitive sports as myocardial stress can exacerbate the dysplasia [40]. Regarding drug therapy, beta-blockers (Class I), and possibly amiodarone (Class IIb) and sotalol (Class IIb) in special cases have been suggested for patients with ACMs for the control of arrhythmias and the reduction of ICD shocks [35, 45]. Specifically for Naxos patients with recurrent sustained VTs, anti-arrhythmic drugs should be prescribed as per the general guidelines of arrhythmias, while amiodarone or sotalol alone or in combination with beta-blockers have been suggested [8, 40, 45]. As far as catheter ablation is concerned, it should be considered in ACM cases with amiodarone-refractory recurrent monomorphic VT, recurrent symptomatic drug-refractory sustained VT, symptomatic nonsustained VT or a high ectopic burden (≥1000 premature ventricular contractions/day) refractory to beta-blockers [35]. Beta-blockers are also recommended for patients without an ICD (Class IIa) [35].
Estimated Risk | Parameters |
---|---|
High risk (>10% / year) |
|
Intermediate risk (1–10% / year) |
|
Low risk (<1% / year) |
|
On the front of cellular and molecular engineering, advances have been made that may create a substrate with therapeutic potentials in the future. The pharmaceutical substance SB216763 (SB21) (an inhibitor of the glycogen synthase kinase GSK-3β) prevented heart failure and reduced mortality when administered early on to zebrafish models with induced plakoglobin mutations that resulted in Naxos disease. The effect could possibly be attributed to the prevention of the formation of an arrhythmic substrate on the intercalated disk level [47]. Further data on mammalian models are, however, needed [2, 48].
On the front of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) that enable the in-vitro study of human genetic disorders like ARVC through the induction of mutant cardiomyocytes, albeit a challenging field, promising results have been reported [49, 50, 51]. Researchers have been able to re-create the ARVC phenotype using adultlike metabolic energetics, proving that adultlike metabolism plays a crucial role in establishing ARVC models through iPSCs [49]. Furthermore, cultured ARVC cardiomyocytes manifest with adipogenic phenotype and reduced cell surface localization of desmosomal proteins, characteristic features of ARVC [50]. Also Naxos-ARVC has been created in mice models through a homozygous mutation of the plakoglobin gene [52] and of the desmoplakin gene, the latter causing human-like cardiac arrhythmias, palmoplantar keratosis, and alopecia [53]. Interestingly, cardiac function was restored in mice through the normalization of Naxos plakoglobin levels, indicating that it is the downregulation of the protein that causes the cardiac dysfunction, rather than the mutation itself [54]. This conclusion, if further supported, could have clinical applications in Naxos disease [2]. The article suggests that an approach to this would be to use antisense technology to specifically block nonsense-mediated decay of mutant plakoglobin mRNA, enabling the expression of the truncated protein at increased levels [54, 55].
In this chapter key aspects of Naxos disease are presented. Due to its rarity, the condition follows the general guidelines for arrhythmias and heart failure, as disease-specific criteria is lacking. However, due to its uniqueness, larger Naxos registries are needed, as they would illuminate the individual characteristics of the disease as well as guide the way to designated guidelines for the management of Naxos patients. Possibly, the thorough study of the origins of the disease, the genetic substrate and pathogenesis, can offer insights with therapeutic potential.
IK and ML reports no conflicts of interest. GM has received speaker’s fee from Alnylam, MSD, and Internetmedicin. PM is on the advisory board of Coala Life and has received speaker’s fees or grants from Abbott, Alnylam, Amicus Therapeutics, AstraZeneca, Bayer, Boehringer-Ingelheim, Internetmedicin, Lilly, MSD, Novo Nordisk, Octopus Medical, OrionPharma, Pfizer, Vifor Pharma, and Zoll.
angiotensin-converting enzyme arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy cardiac magnetic resonance cardiac resynchronization therapy electrocardiography induced pluripotent stem cell implantable cardioverter-defibrillator left bundle branch block left ventricle left ventricular assist device New York Heart Association sudden cardiac death ventricular tachycardia
Since the ultrafast (femtosecond) laser was demonstrated in the 1980s, the field of terahertz (THz) technologies has emerged with an array of applications appearing in different areas, from spectroscopy and sensing to imaging and high-speed communications [1, 2]. Terahertz radiation is nonionizing radiation and has low photon energies, thus having less chance of tissues, cells, and DNA damage during the spectroscopic, sensing, and imaging applications. In addition, the terahertz radiation can be transmitted through some opaque objects in visible light, which opens an array of detection and security applications. The late development of the THz applications is due to the challenges in the generation and detection within the THz band. Its frequencies of 0.1 to 10 THz (30 μm to 3 mm), sandwiched between the electronic and optical frequencies, cannot be generated by conventional electronics or optical methods [3]. This is because the conventional electronics technologies are insufficient to produce broadband waves at these relatively high frequencies. On the other hand, conventional optical technologies cannot emit THz frequencies due to a fundamental issue; there is no material with a bandgap energy corresponding to the THz frequencies [4]. Fortunately, various ultrafast laser and semiconductors approaches have been examined and established. That leads to demonstration of the first emission of pulsed THz radiation using a dipole photoconductive antenna in 1988 by Smith
The photoconductive THz emitter is an optoelectronic device with three main components, being the photoconductive materials, the photoconductive electrodes, and the lens [8] (Figure 1). The photoconductive material is a semiconductor having bandgap energy compatible with the photon energy of the ultrashort laser pulses. In addition, the photoconductive material should have optimum characteristics, including carrier lifetime, carrier mobility, breakdown voltage, and dark resistivity [9]. The carrier lifetime is preferable to be short. However, in the case of the photoconductive detector, it must be in the subpicosecond range. A higher breakdown voltage, carrier mobility, and dark resistivity are fundamental characteristics to assure a better photoconductive THz emitter performance in the form of higher radiated power, higher SNR, and broader bandwidth. The second component is the photoconductive electrodes. The photoconductive electrodes are two metal electrodes patterned on top of the device, having a gap in between, namely, a photoconductive gap. The design and dimensions of such a gap will influence the device’s performance. The last component is the lens. The lens is typically integrated with the emitter to accumulate the radiated field; the radiated field will then be focused on the targeted radiation path.
Illustration of the photoconductive device, as in (a) it shows a schematic diagram of the photoconductive THz emitter, and in (b) it shows the semiconductor band structure under the applied electric field. © IOP publishing. Reproduced with permission. All rights reserved [
The photoconductive THz emitter can generate the THz radiation following photoexcitation of its photoconductive gap by an ultrashort laser pulse. When the laser pulse is focused into a photoconductive gap, the laser pulse generates free electrons and holes within the semiconductor, having a rate proportional to the laser pulse [10]. The free carriers will then accelerate under a bias field, controlled by the bias voltage,
This chapter presents the photoconductive devices for THz generation, with insights into their components, limitations, and considerations, and recent progress in this field. In Section 2, a number of photoconductive materials are discussed, the influence of the material and material’s characteristics are addressed. In Section 3, the photoconductive electrodes (structure) are considered. This includes different structures characteristics based on their size, being a large aperture antenna, a small aperture antenna, and the plasmonic antenna, discussing the influences on the photoconductive THz emitters’ performance. In Section 4, the limitations of the THz emission by photoconductive devices are discussed. The presented limitations are mainly related to the bias field and optical (pump) fluence, which appear in the form of radiated power saturation. In addition, the underlying physics of the space charge and near-field saturation is provided. Ultimately, in Section 5, the recent advances in photoconductive devices technology are given, including the integrated devices and the system-on-chip technologies.
In general, the photoconductive THz emitter performance differs based on the photoconductive material and structure. Therefore, the photoconductive material will be the focus of this section. The optimum photoconductive materials would be crystal lattices with a direct bandgap between the valence and conduction bands. This bandgap determined the absorption wavelength of the exciting laser pulse. Other factors that play a significant role in choosing suitable materials are low carrier lifetime and high carrier mobilities. The most studied materials for photoconductive devices are gallium arsenide (GaAs), indium gallium arsenide (InGaAs), quantum well of InGaAs, indium aluminum arsenide (InAlAs), and a combination of group III-VI materials. This section will explore the photoconductive materials GaAs, ion-implantation in GaAs, InGaAs, and multi-quantum wells InGaAs/InAlAs.
Gallium Arsenide (GaAs) is a III–V semiconductor that has a bandgap of (Eg ∼ 1.42 eV at 300 K) corresponding to the emission wavelength of 880 nm [12]. GaAs is compatible with the titanium-doped sapphire (Ti: sapphire) femtosecond pulsed laser sources typically used to illuminate the photoconductive THz emitters. The GaAs has been the most common material and is typically employed in semi-insulating (SI)-GaAs, low temperature-grown (LT)-GaAs, or ion-implanted GaAs. The SI-GaAs grown by liquid-encapsulated Czochralski at 450–600°C [13] is typically a single crystal that has a high resistivity (>107 Ω cm) and a high electron mobility (μ > 7000 cm2/Vs) [14]. The SI-GaAs is considered a cost-effective substrate and has become widely used material for photoconductive devices. However, the research was ongoing to shorten the carrier lifetime. The LT-GaAs grown on SI-GaAs is proved to reduce carrier lifetime two orders of magnitude to below 1 ps compared to SI-GaAs (t > 100 ps) and efficiently generate broadband THz radiations of over 1 THz with high resistivity (107 Ω cm) and reasonable mobility μ (100–300 cm2/Vs) [15]. The growth is typically done by molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) on the surface of SI-GaAs substrate and growth temperature to between 200°C and 300°C in an arsenic-rich environment [16]. In such a case, it yields a high level of crystallinity, which means higher carrier mobilities and point defects due to excess As precipitants. Higher mobility leads to fast response, and point defects significantly reduce the lifetime (below 400 fs). These point defects act as recombination centers [15]. Increasing the temperature above 250°C will increase the lifetime to be greater than 50 ps. Tani
An alternative approach is using the ion-implantation technique to create point defects and reduce the lifetime in SI-GaAs by implementing arsenic, oxygen, nitrogen, carbon, and hydrogen (proton). Implanting H+ ions are shown to decrease the carrier lifetime of GaAs to sub-picosecond. Then several groups studied the effect of As+3 ion implantation of SI-GaAs and introduced excess As+3 impurities within the crystal structure similar to LT-GaAs [11]. However, the ion-implantation technique of As+3 (GaAs∶ As+3) improved the controllability of the excess As+3 concentration and uniformity as compared to LT-GaAs, making it more reproducible than LT growth [11]. Salem
The InGaAs are also employed as photoconductive material. It is a great advantage of the III-V compound to engineer the bandgap by changing the composition ratio. For example, the bandgap of the ternary compound indium gallium arsenide (InxGax-1As) can be potentially varied from 1.42 eV (x = 0) to 0.36 eV (x = 1). From a practical point of view, the protentional to achieve 0.8 eV (1550 nm optical excitation) was the motivation for investigating this material for THz applications. Doping InGaAs by iron has been demonstrated to provide required recombination sites for a subpicosecond carrier lifetime, higher optical pump saturation power, and higher breakdown voltage. Wood
Heterostructure devices consisting of alternate InGaAs/InAlAs multilayer stacks (multiquantum wells) have been proposed [21] as potential materials for photoconductive devices and achieve high performance at 1550 nm comparable to LT-GaAs excited at 800 nm. Sartorius
In addition to the GaAs, and InGa(Al)As, many other materials of group III-V such as InAs [23], InSb [23], GaSb [24], GaAsSb [25], and doped InGaAs [26], GaInSb [25] are studied as photoconductive material. Choosing the materials highly depends on the application and operating wavelength. Although LT-GaAs is still the most used material for photoconductive devices and is the most efficient material for 800 nm. However, it exhibits poor absorption at 1.55 μm, where other materials such as InGaAs or InGaAs/InAlAs heterostructure become more attractive. Table 1 summarized some of the photoconductive materials with the advantages, disadvantages, active layer, and the operating wavelength.
Photoconductive material | Advantages | Disadvantages | Active layer | Operating wavelength (nm) |
---|---|---|---|---|
GaAS | The most used materials for THz PCAs and is well studied. It is the most efficient material for 800 nm. | It is not suitable for 1550 nm excitation wavelength. | LT-GaAs | 780 |
LT-GaAs | 770 | |||
LT-GaAs | 776 | |||
LT-GaAs | 800 | |||
SI-GaAs | 800 | |||
GaAs:Er | 1550 | |||
InGaAs | Suitable for 1550 nm excitation wavelength. | Low dark resistivity. | InGaAs | 1550 |
InGaAs | 1550 | |||
Multi-QW | Higher dark resistivity. High performance at 1550 nm comparable to LT-GaAs excited at 800 nm. | More complication. | InGaAs/InAlAs | 1550 |
other materials of group III-V | The ability to engineer the target excitation wavelength. | More complication. It is not well studied. | InAs | 780/ 1550 |
InSb | 780/ 1550 | |||
GaSb | 800 | |||
GaAsSb | 800 (up to 1440) | |||
InGaAs | 800 and 1500 | |||
GaInSb | 800 |
Summary of some photoconductive materials with the advantages, disadvantages, active layer, and the operating wavelength.
The photoconductive devices for THz emission have been developed extensively to fulfill the demand for high-performance THz emitters—and thus be essential for spectroscopic and imaging applications. The development of the emitters’ structure is related to its design and dimensions and how that is attributed to the high performance of the THz emission. The performance of the photoconductive THz emitters is determined in the form of radiated power (or the THz spectral amplitude), SNR, and bandwidth. It is worth noting that the bandwidth here manifests itself as is the maximum frequency in the THz spectral amplitude, as a function of frequency,
In the large-aperture and interdigitated electrodes photoconductive THz emitters, the gap between the two electrodes can be large as 4 mm to 130 μm [11]. Such a gap will allow a high level of optical excitation before reaching the saturation issues. Thus, the importance of such emitters stems from the need to scale up the radiated power, which is influenced by the incident optical power. A molded has been developed by Darrow
In the small-aperture photoconductive THz emitter (dipole antenna), the gap between the two electrodes is smaller than in the large-aperture THz emitters, typically below 200 μm. In this case, it will be more difficult to align the laser spot within the PC gap. Although these emitters experience the saturation issues at lower pump fluence, in comparison with the large-aperture THz emitters, these emitters provide broader bandwidth over the large-aperture THz emitters. Our recent work on the design and structure of photoconductive THz emitters based on SI-GaAs examined the influence of bowtie structure characteristics on the THz spectral amplitude and bandwidth [28]. It is found that the bandwidth can be improved from 3.4 THz to 3.7 THz by changing the design of electrode structure from a sharp bowtie to an asymmetric bowtie structure at the same photoconductive gap. That could be attributed to the smaller capacitance of the sharp bowtie structure over the asymmetric bowtie structure, which results in a shorter resistance-capacitance (RC) time constant. The RC time constant,
Figure 2 illustrates the biased photoconductive gap with its equivalent circuit, here the redistribution of charge on the electrodes, can be seen as incident voltage waveform,
A biased photoconductive gap at bias voltage,
The plasmonic THz emitter is introduced by Berry
A schematic diagram of the photoconductive device shows in (a), the conventional photoconductive THz emitter, and in (b), the plasmonic photoconductive THz emitter. © IOP publishing. Reproduced with permission. All rights reserved [
Overall, the photoconductive structure plays a significant role in the performance of the photoconductive THz emitters. The large-aperture and interdigitated electrodes THz emitters mitigate the influence of saturation for scaling up the THz emission with the optical influence. The small aperture THz emitter (dipole antenna) shows a broader bandwidth, which allows discovering a more comprehensive range of THz frequencies. In addition, the recent studies on plasmonic devices present their significance to the photoconductive THz emitter performance. It also steers the future research and development of high-performance photoconductive devices for spectroscopy, sensing, and imaging applications.
The underlying physics of the THz emission by photoconductive devices is the core of this section, which helps understand these devices’ behavior. The photoconductive THz emission scales linearly with the applied bias field and pump fluence. However, that can be precise only in the ideal case, at low levels of bias field and/or optical excitation. Higher levels of bias field influence the photoconductive THz emitters’ performance. Such influence can be seen as thermal effects, space-charge-limited current effects, etc. In addition, the photoconductive device has a limitation at a higher bias field correlated to the breakdown voltage of the photoconductive material. The pump fluence also has an impact, but that can be observed as the saturation of the THz radiation. The saturation (screening) of the THz radiation is mainly associated with two different mechanisms, being space-charge and near-field screening. This section will explore the limitation of the photoconductive THz emission with insights into the material and structure implications on photoconductive THz emitter’s performance.
The THz radiated power (or the THz field amplitude,
The scaling of THz radiated power as the THz field amplitude,
The pump fluence impacts the radiated THz power in the form of saturation (screening). At a higher level of optical excitation, the radiated THz power will be saturated. This saturation can be classified into two mechanisms, being space-charge and near-field screening. However, each screening status differs based on the photoconductive characteristics (material and structure) and optical characteristics (pump fluence). It is worth noting that transient mobility (mobility as a function of pump fluence) plays an important role in the emitted THz power and thus in the screening of the THz field [30]. The mechanisms of these two screening effects are explained in the next paragraph.
In the space-charge THz screening, the limitation of the photocurrent within the photoconductive gap is due to the high carrier densities within the photoconductive gap, affected by the high pump fluence. The charges drift in the opposite direction. Thus, the bias field screens and ultimately limits the radiated THz field [36]. In the near-field THz screening, the direction of the radiated THz field is in the opposite direction of the bias field, which limits the linear scale of the THz radiated field with the pump fluence, as increasing the pump fluence will raise the carrier densities within the semiconductor [37]. At the same pump fluence, the carrier densities in the emitter with a large photoconductive gap will be smaller than in the emitters with a small photoconductive gap. Thus, a large photoconductive gap emitter leads to scaling up the radiated THz power for higher levels, which increases the total emitter performance, before reaching the screening issues [30].
Overall, the main limitations of the THz emission by photoconductive devices can be related to the applied bias field and the exciting pump fluence. The two limitations are correlated with the photoconductive material and structure characteristics. These two limitations prevent the THz field amplitude from scaling linearly with the bias field and pump fluence. Thus, it is essential to design the photoconductive THz emitter carefully. Furthermore, the photoconductive material must be chosen judiciously to meet the demand of the high-radiated THz field for the aforementioned advanced applications.
A number of the recent advances and research in the field of photoconductive devices are discussed in this section, with insight on the development of the material and structure to enhance the photoconductive THz emission for spectroscopic, sensing, and imaging applications. The section will explore different approaches including:
Quantum dots.
Nanostructured electrodes (non-plasmonic) of the photoconductive device.
Dielectric metasurfaces in photoconductive terahertz devices.
Grating photoconductive devices.
The development of the photoconductive THz emission using such new approaches is notable. The quantum dots are mainly related to photoconductive materials. In contrast, the nanostructured electrodes, dielectric metasurfaces, and Grating photoconductive devices are associated with the photoconductive structure. Here, the main interest is to focus on improving the THz emission using these different approaches and the potential enhancement of these devices.
The quantum dots have been employed to boost the photoconductive THz emitters’ performance. Gorodetsky
Nanostructure electrodes of the photoconductive device show an improvement of the photoconductive THz generation, even without a plasmonic effect. Although the plasmonic photoconductive THz emitter is one of the breakings through in the THz generation and detection field, the nanostructure has its encasement on the performance of such devices [41]. Singh et al. examined an antenna nanostructure fabricated by utilizing an electron-beam lithography system (EBL), having a 5-nm titanium layer and a 25-nm gold layer. Hilbert-fractal design is used with different line widths up to 140 nm. An improvement of the emitted THz power by an approximate factor of two is observed using this nanostructure.
Dielectric metasurfaces in photoconductive terahertz devices can be used as an alternative method to enhance the photoconductive THz emitters’ performance instead of the plasmonic structure [42]. Although the plasmonic structure delivers better THz field improvement over the dielectric structure, the dielectric structure has a substantial characteristic which is the lack of dissipation [43]. In addition, the optical absorption of the incident light (laser) onto the photoconductive device can be improved by reducing the Fresnel losses, which can be done by using thin films of dielectric materials on top of the photoconductive gap. These dielectric materials (thin films) include SiO2, Si3N4, Al2O3, and TiO2 [44, 45]. Figure 5 shows a bowtie antenna having a layer of TiO2 being coated on the photoconductive gap, in (a) the schematic view of the photoconductive THz emitter, (b) the SEM image of the photoconductive THz emitter, and (c) the THz spectral amplitude obtained with using TiO2 layer (red) and without using TiO2 layer (black), “from [45]”.
The bowtie photoconductive antenna with TiO2 layer, coated on the photoconductive gap, in (a) the schematic view of the photoconductive THz emitter, (b) the SEM image of the photoconductive THz emitter, and (c) the THz spectral amplitude obtained with using TiO2 layer (red) and without using TiO2 layer (black). This figure is reprinted from [
The grating structure manifests itself as a periodic array of grooves, lines, slits, etc. The grating structure of the photoconductive devices for THz generation has been studied according to the effective medium approximations (or effective medium theory). The theory can be applied to describe the interaction of light with the grating structure (subwavelength) [46]. Chia et al. have modeled and simulated the influence of grating structure on the THz emission performance by COMSOL Multiphysics software with an insight into the effects of grating geometrical parameters. The author funds an improvement of about 1.63 of the photocurrents obtained by an optimized grating structure of photoconductive THz emitter over the planer emitter structure. This is due to the higher photon absorption, which leads to and leads to more carrier generation within photoconductive material, thus higher photocurrent is observed [46]. Figure 6 shows the simulated grating structure of LT-GaAs and its effects, as in a) the upper diagram shows the surface of planner photoconductive THz emitter, the lower diagram shows grating structure of the photoconductive THz emitter used in the simulation, and b) the normalized electronic concertation obtained by the two different simulated photoconductive THz emitters, “from [46]”.
The simulated grating structure of LT-GaAs, as in (a) the upper diagram shows the surface of planner photoconductive THz emitter, the lower diagram shows grating structure of the photoconductive THz emitter, and (b) the normalized electronic concertation obtained by the two different simulated photoconductive THz emitters. This figure is reprinted from [
Nowadays, the development of photoconductive devices regarding materials and structure is a hot research topic. Several publications have discussed many schemes to achieve higher performance of THz generation by photoconductive devices to facilitate the applications in cutting-edge technologies such as THz spectroscopy, THz sensing, and THz imaging. For photoconductive materials, the research focuses on the quantum dots as well as promotes material properties such as the carrier lifetime and carrier mobility. For the photoconductive structure, the implementation of plasmonic and nanostructures shows its advantage for the aforementioned applications. However, utilizing some novel ideas such as grating structure and a precise selection of the dielectric material is demonstrated to boost the performance of photoconductive devices further.
This chapter presented the photoconductive devices for THz emission. Several materials have been employed as photoconductive materials. However, GaAs is a typical material for these applications, particularly for the sapphire femtosecond pulsed laser sources, which emit at the same range of the bandgap energy of GaAs. Furthermore, several photoconductive structures have been employed. The plasmonic structure shows the highest impact of the photoconductive THz emitters’ performance over the microstructure photoconductive THz emitters. On top of that, the screening effects of the THz field amplitude is an issue limiting the linear scaling of the THz field with the pump fluence. Such limitations can be diminished using a large-aperture photoconductive antenna. At the end of this chapter, the improvement of these devices’ performance has been considered by viewing some recent work in this area. The work has also presented the influence of the quantum dots, the nanostructured electrodes (nonplasmonic) of the photoconductive device, the dielectric materials in photoconductive terahertz devices, and the grating structure on the photoconductive surface. It is hoped that the presented work can lay a role in continuing advancements of photoconductive devices.
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
IntechOpen publishes different types of publications
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Küden and Ali Küden",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10900.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"200365",title:"Prof.",name:"Ayzin B.",middleName:"B.",surname:"Küden",slug:"ayzin-b.-kuden",fullName:"Ayzin B. Küden"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"5179",title:"Organic Fertilizers",subtitle:"From Basic Concepts to Applied Outcomes",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"93748f3bd6a9c0240d71ffd350d624b1",slug:"organic-fertilizers-from-basic-concepts-to-applied-outcomes",bookSignature:"Marcelo L. Larramendy and Sonia Soloneski",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5179.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"14764",title:"Dr.",name:"Marcelo L.",middleName:null,surname:"Larramendy",slug:"marcelo-l.-larramendy",fullName:"Marcelo L. Larramendy"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],booksByTopicTotal:3,seriesByTopicCollection:[],seriesByTopicTotal:0,mostCitedChapters:[{id:"50478",doi:"10.5772/62473",title:"Bio-Organo-Phos: A Sustainable Approach for Managing Phosphorus Deficiency in Agricultural Soils",slug:"bio-organo-phos-a-sustainable-approach-for-managing-phosphorus-deficiency-in-agricultural-soils",totalDownloads:2095,totalCrossrefCites:8,totalDimensionsCites:18,abstract:"Sustainable agriculture is essential for a positive relationship between supply and demand of food for the growing world population. This relationship was found to be affected by many environmental factors, including biotic and abiotic. From the point of view of crop nutrition, sustainability in the supply of essential nutrients particularly phosphorus is vital. Due to the energy crisis, the fluctuation in the prices of chemical fertilizers, environmental concerns, and cessation in the supply of high quality rock phosphate (RP) are hindering the use of chemical phosphatic fertilizers for sustainable crop production. Therefore, there is great need for a sustainable solution to this problem. It could be solved by employing a strategy to use native low quality RP. It is only possible by composting of organic material in the presence of RP and phosphate solubilizing microorganisms. During composting, most of organic P is mineralized. Due to release of organic acids, P availability to crop plants increases. In this chapter, the importance of economical and sustainable sources of P and comparative efficacy of the use of organic fertilizer containing RP for legumes is critically reviewed.",book:{id:"5179",slug:"organic-fertilizers-from-basic-concepts-to-applied-outcomes",title:"Organic Fertilizers",fullTitle:"Organic Fertilizers - From Basic Concepts to Applied Outcomes"},signatures:"Allah Ditta and Azeem Khalid",authors:[{id:"149636",title:"Dr.",name:"Allah",middleName:null,surname:"Ditta",slug:"allah-ditta",fullName:"Allah Ditta"}]},{id:"50720",doi:"10.5772/62529",title:"Use of Organic Fertilizers to Enhance Soil Fertility, Plant Growth, and Yield in a Tropical Environment",slug:"use-of-organic-fertilizers-to-enhance-soil-fertility-plant-growth-and-yield-in-a-tropical-environmen",totalDownloads:5117,totalCrossrefCites:11,totalDimensionsCites:18,abstract:"Soils rarely have sufficient nutrient for crops to reach their potential yield. Applying organic fertilizers without prior knowledge of their properties may cause yield decline under low application or pollute the environment with excessive application. Understanding the nutrient variability and release pattern of organic fertilizers is crucial to supply plants with sufficient nutrients to achieve optimum productivity, while also rebuilding soil fertility and ensuring protection of environmental and natural resources. This chapter presents the authors’ experiences with different organic amendments under Hawaii's tropical conditions, rather than an intensive literature review. For meat and bone meal by‐products (tankage), batch‐to‐batch variability, nutrient content/release pattern and quality, and plant growth response to the liquid fertilizer produced from tankage were evaluated. For animal livestock, dairy manure (DM) and chicken manure (CM) quality, changes in soil properties, and crop biomass production and root distributions were evaluated. For seaweed, an established bio‐security protocol, nutrient, especially potassium (K) variability, and plant growth and yield response were evaluated in different tropical soils.",book:{id:"5179",slug:"organic-fertilizers-from-basic-concepts-to-applied-outcomes",title:"Organic Fertilizers",fullTitle:"Organic Fertilizers - From Basic Concepts to Applied Outcomes"},signatures:"Amjad A. Ahmad, Theodore J.K. Radovich, Hue V. Nguyen, Jensen\nUyeda, Alton Arakaki, Jeana Cadby, Robert Paull, Jari Sugano and\nGlenn Teves",authors:[{id:"178933",title:"Dr.",name:"Amjad",middleName:"A.",surname:"Ahmad",slug:"amjad-ahmad",fullName:"Amjad Ahmad"},{id:"184973",title:"Dr.",name:"Theodore",middleName:null,surname:"Radovich",slug:"theodore-radovich",fullName:"Theodore Radovich"},{id:"184974",title:"Prof.",name:"Hue",middleName:null,surname:"Nguyen",slug:"hue-nguyen",fullName:"Hue Nguyen"},{id:"184975",title:"MSc.",name:"Jensen",middleName:null,surname:"Uyeda",slug:"jensen-uyeda",fullName:"Jensen Uyeda"},{id:"184976",title:"MSc.",name:"Alton",middleName:null,surname:"Arakaki",slug:"alton-arakaki",fullName:"Alton Arakaki"},{id:"184977",title:"Mr.",name:"Glenn",middleName:null,surname:"Teves",slug:"glenn-teves",fullName:"Glenn Teves"},{id:"184978",title:"MSc.",name:"Jeana",middleName:null,surname:"Cadby",slug:"jeana-cadby",fullName:"Jeana Cadby"},{id:"184979",title:"Prof.",name:"Robert",middleName:null,surname:"Paull",slug:"robert-paull",fullName:"Robert Paull"},{id:"184980",title:"MSc.",name:"Jari",middleName:null,surname:"Sugano",slug:"jari-sugano",fullName:"Jari Sugano"}]},{id:"51059",doi:"10.5772/64195",title:"Organic Fertilizers: Public Health Intricacies",slug:"organic-fertilizers-public-health-intricacies",totalDownloads:2749,totalCrossrefCites:10,totalDimensionsCites:16,abstract:"Organic fertilizers are an essential source for plant nutrients and a soil conditioner in agriculture. Due to its sources and the composition of the organic inputs as well as the type, functionality and failures of the applied treatment process, the organic fertilizer may contain various amounts of infectious agents and toxic chemicals, especially the antibiotics that can be introduced to the subsequent food chain. A range of human and animal pathogens of bacterial, viral and parasitic origin have been the cause of food-borne epidemics due to unintended contamination from organic fertilizers. The use of antibiotics by humans and in animal feeds will also end up in the organic fertilizers. These antibiotics and other chemicals, depending on the sources of the organics, will enhance the likelihood of occurrence of resistant and multi-resistant strains of microorganisms in society and have been reported to cause ecotoxicological environmental effects and disruption of the ecological balance. Exposure of microorganisms to sublethal concentration of antibiotics in the organic products induces antibiotic resistance. WHO guidelines for the reuse of excreta and other organic matters identify the risk for the exposed groups to the reuse of the excreta and are applicable in the use of organic fertilizers in agriculture.",book:{id:"5179",slug:"organic-fertilizers-from-basic-concepts-to-applied-outcomes",title:"Organic Fertilizers",fullTitle:"Organic Fertilizers - From Basic Concepts to Applied Outcomes"},signatures:"Anthony A. Adegoke, Oluyemi O. Awolusi and Thor A. Stenström",authors:[{id:"175730",title:"Dr.",name:"Anthony Ayodeji",middleName:null,surname:"Adegoke",slug:"anthony-ayodeji-adegoke",fullName:"Anthony Ayodeji Adegoke"},{id:"180623",title:"Dr.",name:"Oluyemi Olatunji",middleName:null,surname:"Awolusi",slug:"oluyemi-olatunji-awolusi",fullName:"Oluyemi Olatunji Awolusi"},{id:"186321",title:"Prof.",name:"Thor Axel",middleName:null,surname:"Stenstrom",slug:"thor-axel-stenstrom",fullName:"Thor Axel Stenstrom"}]},{id:"50516",doi:"10.5772/63047",title:"Soil Amendments for Agricultural Production",slug:"soil-amendments-for-agricultural-production",totalDownloads:2390,totalCrossrefCites:5,totalDimensionsCites:10,abstract:"The word organic, applied to fertilizers, indicates that the nutrients are derived from the remains or by‐products of a once‐living organism. Farmers are continually searching for alternatives to synthetic inorganic fertilizers to alleviate the escalating production costs associated with the increasing costs of energy and fertilizers and the problems of soil and surface water deterioration associated with intensive use and release of inorganic fertilizers such as N and P fertilizers. One of the advantages of organic fertilizers is that they provide their nutrients especially the principal nutrients (NPK) to growing plants over a long period of time in a slow release process. The soil has to be moist and warm enough to allow soil microorganisms to decompose and breakdown the complex forms of organic fertilizers. Generally, the application of organic amendments to agricultural soils makes good use of natural resources and reduces the need of synthetic inorganic fertilizers. Soil structure, nutrient composition, and microbiological activity of soil are usually increased following the application of organic amendments. This is because of the presence of sugars and amino acids as simple molecules in organic amendments that contribute to microbiological activity and fertility and elevated levels of enzymes secreted by soil microbes. To investigate the soil microbiological activity after the addition of soil amendments, three enzymes that control the C, N, and P cycles should be monitored in the plant rhizosphere zone, which is defined as the zone of increased microbial and enzyme activity where soil and root make contact. An increase of organic waste originated from different humans and productive activities is a continuous concern. Waste application (i.e., municipal sewage sludge, chicken manure, horse manure, and cow manure) to soil is proposed as a solution to disposal problem. This practice is popular in the agricultural fields because of the value of this waste as organic fertilizer. At KSU, numerous studies have been conducted on organic soil amendments and their impact on crop yield and quality, soil erosion and nutrient availability, soil enzymes activity, and bioremediation of heavy metals in organic amendments.",book:{id:"5179",slug:"organic-fertilizers-from-basic-concepts-to-applied-outcomes",title:"Organic Fertilizers",fullTitle:"Organic Fertilizers - From Basic Concepts to Applied Outcomes"},signatures:"George F. Antonious",authors:[{id:"174916",title:"Dr.",name:"George",middleName:"Fouad",surname:"Antonious",slug:"george-antonious",fullName:"George Antonious"}]},{id:"50233",doi:"10.5772/62388",title:"Integrated Use of Phosphorus, Animal Manures and Biofertilizers Improve Maize Productivity under Semiarid Condition",slug:"integrated-use-of-phosphorus-animal-manures-and-biofertilizers-improve-maize-productivity-under-semi",totalDownloads:2482,totalCrossrefCites:9,totalDimensionsCites:10,abstract:"Phosphorus unavailability and lack of organic matter in the soils under semiarid condition are the major reasons for low crop productivity. Field trial was conducted to investigate the impact of different animal manures (poultry, cattle, and sheep manures) and phosphorus levels (40, 80, 120, and 160 kg P2O5 ha−1) on yield and yield components of hybrid maize (CS-200) with (+) and without (−) phosphate-solubilizing bacteria (PSB) seed treatment at the Agronomy Research Farm of The University of Agriculture Peshawar, during summer 2014. Our results confirmed that the application of poultry manure significantly (P ≤ 0.05) increased yield and yield components of maize. Phosphorus applied at the rate of 120 kg P2O5 ha−1 increased ear length, grains ear−1, and shelling percentage, while the highest rate of 160 kg P ha−1 increased grains weight, grain yield, and harvest index. Maize seeds treated with PSB (+) before sowing had produced higher yield and yield components than untreated seeds (−). We concluded from this study that combined application of 160 kg P2O5 ha−1 + poultry manure and seed treatment with PSB (+) could improve crop productivity and profitability under semiarid condition.",book:{id:"5179",slug:"organic-fertilizers-from-basic-concepts-to-applied-outcomes",title:"Organic Fertilizers",fullTitle:"Organic Fertilizers - From Basic Concepts to Applied Outcomes"},signatures:"Dr. Amanullah and Shah Khalid",authors:[{id:"178825",title:"Dr.",name:"Dr.",middleName:null,surname:"Amanullah",slug:"dr.-amanullah",fullName:"Dr. Amanullah"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"50720",title:"Use of Organic Fertilizers to Enhance Soil Fertility, Plant Growth, and Yield in a Tropical Environment",slug:"use-of-organic-fertilizers-to-enhance-soil-fertility-plant-growth-and-yield-in-a-tropical-environmen",totalDownloads:5116,totalCrossrefCites:11,totalDimensionsCites:18,abstract:"Soils rarely have sufficient nutrient for crops to reach their potential yield. Applying organic fertilizers without prior knowledge of their properties may cause yield decline under low application or pollute the environment with excessive application. Understanding the nutrient variability and release pattern of organic fertilizers is crucial to supply plants with sufficient nutrients to achieve optimum productivity, while also rebuilding soil fertility and ensuring protection of environmental and natural resources. This chapter presents the authors’ experiences with different organic amendments under Hawaii's tropical conditions, rather than an intensive literature review. For meat and bone meal by‐products (tankage), batch‐to‐batch variability, nutrient content/release pattern and quality, and plant growth response to the liquid fertilizer produced from tankage were evaluated. For animal livestock, dairy manure (DM) and chicken manure (CM) quality, changes in soil properties, and crop biomass production and root distributions were evaluated. For seaweed, an established bio‐security protocol, nutrient, especially potassium (K) variability, and plant growth and yield response were evaluated in different tropical soils.",book:{id:"5179",slug:"organic-fertilizers-from-basic-concepts-to-applied-outcomes",title:"Organic Fertilizers",fullTitle:"Organic Fertilizers - From Basic Concepts to Applied Outcomes"},signatures:"Amjad A. Ahmad, Theodore J.K. Radovich, Hue V. Nguyen, Jensen\nUyeda, Alton Arakaki, Jeana Cadby, Robert Paull, Jari Sugano and\nGlenn Teves",authors:[{id:"178933",title:"Dr.",name:"Amjad",middleName:"A.",surname:"Ahmad",slug:"amjad-ahmad",fullName:"Amjad Ahmad"},{id:"184973",title:"Dr.",name:"Theodore",middleName:null,surname:"Radovich",slug:"theodore-radovich",fullName:"Theodore Radovich"},{id:"184974",title:"Prof.",name:"Hue",middleName:null,surname:"Nguyen",slug:"hue-nguyen",fullName:"Hue Nguyen"},{id:"184975",title:"MSc.",name:"Jensen",middleName:null,surname:"Uyeda",slug:"jensen-uyeda",fullName:"Jensen Uyeda"},{id:"184976",title:"MSc.",name:"Alton",middleName:null,surname:"Arakaki",slug:"alton-arakaki",fullName:"Alton Arakaki"},{id:"184977",title:"Mr.",name:"Glenn",middleName:null,surname:"Teves",slug:"glenn-teves",fullName:"Glenn Teves"},{id:"184978",title:"MSc.",name:"Jeana",middleName:null,surname:"Cadby",slug:"jeana-cadby",fullName:"Jeana Cadby"},{id:"184979",title:"Prof.",name:"Robert",middleName:null,surname:"Paull",slug:"robert-paull",fullName:"Robert Paull"},{id:"184980",title:"MSc.",name:"Jari",middleName:null,surname:"Sugano",slug:"jari-sugano",fullName:"Jari Sugano"}]},{id:"51059",title:"Organic Fertilizers: Public Health Intricacies",slug:"organic-fertilizers-public-health-intricacies",totalDownloads:2749,totalCrossrefCites:10,totalDimensionsCites:16,abstract:"Organic fertilizers are an essential source for plant nutrients and a soil conditioner in agriculture. Due to its sources and the composition of the organic inputs as well as the type, functionality and failures of the applied treatment process, the organic fertilizer may contain various amounts of infectious agents and toxic chemicals, especially the antibiotics that can be introduced to the subsequent food chain. A range of human and animal pathogens of bacterial, viral and parasitic origin have been the cause of food-borne epidemics due to unintended contamination from organic fertilizers. The use of antibiotics by humans and in animal feeds will also end up in the organic fertilizers. These antibiotics and other chemicals, depending on the sources of the organics, will enhance the likelihood of occurrence of resistant and multi-resistant strains of microorganisms in society and have been reported to cause ecotoxicological environmental effects and disruption of the ecological balance. Exposure of microorganisms to sublethal concentration of antibiotics in the organic products induces antibiotic resistance. WHO guidelines for the reuse of excreta and other organic matters identify the risk for the exposed groups to the reuse of the excreta and are applicable in the use of organic fertilizers in agriculture.",book:{id:"5179",slug:"organic-fertilizers-from-basic-concepts-to-applied-outcomes",title:"Organic Fertilizers",fullTitle:"Organic Fertilizers - From Basic Concepts to Applied Outcomes"},signatures:"Anthony A. Adegoke, Oluyemi O. Awolusi and Thor A. Stenström",authors:[{id:"175730",title:"Dr.",name:"Anthony Ayodeji",middleName:null,surname:"Adegoke",slug:"anthony-ayodeji-adegoke",fullName:"Anthony Ayodeji Adegoke"},{id:"180623",title:"Dr.",name:"Oluyemi Olatunji",middleName:null,surname:"Awolusi",slug:"oluyemi-olatunji-awolusi",fullName:"Oluyemi Olatunji Awolusi"},{id:"186321",title:"Prof.",name:"Thor Axel",middleName:null,surname:"Stenstrom",slug:"thor-axel-stenstrom",fullName:"Thor Axel Stenstrom"}]},{id:"50612",title:"Green Manures and Crop Residues as Source of Nutrients in Tropical Environment",slug:"green-manures-and-crop-residues-as-source-of-nutrients-in-tropical-environment",totalDownloads:2608,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:8,abstract:"Tropical areas have prevalence of soils with low fertility, which makes the management of soil fertility a necessary practice to maintain a farming system economically and environmentally sustainable. The purpose of this chapter is to demonstrate the importance of green manure and the use of crop residues as management for soil fertility. We highlight the potential of these practices to increase/sustain productivity by providing nutrients. First, we made a short review on the main factors influencing the decomposition and mineralization processes. Subsequently, we discuss green manure techniques, presenting the main green manures, criteria for choosing, managements, potential for nutrient accumulation, and advantages and disadvantages of this practice. Finally, we use some examples to demonstrate the potential nutrient supply of crop residues from the main crops grown in the tropics. The difficulties and limitations involved are also discussed.",book:{id:"5179",slug:"organic-fertilizers-from-basic-concepts-to-applied-outcomes",title:"Organic Fertilizers",fullTitle:"Organic Fertilizers - From Basic Concepts to Applied Outcomes"},signatures:"Rafael Vasconcelos Valadares, Lucas de Ávila‐Silva, Rafael da Silva Teixeira, Rodrigo Nogueira de Sousa and Leonardus Vergütz",authors:[{id:"179932",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Rafael",middleName:null,surname:"Vasconcelos Valadares",slug:"rafael-vasconcelos-valadares",fullName:"Rafael Vasconcelos Valadares"},{id:"183947",title:"MSc.",name:"Lucas",middleName:null,surname:"De Avila-Silva",slug:"lucas-de-avila-silva",fullName:"Lucas De Avila-Silva"},{id:"183948",title:"MSc.",name:"Rafael",middleName:null,surname:"Da Silva Teixeira",slug:"rafael-da-silva-teixeira",fullName:"Rafael Da Silva Teixeira"},{id:"183949",title:"Mr.",name:"Rodrigo",middleName:null,surname:"Nogueira De Sousa",slug:"rodrigo-nogueira-de-sousa",fullName:"Rodrigo Nogueira De Sousa"},{id:"184785",title:"Prof.",name:"Leonardus",middleName:null,surname:"Vergutz",slug:"leonardus-vergutz",fullName:"Leonardus Vergutz"}]},{id:"50167",title:"On-Farm-Produced Organic Amendments on Maintaining and Enhancing Soil Fertility and Nitrogen Availability in Organic or Low Input Agriculture",slug:"on-farm-produced-organic-amendments-on-maintaining-and-enhancing-soil-fertility-and-nitrogen-availab",totalDownloads:1631,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:3,abstract:"Maintaining and enhancing soil fertility are key issues for sustainability in an agricultural system with organic or low input methods. On-farm–produced green manure as a source of soil organic matter (SOM) plays a critical role in long-term productivity. But producing green manure requires land and water; thus, increasing biodiversity, such as by intercropping with green manure crops, could be an approach to enhance the efficiency of renewable resources especially in developing countries. This article discusses soil fertility and its maintenance and enhancement with leguminous intercropping from four points of view: soil fertility and organic matter function, leguminous green manure, intercropping principles, and soil conservation. Important contributions of leguminous intercropping include SOM enhancement and fertility building, biological nitrogen (N) and other plant nutrition availability. Under a well-designed and managed system, competition between the target and intercropping crops can be reduced. The plant uptake efficiency of biologically fixed N is estimated to be double that of industrial N fertilizers. After N-rich plant residues are incorporated into soil, the carbon (C):nitrogen ratio of added straw decreases. Another high mitigation potential of legume intercropping lies in soil conservation by preventing soil and water erosion. Many opportunities exist to introduce legumes in short-term rotation, intercropping, living mulch, and cover crops in an organically managed farm system. Worldwide, long-term soil fertility enhancement remains a challenge due to the current world population and agricultural practices. Cropping system including legumes is a step in the right direction to meeting the needs of food security and sustainability.",book:{id:"5179",slug:"organic-fertilizers-from-basic-concepts-to-applied-outcomes",title:"Organic Fertilizers",fullTitle:"Organic Fertilizers - From Basic Concepts to Applied Outcomes"},signatures:"Yani Nin, Pinchun Diao, Qian Wang, Qingzhong Zhang, Ziliang\nZhao and Zhifang Li",authors:[{id:"178869",title:"Dr.",name:"Zhifang",middleName:null,surname:"Li",slug:"zhifang-li",fullName:"Zhifang Li"},{id:"180022",title:"BSc.",name:"Yani",middleName:null,surname:"Ning",slug:"yani-ning",fullName:"Yani Ning"},{id:"184348",title:"MSc.",name:"Pinchun",middleName:null,surname:"Diao",slug:"pinchun-diao",fullName:"Pinchun Diao"},{id:"184349",title:"Prof.",name:"Qian",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",slug:"qian-wang",fullName:"Qian Wang"},{id:"184350",title:"Prof.",name:"Qingzhong",middleName:null,surname:"Zhang",slug:"qingzhong-zhang",fullName:"Qingzhong Zhang"},{id:"184351",title:"MSc.",name:"Ziliang",middleName:null,surname:"Zhao",slug:"ziliang-zhao",fullName:"Ziliang Zhao"}]},{id:"50244",title:"An Overview of the Studies on Biochar Fertilizer Carried Out at the Beginning of the Twentieth Century in Japan",slug:"an-overview-of-the-studies-on-biochar-fertilizer-carried-out-at-the-beginning-of-the-twentieth-centu",totalDownloads:2062,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,abstract:"Biochar is a recently coined term for charred organic matter used as a soil amendment. Although the term is relatively new, the substance has been used for a long time throughout the world, including Japan. After we read a Japanese book entitled Nibai Shukaku Tenri Nouhou (How to Double Crop Yield by Almighty Farming System) originally published in 1912, we found that there were conflicting opinions between the author (Mr. Katsugoro Oyaizu) and soil scientists of the time (Dr. Gintaro Daikuhara and others) on the benefits of the use of biochar fertilizer. Previous publications on this topic have been written in Japanese from a sociological viewpoint. By referring to the literature published at the beginning of the twentieth century in Japan, we attempt to shed light on the conflict between traditional knowledge of biochar fertilizer and new concepts of soil science imported from the Western countries. We also describe briefly the socioeconomic impacts on the use of biochar fertilizer in the later generations.",book:{id:"5179",slug:"organic-fertilizers-from-basic-concepts-to-applied-outcomes",title:"Organic Fertilizers",fullTitle:"Organic Fertilizers - From Basic Concepts to Applied Outcomes"},signatures:"Naoki Moritsuka and Kaori Matsuoka",authors:[{id:"179714",title:"Dr.",name:"Naoki",middleName:null,surname:"Moritsuka",slug:"naoki-moritsuka",fullName:"Naoki Moritsuka"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"338",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:0},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:8,limit:8,total:0},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:90,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:108,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:33,numberOfPublishedChapters:330,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:14,numberOfPublishedChapters:145,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:141,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:123,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:112,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:22,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:11,numberOfOpenTopics:1,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:5,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-6580",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"6",text:"It is great to work with the IntechOpen to produce a worthwhile collection of research that also becomes a great educational resource and guide for future research endeavors.",author:{id:"259298",name:"Edward",surname:"Narayan",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",slug:"edward-narayan",institution:{id:"3",name:"University of Queensland",country:{id:null,name:"Australia"}}}},{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. The whole process of submitting an article and editing of the submitted article goes extremely smooth and fast, the number of reads and downloads of chapters is high, and the contributions are also frequently cited.",author:{id:"55578",name:"Antonio",surname:"Jurado-Navas",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRisIQAS/Profile_Picture_1626166543950",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",institution:{id:"720",name:"University of Malaga",country:{id:null,name:"Spain"}}}}]},series:{item:{id:"10",title:"Physiology",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",issn:"2631-8261",scope:"Modern physiology requires a comprehensive understanding of the integration of tissues and organs throughout the mammalian body, including the cooperation between structure and function at the cellular and molecular levels governed by gene and protein expression. While a daunting task, learning is facilitated by identifying common and effective signaling pathways mediated by a variety of factors employed by nature to preserve and sustain homeostatic life. \r\nAs a leading example, the cellular interaction between intracellular concentration of Ca+2 increases, and changes in plasma membrane potential is integral for coordinating blood flow, governing the exocytosis of neurotransmitters, and modulating gene expression and cell effector secretory functions. Furthermore, in this manner, understanding the systemic interaction between the cardiovascular and nervous systems has become more important than ever as human populations' life prolongation, aging and mechanisms of cellular oxidative signaling are utilised for sustaining life. \r\nAltogether, physiological research enables our identification of distinct and precise points of transition from health to the development of multimorbidity throughout the inevitable aging disorders (e.g., diabetes, hypertension, chronic kidney disease, heart failure, peptic ulcer, inflammatory bowel disease, age-related macular degeneration, cancer). With consideration of all organ systems (e.g., brain, heart, lung, gut, skeletal and smooth muscle, liver, pancreas, kidney, eye) and the interactions thereof, this Physiology Series will address the goals of resolving (1) Aging physiology and chronic disease progression (2) Examination of key cellular pathways as they relate to calcium, oxidative stress, and electrical signaling, and (3) how changes in plasma membrane produced by lipid peroxidation products can affect aging physiology, covering new research in the area of cell, human, plant and animal physiology.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/10.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"July 20th, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfPublishedBooks:14,editor:{id:"35854",title:"Prof.",name:"Tomasz",middleName:null,surname:"Brzozowski",slug:"tomasz-brzozowski",fullName:"Tomasz Brzozowski",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/35854/images/system/35854.jpg",biography:"Prof. Dr. Thomas Brzozowski works as a professor of Human Physiology and is currently Chairman at the Department of Physiology and is V-Dean of the Medical Faculty at Jagiellonian University Medical College, Cracow, Poland. His primary area of interest is physiology and pathophysiology of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, with the major focus on the mechanism of GI mucosal defense, protection, and ulcer healing. He was a postdoctoral NIH fellow at the University of California and the Gastroenterology VA Medical Center, Irvine, Long Beach, CA, USA, and at the Gastroenterology Clinics Erlangen-Nuremberg and Munster in Germany. He has published 290 original articles in some of the most prestigious scientific journals and seven book chapters on the pathophysiology of the GI tract, gastroprotection, ulcer healing, drug therapy of peptic ulcers, hormonal regulation of the gut, and inflammatory bowel disease.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Jagiellonian University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Poland"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},subseries:{paginationCount:4,paginationItems:[{id:"10",title:"Animal Physiology",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/10.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"202192",title:"Dr.",name:"Catrin",middleName:null,surname:"Rutland",slug:"catrin-rutland",fullName:"Catrin Rutland",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/202192/images/system/202192.png",biography:"Catrin Rutland is an Associate Professor of Anatomy and Developmental Genetics at the University of Nottingham, UK. She obtained a BSc from the University of Derby, England, a master’s degree from Technische Universität München, Germany, and a Ph.D. from the University of Nottingham. She undertook a post-doctoral research fellowship in the School of Medicine before accepting tenure in Veterinary Medicine and Science. Dr. Rutland also obtained an MMedSci (Medical Education) and a Postgraduate Certificate in Higher Education (PGCHE). She is the author of more than sixty peer-reviewed journal articles, twelve books/book chapters, and more than 100 research abstracts in cardiovascular biology and oncology. She is a board member of the European Association of Veterinary Anatomists, Fellow of the Anatomical Society, and Senior Fellow of the Higher Education Academy. Dr. Rutland has also written popular science books for the public. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2009-4898. www.nottingham.ac.uk/vet/people/catrin.rutland",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Nottingham",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"11",title:"Cell Physiology",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/11.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"133493",title:"Prof.",name:"Angel",middleName:null,surname:"Catala",slug:"angel-catala",fullName:"Angel Catala",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/133493/images/3091_n.jpg",biography:"Prof. Dr. Angel Catalá \r\nShort Biography Angel Catalá was born in Rodeo (San Juan, Argentina). He studied \r\nchemistry at the Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Argentina, where received aPh.D. degree in chemistry (Biological Branch) in 1965. From\r\n1964 to 1974, he worked as Assistant in Biochemistry at the School of MedicineUniversidad Nacional de La Plata, Argentina. From 1974 to 1976, he was a Fellowof the National Institutes of Health (NIH) at the University of Connecticut, Health Center, USA. From 1985 to 2004, he served as a Full Professor oBiochemistry at the Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Argentina. He is Member ofthe National Research Council (CONICET), Argentina, and Argentine Society foBiochemistry and Molecular Biology (SAIB). His laboratory has been interested for manyears in the lipid peroxidation of biological membranes from various tissues and different species. Professor Catalá has directed twelve doctoral theses, publishedover 100 papers in peer reviewed journals, several chapters in books andtwelve edited books. Angel Catalá received awards at the 40th InternationaConference Biochemistry of Lipids 1999: Dijon (France). W inner of the Bimbo PanAmerican Nutrition, Food Science and Technology Award 2006 and 2012, South AmericaHuman Nutrition, Professional Category. 2006 award in pharmacology, Bernardo\r\nHoussay, in recognition of his meritorious works of research. Angel Catalá belongto the Editorial Board of Journal of lipids, International Review of Biophysical ChemistryFrontiers in Membrane Physiology and Biophysics, World Journal oExperimental Medicine and Biochemistry Research International, W orld Journal oBiological Chemistry, Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity, Diabetes and thePancreas, International Journal of Chronic Diseases & Therapy, International Journal oNutrition, Co-Editor of The Open Biology Journal.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"National University of La Plata",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Argentina"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"12",title:"Human Physiology",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/12.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"195829",title:"Prof.",name:"Kunihiro",middleName:null,surname:"Sakuma",slug:"kunihiro-sakuma",fullName:"Kunihiro Sakuma",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/195829/images/system/195829.jpg",biography:"Professor Kunihiro Sakuma, Ph.D., currently works in the Institute for Liberal Arts at the Tokyo Institute of Technology. He is a physiologist working in the field of skeletal muscle. He was awarded his sports science diploma in 1995 by the University of Tsukuba and began his scientific work at the Department of Physiology, Aichi Human Service Center, focusing on the molecular mechanism of congenital muscular dystrophy and normal muscle regeneration. His interest later turned to the molecular mechanism and attenuating strategy of sarcopenia (age-related muscle atrophy). His opinion is to attenuate sarcopenia by improving autophagic defects using nutrient- and pharmaceutical-based treatments.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Tokyo Institute of Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}},editorTwo:{id:"331519",title:"Dr.",name:"Kotomi",middleName:null,surname:"Sakai",slug:"kotomi-sakai",fullName:"Kotomi Sakai",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000031QtFXQA0/Profile_Picture_1637053227318",biography:"Senior researcher Kotomi Sakai, Ph.D., MPH, works at the Research Organization of Science and Technology in Ritsumeikan University. She is a researcher in the geriatric rehabilitation and public health field. She received Ph.D. from Nihon University and MPH from St.Luke’s International University. Her main research interest is sarcopenia in older adults, especially its association with nutritional status. Additionally, to understand how to maintain and improve physical function in older adults, to conduct studies about the mechanism of sarcopenia and determine when possible interventions are needed.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ritsumeikan University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}},editorThree:null},{id:"13",title:"Plant Physiology",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/13.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"332229",title:"Prof.",name:"Jen-Tsung",middleName:null,surname:"Chen",slug:"jen-tsung-chen",fullName:"Jen-Tsung Chen",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/332229/images/system/332229.png",biography:"Dr. Jen-Tsung Chen is currently a professor at the National University of Kaohsiung, Taiwan. He teaches cell biology, genomics, proteomics, medicinal plant biotechnology, and plant tissue culture. Dr. Chen\\'s research interests include bioactive compounds, chromatography techniques, in vitro culture, medicinal plants, phytochemicals, and plant biotechnology. He has published more than ninety scientific papers and serves as an editorial board member for Plant Methods, Biomolecules, and International Journal of Molecular Sciences.",institutionString:"National University of Kaohsiung",institution:{name:"National University of Kaohsiung",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Taiwan"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null}]},overviewPageOFChapters:{paginationCount:16,paginationItems:[{id:"82135",title:"Carotenoids in Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz)",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105210",signatures:"Lovina I. Udoh, Josephine U. Agogbua, Eberechi R. Keyagha and Itorobong I. 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Heshmati",slug:"comparative-senescence-and-lifespan",totalDownloads:17,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:[{name:"Hassan M.",surname:"Heshmati"}],book:{title:"Mechanisms and Management of Senescence",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10935.jpg",subseries:{id:"11",title:"Cell Physiology"}}},{id:"81796",title:"Apoptosis-Related Diseases and Peroxisomes",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105052",signatures:"Meimei Wang, Yakun Liu, Ni Chen, Juan Wang and Ye Zhao",slug:"apoptosis-related-diseases-and-peroxisomes",totalDownloads:11,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"The Metabolic Role of Peroxisome in Health and Disease",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10837.jpg",subseries:{id:"11",title:"Cell Physiology"}}},{id:"81723",title:"Peroxisomal Modulation as Therapeutic Alternative for Tackling Multiple Cancers",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104873",signatures:"Shazia Usmani, Shadma Wahab, Abdul Hafeez, Shabana Khatoon and Syed Misbahul Hasan",slug:"peroxisomal-modulation-as-therapeutic-alternative-for-tackling-multiple-cancers",totalDownloads:12,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"The Metabolic Role of Peroxisome in Health and Disease",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10837.jpg",subseries:{id:"11",title:"Cell Physiology"}}}]},overviewPagePublishedBooks:{paginationCount:14,paginationItems:[{type:"book",id:"7264",title:"Calcium and Signal Transduction",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7264.jpg",slug:"calcium-and-signal-transduction",publishedDate:"October 24th 2018",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"John N. Buchholz and Erik J. Behringer",hash:"e373a3d1123dbd45fddf75d90e3e7c38",volumeInSeries:1,fullTitle:"Calcium and Signal Transduction",editors:[{id:"89438",title:"Dr.",name:"John N.",middleName:null,surname:"Buchholz",slug:"john-n.-buchholz",fullName:"John N. Buchholz",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/89438/images/6463_n.jpg",biography:"Full Professor and Vice Chair, Division of Pharmacology, Loma Linda University, School of Medicine. He received his B.S. Degree in Biology at La Sierra University, Riverside California (1980) and a PhD in Pharmacology from Loma Linda University School of Medicine (1988). Post-Doctoral Fellow at University of California, Irvine, College of Medicine 1989-1992 with a focus on autonomic nerve function in blood vessels and the impact of aging on the function of these nerves and overall blood vessel function. Twenty years of research funding and served on NIH R01 review panels, Editor-In-Chief of Edorium Journal of Aging Research. Serves as a peer reviewer for biomedical journals. Military Reserve Officer serving with the 100 Support Command, 100 Troop Command, 40 Infantry Division, CA National Guard.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Loma Linda University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}]},{type:"book",id:"6925",title:"Endoplasmic Reticulum",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6925.jpg",slug:"endoplasmic-reticulum",publishedDate:"April 17th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Angel Català",hash:"a9e90d2dbdbc46128dfe7dac9f87c6b4",volumeInSeries:2,fullTitle:"Endoplasmic Reticulum",editors:[{id:"196544",title:"Prof.",name:"Angel",middleName:null,surname:"Catala",slug:"angel-catala",fullName:"Angel Catala",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/196544/images/system/196544.jpg",biography:"Angel Catalá studied chemistry at Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Argentina, where he received a Ph.D. in Chemistry (Biological Branch) in 1965. From 1964 to 1974, he worked as an Assistant in Biochemistry at the School of Medicine at the same university. From 1974 to 1976, he was a fellow of the National Institutes of Health (NIH) at the University of Connecticut, Health Center, USA. From 1985 to 2004, he served as a Full Professor of Biochemistry at the Universidad Nacional de La Plata. He is a member of the National Research Council (CONICET), Argentina, and the Argentine Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (SAIB). His laboratory has been interested for many years in the lipid peroxidation of biological membranes from various tissues and different species. Dr. Catalá has directed twelve doctoral theses, published more than 100 papers in peer-reviewed journals, several chapters in books, and edited twelve books. He received awards at the 40th International Conference Biochemistry of Lipids 1999 in Dijon, France. He is the winner of the Bimbo Pan-American Nutrition, Food Science and Technology Award 2006 and 2012, South America, Human Nutrition, Professional Category. In 2006, he won the Bernardo Houssay award in pharmacology, in recognition of his meritorious works of research. Dr. Catalá belongs to the editorial board of several journals including Journal of Lipids; International Review of Biophysical Chemistry; Frontiers in Membrane Physiology and Biophysics; World Journal of Experimental Medicine and Biochemistry Research International; World Journal of Biological Chemistry, Diabetes, and the Pancreas; International Journal of Chronic Diseases & Therapy; and International Journal of Nutrition. He is the co-editor of The Open Biology Journal and associate editor for Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity.",institutionString:"Universidad Nacional de La Plata",institution:{name:"National University of La Plata",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Argentina"}}}]},{type:"book",id:"6924",title:"Adenosine Triphosphate in Health and Disease",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6924.jpg",slug:"adenosine-triphosphate-in-health-and-disease",publishedDate:"April 24th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Gyula Mozsik",hash:"04106c232a3c68fec07ba7cf00d2522d",volumeInSeries:3,fullTitle:"Adenosine Triphosphate in Health and Disease",editors:[{id:"58390",title:"Dr.",name:"Gyula",middleName:null,surname:"Mozsik",slug:"gyula-mozsik",fullName:"Gyula Mozsik",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/58390/images/system/58390.png",biography:"Gyula Mózsik MD, Ph.D., ScD (med), is an emeritus professor of Medicine at the First Department of Medicine, Univesity of Pécs, Hungary. He was head of this department from 1993 to 2003. His specializations are medicine, gastroenterology, clinical pharmacology, clinical nutrition, and dietetics. His research fields are biochemical pharmacological examinations in the human gastrointestinal (GI) mucosa, mechanisms of retinoids, drugs, capsaicin-sensitive afferent nerves, and innovative pharmacological, pharmaceutical, and nutritional (dietary) research in humans. He has published about 360 peer-reviewed papers, 197 book chapters, 692 abstracts, 19 monographs, and has edited 37 books. He has given about 1120 regular and review lectures. He has organized thirty-eight national and international congresses and symposia. He is the founder of the International Conference on Ulcer Research (ICUR); International Union of Pharmacology, Gastrointestinal Section (IUPHAR-GI); Brain-Gut Society symposiums, and gastrointestinal cytoprotective symposiums. He received the Andre Robert Award from IUPHAR-GI in 2014. Fifteen of his students have been appointed as full professors in Egypt, Cuba, and Hungary.",institutionString:"University of Pécs",institution:{name:"University of Pecs",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Hungary"}}}]},{type:"book",id:"8008",title:"Antioxidants",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8008.jpg",slug:"antioxidants",publishedDate:"November 6th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Emad Shalaby",hash:"76361b4061e830906267933c1c670027",volumeInSeries:5,fullTitle:"Antioxidants",editors:[{id:"63600",title:"Prof.",name:"Emad",middleName:null,surname:"Shalaby",slug:"emad-shalaby",fullName:"Emad Shalaby",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/63600/images/system/63600.png",biography:"Dr. Emad Shalaby is a professor of biochemistry on the Biochemistry Department Faculty of Agriculture, Cairo University. He\nreceived a short-term scholarship to carry out his post-doctoral\nstudies abroad, from Japan International Cooperation Agency\n(JICA), in coordination with the Egyptian government. Dr.\nShalaby speaks fluent English and his native Arabic. He has 77\ninternationally published research papers, has attended 15 international conferences, and has contributed to 18 international books and chapters.\nDr. Shalaby works as a reviewer on over one hundred international journals and is\non the editorial board of more than twenty-five international journals. 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Possible contributions can address (but are not limited to) the following research topics: Bioinspired design and control of exoskeletons, orthoses, and prostheses; Experimental evaluation of the effect of assistive devices (e.g., influence on gait, balance, and neuromuscular system); Bioinspired technologies for rehabilitation, including clinical studies reporting evaluations; Application of neuromuscular and biomechanical models to the development of bioinspired technology.',annualVolume:11404,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/8.jpg",editor:{id:"144937",title:"Prof.",name:"Adriano",middleName:"De Oliveira",surname:"Andrade",fullName:"Adriano Andrade",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRC8QQAW/Profile_Picture_1625219101815",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Federal University of Uberlândia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"49517",title:"Prof.",name:"Hitoshi",middleName:null,surname:"Tsunashima",fullName:"Hitoshi Tsunashima",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYTP4QAO/Profile_Picture_1625819726528",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Nihon University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"425354",title:"Dr.",name:"Marcus",middleName:"Fraga",surname:"Vieira",fullName:"Marcus Vieira",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00003BJSgIQAX/Profile_Picture_1627904687309",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Federal de Goiás",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"196746",title:"Dr.",name:"Ramana",middleName:null,surname:"Vinjamuri",fullName:"Ramana Vinjamuri",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/196746/images/system/196746.jpeg",institutionString:"University of Maryland, Baltimore County",institution:{name:"University of Maryland, Baltimore County",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}]},{id:"9",title:"Biotechnology - Biosensors, Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering",keywords:"Biotechnology, Biosensors, Biomaterials, Tissue Engineering",scope:"The Biotechnology - Biosensors, Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering topic within the Biomedical Engineering Series aims to rapidly publish contributions on all aspects of biotechnology, biosensors, biomaterial and tissue engineering. We encourage the submission of manuscripts that provide novel and mechanistic insights that report significant advances in the fields. Topics can include but are not limited to: Biotechnology such as biotechnological products and process engineering; Biotechnologically relevant enzymes and proteins; Bioenergy and biofuels; Applied genetics and molecular biotechnology; Genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics; Applied microbial and cell physiology; Environmental biotechnology; Methods and protocols. Moreover, topics in biosensor technology, like sensors that incorporate enzymes, antibodies, nucleic acids, whole cells, tissues and organelles, and other biological or biologically inspired components will be considered, and topics exploring transducers, including those based on electrochemical and optical piezoelectric, thermal, magnetic, and micromechanical elements. Chapters exploring biomaterial approaches such as polymer synthesis and characterization, drug and gene vector design, biocompatibility, immunology and toxicology, and self-assembly at the nanoscale, are welcome. Finally, the tissue engineering subcategory will support topics such as the fundamentals of stem cells and progenitor cells and their proliferation, differentiation, bioreactors for three-dimensional culture and studies of phenotypic changes, stem and progenitor cells, both short and long term, ex vivo and in vivo implantation both in preclinical models and also in clinical trials.",annualVolume:11405,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/9.jpg",editor:{id:"126286",title:"Dr.",name:"Luis",middleName:"Jesús",surname:"Villarreal-Gómez",fullName:"Luis Villarreal-Gómez",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/126286/images/system/126286.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Autonomous University of Baja California",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"35539",title:"Dr.",name:"Cecilia",middleName:null,surname:"Cristea",fullName:"Cecilia Cristea",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYQ65QAG/Profile_Picture_1621007741527",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Iuliu Hațieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Romania"}}},{id:"40735",title:"Dr.",name:"Gil",middleName:"Alberto Batista",surname:"Gonçalves",fullName:"Gil Gonçalves",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYRLGQA4/Profile_Picture_1628492612759",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Aveiro",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Portugal"}}},{id:"211725",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Johann F.",middleName:null,surname:"Osma",fullName:"Johann F. 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