\r\n\t2. Animal and vegetal protein hydrolysates \r\n\t3. Macroalgae seaweeds extracts \r\n\t4. Beneficial microorganisms, etc.
\r\n
\r\n\tThe elucidation of the agricultural function (i.e. improving nutrient use efficiency, quality, and tolerance to abiotic stresses) and action mechanisms of PBs will permit to develop a second generation of PBs where synergies and complementary mechanisms can be functionally designed to feed the future.
",isbn:"978-1-80355-553-9",printIsbn:"978-1-80355-552-2",pdfIsbn:"978-1-80355-554-6",doi:null,price:0,priceEur:0,priceUsd:0,slug:null,numberOfPages:0,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isSalesforceBook:!1,isNomenclature:!1,hash:"4c1b31fff4d04b36466a40927904f210",bookSignature:"Dr. Vijay Singh Meena, Dr. Hanuman Prasad Parewa and Dr. Sunita Kumari Meena",publishedDate:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11327.jpg",keywords:"Ecological Diversity, Mutualistic Symbiosis, Temperatures, Frost, Salinity, Acidity, Nutrients, Water, Crop Yield, Grain, Straw, Biofortified",numberOfDownloads:168,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:0,numberOfDimensionsCitations:0,numberOfTotalCitations:0,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"September 21st 2021",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"December 1st 2021",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"January 30th 2022",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"April 20th 2022",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"June 19th 2022",dateConfirmationOfParticipation:null,remainingDaysToSecondStep:"8 months",secondStepPassed:!0,areRegistrationsClosed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,editedByType:null,kuFlag:!1,biosketch:"Dr. Vijay Singh Meena has worked in various aspects of soil aggregation, carbon management index as well as carbon and nitrogen sequestration potential under climate-resilient agriculture. He identified the carbon management index as the key indicator to measure soil degradation in different agro-ecosystems. He has edited 10 books on microbes, organic farming, and agricultural sustainability and received several scholarships and awards during his academic and professional career.",coeditorOneBiosketch:"Dr. Hanuman Prasad Parewa has specialized in the field of soil fertility, INM, and plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria. His research revealed that integrated application of fertilizer, FYM and bio inoculants highly effective for sustainable wheat and Mung bean production and soil quality.",coeditorTwoBiosketch:"Dr. Sunita Kumari Meena has previously served as a research scholar at both Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, and at ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi. She has published in the Journal of Cleaner Production, Ecological Engineering, Scientia Horticulturae, Environmental Science and Pollution Research and Biocatalysis and Agricultural Biotechnology.",coeditorThreeBiosketch:null,coeditorFourBiosketch:null,coeditorFiveBiosketch:null,editors:[{id:"350226",title:"Dr.",name:"Vijay",middleName:"Singh",surname:"Meena",slug:"vijay-meena",fullName:"Vijay Meena",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/350226/images/system/350226.png",biography:"Vijay Singh Meena is currently working as a Project Coordinator (Soil Scientist) at CIMMYT-BISA, Pusa, India. His previous position includes that of Scientist (Soils) at the Indian Council of Agricultural Research (Indian equivalent to USDA-ARS). He has worked in various aspects of soil aggregation, carbon management index and carbon and nitrogen sequestration potential under climate resilient agriculture. He identified carbon management index as the key indicator to measure soil degradation in different agro-ecosystems. His research revealed that the application of FYM and vermicompost along with vegetative barrier across the slope are highly effective in sustaining the soil quality. Dr. Meena and his team identified that the combined application of organic and inorganic sources is important in sustaining the productivity of soils and prevent soil erosion. He is instrumental in the preparation and distribution of > 4000 soil health cards to different farmers. Dr. Meena and his team reported that the long-term judicious application of organic and mineral fertilizer positively influenced soil aggregation, carbon distribution, water stable aggregates, maize and wheat yields and reduced the runoff and soil loss (without fertilization) and recommended the dose of fertilizers. The concept of CMI was found to be effective in assessing the best nutrient management practices in sloppy crop lands as it showed significant correlation with yield, runoff and soil loss. The estimation of CMI values of any fertilization management can indicate the soil degradation status quantitatively thus helpful in mitigating land degradation in the hilly agro-ecosystem.\nHe also edited seven Springer books and three Elsevier books on microbes, organic farming and agricultural sustainability. He has received several scholarship and awards during his academic and professional career. In a nutshell, Dr. Vijay Singh Meena is doing an excellent work in the field of natural resources management for sustainable agricultural production.\nHe has accumulated more than 5000 citations in international literature and has a RG score of 40.99.",institutionString:"Borlaug Institute for South Asia",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"0",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"Borlaug Institute for South Asia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}}],coeditorOne:{id:"421007",title:"Dr.",name:"Hanuman Prasad",middleName:null,surname:"Parewa",slug:"hanuman-prasad-parewa",fullName:"Hanuman Prasad Parewa",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000039VgHSQA0/Profile_Picture_1622440886234",biography:"Hanuman Prasad Parewa, a BHU alumnus, is presently the faculty member at College of Agriculture (Agriculture University, Jodhpur) Sumerpur, Pali, Rajasthan. He was awarded the UGC scholarship and Rajeev Gandhi National Fellowship for his Ph. D. programme in Soil Science & Agriculture Chemistry. He has 8 years of experience in undergraduate and post graduate teaching and research in the field of soil science and more than 2 years of experience in extension and administration. He has delivered 10 TV talk and 8 radio talks for the benefit of the farming community. He has published 2 books, 5 practical manuals, various papers in national and international journals, book chapters, and folder. He has specialized in the field of soil fertility, INM and PGPR. His research revealed that integrated application of fertilizer, FYM and bioinoculants highly effective for sustainable wheat and Mung bean production and soil quality. He has awarded many times in national and international seminars for best oral and poster presentation. He was appreciated by Hon’ble Vice Chancellor, Agriculture University, Jodhpur for his outstanding contribution in the field of teaching, student welfare, university development activities and development of soil science laboratory.",institutionString:"Agriculture University, Jodhpur",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"0",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:null},coeditorTwo:{id:"421009",title:"Dr.",name:"Sunita",middleName:null,surname:"Kumari Meena",slug:"sunita-kumari-meena",fullName:"Sunita Kumari Meena",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/421009/images/system/421009.png",biography:"Sunita Kumari Meena has worked on the transformation and\navailability of phosphorus and sulfur in relation to soil organic\ncarbon under long-term nutrient supply options. Currently,\nshe is an Assistant Professor of Soil Science at the Sugarcane\nResearch Institute (SRI), Dr. Rajendra Prasad Central Agricultural University, Pusa-Samastipur (Bihar), India. She served as\na research scholar at both Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi,\nand at ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi.",institutionString:"Dr. Rajendra Prasad Central Agricultural University",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"0",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"Rajendra Agricultural University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}},coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"5",title:"Agricultural and Biological Sciences",slug:"agricultural-and-biological-sciences"}],chapters:[{id:"80142",title:"Using Biostimulants Containing Phytohormones to Recover Hail-Damaged Essential Oil Plants",slug:"using-biostimulants-containing-phytohormones-to-recover-hail-damaged-essential-oil-plants",totalDownloads:73,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[null]},{id:"81866",title:"Agronomic Biofortification of Food Crops: A Sustainable Way to Boost Nutritional Security",slug:"agronomic-biofortification-of-food-crops-a-sustainable-way-to-boost-nutritional-security",totalDownloads:25,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[null]},{id:"81383",title:"Zinc Biofortification in Rice (Oryza sativa L.)",slug:"zinc-biofortification-in-rice-oryza-sativa-l",totalDownloads:35,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[null]},{id:"81661",title:"Plant-Bacterial Symbiosis: An Ecologically Sustainable Agriculture Production Alternative to Chemical Fertilizers",slug:"plant-bacterial-symbiosis-an-ecologically-sustainable-agriculture-production-alternative-to-chemical",totalDownloads:15,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"338883",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Mehmet Uğur",surname:"Yildirim",slug:"mehmet-ugur-yildirim",fullName:"Mehmet Uğur Yildirim"}]},{id:"80481",title:"Revisiting the Medicinal Value of Terpenes and Terpenoids",slug:"revisiting-the-medicinal-value-of-terpenes-and-terpenoids",totalDownloads:20,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[null]}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},personalPublishingAssistant:{id:"429341",firstName:"Paula",lastName:"Gavran",middleName:null,title:"Ms.",imageUrl:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",email:"paula@intechopen.com",biography:null}},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"6418",title:"Hyperspectral Imaging in Agriculture, Food and Environment",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9005c36534a5dc065577a011aea13d4d",slug:"hyperspectral-imaging-in-agriculture-food-and-environment",bookSignature:"Alejandro Isabel Luna Maldonado, Humberto Rodríguez Fuentes and Juan Antonio Vidales Contreras",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6418.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"105774",title:"Prof.",name:"Alejandro Isabel",surname:"Luna Maldonado",slug:"alejandro-isabel-luna-maldonado",fullName:"Alejandro Isabel Luna Maldonado"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10359",title:"Landraces",subtitle:"Traditional Variety and Natural Breed",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"0600836fb2c422f7b624363d1e854f68",slug:"landraces-traditional-variety-and-natural-breed",bookSignature:"Amr Elkelish",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10359.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"231337",title:"Dr.",name:"Amr",surname:"Elkelish",slug:"amr-elkelish",fullName:"Amr Elkelish"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1591",title:"Infrared Spectroscopy",subtitle:"Materials Science, Engineering and Technology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"99b4b7b71a8caeb693ed762b40b017f4",slug:"infrared-spectroscopy-materials-science-engineering-and-technology",bookSignature:"Theophile Theophanides",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1591.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"37194",title:"Dr.",name:"Theophile",surname:"Theophanides",slug:"theophile-theophanides",fullName:"Theophile Theophanides"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3161",title:"Frontiers in Guided Wave Optics and Optoelectronics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"deb44e9c99f82bbce1083abea743146c",slug:"frontiers-in-guided-wave-optics-and-optoelectronics",bookSignature:"Bishnu Pal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3161.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"4782",title:"Prof.",name:"Bishnu",surname:"Pal",slug:"bishnu-pal",fullName:"Bishnu Pal"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"371",title:"Abiotic Stress in Plants",subtitle:"Mechanisms and Adaptations",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"588466f487e307619849d72389178a74",slug:"abiotic-stress-in-plants-mechanisms-and-adaptations",bookSignature:"Arun Shanker and B. Venkateswarlu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/371.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"58592",title:"Dr.",name:"Arun",surname:"Shanker",slug:"arun-shanker",fullName:"Arun Shanker"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3092",title:"Anopheles mosquitoes",subtitle:"New insights into malaria vectors",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c9e622485316d5e296288bf24d2b0d64",slug:"anopheles-mosquitoes-new-insights-into-malaria-vectors",bookSignature:"Sylvie Manguin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3092.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"50017",title:"Prof.",name:"Sylvie",surname:"Manguin",slug:"sylvie-manguin",fullName:"Sylvie Manguin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"72",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Theory, Properties, New Approaches",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d94ffa3cfa10505e3b1d676d46fcd3f5",slug:"ionic-liquids-theory-properties-new-approaches",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/72.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"2270",title:"Fourier Transform",subtitle:"Materials Analysis",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5e094b066da527193e878e160b4772af",slug:"fourier-transform-materials-analysis",bookSignature:"Salih Mohammed Salih",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2270.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"111691",title:"Dr.Ing.",name:"Salih",surname:"Salih",slug:"salih-salih",fullName:"Salih Salih"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"117",title:"Artificial Neural Networks",subtitle:"Methodological Advances and Biomedical Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:null,slug:"artificial-neural-networks-methodological-advances-and-biomedical-applications",bookSignature:"Kenji Suzuki",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/117.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"3095",title:"Prof.",name:"Kenji",surname:"Suzuki",slug:"kenji-suzuki",fullName:"Kenji Suzuki"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"872",title:"Organic Pollutants Ten Years After the Stockholm Convention",subtitle:"Environmental and Analytical Update",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f01dc7077e1d23f3d8f5454985cafa0a",slug:"organic-pollutants-ten-years-after-the-stockholm-convention-environmental-and-analytical-update",bookSignature:"Tomasz Puzyn and Aleksandra Mostrag-Szlichtyng",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/872.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"84887",title:"Dr.",name:"Tomasz",surname:"Puzyn",slug:"tomasz-puzyn",fullName:"Tomasz Puzyn"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},chapter:{item:{type:"chapter",id:"60368",title:"Biological and Medicinal Importance of Sponge",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73529",slug:"biological-and-medicinal-importance-of-sponge",body:'
1. Introduction
Sponges are the ancient, efficient designed multicellular parazoan organisms and show relatively little differentiation and tissue coordination. A sponge is a sessile, sedentary, filter-feeding primitive aquatic invertebrate animal which attaches itself to solid surfaces from intertidal zone to depths of 29,000 ft (85000m) or more, where they can get sufficient food to grow [1, 2]. Sponges feed on microscopic organisms (protozoa, bacteria and other small organisms in water) and organic particles [3]. There are about 10,000 known species inhabit a wide variety of marine and fresh water habitats and are found throughout deep ocean depths to rock pools, warm tropical seas to frozen arctic seas, rivers and streams [3, 4]. They are very diverse and occur in various colors, sizes and shapes such as tubular (tube-like), globular (ball-shaped), caliculate (cup-shaped), arboresecent (plant-shaped), flabellate (fan-shaped) and amorphous (shapeless). The scientific term for sponges is Porifera meaning “pore-bearing” and has bodies full of pores and channels allowing water to circulate through them, consisting of jelly-like mesohyl sandwiched between two layers of cells [5]. The shapes of their bodies are adapted for maximal efficiency of water flow through the central cavity, where it deposits the nutrients, and leaves through a hole called the osculum. Several sponges have spicules of silicon dioxide or calcium carbonate and a mesh of proteins called spongin as an internal skeleton. One of the remarkable properties of sponges is their ability to suffer damage and regenerative capacity [6, 7, 8]. Marine sponges have attracted growing attention as a source of overwhelming structurally diverse secondary metabolites with potential biological activities and were placed at the top with respect to discovery of biologically active chemical constituents [9, 10]. Although thousands of chemical compounds have been reported in the literature from these sponges, only few of them are clinically described. Many studies revealed that sponge-derived metabolites are used directly in therapy or as a prototype of bioactive leads to develop more active and less toxic analogs [11, 12]. Sponges are most primitive type of aquatic animals in existence which are dominating many benthic habitats, featuring a cell-based organization where different cells conduct all forms of bodily function, but do not form tissues [13]. They consume food and excrete waste products within cells without a body cavity [14]. Several ecological studies reported that high quantity of bioactive constituents produced by sponges often serve defensive against environmental threats such as predation, microbial infection, competition for space or overgrowth by fouling organisms [15, 16]. For this reason marine sponges are the subject of attraction for chemists due to the sheer number of metabolites produced, the novelty of structure encountered, and the therapeutic potential of these compounds in the treatment of human diseases. Scientists working in the field of natural product chemistry and research suggest that these sponges have promising potential to provide future drugs which can serve various diseases. In this chapter, we describe main isolated chemical entities from sponges and their pharmacological application.
2. Anticancer agents
In the recent years, marine natural products bioprospecting has yielded a considerable number of drug candidates, most still being in preclinical or early clinical development, with only a limited number already in the market [17]. A typical example of marine anticancer drugs is eribulinmesylate, a derivative of halichondrin B isolated from the marine sponge. Halichondria okadai has achieved success in phase III clinical trials. Literature studies have shown sponge-derived discodermolides antitumor compounds can play remarkable role in future to treat cancer. Plethora of secondary metabolites is produced by marine sponges and their symbionts. The spongothymidine and spongouridine nucleosides were the first successful sponge-derived pharmaceutical drugs isolated from Tectitethya crypta [18]. Ara-C (cytarabineor1-beta-D-Arabinofuranosylcytosine) recently used for the cure of leukemia [19, 20] and its combination with Daunoribicin and other anticancer drugs, is screened in clinical trials for the treatment of acute myeloid neoplasms [21] During the last few years several marine derived natural compounds are in the pipeline for evaluation in Phase I–III clinical trials for various cancers treatment [22]. A review in 2003 listed the most important anticancer candidate from marine natural compounds undergoing preclinical and clinical (I, II, III) trials and following compounds were from sponge origin: Isohomohalichondrin B, Halichondrin B, Laulimalide/Fijianolide,5-methoxyamphimedine(alkaloid)Discodermolide, Hemiasterlins A and B, Fascaphysins (alkaloid), modified halichondrin B, KRN-70000, Alipkinidine (alkaloid), and Variolin (alkaloid) [23]. Moreover marine sponges are the important source for vital diverse bioactive constituents including alkaloids, terpenoids, sterols and macrolides. Renieramycins, members of tetrahydroiso-quinoline family were isolated from marine sponges from genus Reniera with promising anticancer potential. The preclinical results reported that Renieramycin M, a natural constituent from sponge induced lung cancer cells apoptosis through p53-dependent pathway and may inhibit progression and metastasis of lung cancer cells [24]. A novel polycyclic guanidine alkaloid monanchocidin isolated from Monanchora pulchra marine sponge reported to induce cell death in human cervical cancer (HeLa),human monocytic leukemia (THP-1)and mouse epidermal (JB6 Cl41) cells [25]. In the early 1987, as esquiterpene aminoquinone, Smenospongine extracted from Smenospongia sp. reported to induces cytotoxic, antiproliferetive, antiangiogenic, and antimicrobial activities [26]. Spongistatin a macrocyclic lactone polyether isolated from Spongia sp. marine sponge in 1993 was shown to inhibit microtubule assembly, mitosis, and the binding of tubulin to vinblastine thereby inducing cytotoxic cell death in numerous cancer cell lines [27, 28]. Recently a very important compound named lectin has been isolated from Cinachyrella apion marine sponge was evaluated for antiproliferative, hemolytic, and cytotoxic properties, besides the ability to induce cell death in tumor cells. Results showed that the lectin induces cell death by apoptosis activation by pro-apoptotic protein Bax, promoting permeabilization of mitochondrial membrane, S phase cell cycle arrest and acting as both dependent and/or independent of caspases pathway. These results indicate the potential of lectin for treating cancer [29]. Another marine sponge component, heteronemin a sesterterpene isolated from Hyrtios sp. has attracted the interest of researchers as an antimour agent especially for its pharmacological effects on chronic myelogenous leukemia cells. Results revealed that heteronemin affected the various cellular processes such as cell cycle, nitrogen-activated protein kinases pathways, apoptosis, and nuclear factor kappa B signaling cascade. Thus the compound has shown anti-inflammatory as well as anticancer agent [30]. A collaborative program between experimental therapeutics laboratory of Henry Ford Hospital in Detroit and University of California Santa Cruz initiated in 1990 focused on the development and discovery of anticancer drugs from sponge extracts. About 2036 extracts from 683 individual sponges were examined by using novel in vitro assay led to the identification pure bioactive compounds from many sponges for treating solid tumors. The collaborative efforts and analogs led to the isolation of number of constituents with of anticancer potential [31].
Thus the possibility of development of new anticancer drugs for curing or reducing cancer is promising. Until now, in vitro antitumor activity studies of sponge-derived compounds were tested. Thus, the detailed pharmaceutical studies to investigate the mechanism of action and clinical trials are needed. Moreover, the extensive ongoing research on sponges and development of new advanced techniques have made it possible to access deep sea, new anticancer marine isolates with unprecedented carbon skeleton and inhibitory activities of human cancer cell continued to be discovered and developed, which will offer in future the new candidate for cancer therapy. The chemical constituents so far reported for anticancer activity include (Table 1).
Marine sponge-derived anticancer compounds and their effects.
3. Antibacterial active agents
Marine sponges are among the richest sources of interesting chemicals produced by marine organisms. Exploitation of bioactive metabolites by natural product chemist from marine sources by using antimicrobial or cytotoxic assays started back in 1970s. Later, various reputed pharmaceutical companies joined hands for this effort using more advance assay systems, including enzyme inhibition assays. As a result several new promising bioactive candidates have been discovered from marine sponges [76]. Bioactive constituents are claimed for potent in vivo or in vitro activity against infectious and parasitic diseases, such as bacterial, fungal, viral and protozoan infections. Studies revealed that the crude extracts of marine sponge have shown high incidences of antibacterial activity against terrestrial pathogenic bacteria, but very low incidences of antibacterial activity against marine bacteria [77, 78]. Very few cases of sponge infection by exogenous microorganisms are known, presumably due to the accumulation/or product by the marine sponges of substances which have antimicrobial activity [1]. A number of new metabolites with antibiotic applications are discovered every year, but in marine sponges their ubiquity is remarkable. Antibacterial screening of marine sponges led to identification and characterization of wide range of active chemical constituents, including some with promising therapeutic leads [79, 80]. Around 850 antibiotic constituents are reported from marine sponges [81]. Various antibacterial substances were identified from marine sponges by continuous efforts of marine natural product community. Despite of discovery of huge number of natural product from marine sponges, none of them has yet led to antibacterial product, but currently several are under investigation. Examples of some isolated substances from marine sponges with antibacterial activity are shown in Table 2. The first discovered antibiotic from a marine sponge was manoalide, a seterterpenoid isolated from Luffariella variabilis [82]. The most promising constituents with antibacterial properties reported from marine sponges include: agelasine D, cribrostatin 3 and 6, petrosamine B, psammaplin A and alkylpyridines (haliclonacyclamine E, arenosclerins) and among these constituents, manzamine A and psammaplin A are in preclinical trials. Many of these have excellent potential for drug development, but no commercial medication has been originated from them so far.
Marine sponge-derived antibacterial compounds and their effects.
4. Antiviral compounds and their efficacy
The search for new antiviral substances from marine sources led to the isolation of several promising therapeutic leads which are presented in Table 3. The literature presents a good number of reports about different biological activities of marine sponges. Several papers reports the screening results of marine organisms for antiviral activity, and a diverse range of active constituents have been isolated and characterized from them [80, 103, 104]. For some of these isolated substances important antiviral activities were reported. Perhaps the most important antiviral lead of marine origin reported thus far is the nucleoside ara-A (vidarabine) isolated from the sponge Cryptotethya crypta. Ara-A is a semisynthetic compound, based on the arabinosyl nucleosides, that inhibits viral DNA synthesis [105]. Once it was realized that biological systems would recognize the nucleoside base after modifications of the sugar moiety, chemists began to substitute the typical pentoses with acyclic entities or with substituted sugars, leading to the drug azidothymidine (zidovudine). Ara-A, ara-C (1-β-Darabinosyl cytosine, cytarabine), acyclovir, and azidothymidine are in clinical use and are all examples of products of semisynthetic modifications of the arabinosyl nucleosides [106]. Several of these substances have a great potential for drug development. Ara-A has been used for the treatment of herpes virus infections, but it is less efficient and more toxic than acyclovir [107, 108]. However, ara-A is capable of inhibiting a cyclovir-resistant HSV and VZV (varicella-zoster virus) [109]. The most promising antiviral substances from sponges appear to be 4-methylaaptamine, avarol, manzamines, mycalamide A and B. Among these substances, preclinical assessments were started for avarol and manzamine A. In general, antiviral molecules from sponges do not give protection against viruses, but they may result in drugs to treat already infected individuals. In addition, broad-based antiviral agents such as 2-5A and α-glucosidase inhibitors may be useful in cases of sudden outbreaks of (less familiar) viruses such as SARS and Ebola [80].
Antiviral compounds from marine sponges and their effects.
5. Antifungal compounds
Marine sponges have been considered a gold mine for the discovery of marine natural products during the past 50 years. The need of new antifungals in clinical medicine due to various kinds of mycoses, in particular invasive mycoses have become serious health problems as their incidences has increased dramatically during last few years in relation to AIDS, transplant recipients, hematological malignancies, transplant recipients and other immunosuppressed individuals. One of the major causes of death in patients suffering from malignant disease is fungal infections and emerging resistance is also an important problem. Immunocompromised patients are mainly infected by Aspergillus, Cryptococcus, Candida, and other opportunistic fungi. Candida albicans is most often associated with serious invasive fungal infections, but other Candida species and yeast-like organisms (Blastoschizomyces, Trichosporon and Malassezia) have emerged as etiological agents of severe mycoses problem [123, 124, 125, 126]. Fungicides which are presently being used are less diverse than antimicrobials, and the usage of many of them is restricted because of their toxic effects to animals, plants and humans. Moreover the progress in this area is slow as comparison to antibacterial agents [126]. Antifungal compounds isolated from marine sponges are listed in Table 4.
Antifungal compounds from marine sponges and their effects.
6. Anti-inflammatory compounds
Marine organisms and microorganisms have provided a large proportion of the anti-inflammatory and natural antioxidants products over the last years. Reports suggest that marine invertebrates represent new marine resources for the isolation of novel agents which are active on inflammatory conditions have also been found in the literature. Herencia and coworkers [156] studied the effects of dichloromethane and methanol extracts from some Mediterranean marine invertebrates on carrageenan-induced paw edema in mice. Extracts partially decreased elastase activity and PGE2 levels measured in homogenates from inflamed paws, without affecting the levels of this prostanoid present in stomach homogenates. Within the framework of the European MAST III Project, extracts of different polarity from sponges, ascidians and cnidarians have been screened for immunomodulating activities [157]. It was demonstrated that endotoxin-free samples of marine origin possess effects on certain components of the immune system. As a result of all these investigations, bioassay-directed separation of active extracts identified many structurally diverse compounds as future leads. Anti-inflammatory compounds found in the marine environment include terpenes and steroids, alkaloids, peptides and proteins, polysaccharides and others. Examples of anti-inflammatory compounds marine sponge origin are presented in Table 5. Also includes diterpenes of (8E, 13Z, 20Z)-strobilinin and (7E, 13Z, 20Z)-felixinin from a marine sponge Psammocinia sp. [158], and novel anti-inflammatory spongian diterpenes from the New Zealand marine sponge Chelonaplysill aviolacea [159].
Anti-inflammatory compounds from marine sponges and their effects.
7. Marine sponge-derived compounds with enzyme inhibitory activity
Derivatives of halenaquinone and xestoquinone showed various enzyme inhibitory activities besides the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase and topoisomerase I and II inhibitory activities mentioned above. Compound xestoquinone inhibited both Ca2+ and K+-ATPase of skeletal muscle myosin [185]. SAR Investigations showed that halenaquinone and three synthetic analogs with a quinone structure significantly inhibited Ca2+ ATPase activity. In contrast, four xestoquinone analogs in which the quinine structure was converted to quinol dimethyl ether did not inhibit the Ca2+ ATPase activity [186]. The protein tyrosine kinase (PTK) inhibitory activities of halenaquinone, halenaquinol, and 14-methoxyhalenaquinone were the most remarkable with IC50 values <10 mm. The other analogs was either less potent or inactive, and a rationalization for this SAR pattern was also reported [187]. Xestoquinone also showed significant protein kinase inhibitory activity toward Pfnek-1, a serine/threonine malarial kinase, with an IC50 value of ca. 1 mm, and moderate activity toward PfPK5, a member of the cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) family [188]. Adociaquinone B and 3-ketoadociaquinone B were the most potent inhibitors of the Cdc25 B phosphatase inhibitory activities, and the dihydro-benzothiazine dioxide in compounds Adociaquinone A, Adociaquinone B, 3-Ketoadociaquinone A, and 3-Ketoadociaquinone B appeared to be an important structural feature for this enhanced activity. Four cyclostellettamines, cyclostellettamine A, cyclostellettamine G, dehydrocyclostellettamine D and dehydrocyclostellettamine E inhibited histone deacetylase derived from K562 human leukemia cells with IC50 values ranging from 17 to 80 mm [189]. Xestospongic acid ethyl ester (207) was found to inhibit the Na+/K+ ATPase [190]. Compounds are listed in Table 6.
8. Sponge-derived immunosuppressive compounds and their efficacy
Recently natural constituents isolated from marine sponges were tested for immunosuppressive activities and in the end of 1980s, deep water marine sponges resulted in isolation of pure compounds with immunosuppressive properties. Two important compounds: 4a-merhyl-5a-cholest-8-en-3~-ol and 4,5-dibromo-2-pyrrolic acid discovered by American scientist from deep water sponge Agelasfla bellrform is showed significant immunosuppressive activity. Both compounds were found significantly active in suppression of the response of murine splenocytes in the two-way mixed lymphocyte reaction (MLR) with little to no demonstrable cytotoxicity at low doses ([196]. Constituents isolated from the Aurora globostellata marine sponge showed immunomodulatory potential. The immunomodulatory potential was evaluated by oral administration of ethyl acetate extract of marine sponge (200 mg/kg) to Wistar rats and the results obtained showed that extracts exhibited immunosuppressant activity and can further be studied [197]. A recent investigation on an Indian marine sponge aimed to isolate and characterize bacteria with immunomodulatory and antimicrobial activity. Callyspongia difusa (Gulf of Mannar province) a marine sponge resulted in isolation of 10 marine bacterial strains which exhibited remarkable antagonistic activity against clinical bacterial pathogens. These findings suggested that the sponge associated bacterial strain Virgibacillus sp. can contribute the search for novel antibiotics to overcome infections and also for the production of potential immunomodulators [109].
9. Hypocholesterolemic compounds
In the last decade studies reported that marine sponges could have been a source of hypocholesterolemic compounds. For example, lysophosphatidylcholines and lyso-PAF analogs derived from Spirastrella abata are reported as successful inhibitors of cholesterol biosynthesis in vitro study [198, 199]. Zhao et al. [200] extracted novel lysophosphatidylcholines from marine sponges with hypocholesterolemic properties and thereby aroused an interest of compounds from marine sponge due to short lifespan of conventional lysophosphatidylcholines in vivo.
10. Sponge–derived antibiotics
Also, over the years marine sponges are considered as a rich source of natural products and metabolites for antibiotics possessing strong inhibitory against bacteria, fungi and microbes. Several studies revealed that many natural bioactive components isolated from various marine sponges can be useful for the production of new antibiotics and antimicrobial drugs. In the recent years many scientific studies provided evidences for marine sponge metabolites with efficient antibiotic, antibacterials and antimicrobial properties. Purpuroines A-J, halogenated alkaloids isolated from Lotrochota purpurea marine sponge showed promising inhibitory activities against bacteria and fungi related diseases [201]. Haliclona sp. sponge from Korea resulted in isolation of novel cyclic bis-1,3-dialkylpyridiniums and cyclostellettamines, which showed moderate cytotoxic and antibacterial activities against A549 cell-line and Gram-positive strains, respectively [202]. A number of new alkaloids were isolated from the marine sponge Agelas mauritiana: (+)-2-oxo-agela-sidine C, (−)-8′-oxo-agelasine D,4-bromo-N-(butoxymethyl)-1H-pyrrole-2-carboxamide, ageloxime B, and (−)-ageloxime D and some of these isolated components exhibited antifungal activity against Cryptococcus neoformans, antileishmanial activity in vitro and antibacterial activity against S. aureus and methicillin-resistant S. aureus in vitro [203]. Extracts prepared from the sponge’s species Petromica citrina, Haliclona sp. and Cinachyrella sp. exhibited antibacterial activity against 61% of the coagulase-negative staphylococci (CNS) strains, including strains resistant to conventional antibiotics. P. citrina extracts showed the largest spectrum of inhibitory activity. This current study according scientist shows potential of marine sponges to become new sources of antibiotics and disinfectants for the control of CNS involved in bovine mastitis in future [204]. Isolation of isonitriles ditepene from Cymbastela hooperi, tropical marine sponge and the axisonitrile-3 sesquiterpene isolated Acanthella kletra, from the tropical marine sponge were tested for series of bioassays antibacterial, antiphotosynthetic, antifouling, antialgal, antifouling, antialgal, antiphotosynthetic, antifungal, and antitubercular. The results showed majority of the tested compounds were active against at least two of the applied test systems [152]. Recently, sponge-derived actinomycetes and sediments isolated from marine sponge were tested for bioactive constituents with antifungal and antimicrobial activity. Out of 15 prepared active extract nine were found active against Enterococcus fascism (vancomycin-resistant) and Candida albicans multidrug-resistant [132], including strains resistant to conventional antibiotics. Thus the bacterial actinomycetes from marine sponges and other marine organisms have been proved prolific producers of pharmacologically active compounds. Literature studies revealed that 70% of naturally derived antibiotics which are currently in clinical use have been derived from actinomycetes. In the recent study, Streptomyces sp. strains from Mediterranean sponges and secondary metabolite namely, cyclic depsipeptide valinomycin, indolocarbazole alkaloid staurosporine and butenolide, were screened for anti-infective activities. All the isolated compounds along with Streptomyces sp. exhibited antiparasitic activities. Researchers also claim the anti-infective potential of marine actinomycetes is very promising.
11. Marine sponges-derived antifouling and antibiofilm compounds
Bacterial biofilms are surface-attached microorganism’s communities that are protected by an extracellular matrix of biomolecules. Continuous use of chemical antifoulants resulted in increased tributyltin concentration and created extensive pollution problems in marine organisms. Natural antifouling molecules from marine have been recently reviewed and researches hope that will provide more specific and less toxic antifouling activity in future. Antifouling compounds derived from sponges were found to be very effective, environmentally friendly biocides and less toxic [205]. In the last few years several studies were directed to find the most promising alternative technologies to antifouling in marine organisms, especially from sponges. In a recent study structurally different compounds containing 3-alkylpyridine moiety were evaluated for antifouling potential. The compounds, namely haminols, saraine and 3-alkylpyridinium salts extracted from Reniera sarai, Haliclona sp. and the mollusk Haminoea fusar is obtained by synthesis, showed very good antifouling potential larvae of the barnacle Amphibalanus amphitrite. Bromopyrrole or diterpene alkaloids derivatives isolated from Agelas linnaei and Ageles nakamurai Indonesian marine sponges exhibited cytotoxic activity. Moreover, agelasine derivatives inhibited settling of larvae of Balanus improvisus in an antifouling bioassay as well as the growth of planktonic forms of biofilm forming bacteria S. epidermidis [206].
12. Conclusion
Marine invertebrates (Porifera, Cnidaria, Mollusca, Arthropoda, Echinodermata, etc.) are considered as one of the major groups of biological organisms which gave huge number of natural products and secondary metabolites with interesting pharmacological properties and led in the formation of novel drugs. Among marine invertebrates, marine sponges (phylum: Porifera) is the most dominant responsible group for discovering significant number of natural components, which has been used as template to develop therapeutic drugs. These natural products possesses vast range of therapeutic application, including antimicrobial, antihypertensive, antioxidant, anticancer, anticoagulant, anti-inflammatory, immune modulator, and wound healing and other medicinal effects. Therefore, marine sponges are considered a rich source of chemical diversity and health benefits for developing drug candidates, nutritional supplements, cosmetics, and molecular probes that can be supported to increase the healthy life span of humans. In this chapter we included the most important and biologically active marine sponge-derived compounds and presented selected studies of most important bioactive and promising natural products and secondary metabolites from marine sponges.
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.
\n',keywords:"sponges, anticancer, antibacterial, chemical constituents",chapterPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/60368.pdf",chapterXML:"https://mts.intechopen.com/source/xml/60368.xml",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/60368",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/60368",totalDownloads:2584,totalViews:3777,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:3,totalAltmetricsMentions:0,introChapter:null,impactScore:1,impactScorePercentile:64,impactScoreQuartile:3,hasAltmetrics:0,dateSubmitted:"June 4th 2017",dateReviewed:"January 5th 2018",datePrePublished:null,datePublished:"April 25th 2018",dateFinished:"March 31st 2018",readingETA:"0",abstract:"Sponges are multicellular, heterotrophic parazoan organisms, characterized by the possession of unique feeding system among the animals. They are the most primitive types of animals in existence, featuring a cell-based organization where different cells have different tasks, but do not form tissues. Sponges (Porifera) are a predominantly marine phylum living from the intertidal to the abyssal (deepest ocean) zone. There are approximately 8500 described species of sponges worldwide with a prominent role in many reef coral communities. Several ecological studies reported have shown that secondary metabolites isolated from sponges often serve defensive purposes to protect them from threats such as predator attacks, biofouling, microbial infections, and overgrowth by other sessile organisms. In the recent years, interest in marine sponges has risen considerably due to presence of high number of interesting biologically active natural products. More than 5300 different natural products are known from sponges and their associated microorganisms, and every year hundreds of new substances are discovered. In addition to the unusual nucleosides, other classes of substances such as bioactive terpenes, sterols, fatty acids, alkaloids, cyclic peptides, peroxides, and amino acid derivatives (which are frequently halogenated) have been described from sponges or from their associated microorganisms. Many of these natural products from sponges have shown a wide range of pharmacological activities such as anticancer, antifungal, antiviral, anthelmintic, antiprotozoal, anti-inflammatory, immunosuppressive, neurosuppressive, and antifouling activities. This chapter covers extensive work published regarding new compounds isolated from marine sponges and biological activities associated with them.",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/60368",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/60368",book:{id:"6344",slug:"biological-resources-of-water"},signatures:"Musarat Amina and Nawal M. Al Musayeib",authors:[{id:"213049",title:"Dr.",name:"Musarat",middleName:null,surname:"Amina",fullName:"Musarat Amina",slug:"musarat-amina",email:"musarat.org@gmail.com",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institution:{name:"King Saud University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}},{id:"213050",title:"Dr.",name:"Nawal",middleName:null,surname:"M. Al Musayeib",fullName:"Nawal M. Al Musayeib",slug:"nawal-m.-al-musayeib",email:"nawal.pharmacy@gmail.com",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institution:null}],sections:[{id:"sec_1",title:"1. Introduction",level:"1"},{id:"sec_2",title:"2. Anticancer agents",level:"1"},{id:"sec_3",title:"3. Antibacterial active agents",level:"1"},{id:"sec_4",title:"4. Antiviral compounds and their efficacy",level:"1"},{id:"sec_5",title:"5. Antifungal compounds",level:"1"},{id:"sec_6",title:"6. Anti-inflammatory compounds",level:"1"},{id:"sec_7",title:"7. Marine sponge-derived compounds with enzyme inhibitory activity",level:"1"},{id:"sec_8",title:"8. Sponge-derived immunosuppressive compounds and their efficacy",level:"1"},{id:"sec_9",title:"9. Hypocholesterolemic compounds",level:"1"},{id:"sec_10",title:"10. Sponge–derived antibiotics",level:"1"},{id:"sec_11",title:"11. Marine sponges-derived antifouling and antibiofilm compounds",level:"1"},{id:"sec_12",title:"12. Conclusion",level:"1"},{id:"sec_16",title:"Conflict of interest",level:"1"}],chapterReferences:[{id:"B1",body:'Hentschel U, Schmid M, Wagner M, Fieseler L, Gernert C, Hacker J. Isolation and phylogenetic analysis of bacteria with antimicrobial activities from the Mediterranean sponges Aplysina aerophoba and Aplysina cavernicola. FEMS Microbiology Ecology. 2001;35:305-312'},{id:"B2",body:'Radjasa OK, Sabdono A, Junaidi, Zocchi E. Richness of secondary metabolite-producing marine bacteria associated with sponge Haliclona sp. International Journal of Pharmaceutics. 2007;3:275-279'},{id:"B3",body:'Thomas TR, Kavlekar DP, LokaBharathi PA. Marine drugs from sponge-microbe association—A review. Marine Drugs. 2010;8:1417-1468'},{id:"B4",body:'Perdicaris S, Vlachogianni T, Valavanidis A. Bioactive natural substances from marine sponges: New developments and prospects for future pharmaceuticals. Natural Products Chemistry and Research. 2013;1:1-8'},{id:"B5",body:'Mehbub MF, Lei J, Franco C, Zhang W. Marine sponge derived natural products between 2001 and 2010: Trends and opportunities for discovery of bioactive. Marine Drugs. 2014;12:4539-4577'},{id:"B6",body:'Taylor MW, Radax R, Steger D, Wagner M. Sponge-associated microorganisms: Evolution, ecology, and biotechnological potential. Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews. 2007;71:295-347'},{id:"B7",body:'Stowe SD, Richards JJ, Tucker AT, Thompson R, Melander C, et al. Anti-biofilm compounds derived from marine sponges. Marine Drugs. 2011;9:2010-2035'},{id:"B8",body:'Thompson JE, Walker RP, Faulkner DJ. Exudation of biologically-active metabolites in the sponge Aplysina fistularis. I. Biological evidence. Marine Biology. 1985;88:11-21'},{id:"B9",body:'Becker S, Terlau H. Toxins from cone snails: Properties, applications and biotechnological production. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology. 2008;79:1-9'},{id:"B10",body:'Fenical W, Jensen P, Palladino M, Lam K, Lloyd G, Potts B. Discovery and development of the anticancer agent salinosporamide A (NPI-0052). Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry. 2009;17:2175-2180'},{id:"B11",body:'Gerwick WH, Moore BS. Lessons from the past and charting the future of marine natural products drug discovery and chemical biology. Chemistry & Biology. 2012;19:85-98'},{id:"B12",body:'Huyck TK, Gradishar W, Manuguid F, Kirkpatrick P. Fresh from pipeline: Eribulin mesylate. Nature Reviews. Drug Discovery. 2011;10:173-174'},{id:"B13",body:'Johns WE, Schott F. Meandering and transport variations of the Florida current. Journal of Physical Oceanography. 1987;17:1128-1147'},{id:"B14",body:'Hooper JN, editor. Sponguide. Guide to Sponge Collection and Identification. Queensland, Australia: Queensland Museum; 2000'},{id:"B15",body:'Paul VJ, Puglisi MP. Chemical mediation of interactions among marine organisms. Natural Product Reports. 2004;21:189-209'},{id:"B16",body:'Paul VJ, Puglisi MP, Ritson-Williams R. Marine chemical ecology. Natural Product Reports. 2006;23:153-180'},{id:"B17",body:'Beedessee G, Ramanjooloo A, Aubert G, Eloy L, et al. Cytotoxic activities of hexane, ethyl acetate and butanol extracts of marine sponges from Mauritian Waters on human cancer cell lines. Environmental Toxicology and Pharmacology. 2012;34:397-408'},{id:"B18",body:'Bergmann W, Feeney RJ. The isolation of a new thymine pentoside from sponges. The Journal of the American Chemical Society. 1950;72:2809-2810'},{id:"B19",body:'Proksch P, Edrada RA, Ebel R. Drugs from the seas—Current status and microbiological implications. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology. 2002;59:125-134'},{id:"B20",body:'Schwartsmann G. Marine organisms as a source of new anticancer agents. Annals of Oncology. 2000;11(3):235-243'},{id:"B21",body:'Feldman EJ, Lancet JE, Kolitz JE, Ritchie EK, et al. First-in-man study of CPX-351: A liposomal carrier containing cytarabine and daunorubicin in a fixed 5:1 molar ratio for the treatment of relapsed and refractory acute myeloid leukemia. Journal of Clinical Oncology. 2011;29:979-985'},{id:"B22",body:'Mayer AM, Glaser KB, Cuevas C, Jacobs RS, et al. The odyssey of marine pharmaceuticals: A current pipeline perspective. Trends in Pharmacological Sciences. 2010;31:255-265'},{id:"B23",body:'Crews P, Gewick WH, Schmitz FJ, France D, Bair KW, et al. Molecular approaches to discover marine natural product anticancer leads—An update from a drug discovery group collaboration. Pharmaceutical Biology. 2003;141:39-52'},{id:"B24",body:'Halim R, Gladman B, Danquah MK, Webley PA. Oil extraction from microalgae for biodiesel production. Bioresource Technology. 2011;102(1):178-185'},{id:"B25",body:'Guzii AG, Makarieva TN, Denisenko VA, Dmitrenok PS, et al. Monanchocidin: A new apoptosis-inducing polycyclic guanidine alkaloid from the marine sponge Monanchora pulchra. Organic Letters. 2010;12(19):4292-4295'},{id:"B26",body:'Kondracki ML, Guyot M. Smenospongine: A cytotoxic and antimicrobial aminoquinone isolated from Smenospongia sp. Tetrahedron Letters. 1987;27:5815-5818'},{id:"B27",body:'Kong D, Yamori T, Kobayashi M, Duan H. Antiproliferative and antiangiogenic activities of smenospongine, a marine sponge sesquiterpene aminoquinone. Marine Drugs. 2011;9:154-161'},{id:"B28",body:'Valeriote FA, Tenney K, Media J, Pietraszkiewicz H, et al. Discovery and development of anticancer agents from marine sponges: perspectives based on a chemistry-experimental therapeutics collaborative program. Journal of Experimental Therapeutics & Oncology. 2012;10:119-134'},{id:"B29",body:'Rabelo L, Monteiro N, Serquiz R, Santos P, et al. A lactose-binding lectin from the marine sponge Cinachyrella apion (Cal) induces cell death in human cervical adenocarcinoma cells. Marine Drugs. 2012;10:727-743'},{id:"B30",body:'Rothmeier E, Pfaffinger G, Hoffmann C, Harrison CF, et al. Activation of Ran GTPase by a Legionella effector promotes microtubule polymerization, pathogen vacuole motility and infection. PLoS Pathogens. 2013;9:e1003598. DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1003598'},{id:"B31",body:'Inman WD, Bray WM, Gassner NC, Lokey RS, et al. β-Carboline alkaloid from the Papau New Guinea marine sponge Hyrtios reticulates. Journal of Natural Products. 2010;73:255-257'},{id:"B32",body:'Lyakhova EG, Kolesnikova SA, Kalinovsky AI, Afiyatullov SS, et al. Bromine-containing alkaloids from the marine sponge Penares sp. Tetrahedron Letters. 2012;53:6119-6122'},{id:"B33",body:'Pham CD, Hartmann R, Muller WE, de Voogd N, Lai D, Proksch P. Aaptamine derivatives from the Indonesian sponge Aaptos suberitoides. Journal of Natural Products. 2013;76:103-106'},{id:"B34",body:'Laville R, Thomas OP, Berrué F, Marquez D, Vacelet J, Amade P. Bioactive guanidine alkaloids from two Caribbean marine sponges. Journal of Natural Products. 2009;72:1589-1594'},{id:"B35",body:'Daikuhara N, Tada Y, Yamaki S, Charupant K, et al. Renieramycins T and U, novel renieramycin–ecteinascidin hybrid marine natural products from Thai sponge Xestospongia sp. Tetrahedron Letters. 2009;50:4276'},{id:"B36",body:'Prawat H, Mahidol C, Kaweetripob W, Wittayalai S, Ruchirawat S. Iodo–sesquiterpene hydroquinone and brominated indole alkaloids from the Thai sponge Smenospongia sp. Tetrahedron. 2012;68:6881-6886'},{id:"B37",body:'Momose R, Tanaka N, Fromont J, Kobayashi J. Hyrtimomines A-C, new heteroaromatic alkaloids from a sponge Hyrtios sp. Organic Letters. 2013;15:2010-2013'},{id:"B38",body:'Tran TD, Pham NB, Fechner G, Hooper JN, Quinn RJ. Bromotyrosine alkaloids from the Australian marine sponge Pseudoceratina verrucosa. Journal of Natural Products. 2013;76:516-523'},{id:"B39",body:'Kubota T, Kura KI, Fromont J, Kobayashi JI. Tetrahedron. 2013;69:96'},{id:"B40",body:'Ibrahim SRM, Mohamed GA, Elkhayat ES, Fouad MA, Proksch P. Marine pyridoacridine alkaloids: Biosynthesis and biological activities. Bulletin of Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University. 2013;51:229'},{id:"B41",body:'Makarieva TN, Tabakmaher KM, Guzii AG, Denisenko VA, et al. Monanchocidins B-E: Polycyclic guanidine alkaloids with potent antileukemic activities from the sponge Monanchora pulchra. Journal of Natural Products. 2011;74:1952'},{id:"B42",body:'Sun YT, Lin B, Li SG, Liu M, et al. New bromopyrrole alkaloids from the marine sponge Agelas sp. Tetrahedron. 2017;73:2786-2792'},{id:"B43",body:'Nguyen HT, Chau VM, Tran TH, Phan VK, et al. C29 sterols with a cyclopropane ring at C-25 and 26 from the Vietnamese marine sponge Ianthella sp. and their anticancer properties. Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry Letters. 2009;19:4584-4585'},{id:"B44",body:'Ushiyama S, Umaoka H, Kato H, Suwa Y, et al. Manadosterols A and B, sulfonated sterol dimers inhibiting the Ubc13-Uev1A interaction, isolated from the marine sponge Lissodendryx fibrosa. Journal of Natural Products. 2012;75:1495'},{id:"B45",body:'Harinantenaina L, Brodie PJ, Maharavo J, Bakary G, et al. Antiproliferative homoscalarane sesterterpenes from two Madagascan sponges. Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry. 2013;21:2912-2917'},{id:"B46",body:'Rateb ME, Houssen WE, Schumacher M, Harrison WTA, et al. Bioactive diterpene derivatives from the marine sponge Spongionella sp. Journal of Natural Products. 2009;72:1471-1476'},{id:"B47",body:'Wang CY, Wang BG, Wiryowidagdo S, Wray V, et al. Melophlins C–O, thirteen novel tetramic acids from the marine sponge Melophlus sarassinorum. Journal of Natural Products. 2003;66(1):51-56'},{id:"B48",body:'Hahn D, Won DH, Mun B, Kim H, et al. Cytotoxic scalarane sesterterpenes from a Korean marine sponge Psammocinia sp. Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry Letters. 2013;23(8):2336-2339'},{id:"B49",body:'Lamoral-Theys D, Fattorusso E, Mangoni A, Perinu C, et al. Evaluation of the antiproliferative activity of diterpene Isonitriles from the Sponge Pseudoaxinella flava in apoptosis-sensitive and apoptosis-resistant cancer cell lines. Journal of Natural Products. 2011;74(10):2299-2303'},{id:"B50",body:'Pettit GR, Tang Y, Zhang Q, Bourne GT, et al. Isolation and structures of axistatins 1-3 from the Republic of Palau marine sponge Agelas axifera Hentschel(1). Journal of Natural Products. 2013;76(3):420-422'},{id:"B51",body:'Ovenden SPB, Nielson JL, Liptrot CH, Willis RH, et al. Metachromins U–W: Cytotoxic merosesquiterpenoids from an Australian specimen of the sponge Thorecta reticulata. Journal of Natural Products. 2011;73(3):467-471'},{id:"B52",body:'Bokesch HR, Pannell LK, McKee TC, Boyd MR. Coscinamides A, B and C, three new bis indole alkaloids from the marine sponge Coscinoderma sp. Tetrahedron Letters. 2000;41:6305-6308'},{id:"B53",body:'Kim CK, Song IH, Park HY, Lee YJ, et al. Suvanine sesterterpenes and deacyl irciniasulfonic acids from a tropical Coscinoderma sp. sponge. Journal of Natural Products. 2014;77(6):1396-1403'},{id:"B54",body:'Oku N, Takada K, Fuller RW, Wilson JA, et al. Isolation, structural elucidation, and absolute stereochemistry of enigmazole A, a cytotoxic phosphomacrolide from the Papua New Guinea marine sponge Cinachyrella enigmatica. Journal of the American Chemical Society. 2010;132(30):10278-10285'},{id:"B55",body:'Gala F, D’Auria MV, De Marino S, Sepe V, et al. Jaspamides M–P: New tryptophan modified jaspamide derivatives from the sponge Jaspis splendens. Tetrahedron. 2009;65:51-56'},{id:"B56",body:'Singh AJ, Razzak M, Teesdale-Spittle P, Gaitanos TN, et al. Structure-activity studies of the pelorusides: New congeners and semi-synthetic analogues. Organic & Biomolecular Chemistry. 2011;9(12):4456-4466'},{id:"B57",body:'Sorres J, Martin MT, Petek S, Levaique H, et al. Pipestelides A-C: Cyclodepsipeptides from the Pacific marine sponge Pipestela candelabra. Journal of Natural Products. 2012;75(4):759-763'},{id:"B58",body:'Zhang J, Tang X, Li J, Li P, et al. Cytotoxic polyketide derivatives from the South China sea sponge Plakortis simplex. Journal of Natural Products. 2013;76(4):600-606'},{id:"B59",body:'Jiménez-Romero C, Ortiz I, Vicente J, Vera B, Rodríguez AD, et al. Bioactive cycloperoxides isolated from the Puerto Rican sponge Plakortis halichondrioides. Journal of Natural Products. 2010;73(10):1694-1700'},{id:"B60",body:'Pelay-Gimeno M, García-Ramos Y, Martin MJ, Jan S, et al. The first total synthesis of the cyclodepsipeptide pipecolidepsin A. Nature Communications. 2013;4:2352'},{id:"B61",body:'Zampella A, Sepe V, Luciano P, Bellotta F, et al. Homophymine A, an anti-HIV cyclodepsipeptide from the sponge Homophymia sp. The Journal of Organic Chemistry. 2008;73(14):5319-5327'},{id:"B62",body:'Tran TD, Pham NB, Fechner G, Zencak D, et al. Cytotoxic cyclic depsipeptides from the Australian marine sponge Neamphius huxleyi. Journal of Natural Products. 2012;75(12):2200-2208'},{id:"B63",body:'Williams DE, Yu K, Behrisch HW, Van Soest R, Andersen RJ. Rolloamides A and B, cytotoxic cyclic heptapeptides isolated from the Caribbean marine sponge Eurypon laughlini. Journal of Natural Products. 2009;72(7):1253-1257'},{id:"B64",body:'Wang X, Morinaka BI, Molinski TF. Structures and solution conformational dynamics of stylissamides G and H from the Bahamian sponge Stylissa caribica. Journal of Natural Products. 2014;77(3):625-630'},{id:"B65",body:'Coello L, Reyes F, Martín MJ, Cuevas C, Fernández R. Isolation and structures of pipecolidepsins A and B, cytotoxic cyclic depsipeptides from the Madagascan sponge Homophymia lamellosa. Journal of Natural Products. 2014;77(2):298-303'},{id:"B66",body:'Regalado EL, Jimenez-Romero C, Genta-Jouve G, Tasdemir D, et al. Acanthifoliosides, minor steroidal saponins from the Caribbean sponge Pandaros acanthifolium. Tetrahedron. 2011;67:1011-1018'},{id:"B67",body:'Ye J, Zhou F, Al-Kareef AMQ, Wang H. Anticancer agents from marine sponges. Journal of Asian Natural Products Research. 2015;17:64-88'},{id:"B68",body:'Jiao W-H, Huang X-J, Yang J-S, Yang F, et al. Dysidavarones A–D, new sesquiterpene quinones from the marine sponge Dysidea avara. Organic Letters. 2012;14(1):202-205'},{id:"B69",body:'Daletos G, de Voogd NJ, Müller WE, Wray V, et al. Cytotoxic and protein kinase inhibiting nakijiquinones and nakijiquinols from the sponge Dactylospongia metachromia. Journal of Natural Products. 2014;77(2):218-226'},{id:"B70",body:'Jiao WH, Xu TT, Yu HB, Chen GD, et al. Dysideanones A-C, unusual sesquiterpene quinones from the South China Sea sponge Dysidea avara. Journal of Natural Products. 2014;77(2):346-350'},{id:"B71",body:'Shaala LA, Bamane FH, Badr JM, Youssef DT. Brominated arginine-derived alkaloids from the red sea sponge Suberea mollis. Journal of Natural Products. 2011;74(6):1517-1520'},{id:"B72",body:'Williams A, Bax NJ, Kloser RJ, Althaus F, et al. Australia’s deep-water reserve network: implications of false homogeneity for classifying abiotic surrogates of biodiversity. ICES Journal of Marine Science. 2009;66:214-224'},{id:"B73",body:'Hwang IH, Oh J, Kochanowska-Karamyan A, et al. A novel natural phenyl alkene with cytotoxic activity. Tetrahedron Letters. 2013;54(29):3872-3876'},{id:"B74",body:'Farokhi F, Wielgosz-Collin G, Robic A, Debitus C, et al. Antiproliferative activity against human non-small cell lung cancer of two O-alkyl-diglycosylglycerols from the marine sponges Myrmekioderma dendyi and Trikentrion laeve. European Journal of Medicinal Chemistry. 2012;49:406-410'},{id:"B75",body:'Lee Y-J, Han S, Lee H-S, Kang JS, et al. Cytotoxic psammaplysin analogues from a Suberea sp. marine sponge and the role of the spirooxepinisoxazoline in their activity. Journal of Natural Products. 2013;76(9):1731-1736'},{id:"B76",body:'Kobayashi M. In search for biologically active substances from marine sponges. In: Fusetani N, editor. Drugs from the Sea. Basel, Switzerland: Karger; 2000. pp. 46-58'},{id:"B77",body:'Amade PG, Chariou G, Baby C, Vacelet J. Antimicrobial activity of marine sponges of Mediterranean. Sea. Marine Biology. 1987;94:271-275'},{id:"B78",body:'McCaffrey EJ, Endeau R. Antimicrobial activity of tropical and subtropical sponges. Marine Biology. 1985;89:1-8'},{id:"B79",body:'Mayer AM, Hamann MT. Marine pharmacology in 2000: Marine compounds with antibacterial, anticoagulant, antifungal, anti-inflammatory, antimalarial, antiplatelet, antituberculosis, and antiviral activities; affecting the cardiovascular, immune, and nervous systems and other miscellaneous mechanisms of action. Marine Biotechnology New York. 2004;6(1):37-52'},{id:"B80",body:'Sipkema D, Franssen MC, Osinga R, Tramper J, Wijffels RH. Marine sponges as pharmacy. Marine Biotechnology New York. 2005;7(3):142-162'},{id:"B81",body:'Torres YR, Berlink RGS, Nascimento GGF, Fortier SC, et al. Antibacterial activity against resistant bacteria and cytotoxicity of four alkaloid toxins isolated from the marine sponge. Arenosclera brasiliensis. Toxicon. 2002;40(7):885-891'},{id:"B82",body:'De Silva ED, Scheuer PJ. Manoalide, an antibiotic sesterpenoid from the marine sponge Luffariella variablis. Tetrahedron Letters. 1980;21:1611-1614'},{id:"B83",body:'Urban S, Leone Pde A, Carroll AR, Fechner GA, et al. Axinellamines A−D, novel imidazo−azolo−imidazole alkaloids from the Australian marine sponge Axinella sp. The Journal of Organic Chemistry. 1999;64(3):731-735'},{id:"B84",body:'Rao KV, Kasanah N, Wahyuono S, Tekwani BL, et al. Three new manzamine alkaloids from a common Indonesian sponge and their activity against infectious and tropical parasitic diseases. Journal of Natural Products. 2004;67(8):1314-1318'},{id:"B85",body:'Torres YR, Berlinck RG, Magalhães A, Schefer AB, Ferreira AG, et al. Arenosclerins A-C and haliclonacyclamine E, new tetracyclic alkaloids from a Brazilian endemic Haplosclerid sponge Arenosclera brasiliensis. Journal of Natural Products. 2000;63(8):1098-1105'},{id:"B86",body:'Oh KB, Mar W, Kim S, Kim JY, et al. Antimicrobial activity and cytotoxicity of bis(indole) alkaloids from the sponge Spongosorites sp. Biological & Pharmaceutical Bulletin. 2006;29(3):570-573'},{id:"B87",body:'Pettit GR, Knight JC, Collins JC, Herald DL, et al. Antineoplastic agents 430. Isolation and structure of cribrostatins 3, 4, and 5 from the Republic of Maldives Cribrochalina species. The Journal of Natural Products. 2000;63:793-798'},{id:"B88",body:'Pettit GR, Collins JC, Knight JC, Herald DL, et al. Antineoplastic agents 485. Isolation and structure of cribrostatin 6, a dark blue cancer cell growth inhibitor from the marine sponge Cribrochalina sp. Journal of Natural Products. 2003;66:544-547'},{id:"B89",body:'Carroll AR, Ngo A, Quinn RJ, Redburn J, Hooper JN. Petrosamine B, an inhibitor of the Helicobacter pylori enzyme aspartyl semialdehyde dehydrogenase from the Australian sponge Oceanapia sp. Journal of Natural Products. 2005;68(5):804-806'},{id:"B90",body:'Ford J, Capon RJ. Discorhabdin R: A new antibacterial pyrroloiminoquinone from two latrunculiid marine sponges, Latrunculia sp. and Negombata sp. Journal of Natural Products. 2000;63(11):1527-1528'},{id:"B91",body:'Gupta L, Talwar A, Chauhan PMS. Bis and tris indole alkaloids from marine organisms: New leads for drug discovery. Current Medicinal Chemistry. 2007;14:1789-1803'},{id:"B92",body:'Oliveira JHHL, Grube A, Köck M, Berlinck RGS, et al. Ingenamine G and cyclostelletamines G–K from the new Brazilian species of marine sponge Pachychalina sp. Journal of Natural Products. 2004;67:1685-1689'},{id:"B93",body:'Oliveira JHHL, Seleghim MHR, Timm C, Grube A, et al. Antimicrobial and antimycobacterial activity of cyclostellettamine alkaloids from sponge Pachychalina sp. Marine Drugs. 2006;4:1-8'},{id:"B94",body:'Vik A, Hedner E, Charnock C, Samuelsen O, et al. (+)-Agelasine D: Improved synthesis and evaluation of antibacterial and cytotoxic activities. Journal of Natural Products. 2006;69(3):381-386'},{id:"B95",body:'Rubio BK, Soest RW, Crews P. Extending the record of meroditerpenes from Cacospongia marine sponges. Journal of Natural Products. 2007;70(4):628-631'},{id:"B96",body:'Gul FA, Jaggi BL, Krishnan GV. Auditor independence: Evidence on the joint effects of auditor tenure and nonaudit fees. Auditing: A Journal of Practice & Theory. 2007;26(2):117-142'},{id:"B97",body:'Matsunaga S, Okada Y, Fusetani N, van Soest RWM. An antimicrobial C14 acetylenic acid from a marine sponge Oceanapia species. Journal of Natural Products. 2000;63(5):690-691'},{id:"B98",body:'Linington RG, Robertson M, Gauthier A, Finlay B, et al. Caminosides B−D, antimicrobial glycolipids isolated from the marine sponge Caminus sphaeroconia. Journal of Natural Products. 2006;69(2):173-177'},{id:"B99",body:'Grube A, Assmann M, Lichte E, Sasse F, et al. Bioactive metabolites from the Caribbean Sponge Aka coralliphagum. Journal of Natural Products. 2007;70(4):504-509'},{id:"B100",body:'Moura RM, Queiroz AF, Fook JM, Dias AS, et al. CvL, a lectin from the marine sponge Cliona varians: Isolation, characterization and its effects on pathogenic bacteria and Leishmania promastigotes. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology. Part A, Molecular & Integrative Physiology. 2006;145(4):517-523'},{id:"B101",body:'El Sayed KA, Youssef DT, Marchetti D. Bioactive natural and semisynthetic latrunculins. Journal of Natural Products. 2006;69(2):219-223'},{id:"B102",body:'Nicolaou KC, Hughes R, Pfefferkorn JA, Barluenga S, Roecker AJ. Combinatorial synthesis through disulfide exchange: Discovery of potent Psammaplin A type antibacterial agents active against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). Chemistry—A European Journal. 2001;7(19):4280-4295'},{id:"B103",body:'Donia M, Hamann M. Marine natural products and their potential applications as anti-infective agents. The Lancet Infectious Diseases. 2003;3:338-348'},{id:"B104",body:'Blunt JW, Copp BR, Munro MH, Northcote PT, Prinsep MR. Marine natural products. Natural Product Reports. 2004;21:1-49'},{id:"B105",body:'Bergmann W, Feeney RJ. Contribution to the study of marine products of sponges. The Journal of Organic Chemistry. 1951;16:981-987'},{id:"B106",body:'De Clerq E. New anti-HIV agents and targets. Medicinal Research Reviews. 2002;22:531-565'},{id:"B107",body:'Collum LM, O’Connor M, Logan P. Comparison of the efficacy and toxicity of acyclovir and of adenine arabinoside when combined with dilute betamethasone in herpetic disciform keratitis: Preliminary results of a double-blind trial. Transactions of the Ophthalmological Societies of the United Kingdom. 1983;103:597-599'},{id:"B108",body:'Whitley RJ, Gnann JW Jr, Hinthorn D, Liu C, et al. The NIAID Collaborative Antiviral Study Group. Disseminated herpes zoster in the immunocompromised host: A comparative trial of acyclovir and vidarabine. The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 1992;165:450-455'},{id:"B109",body:'Kamiyama T, Kurokawa M, Shiraki K. Characterization of the DNA polymerase gene of varicellazoster viruses resistant to acyclovir. The Journal of General Virology. 2001;82:2761-2765'},{id:"B110",body:'Souza TM, Abrantes JL, Epifanio R, Leite-Fontes CF, Frugulhetti IC. The alkaloid 4-methylaaptamine isolated from the sponge Aaptos aaptos impairs Herpes simplex virus type 1 penetration and immediate-early protein synthesis. Planta Medica. 2007;73(3):200-205'},{id:"B111",body:'Cutignano A, Bifulco G, Bruno I, Casapullo A, et al. Dragmacidin F: A new antiviral bromoindole alkaloid from the Mediterranean sponge Halicortex spp. Tetrahedron. 2000;56:3743-3748'},{id:"B112",body:'Yousaf M, Hammond NL, Peng J, Wahyuono S, et al. New manzamine alkaloids from an Indo-Pacific sponge. Pharmacokinetics, oral availability, and the significant activity of several manzamines against HIV-I, AIDS opportunistic infections, and inflammatory diseases. Journal of Medicinal Chemistry. 2004;47(14):3512-3517'},{id:"B113",body:'Perry WL, Hustad CM, Swing DA, O\'Sullivan TN, et al. The itchy locus encodes a novel ubiquitin protein ligase that is disrupted in a18H mice. Nature Genetics. 1998;18(2):143-146'},{id:"B114",body:'Ford PW, Gustafson KR, McKee TC, Shigematsu N, et al. Papuamides A−D, HIV-inhibitory and cytotoxic depsipeptides from the Sponges Theonella mirabilis and Theonella swinhoei collected in Papua New Guinea. Journal of the American Chemical Society. 1999;121(25):5899-5909'},{id:"B115",body:'Rashid MA, Gustafson KR, Cartner LK, Shigematsu N, et al. Microspinosamide, a new HIV-inhibitory cyclic depsipeptide from the marine sponge Sidonops microspinosa. Journal of Natural Products. 2001;64(1):117-121'},{id:"B116",body:'Qureshi A, Faulkner DJ. Haplosamates A and B: New steroidal sulfamate esters from two haplosclerid sponges. Tetrahedron. 1999;55(28):8323-8330'},{id:"B117",body:'Muller WEG, Sobel C, Diehl-Seifert B, Maidhof A, Schroder HC. Influence of the antileukemic and anti-human immunodeficiency virus agent avarol on selected immune responses in vitro and in vivo. Biochemical Pharmacology. 1987;36:1489-1494'},{id:"B118",body:'Perry NB, Blunt JW, Munro MHG, Thompson AM. Antiviral and antitumor agents from a New Zealand sponge, Mycale sp. The Journal of Organic Chemistry. 1990;55:223-227'},{id:"B119",body:'Mehta A, Zitzmann N, Rudd PM, et al. Alpha-glucosidase inhibitors as potential broad based anti-viral agents. FEBS Letters. 1998;430:17-22'},{id:"B120",body:'Kelve M, Kuusksalu A, Lopp A, Reintamm T. Sponge (2′,5′)oligoadenylate synthetase activity in the whole sponge organism and in a primary cell culture. Journal of Biotechnology. 2003;100:177-180'},{id:"B121",body:'Wellington KD, Cambie RC, Rutledge PS, Bergquist PR. Chemistry of sponges. 19. Novel bioactive metabolites from Hamigera tarangaensis. Journal of Natural Products. 2000;63:79-85'},{id:"B122",body:'Sun HH, Cross SS, Gunasekera M, Koehn FE. Weinbersterol disulfates A and B, antiviral steroid sulfates from the sponge Petrosia weinbergi. Tetrahedron. 1991;47:1185-1190'},{id:"B123",body:'García-Ruiz JC, Amutio E, Pontón J. Invasive fungal infection in immunocompromised patients. Revista Iberoamericana de Micología. 2004;21:55-62'},{id:"B124",body:'Walsh TJ, Groll A, Hiemenz J, Fleming R, et al. Infections due to emerging and uncommon medically important fungal pathogens. Clinical Microbiology and Infection. 2004;10(S1):48-66'},{id:"B125",body:'Giusiano G, Mangiaterra M, Rojas F, Gámez V. Yeasts species distribution in Neonatal Intensive Care Units in northeast Argentina. Mycoses. 2004;47:300-303'},{id:"B126",body:'Giusiano G, Mangiaterra M, Rojas F, Gámez V. Azole resistance in neonatal intensive care units in Argentina. Journal of Chemotherapy. 2005;17:347-350'},{id:"B127",body:'Rashid MA, Gustafson KR, Boswell JL, Boyd MR. Haligramides A and B, two new cytotoxic hexapeptides from the marine sponge Haliclona nigra. Journal of Natural Products. 2000;63:956-959'},{id:"B128",body:'Dunbar DC, Rimoldi JM, Clark AM, Kelly M, Hamann MT. Anti-cryptococcal and nitric oxide synthase inhibitory imidazole alkaloids from the Calcareous sponge Leucettacf chagosensin. Tetrahedron. 2000;56:8795-8798'},{id:"B129",body:'Kon Y, Kubota T, Shibazaki A, Gonoi T, Kobayashi J. Ceratinadins A–C, new bromotyrosine alkaloids from an Okinawan marine sponge Pseudoceratina sp. Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry Letters. 2010;20:4569-4572'},{id:"B130",body:'Stout EP, Yu LC, Molinski TF. Antifungal diterpene alkaloids from the Caribbean sponge Agelas citrina: Unified configurational assignments of agelasidines and agelasines. European Journal of Organic Chemistry. 2012;2012:5131-5135'},{id:"B131",body:'Arevabini C, Crivelenti YD, de Abreu MH, Bitencourt TA, Santos MF, et al. Antifungal activity of metabolites from the marine sponges Amphimedon sp. and Monanchora arbuscula against Aspergillus flavus strains isolated from peanuts (Arachis hypogaea). Natural Product Communications. 2014;9:33-36'},{id:"B132",body:'Ettinger-Epstein P, Tapiolas DM, Motti CA, Wright AD, Battershill CN, de Nys R. Production of manoalide and its analogues by the sponge Luffariella variabilis is hardwired. Marine Biotechnology. 2008;10(1):64-74'},{id:"B133",body:'Zhang X, Jacob MR, Rao RR, Wang YH, et al. Antifungal cyclic peptides from the marine sponge. Research and Reports in Medicinal Chemistry. 2012;2:7-14'},{id:"B134",body:'Xu WH, Ding Y, Jacob MR, Agarwal AK, Clark AM, Ferreira D, et al. Puupehanol, a sesquiterpene-dihydroquinone derivative from the marine sponge Hyrtios sp. Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry Letters. 2009;19:6140-6143'},{id:"B135",body:'Boonlarppradab C, Faulkner DJ. Eurysterols A and B, cytotoxic and antifungal steroidal sulfates from a marine sponge of the Genus Euryspongia. Journal of Natural Products. 2007;77(4):818-823'},{id:"B136",body:'Digirolamo JA, Li XC, Jacob MR, Clark AM, Ferreira D. Reversal of fluconazole resistance by sulfated sterols from the marine sponge Topsentia sp. Journal of Natural Products. 2009;72:1524-1528'},{id:"B137",body:'Gunasekera SP, Pomponi SA, McCarthy PJ. Discobahamins A and B, new peptides from the Bahamian deep water marine sponge Discodermia sp. Journal of Natural Products. 1994;57(1):79-83'},{id:"B138",body:'Scott VR, Boehme R, Matthews TR. New class of antifungal agents: Jasplakinolide, a cyclodepsipeptide from the marine sponge, Jaspis species. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 1988;32(8):1154-1157'},{id:"B139",body:'Sepe V, D’Osri R, Borbone N, D\'Auria MV, et al. Towards new ligands of nuclear receptors. Discovery of malaitasterol A, and unique bis-secosterol from marine sponge Theonella swinhoei. Tetrahedron. 2006;62:833-840'},{id:"B140",body:'Youssef DT, Shaala LA, Mohamed GA, Badr JM, et al. Theonellamide G, a potent antifungal and cytotoxic bicyclic glycopeptide from the Red Sea marine sponge Theonella swinhoei. Marine Drugs. 2014;12:1911-1923'},{id:"B141",body:'Matsunaga S, Fusetani N, Hashimoto K, Walchli M. Theonellamide F. A novel antifungal bicyclic peptide from a marine sponge Theonella sp. Journal of the American Chemical Society. 1989;111:2582-2588'},{id:"B142",body:'Vik A, Hedner E, Charnock C, Tangen LW, et al. Antimicrobial and cytotoxic activity of agelasine and agelasimine analogs. Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry. 2007;15(12):4016-4037'},{id:"B143",body:'Jamison MT, Molinski TF. Antipodal crambescin A2 homologues from the marine sponge Pseudaxinella reticulata antifungal structure–activity relationships. Journal of Natural Products. 2015;78:557-561'},{id:"B144",body:'Nishimura S, Arita Y, Honda M, Iwamoto K, et al. Marine antifungal theonellamides target 3beta-hydroxysterol to activate Rho1 signaling. Nature Chemical Biology. 2010;6:519-526'},{id:"B145",body:'Kumar R, Subramani R, Feussner KD, Aalbersberg W. Aurantoside K, a new antifungal tetramic acid glycoside from a Fijian marine sponge of the genus Melophlus. Marine Drugs. 2012;10:200-208'},{id:"B146",body:'Rudi A, Kashman Y. Three new cytotoxic metabolites from the marine sponge Plakortis halichondrioides. Journal of Natural Products. 1993;56:1827-1830'},{id:"B147",body:'El-Amraoui B, Biard JF, Fassouane A. Haliscosamine: A new antifungal sphingosine derivative from the Moroccan marine sponge Haliclona viscosa. Springer Plus. 2013;2:252'},{id:"B148",body:'Sionov E, Roth D, Sandovsky-Losica H, Kashman Y, et al. Antifungal effect and possible mode of activity of a compound from the marine sponge Dysidea herbacea. The Journal of Infection. 2005;50:453-460'},{id:"B149",body:'Chen Y, McCarthy PJ, Harmody DK, Schimoler-O\'Rourke R, et al. New bioactive peroxides from marine sponges of the family plakiniidae. Journal of Natural Products. 2002;65:1509-1512'},{id:"B150",body:'Vuong D, Capon RJ, Lacey E, Gill JH, et al. Onnamide F: A new nematocide from a southern Australian marine sponge, Trachycladus laevispirulifer. Journal of Natural Products. 2001;64:640-642'},{id:"B151",body:'Edrada RA, Ebel R, Supriyono A, Wray V, et al. Swinhoeiamide A, a new highly active calyculin derivative from the marine sponge, Theonella swinhoei. Journal of Natural Products. 2002;65:1168-1172'},{id:"B152",body:'Wright AD, McCluskey A, Robertson MJ, MacGregor KA, et al. Anti-malarial, anti-algal, anti-tubercular, anti-bacterial, anti-photosynthetic, and anti-fouling activity of diterpene and diterpene isonitriles from the tropical marine sponge Cymbastela Hooperi. Organic & Biomolecular Chemistry. 2011;9:400-407'},{id:"B153",body:'Chen Y, Killday KB, McCarthy PJ, Schimoler R, et al. Three new peroxides from the sponge Plakinastrella species. Journal of Natural Products. 2001;64:262-264'},{id:"B154",body:'Rifai S, Fassouane A, Kijjoa A, VanSoest R. Antimicrobial activity of Untenospongin B, a metabolite from the marine sponge Hippospongia communis collected from the Atlantic Coast of Morocco. Marine Drugs. 2004;2:147-153'},{id:"B155",body:'Piao SJ, Song YL, Jiao WH, Yang F, et al. Hippolachnin A, a new antifungal polyketide from the South China sea sponge Hippospongia lachne. Organic Letters. 2013;15:3526-3529'},{id:"B156",body:'Herecia F, Ubeda A, Ferrandiz ML, Terencio MC, et al. Anti-inflammatory activity in mice of extracts from Mediterranean marine invertebrates. Life Sciences. 1998;62:PL115'},{id:"B157",body:'Sturm C, Paper DH, Franz G. Screening for immune response modifiers from marine origin. Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Letters. 1999;9:76'},{id:"B158",body:'Jiang YH, Ryu S-H, Ahn E-Y, You S, et al. Antioxidant activity of (8E,13Z,20Z)-strobilinin/(7E,13Z,20Z)-felixinin from a marine sponge Psammocinia sp. Natural Product Sciences. 2004;10(6):272-276'},{id:"B159",body:'Keyzers RA, Northcote PT, Zubkov OA. Novel anti-inflammatory spongian diterpenes from the New Zealand marine sponge Chelonaplysilla violacea. European Journal of Organic Chemistry. 2004;(2):419-425'},{id:"B160",body:'Posadas I, Terencio MC, De Rosa S, Paya M. Cavernolide: A new inhibitor of human sPLA2 sharing unusual chemical features. Life Sciences. 2000;67:3007'},{id:"B161",body:'Lucas R, Casapullo A, Ciasullo L, Gomez-Paloma L, Payá M. Cycloamphilectenes, a new type of potent marine diterpenes: Inhibition of nitric oxide production in murine macrophages. Life Sciences. 2003;72(22):2543-2552'},{id:"B162",body:'Cichewicz RH, Kenyon VA, Whitman S, Morales NM, et al. Redox inactivation of human 15-lipoxygenase by marine-derived meroditerpenes and synthetic chromanes: Archetypes for a unique class of selective and recyclable inhibitors. Journal of the American Chemical Society. 2004;126:14910-14920'},{id:"B163",body:'Keysers C, Wicker B, Gazzola V, Anton JL, et al. A touching sight: SII/PV activation during the observation and experience of touch. Neuron. 2004;42(2):335-346'},{id:"B164",body:'Ferrandiz ML, Sanz MJ, Bustos G, Paya M, et al. Avarol and avarone, two new anti-inflammatory agents of marine origin. European Journal of Pharmacology. 1994;253:75-82'},{id:"B165",body:'Muller WEG, Bohm M, Batel R, De Rosa S, et al. Application of cell culture for the production of bioactive compounds from sponges: Synthesis of avarol by primmorphs from Dysidea avara. Journal of Natural Products. 2000;63:1077-1081'},{id:"B166",body:'Posadas I, Terencio MC, Giannini C, D’Auria MV, Paya M. Dysidotronic acid, a new sesquiterpenoid, inhibits cytokine production and the expression of nitric oxide synthase. European Journal of Pharmacology. 2001;415:285-292'},{id:"B167",body:'Gunasekera SP, Isbrucker RA, Longley RF, Wright AE, et al. Plakolide A, a new gamma-lactone from the marine sponge Plakortis sp. Journal of Natural Products. 2004;67:110'},{id:"B168",body:'Lu PH, Chueh SC, Kung FL, Pan SL, et al. Ilimaquinone, a marine sponge metabolite, displays anticancer activity via GADD153-mediated pathway. European Journal of Pharmacology. 2007;556:45-54'},{id:"B169",body:'Glase KB, Lock YW. Regulation of prostaglandin H synthase 2 expression in human monocytes by the marine natural products manoalide and scalaradial. Novel effects independent of inhibition of lipid mediator production. Biochemical Pharmacology. 1995;50:913-922'},{id:"B170",body:'Pastor PG, De Rosa S, De Giulio A, Paya M, Alcaraz MJ. Modulation of acute and chronic inflammatory processes by cacospongionolide B, a novel inhibitor of human synovial phospholipase A2. British Journal of Pharmacology. 1999;126:301-311'},{id:"B171",body:'Giannini C, Debitus C, Lucas R, Ubeda A, et al. New sesquiterpene derivatives from the sponge Dysidea species with a selective inhibitor profile against human phospholipase A2 and other leukocyte functions. Journal of Natural Products. 2001;64:612-615'},{id:"B172",body:'Miyaoka H, Yamanishi M, Mitome H. PLA2 inhibitory activity of marine sesterterpenoids cladocorans, their diastereomers and analogues. Chemical & Pharmaceutical Bulletin. 2006;54:268-270'},{id:"B173",body:'Dal-Piaz F, Casapullo A, Randazzo A, Riccio R, Pucci P, et al. Molecular basis of phospholipase A2 inhibition by petrosaspongiolide M. Chembiochem. 2002;3:664-671'},{id:"B174",body:'Garcia P, Randazzo A, Gomez-Paloma L, Alcaraz MJ, Paya M. Effects of petrosaspongiolide M, a novel phospholipase A2 inhibitor, on acute and chronic inflammation. The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics. 1999;289:166-172'},{id:"B175",body:'Barnette MS, Rush J, Marshall LA, Foley JJ, et al. Effects of scalaradial, a novel inhibitor of 14 kDa phospholipase A2, on human neutrophil function. Biochemical Pharmacology. 1994;47:1661-1667'},{id:"B176",body:'Fontana A, Mollo E, Ortea J, Cavagnin M, Cimino G. Scalarane and homoscalarane compounds from the nudibranchs Glossodoris sedna and Glossodoris dalli: Chemical and biological properties. Journal of Natural Products. 2000;63:527-530'},{id:"B177",body:'Amagata T, Whitman S, Jonson TA, Stessman CC, et al. Exploring sponge-derived terpenoids for their potency and selectivity against 12-human, 15-human, and 15-soybean lipoxygenases. Journal of Natural Products. 2003;66:230-235'},{id:"B178",body:'D\'acquisto F, Lanzotti V, Carnuccio R. Cyclolinteinone, a sesterterpene from sponge Cacospongia linteiformis, prevents inducible nitric oxide synthase and inducible cyclo-oxygenase protein expression by blocking nuclear factor-kappa B activation in J774 macrophages. The Biochemical Journal. 2000;346(3):793-798'},{id:"B179",body:'Fukami A, Ikeda Y, Kondo S, Naganawa H, et al. Akaterpin, a novel bioactive triterpene from the marine sponge Callyspongia sp. Tetrahedron Letters. 1997;38:1201-1202'},{id:"B180",body:'Keyzers RA, Norticote PT, Webb V. Clathriol, a novel polyoxygenated 14β steroid isolated from the New Zealand marine sponge Clathria lissosclera. Journal of Natural Products. 2002;65:598-600'},{id:"B181",body:'Mandeaua A, Debitus C, Ariès M-F, David B. Isolation and absolute configuration of new bioactive marine steroids from Euryspongia n. sp. Steroids. 2005;70:873-878'},{id:"B182",body:'Sharma V, Lansdell TA, Jin G, Tepe JJ. Inhibition of cytokine production by hymenialdisine derivatives. Journal of Medicinal Chemistry. 2004;47(14):3700-3703'},{id:"B183",body:'Tasdemir D, Mallon R, Greenstein M, Feldberg LR, et al. Aldisine alkaloids from the Philippine sponge Stylissa massa are potent inhibitors of mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase-1 (MEK-1). Journal of Medicinal Chemistry. 2002;45:529-532'},{id:"B184",body:'Buchanan MS, Carroll AR, Addepalli R, Avery VM, Hooper JN, Quinn RJ. Natural products, stylissadines A and B, specific antagonists of the P2X7 receptor, an important inflammatory target. The Journal of Organic Chemistry. 2007;72:2309-2317'},{id:"B185",body:'Sakamoto H, Furukawa K-I, Matsunaga K, Nakamura H, Ohizumi Y. Xestoquinone activates skeletal muscle actomyosin ATPase by modification of the specific sulfhydryl group in the myosin head probably distinct from sulfhydryl groups SH1 and SH2. Biochemistry. 1995;34:12570-12575'},{id:"B186",body:'Nakamura M, Kakuda T, Oba Y, Ojika M, Nakamura H. Synthesis of biotinylated xestoquinone that retains inhibitory activity against Ca2+ ATPase of skeletal muscle myosin. Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry. 2003;11:3077-3082'},{id:"B187",body:'Alvi KA, Rodriguez J, Diaz MC, Moretti R, et al. Protein tyrosine kinase inhibitory properties of planar polycyclics obtained from the marine sponge Xestospongia cf. carbonaria and from total synthesis. The Journal of Organic Chemistry. 1993;58:4871-4880'},{id:"B188",body:'Laurent D, Jullian V, Parenty A, Knibiehler M, et al. Antiplasmodial marine natural products in the perspective of current chemotherapy and prevention of malaria. A review. Marine Biotechnology. 2006;14:433-477'},{id:"B189",body:'Oku N, Nagai K, Shindoh N, Terada Y, et al. Three new cyclostellettamines, which inhibit histone deacetylase, from a marine sponge of the genus Xestospongia. Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry Letters. 2004;14:2617-2620'},{id:"B190",body:'Bourguet-Kondracki ML, Rakotoarisoa MT, Martin MT, Guyot M. Bioactive bromoacetylenes from marine sponge Xestospongia testudinaria. Tetrahedron Letters. 1992;33:225-226'},{id:"B191",body:'Roll DM, Scheuer PJ, Matsumoto GK, Clardy J. Halenaquinone, a pentacyclic polyketide from a marine sponge. Journal of the American Chemical Society. 1983;105:6177-6178'},{id:"B192",body:'Nakamura H, Kobayashi J, Kobayashi M, et al. Xestoquinone, a novel cardiotonic marine natural product isolated from the Okinawan sea sponge Xestospongia sapra. Chemistry Letters. 1985;(6):713-716'},{id:"B193",body:'Kobayashi M, Shimizu N, Kitagawa I, Kyogoku Y, et al. Absolute stereostructures of halenaquinol and halenaquinol sulfate, pentacyclic hydroquinones from the okinawan marine sponge xestospongia sapra, as determined by theoretical calculation of CD spectra. Tetrahedron Letters. 1985;26:3833-3836'},{id:"B194",body:'Concepcion GP, Foderaro TA, Eldredge GS, Lobkovsky E, et al. Topoisomerase II-mediated DNA cleavage by adocia- and xestoquinones from the Philippine sponge Xestospongia sp. Journal of Medicinal Chemistry. 1995;38:4503-4507'},{id:"B195",body:'Cao S, Foster C, Brisson M, Lazo JS, KDG. Halenaquinone and xestoquinone derivatives, inhibitors of Cdc25B phosphatase from a Xestospongia sp. Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry. 2005;13:999-1003'},{id:"B196",body:'Gunasekera SP, Cranick S, Longley RE. Immunosuppressive compounds from a deep water marine sponge, Agelas flabelli. Journal of Natural Products. 1989;52:757-761'},{id:"B197",body:'Chairman K, Jeyamala M, Sankar S, Murugan A, Singh R. Immunomodulating properties of bioactive compounds present in Aurora globostellata. International Journal of Marine Science. 2013;3:151-157'},{id:"B198",body:'Schumacher M, Cerella C, Eifes S, Chateauvieux S, et al. Heteronemin, a spongean sesterterpene, inhibits TNF alpha-induced NF-kappa B activation through proteasome inhibition and induces apoptotic cell death. Biochemical Pharmacology. 2010;79:610-622'},{id:"B199",body:'Shin BA, Kim YR, Lee IS, Sung CK, et al. Lyso-PAF analogues. and lysophosphatidylcholines from the marine sponge Spirastrella abata as inhibitors of cholesterol biosynthesis. Journal of Natural Products. 1999;62:1554-1557'},{id:"B200",body:'Zhao Q, Mansoor TA, Hong J, Lee CO, et al. New lysophosphatidylcholines and monoglycerides from the marine sponge Stelletta sp. Journal of Natural Products. 2003;66:725-728'},{id:"B201",body:'Shen S, Liu D, Wei C, Proksch P, Lin W. Purpuroines A–J, halogenated alkaloids from the sponge Iotrochota purpurea with antibiotic activity and regulation of tyrosine kinases. Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry. 2012;20:6924-6928'},{id:"B202",body:'Lee Y, Jang KH, Jeon JE, Yang WY, et al. Cyclic bis-1,3-dialkylpyridiniums from the Sponge Haliclona sp. Marine Drugs. 2012;10:2126-2137'},{id:"B203",body:'Yang F, Hamann MT, Zou Y, Zhang MY, et al. Antimicrobial metabolites from the Paracel Islands sponge Agelas mauritiana. Journal of Natural Products. 2012;75:774-778'},{id:"B204",body:'Laport MS, Marinho PR, Santos OC, de Almeida P, et al. Antimicrobial activity of marine sponges against coagulase-negative staphylococci isolated from bovine mastitis. Veterinary Microbiology. 2012;155:362-368'},{id:"B205",body:'Fusetani N. Biofouling and antifouling. Natural Product Reports. 2004;21:94-104'},{id:"B206",body:'Blihoghe D, Manzo E, Villela A, Cutignano A, et al. Evaluation of the antifouling properties of 3-alyklpyridine compounds. Biofouling: Journal of Bioadhesion and Biofilm Research. 2010;27:90-109'}],footnotes:[],contributors:[{corresp:"yes",contributorFullName:"Musarat Amina",address:"musarat.org@gmail.com",affiliation:'
Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
'},{corresp:null,contributorFullName:"Nawal M. Al Musayeib",address:null,affiliation:'
Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
'}],corrections:null},book:{id:"6344",type:"book",title:"Biological Resources of Water",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Biological Resources of Water",slug:"biological-resources-of-water",publishedDate:"April 25th 2018",bookSignature:"Sajal Ray",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6344.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",isbn:"978-1-78923-081-9",printIsbn:"978-1-78923-080-2",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83881-416-8",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",numberOfWosCitations:29,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,editors:[{id:"173697",title:"Prof.",name:"Sajal",middleName:null,surname:"Ray",slug:"sajal-ray",fullName:"Sajal Ray"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"659"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},chapters:[{id:"58420",type:"chapter",title:"Egg-Laying in the Cuttlefish Sepia officinalis",slug:"egg-laying-in-the-cuttlefish-sepia-officinalis",totalDownloads:1246,totalCrossrefCites:4,signatures:"Céline Zatylny-Gaudin and Joël Henry",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"220762",title:"Dr.",name:"Céline",middleName:null,surname:"Zatylny-Gaudin",fullName:"Céline Zatylny-Gaudin",slug:"celine-zatylny-gaudin"},{id:"224484",title:"Prof.",name:"Joël",middleName:null,surname:"Henry",fullName:"Joël Henry",slug:"joel-henry"}]},{id:"58026",type:"chapter",title:"Pond Snail Reproduction as Model in the Environmental Risk Assessment: Reality and Doubts",slug:"pond-snail-reproduction-as-model-in-the-environmental-risk-assessment-reality-and-doubts",totalDownloads:1142,totalCrossrefCites:4,signatures:"Zsolt Pirger, Zita Zrinyi, Gábor Maász, Éva Molnár and Tibor Kiss",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"215188",title:"Dr.",name:"Zsolt",middleName:null,surname:"Pirger",fullName:"Zsolt Pirger",slug:"zsolt-pirger"},{id:"215190",title:"MSc.",name:"Zita",middleName:null,surname:"Zrinyi",fullName:"Zita Zrinyi",slug:"zita-zrinyi"},{id:"215191",title:"Dr.",name:"Gabor",middleName:null,surname:"Maasz",fullName:"Gabor Maasz",slug:"gabor-maasz"},{id:"215193",title:"Prof.",name:"Tibor",middleName:null,surname:"Kiss",fullName:"Tibor Kiss",slug:"tibor-kiss"}]},{id:"56944",type:"chapter",title:"Genetic Characteristics of Southern and Northern Brook Trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) Populations at the Zone of Contact",slug:"genetic-characteristics-of-southern-and-northern-brook-trout-salvelinus-fontinalis-populations-at-th",totalDownloads:937,totalCrossrefCites:2,signatures:"Joanne E. Printz, Joseph Williams and Eric M. Hallerman",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"79633",title:"Prof.",name:"Eric",middleName:null,surname:"Hallerman",fullName:"Eric Hallerman",slug:"eric-hallerman"},{id:"207766",title:"Ms.",name:"Joanne",middleName:null,surname:"Printz",fullName:"Joanne Printz",slug:"joanne-printz"},{id:"207768",title:"Mr.",name:"Joe",middleName:null,surname:"Williams",fullName:"Joe Williams",slug:"joe-williams"}]},{id:"59375",type:"chapter",title:"Alien Fish Species in France with Emphasis on the Recent Invasion of Gobies",slug:"alien-fish-species-in-france-with-emphasis-on-the-recent-invasion-of-gobies",totalDownloads:1085,totalCrossrefCites:4,signatures:"Fabrice Teletchea and Jean-Nicolas Beisel",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"190135",title:"Dr.",name:"Fabrice",middleName:null,surname:"Teletchea",fullName:"Fabrice Teletchea",slug:"fabrice-teletchea"},{id:"207530",title:"Dr.",name:"Jean-Nicolas",middleName:null,surname:"Beisel",fullName:"Jean-Nicolas Beisel",slug:"jean-nicolas-beisel"}]},{id:"57770",type:"chapter",title:"Ice Age Terrestrial and Freshwater Gastropod Refugia in the Carpathian Basin, Central Europe",slug:"ice-age-terrestrial-and-freshwater-gastropod-refugia-in-the-carpathian-basin-central-europe",totalDownloads:1350,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Pál Sümegi, Sándor Gulyás, Dávid Molnár, Katalin Náfrádi, Tünde\nTörőcsik, Balázs P. Sümegi, Tamás Müller, Gábor Szilágyi and Zoltán\nVarga",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"84791",title:"Dr.",name:"Tamás",middleName:null,surname:"Müller",fullName:"Tamás Müller",slug:"tamas-muller"},{id:"216563",title:"Dr.",name:"Sandor",middleName:null,surname:"Gulyas",fullName:"Sandor Gulyas",slug:"sandor-gulyas"},{id:"216564",title:"Prof.",name:"Pál",middleName:null,surname:"Sümegi",fullName:"Pál Sümegi",slug:"pal-sumegi"},{id:"216565",title:"Dr.",name:"Dávid",middleName:null,surname:"Molnár",fullName:"Dávid Molnár",slug:"david-molnar"},{id:"216566",title:"Dr.",name:"Katalin",middleName:null,surname:"Náfrádi",fullName:"Katalin Náfrádi",slug:"katalin-nafradi"},{id:"216567",title:"Ms.",name:"Tünde",middleName:null,surname:"Törőcsik",fullName:"Tünde Törőcsik",slug:"tunde-torocsik"},{id:"216568",title:"Mr.",name:"Balázs Pál",middleName:null,surname:"Sümegi",fullName:"Balázs Pál Sümegi",slug:"balazs-pal-sumegi"},{id:"216570",title:"Mr.",name:"Gábor",middleName:null,surname:"Szilágyi",fullName:"Gábor Szilágyi",slug:"gabor-szilagyi"},{id:"216571",title:"Prof.",name:"Zoltán",middleName:null,surname:"Varga",fullName:"Zoltán Varga",slug:"zoltan-varga"}]},{id:"58001",type:"chapter",title:"Biodiversity of Gastropod in the Southeastern Gulf of California, Mexico",slug:"biodiversity-of-gastropod-in-the-southeastern-gulf-of-california-mexico",totalDownloads:1129,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Ruth Escamilla-Montes, Salvador Granados-Alcantar, Genaro\nDiarte-Plata, Paúl de J. Pacheco-Heredia, Juan A. Gill-León, Antonio\nLuna-González, Jesús A. Fierro-Coronado, Píndaro Álvarez-Ruíz,\nHéctor M. Esparza-Leal and Wenceslao Valenzuela-Quiñonez",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"198991",title:"Dr.",name:"Genaro",middleName:null,surname:"Diarte-Plata",fullName:"Genaro Diarte-Plata",slug:"genaro-diarte-plata"},{id:"199061",title:"Dr.",name:"Ruth",middleName:null,surname:"Escamilla-Montes",fullName:"Ruth Escamilla-Montes",slug:"ruth-escamilla-montes"},{id:"199062",title:"Dr.",name:"Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Luna-González",fullName:"Antonio Luna-González",slug:"antonio-luna-gonzalez"},{id:"199065",title:"MSc.",name:"Jesús Arturo",middleName:null,surname:"Fierro-Coronado",fullName:"Jesús Arturo Fierro-Coronado",slug:"jesus-arturo-fierro-coronado"},{id:"199067",title:"Dr.",name:"Héctor Manuel",middleName:null,surname:"Esparza-Leal",fullName:"Héctor Manuel Esparza-Leal",slug:"hector-manuel-esparza-leal"},{id:"205357",title:"Dr.",name:"Salvador",middleName:null,surname:"Granados-Alcantar",fullName:"Salvador Granados-Alcantar",slug:"salvador-granados-alcantar"},{id:"213875",title:"Dr.",name:"Wenceslao",middleName:null,surname:"Valenzuela-Quiñones",fullName:"Wenceslao Valenzuela-Quiñones",slug:"wenceslao-valenzuela-quinones"},{id:"213876",title:"Dr.",name:"Píndaro",middleName:null,surname:"Álvarez-Ruíz",fullName:"Píndaro Álvarez-Ruíz",slug:"pindaro-alvarez-ruiz"},{id:"227451",title:"Prof.",name:"Paúl De J.",middleName:null,surname:"Pacheco-Heredia",fullName:"Paúl De J. Pacheco-Heredia",slug:"paul-de-j.-pacheco-heredia"},{id:"227452",title:"Prof.",name:"Juan Alexis",middleName:null,surname:"Gill-León",fullName:"Juan Alexis Gill-León",slug:"juan-alexis-gill-leon"}]},{id:"57531",type:"chapter",title:"Marine Snails of the Genus Phorcus: Biology and Ecology of Sentinel Species for Human Impacts on the Rocky Shores",slug:"marine-snails-of-the-genus-phorcus-biology-and-ecology-of-sentinel-species-for-human-impacts-on-the-",totalDownloads:1762,totalCrossrefCites:5,signatures:"Ricardo Sousa, João Delgado, José A. González, Mafalda Freitas and\nPaulo Henriques",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"200407",title:"MSc.",name:"Paulo",middleName:null,surname:"Henriques",fullName:"Paulo Henriques",slug:"paulo-henriques"},{id:"200915",title:"MSc.",name:"Ricardo",middleName:null,surname:"Sousa",fullName:"Ricardo Sousa",slug:"ricardo-sousa"},{id:"200916",title:"MSc.",name:"João",middleName:null,surname:"Delgado",fullName:"João Delgado",slug:"joao-delgado"}]},{id:"59377",type:"chapter",title:"Freshwater Crustaceans Decadpos: An Important Resource of Guatemala",slug:"freshwater-crustaceans-decadpos-an-important-resource-of-guatemala",totalDownloads:1311,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Juan Carlos Tejeda-Mazariegos, Luis Manuel Mejía Ortíz, Marilú\nLópez-Mejía, Keith A. Crandall, Marcos Pérez-Losada and Oscar\nFrausto-Martínez",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"181100",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Luis",middleName:null,surname:"Mejia-Ortiz",fullName:"Luis Mejia-Ortiz",slug:"luis-mejia-ortiz"},{id:"185428",title:"Prof.",name:"Keith",middleName:null,surname:"Crandall",fullName:"Keith Crandall",slug:"keith-crandall"},{id:"185429",title:"Dr.",name:"Oscar",middleName:null,surname:"Frausto-Martinez",fullName:"Oscar Frausto-Martinez",slug:"oscar-frausto-martinez"},{id:"215819",title:"MSc.",name:"Juan C.",middleName:null,surname:"Tejeda-Mazariegos",fullName:"Juan C. Tejeda-Mazariegos",slug:"juan-c.-tejeda-mazariegos"},{id:"215820",title:"Dr.",name:"Marilú",middleName:null,surname:"López-Mejía",fullName:"Marilú López-Mejía",slug:"marilu-lopez-mejia"},{id:"215821",title:"Dr.",name:"Marcos",middleName:null,surname:"Perez-Losada",fullName:"Marcos Perez-Losada",slug:"marcos-perez-losada"}]},{id:"57794",type:"chapter",title:"Assessment of Proximate and Bioactive Lipid Composition of Black Sea Mussels (M. galloprovincialis) from Bulgaria",slug:"assessment-of-proximate-and-bioactive-lipid-composition-of-black-sea-mussels-m-galloprovincialis-fro",totalDownloads:1113,totalCrossrefCites:5,signatures:"Albena Merdzhanova, Diana A. Dobreva and Veselina Panayotova",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"214357",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Albena",middleName:null,surname:"Merdzhanova",fullName:"Albena Merdzhanova",slug:"albena-merdzhanova"},{id:"215380",title:"Dr.",name:"Diana",middleName:null,surname:"Dobreva",fullName:"Diana Dobreva",slug:"diana-dobreva"},{id:"215382",title:"Dr.",name:"Veselina",middleName:null,surname:"Panayotova",fullName:"Veselina Panayotova",slug:"veselina-panayotova"}]},{id:"60368",type:"chapter",title:"Biological and Medicinal Importance of Sponge",slug:"biological-and-medicinal-importance-of-sponge",totalDownloads:2584,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Musarat Amina and Nawal M. Al Musayeib",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"213049",title:"Dr.",name:"Musarat",middleName:null,surname:"Amina",fullName:"Musarat Amina",slug:"musarat-amina"},{id:"213050",title:"Dr.",name:"Nawal",middleName:null,surname:"M. Al Musayeib",fullName:"Nawal M. Al Musayeib",slug:"nawal-m.-al-musayeib"}]},{id:"58863",type:"chapter",title:"Chemical Ecology of Biocompounds in Molluscs",slug:"chemical-ecology-of-biocompounds-in-molluscs",totalDownloads:1089,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Nooshin Sadjadi",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"215257",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Nooshin",middleName:null,surname:"Sajjadi",fullName:"Nooshin Sajjadi",slug:"nooshin-sajjadi"}]},{id:"59973",type:"chapter",title:"Genetic Applications in the Conservation of Neotropical Freshwater Fish",slug:"genetic-applications-in-the-conservation-of-neotropical-freshwater-fish",totalDownloads:1716,totalCrossrefCites:3,signatures:"Vito Antonio Mastrochirico Filho, Milena V. Freitas, Raquel B.\nAriede, Lieschen V.G. Lira, Natália J. Mendes and Diogo T.\nHashimoto",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"215385",title:"Dr.",name:"Diogo",middleName:null,surname:"Hashimoto",fullName:"Diogo Hashimoto",slug:"diogo-hashimoto"},{id:"226741",title:"MSc.",name:"Vito",middleName:null,surname:"Matrochirico-Filho",fullName:"Vito Matrochirico-Filho",slug:"vito-matrochirico-filho"},{id:"226743",title:"MSc.",name:"Milena",middleName:null,surname:"Freitas",fullName:"Milena Freitas",slug:"milena-freitas"},{id:"226744",title:"MSc.",name:"Raquel",middleName:null,surname:"Ariede",fullName:"Raquel Ariede",slug:"raquel-ariede"},{id:"226745",title:"MSc.",name:"Natália",middleName:null,surname:"Mendes",fullName:"Natália Mendes",slug:"natalia-mendes"},{id:"226746",title:"MSc.",name:"Lieschen",middleName:null,surname:"Lira",fullName:"Lieschen Lira",slug:"lieschen-lira"}]},{id:"58953",type:"chapter",title:"Status of the Important Bioresources of Girwa River with Special Reference to Ganges River Dolphin (Platanista gangetica gangetica) in Katerniaghat Wildlife Sanctuary, Uttar Pradesh, India",slug:"status-of-the-important-bioresources-of-girwa-river-with-special-reference-to-ganges-river-dolphin-p",totalDownloads:1189,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Hari Singh and Sandeep Kumar Behera",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"208022",title:"Dr.",name:"Hari",middleName:null,surname:"Singh",fullName:"Hari Singh",slug:"hari-singh"},{id:"226724",title:"Dr.",name:"Sandeep Kumar",middleName:null,surname:"Behera",fullName:"Sandeep Kumar Behera",slug:"sandeep-kumar-behera"}]},{id:"57327",type:"chapter",title:"Closed Aquaculture System: Zero Water Discharge for Shrimp and Prawn Farming in Indonesia",slug:"closed-aquaculture-system-zero-water-discharge-for-shrimp-and-prawn-farming-in-indonesia",totalDownloads:2527,totalCrossrefCites:2,signatures:"Gede Suantika, Magdalena Lenny Situmorang, Pingkan Aditiawati,\nDea Indriani Astuti, Fahma Fiqhiyyah Nur Azizah and Harish\nMuhammad",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"216920",title:"Dr.",name:"Gede",middleName:null,surname:"Suantika",fullName:"Gede Suantika",slug:"gede-suantika"},{id:"220079",title:"Dr.",name:"Magdalena Lenny",middleName:null,surname:"Situmorang",fullName:"Magdalena Lenny Situmorang",slug:"magdalena-lenny-situmorang"},{id:"220081",title:"Dr.",name:"Pingkan",middleName:null,surname:"Aditiawati",fullName:"Pingkan Aditiawati",slug:"pingkan-aditiawati"},{id:"220082",title:"Dr.",name:"Dea Indriani",middleName:null,surname:"Astuti",fullName:"Dea Indriani Astuti",slug:"dea-indriani-astuti"},{id:"220083",title:"MSc.",name:"Fahma Fiqhiyyah Nur",middleName:null,surname:"Azizah",fullName:"Fahma Fiqhiyyah Nur Azizah",slug:"fahma-fiqhiyyah-nur-azizah"}]}]},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"8421",title:"Invertebrates",subtitle:"Ecophysiology and Management",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"524faf733c0ebf32b356f89b2148e6de",slug:"invertebrates-ecophysiology-and-management",bookSignature:"Sajal Ray, Genaro Diarte-Plata and Ruth Escamilla-Montes",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8421.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"173697",title:"Prof.",name:"Sajal",surname:"Ray",slug:"sajal-ray",fullName:"Sajal Ray"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},chapters:[{id:"70367",title:"Indoor Hibernation of Helix aspersa Juveniles",slug:"indoor-hibernation-of-em-helix-aspersa-em-juveniles",signatures:"George Andrei Draghici, Cristina Deheleana, Razvan Susan, Delia Berceanu-Văduva and Dragoş Nica",authors:[{id:"297109",title:"Dr.",name:"George",middleName:"Andrei",surname:"Draghici",fullName:"George Draghici",slug:"george-draghici"}]},{id:"69545",title:"Ecology, Biology and Genetics of Millepora Hydrocorals on Coral Reefs",slug:"ecology-biology-and-genetics-of-em-millepora-em-hydrocorals-on-coral-reefs",signatures:"Caroline E. Dubé, Chloé A.F. Bourmaud, Alexandre Mercière, Serge Planes and Emilie Boissin",authors:[{id:"280143",title:"Dr.",name:"Caroline",middleName:"Eve",surname:"Dubé",fullName:"Caroline Dubé",slug:"caroline-dube"},{id:"309629",title:"Dr.",name:"Chloé A-F",middleName:null,surname:"Bourmaud",fullName:"Chloé A-F Bourmaud",slug:"chloe-a-f-bourmaud"},{id:"309630",title:"MSc.",name:"Alexandre",middleName:null,surname:"Mercière",fullName:"Alexandre Mercière",slug:"alexandre-merciere"},{id:"309631",title:"Dr.",name:"Serge",middleName:null,surname:"Planes",fullName:"Serge Planes",slug:"serge-planes"},{id:"309632",title:"Dr.",name:"Emilie",middleName:null,surname:"Boissin",fullName:"Emilie Boissin",slug:"emilie-boissin"}]},{id:"70368",title:"Chemoprotective Effect of Edible Gastropod, Xancus pyrum and Its Usefulness in the Amelioration of Cisplatin Induced Toxicity",slug:"chemoprotective-effect-of-edible-gastropod-em-xancus-pyrum-em-and-its-usefulness-in-the-amelioration",signatures:"Jayaprakash Bindhu and Das Arunava",authors:[{id:"259819",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Bindhu",middleName:null,surname:"Jayaprakash",fullName:"Bindhu Jayaprakash",slug:"bindhu-jayaprakash"},{id:"299273",title:"Prof.",name:"Arunava",middleName:null,surname:"Das",fullName:"Arunava Das",slug:"arunava-das"}]},{id:"66678",title:"Intermediate Host Snails of Human Schistosomes in the Senegal River Delta: Spatial Distribution According to Physicochemical Parameters",slug:"intermediate-host-snails-of-human-schistosomes-in-the-senegal-river-delta-spatial-distribution-accor",signatures:"Raphael Abdoulaye Ndione, Sidy Bakhoum, Chistopher Haggerty, Nicolas Jouanard, Simon Senghor, Papa Demba Ndao, Gilles Riveau and Cheikh Tidiane Ba",authors:[{id:"284013",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Raphael Abdoulaye",middleName:null,surname:"Ndione",fullName:"Raphael Abdoulaye Ndione",slug:"raphael-abdoulaye-ndione"}]},{id:"68624",title:"Reproductive Biology, Seed Production, and Culture of the Hawaiian Limpet Cellana sandwicensis (Pease, 1861)",slug:"reproductive-biology-seed-production-and-culture-of-the-hawaiian-limpet-em-cellana-sandwicensis-em-p",signatures:"Hua Thai Nhan and Harry Ako",authors:[{id:"286931",title:"Ph.D.",name:"T. Nhan",middleName:null,surname:"Hua",fullName:"T. Nhan Hua",slug:"t.-nhan-hua"},{id:"298839",title:"Prof.",name:"Ako",middleName:null,surname:"Harry",fullName:"Ako Harry",slug:"ako-harry"}]},{id:"65948",title:"Sponge Fishery and Aquaculture in Cuba: Impacts and Challenges",slug:"sponge-fishery-and-aquaculture-in-cuba-impacts-and-challenges",signatures:"Betanzos-Vega Abel, Mazón-Suástegui José Manuel, Formoso-García Mario and Avilés-Quevedo María Araceli",authors:[{id:"245773",title:"Dr.",name:"José Manuel",middleName:null,surname:"Mazón-Suástegui",fullName:"José Manuel Mazón-Suástegui",slug:"jose-manuel-mazon-suastegui"},{id:"255063",title:"Dr.",name:"Avilés-Quevedo",middleName:null,surname:"María Araceli",fullName:"Avilés-Quevedo María Araceli",slug:"aviles-quevedo-maria-araceli"},{id:"280776",title:"Prof.",name:"Abel",middleName:null,surname:"Betanzos-Vega",fullName:"Abel Betanzos-Vega",slug:"abel-betanzos-vega"},{id:"280777",title:"Dr.",name:"Mario",middleName:null,surname:"Formoso-García",fullName:"Mario Formoso-García",slug:"mario-formoso-garcia"}]},{id:"69192",title:"Spectral Discrimination of Live and Bleached Corals: A Case Study on Turbinaria peltata (Esper, 1794) Using Field Spectroscopy",slug:"spectral-discrimination-of-live-and-bleached-corals-a-case-study-on-em-turbinaria-peltata-em-esper-1",signatures:"Nandini Ray Chaudhury, Ashwin Gujrati, T.V.R. Murthy and C.H. Satyanarayana",authors:[{id:"255473",title:"Dr.",name:"Nandini",middleName:null,surname:"Ray Chaudhury",fullName:"Nandini Ray Chaudhury",slug:"nandini-ray-chaudhury"},{id:"309754",title:"Mr.",name:"Ashwin",middleName:null,surname:"Gujrati",fullName:"Ashwin Gujrati",slug:"ashwin-gujrati"},{id:"309755",title:"Mr.",name:"Tvr",middleName:null,surname:"Murthy",fullName:"Tvr Murthy",slug:"tvr-murthy"},{id:"309756",title:"Dr.",name:"Chowdula",middleName:null,surname:"Satyanarayana",fullName:"Chowdula Satyanarayana",slug:"chowdula-satyanarayana"}]},{id:"64553",title:"Formation, Persistence, and Recovery of Glass Sponge Reefs: A Case Study",slug:"formation-persistence-and-recovery-of-glass-sponge-reefs-a-case-study",signatures:"Jeffrey B. Marliave, Laura A. Borden, Jessica A. Schultz, Donna M. Gibbs and Glen J. Dennison",authors:[{id:"217091",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Laura",middleName:null,surname:"Borden",fullName:"Laura Borden",slug:"laura-borden"},{id:"269027",title:"Dr.",name:"Jeffrey",middleName:null,surname:"Marliave",fullName:"Jeffrey Marliave",slug:"jeffrey-marliave"},{id:"279002",title:"MSc.",name:"Jessica",middleName:null,surname:"Schultz",fullName:"Jessica Schultz",slug:"jessica-schultz"},{id:"279004",title:"Mrs.",name:"Donna",middleName:null,surname:"Gibbs",fullName:"Donna Gibbs",slug:"donna-gibbs"},{id:"279005",title:"Mr.",name:"Glen",middleName:null,surname:"Dennison",fullName:"Glen Dennison",slug:"glen-dennison"}]},{id:"66480",title:"Artisanal Harvest of Shellfish in the Northeastern Atlantic: The Example of Limpet and Topshell Fisheries in the Archipelago of Madeira",slug:"artisanal-harvest-of-shellfish-in-the-northeastern-atlantic-the-example-of-limpet-and-topshell-fishe",signatures:"Ricardo Sousa, Rodrigo Riera, Joana Vasconcelos, Lídia Gouveia, Ana Rita Pinto, João Delgado, Adriana Alves, José A. González, Mafalda Freitas and Paulo Henriques",authors:[{id:"200407",title:"MSc.",name:"Paulo",middleName:null,surname:"Henriques",fullName:"Paulo Henriques",slug:"paulo-henriques"},{id:"200915",title:"MSc.",name:"Ricardo",middleName:null,surname:"Sousa",fullName:"Ricardo Sousa",slug:"ricardo-sousa"},{id:"291944",title:"MSc.",name:"João",middleName:null,surname:"Delgado",fullName:"João Delgado",slug:"joao-delgado"},{id:"291945",title:"Dr.",name:"Joana",middleName:null,surname:"Vasconcelos",fullName:"Joana Vasconcelos",slug:"joana-vasconcelos"},{id:"291946",title:"Prof.",name:"Rodrigo",middleName:null,surname:"Riera",fullName:"Rodrigo Riera",slug:"rodrigo-riera"},{id:"291951",title:"MSc.",name:"Ana Rita",middleName:null,surname:"Pinto",fullName:"Ana Rita Pinto",slug:"ana-rita-pinto"},{id:"291952",title:"MSc.",name:"Lídia",middleName:null,surname:"Gouveia",fullName:"Lídia Gouveia",slug:"lidia-gouveia"},{id:"291953",title:"MSc.",name:"Adriana",middleName:null,surname:"Alves",fullName:"Adriana Alves",slug:"adriana-alves"},{id:"291954",title:"Prof.",name:"José António",middleName:null,surname:"González",fullName:"José António González",slug:"jose-antonio-gonzalez"},{id:"291955",title:"MSc.",name:"Mafalda",middleName:null,surname:"Freitas",fullName:"Mafalda Freitas",slug:"mafalda-freitas"}]},{id:"67929",title:"Assemblage of Gastropods in the Rocky Intertidal Zone of Asry Beach, Kingdom of Bahrain",slug:"assemblage-of-gastropods-in-the-rocky-intertidal-zone-of-asry-beach-kingdom-of-bahrain",signatures:"Belen T. Lumeran",authors:[{id:"299225",title:"Dr.",name:"Belen",middleName:null,surname:"Lumeran",fullName:"Belen Lumeran",slug:"belen-lumeran"}]}]}],publishedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"304",title:"Sediment Transport in Aquatic Environments",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"0eb11af1d03ad494253c41e1d3c998e9",slug:"sediment-transport-in-aquatic-environments",bookSignature:"Andrew J. Manning",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/304.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"23008",title:"Prof.",name:"Andrew James",surname:"Manning",slug:"andrew-james-manning",fullName:"Andrew James Manning"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"5765",title:"Corals in a Changing World",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"eed323f414d06a6bd994cc9d37ad24c4",slug:"corals-in-a-changing-world",bookSignature:"Carmenza Duque Beltran and Edisson Tello Camacho",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5765.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"155319",title:"Emeritus Prof.",name:"Carmenza",surname:"Duque",slug:"carmenza-duque",fullName:"Carmenza Duque"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6266",title:"Marine Ecology",subtitle:"Biotic and Abiotic Interactions",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9d821ed950a497c8f50de67abf419259",slug:"marine-ecology-biotic-and-abiotic-interactions",bookSignature:"Muhammet Türkoğlu, Umur Önal and Ali Ismen",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6266.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"99483",title:"Prof.",name:"Muhammet",surname:"Turkoglu",slug:"muhammet-turkoglu",fullName:"Muhammet Turkoglu"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6344",title:"Biological Resources of Water",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ca4f407275697c7cf547debc6b1e85a9",slug:"biological-resources-of-water",bookSignature:"Sajal Ray",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6344.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"173697",title:"Prof.",name:"Sajal",surname:"Ray",slug:"sajal-ray",fullName:"Sajal Ray"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6411",title:"Mangrove Ecosystem Ecology and Function",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5425ea4e90ed12b902f30186f807f8f5",slug:"mangrove-ecosystem-ecology-and-function",bookSignature:"Sahadev Sharma",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6411.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"227169",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Sahadev",surname:"Sharma",slug:"sahadev-sharma",fullName:"Sahadev Sharma"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],publishedBooksByAuthor:[{type:"book",id:"6344",title:"Biological Resources of Water",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ca4f407275697c7cf547debc6b1e85a9",slug:"biological-resources-of-water",bookSignature:"Sajal Ray",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6344.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"173697",title:"Prof.",name:"Sajal",surname:"Ray",slug:"sajal-ray",fullName:"Sajal Ray"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},onlineFirst:{chapter:{type:"chapter",id:"77867",title:"Post-Covid Ideology and Dimensions in Language Teaching",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.98927",slug:"post-covid-ideology-and-dimensions-in-language-teaching",body:'
1. Introduction
Language teaching has been associated with the social function as the language teachers and learners interact with various social, cultural and cross-cultural ideologies. The social and cultural ideologies of any country can affect the language teaching and learning processes. These dimensions affecting language teaching can be the symbolic forms that circulate in the social environment. Van Dijk [1] states that ideology controls the thoughts of people and guides them by cognitive and social aspects based on norms, values, culture, identity and basic social features. As the sociocultural belief supports the formation of ideology, language teaching and learning in post-covid situations can be a part of gaining new ideology with the different cultural realities in the society. Therefore, this chapter deals with the ideologies of language teaching in post-covid situation including the role of the stakeholders, possible language instructional strategies and curriculum innovation in the classroom realities for language teaching.
2. Context
Teachers and students have not experienced such disruption in the instructional process with long duration of school closures in the history of academic field. According to the report of the United Nations, the global pandemic of Covid-19 has been affecting the world’s education system and continuous learning process. More than 1.60 billion students from pre-primary to higher education in more than 200 countries had stuck at home for months due to the lockdown in the first phase of Covid 19. With the onset of the global pandemic of Coronavirus (COVID-19), the educational sector has been facing several challenges. Students stuck at home, teaching-learning programs and examinations of primary, secondary, and tertiary levels have been postponed in many countries.
Many researchers in the field of sociolinguistics and anthropology discuss the role of language teaching in determining the cultural identity of the students. The study of Kennedy [2] indicates that language has a positive role to develop cultural identity establishing the social connection of people in the community. Likewise, Ennaji [3] explains that culture can shape the mental condition of people representing their behaviors and lifestyle based on local and national languages. Every language with a typical nature forms people’s cultural distinctiveness indicating various socio-cultural realities, traditions, lifestyles, cultural values and belief systems of a society developing the socio-cultural system of a nation.
In the present context of Nepal, many students at all levels have been suffering from anxiety due to the Covid pandemic and their parents seem worried about the continuation of their children’s study. Similarly, the responsible authorities and stakeholders in the academic field are exploring the possible alternatives for educational plans and interventions to address the learning situation in the pandemic. Similarly, we, as practitioners, experienced an interesting event of some students who are from remote areas have been involving in the different the community-based volunteer practices for creating learning opportunities. One of the students doing a master’s degree introduced life skills and conversation skills courses to the students of his community to make them responsible in learning and develop awareness to the misleading activities during pandemic.
Despite the physical, psychological, and emotional challenges, the teachers and have been engaging in creating opportunities during emergencies. These practices lead to improve this terrible situation beyond the classroom. We have traditional faith that learning is bound within the classroom, fixed curriculum, prescribed and referred textbooks, allocated schedule, particular teacher, and predefined learning goals. After reflecting about the COVID-19 pandemic, we conceptualized a framework of transforming learning strategies from face to face to online community or alternative modes which can be accessible to the students as per the geographical and economic access during the global pandemic of COVID-19. Similarly, we need to think about teaching-learning from the angle of learning to live and learning to be responsible. Cyberspace might be another key to unlock lockdown. Learners can explore the digital materials as per their learning requirements involving in the virtual classrooms with the help of digital tools and technological skills.
In a nutshell, the concerned authorities of education sectors need to develop the contextual learning modalities and skills which can lead to the shaping future of the children. The teaching-learning paradigm needs to be transformed to the learning-sharing paradigm because the episteme of the Coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic suggests us transforming and adopting contextual learning opportunities. Therefore, the curriculum, content, context and learning space need to be considered innovatively in the post-COVID situation and the present context may unlock the paradigm of professional culture to identify homeschooling parameters associated with social and psychological maturity to the learners of COVID inflamed society of the nation.
Many researchers, linguists and SLA scholars have been developing a variety of student-centered methodologies and approaches for effective language teaching and learning process. The following section discusses the key concerns regarding the possible approaches that can be followed for post-covid language instruction.
3. Key issues
The section deals with the key issues which can be applied in post-pandemic teaching-learning situations. As mentioned by Arnove [4] the teaching-learning framework has been shifting to the need-based and technology-guided framework as the face-to-face learning paradigm is being shifted to the online and distance learning paradigm. Similarly, Contipelli and Picciau [5] focused on the facilitation and evaluation system of learned values and they need to be systemized based on the performance analysis of the learners as the learners are the social entity and they need to be audited by social members and stakeholders. As following [6] post method pedagogy is the baseline for the post-pandemic situation because the theory is based on socio-cultural pragmatism and focuses on the contextual principles of the locality. Williams et al. [7, 8, 9] repot that the online teaching process is the opportunity to redefine the education system during this pandemic. It can be used alternatively to address the learning vulnerabilities of many children and youth and to support students at risk during the crisis as it elaborates on the concept of the virtual environment, virtual teacher, virtual students, and a new framework of the curriculum associated with the national educational policy. Furthermore, the Nepal government, educational stakeholders and concerned authorities need to respond as soon as possible to ensure students’ continuous learning spaces with safety measures as suggested by [10]. This is high time to plan and design equal learning modalities for all students throughout the country certifying the appropriate methods of evaluation. All teachers are responsible for applying plenty of resources to introduce new learning modalities accessible to the students.
Classroom situation, role of learners and instructors, medium of instruction, facilitation and evaluation, transformative attitude and research behaviors aspects are the major key aspects of post-pandemic pedagogy while teaching English in the second language context.
Henceforth the Post pandemic pedagogy can be presented diagrammatically as follow:
Figure 1 represents the conceptual framework of post-covid teaching-learning situation where teacher, learner, community, curriculum interact with educational technology based on contextual strategies, time, available resources, and accessibility. This denotes that the pandemic creates the opportunity for several alternatives and this pandemic can play role in the paradigm shift in the attitudinal reformation of the concept of learning facilitation and evaluation as the diagram focuses on the involvement of all kinds of stakeholders in teaching-learning and evaluation procedure. Post-covid situation will adopt technology-oriented teaching, learning and research abilities and activities followed by a performance-based evaluation system in all levels of school and higher education institutions.
Figure 1.
A conceptual framework for post-covid teaching-learning management.
3.1 Classroom situation
The classroom situation is the crucial unit in the pedagogical reformation. It is believed that classroom is the space where learning situation is created. Kumaravadivelu [11] suggested that teachers’ and learner’s agreement in the production of learning issues is important as the principle of possibility determines the possible classroom activities where learners’ autonomy can be observed. Similarly, He and Harris [12] state that Covid- 19 created a situation for online and distance mode learning management system where learners learn self-management skills and that makes them responsible for learning. The classroom situation will be open and students will be involved in the network where they can collaborate and communicate . Teräs, Suoranta [13] on the other hand claimed that the learning situation might have transformed to the technological and responsibility-related aspects and the learners might have a greater degree of participatory roles as a result they can be transformative learners. Therefore, cloud-based classroom and online community-guided learning management systems can be imagined as per the contextual relevance. In this 21st century, vocational and technical education is in the prime concern; as per the concern education is itself the highly technical concern, so we the faculties and stakeholders of the education field need to collaborate and coordinate to upgrade the value of education faculty. We need to develop a sound relationship with feeder and supporting schools as we can collaborate to share quality goods. We can develop several programs with those schools.
Professional development support in exchange mode
Field visit or exploration
Sharing the best practices of feeder and support schools.
Developing research initiatives in the schools—University could develop projects for schools. Teachers and students collaborate to complete the project.
Internship (Long termed and short-termed)
Teach for Improvement fellowship
On the other hand, Home is the first school for every child and parents are the best teachers. kitchen kitchen, bedroom, living room, study room, surroundings can be the classrooms for homeschooling for example – The kitchen might be the lab for Science and Health, Bedroom may be the lab for language and moral values, the living room might be the lab of practical works of all disciplines, surrounding might be the lab for social and environmental studies. In another context, parents might have a mindset of several questions such as, how to deal with languages, mathematical problems…? I don’t know science, English, Mathematics…? However, all parents are not found conscious of their responsibilities and duties. Parents need to teach about life skills, disciplines, moral values, personal duties and responsibilities to their children since lockdown is creating the opportunity. They can shape their children’s practical learning by involving them in multiple intelligence-based activities such as drawing, singing, dancing, writing daily diaries, developing logic, watching documentaries and news and communicating with family members and friends.
3.2 Role of the stakeholders
Stakeholders are defined as students, teachers, guardians, community members, policymakers who contribute to learning and transfer of learning. It is believed that the role of the stakeholders determines the principles of learning management. For example, [5, 14, 15] report that the learning situation is in the control of the learning situation and learning variables such as Contipelli and Picciau [5] focus on rebuilding the learning situation in which the learning agents feel safe to learn and that is accessible, affordable and relevant to the geographical, educational and economic aspects. With this reference and the country situation of Nepal, the stakeholders can contribute their role and responsibility as shown in Table 1.
Agents
Role and responsibility
Learners
Feel free to learn
Engage in communication
Develop collaborative environment
Practice cooperation among peers, teachers and family members
Explore the content from the cyberspace
Develop digital skills
Adjustment and adaptation to the new trends
Improve performance in content, context, life skills, soft skills and technology
Teacher
Develop new interventions for classroom improvement
Facilitate the learners through face to face, distance, or online mode
Develop digital consciousness
Form social relationship
Fulfill social responsibility
Adapt to the new trends and develop consciousness to the new skills
Follow the new trends of facilitation and evaluation framework
Establish a relationship with learners, parents, community members and policymakers
Guardian
Monitor the activities of children
Involve their children in household works and decision-making process
Develop the sharing culture with family members
Establish a relationship with children, teacher, school administration
Fulfill the basic requirements and needs of children.
Policymakers
Share the learning modality and framework
Inform about the new skills to the stakeholders
Involve the members of all class to form a new policy
Develop digital infrastructure
Encourage to implementation of the new ideas as per the need of society and learners.
Table 1.
Role and responsibility of stakeholders.
3.3 Medium of instruction
Medium of instruction is another key issue in the post-pandemic situation. Language is known as the symbol and culture as the identity, in the pace of interacting the linguistic and cultural landscape, Giri [16] reported with the example of English and Nepali language that other language speakers are confused due to the linguistic hegemony of the elites and the ethnic identity might have the transformed to the group of linguistic dominance. Similarly, Phyak [17] illustrated through the examination system as the learners of one linguistic background are motivated to participate in the test such as IELTS, TOEFL and GRE for the migration of another cultural landscape as if they intend to access the eligibility for assimilation. However, Pherali and Garratt [18] stated that the cultural landscape got highly affected by socio-political and historical experiences as the socio-political changes deal with the reconstruction of the language surrounding the notion of marginalization and ethnicity.
Azimzadeh and Bemani [19] argue that language and culture are interrelated to communicate ideas and transformation of traditions as the people can develop and sustain cultural impression using language. Therefore, language shapes cultural ethics concerning communication and collaboration efforts. Moreover, language has the power to transform the heritage of the culture, for example, Deuda culture is shaped by the Dotyali language on the other hand the words Maichyaang and chyaanwa have the representation of the cultural accommodation and ownership in the preservation of the language and culture. For the context of second language teaching pedagogy, EMI has incorporated several issues based on the context of learning because the societal framework and cultural consciousness influence the practice of EMI strategies in the classroom.
Toh [20] argued that the EMI emerged with the view of policy level or its constraint to the bureaucratic purposes rather than academic purposes in the sense that it had challenges in the implementational levels due to the level of the learners, learning situation, influence of the first language of the learners and the teachers’ capacity to deal with the issues related to the second or foreign language. Similarly, Lee and Curry [21] stated the challenges in the level of the teachers and students as they explored the challenges such as English language proficiency, planning time for classes, building confidence and correcting mistakes and examining the proficiency of learners in the level of the teacher, on the other hand, students had observed the challenges as decreasing rate of enrollment, lack of interaction with peers and teachers, English proficiency level concerning to the classes in the native language. However, Dang and Vu [22] claimed that the competence framework of EMI determined the pedagogical and communicative purposes by which they occurred challenges concerning EMI can be mediated by the English language and English language teaching strategies in the second language situation.
Phyak and Sharma [23] explained that the EMI policy in Nepal influenced the neoliberal ideologies as a result it primarily focused on the socio-political and cultural aspects instead of the academic perspectives. Therefore, the issues and challenges associated with the EMI shape the cultural framework to determine the forms of language as per the defined context and need to consider the learners’ perception and attitude towards the use of language for different purposes.
3.4 Learning facilitation and evaluation
In terms of learning facilitation Lockee [24] suggested that online community or digital application can have important contributions and teachers need to manage with technological consciousness. For example [25, 26, 27] argue for the integration of content, pedagogical and technological knowledge. Similarly, Herring, Koehler [26] suggest that technological integration encourages the development of content-specific components of the classroom environment, which benefits classroom qualities. The pedagogical movement in teacher education, on the other hand, encompasses the key transformative views in creating changes in classroom and community attitudes and actions. In addition, Elas, Majid [28] states that technological integration in English language instruction is necessary to facilitate proper teaching in a digital learning environment and that the concept of technological, pedagogical, and content (TPACK) assists English teachers and teacher educators in associating technology, pedagogy, and content knowledge. Valtonen, Sointu [29] focuses on the necessity for all instructors to have a variety of pedagogical and ICT skills to help students build 21st-century capabilities. Teachers’ readiness to learn twenty-first-century skills and pre-service teachers’ TPACK skills are developed when the TPACK framework is used as one of the flexible models in teacher education. Lehiste [30] focuses that how well teachers integrate their technical and content knowledge for classroom instruction affects students’ learning. Furthermore, this study discovered that in-service teachers who received TPACK training improved their technology expertise and ICT integration in their classrooms. Rodríguez Moreno, Agreda Montoro [31] suggested the learning felicitation process will follow the current trends such as problem-solving, critical thinking, creativity, virtual synchronous and virtual synchro’s mode of teaching and learning from which learners’ autonomy can be ensured. Gyawali [32] stated face-to-face teaching-learning modalities, distance-based learning modalities and mobile teaching. Hence the post pandemic instructional activities shall be as:
Group interaction through virtual or physical mode
Collaboration among the group and peers
Network building and sharing learning
Use of social media
Use of easily accessible Learning management system
Remote support from the teacher
Community-based teaching
Mobile teaching
Use of digital tools and applications
Project-based, Participatory based learning
Learning through questioning
Reflective activities
Despite the inclusion of formative assessment in the curricular design and policy papers, the evaluation system is still dependent on terminal and unit-based written examinations. Baral, Luitel [33] assert that, while traditional teaching and evaluation procedures are preferred by teachers, students, and the educational system, alternative modes of evaluation are required, emphasizing the need for a paradigm shift in the evaluation system that can assess students’ behavior, creativity, critical thinking, soft-skills, and life-skills to make learners self-sufficient in their practical lives. Students’ low creativity, lack of critical thinking and collaboration, rote learning, dropouts, and challenges in learning achievement are all major pitfalls. The post-pandemic situation will develop learner autonomy, collaborative learning situation, learners participation, interaction to the theme-based realities and critical and creative activities as suggested by [34]. Hence formative and performance-based evaluation systems including guardians’ evaluation need to develop because the learners spend most of the time with a guardian at home as a result evaluation from the home strategy will be emerged.
Formative assessment
Short and long assignment-based evaluation
Project work-based evaluation
Performance-based: presentation, participation, production
Guardians’ evaluation
3.5 Cultural ideology as pedagogical reformation
People of various castes and communities have a strong desire to retain their languages and cultural identities as a source of cultural pride since language generate and preserves culture, and culture interacts within the language system. Gurung [35] claimed, for example, that the Nepalese Gurung community intended to create uniformity in their language script to preserve and promote their cultural and ethnic identity for future generations, since they were concerned that many Gurungs were living in detached countries without exercising their spoken and written languages, and that many Nepalese youths were studying Korean and Japanese in order to work overseas. Similarly, according to Katuwal [36], Khas is a primary source of the current Nepali language spoken by Chhetris, Bahuns, Thakuris, and Dalits. Many indigenous languages in Nepal’s Karnali province, including Surel, Sanskrit, Hayu, Pahari, Meche, Jirel, Dhimal, and Kumal, needed promotion and attention because they were on the verge of extinction due to a scarcity of speakers to preserve the cultural communications in these ancestral language varieties.
Some researchers contend that cultural identity encompasses more than only language preservation, claiming that many parts of culture can be replicated. For example, Chapagain [37] stated that the Raute tribe of Nepal showed their distinct cultural identity through their clothing, habits, and traditional belief system, and that they saw the world differently and cherished their nomadic nature.
Silwal [38], on the other hand, claimed that the Raute people and their offspring did not understand Nepali since they had established their nomadic lifestyle and cultural identity through the Raute linguistic system. As a result, the language system can influence how a community’s cultural identity is presented.
These findings show the connection between language and cultural identity, with language loss posing a threat to people’s cultural identities. As a result, people from specific cultures wish to promote their language system to maintain their ethnic dignity and cultural pride.
3.6 Acculturation model of language teaching and learning
Students’ cultural identity is associated with the language teaching and learning process because recognizing language elements supports the learners to adapt various cultural sign, symbols and actions with societal consciousness in the new cultural context. Li [39] emaphasised that cultural transformation can be developed through teaching and learning about diverse linguistic features of a language that empowers language learners against linguistic and cultural hegemony. Likewise, Freire [40] emphasised about the multicultural and multilinguistic instruction that can develop cultural awareness, socio-political consciousness, and social actions to foster the cultural identity of the individuals. Nevertheless, Pinto and Araújo e Sá [41] state that language and development of cultural identity do not promote to each other however they develop continuously in the society overcoming various perspectives. On the contrary, the study of Donitsa-Schmidt and Vadish [42] emphasized that language proficiency and cultural assimilation supported North American students to understand the Hebrew language in the Israeli socio-cultural context and to establish a new Israeli cultural identity while staying there. The above literature, therefore, describes that developing language competency through language learning is one of the major factors to trace the cultural identity of language learners. It helps to promote them to assimilate into a new cultural context.
3.7 Cross-cultural identity and language transmission
The communication using a particular mother tongue in a family and community supports for learning the fundamental values, cultural beliefs, historical traditions and distinct cultural identity. Therefore, Language transmission can be the foundation for cultural transmission developing cultural consciousness to the human generations. Gelman and Roberts [43] reported that language can be the dominant factor of cultural transmission in the society which can exchange cultural skills and mental system of the people. Similarly, Kinzler, Corriveau [44] explained that mother tongue can be one of the socio-cultural identity markers of human beings because more than 6000 human languages exist in the world were mostly learned by the people in their early childhood.
Some researchers have reported that language learning can be challenging when people migrate from one place to another place. For example, the study of Bhugra [45] reported that people can experience socio-economic problems and cultural alienation to adjust in the new environment when they shifted from one socio-cultural background to the next linguistic and socio-cultural background. Language learning can be challenging which can create problems to develop a distinct cultural identity. However, the study of Miller and Collette [46] stressed that individuals can develop their multicultural identity even they migrated in the multicultural community because they can learn the languages of the target culture and develop the required skills to function in the new socio-cultural context with the feeling of pride on their own culture at the same time.
4. Conclusion
The language as an interactional tool represents students’ linguistic and cultural ideology and backgrounds. Culture as a social system fosters language development in a society and largely frames the expressions of human narratives in their family and society.
In the post-pandemic situation, the teachers, parents, stakeholders and all the students need to focus on need-based language teaching and learning process respecting language they speak and cultural ideology they belong to. Pedagogical reformation leads students to com-municate in a language that means understanding and interpreting the in-depth socio-cultural values, lifestyle and directions related to a particular culture. Similarly, the paper indicates that people with a distinct language and cultural identity can celebrate their linguistic and cultural harmony as language represents the system of transmission of cultures to the next generations. As presented in the studies, languages upraise the cultural positioning of a community generating development opportunities in different fields such as socio-politics, education, media and economics.
Furthermore, language functions as a cognitive tool to express the linguistic terms relevant to the cultural background therefore shifting linguistic region may result from individuals’ adaptation to the new culture reframing linguistic diversity with cultural identity. The different features and levels of mother tongue interconnect thoughts, cultural ethics, and social happenings in the form of cultural identity in the community. Therefore, trans-languaging approaches, transformative ideology and digital immersion play a significant role to reframe post-pandemic ideology in the framework of the pedagogical shift in English language teaching. Similarly, language reflects the culture and culture practices language in the community therefore language learning and transmission for cultural representation as a whole characterize the role of language in shaping and maintaining a distinct cultural identity in this changing world. All human beings need to be responsible to promote linguistic and cultural identity for pedagogical perspective in the post-pandemic period.
Acknowledgments
We are grateful to the Professors, colleagues and family members who inspired and helped us to bring out this chapter in this form. I would like to acknowledge to the authors of books, book sections and journals whose works were cited in developing this chapter. Likewise, I am indebted to the editorial board and reviewer of this book project for continuous feedback and support for the publication.
\n',keywords:"new-normal, post-method, transformation, pedagogy, ideology in emergencies, soft-skills",chapterPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/77867.pdf",chapterXML:"https://mts.intechopen.com/source/xml/77867.xml",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/77867",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/77867",totalDownloads:234,totalViews:0,totalCrossrefCites:0,dateSubmitted:"June 15th 2021",dateReviewed:"June 16th 2021",datePrePublished:"August 5th 2021",datePublished:null,dateFinished:"August 5th 2021",readingETA:"0",abstract:"The chapter entitled Post-Covid Ideology and Dimensions in Language Teaching aims to explore the possible educational intervention in post-covid classrooms. It focuses on the role of teachers, stakeholders, curriculum, and technologies in the field of language teaching in the new-normal classroom situation after the Covid-19 pandemic. The chapter reviews the cultural and linguistic ideology of community developed as a possible way out in the new learning situation in the context of Nepal. Additionally, it discusses the paradigm shift in teaching-learning ideologies from the theoretical to practical perspectives for language teaching.",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/77867",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/77867",signatures:"Yadu Prasad Gyawali and Babita Parajuli",book:{id:"10660",type:"book",title:"Heritage - New Paradigm",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Heritage - New Paradigm",slug:null,publishedDate:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Daniela Turcanu-Carutiu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10660.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:null,isbn:"978-1-83969-621-3",printIsbn:"978-1-83969-620-6",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83969-622-0",isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,editors:[{id:"176482",title:"Prof.",name:"Daniela",middleName:null,surname:"Turcanu-Carutiu",slug:"daniela-turcanu-carutiu",fullName:"Daniela Turcanu-Carutiu"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:null,sections:[{id:"sec_1",title:"1. Introduction",level:"1"},{id:"sec_2",title:"2. Context",level:"1"},{id:"sec_3",title:"3. Key issues",level:"1"},{id:"sec_3_2",title:"3.1 Classroom situation",level:"2"},{id:"sec_4_2",title:"3.2 Role of the stakeholders",level:"2"},{id:"sec_5_2",title:"3.3 Medium of instruction",level:"2"},{id:"sec_6_2",title:"3.4 Learning facilitation and evaluation",level:"2"},{id:"sec_7_2",title:"3.5 Cultural ideology as pedagogical reformation",level:"2"},{id:"sec_8_2",title:"3.6 Acculturation model of language teaching and learning",level:"2"},{id:"sec_9_2",title:"3.7 Cross-cultural identity and language transmission",level:"2"},{id:"sec_11",title:"4. Conclusion",level:"1"},{id:"sec_12",title:"Acknowledgments",level:"1"}],chapterReferences:[{id:"B1",body:'Van Dijk TA. Discourse analysis as ideology analysis. Language and peace. 1995;10(47):142'},{id:"B2",body:'Kennedy J. Relational cultural identity and Pacific language education. International Education Journal: Comparative Perspectives. 2019;18(2):26-39'},{id:"B3",body:'Ennaji M. Multilingualism, cultural identity, and education in Morocco: Springer Science & Business Media; 2005'},{id:"B4",body:'Arnove RF. Imagining what education can be post-COVID-19. Prospects. 2020;49:43-46'},{id:"B5",body:'Contipelli E, Picciau S. Post-COVID-19: Rebuilding Our Paradigms Through Sustainable Development Goals and the Sufficiency Economy Philosophy: IndraStra Global; 2020'},{id:"B6",body:'Kumaravadivelu B. Critical classroom discourse analysis. TESOL quarterly. 1999;33(3):453-484'},{id:"B7",body:'Williams JB, Goldberg M. The evolution of e-learning. Balance, fidelity, mobility: Maintaining the momentum. 2005:725-728'},{id:"B8",body:'Megawati F, Astutik Y, editors. EFL Learning Media: Perspective on E-Learning through Google Classroom. International Conference on Emerging Media, and Social Science; 2018: European Alliance for Innovation (EAI)'},{id:"B9",body:'Murtikusuma R, Fatahillah A, Hussen S, Prasetyo R, Alfarisi M, editors. Development of blended learning based on Google Classroom with osing culture theme in mathematics learning. Journal of Physics: Conference Series; 2019: IOP Publishing'},{id:"B10",body:'MOEST. Learning facilitation policy throgh Alternative approaches,Nepal. Kathmandu Ministry of Education, Science and technology 2020'},{id:"B11",body:'Kumaravadivelu B. Toward a postmethod pedagogy. TESOL quarterly. 2001;35(4):537-560'},{id:"B12",body:'He H, Harris L. The impact of Covid-19 pandemic on corporate social responsibility and marketing philosophy. Journal of Business Research. 2020;116:176-182'},{id:"B13",body:'Teräs M, Suoranta J, Teräs H, Curcher M. Post-Covid-19 education and education technology ‘solutionism’: A seller’s market. Postdigital Science and Education. 2020;2(3):863-878'},{id:"B14",body:'Daniel J. Education and the COVID-19 pandemic. Prospects. 2020;49(1):91-96'},{id:"B15",body:'Everingham P, Chassagne N. Post COVID-19 ecological and social reset: Moving away from capitalist growth models towards tourism as Buen Vivir. Tourism Geographies. 2020;22(3):555-566'},{id:"B16",body:'Giri RA. Cultural anarchism: The consequences of privileging languages in Nepal. Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development. 2010;31(1):87-100'},{id:"B17",body:'Phyak P. Neoliberal Placemaking and Ideological Constructions of Standardized Tests in Nepal’s Linguistic Landscape. The Sociopolitics of English Language Testing. 2020:208'},{id:"B18",body:'Pherali T, Garratt D. Post-conflict identity crisis in Nepal: Implications for educational reforms. International Journal of Educational Development. 2014;34:42-50'},{id:"B19",body:'Azimzadeh KG, Bemani NMs. Interrelationships of Willingness to Speak and Cultural Identity with English L2 Speaking Proficiency. International Journal of Foreign Language Teaching and Research. 2020;8(29):45-58'},{id:"B20",body:'Toh G. Challenges in English-medium instruction (EMI) at a Japanese university. World Englishes. 2020;39(2):334-347'},{id:"B21",body:'Lee AR, Curry HA. EMI in south Korea: Exploring strategies to overcome challenges in the University classroom. Volume 14, Number 2. 2018;14(2):21'},{id:"B22",body:'Dang TKA, Vu TTP. English-medium instruction in the Australian higher education: untold stories of academics from non-native English-speaking backgrounds. Current Issues in Language Planning. 2020;21(3):279-300'},{id:"B23",body:'Phyak P, Sharma BK. Functionality of English in Language Education Policies and Practices in Nepal. Functional Variations in English: Springer; 2020. p. 321-335'},{id:"B24",body:'Lockee BB. Online education in the post-COVID era. Nature Electronics. 2021;4(1):5-6'},{id:"B25",body:'Figg C, Jaipal K, editors. TPACK-in-Practice: Developing 21st century teacher knowledge. Society for Information Technology & Teacher Education International Conference; 2012: Association for the Advancement of Computing in Education (AACE)'},{id:"B26",body:'Herring MC, Koehler MJ, Mishra P. Handbook of technological pedagogical content knowledge (TPACK) for educators: Routledge; 2016'},{id:"B27",body:'Koehler M, Mishra P. What is technological pedagogical content knowledge (TPACK)? Contemporary issues in technology and teacher education. 2009;9(1):60-70'},{id:"B28",body:'Elas N, Majid F, Narasuman S. Development of technological pedagogical content knowledge (TPACK) for english teachers: The validity and reliability. International Journal of Emerging Technologies in Learning (IJET). 2019;14(20):18-33'},{id:"B29",body:'Valtonen T, Sointu E, Kukkonen J, Kontkanen S, Lambert MC, Mäkitalo-Siegl K. TPACK updated to measure pre-service teachers’ twenty-first century skills. Australasian Journal of Educational Technology. 2017;33(3)'},{id:"B30",body:'Lehiste P. The impact of a professional development program on in-service teachers’ TPACK: A study from Estonia. Problems of Education in the 21st Century. 2015;66:18'},{id:"B31",body:'Rodríguez Moreno J, Agreda Montoro M, Ortiz Colón AM. Changes in teacher training within the TPACK model framework: A systematic review. Sustainability. 2019;11(7):1870'},{id:"B32",body:'Gyawali YP. Pedagogical Transformation Models in Schools in Nepal during the Global Pandemic. Journal of School Administration Research and Development. 2020;5(S2):100-104'},{id:"B33",body:'Baral K, Luitel B, Tiwari R. SEE, a tool to evaluate secondary education. Gorkhapatra Sambad. Kathmandu: Gorkhapatra Corporation; 2020'},{id:"B34",body:'Krathwohl DR. A revision of Bloom’s taxonomy: An overview. Theory into practice. 2002;41(4):212-218'},{id:"B35",body:'Gurung S. The Gurung language once had no written script. Now it has five. The Kathmandu Post. 2019 September 6'},{id:"B36",body:'Katuwal J. Khas language on the verge of extinction, experts warn. The Kathmandu Post. 2018 May 9'},{id:"B37",body:'Chapagain B. Herne katha. Rauteko Katha EP20. Surkhet2018'},{id:"B38",body:'Silwal M. Maternal health care practices among indigenous people of Nepal: A case study of the Raute community: University of Tromsø; 2011'},{id:"B39",body:'Li G. Promoting teachers of culturally and linguistically diverse (CLD) students as change agents: A cultural approach to professional learning. Theory Into Practice. 2013;52(2):136-143'},{id:"B40",body:'Freire JA. Promoting sociopolitical consciousness and bicultural goals of dual language education: The transformational dual language educational framework. Journal of Language, Identity & Education. 2020;19(1):56-71'},{id:"B41",body:'Pinto S, Araújo e Sá MH. Researching across languages and cultures: a study with doctoral students and supervisors at a Portuguese University. European Journal of Higher Education. 2020:1-18'},{id:"B42",body:'Donitsa-Schmidt S, Vadish M. American students in Israel: An evaluation of a study abroad experience. Frontiers: The interdisciplinary Journal of Study Abroad. 2005;11(1):33-56'},{id:"B43",body:'Gelman SA, Roberts SO. How language shapes the cultural inheritance of categories. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 2017;114(30):7900-7907'},{id:"B44",body:'Kinzler KD, Corriveau KH, Harris PL. Children’s selective trust in native-accented speakers. Developmental Science. 2011;14(1):106-111'},{id:"B45",body:'Bhugra D. Migration, distress and cultural identity. British Medical Bulletin. 2004;69(1):129-141'},{id:"B46",body:'Miller RL, Collette T. Multicultural identity development: Theory and research. Cross-Cultural Psychology: Contemporary Themes and Perspectives. 2019:614-631'}],footnotes:[],contributors:[{corresp:null,contributorFullName:"Yadu Prasad Gyawali",address:null,affiliation:'
'}],corrections:null},book:{id:"10660",type:"book",title:"Heritage - New Paradigm",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Heritage - New Paradigm",slug:null,publishedDate:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Daniela Turcanu-Carutiu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10660.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:null,isbn:"978-1-83969-621-3",printIsbn:"978-1-83969-620-6",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83969-622-0",isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,editors:[{id:"176482",title:"Prof.",name:"Daniela",middleName:null,surname:"Turcanu-Carutiu",slug:"daniela-turcanu-carutiu",fullName:"Daniela Turcanu-Carutiu"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}},profile:{item:{id:"81737",title:"Dr.",name:"André Rosalvo Terra",middleName:null,surname:"Nascimento",email:"arnterra@gmail.com",fullName:"André Rosalvo Terra Nascimento",slug:"andre-rosalvo-terra-nascimento",position:null,biography:null,institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",totalCites:0,totalChapterViews:"0",outsideEditionCount:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalEditedBooks:"0",personalWebsiteURL:null,twitterURL:null,linkedinURL:null,institution:null},booksEdited:[],chaptersAuthored:[{id:"31966",title:"Gap Area and Tree Community Regeneration in a Tropical Semideciduous Forest",slug:"gap-area-and-tree-community-regeneration-in-a-tropical-semideciduous-forest",abstract:null,signatures:"André R. Terra Nascimento, Glein M. Araújo, Aelton B. Giroldo and Pedro Paulo F. Silva",authors:[{id:"81737",title:"Dr.",name:"André Rosalvo Terra",surname:"Nascimento",fullName:"André Rosalvo Terra Nascimento",slug:"andre-rosalvo-terra-nascimento",email:"arnterra@gmail.com"},{id:"357596",title:"Dr.",name:"Glein M.",surname:"Araújo",fullName:"Glein M. Araújo",slug:"glein-m.-araujo",email:"glein@ufu.b"},{id:"357597",title:"Dr.",name:"Aelton B.",surname:"Giroldo",fullName:"Aelton B. Giroldo",slug:"aelton-b.-giroldo",email:"aeltonbg@gmail.com"},{id:"357598",title:"Dr.",name:"F. Silva",surname:"Pedro Paulo",fullName:"F. Silva Pedro Paulo",slug:"f.-silva-pedro-paulo",email:"pedro.silva@hpi.de"}],book:{id:"902",title:"Tropical Forests",slug:"tropical-forests",productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume"}}}],collaborators:[{id:"79318",title:"Dr.",name:"Padmini",surname:"Sudarshana",slug:"padmini-sudarshana",fullName:"Padmini Sudarshana",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/79318/images/3520_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Padmini Sudarshana was part of Monsanto Research Center, India for 17 years and led teams including Data science and Crop transformation and PGRM teams. She was also involved in Biosafety & Regulation of transgenic research & Scientific/Community Outreach programs at Monsanto. During post-doctoral tenure at Indian Institute of Science, and University of Agricultural Sciences, she studied hormonal regulation in parasitic plants and genetic diversity in tropical forests respectively. She worked on post-harvest storage of fruits and vegetables for her doctoral thesis. She has to her credit several research articles, book chapters, popular articles and patents. She received “Above and Beyond” and “Genomics Team” awards for significant contributions to projects in Monsanto. She was recognized as ‘member-in-spotlight’ by Genome India International. Dr. Sudarshana obtained her M.Sc. and M.Phil. from Mysore University and Ph.D from Central Food & Technological Research Institute, India.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"81164",title:"Dr.",name:"William",surname:"Gould",slug:"william-gould",fullName:"William Gould",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"USDA Rural Development",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"82355",title:"Dr.",name:"Grizelle",surname:"Gonzalez",slug:"grizelle-gonzalez",fullName:"Grizelle Gonzalez",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/82355/images/5200_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"US Forest Service",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"82379",title:"Dr.",name:"Elvira",surname:"Cuevas",slug:"elvira-cuevas",fullName:"Elvira Cuevas",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Puerto Rico at Río Piedras",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"92822",title:"MSc.",name:"Christina M.",surname:"Murphy",slug:"christina-m.-murphy",fullName:"Christina M. Murphy",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"International Institute of Tropical Forestry",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"92832",title:"BSc.",name:"Juliana",surname:"Belen",slug:"juliana-belen",fullName:"Juliana Belen",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"120847",title:"Dr.",name:"Madhugiri",surname:"Nageswara-Rao",slug:"madhugiri-nageswara-rao",fullName:"Madhugiri Nageswara-Rao",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/120847/images/5440_n.jpg",biography:"Madhugiri Nageswara-Rao, Ph.D. works in the areas of plant breeding; genomics; bioenergy; genetic engineering; population, and eco-evolutionary genetics. He is the author of peer-reviewed research articles, book chapters, popular articles, has guest-edited special issues for journals, edited books and newsletters. He was Adjunct Faculty at Polk State College, USA. His work has been broadcasted on Fox News, USA. He was invited by CBC-Radio, Canada, to speak on air. He has served in the ‘Executive Committee’ of GII. He was recognized as ‘Young Scientists’ by Bioclues, in ‘Member-in-spotlight’ of GII and featured in ASPB-News. The University of Florida’s International Programs appraised his contribution in ‘International Focus’. He has peer-reviewed manuscripts for prominent international journals and grant proposals for international institutions. \nDr. Rao obtained his B.Sc., M.Sc. from Bangalore University and Ph.D. from FRI, India. He was featured as ‘Tomorrow’s Principal Investigators: Rising Young Investigators’ by Genome Technology, USA. He secured ‘Silver Award’ as a team member from American Museum of Natural History, USA. He was also selected for AAAS/Science Program for Excellence in Science. He has served on the editorial boards of six journals.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"New Mexico State University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"120848",title:"Dr.",name:"Jaya",surname:"Soneji",slug:"jaya-soneji",fullName:"Jaya Soneji",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/120848/images/5490_n.jpg",biography:"Jaya R. Soneji, Ph.D. works in the areas of plant breeding; genomics; bioenergy; genetic engineering; population, and eco-evolutionary genetics. She is the author of peer-reviewed research articles, book chapters, popular articles, has guest-edited special issues for journals, edited books and newsletters. She was Adjunct Faculty at Polk State College, USA. Her work has been broadcasted on Fox News, USA. She was invited by CBC-Radio, Canada, to speak on air. She has served in the ‘Executive Committee’ of GII. She was recognized as ‘Young Scientists’ by Bioclues, in ‘Member-in-spotlight’ of GII and featured in ASPB-News. The University of Florida’s International Programs appraised his contribution in ‘International Focus’. She has peer-reviewed manuscripts for prominent international journals and grant proposals for international institutions. Dr. Soneji obtained her B.Sc. (2nd Rank), M.Sc. (2nd Rank) from University of Mumbai and Ph.D from BARC, India. She has received many scholarships and awards for her academic achievements. She taught plant genetics, physiology, tissue culture and genetic engineering at Ruia College, India.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"New Mexico State University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"123902",title:"Dr.",name:"Marcela",surname:"Zalamea",slug:"marcela-zalamea",fullName:"Marcela Zalamea",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"463152",title:"Dr.",name:"Maria F.",surname:"Barberena-Arias",slug:"maria-f.-barberena-arias",fullName:"Maria F. Barberena-Arias",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"InterAmerican University of Puerto Rico",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}]},generic:{page:{slug:"open-access-funding",title:"Open Access Funding",intro:"
IntechOpen’s Academic Editors and Authors have received funding for their work through many well-known funders, including: the European Commission, Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, Wellcome Trust, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC), CGIAR Consortium of International Agricultural Research Centers, National Institute of Health (NIH), National Science Foundation (NSF), National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), German Research Foundation (DFG), Research Councils United Kingdom (RCUK), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Austrian Science Fund (FWF), Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT), Australian Research Council (ARC).
Open Access publication costs can often be designated directly in the grants or in specific budgets allocated for that purpose. Many of the most important funding organisations encourage, and even request, that the projects they fund are made available at no cost to the wider public. IntechOpen strives to maintain excellent relationships with these funders and ensures compliance with mandates.
\\n\\n
In order to help Authors identify appropriate funding agencies and institutions, we have created a list, based on extensive research on various OA resources (including ROARMAP and SHERPA/JULIET) of organizations that have funds available. Before consulting our list we encourage you to petition your own institution or organization for Open Access funds or check the specifications of your grant with your funder to ascertain if publication costs are included. Where you are in receipt of a grant you should clarify:
\\n\\n
\\n\\t
Does your institution already have a budget for covering Open Access publication costs?
\\n\\t
Does your grant list Open Access publication fees as legitimate direct/indirect costs?
\\n
\\n\\n
If you are associated with any of the institutions in our list below, you can apply to receive OA publication funds by following the instructions provided in the links. Please consult the Open Access policies or grant Terms and Conditions of any institution with which you are linked to explore ways to cover your publication costs (also accessible by clicking on the link in their title).
\\n\\n
Please note that this list is not a definitive one and is updated regularly. To suggest possible modifications or the inclusion of your institution/funder, please contact us at funders@intechopen.com
\\n\\n
Please be aware that you must be a member, or grantee, of the institutions/funders listed in order to apply for their Open Access publication funds.
Open Access publication costs can often be designated directly in the grants or in specific budgets allocated for that purpose. Many of the most important funding organisations encourage, and even request, that the projects they fund are made available at no cost to the wider public. IntechOpen strives to maintain excellent relationships with these funders and ensures compliance with mandates.
\n\n
In order to help Authors identify appropriate funding agencies and institutions, we have created a list, based on extensive research on various OA resources (including ROARMAP and SHERPA/JULIET) of organizations that have funds available. Before consulting our list we encourage you to petition your own institution or organization for Open Access funds or check the specifications of your grant with your funder to ascertain if publication costs are included. Where you are in receipt of a grant you should clarify:
\n\n
\n\t
Does your institution already have a budget for covering Open Access publication costs?
\n\t
Does your grant list Open Access publication fees as legitimate direct/indirect costs?
\n
\n\n
If you are associated with any of the institutions in our list below, you can apply to receive OA publication funds by following the instructions provided in the links. Please consult the Open Access policies or grant Terms and Conditions of any institution with which you are linked to explore ways to cover your publication costs (also accessible by clicking on the link in their title).
\n\n
Please note that this list is not a definitive one and is updated regularly. To suggest possible modifications or the inclusion of your institution/funder, please contact us at funders@intechopen.com
\n\n
Please be aware that you must be a member, or grantee, of the institutions/funders listed in order to apply for their Open Access publication funds.
\n'}]},successStories:{items:[]},authorsAndEditors:{filterParams:{},profiles:[{id:"396",title:"Dr.",name:"Vedran",middleName:null,surname:"Kordic",slug:"vedran-kordic",fullName:"Vedran Kordic",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/396/images/7281_n.png",biography:"After obtaining his Master's degree in Mechanical Engineering he continued his education at the Vienna University of Technology where he obtained his PhD degree in 2004. He worked as a researcher at the Automation and Control Institute, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Vienna University of Technology until 2008. His studies in robotics lead him not only to a PhD degree but also inspired him to co-found and build the International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems - world's first Open Access journal in the field of robotics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"TU Wien",country:{name:"Austria"}}},{id:"441",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Jaekyu",middleName:null,surname:"Park",slug:"jaekyu-park",fullName:"Jaekyu Park",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/441/images/1881_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"LG Corporation (South Korea)",country:{name:"Korea, South"}}},{id:"465",title:"Dr.",name:"Christian",middleName:null,surname:"Martens",slug:"christian-martens",fullName:"Christian Martens",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Rheinmetall (Germany)",country:{name:"Germany"}}},{id:"479",title:"Dr.",name:"Valentina",middleName:null,surname:"Colla",slug:"valentina-colla",fullName:"Valentina Colla",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/479/images/358_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sant'Anna School of Advanced Studies",country:{name:"Italy"}}},{id:"494",title:"PhD",name:"Loris",middleName:null,surname:"Nanni",slug:"loris-nanni",fullName:"Loris Nanni",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/494/images/system/494.jpg",biography:"Loris Nanni received his Master Degree cum laude on June-2002 from the University of Bologna, and the April 26th 2006 he received his Ph.D. in Computer Engineering at DEIS, University of Bologna. On September, 29th 2006 he has won a post PhD fellowship from the university of Bologna (from October 2006 to October 2008), at the competitive examination he was ranked first in the industrial engineering area. He extensively served as referee for several international journals. He is author/coauthor of more than 100 research papers. He has been involved in some projects supported by MURST and European Community. His research interests include pattern recognition, bioinformatics, and biometric systems (fingerprint classification and recognition, signature verification, face recognition).",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"496",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos",middleName:null,surname:"Leon",slug:"carlos-leon",fullName:"Carlos Leon",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Seville",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"512",title:"Dr.",name:"Dayang",middleName:null,surname:"Jawawi",slug:"dayang-jawawi",fullName:"Dayang Jawawi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Technology Malaysia",country:{name:"Malaysia"}}},{id:"528",title:"Dr.",name:"Kresimir",middleName:null,surname:"Delac",slug:"kresimir-delac",fullName:"Kresimir Delac",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/528/images/system/528.jpg",biography:"K. Delac received his B.Sc.E.E. degree in 2003 and is currentlypursuing a Ph.D. degree at the University of Zagreb, Faculty of Electrical Engineering andComputing. His current research interests are digital image analysis, pattern recognition andbiometrics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Zagreb",country:{name:"Croatia"}}},{id:"557",title:"Dr.",name:"Andon",middleName:"Venelinov",surname:"Topalov",slug:"andon-topalov",fullName:"Andon Topalov",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/557/images/1927_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Andon V. Topalov received the MSc degree in Control Engineering from the Faculty of Information Systems, Technologies, and Automation at Moscow State University of Civil Engineering (MGGU) in 1979. He then received his PhD degree in Control Engineering from the Department of Automation and Remote Control at Moscow State Mining University (MGSU), Moscow, in 1984. From 1985 to 1986, he was a Research Fellow in the Research Institute for Electronic Equipment, ZZU AD, Plovdiv, Bulgaria. In 1986, he joined the Department of Control Systems, Technical University of Sofia at the Plovdiv campus, where he is presently a Full Professor. He has held long-term visiting Professor/Scholar positions at various institutions in South Korea, Turkey, Mexico, Greece, Belgium, UK, and Germany. And he has coauthored one book and authored or coauthored more than 80 research papers in conference proceedings and journals. His current research interests are in the fields of intelligent control and robotics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Technical University of Sofia",country:{name:"Bulgaria"}}},{id:"585",title:"Prof.",name:"Munir",middleName:null,surname:"Merdan",slug:"munir-merdan",fullName:"Munir Merdan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/585/images/system/585.jpg",biography:"Munir Merdan received the M.Sc. degree in mechanical engineering from the Technical University of Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina, in 2001, and the Ph.D. degree in electrical engineering from the Vienna University of Technology, Vienna, Austria, in 2009.Since 2005, he has been at the Automation and Control Institute, Vienna University of Technology, where he is currently a Senior Researcher. His research interests include the application of agent technology for achieving agile control in the manufacturing environment.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"605",title:"Prof",name:"Dil",middleName:null,surname:"Hussain",slug:"dil-hussain",fullName:"Dil Hussain",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/605/images/system/605.jpg",biography:"Dr. Dil Muhammad Akbar Hussain is a professor of Electronics Engineering & Computer Science at the Department of Energy Technology, Aalborg University Denmark. Professor Akbar has a Master degree in Digital Electronics from Govt. College University, Lahore Pakistan and a P-hD degree in Control Engineering from the School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of Sussex United Kingdom. Aalborg University has Two Satellite Campuses, one in Copenhagen (Aalborg University Copenhagen) and the other in Esbjerg (Aalborg University Esbjerg).\n· He is a member of prestigious IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers), and IAENG (International Association of Engineers) organizations. \n· He is the chief Editor of the Journal of Software Engineering.\n· He is the member of the Editorial Board of International Journal of Computer Science and Software Technology (IJCSST) and International Journal of Computer Engineering and Information Technology. \n· He is also the Editor of Communication in Computer and Information Science CCIS-20 by Springer.\n· Reviewer For Many Conferences\nHe is the lead person in making collaboration agreements between Aalborg University and many universities of Pakistan, for which the MOU’s (Memorandum of Understanding) have been signed.\nProfessor Akbar is working in Academia since 1990, he started his career as a Lab demonstrator/TA at the University of Sussex. After finishing his P. hD degree in 1992, he served in the Industry as a Scientific Officer and continued his academic career as a visiting scholar for a number of educational institutions. In 1996 he joined National University of Science & Technology Pakistan (NUST) as an Associate Professor; NUST is one of the top few universities in Pakistan. In 1999 he joined an International Company Lineo Inc, Canada as Manager Compiler Group, where he headed the group for developing Compiler Tool Chain and Porting of Operating Systems for the BLACKfin processor. The processor development was a joint venture by Intel and Analog Devices. In 2002 Lineo Inc., was taken over by another company, so he joined Aalborg University Denmark as an Assistant Professor.\nProfessor Akbar has truly a multi-disciplined career and he continued his legacy and making progress in many areas of his interests both in teaching and research. He has contributed in stochastic estimation of control area especially, in the Multiple Target Tracking and Interactive Multiple Model (IMM) research, Ball & Beam Control Problem, Robotics, Levitation Control. He has contributed in developing Algorithms for Fingerprint Matching, Computer Vision and Face Recognition. He has been supervising Pattern Recognition, Formal Languages and Distributed Processing projects for several years. He has reviewed many books on Management, Computer Science. Currently, he is an active and permanent reviewer for many international conferences and symposia and the program committee member for many international conferences.\nIn teaching he has taught the core computer science subjects like, Digital Design, Real Time Embedded System Programming, Operating Systems, Software Engineering, Data Structures, Databases, Compiler Construction. In the Engineering side, Digital Signal Processing, Computer Architecture, Electronics Devices, Digital Filtering and Engineering Management.\nApart from his Academic Interest and activities he loves sport especially, Cricket, Football, Snooker and Squash. He plays cricket for Esbjerg city in the second division team as an opener wicket keeper batsman. He is a very good player of squash but has not played squash since his arrival in Denmark.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"611",title:"Prof.",name:"T",middleName:null,surname:"Nagarajan",slug:"t-nagarajan",fullName:"T Nagarajan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universiti Teknologi Petronas",country:{name:"Malaysia"}}}],filtersByRegion:[{group:"region",caption:"North America",value:1,count:13388},{group:"region",caption:"Middle and South America",value:2,count:11658},{group:"region",caption:"Africa",value:3,count:4168},{group:"region",caption:"Asia",value:4,count:22334},{group:"region",caption:"Australia and Oceania",value:5,count:2019},{group:"region",caption:"Europe",value:6,count:33638}],offset:12,limit:12,total:135272},chapterEmbeded:{data:{}},editorApplication:{success:null,errors:{}},ofsBooks:{filterParams:{topicId:"11"},books:[{type:"book",id:"11452",title:"Cryopreservation - Applications and Challenges",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"a6c3fd4384ff7deeab32fc82722c60e0",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Marian Quain",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11452.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"300385",title:"Dr.",name:"Marian",surname:"Quain",slug:"marian-quain",fullName:"Marian Quain"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11453",title:"Biomimetics - Bridging the Gap",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"173e62fa4d7bf5508cec3bdd8e3cb32d",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Ziyad S. Haidar",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11453.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"222709",title:"Prof.",name:"Ziyad S.",surname:"Haidar",slug:"ziyad-s.-haidar",fullName:"Ziyad S. Haidar"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11513",title:"Gas Sensors",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"8eeb7ab232fa8d5c723b61e0da251857",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Soumen Dhara and Dr. Gorachand Dutta",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11513.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"196334",title:"Dr.",name:"Soumen",surname:"Dhara",slug:"soumen-dhara",fullName:"Soumen Dhara"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11514",title:"Vision Sensors - Recent Advances",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"6da8427ef3062c142b4e9650a5fed534",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Francisco J. Gallegos-Funes",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11514.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"2868",title:"Dr.",name:"Francisco",surname:"Gallegos-Funes",slug:"francisco-gallegos-funes",fullName:"Francisco Gallegos-Funes"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11520",title:"Direct Torque Control",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"6504dee75dbbfd7792308293a8f1a27f",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Moulay Tahar Lamchich",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11520.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"21932",title:"Prof.",name:"Moulay Tahar",surname:"Lamchich",slug:"moulay-tahar-lamchich",fullName:"Moulay Tahar Lamchich"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11521",title:"Internal Combustion Engines - Recent Advances",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"99cc881bcb3efe05085f2728ccbeab6b",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Akaehomen Akii Ibhadode",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11521.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"253342",title:"Prof.",name:"Akaehomen",surname:"Ibhadode",slug:"akaehomen-ibhadode",fullName:"Akaehomen Ibhadode"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11526",title:"Mass Production in the Industry 4.0 Era",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"082678c3d4e60a3ac282f3f2309379d4",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Tamás Bányai",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11526.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"201248",title:"Dr.",name:"Tamás",surname:"Bányai",slug:"tamas-banyai",fullName:"Tamás Bányai"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11527",title:"Six Sigma and Quality Management",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"7c2744454ba90e8d6cf507e167cc3779",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Paulo Pereira and Dr. Sandra Xavier",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11527.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"178637",title:"Dr.",name:"Paulo",surname:"Pereira",slug:"paulo-pereira",fullName:"Paulo Pereira"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11533",title:"Advances in Green Electronics Technologies",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"209fb1d781e97e58e1b2098b8976e2c3",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Albert Sabban",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11533.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"16889",title:"Dr.",name:"Albert",surname:"Sabban",slug:"albert-sabban",fullName:"Albert Sabban"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11535",title:"Recent Research Trends in Sustainable Energy Conversion",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"8a29db15e41fcfcb6d49fa1ecc670318",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Arunkumar Chandrasekhar",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11535.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"226215",title:"Prof.",name:"Arunkumar",surname:"Chandrasekhar",slug:"arunkumar-chandrasekhar",fullName:"Arunkumar Chandrasekhar"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11538",title:"Updates on Supercapacitors",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"defe620d92b00d7a1b12b939941b7528",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Zoran M. Stevic",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11538.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"30692",title:"Dr.",name:"Zoran",surname:"Stevic",slug:"zoran-stevic",fullName:"Zoran Stevic"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11539",title:"Thermal Power Plants - Modeling, Control, and Optimization",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"1c3acd9b5f01439c18515d73d41b830d",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Paweł Madejski",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11539.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"179645",title:"Dr.",name:"Paweł",surname:"Madejski",slug:"pawel-madejski",fullName:"Paweł Madejski"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],filtersByTopic:[{group:"topic",caption:"Agricultural and Biological Sciences",value:5,count:28},{group:"topic",caption:"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology",value:6,count:8},{group:"topic",caption:"Business, Management and Economics",value:7,count:4},{group:"topic",caption:"Chemistry",value:8,count:17},{group:"topic",caption:"Computer and Information Science",value:9,count:18},{group:"topic",caption:"Earth and Planetary Sciences",value:10,count:8},{group:"topic",caption:"Engineering",value:11,count:45},{group:"topic",caption:"Environmental Sciences",value:12,count:6},{group:"topic",caption:"Immunology and Microbiology",value:13,count:10},{group:"topic",caption:"Materials Science",value:14,count:17},{group:"topic",caption:"Mathematics",value:15,count:9},{group:"topic",caption:"Medicine",value:16,count:74},{group:"topic",caption:"Nanotechnology and Nanomaterials",value:17,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Neuroscience",value:18,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutical Science",value:19,count:6},{group:"topic",caption:"Physics",value:20,count:6},{group:"topic",caption:"Psychology",value:21,count:6},{group:"topic",caption:"Robotics",value:22,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Social Sciences",value:23,count:8},{group:"topic",caption:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",value:25,count:2}],offset:12,limit:12,total:64},popularBooks:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"7827",title:"Interpersonal Relationships",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ebf41f4d17c75010eb3294cc8cac3d47",slug:"interpersonal-relationships",bookSignature:"Martha Peaslee Levine",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7827.jpg",editors:[{id:"186919",title:"Dr.",name:"Martha",middleName:null,surname:"Peaslee Levine",slug:"martha-peaslee-levine",fullName:"Martha Peaslee Levine"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10808",title:"Current Concepts in Dental Implantology",subtitle:"From Science to Clinical Research",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4af8830e463f89c57515c2da2b9777b0",slug:"current-concepts-in-dental-implantology-from-science-to-clinical-research",bookSignature:"Dragana Gabrić and Marko Vuletić",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10808.jpg",editors:[{id:"26946",title:"Prof.",name:"Dragana",middleName:null,surname:"Gabrić",slug:"dragana-gabric",fullName:"Dragana Gabrić"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10908",title:"Advances in Decision Making",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"126486f7f91e18e2e3539a32c38be7b1",slug:"advances-in-decision-making",bookSignature:"Fausto Pedro García Márquez",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10908.jpg",editors:[{id:"22844",title:"Prof.",name:"Fausto Pedro",middleName:null,surname:"García Márquez",slug:"fausto-pedro-garcia-marquez",fullName:"Fausto Pedro García Márquez"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10796",title:"Extracellular Vesicles",subtitle:"Role in Diseases, Pathogenesis and Therapy",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"eb5407fcf93baff7bca3fae5640153a2",slug:"extracellular-vesicles-role-in-diseases-pathogenesis-and-therapy",bookSignature:"Manash K. Paul",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10796.jpg",editors:[{id:"319365",title:"Assistant Prof.",name:"Manash K.",middleName:null,surname:"Paul",slug:"manash-k.-paul",fullName:"Manash K. Paul"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11263",title:"Supply Chain",subtitle:"Recent Advances and New Perspectives in the Industry 4.0 Era",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"aab634c9c1f9a692c1e9881d18e9c9b7",slug:"supply-chain-recent-advances-and-new-perspectives-in-the-industry-4-0-era",bookSignature:"Tamás Bányai, Ágota Bányai and Ireneusz Kaczmar",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11263.jpg",editors:[{id:"201248",title:"Dr.",name:"Tamás",middleName:null,surname:"Bányai",slug:"tamas-banyai",fullName:"Tamás Bányai"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10739",title:"Global Decline of Insects",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"543783652b9092962a8fa4bed38eeb17",slug:"global-decline-of-insects",bookSignature:"Hamadttu Abdel Farag El-Shafie",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10739.jpg",editors:[{id:"192142",title:"Dr.",name:"Hamadttu",middleName:null,surname:"Abdel Farag El-Shafie",slug:"hamadttu-abdel-farag-el-shafie",fullName:"Hamadttu Abdel Farag El-Shafie"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10911",title:"Higher Education",subtitle:"New Approaches to Accreditation, Digitalization, and Globalization in the Age of Covid",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"223a02337498e535e967174c1f648fbc",slug:"higher-education-new-approaches-to-accreditation-digitalization-and-globalization-in-the-age-of-covid",bookSignature:"Lee Waller and Sharon Waller",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10911.jpg",editors:[{id:"263301",title:"Dr.",name:"Lee",middleName:null,surname:"Waller",slug:"lee-waller",fullName:"Lee Waller"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10669",title:"Corrosion",subtitle:"Fundamentals and Protection Mechanisms",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4a76d54f8a40fc2e7002a8d13fd617c1",slug:"corrosion-fundamentals-and-protection-mechanisms",bookSignature:"Fahmina Zafar, Anujit Ghosal and Eram Sharmin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10669.jpg",editors:[{id:"89672",title:"Dr.",name:"Fahmina",middleName:null,surname:"Zafar",slug:"fahmina-zafar",fullName:"Fahmina Zafar"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"95",title:"Applications and Experiences of Quality Control",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4bcb22b1eee68210a977a97d5a0f363a",slug:"applications-and-experiences-of-quality-control",bookSignature:"Ognyan Ivanov",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/95.jpg",editors:[{id:"22230",title:"Prof.",name:"Ognyan",middleName:null,surname:"Ivanov",slug:"ognyan-ivanov",fullName:"Ognyan Ivanov"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"2160",title:"MATLAB",subtitle:"A Fundamental Tool for Scientific Computing and Engineering Applications - Volume 1",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"dd9c658341fbd264ed4f8d9e6aa8ca29",slug:"matlab-a-fundamental-tool-for-scientific-computing-and-engineering-applications-volume-1",bookSignature:"Vasilios N. Katsikis",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2160.jpg",editors:[{id:"12289",title:"Prof.",name:"Vasilios",middleName:"N.",surname:"Katsikis",slug:"vasilios-katsikis",fullName:"Vasilios Katsikis"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"3560",title:"Advances in Landscape Architecture",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a20614517ec5f7e91188fe8e42832138",slug:"advances-in-landscape-architecture",bookSignature:"Murat Özyavuz",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3560.jpg",editors:[{id:"93073",title:"Dr.",name:"Murat",middleName:null,surname:"Ozyavuz",slug:"murat-ozyavuz",fullName:"Murat Ozyavuz"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"3568",title:"Recent Advances in Plant in vitro Culture",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"830bbb601742c85a3fb0eeafe1454c43",slug:"recent-advances-in-plant-in-vitro-culture",bookSignature:"Annarita Leva and Laura M. R. Rinaldi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3568.jpg",editors:[{id:"142145",title:"Dr.",name:"Annarita",middleName:null,surname:"Leva",slug:"annarita-leva",fullName:"Annarita Leva"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],offset:12,limit:12,total:4805},hotBookTopics:{hotBooks:[],offset:0,limit:12,total:null},publish:{},publishingProposal:{success:null,errors:{}},books:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"7827",title:"Interpersonal Relationships",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ebf41f4d17c75010eb3294cc8cac3d47",slug:"interpersonal-relationships",bookSignature:"Martha Peaslee Levine",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7827.jpg",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",numberOfDownloads:7107,editors:[{id:"186919",title:"Dr.",name:"Martha",middleName:null,surname:"Peaslee Levine",slug:"martha-peaslee-levine",fullName:"Martha Peaslee Levine"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10808",title:"Current Concepts in Dental Implantology",subtitle:"From Science to Clinical Research",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4af8830e463f89c57515c2da2b9777b0",slug:"current-concepts-in-dental-implantology-from-science-to-clinical-research",bookSignature:"Dragana Gabrić and Marko Vuletić",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10808.jpg",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",numberOfDownloads:1955,editors:[{id:"26946",title:"Prof.",name:"Dragana",middleName:null,surname:"Gabrić",slug:"dragana-gabric",fullName:"Dragana Gabrić"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10908",title:"Advances in Decision Making",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"126486f7f91e18e2e3539a32c38be7b1",slug:"advances-in-decision-making",bookSignature:"Fausto Pedro García Márquez",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10908.jpg",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",numberOfDownloads:1452,editors:[{id:"22844",title:"Prof.",name:"Fausto Pedro",middleName:null,surname:"García Márquez",slug:"fausto-pedro-garcia-marquez",fullName:"Fausto Pedro García Márquez"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10796",title:"Extracellular Vesicles",subtitle:"Role in Diseases, Pathogenesis and Therapy",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"eb5407fcf93baff7bca3fae5640153a2",slug:"extracellular-vesicles-role-in-diseases-pathogenesis-and-therapy",bookSignature:"Manash K. Paul",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10796.jpg",publishedDate:"July 20th 2022",numberOfDownloads:2289,editors:[{id:"319365",title:"Assistant Prof.",name:"Manash K.",middleName:null,surname:"Paul",slug:"manash-k.-paul",fullName:"Manash K. Paul"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11263",title:"Supply Chain",subtitle:"Recent Advances and New Perspectives in the Industry 4.0 Era",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"aab634c9c1f9a692c1e9881d18e9c9b7",slug:"supply-chain-recent-advances-and-new-perspectives-in-the-industry-4-0-era",bookSignature:"Tamás Bányai, Ágota Bányai and Ireneusz Kaczmar",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11263.jpg",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",numberOfDownloads:888,editors:[{id:"201248",title:"Dr.",name:"Tamás",middleName:null,surname:"Bányai",slug:"tamas-banyai",fullName:"Tamás Bányai"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10739",title:"Global Decline of Insects",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"543783652b9092962a8fa4bed38eeb17",slug:"global-decline-of-insects",bookSignature:"Hamadttu Abdel Farag El-Shafie",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10739.jpg",publishedDate:"July 20th 2022",numberOfDownloads:1566,editors:[{id:"192142",title:"Dr.",name:"Hamadttu",middleName:null,surname:"Abdel Farag El-Shafie",slug:"hamadttu-abdel-farag-el-shafie",fullName:"Hamadttu Abdel Farag El-Shafie"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10911",title:"Higher Education",subtitle:"New Approaches to Accreditation, Digitalization, and Globalization in the Age of Covid",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"223a02337498e535e967174c1f648fbc",slug:"higher-education-new-approaches-to-accreditation-digitalization-and-globalization-in-the-age-of-covid",bookSignature:"Lee Waller and Sharon Waller",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10911.jpg",publishedDate:"July 13th 2022",numberOfDownloads:2054,editors:[{id:"263301",title:"Dr.",name:"Lee",middleName:null,surname:"Waller",slug:"lee-waller",fullName:"Lee Waller"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10669",title:"Corrosion",subtitle:"Fundamentals and Protection Mechanisms",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4a76d54f8a40fc2e7002a8d13fd617c1",slug:"corrosion-fundamentals-and-protection-mechanisms",bookSignature:"Fahmina Zafar, Anujit Ghosal and Eram Sharmin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10669.jpg",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",numberOfDownloads:780,editors:[{id:"89672",title:"Dr.",name:"Fahmina",middleName:null,surname:"Zafar",slug:"fahmina-zafar",fullName:"Fahmina Zafar"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"95",title:"Applications and Experiences of Quality Control",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4bcb22b1eee68210a977a97d5a0f363a",slug:"applications-and-experiences-of-quality-control",bookSignature:"Ognyan Ivanov",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/95.jpg",publishedDate:"April 26th 2011",numberOfDownloads:318480,editors:[{id:"22230",title:"Prof.",name:"Ognyan",middleName:null,surname:"Ivanov",slug:"ognyan-ivanov",fullName:"Ognyan Ivanov"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"2160",title:"MATLAB",subtitle:"A Fundamental Tool for Scientific Computing and Engineering Applications - Volume 1",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"dd9c658341fbd264ed4f8d9e6aa8ca29",slug:"matlab-a-fundamental-tool-for-scientific-computing-and-engineering-applications-volume-1",bookSignature:"Vasilios N. Katsikis",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2160.jpg",publishedDate:"September 26th 2012",numberOfDownloads:271760,editors:[{id:"12289",title:"Prof.",name:"Vasilios",middleName:"N.",surname:"Katsikis",slug:"vasilios-katsikis",fullName:"Vasilios Katsikis"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],latestBooks:[{type:"book",id:"10808",title:"Current Concepts in Dental Implantology",subtitle:"From Science to Clinical Research",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4af8830e463f89c57515c2da2b9777b0",slug:"current-concepts-in-dental-implantology-from-science-to-clinical-research",bookSignature:"Dragana Gabrić and Marko Vuletić",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10808.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",editors:[{id:"26946",title:"Prof.",name:"Dragana",middleName:null,surname:"Gabrić",slug:"dragana-gabric",fullName:"Dragana Gabrić"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11328",title:"Botulinum Toxin",subtitle:"Recent Topics and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"7dd05a316001cef143e209eda51387a7",slug:"botulinum-toxin-recent-topics-and-applications",bookSignature:"Suna Sabuncuoglu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11328.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",editors:[{id:"270856",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Suna",middleName:null,surname:"Sabuncuoglu",slug:"suna-sabuncuoglu",fullName:"Suna Sabuncuoglu"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11085",title:"Polycystic Ovary Syndrome",subtitle:"Functional Investigation and Clinical Application",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"3066dd3ff29e1fac072fd60b08d4d3e7",slug:"polycystic-ovary-syndrome-functional-investigation-and-clinical-application",bookSignature:"Zhengchao Wang",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11085.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",editors:[{id:"204883",title:"Dr.",name:"Zhengchao",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",slug:"zhengchao-wang",fullName:"Zhengchao Wang"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10833",title:"Tumor Angiogenesis and Modulators",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f29b575c46128b2da061ef7f9bd1070b",slug:"tumor-angiogenesis-and-modulators",bookSignature:"Ke Xu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10833.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",editors:[{id:"59529",title:"Dr.",name:"Ke",middleName:null,surname:"Xu",slug:"ke-xu",fullName:"Ke Xu"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11356",title:"Molecular Cloning",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"671c629dd86e97f0fb467b9e70e92296",slug:"molecular-cloning",bookSignature:"Sadık Dincer, Hatice Aysun Mercimek Takcı and Melis Sumengen Ozdenef",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11356.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",editors:[{id:"188141",title:"Prof.",name:"Sadik",middleName:null,surname:"Dincer",slug:"sadik-dincer",fullName:"Sadik Dincer"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7827",title:"Interpersonal Relationships",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ebf41f4d17c75010eb3294cc8cac3d47",slug:"interpersonal-relationships",bookSignature:"Martha Peaslee Levine",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7827.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",editors:[{id:"186919",title:"Dr.",name:"Martha",middleName:null,surname:"Peaslee Levine",slug:"martha-peaslee-levine",fullName:"Martha Peaslee Levine"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10908",title:"Advances in Decision Making",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"126486f7f91e18e2e3539a32c38be7b1",slug:"advances-in-decision-making",bookSignature:"Fausto Pedro García Márquez",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10908.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",editors:[{id:"22844",title:"Prof.",name:"Fausto Pedro",middleName:null,surname:"García Márquez",slug:"fausto-pedro-garcia-marquez",fullName:"Fausto Pedro García Márquez"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10669",title:"Corrosion",subtitle:"Fundamentals and Protection Mechanisms",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4a76d54f8a40fc2e7002a8d13fd617c1",slug:"corrosion-fundamentals-and-protection-mechanisms",bookSignature:"Fahmina Zafar, Anujit Ghosal and Eram Sharmin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10669.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",editors:[{id:"89672",title:"Dr.",name:"Fahmina",middleName:null,surname:"Zafar",slug:"fahmina-zafar",fullName:"Fahmina Zafar"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10677",title:"Advanced Topics of Topology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"bf964c52f9e653fac20a7fcab58070e5",slug:"advanced-topics-of-topology",bookSignature:"Francisco Bulnes",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10677.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",editors:[{id:"92918",title:"Dr.",name:"Francisco",middleName:null,surname:"Bulnes",slug:"francisco-bulnes",fullName:"Francisco Bulnes"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11195",title:"Recent Advances in Biometrics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"2d32e33e0f499cb5241734bb75dd2a83",slug:"recent-advances-in-biometrics",bookSignature:"Muhammad Sarfraz",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11195.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",editors:[{id:"215610",title:"Prof.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Sarfraz",slug:"muhammad-sarfraz",fullName:"Muhammad Sarfraz"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},subject:{topic:{id:"153",title:"Biochemistry",slug:"materials-science-biochemistry",parent:{id:"14",title:"Materials Science",slug:"materials-science"},numberOfBooks:26,numberOfSeries:0,numberOfAuthorsAndEditors:751,numberOfWosCitations:2513,numberOfCrossrefCitations:1392,numberOfDimensionsCitations:3080,videoUrl:null,fallbackUrl:null,description:null},booksByTopicFilter:{topicId:"153",sort:"-publishedDate",limit:12,offset:0},booksByTopicCollection:[{type:"book",id:"7434",title:"Molecular Biotechnology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"eceede809920e1ec7ecadd4691ede2ec",slug:"molecular-biotechnology",bookSignature:"Sergey Sedykh",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7434.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"178316",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Sergey",middleName:null,surname:"Sedykh",slug:"sergey-sedykh",fullName:"Sergey Sedykh"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7012",title:"Biochemical Testing",subtitle:"Clinical Correlation and Diagnosis",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"1aa28a784b136633d827933ad91fe621",slug:"biochemical-testing-clinical-correlation-and-diagnosis",bookSignature:"Varaprasad Bobbarala, Gaffar Sarwar Zaman, Mohd Nasir Mohd Desa and Abdah Md Akim",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7012.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"207119",title:"Dr.",name:"Varaprasad",middleName:null,surname:"Bobbarala PhD",slug:"varaprasad-bobbarala-phd",fullName:"Varaprasad Bobbarala PhD"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8244",title:"New Advances on Fermentation Processes",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d14302686630dee0aa70e9dda9540c27",slug:"new-advances-on-fermentation-processes",bookSignature:"Rosa María Martínez-Espinosa",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8244.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"165627",title:"Dr.",name:"Rosa María",middleName:null,surname:"Martínez-Espinosa",slug:"rosa-maria-martinez-espinosa",fullName:"Rosa María Martínez-Espinosa"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6202",title:"Applications of Modified Starches",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9d5fc4b642d47ae13c608ceaa38cf554",slug:"applications-of-modified-starches",bookSignature:"Emmanuel Flores Huicochea and Rodolfo Rendón Villalobos",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6202.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"206705",title:"Dr.",name:"Emmanuel",middleName:null,surname:"Flores Huicochea",slug:"emmanuel-flores-huicochea",fullName:"Emmanuel Flores Huicochea"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6185",title:"Lignin",subtitle:"Trends and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"3c0b9e64cd29f76f5de2dc06531633ce",slug:"lignin-trends-and-applications",bookSignature:"Matheus Poletto",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6185.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"140017",title:"Dr.",name:"Matheus",middleName:null,surname:"Poletto",slug:"matheus-poletto",fullName:"Matheus Poletto"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6001",title:"Acrylic Polymers in Healthcare",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"598f8fc0a85fde7d5cea05aa541f2ea5",slug:"acrylic-polymers-in-healthcare",bookSignature:"Boreddy S.R. Reddy",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6001.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"16251",title:"Dr.",name:"Boreddy",middleName:"S.R.",surname:"Reddy",slug:"boreddy-reddy",fullName:"Boreddy Reddy"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"5904",title:"Aspects of Polyurethanes",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"514b1dfa3811606d3dd5faf2c4f3ef30",slug:"aspects-of-polyurethanes",bookSignature:"Faris Yilmaz",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5904.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"36900",title:"Dr.",name:"Faris",middleName:"Sad",surname:"Yılmaz",slug:"faris-yilmaz",fullName:"Faris Yılmaz"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"5919",title:"Elastomers",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5c1ca61ab151481bb9e7da3fd463cf14",slug:"elastomers",bookSignature:"Nevin Cankaya",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5919.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"175645",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Nevin",middleName:null,surname:"Çankaya",slug:"nevin-cankaya",fullName:"Nevin Çankaya"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"5365",title:"Adhesives",subtitle:"Applications and Properties",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c2b4cabdd0f77b9b7ab6d38eb8392873",slug:"adhesives-applications-and-properties",bookSignature:"Anna Rudawska",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5365.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"110857",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Anna",middleName:null,surname:"Rudawska",slug:"anna-rudawska",fullName:"Anna Rudawska"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"5260",title:"Conducting Polymers",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5b1132e8d69de0d37de11869d8b87543",slug:"conducting-polymers",bookSignature:"Faris Yilmaz",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5260.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"36900",title:"Dr.",name:"Faris",middleName:"Sad",surname:"Yılmaz",slug:"faris-yilmaz",fullName:"Faris Yılmaz"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"5302",title:"Viscoelastic and Viscoplastic Materials",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"b83c0ce566156f818b8e19bbf24366ab",slug:"viscoelastic-and-viscoplastic-materials",bookSignature:"Mohamed Fathy El-Amin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5302.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"17141",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohamed",middleName:"F.",surname:"El-Amin",slug:"mohamed-el-amin",fullName:"Mohamed El-Amin"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"5251",title:"Emerging Concepts in Analysis and Applications of Hydrogels",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e3ca3de461f0eeb54055b0b83de89bc7",slug:"emerging-concepts-in-analysis-and-applications-of-hydrogels",bookSignature:"Sutapa Biswas Majee",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5251.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"100703",title:"Dr.",name:"Sutapa",middleName:null,surname:"Biswas Majee",slug:"sutapa-biswas-majee",fullName:"Sutapa Biswas Majee"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],booksByTopicTotal:26,seriesByTopicCollection:[],seriesByTopicTotal:0,mostCitedChapters:[{id:"38964",doi:"10.5772/48779",title:"Microwave Absorption and EMI Shielding Behavior of Nanocomposites Based on Intrinsically Conducting Polymers, Graphene and Carbon Nanotubes",slug:"microwave-absorption-and-emi-shielding-behavior-of-nanocomposites-based-on-intrinsically-conducting-",totalDownloads:13658,totalCrossrefCites:69,totalDimensionsCites:146,abstract:null,book:{id:"3043",slug:"new-polymers-for-special-applications",title:"New Polymers for Special Applications",fullTitle:"New Polymers for Special Applications"},signatures:"Parveen Saini and Manju Arora",authors:[{id:"149897",title:"Dr.",name:"Parveen",middleName:null,surname:"Saini",slug:"parveen-saini",fullName:"Parveen Saini"},{id:"156193",title:"Dr.",name:"Manju",middleName:null,surname:"Arora",slug:"manju-arora",fullName:"Manju Arora"}]},{id:"51535",doi:"10.5772/64301",title:"An Introduction to Hydrogels and Some Recent Applications",slug:"an-introduction-to-hydrogels-and-some-recent-applications",totalDownloads:11719,totalCrossrefCites:70,totalDimensionsCites:140,abstract:"Hydrogels have existed for more than half a century, and today they have many applications in various processes ranging from industrial to biological. There are numerous original papers, reviews, and monographs focused on the synthesis, properties, and applications of hydrogels. This chapter covers the fundamental aspects and several applications of hydrogels based on the old and the most recent publications in this field.",book:{id:"5251",slug:"emerging-concepts-in-analysis-and-applications-of-hydrogels",title:"Emerging Concepts in Analysis and Applications of Hydrogels",fullTitle:"Emerging Concepts in Analysis and Applications of Hydrogels"},signatures:"Morteza Bahram, Naimeh Mohseni and Mehdi Moghtader",authors:[{id:"179718",title:"Prof.",name:"Morteza",middleName:null,surname:"Bahram",slug:"morteza-bahram",fullName:"Morteza Bahram"},{id:"185713",title:"Dr.",name:"Naimeh",middleName:null,surname:"Mohseni",slug:"naimeh-mohseni",fullName:"Naimeh Mohseni"},{id:"185714",title:"Dr.",name:"Mehdi",middleName:null,surname:"Moghtader",slug:"mehdi-moghtader",fullName:"Mehdi Moghtader"}]},{id:"39405",doi:"10.5772/48612",title:"Degradation and Recyclability of Poly (Ethylene Terephthalate)",slug:"degradation-and-recyclability-of-poly-ethylene-terephthalate-",totalDownloads:19196,totalCrossrefCites:52,totalDimensionsCites:100,abstract:null,book:{id:"2383",slug:"polyester",title:"Polyester",fullTitle:"Polyester"},signatures:"S. Venkatachalam, Shilpa G. Nayak, Jayprakash V. Labde, Prashant R. Gharal, Krishna Rao and Anil K. Kelkar",authors:[{id:"146591",title:"Dr.",name:"S",middleName:null,surname:"Venkatachalam",slug:"s-venkatachalam",fullName:"S Venkatachalam"}]},{id:"38965",doi:"10.5772/48758",title:"Oxidative Polymerization of Aniline: Molecular Synthesis of Polyaniline and the Formation of Supramolecular Structures",slug:"oxidative-polymerization-of-aniline-molecular-synthesis-of-polyaniline-and-the-formation-of-supramol",totalDownloads:20318,totalCrossrefCites:33,totalDimensionsCites:93,abstract:null,book:{id:"3043",slug:"new-polymers-for-special-applications",title:"New Polymers for Special Applications",fullTitle:"New Polymers for Special Applications"},signatures:"I.Yu. Sapurina and M.A. Shishov",authors:[{id:"149374",title:"Dr.",name:"Irina",middleName:"Yurievna",surname:"Sapurina",slug:"irina-sapurina",fullName:"Irina Sapurina"}]},{id:"38901",doi:"10.5772/46094",title:"Plant Cell Wall Polymers: Function, Structure and Biological Activity of Their Derivatives",slug:"plant-cell-wall-polymers-function-structure-and-biological-activity-of-their-derivatives",totalDownloads:8326,totalCrossrefCites:35,totalDimensionsCites:92,abstract:null,book:{id:"2385",slug:"polymerization",title:"Polymerization",fullTitle:"Polymerization"},signatures:"Marisol Ochoa-Villarreal, Emmanuel Aispuro-Hernández, Irasema Vargas-Arispuro and Miguel Ángel Martínez-Téllez",authors:[{id:"65387",title:"Dr.",name:"Miguel Angel",middleName:"Angel",surname:"Martinez-Tellez",slug:"miguel-angel-martinez-tellez",fullName:"Miguel Angel Martinez-Tellez"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"51535",title:"An Introduction to Hydrogels and Some Recent Applications",slug:"an-introduction-to-hydrogels-and-some-recent-applications",totalDownloads:11714,totalCrossrefCites:70,totalDimensionsCites:141,abstract:"Hydrogels have existed for more than half a century, and today they have many applications in various processes ranging from industrial to biological. There are numerous original papers, reviews, and monographs focused on the synthesis, properties, and applications of hydrogels. This chapter covers the fundamental aspects and several applications of hydrogels based on the old and the most recent publications in this field.",book:{id:"5251",slug:"emerging-concepts-in-analysis-and-applications-of-hydrogels",title:"Emerging Concepts in Analysis and Applications of Hydrogels",fullTitle:"Emerging Concepts in Analysis and Applications of Hydrogels"},signatures:"Morteza Bahram, Naimeh Mohseni and Mehdi Moghtader",authors:[{id:"179718",title:"Prof.",name:"Morteza",middleName:null,surname:"Bahram",slug:"morteza-bahram",fullName:"Morteza Bahram"},{id:"185713",title:"Dr.",name:"Naimeh",middleName:null,surname:"Mohseni",slug:"naimeh-mohseni",fullName:"Naimeh Mohseni"},{id:"185714",title:"Dr.",name:"Mehdi",middleName:null,surname:"Moghtader",slug:"mehdi-moghtader",fullName:"Mehdi Moghtader"}]},{id:"41941",title:"Introduction of Fibre-Reinforced Polymers − Polymers and Composites: Concepts, Properties and Processes",slug:"introduction-of-fibre-reinforced-polymers-polymers-and-composites-concepts-properties-and-processes",totalDownloads:28028,totalCrossrefCites:35,totalDimensionsCites:81,abstract:null,book:{id:"2828",slug:"fiber-reinforced-polymers-the-technology-applied-for-concrete-repair",title:"Fiber Reinforced Polymers",fullTitle:"Fiber Reinforced Polymers - The Technology Applied for Concrete Repair"},signatures:"Martin Alberto Masuelli",authors:[{id:"99994",title:"Dr.",name:"Martin",middleName:"Alberto",surname:"Alberto Masuelli",slug:"martin-alberto-masuelli",fullName:"Martin Alberto Masuelli"}]},{id:"39416",title:"Unsaturated Polyester Resin for Specialty Applications",slug:"unsaturated-polyester-resin-for-specialty-applications",totalDownloads:25674,totalCrossrefCites:20,totalDimensionsCites:42,abstract:null,book:{id:"2383",slug:"polyester",title:"Polyester",fullTitle:"Polyester"},signatures:"Bharat Dholakiya",authors:[{id:"144754",title:"Dr.",name:"Bharat",middleName:"Z",surname:"Dholakiya",slug:"bharat-dholakiya",fullName:"Bharat Dholakiya"}]},{id:"52363",title:"Experimental Investigation on the Self-Healing Efficiency of Araldite 2011 Adhesive Reinforced with Thermoplastic Microparticles",slug:"experimental-investigation-on-the-self-healing-efficiency-of-araldite-2011-adhesive-reinforced-with-",totalDownloads:2200,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:6,abstract:"Newly developed self-healing technologies allow self-repair of adhesively bonded joints without the need for replacing the damaged joint with a new one. This study addresses to define experimentally the self-healing ability and efficiency of the Araldite 2011 epoxy adhesive reinforced with the thermoplastic co-polyester (TPC). Heating the joint results in melting the co-polyester in adhesive, and then it is expected to repair the damaged region by the melted co-polyester. Firstly, before applying the self-healing process, a preliminary study was applied to define whether selected adhesive is compatible with the thermoplastic particles in terms of self-healing. From the initial results, it is seen that Araldite 2011 adhesive is suitable for use in the self-healing mechanism. In the healing cycle, initial crack in the reinforced adhesive was propagated until 30 mm during the double cantilever beam (DCB) testing. The fractured specimens were repeatedly healed in terms of the close-then-heal (CTH) scheme until no healing has taken place. After the healing process was completed, the healing efficiency was defined using the fracture energy values. In this study, the healing process was repeated two times with the acceptable healing efficiencies. It is concluded that the damaged reinforced adhesive can repair itself with a considerable healing efficiency.",book:{id:"5365",slug:"adhesives-applications-and-properties",title:"Adhesives",fullTitle:"Adhesives - Applications and Properties"},signatures:"Halil Özer and Engin Erbayrak",authors:[{id:"186177",title:"Prof.",name:"Halil",middleName:null,surname:"Ozer",slug:"halil-ozer",fullName:"Halil Ozer"},{id:"187497",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Engin",middleName:null,surname:"Erbayrak",slug:"engin-erbayrak",fullName:"Engin Erbayrak"}]},{id:"56158",title:"Natural Rubber and its Derivatives",slug:"natural-rubber-and-its-derivatives",totalDownloads:2903,totalCrossrefCites:5,totalDimensionsCites:7,abstract:"This chapter summarizes various types of chemical modification of natural rubber (NR). These chemically modified NRs are known as NR derivatives. Chemical modification reviewed includes chemical modification without introducing new atom such as cyclized natural rubber and deproteinized natural rubber (DPNR), modification by introducing a chemical group such as hydrogenated natural rubber (HNR), chlorinated natural rubber (CNR) and epoxidized natural rubber (ENR) and lastly modification by grafting on NR. Grafting can be carried out using DPNR latex to yield styrene‐grafted‐NR, methyl methacrylate‐grafted‐NR and styrene and methyl methacrylate‐grafted‐NR. The NR derivatives are reviewed in terms of their preparation, mechanism, properties and applications.",book:{id:"5919",slug:"elastomers",title:"Elastomers",fullTitle:"Elastomers"},signatures:"Azanam Shah Hashim and Siew Kooi Ong",authors:[{id:"200848",title:"Prof.",name:"Azanam Shah",middleName:null,surname:"Hashim",slug:"azanam-shah-hashim",fullName:"Azanam Shah Hashim"},{id:"205691",title:"Dr.",name:"Siew Kooi",middleName:null,surname:"Ong",slug:"siew-kooi-ong",fullName:"Siew Kooi Ong"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"153",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:0},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:8,limit:8,total:0},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:90,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:107,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:33,numberOfPublishedChapters:330,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:18,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:14,numberOfPublishedChapters:145,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:139,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:122,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:112,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:21,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:10,numberOfOpenTopics:1,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:5,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-6580",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"6",text:"It is great to work with the IntechOpen to produce a worthwhile collection of research that also becomes a great educational resource and guide for future research endeavors.",author:{id:"259298",name:"Edward",surname:"Narayan",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",slug:"edward-narayan",institution:{id:"3",name:"University of Queensland",country:{id:null,name:"Australia"}}}},{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. The whole process of submitting an article and editing of the submitted article goes extremely smooth and fast, the number of reads and downloads of chapters is high, and the contributions are also frequently cited.",author:{id:"55578",name:"Antonio",surname:"Jurado-Navas",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRisIQAS/Profile_Picture_1626166543950",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",institution:{id:"720",name:"University of Malaga",country:{id:null,name:"Spain"}}}}]},series:{item:{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",issn:"2631-5343",scope:"Biomedical Engineering is one of the fastest-growing interdisciplinary branches of science and industry. The combination of electronics and computer science with biology and medicine has improved patient diagnosis, reduced rehabilitation time, and helped to facilitate a better quality of life. Nowadays, all medical imaging devices, medical instruments, or new laboratory techniques result from the cooperation of specialists in various fields. The series of Biomedical Engineering books covers such areas of knowledge as chemistry, physics, electronics, medicine, and biology. This series is intended for doctors, engineers, and scientists involved in biomedical engineering or those wanting to start working in this field.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/7.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"August 3rd, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfPublishedBooks:12,editor:{id:"50150",title:"Prof.",name:"Robert",middleName:null,surname:"Koprowski",slug:"robert-koprowski",fullName:"Robert Koprowski",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYTYNQA4/Profile_Picture_1630478535317",biography:"Robert Koprowski, MD (1997), PhD (2003), Habilitation (2015), is an employee of the University of Silesia, Poland, Institute of Computer Science, Department of Biomedical Computer Systems. For 20 years, he has studied the analysis and processing of biomedical images, emphasizing the full automation of measurement for a large inter-individual variability of patients. Dr. Koprowski has authored more than a hundred research papers with dozens in impact factor (IF) journals and has authored or co-authored six books. Additionally, he is the author of several national and international patents in the field of biomedical devices and imaging. Since 2011, he has been a reviewer of grants and projects (including EU projects) in biomedical engineering.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Silesia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Poland"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},subseries:{paginationCount:3,paginationItems:[{id:"19",title:"Animal Science",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/19.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,annualVolume:11415,editor:{id:"259298",title:"Dr.",name:"Edward",middleName:null,surname:"Narayan",slug:"edward-narayan",fullName:"Edward Narayan",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Edward Narayan graduated with Ph.D. degree in Biology from the University of the South Pacific and pioneered non-invasive reproductive and stress endocrinology tools for amphibians - the novel development and validation of non-invasive enzyme immunoassays for the evaluation of reproductive hormonal cycle and stress hormone responses to environmental stressors. \nDr. Narayan leads the Stress Lab (Comparative Physiology and Endocrinology) at the University of Queensland. A dynamic career research platform which is based on the thematic areas of comparative vertebrate physiology, stress endocrinology, reproductive endocrinology, animal health and welfare, and conservation biology. \nEdward has supervised 40 research students and published over 60 peer reviewed research.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Queensland",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Australia"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"20",title:"Animal Nutrition",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/20.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,annualVolume:11416,editor:{id:"175967",title:"Dr.",name:"Manuel",middleName:null,surname:"Gonzalez Ronquillo",slug:"manuel-gonzalez-ronquillo",fullName:"Manuel Gonzalez Ronquillo",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/175967/images/system/175967.png",biography:"Dr. Manuel González Ronquillo obtained his doctorate degree from the University of Zaragoza, Spain, in 2001. He is a research professor at the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Husbandry, Autonomous University of the State of Mexico. He is also a level-2 researcher. He received a Fulbright-Garcia Robles fellowship for a postdoctoral stay at the US Dairy Forage Research Center, Madison, Wisconsin, USA in 2008–2009. He received grants from Alianza del Pacifico for a stay at the University of Magallanes, Chile, in 2014, and from Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología (CONACyT) to work in the Food and Agriculture Organization’s Animal Production and Health Division (AGA), Rome, Italy, in 2014–2015. He has collaborated with researchers from different countries and published ninety-eight journal articles. He teaches various degree courses in zootechnics, sheep production, and agricultural sciences and natural resources.\n\nDr. Ronquillo’s research focuses on the evaluation of sustainable animal diets (StAnD), using native resources of the region, decreasing carbon footprint, and applying meta-analysis and mathematical models for a better understanding of animal production.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"28",title:"Animal Reproductive Biology and Technology",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/28.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,annualVolume:11417,editor:{id:"177225",title:"Prof.",name:"Rosa Maria Lino Neto",middleName:null,surname:"Pereira",slug:"rosa-maria-lino-neto-pereira",fullName:"Rosa Maria Lino Neto Pereira",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bS9wkQAC/Profile_Picture_1624519982291",biography:"Rosa Maria Lino Neto Pereira (DVM, MsC, PhD and) is currently a researcher at the Genetic Resources and Biotechnology Unit of the National Institute of Agrarian and Veterinarian Research (INIAV, Portugal). She is the head of the Reproduction and Embryology Laboratories and was lecturer of Reproduction and Reproductive Biotechnologies at Veterinary Medicine Faculty. She has over 25 years of experience working in reproductive biology and biotechnology areas with a special emphasis on embryo and gamete cryopreservation, for research and animal genetic resources conservation, leading research projects with several peer-reviewed papers. Rosa Pereira is member of the ERFP-FAO Ex situ Working Group and of the Management Commission of the Portuguese Animal Germplasm Bank.",institutionString:"The National Institute for Agricultural and Veterinary Research. Portugal",institution:null},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null}]},overviewPageOFChapters:{paginationCount:10,paginationItems:[{id:"82858",title:"Corporate Social Responsibility a Case of the Provision of Recreational Facilities",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105608",signatures:"Peter Musa Wash, Shida Irwana Omar, Badaruddin Mohamed and Mohd Ismail Isa",slug:"corporate-social-responsibility-a-case-of-the-provision-of-recreational-facilities",totalDownloads:4,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Corporate Social Responsibility",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11602.jpg",subseries:{id:"86",title:"Business and Management"}}},{id:"82786",title:"Discussion of Purchasing Virtual Digital Nature and Tourism",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105869",signatures:"Hiroko Oe and Yasuyuki Yamaoka",slug:"discussion-of-purchasing-virtual-digital-nature-and-tourism",totalDownloads:5,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"A New Era of Consumer Behavior - Beyond the Pandemic",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11581.jpg",subseries:{id:"88",title:"Marketing"}}},{id:"82289",title:"Consumer Culture and Abundance of Choices: Having More, Feeling Blue",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105607",signatures:"Ondřej Roubal",slug:"consumer-culture-and-abundance-of-choices-having-more-feeling-blue",totalDownloads:7,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"A New Era of Consumer Behavior - Beyond the Pandemic",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11581.jpg",subseries:{id:"88",title:"Marketing"}}},{id:"82405",title:"Does Board Structure Matter in CSR Spending of Commercial Banks? Empirical Evidence from an Emerging Economy",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105589",signatures:"Bishnu Kumar Adhikary and Ranjan Kumar Mitra",slug:"does-board-structure-matter-in-csr-spending-of-commercial-banks-empirical-evidence-from-an-emerging-",totalDownloads:17,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Corporate Social Responsibility",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11602.jpg",subseries:{id:"86",title:"Business and Management"}}}]},overviewPagePublishedBooks:{paginationCount:1,paginationItems:[{type:"book",id:"11392",title:"Leadership in a Changing World",subtitle:"A Multidimensional Perspective",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11392.jpg",slug:"leadership-in-a-changing-world-a-multidimensional-perspective",publishedDate:"May 11th 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Muhammad Mohiuddin, Bilal Khalid, Md. Samim Al Azad and Slimane Ed-dafali",hash:"86a6d33cf601587e591064ce92effc02",volumeInSeries:1,fullTitle:"Leadership in a Changing World - A Multidimensional Perspective",editors:[{id:"418514",title:"Dr.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Mohiuddin",slug:"muhammad-mohiuddin",fullName:"Muhammad Mohiuddin",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000038UqSfQAK/Profile_Picture_2022-05-13T10:39:03.jpg",biography:"Dr. Muhammad Mohiuddin is an Associate Professor of International Business at Laval University, Canada. He has taught at Thompson Rivers University, Canada; University of Paris-Est, France; Osnabruck University of Applied Science, Germany; and Shanghai Institute of Technology and Tianjin University of Technology, China. He has published research in Research Policy, Applied Economics, Review of Economic Philosophy, Strategic Change, International Journal of Logistics, Sustainability, Journal of Environmental Management, Journal of Global Information Management, Journal of Cleaner Production, M@N@GEMENT, and more. He is a member of CEDIMES Institut (France), Academy of International Business (AIB), Strategic Management Society (SMS), Academy of Management (AOM), Administrative Science Association of Canada (ASAC), and Canadian council of small business and entrepreneurship (CCSBE). He is currently the director of the Research Group on Contemporary Asia (GERAC) at Laval University. He is also co-managing editor of Transnational Corporations Review and a guest editor for Electronic Commerce Research and Journal of Internet Technology.",institutionString:"Université Laval",institution:{name:"Université Laval",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Canada"}}}]}]},openForSubmissionBooks:{paginationCount:2,paginationItems:[{id:"12086",title:"Cattle Diseases - Molecular and Biochemical Approach",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/12086.jpg",hash:"afdbf57e32d996556a94528c06623cf3",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:3,submissionDeadline:"July 5th 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"219081",title:"Dr.",name:"Abdulsamed",surname:"Kükürt",slug:"abdulsamed-kukurt",fullName:"Abdulsamed Kükürt"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{id:"11579",title:"Animal Welfare - New Insights",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11579.jpg",hash:"12e4f41264cbe99028655e5463fa941a",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:3,submissionDeadline:"July 8th 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"51520",title:"Dr.",name:"Shao-Wen",surname:"Hung",slug:"shao-wen-hung",fullName:"Shao-Wen Hung"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}]},onlineFirstChapters:{paginationCount:19,paginationItems:[{id:"82804",title:"Psychiatric Problems in HIV Care",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.106077",signatures:"Seggane Musisi and Noeline Nakasujja",slug:"psychiatric-problems-in-hiv-care",totalDownloads:1,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Future Opportunities and Tools for Emerging Challenges for HIV/AIDS Control",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11575.jpg",subseries:{id:"6",title:"Viral Infectious Diseases"}}},{id:"82827",title:"Epidemiology and Control of Schistosomiasis",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105170",signatures:"Célestin Kyambikwa Bisangamo",slug:"epidemiology-and-control-of-schistosomiasis",totalDownloads:4,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"New Horizons for Schistosomiasis Research",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10829.jpg",subseries:{id:"5",title:"Parasitic Infectious Diseases"}}},{id:"82817",title:"Perspective Chapter: Microfluidic Technologies for On-Site Detection and Quantification of Infectious Diseases - The Experience with SARS-CoV-2/COVID-19",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105950",signatures:"Andres Escobar and Chang-qing Xu",slug:"perspective-chapter-microfluidic-technologies-for-on-site-detection-and-quantification-of-infectious",totalDownloads:2,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"SARS-CoV-2 Variants - Two Years After",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11573.jpg",subseries:{id:"6",title:"Viral Infectious Diseases"}}},{id:"82667",title:"Perspective Chapter: Analysis of SARS-CoV-2 Indirect Spreading Routes and Possible Countermeasures",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105914",signatures:"Cesare Saccani, Marco Pellegrini and Alessandro Guzzini",slug:"perspective-chapter-analysis-of-sars-cov-2-indirect-spreading-routes-and-possible-countermeasures",totalDownloads:8,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"SARS-CoV-2 Variants - Two Years After",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11573.jpg",subseries:{id:"6",title:"Viral Infectious Diseases"}}},{id:"82559",title:"Perspective Chapter: Bioinformatics Study of the Evolution of SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105915",signatures:"Črtomir Podlipnik, Radostina Alexandrova, Sebastian Pleško, Urban Bren and Marko Jukič",slug:"perspective-chapter-bioinformatics-study-of-the-evolution-of-sars-cov-2-spike-protein",totalDownloads:14,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"SARS-CoV-2 Variants - Two Years After",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11573.jpg",subseries:{id:"6",title:"Viral Infectious Diseases"}}},{id:"82521",title:"Challenges in Platelet Functions in HIV/AIDS Management",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105731",signatures:"Gordon Ogweno",slug:"challenges-in-platelet-functions-in-hiv-aids-management",totalDownloads:16,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Future Opportunities and Tools for Emerging Challenges for HIV/AIDS Control",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11575.jpg",subseries:{id:"6",title:"Viral Infectious Diseases"}}},{id:"82701",title:"Pathology of Streptococcal Infections",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105814",signatures:"Yutaka Tsutsumi",slug:"pathology-of-streptococcal-infections",totalDownloads:8,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:[{name:"Yutaka",surname:"Tsutsumi"}],book:{title:"Streptococcal Infections",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10828.jpg",subseries:{id:"3",title:"Bacterial Infectious Diseases"}}},{id:"82634",title:"Bacterial Sexually Transmitted Disease",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105747",signatures:"Lebeza Alemu Tenaw",slug:"bacterial-sexually-transmitted-disease",totalDownloads:12,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Bacterial Sexually Transmitted Infections - New Findings, Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11569.jpg",subseries:{id:"3",title:"Bacterial Infectious Diseases"}}},{id:"82552",title:"Perspective Chapter: SARS-CoV-2 Variants - Two Years Post-Onset of the Pandemic",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105913",signatures:"Adekunle Sanyaolu, Aleksandra Marinkovic, Stephanie Prakash, Chuku Okorie, Abdul Jan, Priyank Desai, Abu Fahad Abbasi, Jasmine Mangat, Zaheeda Hosein, Kareem Hamdy, Nafees Haider, Nasar Khan, Rochelle Annan, Olanrewaju Badaru, Ricardo Izurieta and Stella Smith",slug:"perspective-chapter-sars-cov-2-variants-two-years-post-onset-of-the-pandemic",totalDownloads:13,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"SARS-CoV-2 Variants - Two Years After",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11573.jpg",subseries:{id:"6",title:"Viral Infectious Diseases"}}},{id:"82380",title:"Evolution of Parasitism and Pathogenic Adaptations in Certain Medically Important Fungi",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105206",signatures:"Gokul Shankar Sabesan, Ranjit Singh AJA, Ranjith Mehenderkar and Basanta Kumar Mohanty",slug:"evolution-of-parasitism-and-pathogenic-adaptations-in-certain-medically-important-fungi",totalDownloads:7,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Fungal Infectious Diseases - Annual Volume 2022",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11400.jpg",subseries:{id:"4",title:"Fungal Infectious Diseases"}}}]},subseriesFiltersForOFChapters:[{caption:"Fungal Infectious Diseases",value:4,count:1,group:"subseries"},{caption:"Parasitic Infectious Diseases",value:5,count:3,group:"subseries"},{caption:"Bacterial Infectious Diseases",value:3,count:5,group:"subseries"},{caption:"Viral Infectious Diseases",value:6,count:10,group:"subseries"}],publishedBooks:{paginationCount:9,paginationItems:[{type:"book",id:"10808",title:"Current Concepts in Dental Implantology",subtitle:"From Science to Clinical Research",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10808.jpg",slug:"current-concepts-in-dental-implantology-from-science-to-clinical-research",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Dragana Gabrić and Marko Vuletić",hash:"4af8830e463f89c57515c2da2b9777b0",volumeInSeries:11,fullTitle:"Current Concepts in Dental Implantology - From Science to Clinical Research",editors:[{id:"26946",title:"Prof.",name:"Dragana",middleName:null,surname:"Gabrić",slug:"dragana-gabric",fullName:"Dragana Gabrić",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/26946/images/system/26946.png",institutionString:"University of Zagreb",institution:{name:"University of Zagreb",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Croatia"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9493",title:"Periodontology",subtitle:"Fundamentals and Clinical Features",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9493.jpg",slug:"periodontology-fundamentals-and-clinical-features",publishedDate:"February 16th 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Petra Surlin",hash:"dfe986c764d6c82ae820c2df5843a866",volumeInSeries:8,fullTitle:"Periodontology - Fundamentals and Clinical Features",editors:[{id:"171921",title:"Prof.",name:"Petra",middleName:null,surname:"Surlin",slug:"petra-surlin",fullName:"Petra Surlin",profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institutionString:"University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova",institution:{name:"University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Romania"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9588",title:"Clinical Concepts and Practical Management Techniques in Dentistry",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9588.jpg",slug:"clinical-concepts-and-practical-management-techniques-in-dentistry",publishedDate:"February 9th 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Aneesa Moolla",hash:"42deab8d3bcf3edf64d1d9028d42efd1",volumeInSeries:7,fullTitle:"Clinical Concepts and Practical Management Techniques in Dentistry",editors:[{id:"318170",title:"Dr.",name:"Aneesa",middleName:null,surname:"Moolla",slug:"aneesa-moolla",fullName:"Aneesa Moolla",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/318170/images/system/318170.png",institutionString:"University of the Witwatersrand",institution:{name:"University of the Witwatersrand",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"South Africa"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"8202",title:"Periodontal Disease",subtitle:"Diagnostic and Adjunctive Non-surgical Considerations",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8202.jpg",slug:"periodontal-disease-diagnostic-and-adjunctive-non-surgical-considerations",publishedDate:"February 5th 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Nermin Mohammed Ahmed Yussif",hash:"0aee9799da7db2c732be44dd8fed16d8",volumeInSeries:6,fullTitle:"Periodontal Disease - Diagnostic and Adjunctive Non-surgical Considerations",editors:[{id:"210472",title:"Dr.",name:"Nermin",middleName:"Mohammed Ahmed",surname:"Yussif",slug:"nermin-yussif",fullName:"Nermin Yussif",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/210472/images/system/210472.jpg",institutionString:"MSA University",institution:null}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"8837",title:"Human Teeth",subtitle:"Key Skills and Clinical Illustrations",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8837.jpg",slug:"human-teeth-key-skills-and-clinical-illustrations",publishedDate:"January 22nd 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Zühre Akarslan and Farid Bourzgui",hash:"ac055c5801032970123e0a196c2e1d32",volumeInSeries:5,fullTitle:"Human Teeth - Key Skills and Clinical Illustrations",editors:[{id:"171887",title:"Prof.",name:"Zühre",middleName:null,surname:"Akarslan",slug:"zuhre-akarslan",fullName:"Zühre Akarslan",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/171887/images/system/171887.jpg",institutionString:"Gazi University",institution:{name:"Gazi University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}}],equalEditorOne:{id:"52177",title:"Prof.",name:"Farid",middleName:null,surname:"Bourzgui",slug:"farid-bourzgui",fullName:"Farid Bourzgui",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/52177/images/system/52177.png",biography:"Prof. Farid Bourzgui obtained his DMD and his DNSO option in Orthodontics at the School of Dental Medicine, Casablanca Hassan II University, Morocco, in 1995 and 2000, respectively. Currently, he is a professor of Orthodontics. He holds a Certificate of Advanced Study type A in Technology of Biomaterials used in Dentistry (1995); Certificate of Advanced Study type B in Dento-Facial Orthopaedics (1997) from the Faculty of Dental Surgery, University Denis Diderot-Paris VII, France; Diploma of Advanced Study (DESA) in Biocompatibility of Biomaterials from the Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy of Casablanca (2002); Certificate of Clinical Occlusodontics from the Faculty of Dentistry of Casablanca (2004); University Diploma of Biostatistics and Perceptual Health Measurement from the Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy of Casablanca (2011); and a University Diploma of Pedagogy of Odontological Sciences from the Faculty of Dentistry of Casablanca (2013). He is the author of several scientific articles, book chapters, and books.",institutionString:"University of Hassan II Casablanca",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"7",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"2",institution:{name:"University of Hassan II Casablanca",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Morocco"}}},equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"7060",title:"Gingival Disease",subtitle:"A Professional Approach for Treatment and Prevention",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7060.jpg",slug:"gingival-disease-a-professional-approach-for-treatment-and-prevention",publishedDate:"October 23rd 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Alaa Eddin Omar Al Ostwani",hash:"b81d39988cba3a3cf746c1616912cf41",volumeInSeries:4,fullTitle:"Gingival Disease - A Professional Approach for Treatment and Prevention",editors:[{id:"240870",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Alaa Eddin Omar",middleName:null,surname:"Al Ostwani",slug:"alaa-eddin-omar-al-ostwani",fullName:"Alaa Eddin Omar Al Ostwani",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/240870/images/system/240870.jpeg",institutionString:"International University for Science and Technology.",institution:{name:"Islamic University of Science and Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"7572",title:"Trauma in Dentistry",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7572.jpg",slug:"trauma-in-dentistry",publishedDate:"July 3rd 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Serdar Gözler",hash:"7cb94732cfb315f8d1e70ebf500eb8a9",volumeInSeries:3,fullTitle:"Trauma in Dentistry",editors:[{id:"204606",title:"Dr.",name:"Serdar",middleName:null,surname:"Gözler",slug:"serdar-gozler",fullName:"Serdar Gözler",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/204606/images/system/204606.jpeg",institutionString:"Istanbul Aydin University",institution:{name:"Istanbul Aydın University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"7139",title:"Current Approaches in Orthodontics",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7139.jpg",slug:"current-approaches-in-orthodontics",publishedDate:"April 10th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Belma Işık Aslan and Fatma Deniz Uzuner",hash:"2c77384eeb748cf05a898d65b9dcb48a",volumeInSeries:2,fullTitle:"Current Approaches in Orthodontics",editors:[{id:"42847",title:"Dr.",name:"Belma",middleName:null,surname:"Işik Aslan",slug:"belma-isik-aslan",fullName:"Belma Işik Aslan",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/42847/images/system/42847.jpg",institutionString:"Gazi University Dentistry Faculty Department of Orthodontics",institution:null}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"6668",title:"Dental Caries",subtitle:"Diagnosis, Prevention and Management",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6668.jpg",slug:"dental-caries-diagnosis-prevention-and-management",publishedDate:"September 19th 2018",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Zühre Akarslan",hash:"b0f7667770a391f772726c3013c1b9ba",volumeInSeries:1,fullTitle:"Dental Caries - Diagnosis, Prevention and Management",editors:[{id:"171887",title:"Prof.",name:"Zühre",middleName:null,surname:"Akarslan",slug:"zuhre-akarslan",fullName:"Zühre Akarslan",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/171887/images/system/171887.jpg",institutionString:"Gazi University",institution:{name:"Gazi University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}]},subseriesFiltersForPublishedBooks:[{group:"subseries",caption:"Prosthodontics and Implant Dentistry",value:2,count:3},{group:"subseries",caption:"Oral Health",value:1,count:6}],publicationYearFilters:[{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2022",value:2022,count:3},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2020",value:2020,count:2},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2019",value:2019,count:3},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2018",value:2018,count:1}],authors:{paginationCount:250,paginationItems:[{id:"274452",title:"Dr.",name:"Yousif",middleName:"Mohamed",surname:"Abdallah",slug:"yousif-abdallah",fullName:"Yousif Abdallah",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/274452/images/8324_n.jpg",biography:"I certainly enjoyed my experience in Radiotherapy and Nuclear Medicine, particularly it has been in different institutions and hospitals with different Medical Cultures and allocated resources. Radiotherapy and Nuclear Medicine Technology has always been my aspiration and my life. As years passed I accumulated a tremendous amount of skills and knowledge in Radiotherapy and Nuclear Medicine, Conventional Radiology, Radiation Protection, Bioinformatics Technology, PACS, Image processing, clinically and lecturing that will enable me to provide a valuable service to the community as a Researcher and Consultant in this field. My method of translating this into day to day in clinical practice is non-exhaustible and my habit of exchanging knowledge and expertise with others in those fields is the code and secret of success.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Majmaah University",country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}},{id:"313277",title:"Dr.",name:"Bartłomiej",middleName:null,surname:"Płaczek",slug:"bartlomiej-placzek",fullName:"Bartłomiej Płaczek",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/313277/images/system/313277.jpg",biography:"Bartłomiej Płaczek, MSc (2002), Ph.D. (2005), Habilitation (2016), is a professor at the University of Silesia, Institute of Computer Science, Poland, and an expert from the National Centre for Research and Development. His research interests include sensor networks, smart sensors, intelligent systems, and image processing with applications in healthcare and medicine. He is the author or co-author of more than seventy papers in peer-reviewed journals and conferences as well as the co-author of several books. He serves as a reviewer for many scientific journals, international conferences, and research foundations. Since 2010, Dr. Placzek has been a reviewer of grants and projects (including EU projects) in the field of information technologies.",institutionString:"University of Silesia",institution:{name:"University of Silesia",country:{name:"Poland"}}},{id:"35000",title:"Prof.",name:"Ulrich H.P",middleName:"H.P.",surname:"Fischer",slug:"ulrich-h.p-fischer",fullName:"Ulrich H.P Fischer",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/35000/images/3052_n.jpg",biography:"Academic and Professional Background\nUlrich H. P. has Diploma and PhD degrees in Physics from the Free University Berlin, Germany. He has been working on research positions in the Heinrich-Hertz-Institute in Germany. Several international research projects has been performed with European partners from France, Netherlands, Norway and the UK. He is currently Professor of Communications Systems at the Harz University of Applied Sciences, Germany.\n\nPublications and Publishing\nHe has edited one book, a special interest book about ‘Optoelectronic Packaging’ (VDE, Berlin, Germany), and has published over 100 papers and is owner of several international patents for WDM over POF key elements.\n\nKey Research and Consulting Interests\nUlrich’s research activity has always been related to Spectroscopy and Optical Communications Technology. Specific current interests include the validation of complex instruments, and the application of VR technology to the development and testing of measurement systems. He has been reviewer for several publications of the Optical Society of America\\'s including Photonics Technology Letters and Applied Optics.\n\nPersonal Interests\nThese include motor cycling in a very relaxed manner and performing martial arts.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Charité",country:{name:"Germany"}}},{id:"341622",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Eduardo",middleName:null,surname:"Rojas Alvarez",slug:"eduardo-rojas-alvarez",fullName:"Eduardo Rojas Alvarez",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/341622/images/15892_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Cuenca",country:{name:"Ecuador"}}},{id:"215610",title:"Prof.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Sarfraz",slug:"muhammad-sarfraz",fullName:"Muhammad Sarfraz",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/215610/images/system/215610.jpeg",biography:"Muhammad Sarfraz is a professor in the Department of Information Science, Kuwait University. His research interests include computer graphics, computer vision, image processing, machine learning, pattern recognition, soft computing, data science, intelligent systems, information technology, and information systems. Prof. Sarfraz has been a keynote/invited speaker on various platforms around the globe. He has advised various students for their MSc and Ph.D. theses. He has published more than 400 publications as books, journal articles, and conference papers. He is a member of various professional societies and a chair and member of the International Advisory Committees and Organizing Committees of various international conferences. Prof. Sarfraz is also an editor-in-chief and editor of various international journals.",institutionString:"Kuwait University",institution:{name:"Kuwait University",country:{name:"Kuwait"}}},{id:"32650",title:"Prof.",name:"Lukas",middleName:"Willem",surname:"Snyman",slug:"lukas-snyman",fullName:"Lukas Snyman",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/32650/images/4136_n.jpg",biography:"Lukas Willem Snyman received his basic education at primary and high schools in South Africa, Eastern Cape. He enrolled at today's Nelson Metropolitan University and graduated from this university with a BSc in Physics and Mathematics, B.Sc Honors in Physics, MSc in Semiconductor Physics, and a Ph.D. in Semiconductor Physics in 1987. After his studies, he chose an academic career and devoted his energy to the teaching of physics to first, second, and third-year students. After positions as a lecturer at the University of Port Elizabeth, he accepted a position as Associate Professor at the University of Pretoria, South Africa.\r\n\r\nIn 1992, he motivates the concept of 'television and computer-based education” as means to reach large student numbers with only the best of teaching expertise and publishes an article on the concept in the SA Journal of Higher Education of 1993 (and later in 2003). The University of Pretoria subsequently approved a series of test projects on the concept with outreach to Mamelodi and Eerste Rust in 1993. In 1994, the University established a 'Unit for Telematic Education ' as a support section for multiple faculties at the University of Pretoria. In subsequent years, the concept of 'telematic education” subsequently becomes well established in academic circles in South Africa, grew in popularity, and is adopted by many universities and colleges throughout South Africa as a medium of enhancing education and training, as a method to reaching out to far out communities, and as a means to enhance study from the home environment.\r\n\r\nProfessor Snyman in subsequent years pursued research in semiconductor physics, semiconductor devices, microelectronics, and optoelectronics.\r\n\r\nIn 2000 he joined the TUT as a full professor. Here served for a period as head of the Department of Electronic Engineering. Here he makes contributions to solar energy development, microwave and optoelectronic device development, silicon photonics, as well as contributions to new mobile telecommunication systems and network planning in SA.\r\n\r\nCurrently, he teaches electronics and telecommunications at the TUT to audiences ranging from first-year students to Ph.D. level.\r\n\r\nFor his research in the field of 'Silicon Photonics” since 1990, he has published (as author and co-author) about thirty internationally reviewed articles in scientific journals, contributed to more than forty international conferences, about 25 South African provisional patents (as inventor and co-inventor), 8 PCT international patent applications until now. Of these, two USA patents applications, two European Patents, two Korean patents, and ten SA patents have been granted. A further 4 USA patents, 5 European patents, 3 Korean patents, 3 Chinese patents, and 3 Japanese patents are currently under consideration.\r\n\r\nRecently he has also published an extensive scholarly chapter in an internet open access book on 'Integrating Microphotonic Systems and MOEMS into standard Silicon CMOS Integrated circuitry”.\r\n\r\nFurthermore, Professor Snyman recently steered a new initiative at the TUT by introducing a 'Laboratory for Innovative Electronic Systems ' at the Department of Electrical Engineering. The model of this laboratory or center is to primarily combine outputs as achieved by high-level research with lower-level system development and entrepreneurship in a technical university environment. Students are allocated to projects at different levels with PhDs and Master students allocated to the generation of new knowledge and new technologies, while students at the diploma and Baccalaureus level are allocated to electronic systems development with a direct and a near application for application in industry or the commercial and public sectors in South Africa.\r\n\r\nProfessor Snyman received the WIRSAM Award of 1983 and the WIRSAM Award in 1985 in South Africa for best research papers by a young scientist at two international conferences on electron microscopy in South Africa. He subsequently received the SA Microelectronics Award for the best dissertation emanating from studies executed at a South African university in the field of Physics and Microelectronics in South Africa in 1987. In October of 2011, Professor Snyman received the prestigious Institutional Award for 'Innovator of the Year” for 2010 at the Tshwane University of Technology, South Africa. This award was based on the number of patents recognized and granted by local and international institutions as well as for his contributions concerning innovation at the TUT.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of South Africa",country:{name:"South Africa"}}},{id:"317279",title:"Mr.",name:"Ali",middleName:"Usama",surname:"Syed",slug:"ali-syed",fullName:"Ali Syed",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/317279/images/16024_n.png",biography:"A creative, talented, and innovative young professional who is dedicated, well organized, and capable research fellow with two years of experience in graduate-level research, published in engineering journals and book, with related expertise in Bio-robotics, equally passionate about the aesthetics of the mechanical and electronic system, obtained expertise in the use of MS Office, MATLAB, SolidWorks, LabVIEW, Proteus, Fusion 360, having a grasp on python, C++ and assembly language, possess proven ability in acquiring research grants, previous appointments with social and educational societies with experience in administration, current affiliations with IEEE and Web of Science, a confident presenter at conferences and teacher in classrooms, able to explain complex information to audiences of all levels.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Air University",country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"75526",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Zihni Onur",middleName:null,surname:"Uygun",slug:"zihni-onur-uygun",fullName:"Zihni Onur Uygun",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/75526/images/12_n.jpg",biography:"My undergraduate education and my Master of Science educations at Ege University and at Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University have given me a firm foundation in Biochemistry, Analytical Chemistry, Biosensors, Bioelectronics, Physical Chemistry and Medicine. After obtaining my degree as a MSc in analytical chemistry, I started working as a research assistant in Ege University Medical Faculty in 2014. In parallel, I enrolled to the MSc program at the Department of Medical Biochemistry at Ege University to gain deeper knowledge on medical and biochemical sciences as well as clinical chemistry in 2014. In my PhD I deeply researched on biosensors and bioelectronics and finished in 2020. Now I have eleven SCI-Expanded Index published papers, 6 international book chapters, referee assignments for different SCIE journals, one international patent pending, several international awards, projects and bursaries. In parallel to my research assistant position at Ege University Medical Faculty, Department of Medical Biochemistry, in April 2016, I also founded a Start-Up Company (Denosens Biotechnology LTD) by the support of The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey. Currently, I am also working as a CEO in Denosens Biotechnology. The main purposes of the company, which carries out R&D as a research center, are to develop new generation biosensors and sensors for both point-of-care diagnostics; such as glucose, lactate, cholesterol and cancer biomarker detections. My specific experimental and instrumental skills are Biochemistry, Biosensor, Analytical Chemistry, Electrochemistry, Mobile phone based point-of-care diagnostic device, POCTs and Patient interface designs, HPLC, Tandem Mass Spectrometry, Spectrophotometry, ELISA.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ege University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"267434",title:"Dr.",name:"Rohit",middleName:null,surname:"Raja",slug:"rohit-raja",fullName:"Rohit Raja",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/267434/images/system/267434.jpg",biography:"Dr. Rohit Raja received Ph.D. in Computer Science and Engineering from Dr. CVRAMAN University in 2016. His main research interest includes Face recognition and Identification, Digital Image Processing, Signal Processing, and Networking. Presently he is working as Associate Professor in IT Department, Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya (A Central University), Bilaspur (CG), India. He has authored several Journal and Conference Papers. He has good Academics & Research experience in various areas of CSE and IT. He has filed and successfully published 27 Patents. He has received many time invitations to be a Guest at IEEE Conferences. He has published 100 research papers in various International/National Journals (including IEEE, Springer, etc.) and Proceedings of the reputed International/ National Conferences (including Springer and IEEE). He has been nominated to the board of editors/reviewers of many peer-reviewed and refereed Journals (including IEEE, Springer).",institutionString:"Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya",institution:{name:"Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"246502",title:"Dr.",name:"Jaya T.",middleName:"T",surname:"Varkey",slug:"jaya-t.-varkey",fullName:"Jaya T. Varkey",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/246502/images/11160_n.jpg",biography:"Jaya T. Varkey, PhD, graduated with a degree in Chemistry from Cochin University of Science and Technology, Kerala, India. She obtained a PhD in Chemistry from the School of Chemical Sciences, Mahatma Gandhi University, Kerala, India, and completed a post-doctoral fellowship at the University of Minnesota, USA. She is a research guide at Mahatma Gandhi University and Associate Professor in Chemistry, St. Teresa’s College, Kochi, Kerala, India.\nDr. Varkey received a National Young Scientist award from the Indian Science Congress (1995), a UGC Research award (2016–2018), an Indian National Science Academy (INSA) Visiting Scientist award (2018–2019), and a Best Innovative Faculty award from the All India Association for Christian Higher Education (AIACHE) (2019). She Hashas received the Sr. Mary Cecil prize for best research paper three times. She was also awarded a start-up to develop a tea bag water filter. \nDr. Varkey has published two international books and twenty-seven international journal publications. She is an editorial board member for five international journals.",institutionString:"St. Teresa’s College",institution:null},{id:"250668",title:"Dr.",name:"Ali",middleName:null,surname:"Nabipour Chakoli",slug:"ali-nabipour-chakoli",fullName:"Ali Nabipour Chakoli",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/250668/images/system/250668.jpg",biography:"Academic Qualification:\r\n•\tPhD in Materials Physics and Chemistry, From: Sep. 2006, to: Sep. 2010, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Thesis: Structure and Shape Memory Effect of Functionalized MWCNTs/poly (L-lactide-co-ε-caprolactone) Nanocomposites. Supervisor: Prof. Wei Cai,\r\n•\tM.Sc in Applied Physics, From: 1996, to: 1998, Faculty of Physics & Nuclear Science, Amirkabir Uni. of Technology, Tehran, Iran, Thesis: Determination of Boron in Micro alloy Steels with solid state nuclear track detectors by neutron induced auto radiography, Supervisors: Dr. M. Hosseini Ashrafi and Dr. A. Hosseini.\r\n•\tB.Sc. in Applied Physics, From: 1991, to: 1996, Faculty of Physics & Nuclear Science, Amirkabir Uni. of Technology, Tehran, Iran, Thesis: Design of shielding for Am-Be neutron sources for In Vivo neutron activation analysis, Supervisor: Dr. M. Hosseini Ashrafi.\r\n\r\nResearch Experiences:\r\n1.\tNanomaterials, Carbon Nanotubes, Graphene: Synthesis, Functionalization and Characterization,\r\n2.\tMWCNTs/Polymer Composites: Fabrication and Characterization, \r\n3.\tShape Memory Polymers, Biodegradable Polymers, ORC, Collagen,\r\n4.\tMaterials Analysis and Characterizations: TEM, SEM, XPS, FT-IR, Raman, DSC, DMA, TGA, XRD, GPC, Fluoroscopy, \r\n5.\tInteraction of Radiation with Mater, Nuclear Safety and Security, NDT(RT),\r\n6.\tRadiation Detectors, Calibration (SSDL),\r\n7.\tCompleted IAEA e-learning Courses:\r\nNuclear Security (15 Modules),\r\nNuclear Safety:\r\nTSA 2: Regulatory Protection in Occupational Exposure,\r\nTips & Tricks: Radiation Protection in Radiography,\r\nSafety and Quality in Radiotherapy,\r\nCourse on Sealed Radioactive Sources,\r\nCourse on Fundamentals of Environmental Remediation,\r\nCourse on Planning for Environmental Remediation,\r\nKnowledge Management Orientation Course,\r\nFood Irradiation - Technology, Applications and Good Practices,\r\nEmployment:\r\nFrom 2010 to now: Academic staff, Nuclear Science and Technology Research Institute, Kargar Shomali, Tehran, Iran, P.O. Box: 14395-836.\r\nFrom 1997 to 2006: Expert of Materials Analysis and Characterization. Research Center of Agriculture and Medicine. Rajaeeshahr, Karaj, Iran, P. O. Box: 31585-498.",institutionString:"Atomic Energy Organization of Iran",institution:{name:"Atomic Energy Organization of Iran",country:{name:"Iran"}}},{id:"248279",title:"Dr.",name:"Monika",middleName:"Elzbieta",surname:"Machoy",slug:"monika-machoy",fullName:"Monika Machoy",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/248279/images/system/248279.jpeg",biography:"Monika Elżbieta Machoy, MD, graduated with distinction from the Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry at the Pomeranian Medical University in 2009, defended her PhD thesis with summa cum laude in 2016 and is currently employed as a researcher at the Department of Orthodontics of the Pomeranian Medical University. She expanded her professional knowledge during a one-year scholarship program at the Ernst Moritz Arndt University in Greifswald, Germany and during a three-year internship at the Technical University in Dresden, Germany. She has been a speaker at numerous orthodontic conferences, among others, American Association of Orthodontics, European Orthodontic Symposium and numerous conferences of the Polish Orthodontic Society. She conducts research focusing on the effect of orthodontic treatment on dental and periodontal tissues and the causes of pain in orthodontic patients.",institutionString:"Pomeranian Medical University",institution:{name:"Pomeranian Medical University",country:{name:"Poland"}}},{id:"252743",title:"Prof.",name:"Aswini",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Kar",slug:"aswini-kar",fullName:"Aswini Kar",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/252743/images/10381_n.jpg",biography:"uploaded in cv",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"KIIT University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"204256",title:"Dr.",name:"Anil",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Kumar Sahu",slug:"anil-kumar-sahu",fullName:"Anil Kumar Sahu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/204256/images/14201_n.jpg",biography:"I have nearly 11 years of research and teaching experience. I have done my master degree from University Institute of Pharmacy, Pt. Ravi Shankar Shukla University, Raipur, Chhattisgarh India. I have published 16 review and research articles in international and national journals and published 4 chapters in IntechOpen, the world’s leading publisher of Open access books. I have presented many papers at national and international conferences. I have received research award from Indian Drug Manufacturers Association in year 2015. My research interest extends from novel lymphatic drug delivery systems, oral delivery system for herbal bioactive to formulation optimization.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Chhattisgarh Swami Vivekanand Technical University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"253468",title:"Dr.",name:"Mariusz",middleName:null,surname:"Marzec",slug:"mariusz-marzec",fullName:"Mariusz Marzec",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/253468/images/system/253468.png",biography:"An assistant professor at Department of Biomedical Computer Systems, at Institute of Computer Science, Silesian University in Katowice. Scientific interests: computer analysis and processing of images, biomedical images, databases and programming languages. He is an author and co-author of scientific publications covering analysis and processing of biomedical images and development of database systems.",institutionString:"University of Silesia",institution:{name:"University of Silesia",country:{name:"Poland"}}},{id:"212432",title:"Prof.",name:"Hadi",middleName:null,surname:"Mohammadi",slug:"hadi-mohammadi",fullName:"Hadi Mohammadi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/212432/images/system/212432.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Hadi Mohammadi is a biomedical engineer with hands-on experience in the design and development of many engineering structures and medical devices through various projects that he has been involved in over the past twenty years. Dr. Mohammadi received his BSc. and MSc. degrees in Mechanical Engineering from Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran, and his PhD. degree in Biomedical Engineering (biomaterials) from the University of Western Ontario. He was a postdoctoral trainee for almost four years at University of Calgary and Harvard Medical School. He is an industry innovator having created the technology to produce lifelike synthetic platforms that can be used for the simulation of almost all cardiovascular reconstructive surgeries. He’s been heavily involved in the design and development of cardiovascular devices and technology for the past 10 years. He is currently an Assistant Professor with the University of British Colombia, Canada.",institutionString:"University of British Columbia",institution:{name:"University of British Columbia",country:{name:"Canada"}}},{id:"254463",title:"Prof.",name:"Haisheng",middleName:null,surname:"Yang",slug:"haisheng-yang",fullName:"Haisheng Yang",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/254463/images/system/254463.jpeg",biography:"Haisheng Yang, Ph.D., Professor and Director of the Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Life Science and Bioengineering, Beijing University of Technology. He received his Ph.D. degree in Mechanics/Biomechanics from Harbin Institute of Technology (jointly with University of California, Berkeley). Afterwards, he worked as a Postdoctoral Research Associate in the Purdue Musculoskeletal Biology and Mechanics Lab at the Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Purdue University, USA. He also conducted research in the Research Centre of Shriners Hospitals for Children-Canada at McGill University, Canada. Dr. Yang has over 10 years research experience in orthopaedic biomechanics and mechanobiology of bone adaptation and regeneration. He earned an award from Beijing Overseas Talents Aggregation program in 2017 and serves as Beijing Distinguished Professor.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Beijing University of Technology",country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"89721",title:"Dr.",name:"Mehmet",middleName:"Cuneyt",surname:"Ozmen",slug:"mehmet-ozmen",fullName:"Mehmet Ozmen",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/89721/images/7289_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Gazi University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"265335",title:"Mr.",name:"Stefan",middleName:"Radnev",surname:"Stefanov",slug:"stefan-stefanov",fullName:"Stefan Stefanov",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/265335/images/7562_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Medical University Plovdiv",country:{name:"Bulgaria"}}},{id:"242893",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Joaquim",middleName:null,surname:"De Moura",slug:"joaquim-de-moura",fullName:"Joaquim De Moura",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/242893/images/7133_n.jpg",biography:"Joaquim de Moura received his degree in Computer Engineering in 2014 from the University of A Coruña (Spain). In 2016, he received his M.Sc degree in Computer Engineering from the same university. He is currently pursuing his Ph.D degree in Computer Science in a collaborative project between ophthalmology centers in Galicia and the University of A Coruña. His research interests include computer vision, machine learning algorithms and analysis and medical imaging processing of various kinds.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of A Coruña",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"294334",title:"B.Sc.",name:"Marc",middleName:null,surname:"Bruggeman",slug:"marc-bruggeman",fullName:"Marc Bruggeman",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/294334/images/8242_n.jpg",biography:"Chemical engineer graduate, with a passion for material science and specific interest in polymers - their near infinite applications intrigue me. \n\nI plan to continue my scientific career in the field of polymeric biomaterials as I am fascinated by intelligent, bioactive and biomimetic materials for use in both consumer and medical applications.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"255757",title:"Dr.",name:"Igor",middleName:"Victorovich",surname:"Lakhno",slug:"igor-lakhno",fullName:"Igor Lakhno",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/255757/images/system/255757.jpg",biography:"Igor Victorovich Lakhno was born in 1971 in Kharkiv (Ukraine). \nMD – 1994, Kharkiv National Medical Univesity.\nOb&Gyn; – 1997, master courses in Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education.\nPh.D. – 1999, Kharkiv National Medical Univesity.\nDSC – 2019, PL Shupik National Academy of Postgraduate Education \nProfessor – 2021, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology of VN Karazin Kharkiv National University\nHead of Department – 2021, Department of Perinatology, Obstetrics and gynecology of Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education\nIgor Lakhno has been graduated from international training courses on reproductive medicine and family planning held at Debrecen University (Hungary) in 1997. Since 1998 Lakhno Igor has worked as an associate professor in the department of obstetrics and gynecology of VN Karazin National University and an associate professor of the perinatology, obstetrics, and gynecology department of Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education. Since June 2019 he’s been a professor in the department of obstetrics and gynecology of VN Karazin National University and a professor of the perinatology, obstetrics, and gynecology department. He’s affiliated with Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education as a Head of Department from November 2021. Igor Lakhno has participated in several international projects on fetal non-invasive electrocardiography (with Dr. J. A. Behar (Technion), Prof. D. Hoyer (Jena University), and José Alejandro Díaz Méndez (National Institute of Astrophysics, Optics, and Electronics, Mexico). He’s an author of about 200 printed works and there are 31 of them in Scopus or Web of Science databases. Igor Lakhno is a member of the Editorial Board of Reproductive Health of Woman, Emergency Medicine, and Technology Transfer Innovative Solutions in Medicine (Estonia). He is a medical Editor of “Z turbotoyu pro zhinku”. Igor Lakhno is a reviewer of the Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology (Taylor and Francis), British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology (Wiley), Informatics in Medicine Unlocked (Elsevier), The Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology Research (Wiley), Endocrine, Metabolic & Immune Disorders-Drug Targets (Bentham Open), The Open Biomedical Engineering Journal (Bentham Open), etc. He’s defended a dissertation for a DSc degree “Pre-eclampsia: prediction, prevention, and treatment”. Three years ago Igor Lakhno has participated in a training course on innovative technologies in medical education at Lublin Medical University (Poland). Lakhno Igor has participated as a speaker in several international conferences and congresses (International Conference on Biological Oscillations April 10th-14th 2016, Lancaster, UK, The 9th conference of the European Study Group on Cardiovascular Oscillations). His main scientific interests: are obstetrics, women’s health, fetal medicine, and cardiovascular medicine. \nIgor Lakhno is a consultant at Kharkiv municipal perinatal center. He’s graduated from training courses on endoscopy in gynecology. He has 28 years of practical experience in the field.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"244950",title:"Dr.",name:"Salvatore",middleName:null,surname:"Di Lauro",slug:"salvatore-di-lauro",fullName:"Salvatore Di Lauro",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://intech-files.s3.amazonaws.com/0030O00002bSF1HQAW/ProfilePicture%202021-12-20%2014%3A54%3A14.482",biography:"Name:\n\tSALVATORE DI LAURO\nAddress:\n\tHospital Clínico Universitario Valladolid\nAvda Ramón y Cajal 3\n47005, Valladolid\nSpain\nPhone number: \nFax\nE-mail:\n\t+34 983420000 ext 292\n+34 983420084\nsadilauro@live.it\nDate and place of Birth:\nID Number\nMedical Licence \nLanguages\t09-05-1985. Villaricca (Italy)\n\nY1281863H\n474707061\nItalian (native language)\nSpanish (read, written, spoken)\nEnglish (read, written, spoken)\nPortuguese (read, spoken)\nFrench (read)\n\t\t\nCurrent position (title and company)\tDate (Year)\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid. Sacyl. National Health System.\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Instituto Oftalmologico Recoletas. Red Hospitalaria Recoletas. Private practise.\t2017-today\n\n2019-today\n\t\n\t\nEducation (High school, university and postgraduate training > 3 months)\tDate (Year)\nDegree in Medicine and Surgery. University of Neaples 'Federico II”\nResident in Opthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid\nMaster in Vitreo-Retina. IOBA. University of Valladolid\nFellow of the European Board of Ophthalmology. Paris\nMaster in Research in Ophthalmology. University of Valladolid\t2003-2009\n2012-2016\n2016-2017\n2016\n2012-2013\n\t\nEmployments (company and positions)\tDate (Year)\nResident in Ophthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid. Sacyl.\nFellow in Vitreo-Retina. IOBA. University of Valladolid\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid. Sacyl. National Health System.\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Instituto Oftalmologico Recoletas. Red Hospitalaria Recoletas. \n\t2012-2016\n2016-2017\n2017-today\n\n2019-Today\n\n\n\t\nClinical Research Experience (tasks and role)\tDate (Year)\nAssociated investigator\n\n' FIS PI20/00740: DESARROLLO DE UNA CALCULADORA DE RIESGO DE\nAPARICION DE RETINOPATIA DIABETICA BASADA EN TECNICAS DE IMAGEN MULTIMODAL EN PACIENTES DIABETICOS TIPO 1. Grant by: Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovacion \n\n' (BIO/VA23/14) Estudio clínico multicéntrico y prospectivo para validar dos\nbiomarcadores ubicados en los genes p53 y MDM2 en la predicción de los resultados funcionales de la cirugía del desprendimiento de retina regmatógeno. Grant by: Gerencia Regional de Salud de la Junta de Castilla y León.\n' Estudio multicéntrico, aleatorizado, con enmascaramiento doble, en 2 grupos\nparalelos y de 52 semanas de duración para comparar la eficacia, seguridad e inmunogenicidad de SOK583A1 respecto a Eylea® en pacientes con degeneración macular neovascular asociada a la edad' (CSOK583A12301; N.EUDRA: 2019-004838-41; FASE III). Grant by Hexal AG\n\n' Estudio de fase III, aleatorizado, doble ciego, con grupos paralelos, multicéntrico para comparar la eficacia y la seguridad de QL1205 frente a Lucentis® en pacientes con degeneración macular neovascular asociada a la edad. (EUDRACT: 2018-004486-13). Grant by Qilu Pharmaceutical Co\n\n' Estudio NEUTON: Ensayo clinico en fase IV para evaluar la eficacia de aflibercept en pacientes Naive con Edema MacUlar secundario a Oclusion de Vena CenTral de la Retina (OVCR) en regimen de tratamientO iNdividualizado Treat and Extend (TAE)”, (2014-000975-21). Grant by Fundacion Retinaplus\n\n' Evaluación de la seguridad y bioactividad de anillos de tensión capsular en conejo. Proyecto Procusens. Grant by AJL, S.A.\n\n'Estudio epidemiológico, prospectivo, multicéntrico y abierto\\npara valorar la frecuencia de la conjuntivitis adenovírica diagnosticada mediante el test AdenoPlus®\\nTest en pacientes enfermos de conjuntivitis aguda”\\n. National, multicenter study. Grant by: NICOX.\n\nEuropean multicentric trial: 'Evaluation of clinical outcomes following the use of Systane Hydration in patients with dry eye”. Study Phase 4. Grant by: Alcon Labs'\n\nVLPs Injection and Activation in a Rabbit Model of Uveal Melanoma. Grant by Aura Bioscience\n\nUpdating and characterization of a rabbit model of uveal melanoma. Grant by Aura Bioscience\n\nEnsayo clínico en fase IV para evaluar las variantes genéticas de la vía del VEGF como biomarcadores de eficacia del tratamiento con aflibercept en pacientes con degeneración macular asociada a la edad (DMAE) neovascular. Estudio BIOIMAGE. IMO-AFLI-2013-01\n\nEstudio In-Eye:Ensayo clínico en fase IV, abierto, aleatorizado, de 2 brazos,\nmulticçentrico y de 12 meses de duración, para evaluar la eficacia y seguridad de un régimen de PRN flexible individualizado de 'esperar y extender' versus un régimen PRN según criterios de estabilización mediante evaluaciones mensuales de inyecciones intravítreas de ranibizumab 0,5 mg en pacientes naive con neovascularización coriodea secunaria a la degeneración macular relacionada con la edad. CP: CRFB002AES03T\n\nTREND: Estudio Fase IIIb multicéntrico, randomizado, de 12 meses de\nseguimiento con evaluador de la agudeza visual enmascarado, para evaluar la eficacia y la seguridad de ranibizumab 0.5mg en un régimen de tratar y extender comparado con un régimen mensual, en pacientes con degeneración macular neovascular asociada a la edad. CP: CRFB002A2411 Código Eudra CT:\n2013-002626-23\n\n\n\nPublications\t\n\n2021\n\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n\n\n2021\n\n\n\n\n\n2021\n\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n2014\n\n\n\n\n2015-16\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n2014\n\n\n2014\n\n\n\n\n2014\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n2014\n\nJose Carlos Pastor; Jimena Rojas; Salvador Pastor-Idoate; Salvatore Di Lauro; Lucia Gonzalez-Buendia; Santiago Delgado-Tirado. Proliferative vitreoretinopathy: A new concept of disease pathogenesis and practical\nconsequences. Progress in Retinal and Eye Research. 51, pp. 125 - 155. 03/2016. DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2015.07.005\n\n\nLabrador-Velandia S; Alonso-Alonso ML; Di Lauro S; García-Gutierrez MT; Srivastava GK; Pastor JC; Fernandez-Bueno I. Mesenchymal stem cells provide paracrine neuroprotective resources that delay degeneration of co-cultured organotypic neuroretinal cultures.Experimental Eye Research. 185, 17/05/2019. DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2019.05.011\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro; Maria Teresa Garcia Gutierrez; Ivan Fernandez Bueno. Quantification of pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF) in an ex vivo coculture of retinal pigment epithelium cells and neuroretina.\nJournal of Allbiosolution. 2019. ISSN 2605-3535\n\nSonia Labrador Velandia; Salvatore Di Lauro; Alonso-Alonso ML; Tabera Bartolomé S; Srivastava GK; Pastor JC; Fernandez-Bueno I. Biocompatibility of intravitreal injection of human mesenchymal stem cells in immunocompetent rabbits. Graefe's archive for clinical and experimental ophthalmology. 256 - 1, pp. 125 - 134. 01/2018. DOI: 10.1007/s00417-017-3842-3\n\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro, David Rodriguez-Crespo, Manuel J Gayoso, Maria T Garcia-Gutierrez, J Carlos Pastor, Girish K Srivastava, Ivan Fernandez-Bueno. A novel coculture model of porcine central neuroretina explants and retinal pigment epithelium cells. Molecular Vision. 2016 - 22, pp. 243 - 253. 01/2016.\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro. Classifications for Proliferative Vitreoretinopathy ({PVR}): An Analysis of Their Use in Publications over the Last 15 Years. Journal of Ophthalmology. 2016, pp. 1 - 6. 01/2016. DOI: 10.1155/2016/7807596\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro; Rosa Maria Coco; Rosa Maria Sanabria; Enrique Rodriguez de la Rua; Jose Carlos Pastor. Loss of Visual Acuity after Successful Surgery for Macula-On Rhegmatogenous Retinal Detachment in a Prospective Multicentre Study. Journal of Ophthalmology. 2015:821864, 2015. DOI: 10.1155/2015/821864\n\nIvan Fernandez-Bueno; Salvatore Di Lauro; Ivan Alvarez; Jose Carlos Lopez; Maria Teresa Garcia-Gutierrez; Itziar Fernandez; Eva Larra; Jose Carlos Pastor. Safety and Biocompatibility of a New High-Density Polyethylene-Based\nSpherical Integrated Porous Orbital Implant: An Experimental Study in Rabbits. Journal of Ophthalmology. 2015:904096, 2015. DOI: 10.1155/2015/904096\n\nPastor JC; Pastor-Idoate S; Rodríguez-Hernandez I; Rojas J; Fernandez I; Gonzalez-Buendia L; Di Lauro S; Gonzalez-Sarmiento R. Genetics of PVR and RD. Ophthalmologica. 232 - Suppl 1, pp. 28 - 29. 2014\n\nRodriguez-Crespo D; Di Lauro S; Singh AK; Garcia-Gutierrez MT; Garrosa M; Pastor JC; Fernandez-Bueno I; Srivastava GK. Triple-layered mixed co-culture model of RPE cells with neuroretina for evaluating the neuroprotective effects of adipose-MSCs. Cell Tissue Res. 358 - 3, pp. 705 - 716. 2014.\nDOI: 10.1007/s00441-014-1987-5\n\nCarlo De Werra; Salvatore Condurro; Salvatore Tramontano; Mario Perone; Ivana Donzelli; Salvatore Di Lauro; Massimo Di Giuseppe; Rosa Di Micco; Annalisa Pascariello; Antonio Pastore; Giorgio Diamantis; Giuseppe Galloro. Hydatid disease of the liver: thirty years of surgical experience.Chirurgia italiana. 59 - 5, pp. 611 - 636.\n(Italia): 2007. ISSN 0009-4773\n\nChapters in books\n\t\n' Salvador Pastor Idoate; Salvatore Di Lauro; Jose Carlos Pastor Jimeno. PVR: Pathogenesis, Histopathology and Classification. Proliferative Vitreoretinopathy with Small Gauge Vitrectomy. Springer, 2018. ISBN 978-3-319-78445-8\nDOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-78446-5_2. \n\n' Salvatore Di Lauro; Maria Isabel Lopez Galvez. Quistes vítreos en una mujer joven. Problemas diagnósticos en patología retinocoroidea. Sociedad Española de Retina-Vitreo. 2018.\n\n' Salvatore Di Lauro; Salvador Pastor Idoate; Jose Carlos Pastor Jimeno. iOCT in PVR management. OCT Applications in Opthalmology. pp. 1 - 8. INTECH, 2018. DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.78774.\n\n' Rosa Coco Martin; Salvatore Di Lauro; Salvador Pastor Idoate; Jose Carlos Pastor. amponadores, manipuladores y tinciones en la cirugía del traumatismo ocular.Trauma Ocular. Ponencia de la SEO 2018..\n\n' LOPEZ GALVEZ; DI LAURO; CRESPO. OCT angiografia y complicaciones retinianas de la diabetes. PONENCIA SEO 2021, CAPITULO 20. (España): 2021.\n\n' Múltiples desprendimientos neurosensoriales bilaterales en paciente joven. Enfermedades Degenerativas De Retina Y Coroides. SERV 04/2016. \n' González-Buendía L; Di Lauro S; Pastor-Idoate S; Pastor Jimeno JC. Vitreorretinopatía proliferante (VRP) e inflamación: LA INFLAMACIÓN in «INMUNOMODULADORES Y ANTIINFLAMATORIOS: MÁS ALLÁ DE LOS CORTICOIDES. RELACION DE PONENCIAS DE LA SOCIEDAD ESPAÑOLA DE OFTALMOLOGIA. 10/2014.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"243698",title:"Dr.",name:"Xiaogang",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",slug:"xiaogang-wang",fullName:"Xiaogang Wang",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/243698/images/system/243698.png",biography:"Dr. Xiaogang Wang, a faculty member of Shanxi Eye Hospital specializing in the treatment of cataract and retinal disease and a tutor for postgraduate students of Shanxi Medical University, worked in the COOL Lab as an international visiting scholar under the supervision of Dr. David Huang and Yali Jia from October 2012 through November 2013. Dr. Wang earned an MD from Shanxi Medical University and a Ph.D. from Shanghai Jiao Tong University. Dr. Wang was awarded two research project grants focused on multimodal optical coherence tomography imaging and deep learning in cataract and retinal disease, from the National Natural Science Foundation of China. He has published around 30 peer-reviewed journal papers and four book chapters and co-edited one book.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"7227",title:"Dr.",name:"Hiroaki",middleName:null,surname:"Matsui",slug:"hiroaki-matsui",fullName:"Hiroaki Matsui",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Tokyo",country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"312999",title:"Dr.",name:"Bernard O.",middleName:null,surname:"Asimeng",slug:"bernard-o.-asimeng",fullName:"Bernard O. Asimeng",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Ghana",country:{name:"Ghana"}}},{id:"318905",title:"Prof.",name:"Elvis",middleName:"Kwason",surname:"Tiburu",slug:"elvis-tiburu",fullName:"Elvis Tiburu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Ghana",country:{name:"Ghana"}}},{id:"336193",title:"Dr.",name:"Abdullah",middleName:null,surname:"Alamoudi",slug:"abdullah-alamoudi",fullName:"Abdullah Alamoudi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Majmaah University",country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}},{id:"318657",title:"MSc.",name:"Isabell",middleName:null,surname:"Steuding",slug:"isabell-steuding",fullName:"Isabell Steuding",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Harz University of Applied Sciences",country:{name:"Germany"}}},{id:"318656",title:"BSc.",name:"Peter",middleName:null,surname:"Kußmann",slug:"peter-kussmann",fullName:"Peter Kußmann",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Harz University of Applied Sciences",country:{name:"Germany"}}}]}},subseries:{item:{id:"7",type:"subseries",title:"Bioinformatics and Medical Informatics",keywords:"Biomedical Data, Drug Discovery, Clinical Diagnostics, Decoding Human Genome, AI in Personalized Medicine, Disease-prevention Strategies, Big Data Analysis in Medicine",scope:"Bioinformatics aims to help understand the functioning of the mechanisms of living organisms through the construction and use of quantitative tools. The applications of this research cover many related fields, such as biotechnology and medicine, where, for example, Bioinformatics contributes to faster drug design, DNA analysis in forensics, and DNA sequence analysis in the field of personalized medicine. Personalized medicine is a type of medical care in which treatment is customized individually for each patient. Personalized medicine enables more effective therapy, reduces the costs of therapy and clinical trials, and also minimizes the risk of side effects. Nevertheless, advances in personalized medicine would not have been possible without bioinformatics, which can analyze the human genome and other vast amounts of biomedical data, especially in genetics. The rapid growth of information technology enabled the development of new tools to decode human genomes, large-scale studies of genetic variations and medical informatics. The considerable development of technology, including the computing power of computers, is also conducive to the development of bioinformatics, including personalized medicine. In an era of rapidly growing data volumes and ever lower costs of generating, storing and computing data, personalized medicine holds great promises. Modern computational methods used as bioinformatics tools can integrate multi-scale, multi-modal and longitudinal patient data to create even more effective and safer therapy and disease prevention methods. Main aspects of the topic are: Applying bioinformatics in drug discovery and development; Bioinformatics in clinical diagnostics (genetic variants that act as markers for a condition or a disease); Blockchain and Artificial Intelligence/Machine Learning in personalized medicine; Customize disease-prevention strategies in personalized medicine; Big data analysis in personalized medicine; Translating stratification algorithms into clinical practice of personalized medicine.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/7.jpg",hasOnlineFirst:!0,hasPublishedBooks:!0,annualVolume:11403,editor:{id:"351533",title:"Dr.",name:"Slawomir",middleName:null,surname:"Wilczynski",slug:"slawomir-wilczynski",fullName:"Slawomir Wilczynski",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000035U1loQAC/Profile_Picture_1630074514792",biography:"Professor Sławomir Wilczyński, Head of the Chair of Department of Basic Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Poland. His research interests are focused on modern imaging methods used in medicine and pharmacy, including in particular hyperspectral imaging, dynamic thermovision analysis, high-resolution ultrasound, as well as other techniques such as EPR, NMR and hemispheric directional reflectance. Author of over 100 scientific works, patents and industrial designs. Expert of the Polish National Center for Research and Development, Member of the Investment Committee in the Bridge Alfa NCBiR program, expert of the Polish Ministry of Funds and Regional Policy, Polish Medical Research Agency. Editor-in-chief of the journal in the field of aesthetic medicine and dermatology - Aesthetica.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Medical University of Silesia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Poland"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,series:{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",issn:"2631-5343"},editorialBoard:[{id:"5886",title:"Dr.",name:"Alexandros",middleName:"T.",surname:"Tzallas",slug:"alexandros-tzallas",fullName:"Alexandros Tzallas",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/5886/images/system/5886.png",institutionString:"University of Ioannina, Greece & Imperial College London",institution:{name:"University of Ioannina",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Greece"}}},{id:"257388",title:"Distinguished Prof.",name:"Lulu",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",slug:"lulu-wang",fullName:"Lulu Wang",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRX6kQAG/Profile_Picture_1630329584194",institutionString:"Shenzhen Technology University",institution:{name:"Shenzhen Technology University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"225387",title:"Prof.",name:"Reda R.",middleName:"R.",surname:"Gharieb",slug:"reda-r.-gharieb",fullName:"Reda R. Gharieb",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/225387/images/system/225387.jpg",institutionString:"Assiut University",institution:{name:"Assiut University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Egypt"}}}]},onlineFirstChapters:{paginationCount:2,paginationItems:[{id:"82392",title:"Nanomaterials as Novel Biomarkers for Cancer Nanotheranostics: State of the Art",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105700",signatures:"Hao Yu, Zhihai Han, Cunrong Chen and Leisheng Zhang",slug:"nanomaterials-as-novel-biomarkers-for-cancer-nanotheranostics-state-of-the-art",totalDownloads:23,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Biotechnology - Biosensors, Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering - Annual Volume 2022",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11405.jpg",subseries:{id:"9",title:"Biotechnology - Biosensors, Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering"}}},{id:"81778",title:"Influence of Mechanical Properties of Biomaterials on the Reconstruction of Biomedical Parts via Additive Manufacturing Techniques: An Overview",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104465",signatures:"Babatunde Olamide Omiyale, Akeem Abiodun Rasheed, Robinson Omoboyode Akinnusi and Temitope Olumide Olugbade",slug:"influence-of-mechanical-properties-of-biomaterials-on-the-reconstruction-of-biomedical-parts-via-add",totalDownloads:11,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Biotechnology - Biosensors, Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering - Annual Volume 2022",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11405.jpg",subseries:{id:"9",title:"Biotechnology - Biosensors, Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering"}}}]},publishedBooks:{paginationCount:1,paginationItems:[{type:"book",id:"7726",title:"Swarm Intelligence",subtitle:"Recent Advances, New Perspectives and Applications",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7726.jpg",slug:"swarm-intelligence-recent-advances-new-perspectives-and-applications",publishedDate:"December 4th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Javier Del Ser, Esther Villar and Eneko Osaba",hash:"e7ea7e74ce7a7a8e5359629e07c68d31",volumeInSeries:2,fullTitle:"Swarm Intelligence - Recent Advances, New Perspectives and Applications",editors:[{id:"49813",title:"Dr.",name:"Javier",middleName:null,surname:"Del Ser",slug:"javier-del-ser",fullName:"Javier Del Ser",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/49813/images/system/49813.png",institutionString:"Tecnalia Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}]},testimonialsList:[{id:"8",text:"I work with IntechOpen for a number of reasons: their professionalism, their mission in support of Open Access publishing, and the quality of their peer-reviewed publications, but also because they believe in equality.",author:{id:"202192",name:"Catrin",surname:"Rutland",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/202192/images/system/202192.png",slug:"catrin-rutland",institution:{id:"134",name:"University of Nottingham",country:{id:null,name:"United Kingdom"}}}},{id:"27",text:"The opportunity to work with a prestigious publisher allows for the possibility to collaborate with more research groups interested in animal nutrition, leading to the development of new feeding strategies and food valuation while being more sustainable with the environment, allowing more readers to learn about the subject.",author:{id:"175967",name:"Manuel",surname:"Gonzalez Ronquillo",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/175967/images/system/175967.png",slug:"manuel-gonzalez-ronquillo",institution:{id:"6221",name:"Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México",country:{id:null,name:"Mexico"}}}},{id:"18",text:"It was great publishing with IntechOpen, the process was straightforward and I had support all along.",author:{id:"71579",name:"Berend",surname:"Olivier",institutionString:"Utrecht University",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/71579/images/system/71579.png",slug:"berend-olivier",institution:{id:"253",name:"Utrecht University",country:{id:null,name:"Netherlands"}}}}]},submityourwork:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:90,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:107,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:33,numberOfPublishedChapters:330,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:18,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:14,numberOfPublishedChapters:145,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:139,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:122,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:112,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:21,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:10,numberOfOpenTopics:1,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:5,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-6580",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],subseriesList:[],annualVolumeBook:{},thematicCollection:[],selectedSeries:null,selectedSubseries:null},seriesLanding:{item:{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",issn:"2631-6218",scope:"
\r\n\tThis book series will offer a comprehensive overview of recent research trends as well as clinical applications within different specialties of dentistry. Topics will include overviews of the health of the oral cavity, from prevention and care to different treatments for the rehabilitation of problems that may affect the organs and/or tissues present. The different areas of dentistry will be explored, with the aim of disseminating knowledge and providing readers with new tools for the comprehensive treatment of their patients with greater safety and with current techniques. Ongoing issues, recent advances, and future diagnostic approaches and therapeutic strategies will also be discussed. This series of books will focus on various aspects of the properties and results obtained by the various treatments available, whether preventive or curative.
",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/3.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"August 4th, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfPublishedChapters:139,numberOfPublishedBooks:9,editor:{id:"419588",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Sergio",middleName:"Alexandre",surname:"Gehrke",fullName:"Sergio Gehrke",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000038WgMKQA0/Profile_Picture_2022-06-02T11:44:20.jpg",biography:"Dr. Sergio Alexandre Gehrke is a doctorate holder in two fields. The first is a Ph.D. in Cellular and Molecular Biology from the Pontificia Catholic University, Porto Alegre, Brazil, in 2010 and the other is an International Ph.D. in Bioengineering from the Universidad Miguel Hernandez, Elche/Alicante, Spain, obtained in 2020. In 2018, he completed a postdoctoral fellowship in Materials Engineering in the NUCLEMAT of the Pontificia Catholic University, Porto Alegre, Brazil. He is currently the Director of the Postgraduate Program in Implantology of the Bioface/UCAM/PgO (Montevideo, Uruguay), Director of the Cathedra of Biotechnology of the Catholic University of Murcia (Murcia, Spain), an Extraordinary Full Professor of the Catholic University of Murcia (Murcia, Spain) as well as the Director of the private center of research Biotecnos – Technology and Science (Montevideo, Uruguay). Applied biomaterials, cellular and molecular biology, and dental implants are among his research interests. He has published several original papers in renowned journals. In addition, he is also a Collaborating Professor in several Postgraduate programs at different universities all over the world.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidad Católica San Antonio de Murcia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},subseries:[{id:"1",title:"Oral Health",keywords:"Oral Health, Dental Care, Diagnosis, Diagnostic Imaging, Early Diagnosis, Oral Cancer, Conservative Treatment, Epidemiology, Comprehensive Dental Care, Complementary Therapies, Holistic Health",scope:"
\r\n\tThis topic aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the latest trends in Oral Health based on recent scientific evidence. Subjects will include an overview of oral diseases and infections, systemic diseases affecting the oral cavity, prevention, diagnosis, treatment, epidemiology, as well as current clinical recommendations for the management of oral, dental, and periodontal diseases.
",annualVolume:11397,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/1.jpg",editor:{id:"173955",title:"Prof.",name:"Sandra",middleName:null,surname:"Marinho",fullName:"Sandra Marinho",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRGYMQA4/Profile_Picture_2022-06-01T13:22:41.png",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"State University of Paraíba",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"267724",title:"Prof.",name:"Febronia",middleName:null,surname:"Kahabuka",fullName:"Febronia Kahabuka",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRZpJQAW/Profile_Picture_2022-06-27T12:00:42.JPG",institutionString:"Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Tanzania",institution:{name:"Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Tanzania"}}},{id:"70530",title:"Dr.",name:"Márcio",middleName:"Campos",surname:"Oliveira",fullName:"Márcio Oliveira",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRm0AQAS/Profile_Picture_2022-08-01T12:34:46.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"State University of Feira de Santana",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}}]},{id:"2",title:"Prosthodontics and Implant Dentistry",keywords:"Osseointegration, Hard Tissue, Peri-implant Soft Tissue, Restorative Materials, Prosthesis Design, Prosthesis, Patient Satisfaction, Rehabilitation",scope:"
\r\n\tThe success of dental implant treatment is not solely dependent on the osseointegration around the implant. Aside from the criteria used to describe the hard tissue response at the implant level, the success criteria in implant dentistry include three additional aspects: peri-implant soft tissue, prosthesis, and patient’s satisfaction.
\r\n
\r\n\tThe Prosthodontics and Implant Dentistry topic will provide readers with up-to-date resources on the prosthodontics factors such as aesthetics, restorative materials, the design of prosthesis, case selection, occlusion, oral rehabilitation, among others, all of which play an important role in determining the success of a well osseointegrated implant. With the help of digital dental technology, these can now be accomplished more predictably.
\r\n
\r\n\tThe end goal of prosthesis is always considered when planning successful implant placement. The readers in this field will be able to learn more about taking a holistic approach when treating their dental implant cases.
",annualVolume:11398,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/2.jpg",editor:{id:"179568",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Wen Lin",middleName:null,surname:"Chai",fullName:"Wen Lin Chai",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRHGAQA4/Profile_Picture_2022-05-23T14:31:12.png",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Malaya",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Malaysia"}}},editorTwo:{id:"479686",title:"Dr.",name:"Ghee Seong",middleName:null,surname:"Lim",fullName:"Ghee Seong Lim",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00003ScjLZQAZ/Profile_Picture_2022-06-08T14:17:06.png",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Malaya",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Malaysia"}}},editorThree:null,editorialBoard:null}]}},libraryRecommendation:{success:null,errors:{},institutions:[]},route:{name:"profile.detail",path:"/profiles/81737",hash:"",query:{},params:{id:"81737"},fullPath:"/profiles/81737",meta:{},from:{name:null,path:"/",hash:"",query:{},params:{},fullPath:"/",meta:{}}}},function(){var e;(e=document.currentScript||document.scripts[document.scripts.length-1]).parentNode.removeChild(e)}()