Limit and target value for the protection of human health [15].
\r\n\tThe fifth topic is “complications and drug side effects in the treatment of pigmentation disorders”. These include drug allergies, hyper- and hypopigmentation, persistent skin depigmentation, scars, skin burns, and the potential for skin cancer and skin lymphoma. The last topic is called “coping and support along with skin pigmentation diseases”. Increase the quality of life, psychotherapy, team therapy, and asking for understanding and support from family members.
",isbn:"978-1-80356-900-0",printIsbn:"978-1-80356-899-7",pdfIsbn:"978-1-80356-901-7",doi:null,price:0,priceEur:0,priceUsd:0,slug:null,numberOfPages:0,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isSalesforceBook:!1,isNomenclature:!1,hash:"2ac6c9f424eec37ed85232c2c97ef6f6",bookSignature:"Associate Prof. Shahin Aghaei",publishedDate:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11698.jpg",keywords:"Melanoma, Post-inflammatory Hyperpigmentation, Albinism, Piebaldism, Vitiligo, Pityriasis Alba, Laser Therapy, Cosmetic Coverage, Drug Reactions, Skin Sensitivity, Quality of Life, Team Therapy",numberOfDownloads:null,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:null,numberOfDimensionsCitations:null,numberOfTotalCitations:null,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"April 5th 2022",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"June 14th 2022",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"August 13th 2022",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"November 1st 2022",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"December 31st 2022",dateConfirmationOfParticipation:null,remainingDaysToSecondStep:"2 months",secondStepPassed:!0,areRegistrationsClosed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:4,editedByType:null,kuFlag:!1,biosketch:"Associate Professor of Clinical Dermatology and Dermatologic Surgery, lead author or contributor to nearly 60 articles published in international dermatology journals, and editor-in-chief of the Journal of Surgical Dermatology in Singapore.",coeditorOneBiosketch:null,coeditorTwoBiosketch:null,coeditorThreeBiosketch:null,coeditorFourBiosketch:null,coeditorFiveBiosketch:null,editors:[{id:"64024",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Shahin",middleName:null,surname:"Aghaei",slug:"shahin-aghaei",fullName:"Shahin Aghaei",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/64024/images/system/64024.jpg",biography:"Shahin Aghaei, MD, graduated from Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Iran, in 2004. 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As a consequence, the rise of the pollutant emissions toward the environmental compartments has been framed as a Public Health concern. Therefore, the impact of environmental emissions on the climate and the environment is an ultimate subject, both to local, regional as global level. Particularly, an increase of environmental well-being would bring in greater the quality of life, due to the exchange internal-external between the human being and the environment.
\nEnvironmental emissions play a key role in the release of pollutants on air, water and soil matrix, which is relevant because drives a decline of biodiversity [1]. In this sense, deforestation, water pollution, acid rain or endangered animals are factors linked to likely environmental repercussions [2, 3]. In the health framework, numerous epidemiological studies associate the presence of pollutants in the environment and harmful effects on human being health [4, 5].
\nTaking into account the interaction between human being and environmental, the human well-being is a factor tied to the presence of clean air, otherwise, the emergence of harmful effects could drive to devastating implications on human health. According to the 68th World Health Assembly (see [6]), each year, a total of 4.3 and 3.7 million deaths result from exposure to indoor and outdoor pollutants, respectively.
\nAmong different environmental compartments, this chapter will focus on atmospheric matrix, given that atmospheric pollution is considered the major environmental risk to human health worldwide. Atmospheric pollution result from the release of a damaging chemical or material into the atmosphere and it encompasses a wide variety of pollutants, either organic or inorganic compounds. Once air pollutants are released into the atmosphere, those ones can be exhibited both gaseous phase as solid and liquid particles suspended in the air (particulate material, PM) [7].
\nThe occurrence of pollutants in the atmosphere depends on emissions sources. Although the atmospheric pollution is considered as a global character issue, the highest levels of air pollutants have been monitored in the developing countries, as a consequence of the industrial growth. A more detailed analysis would pointed to large cities [8, 9], where environmental emissions to atmospheric level could come from several types of sources of pollution, such as industrial developments implying combustion processes, vehicular emissions and domestic-heating [10].
\nEnvironmental emissions have a direct effect on the outdoor ambient pollution, as well as on indoor air quality, given that outdoor emission sources are responsible for the presence of air pollutants at indoor environments [11], due to the gases and particles infiltration.
\nBased on previously mentioned, atmospheric pollution monitoring is of a fundamental importance in Public Health [12] in order to (i) control the human being exposure to air pollutants [13] and (ii) support the decision making on environmental management, in particular air quality management [14]. So, for example, an adequate management of major dominant emission sources in urban environments, as it can be to limit the road transport and more restricted industrial emissions, would result in lower levels of pollution into the atmosphere.
\nEuropean Union develops Air Quality Directives [15] for setting air quality objectives in order to reduce potential harmful effects of air pollutants on human health and environment, establishing limit and target values for criteria of air pollutants. Air quality assessment is a responsibility of each Member States within their territory. These ones have the obligation for maintaining an air quality good, or improve it, and they should assume action in order to comply with the limit values and critical levels and, where possible, to reach the target values and long-term objectives. For that, Member States establish air quality monitoring networks (AQMN) in their territories for verifying compliance with those air quality objectives.
\nTherefore, AQMN performs an essential function within Public Health framework, monitoring environment emissions and controlling exposure in order to take care of human being health.
\nCriteria of air pollutants are those atmospheric pollutants generally monitored by AQMNs. They usually measure the next legislated criteria of air pollutants (see Table 1): sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides (monoxide and dioxide nitrogen), benzene, carbon monoxide. Ozone and atmospheric particles (PM10 particles, with an aerodynamic diameter of 10 μm or less, and PM2.5, aerodynamic diameters ≤2.5 μm) [16, 17].
\nPollutant | \nQuantitative value | \nConcept | \nAveraging period | \n
---|---|---|---|
Sulfur dioxide (gas) | \n350 μg/m3\n 125 μg/m3\n | \nLimit value Limit value | \n1 hour 1 day | \n
Nitrogen dioxide (gas) | \n200 μg/m3\n 40 μg/m3\n | \nLimit value Limit value | \n1 hour A calendar year | \n
Benzene (gas) | \n5 μg/m3\n | \nLimit value | \nA calendar year | \n
Carbon monoxide (gas) | \n10 mg/m3\n | \nLimit value | \nMaximum daily 8-hour mean | \n
Ozone (gas) | \n120 μg/m3\n | \nTarget value (January 1, 2010) | \nMaximum daily 8-hour mean | \n
PM10 (particles) | \n50 μg/m3\n 40 μg/m3\n | \nLimit value Limit value | \n1 day A calendar year | \n
PM2.5 (particles) | \n25 μg/m3\n 20 μg/m3\n | \nTarget value (January 1, 2020) Limit value | \nA calendar year A calendar year | \n
Limit and target value for the protection of human health [15].
The measurements recorded by AQMNs must be able to provide traceability, in order to compare air quality data among all Member States, for which those measures must be monitored using common measurement methods. For that, Member States apply normalized reference measurement methods (see Table 2).
\nPollutant | \nEuropean standard | \nMeasurement method | \n
---|---|---|
Sulfur dioxide | \nEN 14212:2012 [18] | \nUltraviolet fluorescence | \n
Monoxide and nitrogen dioxide | \nEN 14211:2012 [19] | \nChemiluminescence | \n
Benzene | \nEN 14662:2005 [20] | \nAutomated pumped sampling with in situ gas chromatography | \n
Carbon monoxide | \nEN 14626:2012 [21] | \nNon-dispersive infrared spectroscopy | \n
Ozone | \nEN 14625:2005 [22] | \nUltraviolet photometry | \n
PM10 and PM2.5\n | \nEN 12341:2015 [23] | \nGravimetric method | \n
Reference measurement methods for measuring criteria of air pollutants.
The previously mentioned methods are cataloged as automatic method, nevertheless, the AQMNs dispose manual methods for determining the chemical composition of atmospheric particles (PM10 and PM2.5), mainly for heavy metals and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. While the samples are collected by manual equipment installed at AQMN, their composition is analyzed in the laboratory.
\nThe occurrence of criteria of air pollutants into the atmosphere measured at fixed stations within AQMN is dependent on several factors, such as meteorological features and sources of pollution.
\nThe comprehension of emission sources and knowledge on pollution levels reached in the air matrix could be useful tool for understanding the spatial and temporal distribution of air pollutants, which would provide an overview picture about human exposure to environmental emissions coming from different sources of contamination.
\nIn function of their origin, it is necessary to distinct between anthropogenic and natural sources. Broadly, the first ones are sources that release mixtures of pollutants come from transport, power generation, industrial activity, biomass burning, and domestic heating, mainly in urban environments [24, 25, 26] while volcanic eruptions, plant emission and oceans are tied to natural sources. Nevertheless, in terms of released pollutant, the sources can be defined as primary and secondary. Primary emission sources result from the direct emissions from an air pollution source, while secondary emission sources result from the formation of a pollutant in the atmosphere from the chemical reaction between theirs precursors, which are emitted from air pollution primaries sources, and the meteorological variables. Finally, once pollutants are released, either from primary or secondary sources, the pollutants can be deposited on the Earth’s terrestrial or aquatic surfaces, followed by re-emission to the atmosphere; in this case the sources are named as re-emission sources [27].
\nWhile the identification of emissions sources is a fundamental factor in order to carry out the distribution of the fixed monitoring stations within an AQMN, other elements also perform a primordial role, such as population density, peculiar features of target territory, amplitude of geographic area to be controlled as further meteorological variables.
\nAQMN is an essential element within environmental management, in special emphasis to air quality management. It is consisted of fixed monitoring stations for measuring air pollutants (see Figure 1). Although the total number of stations depends on several factors, according to Section 3, these ones should be attributed conveniently in the domain of interest for providing suitable air pollutant information and estimating the exposure of the ambient pollution on human being of righter way. So, one of the keys in the AQMN layout is the distribution of monitoring stations as well as the determination of a sufficient and confident number of sampling points for carrying out the air quality measurements. These features are associated with the network management, which should focus on reducing the fixed stations within the AQMN to a reliable and non-redundant number. So, the network would not duplicate information on air pollution.
\nBasic setup of a fixed monitoring station.
Given that the assessment of air quality in Member States is approached by means of the data generated by AQMN, those ones divide their territories at zones and agglomerations in order to reach that objective. Generally, air quality must be assessed in all zones and agglomerations by means of one or more fixed stations. The number of zones can vary in function of geographical location, distribution of emission sources and meteorology, although the final number of those ones must provide an adequate representation of the territory heterogeneity.
\nCurrent European legislation [15] lays down criteria for siting fixed stations within an AQMN, pointing a wide number of considerations regards at macroscale siting of sampling points in order to protect the human health, vegetation and natural ecosystems. Similarly, in terms of microscale, the legislation set criteria relative to air flow no-restriction around the inlet of sampling point, its height regards to ground level (between 1.5 and 4 m) and distance regards to the edge of major junctions (at least 25 m) and the kerbside (no more than 10 m).
\nRegarding to minimum number of fixed monitoring stations, the European legislation set criteria in those zones and agglomerations where fixed measurement is the sole source of information for evaluating compliance with limit values for the protection of human health and alert thresholds. This criterion is based on zone inhabitant number and measured pollutants.
\nFixed stations included into AQMN can be sorted in function of several typologies. So, in terms of area where is located it can be named:
Urban stations: Those ones located at zones with presence of buildings of continued way.
Suburban stations: Those ones located at zones with presence of buildings of continued way but separated by no-buildings areas, such as lakes, forests and agricultural land.
Rural stations: Those ones located at zones not included within the previous two categories.
In terms of major dominant emission source:
Traffic stations: Those ones which contamination levels are mainly appointed to emission sources coming from vehicles.
Industrial stations: Those ones which contamination levels are majorly dependent on industrial activities.
Background stations: Those ones which contamination levels cannot be directly attributed to any dominant emission source.
Regardless the function exhibited by fixed measurement stations included into an AQMN, as the assessment of air quality, cross-border pollution, spatial-temporal trends or exposure studies, the representativeness of each station should be considered as a primordial reflection. The efficiency degree of the fixed stations into AQMN can be assessed in terms of:
\nGiven that one target zone can be represented by one or more fixed stations, it is relevant to know the spatial representativeness of each station in order to evaluate whether air quality monitored by those ones can or not be extrapolated to all zone. In this sense, in order to provide an overview regards to atmospheric pollution within zone, the passive methodology simultaneously samples a large number of sampling points, which supplies opportune information on spatial pollution in the researched zone [28]. This approach lets to compare air quality data measured by AQMN vs. those ones monitored by passive methods, thereby confirming or not the station representativeness within target zone.
\nSpatial representativeness of the information provided by AQMN is dependent on type of station, in terms of spatial scale, and the pollutant.
\nBroadly, representativeness of a fixed station can be defined as the variability of the target pollutant concentrations around sampling point, while others authors enlarged the definition to the radius of a circular area where the concentration can vary up to ±20%, as maximum value [29].
\nThe AQMN performance does not depend on number of fixed measurement stations, given that the presence of redundant stations could result in existence of non-efficient fixed stations. This means that potential emission sources close to those stations could have a strong probability of similitude. For this reason, the representativeness of each station within an AQMN should be properly studied.
\nAlthough a final agreement regarding on procedure for assessing the efficiency of fixed stations have not been reached, this subject have been widely studied in the scientific literature. Recent studies have reported on approaches in order to test the AQMN performance. They are based on the use of several combined chemometric techniques for reached the aforementioned objective. Some authors have used the analysis of correlation for revealing the existence of redundant fixed stations, although this method does not identify efficient stations. For that, they apply the principal component analysis technique, which appoints a new set of linearly uncorrelated stations [29]. Other studies have expanded the number of chemometric techniques, combining correlation analysis, principal component analysis, assignment method, clustering analysis and correspondence analysis [30].
\nA significate consideration would drive to know the contribution degree of each source of pollution in regarding with air pollutants levels reached into the atmosphere. Some authors have solved this subject using a combination of techniques, combined principal component analysis and multiple linear regression.
\nNevertheless, the practical application of the mentioned approaches were not tested along a period did not include in the development of these approaches. Similarly, they did not assess spatial information percentage that is lost when redesigning the AQMN due to the removal redundant fixed measurement stations.
\nTherefore, while different approaches have been developed to estimate the area of spatial representativeness of monitoring stations, a unique robust methodology to assess the representativeness of in-situ measurements has not yet been agreed.
\nSpatial representativeness is required for distinct actions:
Station classification and network design [31],
Air quality and exposure assessment, for example, to estimate the air quality standards exceedance areas and to quantify the population exposure to the air pollution [32],
Model validation and data assimilation [33].
A lack of information in regarding with the AQMN performance, based on the representativeness of their fixed stations, would support their potential limitations.
\nGiven that air quality in any zone, either local, regional or global, is dependent on a wide number of factors such emission sources (transport network and industries) and meteorological features, the assessment of atmospheric pollution is a hard assignment, and due to these factors it is specific for each zone. Therefore, it is possible that the spatial information on environmental pollution reported by AQMNs is not representative of the target zone.
\nThis limitation could influence on AQMN efficiency, if its function is framed within activity of informing population of levels which they are exposed to. This fact is relevant because numerous epidemiological studies use air quality data recorded by AQMNs, in order to associate air pollutant levels with damaging effects or hospital admissions. Nevertheless, the pollution data measured by AQMNs along study time is not equivalent to the daily concentrations which the human being is exposed to. So, the reached conclusions could exhibit a limited scope.
\nWhile European Legislation clearly establish criteria, on the one hand, for siting potential fixed measurement stations and, on the other hand, setting minimum number of those ones, criteria for identifying the more representative fixed sampling points within AQMN is not considered. This fact is fundamental in order to optimize the AQMN performance.
\nFARIMODE study [34] reported on collected information coming from questionnaire to get technical information concerning the methodologies used to estimate the representativeness of air quality monitoring stations. The questionnaire was answered by 22 workgroups from 14 different countries providing information on 25 methodologies.
\nMajor methodological limitations were appointed to input data availability (9 answers), expert or local knowledge (1), modeling domain (1), modeling uncertainties (6), input data uncertainties (10), temporal-spatial resolution (7), directive metrics (1), computational resources (4), pollutants (2), definition of parameters of methodology (3), coverage of station network (1) and no limitation (2). Within this study, a relevant conclusion was the possibility for examining if the similarities or discrepancies between the representativeness estimates are more or less significant according to the concentration levels measured by target station.
\nConsequently to previously mentioned, an AQMN play a paramount lead in the evaluation of the air quality [35], in order to:
Inform to the population in regarding with pollution levels which they are exposed to [30],
Know spatial-temporal pattern of air pollutants (see Figure 1),
Identify predominant emission sources [36],
Support the development of monitoring strategies [37] and.
Assist to authorities in decisions making.
Besides, in the case of Member States, those ones must report to European Commission on recorded pollution data, which lets to evaluate the cross-border pollution and model the spatial-temporal air pollution pattern, among others applications.
\nAQMN links important subjects framed into Public Health, such as sources of pollution, environmental emissions, outdoor air pollutant levels and human health. Therefore, AQMN proves a helpful implement for estimating risk associated with human being exposure to air pollutant levels occurred into the atmosphere.
\nWithin the European Union, Member States are liable for controlling and assuring data quality of fixed monitoring stations. Each one establishes the necessary number and the location of fixed measurement stations included in their AQMNs, in order to ensure an adequate air quality assessment in its territory and comply with air quality standards. Similarly, each Member State is responsible for managing their AQMNs, according to requirements set in current European Legislation, meaning, the used measurement methods should be those ones included in air quality standards (they have been mentioned in Table 2). Similarly, they should guarantee a proper maintenance of those measure devices employed for monitoring atmospheric pollutants in the outdoor ambient air. For that, the air quality standards [18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23] set several basic qualifications regards to the measure devices and their management:
Components of sampling system: (i) Sampling line: standards indicate the frequency of clear or, if necessary, its change, (ii) Particle filters: standards indicate where should site and (iii) Sampling pump: standards set the sampling flux required for working properly.
Equipment requirements. They depend on target atmospheric pollutant. The components of the devices used for measuring atmospheric pollutants are described in the Air Quality Standards. The next devices can be differenced:
Continuous devices: The air pollutant levels are continuously measured using automatic analyzers.
\nIntegrated devices: Levels of the target air pollutants are measured by manual or automated methods and the data is registered hourly or daily.
\nStatic devices: Levels of the target air pollutants are estimated by using qualitative measurement devices from weekly or monthly exposure.
Maintenance operations: The Air Quality Standards determine those necessary actions in order to test if an equipment is working within specifications marked by the manufacturer. For that aim, technical aspects such as verification of zero, the higher concentration level and lack of fit, among other should be checked. All these tests should provide satisfactory results, complying with the criteria set in the air quality standards.
Equipment calibration: Standards exhibit the frequency of calibration for each criteria of air pollutant, as well as recommended concentration/s, acceptation criteria, methodology, etc.
Quality control and quality assurance: The execution of this subject assures that the uncertainty or dispersion associated with the measured values by AQMNs fall down criteria set by current European Legislation. For that, the compliance of the previous requirements should be reached.
More detailed information about this section can be found in air quality standards, which have been published by CEN/TC 624 Work Programme and can be acquired through European Committee for Standardization (https://www.cen.eu/Pages/default.aspx, accessed March 6, 2020).
\nGiven that the AQMNs management is a responsibility for the Member States, those ones should ensure valid air quality data. The data registered during maintenance, check and calibration processes should be not included within the air quality dataset, as well as the faulty data. The air quality standards establish requirements relative to the way for expressing the air quality data (number of decimals) and data capture (temporal coverage).
\nAt the State level, Member States transfer air quality data to Europe Union. Those data can be compared given that, on the one hand, their measure was monitored using reference methods and, on the other hand, they complied with those QC/QA criteria set by air quality standards. As an example, the European Monitoring and Evaluation Programme (EMEP) is the co-operative program for assessing long range transmission of atmospheric pollutants over Europe. Member States have an air quality network in order to monitor background levels of air pollutants. Information relative to this subject can be found in https://www.emep.int/ (accessed March 6, 2020), where emission data, measurement data and modeling results for air pollutants are available through an open’s database. Similarly, air quality data monitored by Member States is reported by European Environment Agency (https://www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/explore-interactive-maps/up-to-date-air-quality-data, accessed March 9, 2020) by means of interactive maps and reports. Other website providing real-time air pollution data by interactive maps in Europe and other countries over the world can be visited at https://aqicn.org/map/europe/ (accessed March 9, 2020).
\nGiven that the AQMNs have a large historical series of ambient air data for target air pollutants [38] (sulfur dioxide, nitrogen monoxide and dioxide, benzene, carbon monoxide, ozone and atmospheric particles), a count of the number of times that the measurements exceeded the limit and target value established by the European Legislation would help to identify those air pollutants who should be monitored.
\nAs a consequence, the measurement of those air pollutants which do not exceeded the limit values could be reduced in terms of number of fixed monitoring stations, which would give to reinvest those economic resources towards the monitor of other pollutants, e.g. benzene, given that the measurements of this last pollutant are very limited within AQMNs and, according to European Legislation, its measure is mandatory.
\nBased on the role of AQMNs within environmental emission control, and given that their spatial monitoring coverture is limited [39], nowadays, new wireless low cost sensors are available in order to assess pollution levels in ambient [40] and indoor air [41], by simultaneous monitoring in an elevated number of sampling points,
\nAt European level, although the application of measurement methods for monitoring air pollutants in AQMNs is normalized by Air Quality Standards, providing traceability to air pollution data among Member States, a harmonized technique for estimating the representativeness of fixed monitoring stations have not been defined.
\nIn the future, the major requirement in regards to AQMN design should point towards the development of a particular methodology for evaluating representativeness of fixed monitoring sampling points within a network.
\nOn the one hand, this methodology should offer evaluation criteria which would assure an adequate estimation of the representativeness and, on the other hand, they should be common and similar to all Member States.
\nThe implementation of this reflection would result in a significant benefit for population, given that an optimization regards to location of fixed stations, and by extension on AQMN performance, it would aid to control the human exposure to atmospheric pollution in a more precise way, supporting a more realistic estimate of human health risk.
\nThe binomial between environmental emissions and human exposure leads to Public Health concerns. In particular, emissions towards ambient air are considered the higher environmental risk. In order to control those issues, AQMNs play a paramount role for controlling air pollution in order to evaluate the compliance with those air quality objectives set by Air Quality European Standards and assist to authorities in decisions making. They consist of fixed monitoring stations and measure several criteria of air pollutants. Although each fixed station should be representative of an around area, the spatial coverture of AQMNs is very limited, due to the restricted number of sampling points as a consequence of the large investment need for setting up an AQMN. Current European legislation lays down criteria for supporting location and minimum number of the fixed measurement stations within AQMN. There are numerous websites exhibiting air quality data (at local, regional and global level), by means of reports, interactive maps or time-real data.
\nIn order to support the AQMN management, a study regards to number of times that air pollutant measures have exceeded the criteria of air quality set in European Legislation should be addressed, for identifying the pollutants which should be measured.
\nA relevant subject of an AQMN would point to its layout. Although, the legislation does not set methods for evaluating representativeness of the fixed measurement points or requirements for refereeing representativeness degree, this one should be tested over the time, given that new emission air pollutant sources can be emerged, which would directly affect to the AQMN performance.
\nTherefore, the deployment of a harmonized methodological framework is required, which allows to establish a comprehensive and comparative evaluation of the AQMN efficacy, by evaluating the representativeness of fixed monitoring stations.
\nThis methodology should be assisted by scientists, AQMN’s managers and technicians and experts of air quality and it should lay down the concrete type of method to use, either passive methodology, modeling, series of historical data, a combination of them or other methods.
\nThe development of this harmonized methodological would help to the reporting of spatial representativeness by the Member States to Commission European by means of a common approach.
\nThe author declares no conflict of interest. This work does not have commercial purposes, only scientific ones.
This work did not receive any specific grant from funding agencies in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors.
\nMRSA is a major cause of severe healthcare-associated (HA) infections. Although during the last decade, the incidence of HA invasive infections have dropped, accounts of community-associated MRSA (CA-MRSA) infections have soared among the general populace [3, 4, 5, 6, 7]. Globally, MRSA remains one of the most important multidrug-resistant bacteria reported to account for most cSSTIs such as surgical wounds [8] and is also responsible for the high morbidity and mortality cases due to HA infections. The use of orthodox antibiotics has been the mainstay of treatment for these infections. Though the world’s encounter with antibiotics has been beneficial, several reports have suggested that many antibiotics that used to be seen as “miraculous drugs” have witnessed a low efficacy and this has threatened the life of humanity as never before. The rapid emergence of “superbugs” such as MRSA bacteria that are highly resistant to many classes of antibiotics is the major cause of this sad development. Infections due to MRSA, in comparison with MSSA, are associated with a greater risk of treatment failure, increased patient mortality, and higher costs. Owing to irrational and excessive antibiotic use, the bacterium-
Honey is a sugary thick fluid that has been in use for almost 5500 years back. In the Sumerian tablet, the earliest inscribed information on honey for nutrition and medicinal purposes was found in 2100–2000 B.C. This chapter discusses the fact that though honey is an ancient remedy, its relevance and application in complicated and chronic infected wounds in modern medicine is still relevant and should be re-visited. This piece provides data on the
Honey according to Codex Alimentarius, 2001 is “the natural sweet substance produced by honey bees from the nectar of plants or secretions of living parts of plants or excretions of plant-sucking insects on the living parts of plants, which the bees collect, transform by combining with specific substances of their own, deposit, dehydrate, supply and leave in the honeycomb to ripen and mature”. Honey is classified based on many criteria. Based on its nutritional and medicinal applications, two main kinds are known, namely medical and non-medical grades. Fresh honey which has not been exposed to irradiation are referred to as non-medical grade whereas those with radiation exposure are usually called medical grade honey (MGH). Fresh honey can contain bacterial spores, mainly those of bacillus species, and spores of the notorious pathogen Clostridium botulinum, which can cause wound botulism or gangrene. The likely presence of these microorganisms calls for the sterilization of honey through gamma-irradiation to destroy these bacterial spores and other microorganisms. Honey that has passed through this process is referred to as medical-grade honey (MGH) and approved for use in clinical settings. Manuka and medihoney (Comvita, NZ), one of the few honeys that appear to have FDA approval for clinical applications.
The limited knowledge of anti-bacterial compounds in honey and the variability of anti-bacterial activity of other types of honey are however major obstacles to the applicability in clinical use. This section presents information on the antibacterial effects of MGH mentioned earlier and the contribution of individual components in its antimicrobial action. Studies have shown that MGH comprises primarily fructose, glucose, sucrose, water, organic acids, flavonoids, phenolic acids, as well as minor components such as peptides [bee defensin-1 and 2, hemenopectin, apidaecin], enzymes [diastase, invertase, glucose oxidase] amino acids and vitamins [10, 11]. It is important to note that the bioactive components of honey can vary due to the different botanic and geographic origins [12].
In the past four decades, there have been various studies regarding honey and its components and how it drives the anti-bacteria character. Several studies have shown that no “stubborn” or resistant bacteria can be isolated after subjecting isolates of MRSA obtained from wound to various concentrations of MGH or MGH-based dressings [13, 14, 15, 16]. This is reported to be as a result of the fact that these types of honey contain various antibacterial constituents and conditions such as low pH, high sugar content, methylglyoxyl (MGO), hydrogen peroxide, antimicrobial peptides (bee defensin-1) and other active substances [10, 17, 18]. It is of interest to note that MGO has been identified as one of the principal antimicrobic ingredient of most MGHs [19, 20]. Cooper and colleagues in 2010, demonstrated that some honeys also contain an antimicrobial peptide (bee defensin-1), which contributes substantially to bactericidal activity [14].
The antimicrobial qualities are critical in dermatologic applications, owing to the presence of active constituents, like MGO and antimicrobial peptides. MGH-based dressings are appropriate for the dressing of wounds and burns and have also been included in treatment therapy against diseases such as diaper dermatitis, dandruff, pityriasis, and psoriasis. It also exerts emollient, humectant, soothing, and hair conditioning effects, keeps the skin juvenile and retards wrinkle formation, regulates pH, and prevents pathogen infections [21]. Studies have also shown that Community-associated methicillin-resistant
Type of Honey | MIC | Test method | Reference | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Manuka | 34 𝜇g | O4–277-35671 | Broth microdilution | [24] |
Manuka | 8.0 w/v % | NCTC83253 | Microdilution assay | [25] |
8.0 w/v % | RPAH181,2 | |||
8.0 w/v % | MW21,2 | |||
Medihoney | 4.2 w/v % | MRSA2 | Agar dilution method | [15] |
4.1 w/v % | Non-MRSA Clinical isolate1 | |||
4.2 w/v % | Resistant to all antibiotics4 | |||
4.4 w/v % | sensitive to all antibiotics5 | |||
Medihoney | 8.0 w/v % | NCT83253 | Microdilution assay | [25] |
8.0 w/v % | RPAH181,2 | |||
8.0 w/v % | MW21,2 | |||
Manuka | 3.0 v/v | MRSA1 | Broth dilution method | [26] |
3.0 v/v | MRSA2 | |||
3.0 v/v | MRSA3 | |||
3.0 v/v | MRSA4 | |||
3.0 v/v | MRSA5 | |||
3.0 v/v | MRSA6 | |||
3.0 v/v | MRSA7 | |||
3.0 v/v | MRSA8 | |||
3.0 v/v | MRSA9 | |||
3.0 v/v | MRSA10 | |||
3.0 v/v | MRSA11 | |||
3.0 v/v | MRSA12 | |||
3.0 v/v | MRSA13 | |||
3.0 v/v | MRSA14 | |||
3.0 v/v | MRSA15 | |||
3.0 v/v | MRSA16 | |||
2.7 v/v | MRSA17 | |||
Manuka | 12.5 v/v | MRSA ATCC 433003 | Broth dilution method | [26] |
12.5 v/v | MRSA 07912 | |||
12.5 v/v | MRSA 289652 | |||
12.5 v/v | MRSA 013222 | |||
12.5 v/v | MRSA 07452 | |||
Medihoney | 4.0 v/v | BORSA mecA neg1 | Broth dilution method | [23] |
4.0 v/v | Multiresistant mecA neg1 | |||
4.0 v/v | Multiresistant2 | |||
4.0 v/v | Non-multiresistant2 | |||
Manuka | 60000 mg/ml | EMRA-15 NCTC 131422 | E-test strip | [27] |
60000 mg/ml | Broth dilution | |||
60000 mg/ml | Checker board | |||
60000 mg/ml | Time kill curve |
Antibacterial action of manuka and medihoney against various strains of
Non-MRSA Clinical isolate1; MRSA2; Non–MRSA Lab strain3; Resistant to all antibiotics4; Isolates sensitive to all antibiotics5.
MIC- Minimum Inhibitory Concentration; ZI- Zone of Inhibition; R- Resistant.
One of the ways to curb the upsurge in antimicrobial resistance is to introduce novel approaches to combat these pathogens. Merging antimicrobial drugs with other agents such as honey that counteract and obstruct the antibiotic resistant mechanisms expressed by these pathogens is a novel strategy. The natural product, honey, is gaining acceptance as an alternative antimicrobial agent. Medical grade honey offers a favorable alternative for topical use, as a single or a multi-component agent in combination with other antibiotics [28]. One of the approaches to fight antimicrobial resistance is combination drug therapy [29]. This upturns efficacy and enhances the value of existing antimicrobials in the dearth of new antibiotics discovery and development. There are instances where, combining antimicrobial agents have made drug action synergistic. This has the benefits of lessening both the treatment costs and the risk of possible side effects owing to the reduced concentrations of both agents used [29]. This phenomenon is especially vital for chronic wounds where antibiotic therapy is usually applied for long-term. Moreover, combining antibiotics and other drug agents is reported to exhibit different, modes of action and as such reduces the risk of resistance arising during treatment.
Honey is a natural product substance applied in different forms such as gels for topical management of infected chronic wounds [30]. MGH-based dressings have been licensed by some national health authorities and are available to health professionals in many countries. Honey has a multifaceted substance [20] with well-known, broad-spectrum antibacterial activity against a various microorganism, including those that are commonly associated with chronic wounds such as
Type of Honey | Antibiotics | FICI | Test method | Reference | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Manuka | Rifampicin | RPAH182 | Checkerboard | [33] | |
MW22 | 0.45 | ||||
IMVS672 | Microdilution assay | ||||
O4–277-35671 | |||||
Manuka | NCTC83253 | 0.445 | Agar diffusion test | [25] | |
Rifampicin | RPAH181,2 | 0.405 | |||
MW21,2 | 0.435 | ||||
O4–277-35672 | 0.445 | ||||
Clindamycin | NCTC83253 | 0.405 | |||
RPAH181,2 | 2 | ||||
MW21,2 | 0.275 | ||||
O4–277-35672 | 0.405 | ||||
Gentamycin | NCTC83253 | 0.8782 | |||
RPAH181,2 | 2 | ||||
MW21,2 | 1.07 | ||||
O4–277-35672 | 0.955 | ||||
Oxacillin | NCTC83253 | 0.405 | |||
RPAH181,2 | 0.8782 | ||||
MW21,2 | 0.753 | ||||
O4–277-35672 | 0.407 | ||||
Medihoney | Rifampicin | NCTC83253 | 0.445 | Agar diffusion test | [25] |
RPAH181,2 | 0.405 | ||||
MW21,2 | 0.435 | ||||
O4–277-35672 | 0.445 | ||||
Clindamycin | NCTC83253 | 0.405 | |||
RPAH181,2 | 2 | ||||
MW21,2 | 0.405 | ||||
O4–277-35672 | 0.405 | ||||
Gentamycin | NCTC83253 | 1.197 | |||
RPAH181,2 | 2 | ||||
MW21,2 | 1.195 | ||||
O4–277-35672 | 0.955 | ||||
Medihoney | Oxacillin | NCTC83253 | 0.405 | ||
RPAH181,2 | 0.8782 | ||||
MW21,2 | 0.753 | ||||
O4–277-35672 | 0.407 | ||||
Manuka | Oxacillin | EMRSA-15 NCTC 131422 | 0.001 | Etest strip | [27] |
Broth dilution | |||||
Checker board | |||||
Time kill curve |
Combinatorial effects of manuka and medihoney and antibiotics against S. aureus strains.
The fractional inhibitory concentration index (FICI) range of 0.5 to 4.0 is usually used to define additivity results in most combination studies. The fractional inhibitory concentration index (FICI) is calculated as the sum of the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of each compound divided by the MIC of one compound used alone. Synergy and antagonism are defined by FICI ≤ 0.5 and FICI > 4 respectively, while FICI > 0.5 or 4 ≤ is considered indifferent.
It is clear that MGH combining with gentamicin or clindamycin recorded the highest FICI compared with other antibiotics used as shown on Table 2.
Non-MRSA Clinical isolate1; MRSA2; Non–MRSA Lab strain3.
Understanding how MGH impacts the action of orthodox antibiotics and their mode on action may broaden our knowledge of how honey affects these pathogens. It is important to state that much evidence would be displayed using data on manuka honey because much research has been undertaken on it since sterile preparations of it is available commercially. According to a publication by Majtan, in 2014 there is no evidence of damage to host cells, when MGH is either consumed orally or used as a wound dressing. Honey appears to stimulate healing and reduce scarring when applied to wounds [34].
The antibacterial property of honey has been linked to some mechanisms. The high osmolarity of honey as a result of its high sugar content inhibits microbial growth [35]; the sugar molecules within the honey hold onto the water molecules, thereby denying the bacteria enough water to support their growth. However, this effect gets lessened as the honey becomes more diluted by wound exudates.
There is another mechanism that lies in the fact that its antimicrobial properties are retained, even when the honey is diluted by wound exudate. This is partly due to the presence of hydrogen peroxide, which is slowly released as a result of the action of glucose oxidase present in the honey. The latter gets diluted by the exudate and in the process becomes activated [36].
Biofilms are generally populations of cells typically covered in a self-produced extracellular matrix and usually clinging on surfaces such as teeth, implanted devices and wounds. Generally, these microbes in biofilms are safeguarded from antimicrobial agents which can lead to stubborn infections. MGH is reported to disrupt cellular aggregates and averts the formation of biofilms formed by many pathogens, including
MGH has been used on animals with accidental or surgical wounds, such as rhinos, Horses, etc., with positive outcomes [42, 43]. Case reports using MGH for non-healing wounds and ulcers have recorded substantial improvement where conventional antibiotics had failed [44, 45, 46, 47, 48].
In the intervention studies, the treatment of non-healing wounds with MGH-based dressings resulted in a higher number of completely healed wounds and a faster rate of wound size reduction. Also, it was observed that wound odor was neutralized with the provision of topical protection, and a reduction in wound pain intensity.
There is evidence from case studies of MGH-based dressing used to treat wounds that have failed with treatment with orthodox antibiotics. Though MGH has shown potent antibacterial actions in the past three decades and has high potential for use to treat chronic wounds caused by
Meanwhile there are challenges that cannot be overlooked. There are countless reasons for this, including technical challenges in performing a double-blind placebo-controlled trial on a distinctive substance like honey. The issue of ethical considerations and lack of interest by clinical practitioners are other worries that affect patronage. Additionally, the use of honey ointment has been portrayed as messy as it leaves behind a sticky residue [50]. There are also apprehensions with the application of honey to vertical wounds in ambulatory patients. The newer honey-dressings have resolved such issues and there appears to be good ease of use, retention and removal and patient comfort with MGH- impregnated tulle.
There has been a collective effort to find or develop novel agents with antimicrobial activity in order to increase the collection of drugs against methicillin-resistant
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
We are grateful to Professor Michael D. Wilson for continuous support.
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His studies in robotics lead him not only to a PhD degree but also inspired him to co-found and build the International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems - world's first Open Access journal in the field of robotics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"TU Wien",country:{name:"Austria"}}},{id:"441",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Jaekyu",middleName:null,surname:"Park",slug:"jaekyu-park",fullName:"Jaekyu Park",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/441/images/1881_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"LG Corporation (South Korea)",country:{name:"Korea, South"}}},{id:"465",title:"Dr.",name:"Christian",middleName:null,surname:"Martens",slug:"christian-martens",fullName:"Christian Martens",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Rheinmetall (Germany)",country:{name:"Germany"}}},{id:"479",title:"Dr.",name:"Valentina",middleName:null,surname:"Colla",slug:"valentina-colla",fullName:"Valentina Colla",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/479/images/358_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sant'Anna School of Advanced Studies",country:{name:"Italy"}}},{id:"494",title:"PhD",name:"Loris",middleName:null,surname:"Nanni",slug:"loris-nanni",fullName:"Loris Nanni",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/494/images/system/494.jpg",biography:"Loris Nanni received his Master Degree cum laude on June-2002 from the University of Bologna, and the April 26th 2006 he received his Ph.D. in Computer Engineering at DEIS, University of Bologna. On September, 29th 2006 he has won a post PhD fellowship from the university of Bologna (from October 2006 to October 2008), at the competitive examination he was ranked first in the industrial engineering area. He extensively served as referee for several international journals. He is author/coauthor of more than 100 research papers. He has been involved in some projects supported by MURST and European Community. His research interests include pattern recognition, bioinformatics, and biometric systems (fingerprint classification and recognition, signature verification, face recognition).",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"496",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos",middleName:null,surname:"Leon",slug:"carlos-leon",fullName:"Carlos Leon",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Seville",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"512",title:"Dr.",name:"Dayang",middleName:null,surname:"Jawawi",slug:"dayang-jawawi",fullName:"Dayang Jawawi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Technology Malaysia",country:{name:"Malaysia"}}},{id:"528",title:"Dr.",name:"Kresimir",middleName:null,surname:"Delac",slug:"kresimir-delac",fullName:"Kresimir Delac",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/528/images/system/528.jpg",biography:"K. Delac received his B.Sc.E.E. degree in 2003 and is currentlypursuing a Ph.D. degree at the University of Zagreb, Faculty of Electrical Engineering andComputing. His current research interests are digital image analysis, pattern recognition andbiometrics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Zagreb",country:{name:"Croatia"}}},{id:"557",title:"Dr.",name:"Andon",middleName:"Venelinov",surname:"Topalov",slug:"andon-topalov",fullName:"Andon Topalov",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/557/images/1927_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Andon V. Topalov received the MSc degree in Control Engineering from the Faculty of Information Systems, Technologies, and Automation at Moscow State University of Civil Engineering (MGGU) in 1979. He then received his PhD degree in Control Engineering from the Department of Automation and Remote Control at Moscow State Mining University (MGSU), Moscow, in 1984. From 1985 to 1986, he was a Research Fellow in the Research Institute for Electronic Equipment, ZZU AD, Plovdiv, Bulgaria. In 1986, he joined the Department of Control Systems, Technical University of Sofia at the Plovdiv campus, where he is presently a Full Professor. He has held long-term visiting Professor/Scholar positions at various institutions in South Korea, Turkey, Mexico, Greece, Belgium, UK, and Germany. And he has coauthored one book and authored or coauthored more than 80 research papers in conference proceedings and journals. His current research interests are in the fields of intelligent control and robotics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Technical University of Sofia",country:{name:"Bulgaria"}}},{id:"585",title:"Prof.",name:"Munir",middleName:null,surname:"Merdan",slug:"munir-merdan",fullName:"Munir Merdan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/585/images/system/585.jpg",biography:"Munir Merdan received the M.Sc. degree in mechanical engineering from the Technical University of Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina, in 2001, and the Ph.D. degree in electrical engineering from the Vienna University of Technology, Vienna, Austria, in 2009.Since 2005, he has been at the Automation and Control Institute, Vienna University of Technology, where he is currently a Senior Researcher. 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Applying FMEA in clinical approaches can lead to a significant reduction of the risk priority number (RPN).",book:{id:"9808",slug:"contemporary-topics-in-patient-safety-volume-1",title:"Contemporary Topics in Patient Safety",fullTitle:"Contemporary Topics in Patient Safety - Volume 1"},signatures:"Hoda Sabati, Amin Mohsenzadeh and Nooshin Khelghati",authors:[{id:"340486",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Hoda",middleName:null,surname:"Sabati",slug:"hoda-sabati",fullName:"Hoda Sabati"},{id:"348872",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Amin",middleName:null,surname:"Mohsenzadeh",slug:"amin-mohsenzadeh",fullName:"Amin Mohsenzadeh"},{id:"348874",title:"MSc.",name:"Nooshin",middleName:null,surname:"Khelghati",slug:"nooshin-khelghati",fullName:"Nooshin Khelghati"}]},{id:"65467",title:"Anesthesia Management for Large-Volume Liposuction",slug:"anesthesia-management-for-large-volume-liposuction",totalDownloads:6203,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,abstract:"The apparent easiness with which liposuction is performed favors that patients, young surgeons, and anesthesiologists without experience in this field ignore the many events that occur during this procedure. Liposuction is a procedure to improve the body contour and not a surgery to reduce weight, although recently people who have failed in their plans to lose weight look at liposuction as a means to contour their body figure. Tumescent liposuction of large volumes requires a meticulous selection of each patient; their preoperative evaluation and perioperative management are essential to obtain the expected results. The various techniques of general anesthesia are the most recommended and should be monitored in the usual way, as well as monitoring the total doses of infiltrated local anesthetics to avoid systemic toxicity. The management of intravenous fluids is controversial, but the current trend is the restricted use of hydrosaline solutions. The most feared complications are deep vein thrombosis, pulmonary thromboembolism, fat embolism, lung edema, hypothermia, infections and even death. The adherence to the management guidelines and prophylaxis of venous thrombosis/thromboembolism is mandatory.",book:{id:"6221",slug:"anesthesia-topics-for-plastic-and-reconstructive-surgery",title:"Anesthesia Topics for Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery",fullTitle:"Anesthesia Topics for Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery"},signatures:"Sergio Granados-Tinajero, Carlos Buenrostro-Vásquez, Cecilia\nCárdenas-Maytorena and Marcela Contreras-López",authors:[{id:"273532",title:"Dr.",name:"Sergio Octavio",middleName:null,surname:"Granados Tinajero",slug:"sergio-octavio-granados-tinajero",fullName:"Sergio Octavio Granados Tinajero"}]},{id:"30178",title:"Chest Mobilization Techniques for Improving Ventilation and Gas Exchange in Chronic Lung Disease",slug:"chest-mobilization-techniques-for-improving-ventilation-and-gas-exchange-in-chronic-lung-disease",totalDownloads:31227,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:5,abstract:null,book:{id:"648",slug:"chronic-obstructive-pulmonary-disease-current-concepts-and-practice",title:"Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease",fullTitle:"Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease - Current Concepts and Practice"},signatures:"Donrawee Leelarungrayub",authors:[{id:"73709",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Jirakrit",middleName:null,surname:"Leelarungrayub",slug:"jirakrit-leelarungrayub",fullName:"Jirakrit Leelarungrayub"}]},{id:"46082",title:"Fecal Incontinence",slug:"fecal-incontinence",totalDownloads:3866,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:null,book:{id:"3835",slug:"fecal-incontinence-causes-management-and-outcome",title:"Fecal Incontinence",fullTitle:"Fecal Incontinence - Causes, Management and Outcome"},signatures:"Arzu Ilce",authors:[{id:"30672",title:"Dr.",name:"Arzu",middleName:null,surname:"Ilce",slug:"arzu-ilce",fullName:"Arzu Ilce"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"16",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[{id:"83087",title:"Role of Cellular Responses in Periodontal Tissue Destruction",slug:"role-of-cellular-responses-in-periodontal-tissue-destruction",totalDownloads:0,totalDimensionsCites:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.106645",abstract:"Periodontal tissue destruction is the deterioration of tooth-supporting components, particularly the periodontal ligament (PDL) and alveolar bone, resulting in gingival recession, root exposure, tooth mobility and drifting, and, finally, tooth loss. The breakdown of the epithelial barriers by infection or mechanical damage allows bacteria and their toxins to enter and stimulates the immune response. The bacteria cause periodontal damage via the cascade of the host reaction which is crucial in the destruction of the connective tissue around the tooth. The OPG/RANKL/RANK system is the key player in bone regulation of periodontal tissue and was controlled by both immune and non-immune cells. This knowledge has predicated the successfulness of implant and orthodontics treatments with the predictable healing and regeneration of the bone and supporting tissues surrounding the teeth.",book:{id:"11566",title:"Periodontology - New Insights",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11566.jpg"},signatures:"Nam Cong-Nhat Huynh"},{id:"83086",title:"Therapeutic Options in Graves’ Hyperthyroidism",slug:"therapeutic-options-in-graves-hyperthyroidism",totalDownloads:0,totalDimensionsCites:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.106562",abstract:"The classical approach to treating Graves’ hyperthyroidism involves rapid control of the symptoms, generally with a beta adrenergic blocker, and reduction of thyroid hormone secretion by antithyroid drugs (ATDs) and/or using one of the several modalities available, including radioactive iodine therapy (RAI), and surgery; the selection of the treatment modalities often varies according to different guidelines, patient preferences and local traditions. Thionamides are invariably used as first-line medication to control hyperthyroidism and induce remission of the disease, thereby relieving the symptoms. In case of failure of the medical therapy, which is not uncommon, definitive treatment with surgery or RAI is the standard modality of management after due consideration and discussion with the patients. However, the therapeutic options available for patients with Graves’ hyperthyroidism have remained largely unchanged for the past several decades despite the current treatments having either limited efficacy or significant adverse effects. The clinical demand for new therapeutic regimens of Graves’ disease has led to the emergence of several new therapeutic ideas/options like biologic, peptide immunomodulation and small molecules, currently under investigations which may lead to the restoration of a euthyroid state without the requirement for ongoing therapy, but the potential risk of immunocompromise and cost implications needs careful consideration.",book:{id:"11712",title:"Hyperthyroidism - Recent Updates",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11712.jpg"},signatures:"Javaid Ahmad Bhat, Shoiab Mohd Patto, Pooran Sharma, Mohammad Hayat Bhat and Shahnaz Ahmad Mir"},{id:"83085",title:"Research Progress on the Health Benefits of Scented Tea",slug:"research-progress-on-the-health-benefits-of-scented-tea",totalDownloads:0,totalDimensionsCites:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.106605",abstract:"Scented tea, also known as fragrant tea, mainly comprises green tea as the tea base and the dried and processed flowers of various plants. It is a unique reprocessed tea in China. There are many types of scented tea, including jasmine, lily, osmanthus, rose and honeysuckle. The scenting process greatly influences the quality of the scented tea. Humidifying continuous scenting processes, frying flower processes and innovative drying methods have been developed to resolve the issues of cumbersome, time-consuming and low utilisation rates of flowers in the process of making scented tea. The main chemical components of scented tea are polyphenols as well as exogenous plant glycosides, flavonoids, lactones, coumarins, quercetin, steroids, terpenoids and other compounds. Scented tea plays an active role in the prevention and treatment of various diseases and has as anti-oxidant, anti-cancer, hypoglycaemic, hypolipidemic, immunomodulatory and neuromodulatory effects. This chapter mainly reviews and summarises the types of scented teas and their related health functions.",book:{id:"11821",title:"Health Benefits of Tea - Recent Advances",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11821.jpg"},signatures:"Bowen Liu, Jun Zhang, Xiaojian Zhou, Shuduan Deng and Guanben Du"},{id:"83084",title:"Association of Fatness and Leg Power with Blood Pressure in Adolescents",slug:"association-of-fatness-and-leg-power-with-blood-pressure-in-adolescents",totalDownloads:2,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.106279",abstract:"This cross-sectional study examined the independent and joint association of fatness and leg power (LP) with resting blood pressure (BP) in adolescents (12 to 15 years) in Benue state of Nigeria. The present study comprised 2047 adolescents, including 1087 girls. Participants were assessed for body mass index (BMI), LP, and resting BP. Multivariate regression models assessing the associations of the independent variables with BP were conducted. Fatness and LP were independent predictors of resting BP among participants and the relationship of LP with BP was more robust in girls than boys. Combined fatness and LP in predicting BP was modest (R2 = 10.4–14.3%) after controlling for maturity status. Low LP was associated with systolic blood pressure (SBP) in both girls (R2 = 9.0%, β = 0.260, p = 0.001) and boys (R2 = 11.0%, β = 0.226, p = 0.001). In the model for diastolic blood pressure (DBP), only fatness was associated with BP in girls (p = 0.001). The odd of hypertension (HTN) risk among overweight girls was 2.6 times that compared to their healthy-weight peers. Girls with low LP were 0.40 times more likely to develop HTN risk compared to their counterparts with high LP. This study has demonstrated that lower body muscle power is more important than fatness in predicting HTN in adolescent boys and girls.",book:{id:"11022",title:"Weight Management - Challenges and Opportunities",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11022.jpg"},signatures:"Danladi Musa, Daniel Iornyor and Andrew Tyoakaa"},{id:"82915",title:"Imaging Ankylosing Spondylitis",slug:"imaging-ankylosing-spondylitis",totalDownloads:1,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.106345",abstract:"Ankylosing spondylitis (AS) is a chronic inflammatory disease affecting the spine and the sacroiliac joints. AS occurs with the inflammation of the entheses and formation of syndesmophytes and finally sacral and spinal ankylosis. Imaging demonstrates both inflammatory and chronic lesions. Sacroiliitis is the hallmark of the disease. Spinal changes usually take place in advanced stages of the disease. 1984 The Modified New York criteria evaluated for the diagnosis of AS with definite radiological sacroiliitis (bilaterally grade 2 or unilateral grade 3/4 sacroiliitis) on imaging. The Modified New York criteria are well performed in diagnosing the established disease but its sensitivity is too low in early disease identification and leads to a diagnostic delay. So, in 2009 The Assessment in Spondyloarthritis International Society (ASAS) recommended classification criteria for axial spondyloarthritis (axSpA). Patients have sacroiliitis on imaging and ≥1 SpA features (imaging arm) or positive HLA B27 and ≥2 SpA features (clinical arm) are classified as axial SpA. On the imaging arm, either radiographic sacroiliitis according to Modified New York criteria or active inflammation on MRI is required. Imaging is also used for determining extent of disease, monitoring activity and progression of the disease, assessment of the treatment effect, and prognosis in AS patients.",book:{id:"11273",title:"Ankylosing Spondylitis",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11273.jpg"},signatures:"Esra Dilsat Bayrak"},{id:"83074",title:"Targeted Regulation and Cellular Imaging of Tumor-Associated Macrophages in Triple-Negative Breast Cancer: From New Mechanistic Insights to Candidate Translational Applications",slug:"targeted-regulation-and-cellular-imaging-of-tumor-associated-macrophages-in-triple-negative-breast-c",totalDownloads:1,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105654",abstract:"The complex interplay between immune cells and tumor cells within the tumor microenvironment (TME) can lead to disease progression. Specifically, signals generated in the TME can cause immunosuppression, promoting angiogenesis and immune evasion, which leads to tumor development. The interplay of M1 and M2 macrophage populations that coincide with these tumor markers is particularly important in the TME. Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) often presents as advanced disease, and these tumors are also often bereft of recognized molecular targets that can be found in other subtypes, limiting their therapeutic options. However, tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) infiltration in TNBC is frequently observed. Moreover, a high density of TAMs, particularly M2 macrophages, is associated with poorer outcomes in various cancers, including TNBC. This provides a strong basis for exploiting TAMs as potential therapeutic targets. Specifically, efforts to increase M2 to M1 repolarization are promising therapeutic approaches in TNBC, and four recent studies wherein divergent approaches to target the M2-rich macrophage population and reverse immune subversion are described. These and similar efforts may yield promising diagnostic or therapeutic options for TNBC, a great clinical need.",book:{id:"11277",title:"Macrophages -140 Years of Their Discovery",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11277.jpg"},signatures:"Anupama Hooda-Nehra, Tracey L. Smith, Alejandra I. Ferrer, Fernanda I. Staquicini, Wadih Arap, Renata Pasqualini and Pranela Rameshwar"}],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:747},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:8,limit:8,total:0},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:90,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:108,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:33,numberOfPublishedChapters:330,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:14,numberOfPublishedChapters:145,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:141,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:123,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:112,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:22,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:11,numberOfOpenTopics:1,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:5,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-6580",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"6",text:"It is great to work with the IntechOpen to produce a worthwhile collection of research that also becomes a great educational resource and guide for future research endeavors.",author:{id:"259298",name:"Edward",surname:"Narayan",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",slug:"edward-narayan",institution:{id:"3",name:"University of Queensland",country:{id:null,name:"Australia"}}}},{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. The whole process of submitting an article and editing of the submitted article goes extremely smooth and fast, the number of reads and downloads of chapters is high, and the contributions are also frequently cited.",author:{id:"55578",name:"Antonio",surname:"Jurado-Navas",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRisIQAS/Profile_Picture_1626166543950",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",institution:{id:"720",name:"University of Malaga",country:{id:null,name:"Spain"}}}}]},series:{item:{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",issn:"2631-5343",scope:"Biomedical Engineering is one of the fastest-growing interdisciplinary branches of science and industry. The combination of electronics and computer science with biology and medicine has improved patient diagnosis, reduced rehabilitation time, and helped to facilitate a better quality of life. Nowadays, all medical imaging devices, medical instruments, or new laboratory techniques result from the cooperation of specialists in various fields. The series of Biomedical Engineering books covers such areas of knowledge as chemistry, physics, electronics, medicine, and biology. This series is intended for doctors, engineers, and scientists involved in biomedical engineering or those wanting to start working in this field.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/7.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"August 14th, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfPublishedBooks:12,editor:{id:"50150",title:"Prof.",name:"Robert",middleName:null,surname:"Koprowski",slug:"robert-koprowski",fullName:"Robert Koprowski",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYTYNQA4/Profile_Picture_1630478535317",biography:"Robert Koprowski, MD (1997), PhD (2003), Habilitation (2015), is an employee of the University of Silesia, Poland, Institute of Computer Science, Department of Biomedical Computer Systems. For 20 years, he has studied the analysis and processing of biomedical images, emphasizing the full automation of measurement for a large inter-individual variability of patients. Dr. Koprowski has authored more than a hundred research papers with dozens in impact factor (IF) journals and has authored or co-authored six books. Additionally, he is the author of several national and international patents in the field of biomedical devices and imaging. Since 2011, he has been a reviewer of grants and projects (including EU projects) in biomedical engineering.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Silesia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Poland"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},subseries:{paginationCount:4,paginationItems:[{id:"14",title:"Cell and Molecular Biology",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/14.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"165627",title:"Dr.",name:"Rosa María",middleName:null,surname:"Martínez-Espinosa",slug:"rosa-maria-martinez-espinosa",fullName:"Rosa María Martínez-Espinosa",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/165627/images/system/165627.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Rosa María Martínez-Espinosa has been a Spanish Full Professor since 2020 (Biochemistry and Molecular Biology) and is currently Vice-President of International Relations and Cooperation development and leader of the research group 'Applied Biochemistry” (University of Alicante, Spain). Other positions she has held at the university include Vice-Dean of Master Programs, Vice-Dean of the Degree in Biology and Vice-Dean for Mobility and Enterprise and Engagement at the Faculty of Science (University of Alicante). She received her Bachelor in Biology in 1998 (University of Alicante) and her PhD in 2003 (Biochemistry, University of Alicante). She undertook post-doctoral research at the University of East Anglia (Norwich, U.K. 2004-2005; 2007-2008).\nHer multidisciplinary research focuses on investigating archaea and their potential applications in biotechnology. She has an H-index of 21. She has authored one patent and has published more than 70 indexed papers and around 60 book chapters.\nShe has contributed to more than 150 national and international meetings during the last 15 years. Her research interests include archaea metabolism, enzymes purification and characterization, gene regulation, carotenoids and bioplastics production, antioxidant\ncompounds, waste water treatments, and brines bioremediation.\nRosa María’s other roles include editorial board member for several journals related\nto biochemistry, reviewer for more than 60 journals (biochemistry, molecular biology, biotechnology, chemistry and microbiology) and president of several organizing committees in international meetings related to the N-cycle or respiratory processes.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Alicante",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"15",title:"Chemical Biology",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/15.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"441442",title:"Dr.",name:"Şükrü",middleName:null,surname:"Beydemir",slug:"sukru-beydemir",fullName:"Şükrü Beydemir",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00003GsUoIQAV/Profile_Picture_1634557147521",biography:"Dr. Şükrü Beydemir obtained a BSc in Chemistry in 1995 from Yüzüncü Yıl University, MSc in Biochemistry in 1998, and PhD in Biochemistry in 2002 from Atatürk University, Turkey. He performed post-doctoral studies at Max-Planck Institute, Germany, and University of Florence, Italy in addition to making several scientific visits abroad. He currently works as a Full Professor of Biochemistry in the Faculty of Pharmacy, Anadolu University, Turkey. Dr. Beydemir has published over a hundred scientific papers spanning protein biochemistry, enzymology and medicinal chemistry, reviews, book chapters and presented several conferences to scientists worldwide. He has received numerous publication awards from various international scientific councils. He serves in the Editorial Board of several international journals. Dr. Beydemir is also Rector of Bilecik Şeyh Edebali University, Turkey.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Anadolu University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},editorTwo:{id:"13652",title:"Prof.",name:"Deniz",middleName:null,surname:"Ekinci",slug:"deniz-ekinci",fullName:"Deniz Ekinci",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYLT1QAO/Profile_Picture_1634557223079",biography:"Dr. Deniz Ekinci obtained a BSc in Chemistry in 2004, MSc in Biochemistry in 2006, and PhD in Biochemistry in 2009 from Atatürk University, Turkey. He studied at Stetson University, USA, in 2007-2008 and at the Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Germany, in 2009-2010. Dr. Ekinci currently works as a Full Professor of Biochemistry in the Faculty of Agriculture and is the Head of the Enzyme and Microbial Biotechnology Division, Ondokuz Mayıs University, Turkey. He is a member of the Turkish Biochemical Society, American Chemical Society, and German Genetics society. Dr. Ekinci published around ninety scientific papers, reviews and book chapters, and presented several conferences to scientists. He has received numerous publication awards from several scientific councils. Dr. Ekinci serves as the Editor in Chief of four international books and is involved in the Editorial Board of several international journals.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ondokuz Mayıs University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},editorThree:null},{id:"17",title:"Metabolism",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/17.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"138626",title:"Dr.",name:"Yannis",middleName:null,surname:"Karamanos",slug:"yannis-karamanos",fullName:"Yannis Karamanos",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002g6Jv2QAE/Profile_Picture_1629356660984",biography:"Yannis Karamanos, born in Greece in 1953, completed his pre-graduate studies at the Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, then his Masters and Doctoral degree at the Université de Lille (1983). He was associate professor at the University of Limoges (1987) before becoming full professor of biochemistry at the Université d’Artois (1996). He worked on the structure-function relationships of glycoconjugates and his main project was the investigations on the biological roles of the de-N-glycosylation enzymes (Endo-N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase and peptide-N4-(N-acetyl-β-glucosaminyl) asparagine amidase). From 2002 he contributes to the understanding of the Blood-brain barrier functioning using proteomics approaches. He has published more than 70 papers. His teaching areas are energy metabolism and regulation, integration and organ specialization and metabolic adaptation.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Artois University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"France"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"18",title:"Proteomics",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/18.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"200689",title:"Prof.",name:"Paolo",middleName:null,surname:"Iadarola",slug:"paolo-iadarola",fullName:"Paolo Iadarola",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSCl8QAG/Profile_Picture_1623568118342",biography:"Paolo Iadarola graduated with a degree in Chemistry from the University of Pavia (Italy) in July 1972. He then worked as an Assistant Professor at the Faculty of Science of the same University until 1984. In 1985, Prof. Iadarola became Associate Professor at the Department of Biology and Biotechnologies of the University of Pavia and retired in October 2017. Since then, he has been working as an Adjunct Professor in the same Department at the University of Pavia. His research activity during the first years was primarily focused on the purification and structural characterization of enzymes from animal and plant sources. During this period, Prof. Iadarola familiarized himself with the conventional techniques used in column chromatography, spectrophotometry, manual Edman degradation, and electrophoresis). Since 1995, he has been working on: i) the determination in biological fluids (serum, urine, bronchoalveolar lavage, sputum) of proteolytic activities involved in the degradation processes of connective tissue matrix, and ii) on the identification of biological markers of lung diseases. In this context, he has developed and validated new methodologies (e.g., Capillary Electrophoresis coupled to Laser-Induced Fluorescence, CE-LIF) whose application enabled him to determine both the amounts of biochemical markers (Desmosines) in urine/serum of patients affected by Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) and the activity of proteolytic enzymes (Human Neutrophil Elastase, Cathepsin G, Pseudomonas aeruginosa elastase) in sputa of these patients. More recently, Prof. Iadarola was involved in developing techniques such as two-dimensional electrophoresis coupled to liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (2DE-LC/MS) for the proteomic analysis of biological fluids aimed at the identification of potential biomarkers of different lung diseases. He is the author of about 150 publications (According to Scopus: H-Index: 23; Total citations: 1568- According to WOS: H-Index: 20; Total Citations: 1296) of peer-reviewed international journals. He is a Consultant Reviewer for several journals, including the Journal of Chromatography A, Journal of Chromatography B, Plos ONE, Proteomes, International Journal of Molecular Science, Biotech, Electrophoresis, and others. He is also Associate Editor of Biotech.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Pavia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},editorTwo:{id:"201414",title:"Dr.",name:"Simona",middleName:null,surname:"Viglio",slug:"simona-viglio",fullName:"Simona Viglio",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRKDHQA4/Profile_Picture_1630402531487",biography:"Simona Viglio is an Associate Professor of Biochemistry at the Department of Molecular Medicine at the University of Pavia. She has been working since 1995 on the determination of proteolytic enzymes involved in the degradation process of connective tissue matrix and on the identification of biological markers of lung diseases. She gained considerable experience in developing and validating new methodologies whose applications allowed her to determine both the amount of biomarkers (Desmosine and Isodesmosine) in the urine of patients affected by COPD, and the activity of proteolytic enzymes (HNE, Cathepsin G, Pseudomonas aeruginosa elastase) in the sputa of these patients. Simona Viglio was also involved in research dealing with the supplementation of amino acids in patients with brain injury and chronic heart failure. She is presently engaged in the development of 2-DE and LC-MS techniques for the study of proteomics in biological fluids. The aim of this research is the identification of potential biomarkers of lung diseases. 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Évora",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Portugal"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}]},subseriesFiltersForPublishedBooks:[{group:"subseries",caption:"Animal Nutrition",value:20,count:2},{group:"subseries",caption:"Animal Reproductive Biology and Technology",value:28,count:4},{group:"subseries",caption:"Animal Science",value:19,count:5}],publicationYearFilters:[{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2022",value:2022,count:3},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2021",value:2021,count:3},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2020",value:2020,count:3},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2019",value:2019,count:1},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2018",value:2018,count:1}],authors:{paginationCount:148,paginationItems:[{id:"165328",title:"Dr.",name:"Vahid",middleName:null,surname:"Asadpour",slug:"vahid-asadpour",fullName:"Vahid Asadpour",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/165328/images/system/165328.jpg",biography:"Vahid Asadpour, MS, Ph.D., is currently with the Department of Research and Evaluation, Kaiser Permanente Southern California. He has both an MS and Ph.D. in Biomedical Engineering. He was previously a research scientist at the University of California Los Angeles (UCLA) and visiting professor and researcher at the University of North Dakota. He is currently working in artificial intelligence and its applications in medical signal processing. In addition, he is using digital signal processing in medical imaging and speech processing. Dr. Asadpour has developed brain-computer interfacing algorithms and has published books, book chapters, and several journal and conference papers in this field and other areas of intelligent signal processing. He has also designed medical devices, including a laser Doppler monitoring system.",institutionString:"Kaiser Permanente Southern California",institution:null},{id:"169608",title:"Prof.",name:"Marian",middleName:null,surname:"Găiceanu",slug:"marian-gaiceanu",fullName:"Marian Găiceanu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/169608/images/system/169608.png",biography:"Prof. Dr. Marian Gaiceanu graduated from the Naval and Electrical Engineering Faculty, Dunarea de Jos University of Galati, Romania, in 1997. He received a Ph.D. (Magna Cum Laude) in Electrical Engineering in 2002. Since 2017, Dr. Gaiceanu has been a Ph.D. supervisor for students in Electrical Engineering. He has been employed at Dunarea de Jos University of Galati since 1996, where he is currently a professor. Dr. Gaiceanu is a member of the National Council for Attesting Titles, Diplomas and Certificates, an expert of the Executive Agency for Higher Education, Research Funding, and a member of the Senate of the Dunarea de Jos University of Galati. He has been the head of the Integrated Energy Conversion Systems and Advanced Control of Complex Processes Research Center, Romania, since 2016. He has conducted several projects in power converter systems for electrical drives, power quality, PEM and SOFC fuel cell power converters for utilities, electric vehicles, and marine applications with the Department of Regulation and Control, SIEI S.pA. (2002–2004) and the Polytechnic University of Turin, Italy (2002–2004, 2006–2007). He is a member of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) and cofounder-member of the IEEE Power Electronics Romanian Chapter. He is a guest editor at Energies and an academic book editor for IntechOpen. He is also a member of the editorial boards of the Journal of Electrical Engineering, Electronics, Control and Computer Science and Sustainability. Dr. Gaiceanu has been General Chairman of the IEEE International Symposium on Electrical and Electronics Engineering in the last six editions.",institutionString:'"Dunarea de Jos" University of Galati',institution:{name:'"Dunarea de Jos" University of Galati',country:{name:"Romania"}}},{id:"4519",title:"Prof.",name:"Jaydip",middleName:null,surname:"Sen",slug:"jaydip-sen",fullName:"Jaydip Sen",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/4519/images/system/4519.jpeg",biography:"Jaydip Sen is associated with Praxis Business School, Kolkata, India, as a professor in the Department of Data Science. His research areas include security and privacy issues in computing and communication, intrusion detection systems, machine learning, deep learning, and artificial intelligence in the financial domain. He has more than 200 publications in reputed international journals, refereed conference proceedings, and 20 book chapters in books published by internationally renowned publishing houses, such as Springer, CRC press, IGI Global, etc. Currently, he is serving on the editorial board of the prestigious journal Frontiers in Communications and Networks and in the technical program committees of a number of high-ranked international conferences organized by the IEEE, USA, and the ACM, USA. He has been listed among the top 2% of scientists in the world for the last three consecutive years, 2019 to 2021 as per studies conducted by the Stanford University, USA.",institutionString:"Praxis Business School",institution:null},{id:"320071",title:"Dr.",name:"Sidra",middleName:null,surname:"Mehtab",slug:"sidra-mehtab",fullName:"Sidra Mehtab",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00002v6KHoQAM/Profile_Picture_1584512086360",biography:"Sidra Mehtab has completed her BS with honors in Physics from Calcutta University, India in 2018. She has done MS in Data Science and Analytics from Maulana Abul Kalam Azad University of Technology (MAKAUT), Kolkata, India in 2020. Her research areas include Econometrics, Time Series Analysis, Machine Learning, Deep Learning, Artificial Intelligence, and Computer and Network Security with a particular focus on Cyber Security Analytics. Ms. Mehtab has published seven papers in international conferences and one of her papers has been accepted for publication in a reputable international journal. She has won the best paper awards in two prestigious international conferences – BAICONF 2019, and ICADCML 2021, organized in the Indian Institute of Management, Bangalore, India in December 2019, and SOA University, Bhubaneswar, India in January 2021. Besides, Ms. Mehtab has also published two book chapters in two books. Seven of her book chapters will be published in a volume shortly in 2021 by Cambridge Scholars’ Press, UK. Currently, she is working as the joint editor of two edited volumes on Time Series Analysis and Forecasting to be published in the first half of 2021 by an international house. Currently, she is working as a Data Scientist with an MNC in Delhi, India.",institutionString:"NSHM College of Management and Technology",institution:{name:"Association for Computing Machinery",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"226240",title:"Dr.",name:"Andri Irfan",middleName:null,surname:"Rifai",slug:"andri-irfan-rifai",fullName:"Andri Irfan Rifai",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/226240/images/7412_n.jpg",biography:"Andri IRFAN is a Senior Lecturer of Civil Engineering and Planning. He completed the PhD at the Universitas Indonesia & Universidade do Minho with Sandwich Program Scholarship from the Directorate General of Higher Education and LPDP scholarship. He has been teaching for more than 19 years and much active to applied his knowledge in the project construction in Indonesia. His research interest ranges from pavement management system to advanced data mining techniques for transportation engineering. He has published more than 50 papers in journals and 2 books.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universitas Internasional Batam",country:{name:"Indonesia"}}},{id:"314576",title:"Dr.",name:"Ibai",middleName:null,surname:"Laña",slug:"ibai-lana",fullName:"Ibai Laña",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/314576/images/system/314576.jpg",biography:"Dr. Ibai Laña works at TECNALIA as a data analyst. He received his Ph.D. in Artificial Intelligence from the University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Spain, in 2018. He is currently a senior researcher at TECNALIA. His research interests fall within the intersection of intelligent transportation systems, machine learning, traffic data analysis, and data science. He has dealt with urban traffic forecasting problems, applying machine learning models and evolutionary algorithms. He has experience in origin-destination matrix estimation or point of interest and trajectory detection. Working with large volumes of data has given him a good command of big data processing tools and NoSQL databases. He has also been a visiting scholar at the Knowledge Engineering and Discovery Research Institute, Auckland University of Technology.",institutionString:"TECNALIA Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"314575",title:"Dr.",name:"Jesus",middleName:null,surname:"L. Lobo",slug:"jesus-l.-lobo",fullName:"Jesus L. Lobo",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/314575/images/system/314575.png",biography:"Dr. Jesús López is currently based in Bilbao (Spain) working at TECNALIA as Artificial Intelligence Research Scientist. In most cases, a project idea or a new research line needs to be investigated to see if it is good enough to take into production or to focus on it. That is exactly what he does, diving into Machine Learning algorithms and technologies to help TECNALIA to decide whether something is great in theory or will actually impact on the product or processes of its projects. So, he is expert at framing experiments, developing hypotheses, and proving whether they’re true or not, in order to investigate fundamental problems with a longer time horizon. He is also able to design and develop PoCs and system prototypes in simulation. He has participated in several national and internacional R&D projects.\n\nAs another relevant part of his everyday research work, he usually publishes his findings in reputed scientific refereed journals and international conferences, occasionally acting as reviewer and Programme Commitee member. Concretely, since 2018 he has published 9 JCR (8 Q1) journal papers, 9 conference papers (e.g. ECML PKDD 2021), and he has co-edited a book. He is also active in popular science writing data science stories for reputed blogs (KDNuggets, TowardsDataScience, Naukas). Besides, he has recently embarked on mentoring programmes as mentor, and has also worked as data science trainer.",institutionString:"TECNALIA Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"103779",title:"Prof.",name:"Yalcin",middleName:null,surname:"Isler",slug:"yalcin-isler",fullName:"Yalcin Isler",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRyQ8QAK/Profile_Picture_1628834958734",biography:"Yalcin Isler (1971 - Burdur / Turkey) received the B.Sc. degree in the Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering from Anadolu University, Eskisehir, Turkey, in 1993, the M.Sc. degree from the Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Suleyman Demirel University, Isparta, Turkey, in 1996, the Ph.D. degree from the Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey, in 2009, and the Competence of Associate Professorship from the Turkish Interuniversity Council in 2019.\n\nHe was Lecturer at Burdur Vocational School in Suleyman Demirel University (1993-2000, Burdur / Turkey), Software Engineer (2000-2002, Izmir / Turkey), Research Assistant in Bulent Ecevit University (2002-2003, Zonguldak / Turkey), Research Assistant in Dokuz Eylul University (2003-2010, Izmir / Turkey), Assistant Professor at the Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering in Bulent Ecevit University (2010-2012, Zonguldak / Turkey), Assistant Professor at the Department of Biomedical Engineering in Izmir Katip Celebi University (2012-2019, Izmir / Turkey). He is an Associate Professor at the Department of Biomedical Engineering at Izmir Katip Celebi University, Izmir / Turkey, since 2019. In addition to academics, he has also founded Islerya Medical and Information Technologies Company, Izmir / Turkey, since 2017.\n\nHis main research interests cover biomedical signal processing, pattern recognition, medical device design, programming, and embedded systems. He has many scientific papers and participated in several projects in these study fields. He was an IEEE Student Member (2009-2011) and IEEE Member (2011-2014) and has been IEEE Senior Member since 2014.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Izmir Kâtip Çelebi University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"339677",title:"Dr.",name:"Mrinmoy",middleName:null,surname:"Roy",slug:"mrinmoy-roy",fullName:"Mrinmoy Roy",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/339677/images/16768_n.jpg",biography:"An accomplished Sales & Marketing professional with 12 years of cross-functional experience in well-known organisations such as CIPLA, LUPIN, GLENMARK, ASTRAZENECA across different segment of Sales & Marketing, International Business, Institutional Business, Product Management, Strategic Marketing of HIV, Oncology, Derma, Respiratory, Anti-Diabetic, Nutraceutical & Stomatological Product Portfolio and Generic as well as Chronic Critical Care Portfolio. A First Class MBA in International Business & Strategic Marketing, B.Pharm, D.Pharm, Google Certified Digital Marketing Professional. Qualified PhD Candidate in Operations and Management with special focus on Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning adoption, analysis and use in Healthcare, Hospital & Pharma Domain. Seasoned with diverse therapy area of Pharmaceutical Sales & Marketing ranging from generating revenue through generating prescriptions, launching new products, and making them big brands with continuous strategy execution at the Physician and Patients level. Moved from Sales to Marketing and Business Development for 3.5 years in South East Asian Market operating from Manila, Philippines. Came back to India and handled and developed Brands such as Gluconorm, Lupisulin, Supracal, Absolut Woman, Hemozink, Fabiflu (For COVID 19), and many more. In my previous assignment I used to develop and execute strategies on Sales & Marketing, Commercialization & Business Development for Institution and Corporate Hospital Business portfolio of Oncology Therapy Area for AstraZeneca Pharma India Ltd. Being a Research Scholar and Student of ‘Operations Research & Management: Artificial Intelligence’ I published several pioneer research papers and book chapters on the same in Internationally reputed journals and Books indexed in Scopus, Springer and Ei Compendex, Google Scholar etc. Currently, I am launching PGDM Pharmaceutical Management Program in IIHMR Bangalore and spearheading the course curriculum and structure of the same. I am interested in Collaboration for Healthcare Innovation, Pharma AI Innovation, Future trend in Marketing and Management with incubation on Healthcare, Healthcare IT startups, AI-ML Modelling and Healthcare Algorithm based training module development. I am also an affiliated member of the Institute of Management Consultant of India, looking forward to Healthcare, Healthcare IT and Innovation, Pharma and Hospital Management Consulting works.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Lovely Professional University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"310576",title:"Prof.",name:"Erick Giovani",middleName:null,surname:"Sperandio Nascimento",slug:"erick-giovani-sperandio-nascimento",fullName:"Erick Giovani Sperandio Nascimento",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://intech-files.s3.amazonaws.com/0033Y00002pDKxDQAW/ProfilePicture%202022-06-20%2019%3A57%3A24.788",biography:"Prof. Erick Sperandio is the Lead Researcher and professor of Artificial Intelligence (AI) at SENAI CIMATEC, Bahia, Brazil, also working with Computational Modeling (CM) and HPC. He holds a PhD in Environmental Engineering in the area of Atmospheric Computational Modeling, a Master in Informatics in the field of Computational Intelligence and Graduated in Computer Science from UFES. He currently coordinates, leads and participates in R&D projects in the areas of AI, computational modeling and supercomputing applied to different areas such as Oil and Gas, Health, Advanced Manufacturing, Renewable Energies and Atmospheric Sciences, advising undergraduate, master's and doctoral students. He is the Lead Researcher at SENAI CIMATEC's Reference Center on Artificial Intelligence. In addition, he is a Certified Instructor and University Ambassador of the NVIDIA Deep Learning Institute (DLI) in the areas of Deep Learning, Computer Vision, Natural Language Processing and Recommender Systems, and Principal Investigator of the NVIDIA/CIMATEC AI Joint Lab, the first in Latin America within the NVIDIA AI Technology Center (NVAITC) worldwide program. He also works as a researcher at the Supercomputing Center for Industrial Innovation (CS2i) and at the SENAI Institute of Innovation for Automation (ISI Automação), both from SENAI CIMATEC. He is a member and vice-coordinator of the Basic Board of Scientific-Technological Advice and Evaluation, in the area of Innovation, of the Foundation for Research Support of the State of Bahia (FAPESB). He serves as Technology Transfer Coordinator and one of the Principal Investigators at the National Applied Research Center in Artificial Intelligence (CPA-IA) of SENAI CIMATEC, focusing on Industry, being one of the six CPA-IA in Brazil approved by MCTI / FAPESP / CGI.br. He also participates as one of the representatives of Brazil in the BRICS Innovation Collaboration Working Group on HPC, ICT and AI. He is the coordinator of the Work Group of the Axis 5 - Workforce and Training - of the Brazilian Strategy for Artificial Intelligence (EBIA), and member of the MCTI/EMBRAPII AI Innovation Network Training Committee. He is the coordinator, by SENAI CIMATEC, of the Artificial Intelligence Reference Network of the State of Bahia (REDE BAH.IA). He leads the working group of experts representing Brazil in the Global Partnership on Artificial Intelligence (GPAI), on the theme \"AI and the Pandemic Response\".",institutionString:"Manufacturing and Technology Integrated Campus – SENAI CIMATEC",institution:null},{id:"1063",title:"Prof.",name:"Constantin",middleName:null,surname:"Volosencu",slug:"constantin-volosencu",fullName:"Constantin Volosencu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/1063/images/system/1063.png",biography:"Prof. Dr. Constantin Voloşencu graduated as an engineer from\nPolitehnica University of Timișoara, Romania, where he also\nobtained a doctorate degree. He is currently a full professor in\nthe Department of Automation and Applied Informatics at the\nsame university. Dr. Voloşencu is the author of ten books, seven\nbook chapters, and more than 160 papers published in journals\nand conference proceedings. He has also edited twelve books and\nhas twenty-seven patents to his name. He is a manager of research grants, editor in\nchief and member of international journal editorial boards, a former plenary speaker, a member of scientific committees, and chair at international conferences. His\nresearch is in the fields of control systems, control of electric drives, fuzzy control\nsystems, neural network applications, fault detection and diagnosis, sensor network\napplications, monitoring of distributed parameter systems, and power ultrasound\napplications. He has developed automation equipment for machine tools, spooling\nmachines, high-power ultrasound processes, and more.",institutionString:'"Politechnica" University Timişoara',institution:null},{id:"221364",title:"Dr.",name:"Eneko",middleName:null,surname:"Osaba",slug:"eneko-osaba",fullName:"Eneko Osaba",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/221364/images/system/221364.jpg",biography:"Dr. Eneko Osaba works at TECNALIA as a senior researcher. He obtained his Ph.D. in Artificial Intelligence in 2015. He has participated in more than twenty-five local and European research projects, and in the publication of more than 130 papers. He has performed several stays at universities in the United Kingdom, Italy, and Malta. Dr. Osaba has served as a program committee member in more than forty international conferences and participated in organizing activities in more than ten international conferences. He is a member of the editorial board of the International Journal of Artificial Intelligence, Data in Brief, and Journal of Advanced Transportation. He is also a guest editor for the Journal of Computational Science, Neurocomputing, Swarm, and Evolutionary Computation and IEEE ITS Magazine.",institutionString:"TECNALIA Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"275829",title:"Dr.",name:"Esther",middleName:null,surname:"Villar-Rodriguez",slug:"esther-villar-rodriguez",fullName:"Esther Villar-Rodriguez",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/275829/images/system/275829.jpg",biography:"Dr. Esther Villar obtained a Ph.D. in Information and Communication Technologies from the University of Alcalá, Spain, in 2015. She obtained a degree in Computer Science from the University of Deusto, Spain, in 2010, and an MSc in Computer Languages and Systems from the National University of Distance Education, Spain, in 2012. Her areas of interest and knowledge include natural language processing (NLP), detection of impersonation in social networks, semantic web, and machine learning. Dr. Esther Villar made several contributions at conferences and publishing in various journals in those fields. Currently, she is working within the OPTIMA (Optimization Modeling & Analytics) business of TECNALIA’s ICT Division as a data scientist in projects related to the prediction and optimization of management and industrial processes (resource planning, energy efficiency, etc).",institutionString:"TECNALIA Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"49813",title:"Dr.",name:"Javier",middleName:null,surname:"Del Ser",slug:"javier-del-ser",fullName:"Javier Del Ser",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/49813/images/system/49813.png",biography:"Prof. Dr. Javier Del Ser received his first PhD in Telecommunication Engineering (Cum Laude) from the University of Navarra, Spain, in 2006, and a second PhD in Computational Intelligence (Summa Cum Laude) from the University of Alcala, Spain, in 2013. He is currently a principal researcher in data analytics and optimisation at TECNALIA (Spain), a visiting fellow at the Basque Center for Applied Mathematics (BCAM) and a part-time lecturer at the University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU). His research interests gravitate on the use of descriptive, prescriptive and predictive algorithms for data mining and optimization in a diverse range of application fields such as Energy, Transport, Telecommunications, Health and Industry, among others. In these fields he has published more than 240 articles, co-supervised 8 Ph.D. theses, edited 6 books, coauthored 7 patents and participated/led more than 40 research projects. He is a Senior Member of the IEEE, and a recipient of the Biscay Talent prize for his academic career.",institutionString:"Tecnalia Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"278948",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos Pedro",middleName:null,surname:"Gonçalves",slug:"carlos-pedro-goncalves",fullName:"Carlos Pedro Gonçalves",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRcmyQAC/Profile_Picture_1564224512145",biography:'Carlos Pedro Gonçalves (PhD) is an Associate Professor at Lusophone University of Humanities and Technologies and a researcher on Complexity Sciences, Quantum Technologies, Artificial Intelligence, Strategic Studies, Studies in Intelligence and Security, FinTech and Financial Risk Modeling. He is also a progammer with programming experience in:\n\nA) Quantum Computing using Qiskit Python module and IBM Quantum Experience Platform, with software developed on the simulation of Quantum Artificial Neural Networks and Quantum Cybersecurity;\n\nB) Artificial Intelligence and Machine learning programming in Python;\n\nC) Artificial Intelligence, Multiagent Systems Modeling and System Dynamics Modeling in Netlogo, with models developed in the areas of Chaos Theory, Econophysics, Artificial Intelligence, Classical and Quantum Complex Systems Science, with the Econophysics models having been cited worldwide and incorporated in PhD programs by different Universities.\n\nReceived an Arctic Code Vault Contributor status by GitHub, due to having developed open source software preserved in the \\"Arctic Code Vault\\" for future generations (https://archiveprogram.github.com/arctic-vault/), with the Strategy Analyzer A.I. module for decision making support (based on his PhD thesis, used in his Classes on Decision Making and in Strategic Intelligence Consulting Activities) and QNeural Python Quantum Neural Network simulator also preserved in the \\"Arctic Code Vault\\", for access to these software modules see: https://github.com/cpgoncalves. He is also a peer reviewer with outsanding review status from Elsevier journals, including Physica A, Neurocomputing and Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence. Science CV available at: https://www.cienciavitae.pt//pt/8E1C-A8B3-78C5 and ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0298-3974',institutionString:"University of Lisbon",institution:{name:"Universidade Lusófona",country:{name:"Portugal"}}},{id:"241400",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohammed",middleName:null,surname:"Bsiss",slug:"mohammed-bsiss",fullName:"Mohammed Bsiss",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/241400/images/8062_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"276128",title:"Dr.",name:"Hira",middleName:null,surname:"Fatima",slug:"hira-fatima",fullName:"Hira Fatima",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/276128/images/14420_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Hira Fatima\nAssistant Professor\nDepartment of Mathematics\nInstitute of Applied Science\nMangalayatan University, Aligarh\nMobile: no : 8532041179\nhirafatima2014@gmal.com\n\nDr. Hira Fatima has received his Ph.D. degree in pure Mathematics from Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh India. Currently working as an Assistant Professor in the Department of Mathematics, Institute of Applied Science, Mangalayatan University, Aligarh. She taught so many courses of Mathematics of UG and PG level. Her research Area of Expertise is Functional Analysis & Sequence Spaces. She has been working on Ideal Convergence of double sequence. She has published 17 research papers in National and International Journals including Cogent Mathematics, Filomat, Journal of Intelligent and Fuzzy Systems, Advances in Difference Equations, Journal of Mathematical Analysis, Journal of Mathematical & Computer Science etc. She has also reviewed few research papers for the and international journals. She is a member of Indian Mathematical Society.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"414880",title:"Dr.",name:"Maryam",middleName:null,surname:"Vatankhah",slug:"maryam-vatankhah",fullName:"Maryam Vatankhah",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Borough of Manhattan Community College",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"414879",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohammad-Reza",middleName:null,surname:"Akbarzadeh-Totonchi",slug:"mohammad-reza-akbarzadeh-totonchi",fullName:"Mohammad-Reza Akbarzadeh-Totonchi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ferdowsi University of Mashhad",country:{name:"Iran"}}},{id:"414878",title:"Prof.",name:"Reza",middleName:null,surname:"Fazel-Rezai",slug:"reza-fazel-rezai",fullName:"Reza Fazel-Rezai",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"American Public University System",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"426586",title:"Dr.",name:"Oladunni A.",middleName:null,surname:"Daramola",slug:"oladunni-a.-daramola",fullName:"Oladunni A. 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Finally, the tissue engineering subcategory will support topics such as the fundamentals of stem cells and progenitor cells and their proliferation, differentiation, bioreactors for three-dimensional culture and studies of phenotypic changes, stem and progenitor cells, both short and long term, ex vivo and in vivo implantation both in preclinical models and also in clinical trials.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/9.jpg",keywords:"Biotechnology, Biosensors, Biomaterials, Tissue Engineering"}],annualVolumeBook:{},thematicCollection:[],selectedSeries:null,selectedSubseries:null},seriesLanding:{item:{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",issn:"2631-5343",scope:"Biomedical Engineering is one of the fastest-growing interdisciplinary branches of science and industry. The combination of electronics and computer science with biology and medicine has improved patient diagnosis, reduced rehabilitation time, and helped to facilitate a better quality of life. Nowadays, all medical imaging devices, medical instruments, or new laboratory techniques result from the cooperation of specialists in various fields. The series of Biomedical Engineering books covers such areas of knowledge as chemistry, physics, electronics, medicine, and biology. This series is intended for doctors, engineers, and scientists involved in biomedical engineering or those wanting to start working in this field.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/7.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"August 3rd, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfPublishedChapters:107,numberOfPublishedBooks:12,editor:{id:"50150",title:"Prof.",name:"Robert",middleName:null,surname:"Koprowski",fullName:"Robert Koprowski",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYTYNQA4/Profile_Picture_1630478535317",biography:"Robert Koprowski, MD (1997), PhD (2003), Habilitation (2015), is an employee of the University of Silesia, Poland, Institute of Computer Science, Department of Biomedical Computer Systems. For 20 years, he has studied the analysis and processing of biomedical images, emphasizing the full automation of measurement for a large inter-individual variability of patients. Dr. Koprowski has authored more than a hundred research papers with dozens in impact factor (IF) journals and has authored or co-authored six books. Additionally, he is the author of several national and international patents in the field of biomedical devices and imaging. Since 2011, he has been a reviewer of grants and projects (including EU projects) in biomedical engineering.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Silesia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Poland"}}},subseries:[{id:"7",title:"Bioinformatics and Medical Informatics",keywords:"Biomedical Data, Drug Discovery, Clinical Diagnostics, Decoding Human Genome, AI in Personalized Medicine, Disease-prevention Strategies, Big Data Analysis in Medicine",scope:"Bioinformatics aims to help understand the functioning of the mechanisms of living organisms through the construction and use of quantitative tools. The applications of this research cover many related fields, such as biotechnology and medicine, where, for example, Bioinformatics contributes to faster drug design, DNA analysis in forensics, and DNA sequence analysis in the field of personalized medicine. Personalized medicine is a type of medical care in which treatment is customized individually for each patient. Personalized medicine enables more effective therapy, reduces the costs of therapy and clinical trials, and also minimizes the risk of side effects. Nevertheless, advances in personalized medicine would not have been possible without bioinformatics, which can analyze the human genome and other vast amounts of biomedical data, especially in genetics. The rapid growth of information technology enabled the development of new tools to decode human genomes, large-scale studies of genetic variations and medical informatics. The considerable development of technology, including the computing power of computers, is also conducive to the development of bioinformatics, including personalized medicine. In an era of rapidly growing data volumes and ever lower costs of generating, storing and computing data, personalized medicine holds great promises. Modern computational methods used as bioinformatics tools can integrate multi-scale, multi-modal and longitudinal patient data to create even more effective and safer therapy and disease prevention methods. Main aspects of the topic are: Applying bioinformatics in drug discovery and development; Bioinformatics in clinical diagnostics (genetic variants that act as markers for a condition or a disease); Blockchain and Artificial Intelligence/Machine Learning in personalized medicine; Customize disease-prevention strategies in personalized medicine; Big data analysis in personalized medicine; Translating stratification algorithms into clinical practice of personalized medicine.",annualVolume:11403,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/7.jpg",editor:{id:"351533",title:"Dr.",name:"Slawomir",middleName:null,surname:"Wilczynski",fullName:"Slawomir Wilczynski",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000035U1loQAC/Profile_Picture_1630074514792",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Medical University of Silesia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Poland"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"5886",title:"Dr.",name:"Alexandros",middleName:"T.",surname:"Tzallas",fullName:"Alexandros Tzallas",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/5886/images/system/5886.png",institutionString:"University of Ioannina, Greece & Imperial College London",institution:{name:"University of Ioannina",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Greece"}}},{id:"257388",title:"Distinguished Prof.",name:"Lulu",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",fullName:"Lulu Wang",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRX6kQAG/Profile_Picture_1630329584194",institutionString:"Shenzhen Technology University",institution:{name:"Shenzhen Technology University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"225387",title:"Prof.",name:"Reda R.",middleName:"R.",surname:"Gharieb",fullName:"Reda R. Gharieb",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/225387/images/system/225387.jpg",institutionString:"Assiut University",institution:{name:"Assiut University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Egypt"}}}]},{id:"8",title:"Bioinspired Technology and Biomechanics",keywords:"Bioinspired Systems, Biomechanics, Assistive Technology, Rehabilitation",scope:'Bioinspired technologies take advantage of understanding the actual biological system to provide solutions to problems in several areas. Recently, bioinspired systems have been successfully employing biomechanics to develop and improve assistive technology and rehabilitation devices. The research topic "Bioinspired Technology and Biomechanics" welcomes studies reporting recent advances in bioinspired technologies that contribute to individuals\' health, inclusion, and rehabilitation. Possible contributions can address (but are not limited to) the following research topics: Bioinspired design and control of exoskeletons, orthoses, and prostheses; Experimental evaluation of the effect of assistive devices (e.g., influence on gait, balance, and neuromuscular system); Bioinspired technologies for rehabilitation, including clinical studies reporting evaluations; Application of neuromuscular and biomechanical models to the development of bioinspired technology.',annualVolume:11404,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/8.jpg",editor:{id:"144937",title:"Prof.",name:"Adriano",middleName:"De Oliveira",surname:"Andrade",fullName:"Adriano Andrade",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRC8QQAW/Profile_Picture_1625219101815",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Federal University of Uberlândia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"49517",title:"Prof.",name:"Hitoshi",middleName:null,surname:"Tsunashima",fullName:"Hitoshi Tsunashima",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYTP4QAO/Profile_Picture_1625819726528",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Nihon University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"425354",title:"Dr.",name:"Marcus",middleName:"Fraga",surname:"Vieira",fullName:"Marcus Vieira",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00003BJSgIQAX/Profile_Picture_1627904687309",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Federal de Goiás",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"196746",title:"Dr.",name:"Ramana",middleName:null,surname:"Vinjamuri",fullName:"Ramana Vinjamuri",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/196746/images/system/196746.jpeg",institutionString:"University of Maryland, Baltimore County",institution:{name:"University of Maryland, Baltimore County",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}]},{id:"9",title:"Biotechnology - Biosensors, Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering",keywords:"Biotechnology, Biosensors, Biomaterials, Tissue Engineering",scope:"The Biotechnology - Biosensors, Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering topic within the Biomedical Engineering Series aims to rapidly publish contributions on all aspects of biotechnology, biosensors, biomaterial and tissue engineering. We encourage the submission of manuscripts that provide novel and mechanistic insights that report significant advances in the fields. Topics can include but are not limited to: Biotechnology such as biotechnological products and process engineering; Biotechnologically relevant enzymes and proteins; Bioenergy and biofuels; Applied genetics and molecular biotechnology; Genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics; Applied microbial and cell physiology; Environmental biotechnology; Methods and protocols. Moreover, topics in biosensor technology, like sensors that incorporate enzymes, antibodies, nucleic acids, whole cells, tissues and organelles, and other biological or biologically inspired components will be considered, and topics exploring transducers, including those based on electrochemical and optical piezoelectric, thermal, magnetic, and micromechanical elements. Chapters exploring biomaterial approaches such as polymer synthesis and characterization, drug and gene vector design, biocompatibility, immunology and toxicology, and self-assembly at the nanoscale, are welcome. Finally, the tissue engineering subcategory will support topics such as the fundamentals of stem cells and progenitor cells and their proliferation, differentiation, bioreactors for three-dimensional culture and studies of phenotypic changes, stem and progenitor cells, both short and long term, ex vivo and in vivo implantation both in preclinical models and also in clinical trials.",annualVolume:11405,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/9.jpg",editor:{id:"126286",title:"Dr.",name:"Luis",middleName:"Jesús",surname:"Villarreal-Gómez",fullName:"Luis Villarreal-Gómez",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/126286/images/system/126286.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Autonomous University of Baja California",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"35539",title:"Dr.",name:"Cecilia",middleName:null,surname:"Cristea",fullName:"Cecilia Cristea",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYQ65QAG/Profile_Picture_1621007741527",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Iuliu Hațieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Romania"}}},{id:"40735",title:"Dr.",name:"Gil",middleName:"Alberto Batista",surname:"Gonçalves",fullName:"Gil Gonçalves",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYRLGQA4/Profile_Picture_1628492612759",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Aveiro",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Portugal"}}},{id:"211725",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Johann F.",middleName:null,surname:"Osma",fullName:"Johann F. 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