",isbn:"978-1-80356-717-4",printIsbn:"978-1-80356-716-7",pdfIsbn:"978-1-80356-718-1",doi:null,price:0,priceEur:0,priceUsd:0,slug:null,numberOfPages:0,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isSalesforceBook:!1,isNomenclature:!1,hash:"2204ff2e64bffb84a4bf1b74bb38bfa1",bookSignature:"Dr. Hector Pérez-de-Tejada",publishedDate:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11492.jpg",keywords:"Plasma Dynamics, Fluid Flow Description, Space Research, Technical Devices, Multinational Participation, Communication Systems, Digital Links, World Information Patterns, Global Input Response, Wave-Particle Interactions, Instrument Identification Coverage, Open Access Data",numberOfDownloads:null,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:null,numberOfDimensionsCitations:null,numberOfTotalCitations:null,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"March 23rd 2022",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"June 1st 2022",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"July 31st 2022",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"October 19th 2022",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"December 18th 2022",dateConfirmationOfParticipation:null,remainingDaysToSecondStep:"2 months",secondStepPassed:!0,areRegistrationsClosed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:4,editedByType:null,kuFlag:!1,biosketch:"A seasoned researcher with over 50 years of experience in Geophysics and Space Physics, with over 200 publications, a member of the International Astronomical Union, and former president of the Mexican Geophysical Union.",coeditorOneBiosketch:null,coeditorTwoBiosketch:null,coeditorThreeBiosketch:null,coeditorFourBiosketch:null,coeditorFiveBiosketch:null,editors:[{id:"345070",title:"Dr.",name:"Hector",middleName:null,surname:"Pérez-de-Tejada",slug:"hector-perez-de-tejada",fullName:"Hector Pérez-de-Tejada",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/345070/images/system/345070.png",biography:"Graduate of the Physics School at the National University of Mexico in Mexico City with a Masters and Doctorate degree from the University of Colorado in Boulder, Colorado (1970).\r\nFull time researcher at the Institute of Geophysics of the National University of Mexico since 1970. \r\nPresident of the Mexican Geophysical Union (1982-1984) and head of the Space Physics Department in the Institute of Geophysics (2016-2018)",institutionString:"National Autonomous University of Mexico",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"2",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"National Autonomous University of Mexico",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}}],coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"10",title:"Earth and Planetary Sciences",slug:"earth-and-planetary-sciences"}],chapters:null,productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},personalPublishingAssistant:{id:"466997",firstName:"Patricia",lastName:"Kerep",middleName:null,title:"Ms.",imageUrl:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/466997/images/21565_n.jpg",email:"patricia@intechopen.com",biography:"As an Author Service Manager my responsibilities include monitoring and facilitating all publishing activities for authors and editors. From chapter submission and review, to approval and revision, copyediting and design, until final publication, I work closely with authors and editors to ensure a simple and easy publishing process. I maintain constant and effective communication with authors, editors and reviewers, which allows for a level of personal support that enables contributors to fully"}},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"5962",title:"Estuary",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"43058846a64b270e9167d478e966161a",slug:"estuary",bookSignature:"William Froneman",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5962.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"109336",title:"Prof.",name:"William",surname:"Froneman",slug:"william-froneman",fullName:"William Froneman"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1591",title:"Infrared Spectroscopy",subtitle:"Materials Science, Engineering and Technology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"99b4b7b71a8caeb693ed762b40b017f4",slug:"infrared-spectroscopy-materials-science-engineering-and-technology",bookSignature:"Theophile Theophanides",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1591.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"37194",title:"Dr.",name:"Theophile",surname:"Theophanides",slug:"theophile-theophanides",fullName:"Theophile Theophanides"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3161",title:"Frontiers in Guided Wave Optics and Optoelectronics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"deb44e9c99f82bbce1083abea743146c",slug:"frontiers-in-guided-wave-optics-and-optoelectronics",bookSignature:"Bishnu Pal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3161.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"4782",title:"Prof.",name:"Bishnu",surname:"Pal",slug:"bishnu-pal",fullName:"Bishnu Pal"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"371",title:"Abiotic Stress in Plants",subtitle:"Mechanisms and Adaptations",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"588466f487e307619849d72389178a74",slug:"abiotic-stress-in-plants-mechanisms-and-adaptations",bookSignature:"Arun Shanker and B. Venkateswarlu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/371.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"58592",title:"Dr.",name:"Arun",surname:"Shanker",slug:"arun-shanker",fullName:"Arun Shanker"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3092",title:"Anopheles mosquitoes",subtitle:"New insights into malaria vectors",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c9e622485316d5e296288bf24d2b0d64",slug:"anopheles-mosquitoes-new-insights-into-malaria-vectors",bookSignature:"Sylvie Manguin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3092.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"50017",title:"Prof.",name:"Sylvie",surname:"Manguin",slug:"sylvie-manguin",fullName:"Sylvie Manguin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"72",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Theory, Properties, New Approaches",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d94ffa3cfa10505e3b1d676d46fcd3f5",slug:"ionic-liquids-theory-properties-new-approaches",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/72.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"2270",title:"Fourier Transform",subtitle:"Materials Analysis",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5e094b066da527193e878e160b4772af",slug:"fourier-transform-materials-analysis",bookSignature:"Salih Mohammed Salih",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2270.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"111691",title:"Dr.Ing.",name:"Salih",surname:"Salih",slug:"salih-salih",fullName:"Salih Salih"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"117",title:"Artificial Neural Networks",subtitle:"Methodological Advances and Biomedical Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:null,slug:"artificial-neural-networks-methodological-advances-and-biomedical-applications",bookSignature:"Kenji Suzuki",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/117.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"3095",title:"Prof.",name:"Kenji",surname:"Suzuki",slug:"kenji-suzuki",fullName:"Kenji Suzuki"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3828",title:"Application of Nanotechnology in Drug Delivery",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"51a27e7adbfafcfedb6e9683f209cba4",slug:"application-of-nanotechnology-in-drug-delivery",bookSignature:"Ali Demir Sezer",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3828.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"62389",title:"PhD.",name:"Ali Demir",surname:"Sezer",slug:"ali-demir-sezer",fullName:"Ali Demir Sezer"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"872",title:"Organic Pollutants Ten Years After the Stockholm Convention",subtitle:"Environmental and Analytical Update",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f01dc7077e1d23f3d8f5454985cafa0a",slug:"organic-pollutants-ten-years-after-the-stockholm-convention-environmental-and-analytical-update",bookSignature:"Tomasz Puzyn and Aleksandra Mostrag-Szlichtyng",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/872.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"84887",title:"Dr.",name:"Tomasz",surname:"Puzyn",slug:"tomasz-puzyn",fullName:"Tomasz Puzyn"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},chapter:{item:{type:"chapter",id:"66046",title:"Creating the Ideal Buttock (Lifting, Implanting or Fat Grafting)",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.84660",slug:"creating-the-ideal-buttock-lifting-implanting-or-fat-grafting-",body:'\n
\n
1. Introduction
\n
An attractive buttock has become extremely popular in the last decade thanks to social media and some popular iconic figures that make a living simply from have what many thinks of as a “nice butt.” However, before the recent surg in popularity, various gluteal shaping procedure have been performed over the past half century to correct deformities and improve patient’ proportions, laxity or size. Most of the procedures remain about the same but many patient’s idea of what a beautiful backside should look like has changed. Still, physiologically, the buttock remains a major weight bearing anatomic unit as well as a source for moment and strength. It has been the source of inspiration by many artists. Yet, many cultures use the buttocks as the site for corporal punishment. In numerous cultures the buttock plays a significant role in sexual attraction and seduction. A full, well-rounded buttocks is considered attractive because it indicates health, youthfulness, and could indirectly be related to fertility, as a larger pelvic is considered more ideal for childbearing.
\n
There are a multitude of options that can be used to improve the buttock including non-surgical injections, implants, fat, excisional, liposuction and various energy devices (Figure 1). Understand the diagnosis helps formulate the ideal plan and selection of the best technique to give the patient a pleasing result. This chapter will cover the top three surgical procedures in great detail; the formal buttock lift, the Brazilian butt lift (BBL) and gluteal implants (Figure 2). Currently, more than ever, the buttock plays a significant role in physical and sexual attraction. This particular body part has gained an enormous amount of attention in social media and conventional media due to a number of Hollywood celebrities and the rising popularity of social media models in recent years causing a spike in gluteal enhancement operations (Figure 3).
\n
Figure 1.
Enhancing the buttock can be performed via a wide variety of options. Understanding the diagnosis is critical to select the proper technique for buttock enhancement.
\n
Figure 2.
Not including filler injections, the top three surgical gluteal enhancement or ‘gluteoplasty’ procedures are Brazilian butt lifting (BBL), formal or skin excisional buttock lifting as well gluteal implant placement.
\n
Figure 3.
The buttock has gained a lot of attention in social media and conventional media due to a number of Hollywood celebrities and the rising popularity of social media models who flaunt their extreme curves in the gluteal area in particular. This has caused an exponential rise in buttock cosmetic surgery procedures in the last decade.
\n
\n
\n
2. Universal proportions and characteristics of a beautiful buttocks
\n
When it comes to body contouring surgery, the surgeon should know the universal characteristics and proportions that make up a universally attractive buttock. Many have classified buttock into shape categories. The most common four are the round, square, “V” shape, and the upside-down heart (Figure 4). With the upside-down heart in general being most attractive and the V shape being least attractive. In 1993, Singh published his study on the role that the waist-to-hip ratio plays in regards to female physical attractiveness in the Journal of Personality and Social Psychology [1]. After the analysis of three different studies, Singh proposed that there is a correlation between female attractiveness and the proportions of the waist and buttocks which he described as the waist-to-hip ratio (WHR). Moreover, he found that males in those studies considered female figures with a low WHR more attractive, healthier, and of greater reproductive potential than females with higher WHR. More specifically, the studies indicated that the ideal female figure has a waist-to-hip ratio of 0.7 (Figure 5). This ratio is measured by obtaining the circumference of the waist at its narrowest area and dividing it by the circumference of the thighs (“hips”) at the level of the buttocks with maximum projection (Figure 6). Another characteristic of a beautiful, youthful, and attractive buttocks includes a short gluteal crease that does not extend past the medial third with no ptosis over this line. Such idea buttock shapes may be a goal for many but can be exceptional hard to achieve in some patients such as massive weight loss clientele (Figure 7).
\n
Figure 4.
The most common four buttock shapes are considered to be the round, square, ‘V’ shape, and the upside-down heart With the upside down heart in general being most attractive and the V shape, also known as a frog’s buttock’ as being least attractive as well as the hardest to correct.
\n
Figure 5.
Throughout history, a small waist has generally been considered attractive. A specific waist-to-hip ratio of 0.7 appears most attractive.
\n
Figure 6.
Several studies recently validated that the ideal female figure has a waist-to-hip ratio of 0.7, yet they also found ethnic differences in what size buttock various cultures found attractive.
\n
Figure 7.
Massive weight loss patients often require formal skin excision buttock lifts plus augmentation. Even with maximum effort, it is difficult to achieve a small waist, short infra gluteal crease and upside-down heart shape.
\n
\n
\n
3. Ethnic variations for an attractive buttock
\n
It is fair to say that all cultures find a female body with a waist-to-hip ratio around 0.7 to be very attractive. However, there are significant ethnic differences when it comes to the ideal shape of a buttock. The senior author has performed well over 1000 gluteal augmentations including fat grafting, gluteal lifts and gluteal implants. It is our experience that patient’s satisfaction depends heavily on what their ethnicity perceives as an attractively shaped buttock and did the surgeons results match what they hoped to achieve. If the surgeon does not understand how significant the buttock shape is based on ethnicity, a good result from the surgeon’s standpoint may be a terrible result for the patient. This observation is based on over 22 years’ experience performing gluteal surgeries in many parts of the world and on an extremely large number of ethnically diverse patients (Figure 8). With the United States and the world as a whole becoming much more diverse due to immigration patterns and medical tourism, it is important for the surgeon to take into consideration ethnic background of the patient when doing this type of surgery. It is also important to go over before and after photos with patients to assess what it is that they consider ideal for their body. The major differences noted among ethnic groups are:
Caucasian female patients prefer an average fullness but not extremely large in most cases as a general rule of thumb. They like their fullness in the upper to middle third of the buttocks and like an overall upside-down heart shape. However, most Caucasian patients do not like the fullness in the lateral thigh and if it is present, they often request liposuction of this area the call the lateral thigh fat immediately below the greater trochanter depression, “saddlebags”. This same area may be referred to as “hips” by a Latino or Black patient which may be confusing if not understood. Typically, Caucasians like a slimmer and more athletic look to their buttocks (Figure 9).
Patients of Hispanic or South American decent prefer a buttock that is very full (larger volumes than most Caucasians) with significant additional fullness in the lateral buttocks and also in the lateral thigh area (Figure 10). For the most part, they prefer their maximum point of projection in the lower one half to one third of the buttocks. The preferred shape among this ethnic group is an extreme upside-down heart with more fullness in the lateral thigh area. Unlike Caucasian patients, liposuction of the lateral thigh area is almost never desired in Black or Hispanic women (Figure 11).
Black female patients have a very consistent cultural request of a very large and round buttocks (Figure 12). Another popular request in this ethnic group is a high “take-off” which is also known as a “shelf-like butt.” In general, women of this culture request a very large, round buttocks with major fullness of the lateral buttocks and lateral thighs, and a major lordotic curve (Figure 13).
\n
Figure 8.
Ethnic diversity regarding buttock shape is particularly significant for differences seen between Caucasian, Latinos, and African American women. Maximum projection location is one difference among this group as shown and lateral fullness is another area where Caucasian vary greatly from Latinos or Black women.
\n
Figure 9.
BBLs for Caucasian women often require removing a portion of the convexity as shown in the lateral thigh fat not typically removed in Latinos or Blacks. Fat can be grafting into the lateral greater trochanter depression but more grafting in general is focused centrally versus laterally.
\n
Figure 10.
BBLs for Latino / Hispanic women typically involves significant fat grafting to the mid and lower 1/3 of the buttock as well as major grafting in the lower lateral buttock. Even when a large implant is used, many Hispanic women will also want additional fill laterally with fat to accentuate the upside-down heart shape.
\n
Figure 11.
This figure demonstrate the fat grafting pattern commonly seen with differing ethnicities from a more lateral view. Black and Hispanic females generally prefer larger volumes than Caucasian women but Black women like more rounded appearance with a more accentuated Lordotic curve from back to buttock.
\n
Figure 12.
BBLs for Latino / Hispanic women typically involves significant fat grafting to the mid and lower 1/3 of the buttock as well as major grafting in the lower lateral buttock. Even when a large implant is used, many Hispanic women will also want additional fill laterally with fat to accentuate the upside-down heart shape.
\n
Figure 13.
Most Black females who desire BBLs have very consistent cultural request of a large, round buttocks that is almost “shelf-like” at the top. On average, women of this culture request a large, round buttocks with major fullness of the lateral buttocks and lateral thighs, as well as a substantial lordotic curve.
\n
Of note, these ethnic variations are valid for most cases. However, interracial relationships may play a role in what patient’s desire. Some Caucasian, Hispanic and Asian women may request the look of an African-American shape if they are in a significant relationship with an African-American male or if they socialize predominantly with that ethnic group. In a similar fashion, Black and Hispanic females in significant relationships with Caucasians may request reduction of the lateral thighs. Care must be taken to discuss details of what each individual patient hopes to achieve and what their specific preferences are regarding perigluteal shape and size.
\n
\n
\n
4. Candidates for gluteal enhancements
\n
As patients age, the buttock undergoes changing due to multiple factors including generics, gravity, weight gain and weight loss. The vast majority of patients experience fat hypertrophy in the peri-gluteal areas and a flattened buttock shape. One of the most important things for a surgeon is to categorize the patient based on their buttock shape. There are four major shapes identified. The “A” shape which the most desired shape as it typically follows the 0.7 waist-to-hip ratio. The “square” shape which is very common seen in those patients with excess waist circumference from increased adipose tissue around the waist and lower back region. The “O” shape is usually made up by a full and round buttock. Finally, the “V” shape buttock is often seen in the massive weight loss patient or in patients who have an atrophic buttock with excess fat adiposity in the “love handle” area (Figure 4). Another remarkable finding is the inferior oblique gluteal crease that is most prominently seen in the “square” buttock (Figure 14). It is an oblique groove that is observed in the lower pole and close to the medial third. There is usually excess fat on either side of the oblique groove (Figure 15).
\n
Figure 14.
A square buttock is very common and often is marked by a distinct inferior oblique groove that is observed in the lower pole and close to the medial third as shown There is usually excess fat on either side of the oblique groove. The square shape is mostly created from excess hip or flank fat.
\n
Figure 15.
Fat grafting should not be limited to the central buttock for best results. As shown, fat can be added to the oblique groove if present, posterior as well as lateral buttock and greater trochanter depression. Occasionally, fat may need to be blended even further down the patient’s thigh.
\n
There are certain changes that take place in the gluteal and peri-gluteal region that take place over time which begin to change the buttock shape into a less ideal one. One of them is the loss of the inward curves at the level of the waist and also the inward sweep in the mid-line of the lower back (lumbosacral area). Another unaesthetic change of the aging buttock is the elongation of the infragluteal crease. One of the most aesthetic of a buttock is the “lifted” look which is why most buttocks that are considered attractive have their most prominent part in the upper to middle third. However, with aging and changes in weight, the buttock may become ptotic with most of its projection in the lower third and likely overhanging over the infragluteal crease.
\n
\n
\n
5. Aesthetic buttock enhancement options
\n
There are surgical and non-surgical therapies to correct deformities of the buttocks and to enhance its shape and size. The least invasive way to enhance gluteal deformities and irregularities is by injection of fillers such as poly-l-lactic acid (Sculptra by Galderma Laboratories, L.P.) which is a synthetic material that is naturally absorbed by the body over time. Sculptra® is indicated for healthy patients who are looking for correction of irregularities and small areas of atrophy. In the gluteal area is used off label since his FDA approval is for correction of facial wrinkles and deep nasolabial folds. The injection technique is considered subcutaneous to deep dermal in a cross-hatch pattern. It is recommended to ovoid overcorrection because the product is expected to gradually improve the contour deficiency after treatment of the area.
\n
Surgical enhancement of the gluteal region depends largely on the amount of available fat to be harvested with liposuction and fat transfer. It also depends on the degree of skin laxity of the buttocks. Liposculpture (liposuction and fat transfer) is the preferred method of buttock augmentation on those female patients how have excess amounts of fat in the lower back, waist and/or abdominal area. This technique of liposculpture is popularly known and marketed as a “Brazilian butt lift” (BBL) procedure. The necessary amount of fat harvest needed varies on a case by case basis but on average 200–1000 cc of fat is micro-grafted into each side of the buttocks. In a recent reviewed survey of 100 board certified cosmetic surgeons who perform BBLs routinely, the average was 600 cc of fat inject per side. If the patient does not have enough excess fat available and is not willing to gain weight, then gluteal silicone implants are the treatment of choice (Figure 16).
\n
Figure 16.
Gluteal implants can be a great option for patients who desire significant gluteal enhancement but has very little excess fat. However, sometime even with implants, a Hispanic patient may want additional fullness laterally that can be performed simultaneously if at least some fat is available.
\n
In the massive weight loss patient or patients with limiting amounts of fat and severe skin laxity, a traditional incisional butt lift is on treatment of choice. The enhancement in projection for those patients may be performed with micro-fat grafting and/or silicone gluteal implants (Figure 17). Auto-augmentation via use of a dermofatty pedicle during a formal butt lift adds bulk and projection, but unfortunately it is limited to an isolated area and often additional fat injection laterally is required or implants if no significant fat source exist.
\n
Figure 17.
In the massive weight loss patient with severe skin laxity, a traditional incisional butt lift is the treatment of choice. The enhancement in projection for those patients can be performed with auto-augmentation via use of a dermofatty pedicle as shown. Regrettably, it is limited to an isolated area and often additional fat injection laterally is required or implants if no extra fat source exist.
\n
The other type of patient that is often encountered is the patient that lacks projection in the gluteal region and desires an improved shape but are too thin for autogenous fat transfer. They usually have an athletic build and little to no gluteal ptosis. These patients have one option for aesthetic gluteal enhancement which is the surgical placement of a gluteal implant. Historically, one of the first ways surgeons started to augment the buttocks was with round silicone gel breast implants. However, surgeons quickly realized that breast implants were problematic in the buttock region [2]. Over the years, multiple techniques have been described for gluteal augmentation using prosthesis in three anatomical planes: submuscular, intramuscular and subfascial [3, 4, 5]. The submuscular placement is considered unfavorable because of the increased risk of injury to the sciatic nerve. This potential risk was minimized, but not eliminated, by placing the implant in an intramuscular plane. The subfascial technique virtually eliminates the morbidity of sciatic nerve injury but comes with other limitations such as a more visible and palpable implant.
First, the fat donor sites are established. Common areas for fat harvest include, but are not limited to, the abdomen, chest, lateral thorax, waist, hips, back, arms, and/or thighs. For the best aesthetic outcomes, the lower back, sacrum, waist and hips are areas that are almost always treated with liposuction to narrow the waist and accentuate the curves and lower the hip/waist ratio.
\n
Next, pre-surgical markings are preformed while the patient is in an upright position. Deep depressions or areas that need to be grafted are outlined in red and areas that need to be liposuction are marked in blue. Once the patient has been put under general anesthesia, foot pumps are applied for deep vein thrombosis prophylaxis and 2 g of cefazolin (Ancef) is given. If allergic to penicillin, clindamycin 600 mg IV is given as antibiotic prophylaxis.
\n
Next, the skin is prepared in a sterile fashion with 4% chlorohexidine diluted with sterile 0.9% normal saline with sterile gauze to clean all areas that will be treated with liposuction or fat grafting. Then, a 20 gauge spinal needle connected to a Wells Johnson® infiltration pump is used to superficially inject the tumescent anesthesia solution. Next, a #11 blade is used to make punctures in all planned liposuction sites. Lastly, a blunt infiltration cannula attached to the infiltration pump is used to infiltrate with majority of the tumescent solution into the deep and superficial fat layers until the tissues have a tense feel to them due to the increase hydrostatic pressure. The tissues area left undisturbed for ~20 min to allow for vasoconstriction by the epinephrine within the tumescent anesthesia infiltrated. During this time, the patient is prepared and draped in a sterile fashion for a second time but this time using a ChloraPrep™ stick. In addition, a lap sponge soaked in betadine solution is placed and secured over the anus with one 3-0 prolene suture at the level of the sacrum and a 3 M ioband dressing to completely seal off the anus from potentially contaminating the sterile field (Figure 18). The maximum concentration of lidocaine used is 35 mg/kg and all cases are done under general endotracheal anesthesia.
\n
Figure 18.
A lap sponge soaked in betadine solution is placed and secured over the anus with one 3-0 Prolene suture at the level of the sacrum and covered with a 3M ioband dressing to completely seal off the anus from the sterile field. Drains are commonly used and punctures sealed sterilely in an effort to prevent post op infections.
\n
Next, 3 or 4 mm liposuction cannulas are used to harvest the fat from all areas to be treated. The fat is collected sterile into a 3 L, glass, and reusable sterile canister. Excess fluid and blood settles on the bottom of the canister and fat micro-grafts float to the top of the canister via continuous vibration table. The excess fluid is decanted to isolate only the fat grafts. The fat is then treated with an antibiotic solution containing 80 mg gentamicin and 600 mg of clindamycin mixed in a saline solution of 250 ml. Right before the fat is about to be injected back into the patient, 5–6 cc of platelet rich plasma (PRP) from the patient’s own blood is mixed with the fat. A 4 mm infiltration cannula with a single hole is used to pump the fat back into the patient’s buttocks. The fat infiltration technique most often used by the authors is a superficial grafting technique above the muscle in a parallel plane to the back and far from the superior and inferior gluteal veins to avoid injury which could lead to fat emboli (Figure 19). A pressure-controlled injection system by Wells Johnson is used which cuts off automatically if it senses pressures higher than central venous pressure. The preferred infiltration system is a closed loop injection system that includes a vibrating table to help with separation of the fat from the supernatant. The advantages of this system when compared to previous methods of fat grafting include efficiency, perfect micro-droplet size, more sterile or cleaner, and low pressure of injection.
\n
Figure 19.
The fat infiltration technique used by the authors is a superficial grafting technique above the muscle in a parallel plane to the back which keeps the cannula well above the superior and inferior gluteal veins. Injection should be keep out of the inner bowl of the pelvis and essentially stay above the boney crest.
\n
\n
\n
6.2. Gluteal implants
\n
First, the patient’s upper and lower gluteal crease are marked. Then, the patient is asked to sit down to mark a horizontal line when the buttocks is touching the chair. The skin marking are made with a custom-designed template. The template fits perfectly into the gluteal area just above the horizontal line previously marked on the skin. Medial extend of the implant is ~2 cm lateral from the external rim of the sacral bone. Once the patient has been put under general anesthesia, foot pumps are applied for deep vein thrombosis prophylaxis and 2 g of cefazolin (Ancef) is given. If allergic to penicillin, clindamycin 600 mg IV is given as antibiotic prophylaxis.
\n
Next, the skin is prepared in a normal sterile fashion and tumescent anesthesia is infiltrated into the sacral and gluteal areas. One single, vertically oriented, 6 cm incision is made in the midline of the sacral region in the intergluteal crease. The incision is made through skin, subcutaneous tissue and proceeds laterally until the lateral borders of the sacral bone and the medial border of the gluteal maximus is identified. A 4–6 cm incision is made intramuscularly blunt dissection is then performed intra-muscularly laterally, caudally and in a cephalad direction to create the implant pocket. This is performed bilaterally. The implants are then introduced into the pocket through the small incisions using a plastic funnel (Figure 20). The position of the implant is verified with palpation and the aesthetics of the augmentation is assessed from multiple angles. The implant can be adjusted slightly up or down to a limit. Often, a Latino female may want her implants slightly lower than what would be preferred by an African American female (Figure 21). Next, the implants are secure in place using a non-resorbable suture to the underlaying fascia. Layered closure is followed.
\n
Figure 20.
A 5cm midline skin incision is used for placement of both butt implants followed by initial blunt dissection within the gluteus maximus muscle to create the implant pocket. After lighted retraction and hemostasis assured, implants are then introduced into the pocket through the small incisions using a Keller funnel®.
\n
Figure 21.
The position of gluteal implants should be verified from multiple angles. After positioning, the muscle can be sutured primarily over the implant. Often, a Latino female may want her implants slightly lower than would be preferred by an African American female.
\n
\n
\n
6.3. Formal incisional buttock lifting technique
\n
As previously mentioned, this procedure is common in the massive weight loss patient. It is used to address the damage to collagen and elastic fibers which have been severely stretched. The typical “V” shape appearance of the massive weight loss patient is due to excess skin and lack of skin elasticity. The lack of projection is due to the loss of volume.
\n
The incisional butt lift is a procedure that can be perfumed by itself to address the skin laxity and the ptosis of the skin. But it could also be combined with autogenous fat grafting and/or gluteal implants. The first step in this technique is to place the most superior incision along the iliac crest while the patient is standing in the upright position. This upper incision is marked from the mid-line and it ends laterally on the most lateral portion of the iliac crest. This creates a wide “M” shaped incision marking just above the underwear line. Then, a pinch test is performed in order to determine where the lower incision will be marked. The excess skin and fat excision is performed in a “Gull Wing” fashion (Figure 22). The patient is prepped and draped in a sterile fashion. Upper incision is made following the markings. No undermining above this incision is recommended. The only undermining of skin and subcutaneous fat is carried out in a caudal direction below Scarpa’s fascia (Figure 23). Once the desired fat and skin has been excised, further undermining in a caudal direction takes place in order to be able to advance the lower skin and subcutaneous tissues up to the upper incision and close with the least tension as possible. Liposuction of the flanks and thighs is done only as needed. Another common procedural adjunct to an incisional but lift is a gluteal tuck which is also known as a posterior thigh lift.
\n
Figure 22.
The most superior incision for a formal butt lift is along the iliac crest while the patient is standing in the upright position. Then, a pinch test is performed in order to determine where the lower incision will be marked. The excess skin and fat excision is performed in a “Gull Wing” fashion. Minimal undermining is required and liposuction can be performed simultaneously along with occasional fat grafting or implants when indicated.
\n
Figure 23.
The patient shown is before and after a standard skin excisional buttock lift with the addition of fat grafting to improve final shape and projection.
\n
In certain cases when fullness to the upper buttocks is desired, the surgeon should consider the rotation of a dermal pedicle inferiorly to give the upper buttocks more volume and projection. This could eliminate the need for a gluteal silicone implant. Planning is critical and one much keep correct proportions, maintain the superior incision at the iliac crest and avoid a thin flap to prevent unwanted complications (Figure 24).
\n
Figure 24.
The patient shown had complications from what appears to have been poor planning as well as technique. Correction focused on restoring a better hip to waist ratio by scar revision and fat grafting along with removal of fat at the true waist line.
\n
\n
\n
\n
7. Safety considerations
\n
\n
7.1. Infection prevention
\n
Even though gluteal augmentation surgery has an incidence of infection of <1%, surgeons should avoid this serious complication at all cost. Patients should clean their entire body with an antiseptic skin cleanser the night before or the morning prior to surgery (i.e., Hibiclens® soap). All of our patient’s get a double prep prior to surgery. One sterile prep takes place prior to tumescent or local anesthesia infiltration and the other prep takes places prior to incision time. Antibiotic prophylaxis with 2 g Ancef q4h, Unasyn 3 g q6h, and gentamicin 5 mg/kg/24 h [6]. In addition, the peri-anal area is also covered with a lap sponge soaked in betadine solution plus a seal over it using a 3 M™ Ioban™ adhesive intra-operatively, using a closed liposuction system for high volume fat harvesting and reinjection prevents the fat from ever being exposed to the open air in the operating room. Thus, reducing the risk for airborne pathogens. Prior to re-injection of fat, the harvested fat in the 3 L canister is treated with an antibiotic solution containing 250 cc of normal saline, 600 mg of clindamycin, and 80 mg of gentamicin. Lastly, all liposuction and injection punctures sites are sutured and sealed with sterile tegaderm dressings.
\n
\n
\n
7.2. Fat embolism prevention
\n
Considered one of the rapidly evolving and one of the most popular cosmetic procedures of the last decades, the fat transferred procedure marketed as a “Brazilian butt lift” has been in the news in the past couple of years due to an increase in mortality rate associated to the potential risk for fat embolism and its fatal effect on the cardio-pulmonary system. In 2017, a report on mortality from gluteal fat grafting was published on the Plastics and Reconstructive Surgery Journal. The reports revealed that the mortality risk worldwide of 1:3000 for those patients undergoing gluteal fat grafting. Before that reports was published, the cosmetic surgery procedure associated with the highest mortality rate was attributed to abdominoplasty which is only 1:18,000. That makes the mortality risk for gluteal fat grafting six times higher when compared to abdominoplasty [7].
\n
Fat embolism takes place when fat enters the venous system. Therefore, it is believed that fat is being grafted into the veins in the gluteal region and traveling up into to cardio-pulmonary system. No one is aware of the exact mechanism but there are two theories. One is the “direct cannulation” theory, in which it is thought the cannula tip enters the vein and a bolus of fat is inserted into the vein. The fat bolus then can travel up to the pulmonary circulation and cause cardio-pulmonary instability. The second theory is the “laceration siphon” theory described by Del Vecchio and Wall [8]. In this theory, there is some iatrogenic damage to a large vein which is created under low pressure, which is then followed by fat introduction into the damaged vein under high pressure. It is thought that a pressure gradient in the area may transfer the fat slowly overtime into the damaged vein due to the difference in pressure. This theory has also been called the “Venous Traction” theory.
\n
The evolution in technology used for large volume fat grafting are helping to make this procedure safer. The use of tommie-syringes for fat transferred is now considered outdated and somewhat high risk due to the variable and unpredictable amount of pressure needed to be applied to get the fat to come out. It is highly recommended to use a closed-circuit liposuction system in which the fat is kept sterile in a large cannister and then re-injected back into the patient without being exposed to air. The preferred system is the HVP™ system by Wells Johnson which allows you to precisely control pressure and flow rates. It allows you to manage and control both negative and positive pressures. The average positive pressure generated by a 60 ml Toomey syringe is 80″ Hg and a 1 ml syringe reaches up to 1425″ Hg. The standard infiltration pump that comes in the HVP™ system can create positive pressures up to 77″ Hg, and it allows you to set an upper limit so that the machine would automatically stop.
\n
Another recommendation to ovoid vascular injury and fat embolism into the superior and inferior gluteal vessels is to use 4 mm blunt cannulas, avoiding the use of smaller diameter cannulas These vessels are located within the fascia or deep to the fascia of the gluteus maximus (Figure 25). Therefore, intramuscular injection of fat is not recommended and/or needed in order to achieve an aesthetic result. However, if the surgeon is going to inject fat into muscle, it is recommended to stay in the superficial portion of the muscle that is part of the convexity at or above the hip bone level, avoiding any deep muscle injection. It is also recommended to inject fat using a micro-droplet technique rather than large pooling boluses of fat.
\n
Figure 25.
Vascular injury and fat embolism into the superior and inferior gluteal vessels may be avoided by use of 4mm blunt cannulas and avoiding the use of smaller diameter cannulas that may more easily tear the vessels located deep to the gluteus maximus and medius.
\n
The angulation of the infiltrating cannula is also very important. In order to avoid the “danger zone,” it is suggested to keep the infiltration cannula as parallel as possible to the lower back and to resist angulating the cannula in a steep angle (Figure 26). In addition, it is recommended to perform fat infiltration from the punctures made in the supra-gluteal crease which makes it less likely to inject fat intramuscularly than using the infra-gluteal crease.
\n
Figure 26.
The angulation of the infiltrating cannula is very important as shown. In order to avoid the “danger zone,” it is suggested to keep the infiltration cannula as parallel as possible to the lower back and to resist angulating the cannula at a steep angle to avoid the deep gluteal veins.
\n
\n
\n
7.3. Blood loss and DVT
\n
Any of the main gluteoplasty procedures mentioned have the potential for heavy blood loss especially from aggressive liposuction. Patients with BMIs > 35 and those getting simultaneous abdominoplasty have increased risk of both anemia as well as deep venous thrombosis (DVT) (Figure 27).
\n
Figure 27.
A high risk obese patient is shown who underwent a simultaneous abdominoplasty plus liposuction and fat grafting BBL. A BMI >35 greatly increases her risk for many issues and especially wound problems.
\n
We obtain pre and post-operative hemoglobin levels and hematocrit levels on all BBL patients as well as implant and formal butt lift patients. All patients have routine pneumatic foot pumps and other routine DVT prophylaxis. Lovenox, heparin or other anticoagulants are used on a case by case basis only since the risk for hematoma often outweighs the risk for DVT for many cosmetic surgery procedures, especially where major tissue undermining may be required (Figure 28).
\n
Figure 28.
Demonstration of the ideal patient for a BBL, healthy, normal BMI and limited fat volume injected above muscle to may a nice difference.
\n
\n
\n
\n
8. Conclusions
\n
Gluteal enhancement was a relatively infrequent procedure before the twenty-first century, but gluteal enhancement procedures have exploded in popularity after 2010 thanks mostly from social media and celebrities. Unfortunately, an unheralded increase in numbers of fat grafting procedures to the buttock throughout the world did not allow time for some complications to be realized in a timely manner. Many good surgeons around the world were caught off guard by this dangerous phenomenon. Fat embolism death has been associated with BBL procedures at an alarming frequency (mortality rate 1:3000). Fortunately, research and preventive measures are finally catching up and death rates from this procedure will expectantly fall precipitously in the next few years. This would be a welcome development to an otherwise excellent procedure. Many a patient have been thrilled with their ne shape and well-rounded curvy figure and small hip to waist ratio.
\n
Beyond a BBL using fat, there are a multitude of options that can be used to improve the buttock including non-surgical injections, implants, excisional, liposuction and various energy devices. The surgeon must thoroughly understand the diagnosis to formulate the ideal plan and select the best technique for each patient. This chapter attempted to cover the top three surgical procedures (formal buttock lift, the Brazilian butt lift and gluteal implants) in enough detail to be very valuable for those performing these procedures. More than ever, the buttock plays a significant role in physical and sexual attraction and surgeons are ask routinely to obtain results that are beautiful as well as low risk.
\n
\n\n',keywords:"Brazilian butt lift, buttock augmentation, gluteoplasty, butt implant, fat grafting",chapterPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/66046.pdf",chapterXML:"https://mts.intechopen.com/source/xml/66046.xml",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/66046",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/66046",totalDownloads:2137,totalViews:0,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,totalAltmetricsMentions:0,introChapter:null,impactScore:1,impactScorePercentile:62,impactScoreQuartile:3,hasAltmetrics:0,dateSubmitted:"November 9th 2018",dateReviewed:"January 23rd 2019",datePrePublished:"March 8th 2019",datePublished:"August 28th 2019",dateFinished:"March 8th 2019",readingETA:"0",abstract:"An attractive buttock has become more popular than ever before owing to social media and popular iconic celebrity figures. For many women today, a full, well-rounded buttock is considered attractive and has connotations of health, youthfulness, as well as sexual allure. There are a host of choices that can be used to improve buttock shape, tightness and size including non-surgical injections, implants, fat, skin removal, liposuction and various energy devices. Understanding the diagnosis is critical to formulate an ideal plan and then select the best technique. This chapter will cover the top three surgical procedures in great detail; the formal buttock lift, the Brazilian butt lift (BBL) and gluteal implants.",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/66046",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/66046",book:{id:"7836",slug:"the-art-of-body-contouring"},signatures:"Angelo Cuzalina and Armando Retana",authors:null,sections:[{id:"sec_1",title:"1. Introduction",level:"1"},{id:"sec_2",title:"2. Universal proportions and characteristics of a beautiful buttocks",level:"1"},{id:"sec_3",title:"3. Ethnic variations for an attractive buttock",level:"1"},{id:"sec_4",title:"4. Candidates for gluteal enhancements",level:"1"},{id:"sec_5",title:"5. Aesthetic buttock enhancement options",level:"1"},{id:"sec_6",title:"6. Technical steps",level:"1"},{id:"sec_6_2",title:"6.1. Liposculpute technique (liposuction with autologous fat grafting, “Brazilian butt lift”)",level:"2"},{id:"sec_7_2",title:"6.2. Gluteal implants",level:"2"},{id:"sec_8_2",title:"6.3. Formal incisional buttock lifting technique",level:"2"},{id:"sec_10",title:"7. Safety considerations",level:"1"},{id:"sec_10_2",title:"7.1. Infection prevention",level:"2"},{id:"sec_11_2",title:"7.2. Fat embolism prevention",level:"2"},{id:"sec_12_2",title:"7.3. Blood loss and DVT",level:"2"},{id:"sec_14",title:"8. Conclusions",level:"1"}],chapterReferences:[{id:"B1",body:'Singh D. Adaptive significance of female physical attractiveness: Role of waist-to-hip ratio. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 1993;65:293-307\n'},{id:"B2",body:'Bartels RJ, Ó’Malley JE, Douglas WM, et al. An unusual use of the Cronin breast prosthesis. Case report. Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. 1969;44:500\n'},{id:"B3",body:'Robles JM, Tagliapietra JC, Grandi MA. Gluteoplastia de augmento: Implante submuscular. Cirplast Ibero Latinoam. 1984;10:365-369\n'},{id:"B4",body:'Vergara R, Marcos M. Intramuscular gluteal implants. Aesthetic Plastic Surgery. 1996;20:259-262\n'},{id:"B5",body:'De la Pena JA. Subfascial technique for gluteal augmentation. Aesthetic Surgery Journal. 2004;24:265-273\n'},{id:"B6",body:'Roberts TL, Weinifeld AB, Bruner TW, Nguyen K. “Universal” and ethnic ideals of beautiful buttocks are best obtained by autologous micro fat grafting and liposuction. Clinics in Plastic Surgery. 2006;33(3):371-394\n'},{id:"B7",body:'Mofid MM, Teitelbaum S, Suissa D, et al. Report on mortality from gluteal fat grafting: Recommendations from the ASERF task force. Aesthetic Surgery Journal. 2017;37:796-806\n'},{id:"B8",body:'Del Vecchio D, Wall S. Expansion vibration lipofilling: A new technique in large-volume fat transplantation. Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. 2018;141:639e-649e\n'}],footnotes:[],contributors:[{corresp:"yes",contributorFullName:"Angelo Cuzalina",address:"angelo@tulsasurgicalarts.com",affiliation:'
'}],corrections:null},book:{id:"7836",type:"book",title:"The Art of Body Contouring",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"The Art of Body Contouring",slug:"the-art-of-body-contouring",publishedDate:"August 28th 2019",bookSignature:"Alexandro Aguilera",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7836.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",isbn:"978-1-78984-196-1",printIsbn:"978-1-78984-195-4",pdfIsbn:"978-1-78984-184-8",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",numberOfWosCitations:2,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,editors:[{id:"162339",title:"Dr.",name:"Alexandro",middleName:null,surname:"Aguilera",slug:"alexandro-aguilera",fullName:"Alexandro Aguilera"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"1143"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},chapters:[{id:"66220",type:"chapter",title:"Breast Recontouring",slug:"breast-recontouring",totalDownloads:1020,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Yueh-Bih Tang, Shihheng Chen and Yo-Shen Chen",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[null]},{id:"66866",type:"chapter",title:"Simultaneous Mastopexy with Augmentation",slug:"simultaneous-mastopexy-with-augmentation",totalDownloads:1177,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Angelo Cuzalina and Landon McLain",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[null]},{id:"66073",type:"chapter",title:"Helium Plasma-Driven Radiofrequency in Body Contouring",slug:"helium-plasma-driven-radiofrequency-in-body-contouring",totalDownloads:1853,totalCrossrefCites:2,signatures:"Diane Irvine Duncan",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"279869",title:"Dr.",name:"Diane Irvine",middleName:null,surname:"Duncan",fullName:"Diane Irvine Duncan",slug:"diane-irvine-duncan"}]},{id:"65219",type:"chapter",title:"BodyTite®: The Science and Art of Radiofrequency Assisted Lipocoagulation (RFAL) in Body Contouring Surgery",slug:"bodytite-sup-sup-the-science-and-art-of-radiofrequency-assisted-lipocoagulation-rfal-in-body-contour",totalDownloads:1550,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Robert Stephen Mulholland",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[null]},{id:"66414",type:"chapter",title:"Vaser Body Contouring Achieving a More Defined Shape",slug:"vaser-body-contouring-achieving-a-more-defined-shape",totalDownloads:941,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Alberto Di Giuseppe, Federico Giovagnoli, Saverio Di Giuseppe and Diana Ronconi",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[null]},{id:"66046",type:"chapter",title:"Creating the Ideal Buttock (Lifting, Implanting or Fat Grafting)",slug:"creating-the-ideal-buttock-lifting-implanting-or-fat-grafting-",totalDownloads:2137,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Angelo Cuzalina and Armando Retana",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[null]}]},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"6340",title:"Essentials of Hand Surgery",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"17716f5af3207a5039578a6d8e795cdf",slug:"essentials-of-hand-surgery",bookSignature:"Alexandro Aguilera Salgado",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6340.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"162339",title:"Dr.",name:"Alexandro",surname:"Aguilera",slug:"alexandro-aguilera",fullName:"Alexandro Aguilera"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},chapters:[{id:"60971",title:"Introductory Chapter: The Art of Hand Surgery",slug:"introductory-chapter-the-art-of-hand-surgery",signatures:"Alexandro Aguilera",authors:[{id:"162339",title:"Dr.",name:"Alexandro",middleName:null,surname:"Aguilera",fullName:"Alexandro Aguilera",slug:"alexandro-aguilera"}]},{id:"61069",title:"Regional Anesthesia for Hand Surgeries",slug:"regional-anesthesia-for-hand-surgeries",signatures:"Harsha Shanthanna and Manikandan Rajarathinam",authors:[{id:"110266",title:"Dr.",name:"Harsha",middleName:null,surname:"Shanthanna",fullName:"Harsha Shanthanna",slug:"harsha-shanthanna"},{id:"243099",title:"Dr.",name:"Manikandan",middleName:null,surname:"Rajarathinam",fullName:"Manikandan Rajarathinam",slug:"manikandan-rajarathinam"}]},{id:"59575",title:"Flexor Tendon Injuries",slug:"flexor-tendon-injuries",signatures:"Justin Yousef and Sarah Anthony",authors:[{id:"212602",title:"Dr.",name:"Justin",middleName:null,surname:"Yousef",fullName:"Justin Yousef",slug:"justin-yousef"},{id:"237712",title:"Dr.",name:"Sarah",middleName:null,surname:"Anthony",fullName:"Sarah Anthony",slug:"sarah-anthony"}]},{id:"58645",title:"Current Treatment for Carpal Tunnel Syndrome",slug:"current-treatment-for-carpal-tunnel-syndrome",signatures:"Leonel Garcia Benavides, Sylvia Elena Totsuka Sutto, Leonel Garcia\nValdes, Simon Q. Rodríguez Lara, Guillermo Ramos Gallardo, Ana\nRosa Ambriz Plascencia and Miriam Méndez del Villar",authors:[{id:"200821",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Leonel",middleName:null,surname:"Garcia Benavides",fullName:"Leonel Garcia Benavides",slug:"leonel-garcia-benavides"},{id:"201988",title:"Dr.",name:"Sylvia Elena",middleName:null,surname:"Totsuka Sutto",fullName:"Sylvia Elena Totsuka Sutto",slug:"sylvia-elena-totsuka-sutto"},{id:"216284",title:"Dr.",name:"Monroy Guizar",middleName:null,surname:"Elisa Alejandra",fullName:"Monroy Guizar Elisa Alejandra",slug:"monroy-guizar-elisa-alejandra"},{id:"216286",title:"Mr.",name:"Leonel",middleName:null,surname:"Garcia Valdes",fullName:"Leonel Garcia Valdes",slug:"leonel-garcia-valdes"},{id:"216287",title:"Dr.",name:"Simón",middleName:"Quetzalcoatl",surname:"Rodriguez-Lara",fullName:"Simón Rodriguez-Lara",slug:"simon-rodriguez-lara"},{id:"216289",title:"Dr.",name:"Guillermo",middleName:null,surname:"Ramos Gallardo",fullName:"Guillermo Ramos Gallardo",slug:"guillermo-ramos-gallardo"},{id:"216290",title:"Dr.",name:"Ana Rosa",middleName:null,surname:"Ambriz Plascencia",fullName:"Ana Rosa Ambriz Plascencia",slug:"ana-rosa-ambriz-plascencia"}]},{id:"58492",title:"Dupuytren’s Disease",slug:"dupuytren-s-disease",signatures:"Jeremiah D. Johnson, Colin Pavano and Craig Rodner",authors:[{id:"72784",title:"Dr.",name:"Craig",middleName:null,surname:"Rodner",fullName:"Craig Rodner",slug:"craig-rodner"},{id:"214717",title:"Dr.",name:"Jeremiah",middleName:null,surname:"Johnson",fullName:"Jeremiah Johnson",slug:"jeremiah-johnson"},{id:"214722",title:"B.A.",name:"Colin",middleName:null,surname:"Pavano",fullName:"Colin Pavano",slug:"colin-pavano"}]},{id:"61512",title:"Crush Injuries of the Hand Part I: History, Mechanism and Pathomechanics",slug:"crush-injuries-of-the-hand-part-i-history-mechanism-and-pathomechanics",signatures:"Roohi Sharifah Ahmad and Pho Robert Wan Heng",authors:[{id:"214913",title:"Prof.",name:"S.A.",middleName:null,surname:"Roohi",fullName:"S.A. Roohi",slug:"s.a.-roohi"},{id:"217121",title:"Prof.",name:"Robert",middleName:null,surname:"Pho",fullName:"Robert Pho",slug:"robert-pho"}]},{id:"62382",title:"Crush Injuries of the Hand Part II: Clinical Assessment, Management and Outcomes",slug:"crush-injuries-of-the-hand-part-ii-clinical-assessment-management-and-outcomes",signatures:"Roohi Sharifah Ahmad and Pho Robert Wan Heng",authors:[{id:"214913",title:"Prof.",name:"S.A.",middleName:null,surname:"Roohi",fullName:"S.A. Roohi",slug:"s.a.-roohi"},{id:"217121",title:"Prof.",name:"Robert",middleName:null,surname:"Pho",fullName:"Robert Pho",slug:"robert-pho"}]}]}],publishedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"330",title:"Advanced Techniques in Liposuction and Fat Transfer",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"b46d7571b3a7f78d03a83f809c7a637f",slug:"advanced-techniques-in-liposuction-and-fat-transfer",bookSignature:"Nikolay Serdev",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/330.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"32585",title:"Dr.",name:"Nikolay",surname:"Serdev",slug:"nikolay-serdev",fullName:"Nikolay Serdev"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"797",title:"Rhinoplasty",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"81bc805ee420b3b2f35cc0a009b6566c",slug:"rhinoplasty",bookSignature:"Michael J. Brenner",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/797.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"63530",title:"Dr.",name:"Michael",surname:"Brenner",slug:"michael-brenner",fullName:"Michael Brenner"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"2989",title:"Miniinvasive Face and Body Lifts",subtitle:"Closed Suture Lifts or Barbed Thread Lifts",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"7e9600ab8fe9125b2c41161d2ee91ff3",slug:"miniinvasive-face-and-body-lifts-closed-suture-lifts-or-barbed-thread-lifts",bookSignature:"Nikolay Serdev",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2989.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"32585",title:"Dr.",name:"Nikolay",surname:"Serdev",slug:"nikolay-serdev",fullName:"Nikolay Serdev"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"5110",title:"Miniinvasive Techniques in Rhinoplasty",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"795ab5e7adfc30a3907f52b636c45029",slug:"miniinvasive-techniques-in-rhinoplasty",bookSignature:"Nikolay Serdev",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5110.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"32585",title:"Dr.",name:"Nikolay",surname:"Serdev",slug:"nikolay-serdev",fullName:"Nikolay Serdev"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"3",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Authored by"}},{type:"book",id:"7836",title:"The Art of Body Contouring",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"983c155c9b836c8e4947bb3946694bc9",slug:"the-art-of-body-contouring",bookSignature:"Alexandro Aguilera",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7836.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"162339",title:"Dr.",name:"Alexandro",surname:"Aguilera",slug:"alexandro-aguilera",fullName:"Alexandro Aguilera"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],publishedBooksByAuthor:[]},onlineFirst:{chapter:{type:"chapter",id:"77736",title:"Building Interdisciplinary Teams in Emergency Care to Respond to National Emergencies: Addressing the Opioid Epidemic",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.99206",slug:"building-interdisciplinary-teams-in-emergency-care-to-respond-to-national-emergencies-addressing-the",body:'
1. Introduction
There is growing interest in leveraging the knowledge, expertise, and skills of teams of experts from different disciplinary backgrounds to respond to wicked problems affecting our society. Wicked problems are problems that require insight from experts who cut across multiple disciplines, in order to address the problem [1]. The interconnected aspect of such problems highlights their complexity. However, it is still unclear how team members from different disciplines can effectively leverage their unique knowledge to develop innovative solutions to harmful epidemics, such as the opioid epidemic faced by the United States. Interdisciplinary team approaches, those that involve applying the knowledge and skills from different academic disciplines or subjects that are normally regarded as distinct, to the same issue [2] are gaining visibility in translation, dissemination, implementation, and improvement research. In this research study, we seek to understand and develop strategies that facilitate the formation and sustainability of interdisciplinary teams and improve health-care delivery in crisis situations [3]. We focus on opioid epidemic crisis in the United States and how EDs respond to the opioid epidemic, within the context of interdisciplinary teams. EDs are dynamic settings where interdisciplinary teams, in which collaborators can be located at different departments or institutions, endorse different ideologies, or rely on different methodologies, but share the common goal of addressing a problem, are necessary to developing cohesive and insightful solutions to the opioid epidemic in the United States.
2. Interdisciplinary teams in the emergency department to respond to the opioid crisis
2.1 Team building conceptual framework
Building on conceptual work on multi and interdisciplinary teamwork in translational science [3, 4], this study examines how team building interactions and phases affect [5] team members’ response to initiating opioid use disorder (OUD) treatment for patients in the ED. We relied on the science of team science (SciTS) framework to explore the key challenges and solutions to promoting interdisciplinary collaborations (see Table 1). SciTS seeks to understand barriers and facilitators of collaborative and team-based research efforts and identify conditions, understand processes, and achieve outcomes associated with team objectives [6]. Barriers and facilitators are at different levels, including intrapersonal (own knowledge and competencies brought to the team), interpersonal (communication, connection and shared knowledge among team members), physical environment (structure of communication, collaboration, execution and problem solving), societal and political (community norms, political discourse), and technological (communication, connection, description). Understanding interactions and interdependencies between these factors can lead to a better understanding of the process of how team becomes effective in addressing critical issues. Furthermore, using SciTS to understand how to develop and support interdisciplinary collaboration may lead to effective translation of research findings into practice [6, 7].
Framework
Components
Science of Team Science (SciTS) Framework
To explore the key challenges and solutions to promoting interdisciplinary collaborations
Important for effective translation of research findings into practice
Intrapersonal (own knowledge and competencies brought to the team)
Interpersonal (communication, connection and shared knowledge among team members)
Physical environment (structure of communication, collaboration, execution and problem solving)
Societal and political (community norms, political discourse)
To select team building activities that meet specific criteria
Group accessibility to one another (e.g., interaction activity - bowling)
A sense of mutual respect (decision making activity- ESCAPE room)
Creation of a shared language (e.g., health-systems experts meeting)
Willingness to compromise or accommodate each other needs (e.g., consensus group) to develop interdisciplinary approaches to respond to wicked problems.
Table 1.
Frameworks.
We rely on a cultural exchange approach (see Table 1), which centers on sharing of ideas and knowledge between group members representing different professional systems, to help us understand the transaction of knowledge, attitudes, and practices that occurs during interactions [8]. During this process, we evaluated a series of discrete activities and document aspects from team science (space, communication, knowledge) to identify how team-building exercises ultimately enhanced problem-solving. This method consisted of evaluating four conditions through team building activities: 1) groups’ accessibility to one another; 2) a sense of mutual respect; 3) creation of a shared language; 4) willingness to compromise/accommodate the needs of others [8]. These activities are essential to bridging and merging diverse perspectives and transcending disciplinary boundaries.
This study focuses on assembling a interdisciplinary team of scholars (Social Work, Nursing, and Medicine) at a research University and undertaking a team-building process so as to build interdisciplinary approaches to ‘wicked problems’ [9]. We implemented team-building activities and assessed the process of becoming an interdisciplinary team while conducting a research study addressing ED responses to the opioid epidemic (IRB # RC010001). The efficacy of ED responses to the opioid epidemic can be considered a ‘wicked problem’ requiring a interdisciplinary approach, because such responses are influenced by contradictory and changing conditions and are seemingly intractable for any given discipline [9]. Our findings may inform strategies for constituting and preparing interdisciplinary teams to effectively respond to challenging issues, and to understand transformational experiences that may support the achievement of their common goals.
3. Methods
3.1 Sample and procedures
The sample included one team of nine researchers: four researchers from USC Social Work, two researchers from nursing, a researcher from the Keck School of Medicine, and an ED practicing physician from the Los Angeles County + University of Southern California (LAC + USC) Medical Center. We constituted a team with members from disciplines that have been shown to be important to improving care delivery in emergency departments. Each team members also had experience in opioid use disorder research or care delivery in the ED, but mostly from a disciplinary lens.
We began our research by drawing from the literature on team building to develop a curriculum of team-building activities informed by the cultural exchange framework. During the course of the study, we introduced participants to team-building activities that match their disciplinary knowledge and strategies and shown to promote multidiscipline approaches for ED treatment of individuals with OUD. We selected activities that met the Palinkas et al., criteria [8] and accessible to study participants: 1) group accessibility to one another (e.g., interaction activity - bowling); 2) a sense of mutual respect (decision making activity- ESCAPE room); 3) creation of a shared language (e.g., health-systems experts meeting); 4) willingness to compromise/accommodate each other needs (e.g., consensus group) to develop interdisciplinary approaches to respond to wicked problems.
3.2 Data collection
We collected data through three different approaches and settings: direct observations during structured team building activities with the full team of nine members followed by semi-structured interviews of five members; direct observation from a scientific presentation; and a focus group and consensus session with six members (see Figure 1). We sought to elicit interdisciplinary insight, as a fundamental mechanism for translating team-effective practices and generate innovative frameworks, methodologies, and policies toward solving identified problems [5, 10]. Our data collection was guided by the cultural exchange framework (identification of team building activities) and the SciTS framework (identification of barriers and facilitators to collaboration).
Figure 1.
Data collection schema.
3.3 Team building activities
During 2016 and 2017 the team development activities were both virtual and in-person. These structured activities included 1) interacting in a bowling activity to promote communication and mutual respect through positive competition, and 2) engaging members in an iterative problem-solving team-building activity to promote brainstorming, develop a shared language and compromising, and accommodating the needs of others in the pursuit of solutions. We used ESCAPE rooms for this activity, where the goal is to work as a team to figure out clues and escape the room within a pre-determined time. We relied on direct observation during and semi-structured interviews after team building activities with individual team members to identify their awareness of their own team-building process and the team’s responses. The deliberative sessions, following team activities, allowed us to develop shared goals based on the interdisciplinary work and understandings of the potential paths to achieve these goals, and ultimately increase the cooperation as a team as suggested in Hall et al. [5].
3.4 Focus group
We used a focus group and a deliberative session to discuss iterative findings from original research (findings from survey research on the ED). The focus group comprised of six participants (social work researchers, social work research assistants and a project coordinator, a social worker/clinical psychologist, research assistants, and a physician), all of whom participated in various team-building activities. Our scripted questions focused on understanding the problems and solutions to the ED response to the opioid epidemic, with consideration for the diverse background, education, and training of participants. We also interviewed ED physicians from the LAC+USC Medical Center. This allowed us to frame the problem and solutions from different interdisciplinary perspectives and find ways to integrate these different perspectives into an innovative, coherent, and potentially effective approach to the problem.
3.5 Consensus building sessions
In line with findings showing that time and space are key elements for creating interdisciplinary research collaborations [11], the team (5 to 9 members) met in-person once per month for 1–2 hours for 8 months at different locations. These meetings included a scientific meeting and a consensus meeting, where we brought together leaders from academic and health-systems backgrounds to discuss a collaboration initiative for advancing interdisciplinary efforts to respond to health care challenges, including the current opioid epidemic. Each meeting was structured to give members the opportunity to communicate their disciplinary perspectives and experience, highlight common ground, and create shared language and knowledge. Given research suggesting that off-campus meetings, i.e., off-sites, were helpful in the implementation phase to minimize distractions while assessing study progress [5], we held several in-person meetings and activities in an off-campus location. This approach provided information and context regarding individual and team problem solving.
We conducted additional analysis of transcripts from an interdisciplinary symposium, referred to as the health systems science meeting. This allowed us to integrate organization and implementation science and understand how these sciences can form a foundation for an institutional response to the opioid epidemic. The goal was to focus on areas shown by research to be associated with team science, identify barriers and facilitators, and use learnings to develop team interdisciplinarity.
We also created a database using reports written retrospectively by team members working together on a pilot study for assessing the process of becoming interdisciplinary when responding to ED actions for addressing the opioid epidemic. This qualitative analysis outlines the experiences and observations the team members had in participating in a series of activities that progressed from unstructured to structured activities.
The goals of assessing the team building process were to: 1) qualify the collaboration between social work, nursing and medicine (for example, we assessed team members’ perception of the process of moving toward a interdisciplinary approach. We relied on semi-structured interviews to examine perceived change in exchanging disciplinary knowledge and contributing toward the research goals), and 2) record group activities that successfully contributed and those that did not contribute to team progress (we compared direct observation reports of team building activities such as team bowling and analysis of semi-structured interview data).
3.6 Analytical strategy
To study team processes, two Ph.D.-level researchers and a doctoral student observed and documented team interactions. These included in-person meetings and activities, phone conversations, and e-mail exchanges. All interviews and focus groups were recorded and professionally transcribed. Data was kept strictly confidential based on the original (2016) and revised human protection protocol (IRB # RC010001). Two doctoral level and one graduate level raters analyzed transcripts with InVivo software using template analysis, a set of techniques for thematically organizing and analyzing textual data via thematic codes that are defined a priori as critical to study questions and inductively through the coding process. The research team identified the most common and prominently expressed codes and themes that emerged from the interviews. When these codes and themes were not clear, raters discussed them and reached consensus on the best description. Themes were validated with outside social work and medicine researchers.
3.7 Results
Our findings emphasize the contributions of interdisciplinary teams toward ED response to the opioid epidemic, after exposure to processes that facilitate and promote the formation and effectiveness of a more integrated interdisciplinary team. The process of team building developed in this study was engaging and fostered professional relationships in a setting outside of work. Participants reported that the three iterative team-building activities—dinner, team bowling, and escape rooms—were valuable to team building in that they were critical to the team’s connection and knowledge-building experiences. Dinner introduced participants to each other, bowling helped them become more acquainted, and the escape rooms taught them problem solving and interdependence. Participants were motivated to meet new team members and become more familiar with those they already knew. Through these encounters, teammates were able to discuss with each other the details of their projects related to the opioid crisis and opportunities for collaboration that will foster improved care practices for opioid use disorders.
Data from focus groups, team building activities, and scientific presentation provided two perspectives on the response to the opioid epidemic problem. The focus group provided a point of view that is more implementation-based, while the Health Systems Science and interdisciplinary symposium perspective provided a multi-theoretical explanation of how systems can be implemented at different organizational levels. Throughout the transcripts, six overarching themes emerged that provide insight on the challenges practitioners in the ED and organizations face, while dealing with the opioid epidemic (see Figure 2). These themes were: need for interdisciplinary understanding of substance abuse and mental health; interdisciplinary approaches to fight the opioid epidemic; prescribing opioids and collaboration; the role of interdisciplinary team composition and team effectiveness; the role of professional identity to contribute to interdisciplinary research; and building effective organizational relationships.
Figure 2.
Interrelated themes.
4. Knowledge building and strategy development
4.1 Interdisciplinary understanding of substance abuse and mental health in the ED
Participants from different disciplines express to different degrees that the complexity of substance abuse and mental health disorders is not always properly understood in the ED. One participant explains the importance of having other experts in the ED to understand brain chemistry and social conditions by noting, “addiction is now understood as a brain disease for which we have brain medication.” She further elaborates that “conversations need to be had with ER physicians to emphasize drug addiction as the underlying problem to the presenting issue.” Another participant explains that some “patients who have substance use and mental health issues also have current life devastation issues, like they have no friends anymore because they alienated everybody. So now [they’re] here in the ER. They will come in the ER every other day for no other reason other than opioids.” Substance abuse is a complex issue that requires more time than can be provided in an ED visit.
One participant explains that other experts can help ER physicians “understand all the different components of substance abuse”. This participant further explains that ED practitioners “don’t care about reasons that contribute to the problem. I think, they think, if they can see the person, treat the person and get them out and now they are not causing harm but helping them.”
ED physicians may also have distorted expectations when treating someone with an opioid addiction. One participant explains that opioid treatment outcomes have to be “clear, relevant and realistic… Physicians want to see 100% of patients who start buprenorphine do so when completely sober. And you’re like that’s just not a realistic thing.” The ED physician supports this claim, stating, “if physicians believe that patients cannot get better there is hopelessness of engaging in other options.” Having unrealistic expectations of how well someone will do when treated with MAT goes hand-in-hand with not being familiar with the science of opioid addiction, coupled with the mental health and other co-occurring conditions that challenge the effectiveness of treatment. Enhancing physician knowledge of opioid addiction and related conditions, supported by the availability of practitioners from other specialties, is therefore an important aspect of addressing the opioid epidemic.
4.2 Interdisciplinary teams, networks and training to fight the opioid epidemic in the ED
A running theme throughout the focus group discussions is the value placed on being part of an interdisciplinary team or network. One participant said that she “extremely values being part of the team.” She adds that she is “very big on collaboration. I think no one knows everything and when people come together with their different level of experience of expertise you see the best results whether it’s implementing new policy or the care of an individual.” Some participants noted how interdisciplinary education should be part of the curriculum in medical school. As an example, participants highlighted the interdisciplinary curriculum of the geriatric program, which incorporates dental services, occupational therapy, physical therapy, social work, and physicians. Oncology was cited as another interdisciplinary field, with one participant noting the value of social work in it: “I think that’s also true in palliative care. They really value the social worker.”
Although working together in an interdisciplinary team appears to make sense, one participant said that such a perspective is often lost in medical school, where medical doctors may not learn how to work with other to have the most impact on health …“So maybe we should bring in that model [to medical school] of interdisciplinary and the social work theory of empathy, active listening, and put them together in a class, presentation or workshop.”
The dual benefit of interdisciplinarity was also highlighted. That is, conversations should be initiated with ED providers or seize the opportunities in the ED to demonstrate that interdisciplinary teamwork benefits both the patient and the ED prescriber. The ED prescriber’s network may also help ED practitioners increase their understanding of the opioid problem. According to the presenters describing the process of seeking advice, “It depends on the qualities of the expert, the quality of their expertise, how accessible they are to you, it depends upon your needs as an advice seeker, and a lot of it depends on accessibility.” These networks can be defined “in terms of physical proximity, social proximity, or history of prior relationships.” Findings from the scientific presentation suggest that quality of expertise and accessibility to the expert were significant indicators when predicting the presence, absence, or a tie of a network formation. Furthermore, the presenters noted that “faculty experts and supervisors were more likely to be new sources of advice for clinicians over time. Also, being in the same organization and being from the same discipline were significant predictors of the tie formation.” Participants also highlighted the effectiveness in working across disciplines and departments. Every participant has had an opportunity to work with colleagues from other disciplines, and clearly acknowledge how the depth and quality of conversations are enriched by collaboration.
5. Team demographics and collaboration
5.1 ED practitioners’ prescribing and collaboration
Participants highlight that the ED is a major player in the prescribing of opioid medication and would benefit from greater collaboration from other disciplines. For example, one participant investigated whether differences in belief systems exist among ED practitioners, affecting how often they prescribe opioids. The participant noted that ED practitioners rely on a set of values to determine when to prescribe, with ED doctors “making decisions in a different way” when treating patients who show in the ED seeking opioid prescriptions. ED practitioners may assess the deservedness of patients, based on their race, language, complaint, etc.
One participant offered a physician’s perspective, explaining that “most doctors do not confront patients about their opioid use, and have a conversation about other options. Almost never happens, it requires too much energy. Doctors have two easy ways out, kick them out of the ED or give them the pills.”
ED practitioners may have continued the problem by refilling narcotics prescriptions. “That has been our response to this problem,” one participant states. One ED leader reports that opioids and antibiotics are prescribed 80% of the time when pain is the chief complaint. Participants say that in many instances ED providers “feel they don’t have the background or the experience” to prescribe opioids. They further state that “right now we don’t have a current approach to prescribing opioids that includes providing incentives to [ED providers].” One participant suggests working collaboratively with other professionals on “the process and structure and referral to treatment, rather than attempting to change prescriber behavior.” “Doctors want to solve the problem and they wonder about the result.” This participant explains that even when prescribing an opioid like hydrocodone, physicians focus on the number of pills prescribed, usually prescribing a lower number of pills, “12 pills from 20-30.” This participant also feels that “there is a sense of helplessness around responding to addiction requiring other professions to improve treatment effectiveness.” This suggests ED practitioners’ need for interdisciplinary approach to support each other and help improve treatment.
Moreover, this participant explains that providing Medication Assisted Treatment (MAT) requires an interdisciplinary team effort, but currently is disjointed because “ED doctors’ structure of work is in shifts. They go away!” ED physicians and ED practitioners understand there is a real opioid abuse problem; however, they do not have the time, energy, or even the incentive to treat ED patients from start to end. Creating dialog with ED providers seems to be key to educating them and changing their opioid diagnostics and prescribing behavior. Moreover, ED providers need to be engaged carefully otherwise “they get really defensive and it’s not a very productive conversation.” The consensus among participants was that by creating dialog between ED practitioners and interdisciplinary experts on opioid addictions and treatment, ED prescribers can move away from refilling prescriptions to focusing on treating and resolving some of the underlying issues of substance abuse.
Participants described several ways in which interdisciplinary collaborations can help ED practitioners improve their opioid prescriptions. One expert physician noted that one traditional approach is to become familiar with the state of the science regarding opioid addiction and treatment, coaching prescribers and telling positive stories. By understanding current methods of opioid addiction treatment, ED prescribers will gain confidence in their ability to properly treat opioid addiction, rather than continue to refill opioid prescriptions. One participant explained “coach[ing]” a senior ED attending physician through the decision process when a patient presented to the ED with opioid withdrawal symptoms. “Telling positive stories” of how ED practitioners saved their patients’ lives by providing the opioid treatment they needed. This participant explained that “[ED practitioners] come on board once they see that it works or when they are shown evidence or support. Then it makes them a little more open.” Participants suggested disseminating these types of success stories visually, perhaps through documentaries that retell the struggles and success of opioid addiction.
However, some participants noted that there is pushback against having ED practitioners initiate individuals with chronic opioid abuse on MAT. When they discussed poignant findings from an exploratory survey in the ED, “33% strongly agreed or agreed while the rest were uncertain to initiate MAT for OUD.” In some instances, the hesitation to start MAT is based on not knowing if the patient will “follow up with treatment” or the provider being uncertain if treatment “will cause harm.” But, as one participant stated, “if [they] read the papers and the science behind it, the ED doctors should all be like of course we’re going to do this life saving treatment [initiate MAT in the ED].”
The lead presenter in the health systems science meeting explained that organizations can respond to change. They “can be proactive in basically having the systems in place to respond to that change in terms of leadership, management practices, [and] structures.” The presenters further explain that:
Based on the systems approach, organizations are made up of the sub-systems and it is important that we engage these different sub-systems, so in the case of hospitals, of course, management vs. clinical, a lot of the cultural competency work started more on the clinical side and often times, the management was not engaged. It is important to have those two components together.
Overall, behavioral change among ED practitioners will take much effort, including changing the institutional culture to be less siloed and more based on collaboration, supported by dissemination of information on evidence-based treatment practices. At the institutional level, changing the ED prescriber’s behavior may happen through the collaboration among professionals to adopt frameworks of change, such as the “Causal Model of Organizational Performance and Change.” Although the focus has been on the behavior of the ED prescriber, the overall responsibility of fostering change should also be at the institutional level.
5.2 Team composition and effectiveness in the ED
Working in interdisciplinary teams in healthcare was deemed instrumental to new treatment implementation and the health outcomes of patients. However, teams were required to have certain characteristics in order to be effective. According to one participant in the interdisciplinary symposium, teams are described as bounded: “who’s on the team and who’s off the team.” Teams are also interdependent: “there’s a reason to be together and work together.” The presenters further explained teams as having “some stability to the membership over time, norms of conduct, and some authority for executing work processes so they can’t just be mindless in terms of just executing what leadership, and some process for them to determine how to do the work.”
Team size was also considered important, especially for teams in healthcare. The presenters explained that “how large the team is can affect its effectiveness or affect the implementation of best practices. When teams become too heterogeneous it can be challenging for teams.” Similarly, the presenters explained that too much diversity in the team is associated with worse outcomes for team functioning. The presenters also noted that “when professional identities are too disconnected, it’s hard to find a common ground.” Moreover, connections between teams, team climate, relational coordination, and psychological safety can influence the effectiveness of the team. The presenters suggested that if healthcare teams are structured appropriately, “they can yield all the things we want: implementation of evidence-based practices, the effectiveness of these practices, and improved patient care.” Participants also noted that team science suggests that feedback should be provided to teams so as to make them more effective. In healthcare, patient instant feedback from a survey is not generally enough to determine team effectiveness. Overall, the impact healthcare teams have on implementation and patient care is highly dependent on the membership composition and purpose. Additionally, feedback loops, rather than a linear approach to providing feedback should be a part of efforts to improve how effective teams are in providing treatment.
6. Identity and relationship building
6.1 Professional identity and contributions to interdisciplinary research in the ED
Professional identity was discussed among the participants as it relates to the work they are doing and that needs to be done. Participants describe themselves as social workers, nurses, researchers, and physicians. They describe how their prior training and experiences help them effectively function in their current capacity. For instance, a participant who currently functions as a researcher describes formally working as a therapist and “dealing with a lot of clients seeking services for mental health needs.” He acknowledges that mental health disorders are prevalent among those with substance abuse disorders. The same participant bridges the science of social work with the service provided. He states, “we know the research. We know what people need. We know certain things don’t work. So, let’s try to get involved in that.”
The participant’s perspective highlights the extent to which discipline-specific training informs knowledge and the conceptualization of one’s role in the care delivery process, and within teams. These views are directly related to their value and contributions to an interdisciplinary approach to opioid addiction treatment. As a social worker, he understands how and where he fits into the spectrum of service delivery and treatment. Other participants in the field of social work share similar views. They have a “deep concern for not only understanding but solving issues that affect the most vulnerable. I try to do that through research, through understanding and through interventions.” Another participant also in the field of social work adds that she “provides the best services possible to our consumers by being able to connect them with resources, housing, medication, case management therapy and everything.” In general, social workers seem to have a genuine sense of service for those in need.
Interestingly, one participant who is a physician by training identifies as a physician only at work and endorses a different view of health care or special populations elsewhere. She states, “I don’t really feel like that’s my identity outside of work. I’ll be like, oh, I work at a hospital, but as a physician at work, I guess, I have mixed opinions.” She further highlights the characteristics of taking a non-traditional role as a physician by explaining, “I think of myself more as like an implementer, operation person and trying to take the tools and the knowledge of research and put that into practice, and trying to build a connection between research and what actually happens in real life.” She understands that she can use her position as a physician to influence the desired change. She states that “there is a lot of opportunity for leadership and what I consider the right thing to do.” She further explains that as a physician she cannot be the solution, but instead part of the solution, reiterating the importance of an interdisciplinary team approach.
7. Building effective organizational relationships in the ED
Building organizational relationships across disciplines has proven to be challenging on two fronts. First, individuals do not always know how to effectively build relationships across professions or disciplines. The importance of building relationships is not always fostered or even emphasized in medical school, for example. One participant explains, “I don’t think we’re given a lot of tools to understand how to build relationships. And then when you go to medical school it is very much a competitive thing as opposed to a collaborative thing. And I think that’s changing slowly overtime, but it’s one that the admission process seeks out to identify. I think you are studying with a baseline of students who tend to be like the gunner student in the class whose studying at four in the morning as opposed to building relationships.”
Second, building relationships takes a significant amount of time. Even when a relationship is established with key figures, those individuals have to be willing to support new ideas. As the above participant notes, staff “wanted to do this [team building] three or four years ago, but I didn’t know the pharmacy director. I didn’t know people. To be like, hey, don’t you think this would be cool? I think right now it’s working and I think we’re right at the point where I could give a lecture and the receptive 33% audience member says they’re going to call me next time they have a case. And they called me the next time they had a case and we treated and they saw the miracle that happened when you actually treat substance abuse.” Building relationships may be easy for some but challenging for others. In health care, workers are interdependent. Having the emotional intelligence to navigate different personalities can be as important as having the medical knowledge to save lives.
Another participant further explains that even after relationships are built, the relationships must be continuously nurtured. Individuals must build credibility among their colleagues, especially among those who are more resistant to changing the way they work. The presenters explain that “effective leadership can help build effective collaborations through influence and expert guidance.” But it takes time to develop the leadership necessary to influence relationships. At the ED, building effective organizational relationships requires leaders who cultivate relationships over time and by gradually gaining buy-in from employees. “It is a trickle-down effect from top manager’s leadership to direct service providers” and rely on this and other networks to improve their work. One presenter stated that “social networks are important for implementation, because these ties are conduits for information, for expertise, for social influence. A lot of different implementation strategies leverage these social networks. We try to find an opinion leader and have them exert their influence within an organization or a champion.” One participant illustrates how their team is already doing this.
Isn’t that kind of what we are doing? I mean how we have built a relationship with two leaders in the ED, a physician and a head nurse who are very involved in the ED and very passionate about this topic. It kind of helped us get in so we could build relationships with other nurses and physicians. They see us when we are going on Sundays. They say, hey you guys are here again, let me get some people for you. So, kind of just making ourselves present there so they get more comfortable knowing that we are there because we care about this topic. And then I’m sure they’ll want to see us later and we can present it to them. I think we kind of started that and can continue building on it. “Building organizational relationships will facilitate the overall implementation of MAT. Over time, these relationships will be instrumental in influencing not only ED practitioners, but will have a greater influence at the organizational level.”
8. Discussion
The opioid epidemic poses several challenges for health professionals and health service delivery systems. The current study sought to understand the team process necessary for researchers to be more effective in tackling this wicked problem. From a systems perspective, the opioid epidemic can be ameliorated through a number of approaches that require high-level coordination and execution among teams. These include changing the way opioids are prescribed, how substance abuse is defined and treated, how collaborations across disciplines take place, the composition and effectiveness of healthcare teams, understanding professional identity, and building organizational relationships to improve collaboration and health outcomes (see Table 2). These are the themes identified in this study, but also consistent with the National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA) priorities to combat the opioid epidemic [12], as well as the NIDA’s three-prong approach—reducing prescriptions, enhancing access to treatment and preventing overdoses—to address this epidemic [13]. Inherent in these priorities are interdisciplinary team approaches to effectively responding to the opioid epidemic.
Themes
Strategies
Need for interdisciplinary understanding of substance abuse and mental health
Enhance physician knowledge of opioid addiction and related conditions, embed practitioners from other specialties who allow for a holistic approach to addressing the opioid epidemic
Interdisciplinary approaches to fight the opioid epidemic
Create an environment for collaborations fosters depth and high quality of conversations
Prescribing opioids and collaboration
Develop and implement institutional level policies and practices
Role of interdisciplinary team composition and team effectiveness
Determine the optimal mix of diversity in a team, and put in place feedback loops, rather than a linear approach to providing feedback
Role of professional identity to contribute to interdisciplinary research
Create a culture where problem solving, and professional identities are framed within the context of interdisciplinarity (professional identities are a key part of addressing operational problems)
Building effective organizational relationships
Provide opportunities for building leadership skills, and developing emotional intelligence
Table 2.
Themes and strategies.
The team-building activities undertaken in this study supported the key aspects of the cultural exchange framework, and are aligned with evidence informed approaches. These were 1) accessibility to one another; 2) a sense of mutual respect; 3) creation of a shared language; and 4) willingness to compromise/accommodate the needs of others [8]. These activities increased access for all team members to discuss a variety of issues related to ED responses to the opioid epidemic. Team leaders created a sense of mutual respect across disciplines, and activities promoted the co-creation of language to define challenges and solutions for the ED to diagnose and treat OUD. The structured problem-solving activities, as well as the scholarly presentations and consensus group, allowed members to compromise with each other and accommodate new information to lead an effective interdisciplinary collaboration.
Member interactions ranged from building personal connection, sharing world views, to professional and scientifically focused detailing of strategies to break down the problems into different components. These team interactions helped identify barriers and facilitators to using the Science of Team Science framework. For instance, it was clear that physicians, nurses and social workers have and bring unique knowledge and competencies to the team (intrapersonal) that could either disconnect or expand the team knowledge. Yet, communication, connection, and shared knowledge among team members improved greatly with exposure to the team building activities (interpersonal).
8.1 Limitations
We should note limitations of the present study. The study used a small sample of researchers from different disciplines to obtain a deep understanding of how team building may enhance problem solving. Although derived from a small sample, the qualitative data were not intended to be representative of interdisciplinary teams, or researchers in ED systems. However, the themes that emerged from this work are consistent with concerns in the field [12, 13]. Furthermore, the comprehensive and multimethod approach to data collection used in this study is consistent with other research in behavioral health [14, 15]. Our results did not provide information about concrete outcomes, but rather to team building process generally, as intended. The physical environment was a barrier to team building – traveling in a large metropolis reduces interactions. The societal and political norms were however not evident. Participants discussed them in terms of hospital policies that prevented new medications from being included in prescribing schedules. Finally, technological issues were important in improving connection. Using video communication and presentations as well as text messaging reinforced the initiative. Future studies can build on our results and address these limitations by examining how each of the team building strategies we implemented influence the quality of decision making and effectiveness of problem-solving abilities of the team, and ultimately opioid use disorder treatment practices.
8.2 Conclusions and implications
This study highlighted the importance of building teams from a personal and general skill level to a more refined disciplinary knowledge and competencies. The team-building process appeared to be significant in building knowledge and connecting members at personal, professional, and disciplinary levels. Participants appreciated this level of connection to support their understanding and problem solving of the opioid epidemic. Health care systems should consider investing (i.e., funding, rewarding, structuring) in team building among experts from different disciplines to improve ways in which the ED can reduce risk of opioid use. Findings from this study have implications for investing in team-building activities to improve interdisciplinary approaches to wicked problems. In this process, it is important that each member of the team is meaningfully included, as well as empowered by the team process and to contribute their unique disciplinary approach. This is especially conducive to developing solutions to pressing issue of building ED capacity to respond to the opioid epidemic.
Acknowledgments
We would like to acknowledge the meaningful participation of colleagues at the Emergency Department at LAC + USC, as well as the research support from the Integrated Substance Abuse Treatment to Eliminate Disparities research team. This study was partly funded by USC Suzanne Dworak-Peck, School of Social Work and Research to End Healthcare Disparities Corp.
Conflict of interest
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
Abbreviations
ED
Emergency department
LAC + USC
Los Angeles County + University of Southern California
MAT
Medication assisted treatment
OUD
Opioid use disorder
SciTS
Science of team science
\n',keywords:"team building, interdisciplinary collaboration, emergency care, opioid epidemic, implementation science",chapterPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/77736.pdf",chapterXML:"https://mts.intechopen.com/source/xml/77736.xml",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/77736",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/77736",totalDownloads:247,totalViews:0,totalCrossrefCites:0,dateSubmitted:"May 25th 2021",dateReviewed:"July 2nd 2021",datePrePublished:"July 29th 2021",datePublished:"December 1st 2021",dateFinished:"July 29th 2021",readingETA:"0",abstract:"This study responds to the gap in knowledge in translating team members’ interdisciplinary knowledge to address wicked problems. We use qualitative methodology to understand the team-building process and response to the opioid epidemic in emergency care. We collected data through direct observation of nine health system science researchers and thought leaders as they performed in team-building activities and semi-structured interviews. The cultural exchange framework informed our selection and assessment of team-building activities, and the science of team science (SciTS) framework informed our understanding of promoting interdisciplinary collaborations. We identified six themes representing three areas: (1) Knowledge Building and Strategy Development (need for interdisciplinary understanding of substance abuse and mental health in the emergency department (ED); interdisciplinary approaches to fight the opioid epidemic in the ED); (2) Team Demographics and Collaboration (prescribing and collaboration; the role of interdisciplinary team composition and effectiveness in the ED); and (3) Identity and Relationship Building (role of professional identity in contributing to interdisciplinary research; building effective organizational relationships in the ED). Members’ personal and professional connections are fundamental for developing nuanced interdisciplinary strategies to respond to the opioid epidemic in the ED. We discuss implications for strategies that promote team building and improve treatment practices.",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/77736",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/77736",signatures:"Erick Guerrero, Jemima A. Frimpong, Angelique Hearn, Veronica Serret, Welmoed K. van Deen, Howard Padwa, Rebecca Trotzky-Sirr, Michael Menchine and Daniel L. Howard",book:{id:"9504",type:"book",title:"Science-Based Approaches to Respond to COVID and Other Public Health Threats",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Science-Based Approaches to Respond to COVID and Other Public Health Threats",slug:"science-based-approaches-to-respond-to-covid-and-other-public-health-threats",publishedDate:"December 1st 2021",bookSignature:"Erick Guerrero",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9504.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",isbn:"978-1-83969-144-7",printIsbn:"978-1-83969-143-0",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83969-145-4",isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,editors:[{id:"294761",title:"Dr.",name:"Erick",middleName:null,surname:"Guerrero",slug:"erick-guerrero",fullName:"Erick Guerrero"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:[{id:"294761",title:"Dr.",name:"Erick",middleName:null,surname:"Guerrero",fullName:"Erick Guerrero",slug:"erick-guerrero",email:"erickguerrero454@gmail.com",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/294761/images/system/294761.jpg",institution:null},{id:"426474",title:"Dr.",name:"Jemima",middleName:null,surname:"A. Frimpong",fullName:"Jemima A. Frimpong",slug:"jemima-a.-frimpong",email:"dummy+426474@intechopen.com",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institution:null},{id:"426475",title:"Dr.",name:"Angelique",middleName:null,surname:"J. Montgomery",fullName:"Angelique J. Montgomery",slug:"angelique-j.-montgomery",email:"dummy+426475@intechopen.com",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institution:null},{id:"426476",title:"Dr.",name:"Veronica",middleName:null,surname:"Serret",fullName:"Veronica Serret",slug:"veronica-serret",email:"dummy+426476@intechopen.com",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institution:null},{id:"426477",title:"Dr.",name:"Welmoed",middleName:null,surname:"K. van Deen",fullName:"Welmoed K. van Deen",slug:"welmoed-k.-van-deen",email:"dummy+426477@intechopen.com",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institution:null},{id:"426478",title:"Dr.",name:"Howard",middleName:null,surname:"Padwa",fullName:"Howard Padwa",slug:"howard-padwa",email:"dummy+426478@intechopen.com",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institution:null},{id:"426479",title:"Dr.",name:"Rebecca",middleName:null,surname:"Trotzky-Sirr",fullName:"Rebecca Trotzky-Sirr",slug:"rebecca-trotzky-sirr",email:"dummy+426479@intechopen.com",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institution:null},{id:"426480",title:"Dr.",name:"Michael",middleName:null,surname:"Menchine",fullName:"Michael Menchine",slug:"michael-menchine",email:"dummy+426480@intechopen.com",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institution:null},{id:"426481",title:"Dr.",name:"Daniel",middleName:null,surname:"L. Howard",fullName:"Daniel L. Howard",slug:"daniel-l.-howard",email:"dummy+426481@intechopen.com",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institution:null}],sections:[{id:"sec_1",title:"1. Introduction",level:"1"},{id:"sec_2",title:"2. Interdisciplinary teams in the emergency department to respond to the opioid crisis",level:"1"},{id:"sec_2_2",title:"2.1 Team building conceptual framework",level:"2"},{id:"sec_4",title:"3. Methods",level:"1"},{id:"sec_4_2",title:"3.1 Sample and procedures",level:"2"},{id:"sec_5_2",title:"3.2 Data collection",level:"2"},{id:"sec_6_2",title:"3.3 Team building activities",level:"2"},{id:"sec_7_2",title:"3.4 Focus group",level:"2"},{id:"sec_8_2",title:"3.5 Consensus building sessions",level:"2"},{id:"sec_9_2",title:"3.6 Analytical strategy",level:"2"},{id:"sec_10_2",title:"3.7 Results",level:"2"},{id:"sec_12",title:"4. Knowledge building and strategy development",level:"1"},{id:"sec_12_2",title:"4.1 Interdisciplinary understanding of substance abuse and mental health in the ED",level:"2"},{id:"sec_13_2",title:"4.2 Interdisciplinary teams, networks and training to fight the opioid epidemic in the ED",level:"2"},{id:"sec_15",title:"5. Team demographics and collaboration",level:"1"},{id:"sec_15_2",title:"5.1 ED practitioners’ prescribing and collaboration",level:"2"},{id:"sec_16_2",title:"5.2 Team composition and effectiveness in the ED",level:"2"},{id:"sec_18",title:"6. Identity and relationship building",level:"1"},{id:"sec_18_2",title:"6.1 Professional identity and contributions to interdisciplinary research in the ED",level:"2"},{id:"sec_20",title:"7. Building effective organizational relationships in the ED",level:"1"},{id:"sec_21",title:"8. Discussion",level:"1"},{id:"sec_21_2",title:"8.1 Limitations",level:"2"},{id:"sec_22_2",title:"8.2 Conclusions and implications",level:"2"},{id:"sec_24",title:"Acknowledgments",level:"1"},{id:"sec_27",title:"Conflict of interest",level:"1"},{id:"sec_26",title:"Abbreviations",level:"1"}],chapterReferences:[{id:"B1",body:'Head BW, Alford J. Wicked Problems: Implications for Public Policy and Management. Administration & Society 2015; 47: 711-739'},{id:"B2",body:'Oxford University Press (OUP). INTERDISCIPLINARY | Definition of INTERDISCIPLINARY by Oxford Dictionary on Lexico.com also meaning of INTERDISCIPLINARY. Lexico Dictionaries | English, https://www.lexico.com/definition/interdisciplinary (accessed 27 June 2021)'},{id:"B3",body:'Guerrero EG, Moore H, Pitt-Catsouphes M. A Scientific Framework for Social Work Doctoral Education in the 21st Century - Erick G. Guerrero, Hadass Moore, Marcie Pitt-Catsouphes, 2018, https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/1049731517709077 (accessed 27 June 2021)'},{id:"B4",body:'Guerrero EG, Hahn EE, Khachikian T, et al. Interdisciplinary dissemination and implementation research to advance translational science: Challenges and opportunities. J Clin Transl Sci 2017; 1: 67-72'},{id:"B5",body:'Hall KL, Vogel AL, Stipelman B, et al. A Four-Phase Model of Transdisciplinary Team-Based Research: Goals, Team Processes, and Strategies. Transl Behav Med 2012; 2: 415-430'},{id:"B6",body:'Stokols D, Hall KL, Taylor BK, et al. The science of team science: overview of the field and introduction to the supplement. Am J Prev Med 2008; 35: S77-S89'},{id:"B7",body:'Emmons KM, Viswanath K, Colditz GA. The role of transdisciplinary collaboration in translating and disseminating health research: lessons learned and exemplars of success. Am J Prev Med 2008; 35: S204-S210'},{id:"B8",body:'Palinkas LA, Aarons GA, Chorpita BF, et al. Cultural Exchange and the Implementation of Evidence-Based Practices: Two Case Studies. Research on Social Work Practice 2009; 19: 602-612'},{id:"B9",body:'Chin A. Tackling Wicked Problems: Through the Transdisciplinary Imagination Valerie A. Brown, John A. Harris & Jacqueline Y. Russell (Eds). Journal of Natural Resources Policy Research 2011; 3: 417-418'},{id:"B10",body:'Choi BCK, Pak AWP. Multidisciplinarity, interdisciplinarity and transdisciplinarity in health research, services, education and policy: 1. Definitions, objectives, and evidence of effectiveness. Clin Invest Med 2006; 29: 351-364'},{id:"B11",body:'Austin W, Park C, Goble E. From interdisciplinary to transdisciplinary research: a case study. Qual Health Res 2008; 18: 557-564'},{id:"B12",body:'Volkow ND, Frieden TR, Hyde PS, et al. Medication-assisted therapies--tackling the opioid-overdose epidemic. N Engl J Med 2014; 370: 2063-2066'},{id:"B13",body:'Volkow ND. Director’s Page. National Institute on Drug Abuse, https://www.drugabuse.gov/about-nida/directors-page (2017, accessed 27 June 2021)'},{id:"B14",body:'Aarons GA, Green AE, Palinkas LA, et al. Dynamic adaptation process to implement an evidence-based child maltreatment intervention. Implementation Science 2012; 7: 32'},{id:"B15",body:'Palinkas LA, Holloway IW, Rice E, et al. Social networks and implementation of evidence-based practices in public youth-serving systems: a mixed-methods study. Implementation Science 2011; 6: 113'}],footnotes:[],contributors:[{corresp:"yes",contributorFullName:"Erick Guerrero",address:"erickguerrero454@gmail.com",affiliation:'
I-Lead Institute, Research to End Healthcare Disparities Corp, USA
'},{corresp:null,contributorFullName:"Jemima A. Frimpong",address:null,affiliation:'
Emergency Department, Los Angeles County + University of Southern California, USA
'},{corresp:null,contributorFullName:"Daniel L. Howard",address:null,affiliation:'
Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Texas A&M University, University Station, USA
'}],corrections:null},book:{id:"9504",type:"book",title:"Science-Based Approaches to Respond to COVID and Other Public Health Threats",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Science-Based Approaches to Respond to COVID and Other Public Health Threats",slug:"science-based-approaches-to-respond-to-covid-and-other-public-health-threats",publishedDate:"December 1st 2021",bookSignature:"Erick Guerrero",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9504.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",isbn:"978-1-83969-144-7",printIsbn:"978-1-83969-143-0",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83969-145-4",isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,editors:[{id:"294761",title:"Dr.",name:"Erick",middleName:null,surname:"Guerrero",slug:"erick-guerrero",fullName:"Erick Guerrero"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}},profile:{item:{id:"81687",title:"Dr.",name:"Daniela",middleName:null,surname:"Craciun",email:"Daniela.Craciun@ign.fr",fullName:"Daniela Craciun",slug:"daniela-craciun",position:null,biography:null,institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",totalCites:0,totalChapterViews:"0",outsideEditionCount:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalEditedBooks:"0",personalWebsiteURL:null,twitterURL:null,linkedinURL:null,institution:{name:"École Supérieure des Télécommunications",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Morocco"}}},booksEdited:[],chaptersAuthored:[{id:"28863",title:"Image-Laser Fusion for In Situ 3D Modeling of Complex Environments: A 4D Panoramic-Driven Approach",slug:"image-laser-fusion-for-in-situ-3d-modeling-of-complex-environments-a-4d-panoramic-driven-approach",abstract:null,signatures:"Daniela Craciun, Nicolas Paparoditis and Francis Schmitt",authors:[{id:"81687",title:"Dr.",name:"Daniela",surname:"Craciun",fullName:"Daniela Craciun",slug:"daniela-craciun",email:"Daniela.Craciun@ign.fr"},{id:"88921",title:"Dr.",name:"Nicolas",surname:"Paparoditis",fullName:"Nicolas Paparoditis",slug:"nicolas-paparoditis",email:"nicolas.paparoditis@ign.fr"},{id:"88922",title:"Prof.",name:"Francis",surname:"Schmitt",fullName:"Francis Schmitt",slug:"francis-schmitt",email:"francis.schmitt@enst.fr"}],book:{id:"907",title:"Modeling and Simulation in Engineering",slug:"modeling-and-simulation-in-engineering",productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume"}}}],collaborators:[{id:"81959",title:"Prof.",name:"Gabriele",surname:"Guidi",slug:"gabriele-guidi",fullName:"Gabriele Guidi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/81959/images/327_n.jpg",biography:"Gabriele Guidi received his M.S. degree in Electronic Engineering in 1988 from the University of Florence, and Ph.D. in 1992 from the University of Bologna, Italy. Then he joined the University of Florence as researcher in 1995 and moved to the Polytechnic of Milan in 2005 where he is now Associate Professor. He worked for more than 10 years on researches about ultrasound equipment for biomedical imaging. Since 2000 he reoriented his activity by applying imaging technologies to the field of non contact 3D measurement. He has been working on applications of 3D imaging in various fields, with special emphasis to Cultural Heritage documentation and Industrial applications.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Polytechnic University of Milan",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},{id:"85829",title:"Prof.",name:"Yasuhiro",surname:"Hashimoto",slug:"yasuhiro-hashimoto",fullName:"Yasuhiro Hashimoto",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Fukushima Medical University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"86588",title:"Prof.",name:"Jean Philippe",surname:"Gastellu-Etchegorry",slug:"jean-philippe-gastellu-etchegorry",fullName:"Jean Philippe Gastellu-Etchegorry",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Paul Sabatier University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"France"}}},{id:"88921",title:"Dr.",name:"Nicolas",surname:"Paparoditis",slug:"nicolas-paparoditis",fullName:"Nicolas Paparoditis",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Institut Géographique National",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"France"}}},{id:"88922",title:"Prof.",name:"Francis",surname:"Schmitt",slug:"francis-schmitt",fullName:"Francis Schmitt",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Télécom ParisTech",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"France"}}},{id:"89325",title:"Dr.",name:"Fabio",surname:"Remondino",slug:"fabio-remondino",fullName:"Fabio Remondino",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Fondazione Bruno Kessler",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},{id:"118954",title:"Dr.",name:"Toshiyuki",surname:"Yamaji",slug:"toshiyuki-yamaji",fullName:"Toshiyuki Yamaji",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"National Institute of Infectious Diseases",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"118955",title:"Dr.",name:"Yoshiki",surname:"Yamaguchi",slug:"yoshiki-yamaguchi",fullName:"Yoshiki Yamaguchi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"RIKEN Advanced Science Institute",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"118956",title:"Dr.",name:"Motoaki",surname:"Mitsuki",slug:"motoaki-mitsuki",fullName:"Motoaki Mitsuki",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"118958",title:"Dr.",name:"Shou",surname:"Takashima",slug:"shou-takashima",fullName:"Shou Takashima",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Noguchi Institute",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}}]},generic:{page:{slug:"OA-publishing-fees",title:"Open Access Publishing Fees",intro:"
The Open Access model is applied to all of our publications and is designed to eliminate subscriptions and pay-per-view fees. This approach ensures free, immediate access to full text versions of your research.
As a gold Open Access publisher, an Open Access Publishing Fee is payable on acceptance following peer review of the manuscript. In return, we provide high quality publishing services and exclusive benefits for all contributors. IntechOpen is the trusted publishing partner of over 140,000 international scientists and researchers.
\\n\\n
The Open Access Publishing Fee (OAPF) is payable only after your book chapter, monograph or journal article is accepted for publication.
\\n\\n
OAPF Publishing Options
\\n\\n
\\n\\t
1,400 GBP Chapter - Edited Volume
\\n\\t
850 GBP Chapter - Book Series Topic (Annual Volume)
\\n\\t
10,000 GBP Monograph - Long Form
\\n\\t
4,000 GBP Compacts Monograph - Short Form
\\n\\t
850 GBP Journal Article (Across Portfolio)
\\n
\\n\\n
During the launching phase journals do not charge an APC, rather they will be funded by IntechOpen.
\\n\\n
*These prices do not include Value-Added Tax (VAT). Residents of European Union countries need to add VAT based on the specific rate in their country of residence. Institutions and companies registered as VAT taxable entities in their own EU member state will not pay VAT as long as provision of the VAT registration number is made during the application process. This is made possible by the EU reverse charge method.
\\n\\n
Services included are:
\\n\\n
\\n\\t
An online manuscript tracking system to facilitate your work
\\n\\t
Personal contact and support throughout the publishing process from your dedicated Author Service Manager
\\n\\t
Assurance that your manuscript meets the highest publishing standards
\\n\\t
English language copyediting and proofreading, including the correction of grammatical, spelling, and other common errors
\\n\\t
XML Typesetting and pagination - web (PDF, HTML) and print files preparation
\\n\\t
Discoverability - electronic citation and linking via DOI
\\n\\t
Permanent and unrestricted online access to your work
\\n
\\n\\n
What isn't covered by the Open Access Publishing Fee?
\\n\\n
If your manuscript:
\\n\\n
\\n\\t
Exceeds the number of pages defined by the publishing guidelines, an additional fee per page may be required
\\n\\t
If a manuscript requires Heavy Editing or Language Polishing, this will incur additional fees.
\\n
\\n\\n
Your Author Service Manager will inform you of any items not covered by the OAPF and provide exact information regarding those additional costs before proceeding.
\\n\\n
Open Access Funding
\\n\\n
To explore funding opportunities and learn more about how you can finance your IntechOpen publication, go to our Open Access Funding page. IntechOpen offers expert assistance to all of its Authors. We can support you in approaching funding bodies and institutions in relation to publishing fees by providing information about compliance with the Open Access policies of your funder or institution. We can also assist with communicating the benefits of Open Access in order to support and strengthen your funding request and provide personal guidance through your application process. You can contact us at funders@intechopen.com for further details or assistance.
\\n\\n
For Authors who are still unable to obtain funding from their institutions or research funding bodies for individual projects, IntechOpen does offer the possibility of applying for a Waiver to offset some or all processing feed. Details regarding our Waiver Policy can be found here.
\\n\\n
Added Value of Publishing with IntechOpen
\\n\\n
Choosing to publish with IntechOpen ensures the following benefits:
\\n\\n
\\n\\t
Indexing and listing across major repositories, see details ...
\\n\\t
Long-term archiving
\\n\\t
Visibility on the world's strongest OA platform
\\n\\t
Live Performance Metrics to track readership and the impact of your chapter
\\n\\t
Dissemination and Promotion
\\n
\\n\\n
Benefits of Publishing with IntechOpen
\\n\\n
\\n\\t
Proven world leader in Open Access book publishing with over 10 years experience
\\n\\t
+5,700 OA books published
\\n\\t
Most competitive prices in the market
\\n\\t
Fully compliant with OA funding requirements
\\n\\t
Optimized processes that assure your research is made available to the scientific community without delay
\\n\\t
Personal support during every step of the publication process
\\n\\t
+184,650 citations in Web of Science databases
\\n\\t
Currently strongest OA platform with over 175 million downloads
As a gold Open Access publisher, an Open Access Publishing Fee is payable on acceptance following peer review of the manuscript. In return, we provide high quality publishing services and exclusive benefits for all contributors. IntechOpen is the trusted publishing partner of over 140,000 international scientists and researchers.
\n\n
The Open Access Publishing Fee (OAPF) is payable only after your book chapter, monograph or journal article is accepted for publication.
\n\n
OAPF Publishing Options
\n\n
\n\t
1,400 GBP Chapter - Edited Volume
\n\t
850 GBP Chapter - Book Series Topic (Annual Volume)
\n\t
10,000 GBP Monograph - Long Form
\n\t
4,000 GBP Compacts Monograph - Short Form
\n\t
850 GBP Journal Article (Across Portfolio)
\n
\n\n
During the launching phase journals do not charge an APC, rather they will be funded by IntechOpen.
\n\n
*These prices do not include Value-Added Tax (VAT). Residents of European Union countries need to add VAT based on the specific rate in their country of residence. Institutions and companies registered as VAT taxable entities in their own EU member state will not pay VAT as long as provision of the VAT registration number is made during the application process. This is made possible by the EU reverse charge method.
\n\n
Services included are:
\n\n
\n\t
An online manuscript tracking system to facilitate your work
\n\t
Personal contact and support throughout the publishing process from your dedicated Author Service Manager
\n\t
Assurance that your manuscript meets the highest publishing standards
\n\t
English language copyediting and proofreading, including the correction of grammatical, spelling, and other common errors
\n\t
XML Typesetting and pagination - web (PDF, HTML) and print files preparation
\n\t
Discoverability - electronic citation and linking via DOI
\n\t
Permanent and unrestricted online access to your work
\n
\n\n
What isn't covered by the Open Access Publishing Fee?
\n\n
If your manuscript:
\n\n
\n\t
Exceeds the number of pages defined by the publishing guidelines, an additional fee per page may be required
\n\t
If a manuscript requires Heavy Editing or Language Polishing, this will incur additional fees.
\n
\n\n
Your Author Service Manager will inform you of any items not covered by the OAPF and provide exact information regarding those additional costs before proceeding.
\n\n
Open Access Funding
\n\n
To explore funding opportunities and learn more about how you can finance your IntechOpen publication, go to our Open Access Funding page. IntechOpen offers expert assistance to all of its Authors. We can support you in approaching funding bodies and institutions in relation to publishing fees by providing information about compliance with the Open Access policies of your funder or institution. We can also assist with communicating the benefits of Open Access in order to support and strengthen your funding request and provide personal guidance through your application process. You can contact us at funders@intechopen.com for further details or assistance.
\n\n
For Authors who are still unable to obtain funding from their institutions or research funding bodies for individual projects, IntechOpen does offer the possibility of applying for a Waiver to offset some or all processing feed. Details regarding our Waiver Policy can be found here.
\n\n
Added Value of Publishing with IntechOpen
\n\n
Choosing to publish with IntechOpen ensures the following benefits:
\n\n
\n\t
Indexing and listing across major repositories, see details ...
\n\t
Long-term archiving
\n\t
Visibility on the world's strongest OA platform
\n\t
Live Performance Metrics to track readership and the impact of your chapter
\n\t
Dissemination and Promotion
\n
\n\n
Benefits of Publishing with IntechOpen
\n\n
\n\t
Proven world leader in Open Access book publishing with over 10 years experience
\n\t
+5,700 OA books published
\n\t
Most competitive prices in the market
\n\t
Fully compliant with OA funding requirements
\n\t
Optimized processes that assure your research is made available to the scientific community without delay
\n\t
Personal support during every step of the publication process
\n\t
+184,650 citations in Web of Science databases
\n\t
Currently strongest OA platform with over 175 million downloads
\n
\n'}]},successStories:{items:[]},authorsAndEditors:{filterParams:{},profiles:[{id:"396",title:"Dr.",name:"Vedran",middleName:null,surname:"Kordic",slug:"vedran-kordic",fullName:"Vedran Kordic",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/396/images/7281_n.png",biography:"After obtaining his Master's degree in Mechanical Engineering he continued his education at the Vienna University of Technology where he obtained his PhD degree in 2004. He worked as a researcher at the Automation and Control Institute, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Vienna University of Technology until 2008. His studies in robotics lead him not only to a PhD degree but also inspired him to co-found and build the International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems - world's first Open Access journal in the field of robotics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"TU Wien",country:{name:"Austria"}}},{id:"441",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Jaekyu",middleName:null,surname:"Park",slug:"jaekyu-park",fullName:"Jaekyu Park",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/441/images/1881_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"LG Corporation (South Korea)",country:{name:"Korea, South"}}},{id:"465",title:"Dr.",name:"Christian",middleName:null,surname:"Martens",slug:"christian-martens",fullName:"Christian Martens",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Rheinmetall (Germany)",country:{name:"Germany"}}},{id:"479",title:"Dr.",name:"Valentina",middleName:null,surname:"Colla",slug:"valentina-colla",fullName:"Valentina Colla",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/479/images/358_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sant'Anna School of Advanced Studies",country:{name:"Italy"}}},{id:"494",title:"PhD",name:"Loris",middleName:null,surname:"Nanni",slug:"loris-nanni",fullName:"Loris Nanni",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/494/images/system/494.jpg",biography:"Loris Nanni received his Master Degree cum laude on June-2002 from the University of Bologna, and the April 26th 2006 he received his Ph.D. in Computer Engineering at DEIS, University of Bologna. On September, 29th 2006 he has won a post PhD fellowship from the university of Bologna (from October 2006 to October 2008), at the competitive examination he was ranked first in the industrial engineering area. He extensively served as referee for several international journals. He is author/coauthor of more than 100 research papers. He has been involved in some projects supported by MURST and European Community. His research interests include pattern recognition, bioinformatics, and biometric systems (fingerprint classification and recognition, signature verification, face recognition).",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"496",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos",middleName:null,surname:"Leon",slug:"carlos-leon",fullName:"Carlos Leon",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Seville",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"512",title:"Dr.",name:"Dayang",middleName:null,surname:"Jawawi",slug:"dayang-jawawi",fullName:"Dayang Jawawi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Technology Malaysia",country:{name:"Malaysia"}}},{id:"528",title:"Dr.",name:"Kresimir",middleName:null,surname:"Delac",slug:"kresimir-delac",fullName:"Kresimir Delac",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/528/images/system/528.jpg",biography:"K. Delac received his B.Sc.E.E. degree in 2003 and is currentlypursuing a Ph.D. degree at the University of Zagreb, Faculty of Electrical Engineering andComputing. His current research interests are digital image analysis, pattern recognition andbiometrics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Zagreb",country:{name:"Croatia"}}},{id:"557",title:"Dr.",name:"Andon",middleName:"Venelinov",surname:"Topalov",slug:"andon-topalov",fullName:"Andon Topalov",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/557/images/1927_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Andon V. Topalov received the MSc degree in Control Engineering from the Faculty of Information Systems, Technologies, and Automation at Moscow State University of Civil Engineering (MGGU) in 1979. He then received his PhD degree in Control Engineering from the Department of Automation and Remote Control at Moscow State Mining University (MGSU), Moscow, in 1984. From 1985 to 1986, he was a Research Fellow in the Research Institute for Electronic Equipment, ZZU AD, Plovdiv, Bulgaria. In 1986, he joined the Department of Control Systems, Technical University of Sofia at the Plovdiv campus, where he is presently a Full Professor. He has held long-term visiting Professor/Scholar positions at various institutions in South Korea, Turkey, Mexico, Greece, Belgium, UK, and Germany. And he has coauthored one book and authored or coauthored more than 80 research papers in conference proceedings and journals. His current research interests are in the fields of intelligent control and robotics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Technical University of Sofia",country:{name:"Bulgaria"}}},{id:"585",title:"Prof.",name:"Munir",middleName:null,surname:"Merdan",slug:"munir-merdan",fullName:"Munir Merdan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/585/images/system/585.jpg",biography:"Munir Merdan received the M.Sc. degree in mechanical engineering from the Technical University of Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina, in 2001, and the Ph.D. degree in electrical engineering from the Vienna University of Technology, Vienna, Austria, in 2009.Since 2005, he has been at the Automation and Control Institute, Vienna University of Technology, where he is currently a Senior Researcher. His research interests include the application of agent technology for achieving agile control in the manufacturing environment.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"605",title:"Prof",name:"Dil",middleName:null,surname:"Hussain",slug:"dil-hussain",fullName:"Dil Hussain",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/605/images/system/605.jpg",biography:"Dr. Dil Muhammad Akbar Hussain is a professor of Electronics Engineering & Computer Science at the Department of Energy Technology, Aalborg University Denmark. Professor Akbar has a Master degree in Digital Electronics from Govt. College University, Lahore Pakistan and a P-hD degree in Control Engineering from the School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of Sussex United Kingdom. Aalborg University has Two Satellite Campuses, one in Copenhagen (Aalborg University Copenhagen) and the other in Esbjerg (Aalborg University Esbjerg).\n· He is a member of prestigious IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers), and IAENG (International Association of Engineers) organizations. \n· He is the chief Editor of the Journal of Software Engineering.\n· He is the member of the Editorial Board of International Journal of Computer Science and Software Technology (IJCSST) and International Journal of Computer Engineering and Information Technology. \n· He is also the Editor of Communication in Computer and Information Science CCIS-20 by Springer.\n· Reviewer For Many Conferences\nHe is the lead person in making collaboration agreements between Aalborg University and many universities of Pakistan, for which the MOU’s (Memorandum of Understanding) have been signed.\nProfessor Akbar is working in Academia since 1990, he started his career as a Lab demonstrator/TA at the University of Sussex. After finishing his P. hD degree in 1992, he served in the Industry as a Scientific Officer and continued his academic career as a visiting scholar for a number of educational institutions. In 1996 he joined National University of Science & Technology Pakistan (NUST) as an Associate Professor; NUST is one of the top few universities in Pakistan. In 1999 he joined an International Company Lineo Inc, Canada as Manager Compiler Group, where he headed the group for developing Compiler Tool Chain and Porting of Operating Systems for the BLACKfin processor. The processor development was a joint venture by Intel and Analog Devices. In 2002 Lineo Inc., was taken over by another company, so he joined Aalborg University Denmark as an Assistant Professor.\nProfessor Akbar has truly a multi-disciplined career and he continued his legacy and making progress in many areas of his interests both in teaching and research. He has contributed in stochastic estimation of control area especially, in the Multiple Target Tracking and Interactive Multiple Model (IMM) research, Ball & Beam Control Problem, Robotics, Levitation Control. He has contributed in developing Algorithms for Fingerprint Matching, Computer Vision and Face Recognition. He has been supervising Pattern Recognition, Formal Languages and Distributed Processing projects for several years. He has reviewed many books on Management, Computer Science. Currently, he is an active and permanent reviewer for many international conferences and symposia and the program committee member for many international conferences.\nIn teaching he has taught the core computer science subjects like, Digital Design, Real Time Embedded System Programming, Operating Systems, Software Engineering, Data Structures, Databases, Compiler Construction. In the Engineering side, Digital Signal Processing, Computer Architecture, Electronics Devices, Digital Filtering and Engineering Management.\nApart from his Academic Interest and activities he loves sport especially, Cricket, Football, Snooker and Squash. He plays cricket for Esbjerg city in the second division team as an opener wicket keeper batsman. He is a very good player of squash but has not played squash since his arrival in Denmark.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"611",title:"Prof.",name:"T",middleName:null,surname:"Nagarajan",slug:"t-nagarajan",fullName:"T Nagarajan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universiti Teknologi Petronas",country:{name:"Malaysia"}}}],filtersByRegion:[{group:"region",caption:"North America",value:1,count:13389},{group:"region",caption:"Middle and South America",value:2,count:11658},{group:"region",caption:"Africa",value:3,count:4168},{group:"region",caption:"Asia",value:4,count:22334},{group:"region",caption:"Australia and Oceania",value:5,count:2019},{group:"region",caption:"Europe",value:6,count:33642}],offset:12,limit:12,total:135272},chapterEmbeded:{data:{}},editorApplication:{success:null,errors:{}},ofsBooks:{filterParams:{hasNoEditors:"0",sort:"dateEndThirdStepPublish",topicId:"5,6,12,13,18"},books:[{type:"book",id:"11369",title:"RNA Viruses Infection",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"52f8a3a1486912beae40b34ac557fed3",slug:null,bookSignature:"Ph.D. Yogendra Shah",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11369.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"278914",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Yogendra",surname:"Shah",slug:"yogendra-shah",fullName:"Yogendra Shah"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11610",title:"New Insights in Herbicide Science",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"eb3830b8176caf3d1fd52c32313c5168",slug:null,bookSignature:"Ph.D. Kassio Ferreira Mendes",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11610.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"197720",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Kassio",surname:"Ferreira Mendes",slug:"kassio-ferreira-mendes",fullName:"Kassio Ferreira Mendes"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11608",title:"Candida and Candidiasis",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"862074d07a4355fe3035ae1d14f3e2e6",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Tulin Askun",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11608.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"89795",title:"Dr.",name:"Tulin",surname:"Askun",slug:"tulin-askun",fullName:"Tulin Askun"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11630",title:"Life in Extreme Environments - Diversity, Adaptability and Valuable Resources of Bioactive Molecules",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"9c39aa5fd22296ba53d87df6d761a5fc",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Afef Najjari",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11630.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"196823",title:"Dr.",name:"Afef",surname:"Najjari",slug:"afef-najjari",fullName:"Afef Najjari"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11804",title:"CRISPR Technology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"4051570f538bd3315e051267180abe37",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Yuan-Chuan Chen",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11804.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"185559",title:"Dr.",name:"Yuan-Chuan",surname:"Chen",slug:"yuan-chuan-chen",fullName:"Yuan-Chuan Chen"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11793",title:"Production, Nutritional and Industrial Perspectives of Barley",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"996125d4599193b3b6b749f5d8aa3cb2",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Farhan Saeed and Dr. Muhammad Afzaal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11793.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"192244",title:"Dr.",name:"Farhan",surname:"Saeed",slug:"farhan-saeed",fullName:"Farhan Saeed"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11810",title:"Animal Behavior - New Insights",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"db1dacc9284b2fc73f38fa985a586e15",slug:null,bookSignature:"Associate Prof. Volkan Gelen and Dr. Abdulsamed Kükürt",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11810.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"178366",title:"Dr.",name:"Volkan",surname:"Gelen",slug:"volkan-gelen",fullName:"Volkan Gelen"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"12157",title:"Rice Crops - Productivity, Quality and Sustainability",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"2a38bb2448f4516740db05ce746f08e3",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Min Huang, Dr. Jiana Chen, Dr. Xiaowu Pan and Dr. Haiming Tang",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/12157.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"189829",title:"Dr.",name:"Min",surname:"Huang",slug:"min-huang",fullName:"Min Huang"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11637",title:"Neuropsychology of Dementia",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"d40f707b9ef020bb202be89404f77a1e",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Devendra Kumar, Prof. Sushil Kumar Singh and Dr. Ankit Ganeshpurkar",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11637.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"454030",title:"Dr.",name:"Devendra",surname:"Kumar",slug:"devendra-kumar",fullName:"Devendra Kumar"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11624",title:"Agricultural Waste - New Insights",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"f86a9f720cc3ac0f1c385d0367ea89b9",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Fiaz Ahmad and Prof. Muhammad Sultan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11624.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"338219",title:"Dr.",name:"Fiaz",surname:"Ahmad",slug:"fiaz-ahmad",fullName:"Fiaz Ahmad"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11788",title:"Plant Stress Responses and Defense Mechanisms",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"fd76ac80924e5a4d530ad0a1b54ca1f4",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Saddam Hussain, Dr. Tahir Hussain Awan, Dr. Ejaz Waraich and Dr. Masood Iqbal Awan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11788.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"247858",title:"Dr.",name:"Saddam",surname:"Hussain",slug:"saddam-hussain",fullName:"Saddam Hussain"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11643",title:"Genetic Diversity - Recent Advances and Applications",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"0b1e679fcacdec2448603a66df71ccc7",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Mahmut Çalışkan and Dr. Sevcan Aydin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11643.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"51528",title:"Prof.",name:"Mahmut",surname:"Çalışkan",slug:"mahmut-caliskan",fullName:"Mahmut Çalışkan"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],filtersByTopic:[{group:"topic",caption:"Agricultural and Biological Sciences",value:5,count:28},{group:"topic",caption:"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology",value:6,count:8},{group:"topic",caption:"Business, Management and Economics",value:7,count:4},{group:"topic",caption:"Chemistry",value:8,count:16},{group:"topic",caption:"Computer and Information Science",value:9,count:18},{group:"topic",caption:"Earth and Planetary Sciences",value:10,count:8},{group:"topic",caption:"Engineering",value:11,count:43},{group:"topic",caption:"Environmental Sciences",value:12,count:5},{group:"topic",caption:"Immunology and Microbiology",value:13,count:9},{group:"topic",caption:"Materials Science",value:14,count:17},{group:"topic",caption:"Mathematics",value:15,count:9},{group:"topic",caption:"Medicine",value:16,count:69},{group:"topic",caption:"Nanotechnology and Nanomaterials",value:17,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Neuroscience",value:18,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutical Science",value:19,count:6},{group:"topic",caption:"Physics",value:20,count:6},{group:"topic",caption:"Psychology",value:21,count:5},{group:"topic",caption:"Robotics",value:22,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Social Sciences",value:23,count:7},{group:"topic",caption:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",value:25,count:2}],offset:12,limit:12,total:53},popularBooks:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"7827",title:"Interpersonal Relationships",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ebf41f4d17c75010eb3294cc8cac3d47",slug:"interpersonal-relationships",bookSignature:"Martha Peaslee Levine",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7827.jpg",editors:[{id:"186919",title:"Dr.",name:"Martha",middleName:null,surname:"Peaslee Levine",slug:"martha-peaslee-levine",fullName:"Martha Peaslee Levine"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10808",title:"Current Concepts in Dental Implantology",subtitle:"From Science to Clinical Research",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4af8830e463f89c57515c2da2b9777b0",slug:"current-concepts-in-dental-implantology-from-science-to-clinical-research",bookSignature:"Dragana Gabrić and Marko Vuletić",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10808.jpg",editors:[{id:"26946",title:"Prof.",name:"Dragana",middleName:null,surname:"Gabrić",slug:"dragana-gabric",fullName:"Dragana Gabrić"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10908",title:"Advances in Decision Making",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"126486f7f91e18e2e3539a32c38be7b1",slug:"advances-in-decision-making",bookSignature:"Fausto Pedro García Márquez",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10908.jpg",editors:[{id:"22844",title:"Prof.",name:"Fausto Pedro",middleName:null,surname:"García Márquez",slug:"fausto-pedro-garcia-marquez",fullName:"Fausto Pedro García Márquez"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10796",title:"Extracellular Vesicles",subtitle:"Role in Diseases, Pathogenesis and Therapy",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"eb5407fcf93baff7bca3fae5640153a2",slug:"extracellular-vesicles-role-in-diseases-pathogenesis-and-therapy",bookSignature:"Manash K. Paul",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10796.jpg",editors:[{id:"319365",title:"Assistant Prof.",name:"Manash K.",middleName:null,surname:"Paul",slug:"manash-k.-paul",fullName:"Manash K. Paul"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11263",title:"Supply Chain",subtitle:"Recent Advances and New Perspectives in the Industry 4.0 Era",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"aab634c9c1f9a692c1e9881d18e9c9b7",slug:"supply-chain-recent-advances-and-new-perspectives-in-the-industry-4-0-era",bookSignature:"Tamás Bányai, Ágota Bányai and Ireneusz Kaczmar",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11263.jpg",editors:[{id:"201248",title:"Dr.",name:"Tamás",middleName:null,surname:"Bányai",slug:"tamas-banyai",fullName:"Tamás Bányai"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10739",title:"Global Decline of Insects",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"543783652b9092962a8fa4bed38eeb17",slug:"global-decline-of-insects",bookSignature:"Hamadttu Abdel Farag El-Shafie",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10739.jpg",editors:[{id:"192142",title:"Dr.",name:"Hamadttu",middleName:null,surname:"Abdel Farag El-Shafie",slug:"hamadttu-abdel-farag-el-shafie",fullName:"Hamadttu Abdel Farag El-Shafie"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10911",title:"Higher Education",subtitle:"New Approaches to Accreditation, Digitalization, and Globalization in the Age of Covid",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"223a02337498e535e967174c1f648fbc",slug:"higher-education-new-approaches-to-accreditation-digitalization-and-globalization-in-the-age-of-covid",bookSignature:"Lee Waller and Sharon Waller",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10911.jpg",editors:[{id:"263301",title:"Dr.",name:"Lee",middleName:null,surname:"Waller",slug:"lee-waller",fullName:"Lee Waller"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10669",title:"Corrosion",subtitle:"Fundamentals and Protection Mechanisms",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4a76d54f8a40fc2e7002a8d13fd617c1",slug:"corrosion-fundamentals-and-protection-mechanisms",bookSignature:"Fahmina Zafar, Anujit Ghosal and Eram Sharmin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10669.jpg",editors:[{id:"89672",title:"Dr.",name:"Fahmina",middleName:null,surname:"Zafar",slug:"fahmina-zafar",fullName:"Fahmina Zafar"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"95",title:"Applications and Experiences of Quality Control",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4bcb22b1eee68210a977a97d5a0f363a",slug:"applications-and-experiences-of-quality-control",bookSignature:"Ognyan Ivanov",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/95.jpg",editors:[{id:"22230",title:"Prof.",name:"Ognyan",middleName:null,surname:"Ivanov",slug:"ognyan-ivanov",fullName:"Ognyan Ivanov"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"2160",title:"MATLAB",subtitle:"A Fundamental Tool for Scientific Computing and Engineering Applications - Volume 1",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"dd9c658341fbd264ed4f8d9e6aa8ca29",slug:"matlab-a-fundamental-tool-for-scientific-computing-and-engineering-applications-volume-1",bookSignature:"Vasilios N. Katsikis",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2160.jpg",editors:[{id:"12289",title:"Prof.",name:"Vasilios",middleName:"N.",surname:"Katsikis",slug:"vasilios-katsikis",fullName:"Vasilios Katsikis"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"3560",title:"Advances in Landscape Architecture",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a20614517ec5f7e91188fe8e42832138",slug:"advances-in-landscape-architecture",bookSignature:"Murat Özyavuz",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3560.jpg",editors:[{id:"93073",title:"Dr.",name:"Murat",middleName:null,surname:"Ozyavuz",slug:"murat-ozyavuz",fullName:"Murat Ozyavuz"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"3568",title:"Recent Advances in Plant in vitro Culture",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"830bbb601742c85a3fb0eeafe1454c43",slug:"recent-advances-in-plant-in-vitro-culture",bookSignature:"Annarita Leva and Laura M. R. Rinaldi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3568.jpg",editors:[{id:"142145",title:"Dr.",name:"Annarita",middleName:null,surname:"Leva",slug:"annarita-leva",fullName:"Annarita Leva"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],offset:12,limit:12,total:4805},hotBookTopics:{hotBooks:[],offset:0,limit:12,total:null},publish:{},publishingProposal:{success:null,errors:{}},books:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"7827",title:"Interpersonal Relationships",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ebf41f4d17c75010eb3294cc8cac3d47",slug:"interpersonal-relationships",bookSignature:"Martha Peaslee Levine",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7827.jpg",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",numberOfDownloads:7107,editors:[{id:"186919",title:"Dr.",name:"Martha",middleName:null,surname:"Peaslee Levine",slug:"martha-peaslee-levine",fullName:"Martha Peaslee Levine"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10808",title:"Current Concepts in Dental Implantology",subtitle:"From Science to Clinical Research",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4af8830e463f89c57515c2da2b9777b0",slug:"current-concepts-in-dental-implantology-from-science-to-clinical-research",bookSignature:"Dragana Gabrić and Marko Vuletić",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10808.jpg",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",numberOfDownloads:1955,editors:[{id:"26946",title:"Prof.",name:"Dragana",middleName:null,surname:"Gabrić",slug:"dragana-gabric",fullName:"Dragana Gabrić"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10908",title:"Advances in Decision Making",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"126486f7f91e18e2e3539a32c38be7b1",slug:"advances-in-decision-making",bookSignature:"Fausto Pedro García Márquez",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10908.jpg",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",numberOfDownloads:1452,editors:[{id:"22844",title:"Prof.",name:"Fausto Pedro",middleName:null,surname:"García Márquez",slug:"fausto-pedro-garcia-marquez",fullName:"Fausto Pedro García Márquez"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10796",title:"Extracellular Vesicles",subtitle:"Role in Diseases, Pathogenesis and Therapy",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"eb5407fcf93baff7bca3fae5640153a2",slug:"extracellular-vesicles-role-in-diseases-pathogenesis-and-therapy",bookSignature:"Manash K. Paul",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10796.jpg",publishedDate:"July 20th 2022",numberOfDownloads:2289,editors:[{id:"319365",title:"Assistant Prof.",name:"Manash K.",middleName:null,surname:"Paul",slug:"manash-k.-paul",fullName:"Manash K. Paul"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11263",title:"Supply Chain",subtitle:"Recent Advances and New Perspectives in the Industry 4.0 Era",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"aab634c9c1f9a692c1e9881d18e9c9b7",slug:"supply-chain-recent-advances-and-new-perspectives-in-the-industry-4-0-era",bookSignature:"Tamás Bányai, Ágota Bányai and Ireneusz Kaczmar",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11263.jpg",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",numberOfDownloads:888,editors:[{id:"201248",title:"Dr.",name:"Tamás",middleName:null,surname:"Bányai",slug:"tamas-banyai",fullName:"Tamás Bányai"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10739",title:"Global Decline of Insects",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"543783652b9092962a8fa4bed38eeb17",slug:"global-decline-of-insects",bookSignature:"Hamadttu Abdel Farag El-Shafie",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10739.jpg",publishedDate:"July 20th 2022",numberOfDownloads:1566,editors:[{id:"192142",title:"Dr.",name:"Hamadttu",middleName:null,surname:"Abdel Farag El-Shafie",slug:"hamadttu-abdel-farag-el-shafie",fullName:"Hamadttu Abdel Farag El-Shafie"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10911",title:"Higher Education",subtitle:"New Approaches to Accreditation, Digitalization, and Globalization in the Age of Covid",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"223a02337498e535e967174c1f648fbc",slug:"higher-education-new-approaches-to-accreditation-digitalization-and-globalization-in-the-age-of-covid",bookSignature:"Lee Waller and Sharon Waller",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10911.jpg",publishedDate:"July 13th 2022",numberOfDownloads:2054,editors:[{id:"263301",title:"Dr.",name:"Lee",middleName:null,surname:"Waller",slug:"lee-waller",fullName:"Lee Waller"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10669",title:"Corrosion",subtitle:"Fundamentals and Protection Mechanisms",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4a76d54f8a40fc2e7002a8d13fd617c1",slug:"corrosion-fundamentals-and-protection-mechanisms",bookSignature:"Fahmina Zafar, Anujit Ghosal and Eram Sharmin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10669.jpg",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",numberOfDownloads:780,editors:[{id:"89672",title:"Dr.",name:"Fahmina",middleName:null,surname:"Zafar",slug:"fahmina-zafar",fullName:"Fahmina Zafar"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"95",title:"Applications and Experiences of Quality Control",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4bcb22b1eee68210a977a97d5a0f363a",slug:"applications-and-experiences-of-quality-control",bookSignature:"Ognyan Ivanov",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/95.jpg",publishedDate:"April 26th 2011",numberOfDownloads:318480,editors:[{id:"22230",title:"Prof.",name:"Ognyan",middleName:null,surname:"Ivanov",slug:"ognyan-ivanov",fullName:"Ognyan Ivanov"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"2160",title:"MATLAB",subtitle:"A Fundamental Tool for Scientific Computing and Engineering Applications - Volume 1",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"dd9c658341fbd264ed4f8d9e6aa8ca29",slug:"matlab-a-fundamental-tool-for-scientific-computing-and-engineering-applications-volume-1",bookSignature:"Vasilios N. Katsikis",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2160.jpg",publishedDate:"September 26th 2012",numberOfDownloads:271760,editors:[{id:"12289",title:"Prof.",name:"Vasilios",middleName:"N.",surname:"Katsikis",slug:"vasilios-katsikis",fullName:"Vasilios Katsikis"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],latestBooks:[{type:"book",id:"10808",title:"Current Concepts in Dental Implantology",subtitle:"From Science to Clinical Research",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4af8830e463f89c57515c2da2b9777b0",slug:"current-concepts-in-dental-implantology-from-science-to-clinical-research",bookSignature:"Dragana Gabrić and Marko Vuletić",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10808.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",editors:[{id:"26946",title:"Prof.",name:"Dragana",middleName:null,surname:"Gabrić",slug:"dragana-gabric",fullName:"Dragana Gabrić"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11328",title:"Botulinum Toxin",subtitle:"Recent Topics and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"7dd05a316001cef143e209eda51387a7",slug:"botulinum-toxin-recent-topics-and-applications",bookSignature:"Suna Sabuncuoglu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11328.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",editors:[{id:"270856",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Suna",middleName:null,surname:"Sabuncuoglu",slug:"suna-sabuncuoglu",fullName:"Suna Sabuncuoglu"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11085",title:"Polycystic Ovary Syndrome",subtitle:"Functional Investigation and Clinical Application",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"3066dd3ff29e1fac072fd60b08d4d3e7",slug:"polycystic-ovary-syndrome-functional-investigation-and-clinical-application",bookSignature:"Zhengchao Wang",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11085.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",editors:[{id:"204883",title:"Dr.",name:"Zhengchao",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",slug:"zhengchao-wang",fullName:"Zhengchao Wang"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10833",title:"Tumor Angiogenesis and Modulators",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f29b575c46128b2da061ef7f9bd1070b",slug:"tumor-angiogenesis-and-modulators",bookSignature:"Ke Xu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10833.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",editors:[{id:"59529",title:"Dr.",name:"Ke",middleName:null,surname:"Xu",slug:"ke-xu",fullName:"Ke Xu"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11356",title:"Molecular Cloning",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"671c629dd86e97f0fb467b9e70e92296",slug:"molecular-cloning",bookSignature:"Sadık Dincer, Hatice Aysun Mercimek Takcı and Melis Sumengen Ozdenef",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11356.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",editors:[{id:"188141",title:"Prof.",name:"Sadik",middleName:null,surname:"Dincer",slug:"sadik-dincer",fullName:"Sadik Dincer"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7827",title:"Interpersonal Relationships",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ebf41f4d17c75010eb3294cc8cac3d47",slug:"interpersonal-relationships",bookSignature:"Martha Peaslee Levine",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7827.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",editors:[{id:"186919",title:"Dr.",name:"Martha",middleName:null,surname:"Peaslee Levine",slug:"martha-peaslee-levine",fullName:"Martha Peaslee Levine"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10908",title:"Advances in Decision Making",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"126486f7f91e18e2e3539a32c38be7b1",slug:"advances-in-decision-making",bookSignature:"Fausto Pedro García Márquez",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10908.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",editors:[{id:"22844",title:"Prof.",name:"Fausto Pedro",middleName:null,surname:"García Márquez",slug:"fausto-pedro-garcia-marquez",fullName:"Fausto Pedro García Márquez"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10669",title:"Corrosion",subtitle:"Fundamentals and Protection Mechanisms",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4a76d54f8a40fc2e7002a8d13fd617c1",slug:"corrosion-fundamentals-and-protection-mechanisms",bookSignature:"Fahmina Zafar, Anujit Ghosal and Eram Sharmin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10669.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",editors:[{id:"89672",title:"Dr.",name:"Fahmina",middleName:null,surname:"Zafar",slug:"fahmina-zafar",fullName:"Fahmina Zafar"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10677",title:"Advanced Topics of Topology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"bf964c52f9e653fac20a7fcab58070e5",slug:"advanced-topics-of-topology",bookSignature:"Francisco Bulnes",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10677.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",editors:[{id:"92918",title:"Dr.",name:"Francisco",middleName:null,surname:"Bulnes",slug:"francisco-bulnes",fullName:"Francisco Bulnes"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11195",title:"Recent Advances in Biometrics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"2d32e33e0f499cb5241734bb75dd2a83",slug:"recent-advances-in-biometrics",bookSignature:"Muhammad Sarfraz",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11195.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",editors:[{id:"215610",title:"Prof.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Sarfraz",slug:"muhammad-sarfraz",fullName:"Muhammad Sarfraz"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},subject:{topic:{id:"21",title:"Psychology",slug:"psychology",parent:{id:"4",title:"Social Sciences and Humanities",slug:"social-sciences-and-humanities"},numberOfBooks:32,numberOfSeries:0,numberOfAuthorsAndEditors:610,numberOfWosCitations:280,numberOfCrossrefCitations:279,numberOfDimensionsCitations:577,videoUrl:null,fallbackUrl:null,description:null},booksByTopicFilter:{topicId:"21",sort:"-publishedDate",limit:12,offset:0},booksByTopicCollection:[{type:"book",id:"10889",title:"Aphasia Compendium",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f2c0b1c302f68d0c86ae8e057d1cc90e",slug:"aphasia-compendium",bookSignature:"Dragoș Cătălin Jianu and Dafin Fior Mureșanu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10889.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"45925",title:"Prof.",name:"Dragoș",middleName:null,surname:"Cătălin Jianu",slug:"dragos-catalin-jianu",fullName:"Dragoș Cătălin Jianu"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11392",title:"Leadership in a Changing World",subtitle:"A Multidimensional Perspective",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"86a6d33cf601587e591064ce92effc02",slug:"leadership-in-a-changing-world-a-multidimensional-perspective",bookSignature:"Muhammad Mohiuddin, Bilal Khalid, Md. Samim Al Azad and Slimane Ed-dafali",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11392.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"418514",title:"Dr.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Mohiuddin",slug:"muhammad-mohiuddin",fullName:"Muhammad Mohiuddin"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10978",title:"Mind and Matter",subtitle:"Challenges and Opportunities in Cognitive Semiotics and Aesthetics",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"938b8668018c9338fbc8992e8e03f971",slug:"mind-and-matter-challenges-and-opportunities-in-cognitive-semiotics-and-aesthetics",bookSignature:"Asun López-Varela Azcárate",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10978.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"302731",title:null,name:"Asun",middleName:null,surname:"López-Varela Azcárate",slug:"asun-lopez-varela-azcarate",fullName:"Asun López-Varela Azcárate"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10910",title:"Learning Disabilities",subtitle:"Neurobiology, Assessment, Clinical Features and Treatments",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"0999e5f759c2380ae5a4a2ee0835c98d",slug:"learning-disabilities-neurobiology-assessment-clinical-features-and-treatments",bookSignature:"Sandro Misciagna",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10910.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"103586",title:null,name:"Sandro",middleName:null,surname:"Misciagna",slug:"sandro-misciagna",fullName:"Sandro Misciagna"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9052",title:"Psychoanalysis",subtitle:"A New Overview",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"69cc7a085f5417038f532cf11edee22f",slug:"psychoanalysis-a-new-overview",bookSignature:"Floriana Irtelli, Barbara Marchesi and Federico Durbano",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9052.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"174641",title:"Dr.",name:"Floriana",middleName:null,surname:"Irtelli",slug:"floriana-irtelli",fullName:"Floriana Irtelli"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10981",title:"Sport Psychology in Sports, Exercise and Physical Activity",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5214c44bdc42978449de0751ca364684",slug:"sport-psychology-in-sports-exercise-and-physical-activity",bookSignature:"Hilde G. Nielsen",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10981.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"158692",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Hilde Dorthea Grindvik",middleName:"Dorthea Grindvik",surname:"Nielsen",slug:"hilde-dorthea-grindvik-nielsen",fullName:"Hilde Dorthea Grindvik Nielsen"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10211",title:"The Science of Emotional Intelligence",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"447fc7884303a10093bc189f4c82dd47",slug:"the-science-of-emotional-intelligence",bookSignature:"Simon George Taukeni",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10211.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"202046",title:"Dr.",name:"Simon George",middleName:null,surname:"Taukeni",slug:"simon-george-taukeni",fullName:"Simon George Taukeni"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10228",title:"Dyslexia",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6b4060d23ac02fcb4a11313ec1c911c6",slug:"dyslexia",bookSignature:"Jonathan Glazzard and Samuel Stones",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10228.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"294281",title:"Prof.",name:"Jonathan",middleName:null,surname:"Glazzard",slug:"jonathan-glazzard",fullName:"Jonathan Glazzard"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7811",title:"Beauty",subtitle:"Cosmetic Science, Cultural Issues and Creative Developments",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5f6fd59694706550db8dd1082a8e457b",slug:"beauty-cosmetic-science-cultural-issues-and-creative-developments",bookSignature:"Martha Peaslee Levine and Júlia Scherer Santos",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7811.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"186919",title:"Dr.",name:"Martha",middleName:null,surname:"Peaslee Levine",slug:"martha-peaslee-levine",fullName:"Martha Peaslee Levine"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9050",title:"Hypnotherapy and Hypnosis",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f5686a1d5917736fa774b2f46e7da8a5",slug:"hypnotherapy-and-hypnosis",bookSignature:"Cengiz Mordeniz",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9050.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"214664",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Cengiz",middleName:null,surname:"Mordeniz",slug:"cengiz-mordeniz",fullName:"Cengiz Mordeniz"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9033",title:"Career Development and Job Satisfaction",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8cbf79d466559c37f4ec1bcbe6f908f5",slug:"career-development-and-job-satisfaction",bookSignature:"Josiane Fahed-Sreih",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9033.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"103784",title:"Dr.",name:"Josiane",middleName:null,surname:"Fahed-Sreih",slug:"josiane-fahed-sreih",fullName:"Josiane Fahed-Sreih"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7507",title:"Empathy Study",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e8318dbbb1e524384596da018870651f",slug:"empathy-study",bookSignature:"Makiko Kondo and Bala Nikku",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7507.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"188019",title:"Dr.",name:"Makiko",middleName:null,surname:"Kondo",slug:"makiko-kondo",fullName:"Makiko Kondo"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],booksByTopicTotal:32,seriesByTopicCollection:[],seriesByTopicTotal:0,mostCitedChapters:[{id:"40977",doi:"10.5772/53885",title:"The Emergence of Scientific Reasoning",slug:"the-emergence-of-scientific-reasoning",totalDownloads:4545,totalCrossrefCites:8,totalDimensionsCites:59,abstract:null,book:{id:"654",slug:"current-topics-in-children-s-learning-and-cognition",title:"Current Topics in Children's Learning and Cognition",fullTitle:"Current Topics in Children's Learning and Cognition"},signatures:"Bradley J. Morris, Steve Croker, Amy M. Masnick and Corinne Zimmerman",authors:[{id:"154336",title:"Prof.",name:"Bradley",middleName:null,surname:"Morris",slug:"bradley-morris",fullName:"Bradley Morris"},{id:"154337",title:"Prof.",name:"Steve",middleName:null,surname:"Croker",slug:"steve-croker",fullName:"Steve Croker"},{id:"154338",title:"Prof.",name:"Amy",middleName:null,surname:"Masnick",slug:"amy-masnick",fullName:"Amy Masnick"},{id:"154339",title:"Prof.",name:"Corinne",middleName:null,surname:"Zimmerman",slug:"corinne-zimmerman",fullName:"Corinne Zimmerman"}]},{id:"60564",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.76249",title:"Ageing Process and Physiological Changes",slug:"ageing-process-and-physiological-changes",totalDownloads:6978,totalCrossrefCites:18,totalDimensionsCites:33,abstract:"Ageing is a natural process. Everyone must undergo this phase of life at his or her own time and pace. In the broader sense, ageing reflects all the changes taking place over the course of life. These changes start from birth—one grows, develops and attains maturity. To the young, ageing is exciting. Middle age is the time when people notice the age-related changes like greying of hair, wrinkled skin and a fair amount of physical decline. Even the healthiest, aesthetically fit cannot escape these changes. Slow and steady physical impairment and functional disability are noticed resulting in increased dependency in the period of old age. According to World Health Organization, ageing is a course of biological reality which starts at conception and ends with death. It has its own dynamics, much beyond human control. However, this process of ageing is also subject to the constructions by which each society makes sense of old age. In most of the developed countries, the age of 60 is considered equivalent to retirement age and it is said to be the beginning of old age. In this chapter, you understand the details of ageing processes and associated physiological changes.",book:{id:"6381",slug:"gerontology",title:"Gerontology",fullTitle:"Gerontology"},signatures:"Shilpa Amarya, Kalyani Singh and Manisha Sabharwal",authors:[{id:"226573",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Shilpa",middleName:null,surname:"Amarya",slug:"shilpa-amarya",fullName:"Shilpa Amarya"},{id:"226593",title:"Dr.",name:"Kalyani",middleName:null,surname:"Singh",slug:"kalyani-singh",fullName:"Kalyani Singh"},{id:"243264",title:"Dr.",name:"Manisha",middleName:null,surname:"Sabharwal",slug:"manisha-sabharwal",fullName:"Manisha Sabharwal"}]},{id:"56330",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.69932",title:"Russian Scientific Trends on Specific Language Impairment in Childhood",slug:"russian-scientific-trends-on-specific-language-impairment-in-childhood",totalDownloads:1950,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:23,abstract:"In Russia, there are many decades of experience in the scientific study of the problem of impaired language development in children. Today, the term “Systemic speech-and-language underdevelopment (SLU)” has firmly established in Russian science and practice, implying a complex developmental disorder of speech and language in children with a primary normal hearing and a conserved intellect, in which the main components of the language system are violated: vocabulary, grammar, phonetics, and, as a consequence, dialogic and monologic speech. Traditionally, a differentiated level-by-level analysis of the speech and language abilities of children is used. The variability of the manifestations and severity of speech-and-language disorders were initially systematized and characterized in four levels of underdevelopment: from the complete absence of phrase speech to the availability of simple and complex sentences with lexico-grammatical errors. Effective algorithms of speech therapist work with SLU are introduced. The effectiveness of the application of these models and algorithms on the material of various language groups is proved.",book:{id:"5957",slug:"advances-in-speech-language-pathology",title:"Advances in Speech-language Pathology",fullTitle:"Advances in Speech-language Pathology"},signatures:"Tatiana Tumanova and Tatiana Filicheva",authors:[{id:"204529",title:"Dr.",name:"Tatiana Volodarovna",middleName:null,surname:"Tumanova",slug:"tatiana-volodarovna-tumanova",fullName:"Tatiana Volodarovna Tumanova"},{id:"208704",title:"Dr.",name:"Tatiana Borisovna",middleName:null,surname:"Filicheva",slug:"tatiana-borisovna-filicheva",fullName:"Tatiana Borisovna Filicheva"}]},{id:"36452",doi:"10.5772/38931",title:"Qualitative Research Methods in Psychology",slug:"qualitative-research-methods-in-psychology",totalDownloads:35891,totalCrossrefCites:12,totalDimensionsCites:17,abstract:null,book:{id:"1997",slug:"psychology-selected-papers",title:"Psychology",fullTitle:"Psychology - Selected Papers"},signatures:"Deborah Biggerstaff",authors:[{id:"123274",title:"Dr.",name:"Deborah",middleName:null,surname:"Biggerstaff",slug:"deborah-biggerstaff",fullName:"Deborah Biggerstaff"}]},{id:"56560",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.70235",title:"The Role of Speech and Language Therapist in Autism Spectrum Disorders Intervention – An Inclusive Approach",slug:"the-role-of-speech-and-language-therapist-in-autism-spectrum-disorders-intervention-an-inclusive-app",totalDownloads:2365,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:16,abstract:"The chapter describes the possibilities of involving a speech-language therapist in the assessment of the pragmatic level of communication in autism spectrum disorders (ASD), where one of the most frequently impaired areas is communication pragmatics. These difficulties lead to a disruption of social interaction, which might be one of the obstacles to speech-language intervention in these children. The text is based on an originally developed testing material aimed at selected pragmatic-oriented communication situations relating to everyday activities and real life. Based on a comparison of domestic and international resources in this area, as well as mediated and own empirical experience, our assessment approach is based on the conclusion that pragmatics can be understood in different contexts and perspectives. The text presents the results of a partial survey comparing the performance of children with ASD and children with typical development. The assessment focused on the children’s election of the correct picture of a pair of pictures that represent usual communication and social situations. The results of the research suggest fewer incorrect responses in children with ASD and in different areas compared with children with typical development. However, the results of a qualitative analysis indicate a necessity to expand the assessment of communication pragmatics by adding an individually specific qualitative analysis of children’s performance.",book:{id:"5957",slug:"advances-in-speech-language-pathology",title:"Advances in Speech-language Pathology",fullTitle:"Advances in Speech-language Pathology"},signatures:"Kateřina Vitásková and Lucie Kytnarová",authors:[{id:"203061",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Kateřina",middleName:null,surname:"Vitásková",slug:"katerina-vitaskova",fullName:"Kateřina Vitásková"},{id:"212035",title:"MSc.",name:"Lucie",middleName:null,surname:"Kytnarová",slug:"lucie-kytnarova",fullName:"Lucie Kytnarová"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"73271",title:"Social Media and Its Effects on Beauty",slug:"social-media-and-its-effects-on-beauty",totalDownloads:3075,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,abstract:"Beauty is concerned with physical and mental health as both are intimately related. Short-term decisions to alter one’s body structure irrespective of genetic, environmental, occupational and nutritional needs can leave medium- and long-term effects. This chapter analyzes the role of social media and its effects on the standards of beauty. The researchers have summarized the literature on how social media plays a role in affecting beauty trends, body image and self-esteem concerns. There is support that social media affects individuals negatively, in pushing them to engage in life threatening beauty trends due to social compliance and acceptance in society. The aim was to review social networking sites’ impact on perception of standards of beauty and newer unrealistic trends gaining popularity that could alter opinions and also cause harm to individuals in the long run. This is an emerging area of research that is of high importance to the physical and mental health in the beauty, health and hospitality industry with the latter being manifested in depression, anxiety and fear of non-acceptability and being seen as a social gauche.",book:{id:"7811",slug:"beauty-cosmetic-science-cultural-issues-and-creative-developments",title:"Beauty",fullTitle:"Beauty - Cosmetic Science, Cultural Issues and Creative Developments"},signatures:"Mavis Henriques and Debasis Patnaik",authors:[{id:"320016",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Mavis",middleName:"Lilian",surname:"Henriques",slug:"mavis-henriques",fullName:"Mavis Henriques"},{id:"320978",title:"Dr.",name:"Debasis",middleName:null,surname:"Patnaik",slug:"debasis-patnaik",fullName:"Debasis Patnaik"}]},{id:"60564",title:"Ageing Process and Physiological Changes",slug:"ageing-process-and-physiological-changes",totalDownloads:6995,totalCrossrefCites:19,totalDimensionsCites:33,abstract:"Ageing is a natural process. Everyone must undergo this phase of life at his or her own time and pace. In the broader sense, ageing reflects all the changes taking place over the course of life. These changes start from birth—one grows, develops and attains maturity. To the young, ageing is exciting. Middle age is the time when people notice the age-related changes like greying of hair, wrinkled skin and a fair amount of physical decline. Even the healthiest, aesthetically fit cannot escape these changes. Slow and steady physical impairment and functional disability are noticed resulting in increased dependency in the period of old age. According to World Health Organization, ageing is a course of biological reality which starts at conception and ends with death. It has its own dynamics, much beyond human control. However, this process of ageing is also subject to the constructions by which each society makes sense of old age. In most of the developed countries, the age of 60 is considered equivalent to retirement age and it is said to be the beginning of old age. In this chapter, you understand the details of ageing processes and associated physiological changes.",book:{id:"6381",slug:"gerontology",title:"Gerontology",fullTitle:"Gerontology"},signatures:"Shilpa Amarya, Kalyani Singh and Manisha Sabharwal",authors:[{id:"226573",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Shilpa",middleName:null,surname:"Amarya",slug:"shilpa-amarya",fullName:"Shilpa Amarya"},{id:"226593",title:"Dr.",name:"Kalyani",middleName:null,surname:"Singh",slug:"kalyani-singh",fullName:"Kalyani Singh"},{id:"243264",title:"Dr.",name:"Manisha",middleName:null,surname:"Sabharwal",slug:"manisha-sabharwal",fullName:"Manisha Sabharwal"}]},{id:"27237",title:"Emotional Intelligence",slug:"emotional-intelligence",totalDownloads:5774,totalCrossrefCites:6,totalDimensionsCites:9,abstract:null,book:{id:"679",slug:"emotional-intelligence-new-perspectives-and-applications",title:"Emotional Intelligence",fullTitle:"Emotional Intelligence - New Perspectives and Applications"},signatures:"Adrian Furnham",authors:[{id:"85492",title:"Prof.",name:"Adrian",middleName:null,surname:"Furnham",slug:"adrian-furnham",fullName:"Adrian Furnham"}]},{id:"70731",title:"Theoretical Perspective of Traditional Counseling",slug:"theoretical-perspective-of-traditional-counseling",totalDownloads:1605,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"This chapter discusses the theoretical perspective of traditional counseling from an African context. Traditional counseling involves a broad perspective that enhances learning for transformation and integration of sociocultural values that are peculiar to each human society. A cursory review of the literature suggests that the concept of traditional counseling is rooted in traditional systems of knowledge and sociocultural customs and practices, and it promotes a collective approach to problem identification, resolution, and management. The traditional counseling process centers on four aspects: traditional counselor, client, family, and community. The key elements that inform the theoretical framework of traditional counseling from an African perspective are: cultural context, collective belief system, and initiation rituals Traditional systems of knowledge deemed essential for each generation are passed on successively to the next generation by elderly people who do not only have the necessary wisdom and experience, but are also adorned with social competences and skills.",book:{id:"9136",slug:"counseling-and-therapy",title:"Counseling and Therapy",fullTitle:"Counseling and Therapy"},signatures:"Hector Chiboola",authors:[{id:"314172",title:"Prof.",name:"Hector",middleName:null,surname:"Chiboola",slug:"hector-chiboola",fullName:"Hector Chiboola"}]},{id:"55388",title:"Beauty, Body Image, and the Media",slug:"beauty-body-image-and-the-media",totalDownloads:7764,totalCrossrefCites:5,totalDimensionsCites:12,abstract:"This chapter analyses the role of the mass media in people’s perceptions of beauty. We summarize the research literature on the mass media, both traditional media and online social media, and how they appear to interact with psychological factors to impact appearance concerns and body image disturbances. There is a strong support for the idea that traditional forms of media (e.g. magazines and music videos) affect perceptions of beauty and appearance concerns by leading women to internalize a very slender body type as ideal or beautiful. Rather than simply being passive recipients of unrealistic beauty ideals communicated to them via the media, a great number of individuals actually seek out idealized images in the media. Finally, we review what is known about the role of social media in impacting society’s perception of beauty and notions of idealized physical forms. Social media are more interactive than traditional media and the effects of self‐presentation strategies on perceptions of beauty have just begun to be studied. This is an emerging area of research that is of high relevance to researchers and clinicians interested in body image and appearance concerns.",book:{id:"5925",slug:"perception-of-beauty",title:"Perception of Beauty",fullTitle:"Perception of Beauty"},signatures:"Jennifer S. Mills, Amy Shannon and Jacqueline Hogue",authors:[{id:"202110",title:"Dr.",name:"Jennifer S.",middleName:null,surname:"Mills",slug:"jennifer-s.-mills",fullName:"Jennifer S. Mills"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"21",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[{id:"83027",title:"Coping Strategies and Meta-Worry in Adolescents’ Adjustment during COVID-19 Pandemic",slug:"coping-strategies-and-meta-worry-in-adolescents-adjustment-during-covid-19-pandemic",totalDownloads:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.106258",abstract:"With the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic, several limitations and stressful changes have been introduced in adolescent’s daily life. Particularly, Italian teenagers were the first among western populations to experience fears of infection, home confinement, and social restrictions due to a long lockdown period (10 weeks). This study explores the role of coping strategies (task-oriented, emotion-oriented, and avoidance coping) and meta-beliefs about worry as vulnerability factors associated with adolescents’ anxiety. A community sample of adolescents (N = 284, aged 16–18 y.o.) answered questionnaires assessing anxiety symptoms (RCMAS-2), meta-cognitive beliefs and processes about worry (MCQ-C), and coping strategies (CISS). Results show that 37% of participants report clinically elevated anxiety. Emotion-centered coping predicted higher anxiety, whereas task-centered coping resulted associated with decreased anxiety. Cognitive monitoring about their own worry contributes, but to a lesser extent, to higher levels of anxiety. The implications for the intervention are discussed, especially the need to enhance the coping skills of adolescents and mitigate the stress of the COVID-19 pandemic, which could last for a long time.",book:{id:"10671",title:"Adolescences",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10671.jpg"},signatures:"Loredana Benedetto, Ilenia Schipilliti and Massimo Ingrassia"},{id:"83023",title:"Gestational Tryptophan Fluctuation Underlying Ontogenetic Origin of Neuropsychiatric Disorders",slug:"gestational-tryptophan-fluctuation-underlying-ontogenetic-origin-of-neuropsychiatric-disorders",totalDownloads:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.106421",abstract:"Neuropsychiatry underlies personality development and social functioning. Borderline personality disorder exhibits high trait aggression and is associated with tryptophan hydroxylase polymorphisms. The acute tryptophan depletion reduces plasma and cerebrospinal fluid tryptophan availability and brain serotonin concentrations, leading to alterations in personality and trait-related behaviors. Tryptophan is essential for fatal neurodevelopment and immunomodulation in pregnancy. Gestational tryptophan fluctuation induced by maternal metabolic disorders or drug administrations may account for the maternal-fetal transmission determining neurogenesis and microbial development, consequentially shaping the long-standing patterns of thinking and behavior. However, it is not possible to assess the gestational tryptophan exposure effects on fetal brain and gastrointestinal system in humans for ethical reasons. The maternal–fetal microbe transmission in rodents during gestation, vaginal delivery, and breastfeeding is inevitable. Chicken embryo may be an alternative and evidence from the chicken embryo model reveals that gestational tryptophan fluctuation, i.e., exposed to excessive tryptophan or its metabolite, serotonin, attenuates aggressiveness and affects peer sociometric status. This chapter discusses the gestational tryptophan fluctuation as a risk factor of personality disorders in offspring and the prevention of personality disorders by dietary tryptophan control and medication therapy management during pregnancy.",book:{id:"11782",title:"Personality Traits - The Role in Psychopathology",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11782.jpg"},signatures:"Xiaohong Huang, Xiaohua Li and Heng-Wei Cheng"},{id:"82982",title:"The Well-Being in the Children and Adolescents with ADHD: Possible Influencing Factors and How to Improve It",slug:"the-well-being-in-the-children-and-adolescents-with-adhd-possible-influencing-factors-and-how-to-imp",totalDownloads:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.106596",abstract:"In recent years, academics have increasingly emphasized the importance of research into the well-being of children and adolescents. This is because well-being plays an important role in the development of children and adolescents. The literature reports that high levels of well-being facilitate positive functioning in children and adolescents. They contribute to the overall development of the individual and are a key factor in helping children and adolescents to integrate into society. ADHD, the most prevalent neurodevelopmental disorder, affects more than 5% of children and adolescents, and the distress caused by its symptom can seriously undermine the well-being of children and adolescents. Therefore, this chapter discusses this noticeable issue focusing on the following key parts: An understanding of the well-being in children and adolescents, the factors that affect the well-being of children and adolescents with ADHD, and how to improve the well-being of children and adolescents with ADHD.",book:{id:"11444",title:"Happiness - Biopsychosocial and Anthropological Perspectives",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11444.jpg"},signatures:"Jenson Yin and Jie Luo"},{id:"82867",title:"Indigenous Cultural Expressions and Methodological Frameworks: Some Thoughts",slug:"indigenous-cultural-expressions-and-methodological-frameworks-some-thoughts",totalDownloads:5,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.106236",abstract:"Within the contemporary global world, there appears to be an inevitable lag between the changing factual reality and the concepts and categories scholars use to analyze it, i.e., “indigenous peoples,” “traditional oral expressions,” “ethnicity,” “cultural identity,” and “cultural heritage.” But are these discrepancies insurmountable? This article delves into such mismatches, examining the relentless search for heuristic instruments to deal with the diverse indigenous artistic expressions in their socio-historical and political contexts. It presents some thoughts about the methodological frameworks used to ponder indigenous cultural expressions. The main argument is based on ethnographic research among Zoque and Mayan peoples in the states of Oaxaca and Chiapas in Southern Mexico, while establishing a dialog with ethnographies by other authors on different indigenous regions.",book:{id:"11434",title:"Indigenous Populations - Perspectives From Scholars and Practitioners in Contemporary Times",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11434.jpg"},signatures:"Marina Alonso-Bolaños"},{id:"82930",title:"Psychosocial Factors Linked to Severe Mental Disorders in a Convenience Sample of Teenage Students",slug:"psychosocial-factors-linked-to-severe-mental-disorders-in-a-convenience-sample-of-teenage-students",totalDownloads:6,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104936",abstract:"Students with severe mental disorders (SMDs) are a vulnerable population with higher risks of early school dropout than the general population. Our aim has been to define psychosocial factors of students aged 12–18 years who have been diagnosed with severe mental disorders. So, we have defined the psychosocial factors of a group of students aged 12 to 18 years who have been diagnosed with a SMD. We have made the selection of the sample through an intentional nonprobability sampling. One hundred and nine cases of students were analyzed. We have analyzed the evolution of the student throughout their academic history until the moment in which they are hospitalized in serious condition by means of an exploratory factor analysis, with the application of the KMO sample adequacy of 0.776 and the significance of Bartlett’s test of sphericity p < .001, we have obtained a high correlation between the variables. The factors obtained are study limitations, symptomatology representation, study facilitators, other limitations. The results show that it is necessary to take into account the conditions that prevent them from permanence, inclusion, coexistence, and educational achievement. Likewise, symptomatic expression and family support are key elements in improving the educational process of pupils with SMD. These factors allow us to infer pedagogical practices that are more appropriate to their needs.",book:{id:"10671",title:"Adolescences",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10671.jpg"},signatures:"Cristina Sánchez Romero and Francisco Crespo Molero"},{id:"82928",title:"Utilizing Environmental Analytical Chemistry to Establish Culturally Appropriate Community Partnerships",slug:"utilizing-environmental-analytical-chemistry-to-establish-culturally-appropriate-community-partnersh",totalDownloads:2,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.106237",abstract:"In the United States, minority communities are disproportionately exposed to environmental contaminants due to a combination of historically discriminatory based racial policies and a lack of social political capital. American Indian/Alaska Native (AI/AN) communities have additional factors that increase the likelihood of contaminant exposure. Some of these factors include the disparity of social, cultural, and political representation, differences in cultural understandings between AI/AN communities and western populations, and the unique history of tribal sovereignty in the US. Since the 1990s, research from both private and federal organizations have sought to increase research with AI/AN communities. However, although rooted in beneficence, the rift in cultural upbringing can lead to negative outcomes as well as further isolation and misrepresentation of AI/AN communities. Environmental analytical chemistry (EAC) is one approach that provides a means to establish productive and culturally appropriate collaborations with AI/AN populations. EAC is a more holistic approach that incorporates numerous elements and disciplines to understand underlying environmental questions, while allowing direct input from AI/AN communities. Additionally, EAC allows for a myriad of experimental approaches that can be designed for each unique tribal community, to maintain cultural respect and probe individual nuanced questions.",book:{id:"11434",title:"Indigenous Populations - Perspectives From Scholars and Practitioners in Contemporary Times",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11434.jpg"},signatures:"Jonathan Credo, Jani C. Ingram, Margaret Briehl and Francine C. Gachupin"}],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:64},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:8,limit:8,total:0},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:90,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:107,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:33,numberOfPublishedChapters:330,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:14,numberOfPublishedChapters:145,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:139,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:122,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:112,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:21,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:10,numberOfOpenTopics:1,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:5,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-6580",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"6",text:"It is great to work with the IntechOpen to produce a worthwhile collection of research that also becomes a great educational resource and guide for future research endeavors.",author:{id:"259298",name:"Edward",surname:"Narayan",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",slug:"edward-narayan",institution:{id:"3",name:"University of Queensland",country:{id:null,name:"Australia"}}}},{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. The whole process of submitting an article and editing of the submitted article goes extremely smooth and fast, the number of reads and downloads of chapters is high, and the contributions are also frequently cited.",author:{id:"55578",name:"Antonio",surname:"Jurado-Navas",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRisIQAS/Profile_Picture_1626166543950",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",institution:{id:"720",name:"University of Malaga",country:{id:null,name:"Spain"}}}}]},series:{item:{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",issn:"2632-0983",scope:"Biochemistry, the study of chemical transformations occurring within living organisms, impacts all areas of life sciences, from molecular crystallography and genetics to ecology, medicine, and population biology. Biochemistry examines macromolecules - proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, and lipids – and their building blocks, structures, functions, and interactions. Much of biochemistry is devoted to enzymes, proteins that catalyze chemical reactions, enzyme structures, mechanisms of action and their roles within cells. Biochemistry also studies small signaling molecules, coenzymes, inhibitors, vitamins, and hormones, which play roles in life processes. Biochemical experimentation, besides coopting classical chemistry methods, e.g., chromatography, adopted new techniques, e.g., X-ray diffraction, electron microscopy, NMR, radioisotopes, and developed sophisticated microbial genetic tools, e.g., auxotroph mutants and their revertants, fermentation, etc. More recently, biochemistry embraced the ‘big data’ omics systems. Initial biochemical studies have been exclusively analytic: dissecting, purifying, and examining individual components of a biological system; in the apt words of Efraim Racker (1913 –1991), “Don’t waste clean thinking on dirty enzymes.” Today, however, biochemistry is becoming more agglomerative and comprehensive, setting out to integrate and describe entirely particular biological systems. The ‘big data’ metabolomics can define the complement of small molecules, e.g., in a soil or biofilm sample; proteomics can distinguish all the comprising proteins, e.g., serum; metagenomics can identify all the genes in a complex environment, e.g., the bovine rumen. This Biochemistry Series will address the current research on biomolecules and the emerging trends with great promise.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/11.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"August 2nd, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfPublishedBooks:33,editor:{id:"31610",title:"Dr.",name:"Miroslav",middleName:null,surname:"Blumenberg",slug:"miroslav-blumenberg",fullName:"Miroslav Blumenberg",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/31610/images/system/31610.jpg",biography:"Miroslav Blumenberg, Ph.D., was born in Subotica and received his BSc in Belgrade, Yugoslavia. He completed his Ph.D. at MIT in Organic Chemistry; he followed up his Ph.D. with two postdoctoral study periods at Stanford University. Since 1983, he has been a faculty member of the RO Perelman Department of Dermatology, NYU School of Medicine, where he is codirector of a training grant in cutaneous biology. Dr. Blumenberg’s research is focused on the epidermis, expression of keratin genes, transcription profiling, keratinocyte differentiation, inflammatory diseases and cancers, and most recently the effects of the microbiome on the skin. He has published more than 100 peer-reviewed research articles and graduated numerous Ph.D. and postdoctoral students.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"New York University Langone Medical Center",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},subseries:{paginationCount:4,paginationItems:[{id:"14",title:"Cell and Molecular Biology",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/14.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,annualVolume:11410,editor:{id:"165627",title:"Dr.",name:"Rosa María",middleName:null,surname:"Martínez-Espinosa",slug:"rosa-maria-martinez-espinosa",fullName:"Rosa María Martínez-Espinosa",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/165627/images/system/165627.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Rosa María Martínez-Espinosa has been a Spanish Full Professor since 2020 (Biochemistry and Molecular Biology) and is currently Vice-President of International Relations and Cooperation development and leader of the research group 'Applied Biochemistry” (University of Alicante, Spain). Other positions she has held at the university include Vice-Dean of Master Programs, Vice-Dean of the Degree in Biology and Vice-Dean for Mobility and Enterprise and Engagement at the Faculty of Science (University of Alicante). She received her Bachelor in Biology in 1998 (University of Alicante) and her PhD in 2003 (Biochemistry, University of Alicante). She undertook post-doctoral research at the University of East Anglia (Norwich, U.K. 2004-2005; 2007-2008).\nHer multidisciplinary research focuses on investigating archaea and their potential applications in biotechnology. She has an H-index of 21. She has authored one patent and has published more than 70 indexed papers and around 60 book chapters.\nShe has contributed to more than 150 national and international meetings during the last 15 years. Her research interests include archaea metabolism, enzymes purification and characterization, gene regulation, carotenoids and bioplastics production, antioxidant\ncompounds, waste water treatments, and brines bioremediation.\nRosa María’s other roles include editorial board member for several journals related\nto biochemistry, reviewer for more than 60 journals (biochemistry, molecular biology, biotechnology, chemistry and microbiology) and president of several organizing committees in international meetings related to the N-cycle or respiratory processes.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Alicante",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"15",title:"Chemical Biology",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/15.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,annualVolume:11411,editor:{id:"441442",title:"Dr.",name:"Şükrü",middleName:null,surname:"Beydemir",slug:"sukru-beydemir",fullName:"Şükrü Beydemir",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00003GsUoIQAV/Profile_Picture_1634557147521",biography:"Dr. Şükrü Beydemir obtained a BSc in Chemistry in 1995 from Yüzüncü Yıl University, MSc in Biochemistry in 1998, and PhD in Biochemistry in 2002 from Atatürk University, Turkey. He performed post-doctoral studies at Max-Planck Institute, Germany, and University of Florence, Italy in addition to making several scientific visits abroad. He currently works as a Full Professor of Biochemistry in the Faculty of Pharmacy, Anadolu University, Turkey. Dr. Beydemir has published over a hundred scientific papers spanning protein biochemistry, enzymology and medicinal chemistry, reviews, book chapters and presented several conferences to scientists worldwide. He has received numerous publication awards from various international scientific councils. He serves in the Editorial Board of several international journals. Dr. Beydemir is also Rector of Bilecik Şeyh Edebali University, Turkey.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Anadolu University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},editorTwo:{id:"13652",title:"Prof.",name:"Deniz",middleName:null,surname:"Ekinci",slug:"deniz-ekinci",fullName:"Deniz Ekinci",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYLT1QAO/Profile_Picture_1634557223079",biography:"Dr. Deniz Ekinci obtained a BSc in Chemistry in 2004, MSc in Biochemistry in 2006, and PhD in Biochemistry in 2009 from Atatürk University, Turkey. He studied at Stetson University, USA, in 2007-2008 and at the Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Germany, in 2009-2010. Dr. Ekinci currently works as a Full Professor of Biochemistry in the Faculty of Agriculture and is the Head of the Enzyme and Microbial Biotechnology Division, Ondokuz Mayıs University, Turkey. He is a member of the Turkish Biochemical Society, American Chemical Society, and German Genetics society. Dr. Ekinci published around ninety scientific papers, reviews and book chapters, and presented several conferences to scientists. He has received numerous publication awards from several scientific councils. Dr. Ekinci serves as the Editor in Chief of four international books and is involved in the Editorial Board of several international journals.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ondokuz Mayıs University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},editorThree:null},{id:"17",title:"Metabolism",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/17.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,annualVolume:11413,editor:{id:"138626",title:"Dr.",name:"Yannis",middleName:null,surname:"Karamanos",slug:"yannis-karamanos",fullName:"Yannis Karamanos",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002g6Jv2QAE/Profile_Picture_1629356660984",biography:"Yannis Karamanos, born in Greece in 1953, completed his pre-graduate studies at the Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, then his Masters and Doctoral degree at the Université de Lille (1983). He was associate professor at the University of Limoges (1987) before becoming full professor of biochemistry at the Université d’Artois (1996). He worked on the structure-function relationships of glycoconjugates and his main project was the investigations on the biological roles of the de-N-glycosylation enzymes (Endo-N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase and peptide-N4-(N-acetyl-β-glucosaminyl) asparagine amidase). From 2002 he contributes to the understanding of the Blood-brain barrier functioning using proteomics approaches. He has published more than 70 papers. His teaching areas are energy metabolism and regulation, integration and organ specialization and metabolic adaptation.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Artois University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"France"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"18",title:"Proteomics",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/18.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,annualVolume:11414,editor:{id:"200689",title:"Prof.",name:"Paolo",middleName:null,surname:"Iadarola",slug:"paolo-iadarola",fullName:"Paolo Iadarola",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSCl8QAG/Profile_Picture_1623568118342",biography:"Paolo Iadarola graduated with a degree in Chemistry from the University of Pavia (Italy) in July 1972. He then worked as an Assistant Professor at the Faculty of Science of the same University until 1984. In 1985, Prof. Iadarola became Associate Professor at the Department of Biology and Biotechnologies of the University of Pavia and retired in October 2017. Since then, he has been working as an Adjunct Professor in the same Department at the University of Pavia. His research activity during the first years was primarily focused on the purification and structural characterization of enzymes from animal and plant sources. During this period, Prof. Iadarola familiarized himself with the conventional techniques used in column chromatography, spectrophotometry, manual Edman degradation, and electrophoresis). Since 1995, he has been working on: i) the determination in biological fluids (serum, urine, bronchoalveolar lavage, sputum) of proteolytic activities involved in the degradation processes of connective tissue matrix, and ii) on the identification of biological markers of lung diseases. In this context, he has developed and validated new methodologies (e.g., Capillary Electrophoresis coupled to Laser-Induced Fluorescence, CE-LIF) whose application enabled him to determine both the amounts of biochemical markers (Desmosines) in urine/serum of patients affected by Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) and the activity of proteolytic enzymes (Human Neutrophil Elastase, Cathepsin G, Pseudomonas aeruginosa elastase) in sputa of these patients. More recently, Prof. Iadarola was involved in developing techniques such as two-dimensional electrophoresis coupled to liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (2DE-LC/MS) for the proteomic analysis of biological fluids aimed at the identification of potential biomarkers of different lung diseases. He is the author of about 150 publications (According to Scopus: H-Index: 23; Total citations: 1568- According to WOS: H-Index: 20; Total Citations: 1296) of peer-reviewed international journals. He is a Consultant Reviewer for several journals, including the Journal of Chromatography A, Journal of Chromatography B, Plos ONE, Proteomes, International Journal of Molecular Science, Biotech, Electrophoresis, and others. He is also Associate Editor of Biotech.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Pavia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},editorTwo:{id:"201414",title:"Dr.",name:"Simona",middleName:null,surname:"Viglio",slug:"simona-viglio",fullName:"Simona Viglio",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRKDHQA4/Profile_Picture_1630402531487",biography:"Simona Viglio is an Associate Professor of Biochemistry at the Department of Molecular Medicine at the University of Pavia. She has been working since 1995 on the determination of proteolytic enzymes involved in the degradation process of connective tissue matrix and on the identification of biological markers of lung diseases. She gained considerable experience in developing and validating new methodologies whose applications allowed her to determine both the amount of biomarkers (Desmosine and Isodesmosine) in the urine of patients affected by COPD, and the activity of proteolytic enzymes (HNE, Cathepsin G, Pseudomonas aeruginosa elastase) in the sputa of these patients. Simona Viglio was also involved in research dealing with the supplementation of amino acids in patients with brain injury and chronic heart failure. She is presently engaged in the development of 2-DE and LC-MS techniques for the study of proteomics in biological fluids. The aim of this research is the identification of potential biomarkers of lung diseases. She is an author of about 90 publications (According to Scopus: H-Index: 23; According to WOS: H-Index: 20) on peer-reviewed journals, a member of the “Società Italiana di Biochimica e Biologia Molecolare,“ and a Consultant Reviewer for International Journal of Molecular Science, Journal of Chromatography A, COPD, Plos ONE and Nutritional Neuroscience.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Pavia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},editorThree:null}]},overviewPageOFChapters:{paginationCount:20,paginationItems:[{id:"82526",title:"Deep Multiagent Reinforcement Learning Methods Addressing the Scalability Challenge",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105627",signatures:"Theocharis Kravaris and George A. Vouros",slug:"deep-multiagent-reinforcement-learning-methods-addressing-the-scalability-challenge",totalDownloads:19,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Multi-Agent Technologies and Machine Learning",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11445.jpg",subseries:{id:"27",title:"Multi-Agent Systems"}}},{id:"82196",title:"Multi-Features Assisted Age Invariant Face Recognition and Retrieval Using CNN with Scale Invariant Heat Kernel Signature",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104944",signatures:"Kamarajugadda Kishore Kumar and Movva Pavani",slug:"multi-features-assisted-age-invariant-face-recognition-and-retrieval-using-cnn-with-scale-invariant-",totalDownloads:14,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Pattern Recognition - New Insights",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11442.jpg",subseries:{id:"26",title:"Machine Learning and Data Mining"}}},{id:"82063",title:"Evaluating Similarities and Differences between Machine Learning and Traditional Statistical Modeling in Healthcare Analytics",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105116",signatures:"Michele Bennett, Ewa J. Kleczyk, Karin Hayes and Rajesh Mehta",slug:"evaluating-similarities-and-differences-between-machine-learning-and-traditional-statistical-modelin",totalDownloads:7,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Machine Learning and Data Mining - Annual Volume 2022",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11422.jpg",subseries:{id:"26",title:"Machine Learning and Data Mining"}}},{id:"81791",title:"Self-Supervised Contrastive Representation Learning in Computer Vision",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104785",signatures:"Yalin Bastanlar and Semih Orhan",slug:"self-supervised-contrastive-representation-learning-in-computer-vision",totalDownloads:57,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Pattern Recognition - New Insights",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11442.jpg",subseries:{id:"26",title:"Machine Learning and Data Mining"}}}]},overviewPagePublishedBooks:{paginationCount:9,paginationItems:[{type:"book",id:"7723",title:"Artificial Intelligence",subtitle:"Applications in Medicine and Biology",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7723.jpg",slug:"artificial-intelligence-applications-in-medicine-and-biology",publishedDate:"July 31st 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Marco Antonio Aceves-Fernandez",hash:"a3852659e727f95c98c740ed98146011",volumeInSeries:1,fullTitle:"Artificial Intelligence - Applications in Medicine and Biology",editors:[{id:"24555",title:"Dr.",name:"Marco Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Aceves Fernandez",slug:"marco-antonio-aceves-fernandez",fullName:"Marco Antonio Aceves Fernandez",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/24555/images/system/24555.jpg",biography:"Dr. Marco Antonio Aceves Fernandez obtained his B.Sc. (Eng.) in Telematics from the Universidad de Colima, Mexico. He obtained both his M.Sc. and Ph.D. from the University of Liverpool, England, in the field of Intelligent Systems. He is a full professor at the Universidad Autonoma de Queretaro, Mexico, and a member of the National System of Researchers (SNI) since 2009. Dr. Aceves Fernandez has published more than 80 research papers as well as a number of book chapters and congress papers. He has contributed in more than 20 funded research projects, both academic and industrial, in the area of artificial intelligence, ranging from environmental, biomedical, automotive, aviation, consumer, and robotics to other applications. He is also a honorary president at the National Association of Embedded Systems (AMESE), a senior member of the IEEE, and a board member of many institutions. His research interests include intelligent and embedded systems.",institutionString:"Universidad Autonoma de Queretaro",institution:{name:"Autonomous University of Queretaro",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}}]},{type:"book",id:"7726",title:"Swarm Intelligence",subtitle:"Recent Advances, New Perspectives and Applications",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7726.jpg",slug:"swarm-intelligence-recent-advances-new-perspectives-and-applications",publishedDate:"December 4th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Javier Del Ser, Esther Villar and Eneko Osaba",hash:"e7ea7e74ce7a7a8e5359629e07c68d31",volumeInSeries:2,fullTitle:"Swarm Intelligence - Recent Advances, New Perspectives and Applications",editors:[{id:"49813",title:"Dr.",name:"Javier",middleName:null,surname:"Del Ser",slug:"javier-del-ser",fullName:"Javier Del Ser",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/49813/images/system/49813.png",biography:"Prof. Dr. Javier Del Ser received his first PhD in Telecommunication Engineering (Cum Laude) from the University of Navarra, Spain, in 2006, and a second PhD in Computational Intelligence (Summa Cum Laude) from the University of Alcala, Spain, in 2013. He is currently a principal researcher in data analytics and optimisation at TECNALIA (Spain), a visiting fellow at the Basque Center for Applied Mathematics (BCAM) and a part-time lecturer at the University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU). His research interests gravitate on the use of descriptive, prescriptive and predictive algorithms for data mining and optimization in a diverse range of application fields such as Energy, Transport, Telecommunications, Health and Industry, among others. In these fields he has published more than 240 articles, co-supervised 8 Ph.D. theses, edited 6 books, coauthored 7 patents and participated/led more than 40 research projects. He is a Senior Member of the IEEE, and a recipient of the Biscay Talent prize for his academic career.",institutionString:"Tecnalia Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}}]},{type:"book",id:"7656",title:"Fuzzy Logic",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7656.jpg",slug:"fuzzy-logic",publishedDate:"February 5th 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Constantin Volosencu",hash:"54f092d4ffe0abf5e4172a80025019bc",volumeInSeries:3,fullTitle:"Fuzzy Logic",editors:[{id:"1063",title:"Prof.",name:"Constantin",middleName:null,surname:"Volosencu",slug:"constantin-volosencu",fullName:"Constantin Volosencu",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/1063/images/system/1063.png",biography:"Prof. Dr. Constantin Voloşencu graduated as an engineer from\nPolitehnica University of Timișoara, Romania, where he also\nobtained a doctorate degree. He is currently a full professor in\nthe Department of Automation and Applied Informatics at the\nsame university. Dr. Voloşencu is the author of ten books, seven\nbook chapters, and more than 160 papers published in journals\nand conference proceedings. He has also edited twelve books and\nhas twenty-seven patents to his name. He is a manager of research grants, editor in\nchief and member of international journal editorial boards, a former plenary speaker, a member of scientific committees, and chair at international conferences. His\nresearch is in the fields of control systems, control of electric drives, fuzzy control\nsystems, neural network applications, fault detection and diagnosis, sensor network\napplications, monitoring of distributed parameter systems, and power ultrasound\napplications. He has developed automation equipment for machine tools, spooling\nmachines, high-power ultrasound processes, and more.",institutionString:'"Politechnica" University Timişoara',institution:null}]},{type:"book",id:"9963",title:"Advances and Applications in Deep Learning",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9963.jpg",slug:"advances-and-applications-in-deep-learning",publishedDate:"December 9th 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Marco Antonio Aceves-Fernandez",hash:"0d51ba46f22e55cb89140f60d86a071e",volumeInSeries:4,fullTitle:"Advances and Applications in Deep Learning",editors:[{id:"24555",title:"Dr.",name:"Marco Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Aceves Fernandez",slug:"marco-antonio-aceves-fernandez",fullName:"Marco Antonio Aceves Fernandez",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/24555/images/system/24555.jpg",biography:"Dr. Marco Antonio Aceves Fernandez obtained his B.Sc. (Eng.) in Telematics from the Universidad de Colima, Mexico. He obtained both his M.Sc. and Ph.D. from the University of Liverpool, England, in the field of Intelligent Systems. He is a full professor at the Universidad Autonoma de Queretaro, Mexico, and a member of the National System of Researchers (SNI) since 2009. Dr. Aceves Fernandez has published more than 80 research papers as well as a number of book chapters and congress papers. He has contributed in more than 20 funded research projects, both academic and industrial, in the area of artificial intelligence, ranging from environmental, biomedical, automotive, aviation, consumer, and robotics to other applications. He is also a honorary president at the National Association of Embedded Systems (AMESE), a senior member of the IEEE, and a board member of many institutions. His research interests include intelligent and embedded systems.",institutionString:"Universidad Autonoma de Queretaro",institution:{name:"Autonomous University of Queretaro",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}}]}]},openForSubmissionBooks:{paginationCount:2,paginationItems:[{id:"11673",title:"Stem Cell Research",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11673.jpg",hash:"13092df328080c762dd9157be18ca38c",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:3,submissionDeadline:"July 13th 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"203598",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Diana",surname:"Kitala",slug:"diana-kitala",fullName:"Diana Kitala"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{id:"12215",title:"Cell Death and Disease",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/12215.jpg",hash:"dfd456a29478fccf4ebd3294137eb1e3",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:3,submissionDeadline:"July 29th 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"59529",title:"Dr.",name:"Ke",surname:"Xu",slug:"ke-xu",fullName:"Ke Xu"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}]},onlineFirstChapters:{paginationCount:42,paginationItems:[{id:"82914",title:"Glance on the Critical Role of IL-23 Receptor Gene Variations in Inflammation-Induced Carcinogenesis",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105049",signatures:"Mohammed El-Gedamy",slug:"glance-on-the-critical-role-of-il-23-receptor-gene-variations-in-inflammation-induced-carcinogenesis",totalDownloads:8,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Chemokines Updates",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11672.jpg",subseries:{id:"18",title:"Proteomics"}}},{id:"82875",title:"Lipidomics as a Tool in the Diagnosis and Clinical Therapy",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105857",signatures:"María Elizbeth Alvarez Sánchez, Erick Nolasco Ontiveros, Rodrigo Arreola, Adriana Montserrat Espinosa González, Ana María García Bores, Roberto Eduardo López Urrutia, Ignacio Peñalosa Castro, María del Socorro Sánchez Correa and Edgar Antonio Estrella Parra",slug:"lipidomics-as-a-tool-in-the-diagnosis-and-clinical-therapy",totalDownloads:7,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Fatty Acids - Recent Advances",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11669.jpg",subseries:{id:"17",title:"Metabolism"}}},{id:"82440",title:"Lipid Metabolism and Associated Molecular Signaling Events in Autoimmune Disease",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105746",signatures:"Mohan Vanditha, Sonu Das and Mathew John",slug:"lipid-metabolism-and-associated-molecular-signaling-events-in-autoimmune-disease",totalDownloads:17,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Fatty Acids - Recent Advances",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11669.jpg",subseries:{id:"17",title:"Metabolism"}}},{id:"82483",title:"Oxidative Stress in Cardiovascular Diseases",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105891",signatures:"Laura Mourino-Alvarez, Tamara Sastre-Oliva, Nerea Corbacho-Alonso and Maria G. Barderas",slug:"oxidative-stress-in-cardiovascular-diseases",totalDownloads:10,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Importance of Oxidative Stress and Antioxidant System in Health and Disease",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11671.jpg",subseries:{id:"15",title:"Chemical Biology"}}},{id:"82751",title:"Mitochondria-Endoplasmic Reticulum Interaction in Central Neurons",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105738",signatures:"Liliya Kushnireva and Eduard Korkotian",slug:"mitochondria-endoplasmic-reticulum-interaction-in-central-neurons",totalDownloads:6,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Updates on Endoplasmic Reticulum",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11674.jpg",subseries:{id:"14",title:"Cell and Molecular Biology"}}},{id:"82709",title:"Fatty Acid Metabolism as a Tumor Marker",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.106072",signatures:"Gatot Nyarumenteng Adhipurnawan Winarno",slug:"fatty-acid-metabolism-as-a-tumor-marker",totalDownloads:10,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Fatty Acids - Recent Advances",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11669.jpg",subseries:{id:"17",title:"Metabolism"}}},{id:"82716",title:"Advanced glycation end product induced endothelial dysfunction through ER stress: Unravelling the role of Paraoxonase 2",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.106018",signatures:"Ramya Ravi and Bharathidevi Subramaniam Rajesh",slug:"advanced-glycation-end-product-induced-endothelial-dysfunction-through-er-stress-unravelling-the-rol",totalDownloads:12,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Updates on Endoplasmic Reticulum",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11674.jpg",subseries:{id:"14",title:"Cell and Molecular Biology"}}},{id:"82388",title:"Epigenetics: Science of Changes without Change in DNA Sequences",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105039",signatures:"Jayisha Dhargawe, Rita Lakkakul and Pradip Hirapure",slug:"epigenetics-science-of-changes-without-change-in-dna-sequences",totalDownloads:17,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Modifications of Biomolecules",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11098.jpg",subseries:null}},{id:"82583",title:"Leukaemia: The Purinergic System and Small Extracellular Vesicles",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104326",signatures:"Arinzechukwu Ude and Kelechi Okeke",slug:"leukaemia-the-purinergic-system-and-small-extracellular-vesicles",totalDownloads:11,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Purinergic System",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10801.jpg",subseries:{id:"17",title:"Metabolism"}}},{id:"82531",title:"Abnormal Iron Metabolism and Its Effect on Dentistry",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104502",signatures:"Chinmayee Dahihandekar and Sweta Kale Pisulkar",slug:"abnormal-iron-metabolism-and-its-effect-on-dentistry",totalDownloads:12,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Iron Metabolism - A Double-Edged Sword",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10842.jpg",subseries:{id:"17",title:"Metabolism"}}}]},subseriesFiltersForOFChapters:[{caption:"Chemical Biology",value:15,count:2,group:"subseries"},{caption:"Proteomics",value:18,count:2,group:"subseries"},{caption:"Cell and Molecular Biology",value:14,count:17,group:"subseries"},{caption:"Metabolism",value:17,count:18,group:"subseries"}],publishedBooks:{paginationCount:13,paginationItems:[{type:"book",id:"7102",title:"Pneumonia",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7102.jpg",slug:"pneumonia",publishedDate:"May 11th 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Nima Rezaei",hash:"9fd70142814192dcec58a176749f1b60",volumeInSeries:13,fullTitle:"Pneumonia",editors:[{id:"116250",title:"Dr.",name:"Nima",middleName:null,surname:"Rezaei",slug:"nima-rezaei",fullName:"Nima Rezaei",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/116250/images/system/116250.jpg",institutionString:"Tehran University of Medical Sciences",institution:{name:"Tehran University of Medical Sciences",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Iran"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9615",title:"Chikungunya Virus",subtitle:"A Growing Global Public Health Threat",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9615.jpg",slug:"chikungunya-virus-a-growing-global-public-health-threat",publishedDate:"February 9th 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Jean Engohang-Ndong",hash:"c960d94a63867dd12a8ab15176a3ff06",volumeInSeries:12,fullTitle:"Chikungunya Virus - A Growing Global Public Health Threat",editors:[{id:"180733",title:"Dr.",name:"Jean",middleName:null,surname:"Engohang-Ndong",slug:"jean-engohang-ndong",fullName:"Jean Engohang-Ndong",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/180733/images/system/180733.png",institutionString:"Kent State University",institution:{name:"Kent State University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9619",title:"Epstein-Barr Virus",subtitle:"New Trends",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9619.jpg",slug:"epstein-barr-virus-new-trends",publishedDate:"December 22nd 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Emmanuel Drouet",hash:"a2128c53becb6064589570cbe8d976f8",volumeInSeries:11,fullTitle:"Epstein-Barr Virus - New Trends",editors:[{id:"188773",title:"Prof.",name:"Emmanuel",middleName:null,surname:"Drouet",slug:"emmanuel-drouet",fullName:"Emmanuel Drouet",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/188773/images/system/188773.png",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Grenoble Alpes University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"France"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9525",title:"Insights Into Drug Resistance in Staphylococcus aureus",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9525.jpg",slug:"insights-into-drug-resistance-in-staphylococcus-aureus",publishedDate:"December 8th 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Amjad Aqib",hash:"98bb6c1ddb067da67185c272f81c0a27",volumeInSeries:10,fullTitle:"Insights Into Drug Resistance in Staphylococcus aureus",editors:[{id:"229220",title:"Dr.",name:"Amjad",middleName:"Islam",surname:"Aqib",slug:"amjad-aqib",fullName:"Amjad Aqib",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/229220/images/system/229220.png",institutionString:"Cholistan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences",institution:{name:"University of Agriculture Faisalabad",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Pakistan"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9614",title:"Advances in Candida albicans",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9614.jpg",slug:"advances-in-candida-albicans",publishedDate:"November 17th 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Xinhui Wang",hash:"31d6882518ca749b12715266eed0a018",volumeInSeries:9,fullTitle:"Advances in Candida albicans",editors:[{id:"296531",title:"Dr.",name:"Xinhui",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",slug:"xinhui-wang",fullName:"Xinhui Wang",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/296531/images/system/296531.jpg",institutionString:"Qinghai Normal University",institution:{name:"University of Luxembourg",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Luxembourg"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9528",title:"Current Topics and Emerging Issues in Malaria Elimination",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9528.jpg",slug:"current-topics-and-emerging-issues-in-malaria-elimination",publishedDate:"July 21st 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Alfonso J. Rodriguez-Morales",hash:"7f178329cc42e691efe226b32f14e2ea",volumeInSeries:8,fullTitle:"Current Topics and Emerging Issues in Malaria Elimination",editors:[{id:"131400",title:"Prof.",name:"Alfonso J.",middleName:null,surname:"Rodriguez-Morales",slug:"alfonso-j.-rodriguez-morales",fullName:"Alfonso J. Rodriguez-Morales",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/131400/images/system/131400.png",institutionString:"Institución Universitaria Visión de las Américas, Colombia",institution:null}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9613",title:"Dengue Fever in a One Health Perspective",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9613.jpg",slug:"dengue-fever-in-a-one-health-perspective",publishedDate:"October 28th 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Márcia Aparecida Sperança",hash:"77ecce8195c11092230b4156df6d83ff",volumeInSeries:7,fullTitle:"Dengue Fever in a One Health Perspective",editors:[{id:"176579",title:"Dr.",name:"Márcia Aparecida",middleName:null,surname:"Sperança",slug:"marcia-aparecida-speranca",fullName:"Márcia Aparecida Sperança",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/176579/images/system/176579.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Federal do ABC",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"7981",title:"Overview on Echinococcosis",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7981.jpg",slug:"overview-on-echinococcosis",publishedDate:"April 22nd 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Fethi Derbel and Meriem Braiki",hash:"24dee9209f3fd6b7cd28f042da0076f0",volumeInSeries:6,fullTitle:"Overview on Echinococcosis",editors:[{id:"62900",title:"Prof.",name:"Fethi",middleName:null,surname:"Derbel",slug:"fethi-derbel",fullName:"Fethi Derbel",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/62900/images/system/62900.jpeg",institutionString:"Clinique les Oliviers",institution:null}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"7887",title:"Hepatitis B and C",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7887.jpg",slug:"hepatitis-b-and-c",publishedDate:"April 8th 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Luis Rodrigo",hash:"8dd6dab483cf505d83caddaeaf497f2c",volumeInSeries:5,fullTitle:"Hepatitis B and C",editors:[{id:"73208",title:"Prof.",name:"Luis",middleName:null,surname:"Rodrigo",slug:"luis-rodrigo",fullName:"Luis Rodrigo",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/73208/images/system/73208.jpg",institutionString:"University of Oviedo",institution:{name:"University of Oviedo",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"7839",title:"Malaria",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7839.jpg",slug:"malaria",publishedDate:"December 11th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Fyson H. Kasenga",hash:"91cde4582ead884cb0f355a19b67cd56",volumeInSeries:4,fullTitle:"Malaria",editors:[{id:"86725",title:"Dr.",name:"Fyson",middleName:"Hanania",surname:"Kasenga",slug:"fyson-kasenga",fullName:"Fyson Kasenga",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/86725/images/system/86725.jpg",institutionString:"Malawi Adventist University",institution:{name:"Malawi Adventist University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Malawi"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"7123",title:"Current Topics in Neglected Tropical Diseases",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7123.jpg",slug:"current-topics-in-neglected-tropical-diseases",publishedDate:"December 4th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Alfonso J. Rodriguez-Morales",hash:"61c627da05b2ace83056d11357bdf361",volumeInSeries:3,fullTitle:"Current Topics in Neglected Tropical Diseases",editors:[{id:"131400",title:"Prof.",name:"Alfonso J.",middleName:null,surname:"Rodriguez-Morales",slug:"alfonso-j.-rodriguez-morales",fullName:"Alfonso J. Rodriguez-Morales",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/131400/images/system/131400.png",institutionString:"Institución Universitaria Visión de las Américas, Colombia",institution:null}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"7064",title:"Current Perspectives in Human Papillomavirus",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7064.jpg",slug:"current-perspectives-in-human-papillomavirus",publishedDate:"May 2nd 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Shailendra K. Saxena",hash:"d92a4085627bab25ddc7942fbf44cf05",volumeInSeries:2,fullTitle:"Current Perspectives in Human Papillomavirus",editors:[{id:"158026",title:"Prof.",name:"Shailendra K.",middleName:null,surname:"Saxena",slug:"shailendra-k.-saxena",fullName:"Shailendra K. Saxena",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRET3QAO/Profile_Picture_2022-05-10T10:10:26.jpeg",institutionString:"King George's Medical University",institution:{name:"King George's Medical University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}]},subseriesFiltersForPublishedBooks:[{group:"subseries",caption:"Bacterial Infectious Diseases",value:3,count:2},{group:"subseries",caption:"Parasitic Infectious Diseases",value:5,count:4},{group:"subseries",caption:"Viral Infectious Diseases",value:6,count:7}],publicationYearFilters:[{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2022",value:2022,count:2},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2021",value:2021,count:4},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2020",value:2020,count:3},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2019",value:2019,count:3},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2018",value:2018,count:1}],authors:{paginationCount:302,paginationItems:[{id:"280338",title:"Dr.",name:"Yutaka",middleName:null,surname:"Tsutsumi",slug:"yutaka-tsutsumi",fullName:"Yutaka Tsutsumi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/280338/images/7961_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Fujita Health University",country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"116250",title:"Dr.",name:"Nima",middleName:null,surname:"Rezaei",slug:"nima-rezaei",fullName:"Nima Rezaei",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/116250/images/system/116250.jpg",biography:"Professor Nima Rezaei obtained an MD from Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Iran. He also obtained an MSc in Molecular and Genetic Medicine, and a Ph.D. in Clinical Immunology and Human Genetics from the University of Sheffield, UK. He also completed a short-term fellowship in Pediatric Clinical Immunology and Bone Marrow Transplantation at Newcastle General Hospital, England. Dr. Rezaei is a Full Professor of Immunology and Vice Dean of International Affairs and Research, at the School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, and the co-founder and head of the Research Center for Immunodeficiencies. He is also the founding president of the Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN). Dr. Rezaei has directed more than 100 research projects and has designed and participated in several international collaborative projects. He is an editor, editorial assistant, or editorial board member of more than forty international journals. He has edited more than 50 international books, presented more than 500 lectures/posters in congresses/meetings, and published more than 1,100 scientific papers in international journals.",institutionString:"Tehran University of Medical Sciences",institution:{name:"Tehran University of Medical Sciences",country:{name:"Iran"}}},{id:"180733",title:"Dr.",name:"Jean",middleName:null,surname:"Engohang-Ndong",slug:"jean-engohang-ndong",fullName:"Jean Engohang-Ndong",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/180733/images/system/180733.png",biography:"Dr. Jean Engohang-Ndong was born and raised in Gabon. After obtaining his Associate Degree of Science at the University of Science and Technology of Masuku, Gabon, he continued his education in France where he obtained his BS, MS, and Ph.D. in Medical Microbiology. He worked as a post-doctoral fellow at the Public Health Research Institute (PHRI), Newark, NJ for four years before accepting a three-year faculty position at Brigham Young University-Hawaii. Dr. Engohang-Ndong is a tenured faculty member with the academic rank of Full Professor at Kent State University, Ohio, where he teaches a wide range of biological science courses and pursues his research in medical and environmental microbiology. Recently, he expanded his research interest to epidemiology and biostatistics of chronic diseases in Gabon.",institutionString:"Kent State University",institution:{name:"Kent State University",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"188773",title:"Prof.",name:"Emmanuel",middleName:null,surname:"Drouet",slug:"emmanuel-drouet",fullName:"Emmanuel Drouet",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/188773/images/system/188773.png",biography:"Emmanuel Drouet, PharmD, is a Professor of Virology at the Faculty of Pharmacy, the University Grenoble-Alpes, France. As a head scientist at the Institute of Structural Biology in Grenoble, Dr. Drouet’s research investigates persisting viruses in humans (RNA and DNA viruses) and the balance with our host immune system. He focuses on these viruses’ effects on humans (both their impact on pathology and their symbiotic relationships in humans). He has an excellent track record in the herpesvirus field, and his group is engaged in clinical research in the field of Epstein-Barr virus diseases. He is the editor of the online Encyclopedia of Environment and he coordinates the Universal Health Coverage education program for the BioHealth Computing Schools of the European Institute of Science.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Grenoble Alpes University",country:{name:"France"}}},{id:"131400",title:"Prof.",name:"Alfonso J.",middleName:null,surname:"Rodriguez-Morales",slug:"alfonso-j.-rodriguez-morales",fullName:"Alfonso J. Rodriguez-Morales",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/131400/images/system/131400.png",biography:"Dr. Rodriguez-Morales is an expert in tropical and emerging diseases, particularly zoonotic and vector-borne diseases (especially arboviral diseases). He is the president of the Travel Medicine Committee of the Pan-American Infectious Diseases Association (API), as well as the president of the Colombian Association of Infectious Diseases (ACIN). He is a member of the Committee on Tropical Medicine, Zoonoses, and Travel Medicine of ACIN. He is a vice-president of the Latin American Society for Travel Medicine (SLAMVI) and a Member of the Council of the International Society for Infectious Diseases (ISID). Since 2014, he has been recognized as a Senior Researcher, at the Ministry of Science of Colombia. He is a professor at the Faculty of Medicine of the Fundacion Universitaria Autonoma de las Americas, in Pereira, Risaralda, Colombia. He is an External Professor, Master in Research on Tropical Medicine and International Health, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain. He is also a professor at the Master in Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Universidad Científica del Sur, Lima, Peru. In 2021 he has been awarded the “Raul Isturiz Award” Medal of the API. Also, in 2021, he was awarded with the “Jose Felix Patiño” Asclepius Staff Medal of the Colombian Medical College, due to his scientific contributions to COVID-19 during the pandemic. He is currently the Editor in Chief of the journal Travel Medicine and Infectious Diseases. His Scopus H index is 47 (Google Scholar H index, 68).",institutionString:"Institución Universitaria Visión de las Américas, Colombia",institution:null},{id:"332819",title:"Dr.",name:"Chukwudi Michael",middleName:"Michael",surname:"Egbuche",slug:"chukwudi-michael-egbuche",fullName:"Chukwudi Michael Egbuche",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/332819/images/14624_n.jpg",biography:"I an Dr. Chukwudi Michael Egbuche. I am a Senior Lecturer in the Department of Parasitology and Entomology, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Nnamdi Azikiwe University",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"284232",title:"Mr.",name:"Nikunj",middleName:"U",surname:"Tandel",slug:"nikunj-tandel",fullName:"Nikunj Tandel",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/284232/images/8275_n.jpg",biography:'Mr. Nikunj Tandel has completed his Master\'s degree in Biotechnology from VIT University, India in the year of 2012. He is having 8 years of research experience especially in the field of malaria epidemiology, immunology, and nanoparticle-based drug delivery system against the infectious diseases, autoimmune disorders and cancer. He has worked for the NIH funded-International Center of Excellence in Malaria Research project "Center for the study of complex malaria in India (CSCMi)" in collaboration with New York University. The preliminary objectives of the study are to understand and develop the evidence-based tools and interventions for the control and prevention of malaria in different sites of the INDIA. Alongside, with the help of next-generation genomics study, the team has studied the antimalarial drug resistance in India. Further, he has extended his research in the development of Humanized mice for the study of liver-stage malaria and identification of molecular marker(s) for the Artemisinin resistance. At present, his research focuses on understanding the role of B cells in the activation of CD8+ T cells in malaria. Received the CSIR-SRF (Senior Research Fellow) award-2018, FIMSA (Federation of Immunological Societies of Asia-Oceania) Travel Bursary award to attend the IUIS-IIS-FIMSA Immunology course-2019',institutionString:"Nirma University",institution:{name:"Nirma University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"334383",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Simone",middleName:"Ulrich",surname:"Ulrich Picoli",slug:"simone-ulrich-picoli",fullName:"Simone Ulrich Picoli",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/334383/images/15919_n.jpg",biography:"Graduated in Pharmacy from Universidade Luterana do Brasil (1999), Master in Agricultural and Environmental Microbiology from Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (2002), Specialization in Clinical Microbiology from Universidade de São Paulo, USP (2007) and PhD in Sciences in Gastroenterology and Hepatology (2012). She is currently an Adjunct Professor at Feevale University in Medicine and Biomedicine courses and a permanent professor of the Academic Master\\'s Degree in Virology. She has experience in the field of Microbiology, with an emphasis on Bacteriology, working mainly on the following topics: bacteriophages, bacterial resistance, clinical microbiology and food microbiology.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Feevale",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"229220",title:"Dr.",name:"Amjad",middleName:"Islam",surname:"Aqib",slug:"amjad-aqib",fullName:"Amjad Aqib",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/229220/images/system/229220.png",biography:"Dr. Amjad Islam Aqib obtained a DVM and MSc (Hons) from University of Agriculture Faisalabad (UAF), Pakistan, and a PhD from the University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences Lahore, Pakistan. Dr. Aqib joined the Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery at UAF for one year as an assistant professor where he developed a research laboratory designated for pathogenic bacteria. Since 2018, he has been Assistant Professor/Officer in-charge, Department of Medicine, Manager Research Operations and Development-ORIC, and President One Health Club at Cholistan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Bahawalpur, Pakistan. He has nearly 100 publications to his credit. His research interests include epidemiological patterns and molecular analysis of antimicrobial resistance and modulation and vaccine development against animal pathogens of public health concern.",institutionString:"Cholistan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences",institution:{name:"University of Agriculture Faisalabad",country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"333753",title:"Dr.",name:"Rais",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmed",slug:"rais-ahmed",fullName:"Rais Ahmed",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/333753/images/20168_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Agriculture Faisalabad",country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"62900",title:"Prof.",name:"Fethi",middleName:null,surname:"Derbel",slug:"fethi-derbel",fullName:"Fethi Derbel",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/62900/images/system/62900.jpeg",biography:"Professor Fethi Derbel was born in 1960 in Tunisia. He received his medical degree from the Sousse Faculty of Medicine at Sousse, University of Sousse, Tunisia. He completed his surgical residency in General Surgery at the University Hospital Farhat Hached of Sousse and was a member of the Unit of Liver Transplantation in the University of Rennes, France. He then worked in the Department of Surgery at the Sahloul University Hospital in Sousse. Professor Derbel is presently working at the Clinique les Oliviers, Sousse, Tunisia. His hospital activities are mostly concerned with laparoscopic, colorectal, pancreatic, hepatobiliary, and gastric surgery. He is also very interested in hernia surgery and performs ventral hernia repairs and inguinal hernia repairs. He has been a member of the GREPA and Tunisian Hernia Society (THS). During his residency, he managed patients suffering from diabetic foot, and he was very interested in this pathology. For this reason, he decided to coordinate a book project dealing with the diabetic foot. Professor Derbel has published many articles in journals and collaborates intensively with IntechOpen Access Publisher as an editor.",institutionString:"Clinique les Oliviers",institution:null},{id:"300144",title:"Dr.",name:"Meriem",middleName:null,surname:"Braiki",slug:"meriem-braiki",fullName:"Meriem Braiki",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/300144/images/system/300144.jpg",biography:"Dr. Meriem Braiki is a specialist in pediatric surgeon from Tunisia. She was born in 1985. She received her medical degree from the University of Medicine at Sousse, Tunisia. She achieved her surgical residency training periods in Pediatric Surgery departments at University Hospitals in Monastir, Tunis and France.\r\nShe is currently working at the Pediatric surgery department, Sidi Bouzid Hospital, Tunisia. Her hospital activities are mostly concerned with laparoscopic, parietal, urological and digestive surgery. She has published several articles in diffrent journals.",institutionString:"Sidi Bouzid Regional Hospital",institution:null},{id:"229481",title:"Dr.",name:"Erika M.",middleName:"Martins",surname:"de Carvalho",slug:"erika-m.-de-carvalho",fullName:"Erika M. de Carvalho",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/229481/images/6397_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Oswaldo Cruz Foundation",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"186537",title:"Prof.",name:"Tonay",middleName:null,surname:"Inceboz",slug:"tonay-inceboz",fullName:"Tonay Inceboz",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/186537/images/system/186537.jfif",biography:"I was graduated from Ege University of Medical Faculty (Turkey) in 1988 and completed his Med. PhD degree in Medical Parasitology at the same university. I became an Associate Professor in 2008 and Professor in 2014. I am currently working as a Professor at the Department of Medical Parasitology at Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey.\n\nI have given many lectures, presentations in different academic meetings. I have more than 60 articles in peer-reviewed journals, 18 book chapters, 1 book editorship.\n\nMy research interests are Echinococcus granulosus, Echinococcus multilocularis (diagnosis, life cycle, in vitro and in vivo cultivation), and Trichomonas vaginalis (diagnosis, PCR, and in vitro cultivation).",institutionString:"Dokuz Eylül University",institution:{name:"Dokuz Eylül University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"71812",title:"Prof.",name:"Hanem Fathy",middleName:"Fathy",surname:"Khater",slug:"hanem-fathy-khater",fullName:"Hanem Fathy Khater",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/71812/images/1167_n.jpg",biography:"Prof. Khater is a Professor of Parasitology at Benha University, Egypt. She studied for her doctoral degree, at the Department of Entomology, College of Agriculture, Food and Natural Resources, University of Missouri, Columbia, USA. She has completed her Ph.D. degrees in Parasitology in Egypt, from where she got the award for “the best scientific Ph.D. dissertation”. She worked at the School of Biological Sciences, Bristol, England, the UK in controlling insects of medical and veterinary importance as a grant from Newton Mosharafa, the British Council. Her research is focused on searching of pesticides against mosquitoes, house flies, lice, green bottle fly, camel nasal botfly, soft and hard ticks, mites, and the diamondback moth as well as control of several parasites using safe and natural materials to avoid drug resistances and environmental contamination.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Banha University",country:{name:"Egypt"}}},{id:"99780",title:"Prof.",name:"Omolade",middleName:"Olayinka",surname:"Okwa",slug:"omolade-okwa",fullName:"Omolade Okwa",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/99780/images/system/99780.jpg",biography:"Omolade Olayinka Okwa is presently a Professor of Parasitology at Lagos State University, Nigeria. She has a PhD in Parasitology (1997), an MSc in Cellular Parasitology (1992), and a BSc (Hons) Zoology (1990) all from the University of Ibadan, Nigeria. She teaches parasitology at the undergraduate and postgraduate levels. She was a recipient of a Commonwealth fellowship supported by British Council tenable at the Centre for Entomology and Parasitology (CAEP), Keele University, United Kingdom between 2004 and 2005. She was awarded an Honorary Visiting Research Fellow at the same university from 2005 to 2007. \nShe has been an external examiner to the Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Ibadan, MSc programme between 2010 and 2012. She is a member of the Nigerian Society of Experimental Biology (NISEB), Parasitology and Public Health Society of Nigeria (PPSN), Science Association of Nigeria (SAN), Zoological Society of Nigeria (ZSN), and is Vice Chairperson of the Organisation of Women in Science (OWSG), LASU chapter. She served as Head of Department of Zoology and Environmental Biology, Lagos State University from 2007 to 2010 and 2014 to 2016. She is a reviewer for several local and international journals such as Unilag Journal of Science, Libyan Journal of Medicine, Journal of Medicine and Medical Sciences, and Annual Research and Review in Science. \nShe has authored 45 scientific research publications in local and international journals, 8 scientific reviews, 4 books, and 3 book chapters, which includes the books “Malaria Parasites” and “Malaria” which are IntechOpen access publications.",institutionString:"Lagos State University",institution:{name:"Lagos State University",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"273100",title:"Dr.",name:"Vijay",middleName:null,surname:"Gayam",slug:"vijay-gayam",fullName:"Vijay Gayam",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/273100/images/system/273100.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Vijay Bhaskar Reddy Gayam is currently practicing as an internist at Interfaith Medical Center in Brooklyn, New York, USA. He is also a Clinical Assistant Professor at the SUNY Downstate University Hospital and Adjunct Professor of Medicine at the American University of Antigua. He is a holder of an M.B.B.S. degree bestowed to him by Osmania Medical College and received his M.D. at Interfaith Medical Center. His career goals thus far have heavily focused on direct patient care, medical education, and clinical research. He currently serves in two leadership capacities; Assistant Program Director of Medicine at Interfaith Medical Center and as a Councilor for the American\r\nFederation for Medical Research. As a true academician and researcher, he has more than 50 papers indexed in international peer-reviewed journals. He has also presented numerous papers in multiple national and international scientific conferences. His areas of research interest include general internal medicine, gastroenterology and hepatology. He serves as an editor, editorial board member and reviewer for multiple international journals. His research on Hepatitis C has been very successful and has led to multiple research awards, including the 'Equity in Prevention and Treatment Award” from the New York Department of Health Viral Hepatitis Symposium (2018) and the 'Presidential Poster Award” awarded to him by the American College of Gastroenterology (2018). He was also awarded 'Outstanding Clinician in General Medicine” by Venus International Foundation for his extensive research expertise and services, perform over and above the standard expected in the advancement of healthcare, patient safety and quality of care.",institutionString:"Interfaith Medical Center",institution:{name:"Interfaith Medical Center",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"93517",title:"Dr.",name:"Clement",middleName:"Adebajo",surname:"Meseko",slug:"clement-meseko",fullName:"Clement Meseko",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/93517/images/system/93517.jpg",biography:"Dr. Clement Meseko obtained DVM and PhD degree in Veterinary Medicine and Virology respectively. He has worked for over 20 years in both private and public sectors including the academia, contributing to knowledge and control of infectious disease. Through the application of epidemiological skill, classical and molecular virological skills, he investigates viruses of economic and public health importance for the mitigation of the negative impact on people, animal and the environment in the context of Onehealth. \r\nDr. Meseko’s field experience on animal and zoonotic diseases and pathogen dynamics at the human-animal interface over the years shaped his carrier in research and scientific inquiries. He has been part of the investigation of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza incursions in sub Saharan Africa and monitors swine Influenza (Pandemic influenza Virus) agro-ecology and potential for interspecies transmission. He has authored and reviewed a number of journal articles and book chapters.",institutionString:"National Veterinary Research Institute",institution:{name:"National Veterinary Research Institute",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"158026",title:"Prof.",name:"Shailendra K.",middleName:null,surname:"Saxena",slug:"shailendra-k.-saxena",fullName:"Shailendra K. Saxena",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRET3QAO/Profile_Picture_2022-05-10T10:10:26.jpeg",biography:"Professor Dr. Shailendra K. Saxena is a vice dean and professor at King George's Medical University, Lucknow, India. His research interests involve understanding the molecular mechanisms of host defense during human viral infections and developing new predictive, preventive, and therapeutic strategies for them using Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), HIV, and emerging viruses as a model via stem cell and cell culture technologies. His research work has been published in various high-impact factor journals (Science, PNAS, Nature Medicine) with a high number of citations. He has received many awards and honors in India and abroad including various Young Scientist Awards, BBSRC India Partnering Award, and Dr. JC Bose National Award of Department of Biotechnology, Min. of Science and Technology, Govt. of India. Dr. Saxena is a fellow of various international societies/academies including the Royal College of Pathologists, United Kingdom; Royal Society of Medicine, London; Royal Society of Biology, United Kingdom; Royal Society of Chemistry, London; and Academy of Translational Medicine Professionals, Austria. He was named a Global Leader in Science by The Scientist. He is also an international opinion leader/expert in vaccination for Japanese encephalitis by IPIC (UK).",institutionString:"King George's Medical University",institution:{name:"King George's Medical University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"94928",title:"Dr.",name:"Takuo",middleName:null,surname:"Mizukami",slug:"takuo-mizukami",fullName:"Takuo Mizukami",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/94928/images/6402_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"National Institute of Infectious Diseases",country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"233433",title:"Dr.",name:"Yulia",middleName:null,surname:"Desheva",slug:"yulia-desheva",fullName:"Yulia Desheva",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/233433/images/system/233433.png",biography:"Dr. Yulia Desheva is a leading researcher at the Institute of Experimental Medicine, St. Petersburg, Russia. She is a professor in the Stomatology Faculty, St. Petersburg State University. She has expertise in the development and evaluation of a wide range of live mucosal vaccines against influenza and bacterial complications. Her research interests include immunity against influenza and COVID-19 and the development of immunization schemes for high-risk individuals.",institutionString:'Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution "Institute of Experimental Medicine"',institution:null},{id:"238958",title:"Mr.",name:"Atamjit",middleName:null,surname:"Singh",slug:"atamjit-singh",fullName:"Atamjit Singh",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/238958/images/6575_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"252058",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Juan",middleName:null,surname:"Sulca",slug:"juan-sulca",fullName:"Juan Sulca",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/252058/images/12834_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"191392",title:"Dr.",name:"Marimuthu",middleName:null,surname:"Govindarajan",slug:"marimuthu-govindarajan",fullName:"Marimuthu Govindarajan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/191392/images/5828_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. M. Govindarajan completed his BSc degree in Zoology at Government Arts College (Autonomous), Kumbakonam, and MSc, MPhil, and PhD degrees at Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar, Tamil Nadu, India. He is serving as an assistant professor at the Department of Zoology, Annamalai University. His research interests include isolation, identification, and characterization of biologically active molecules from plants and microbes. He has identified more than 20 pure compounds with high mosquitocidal activity and also conducted high-quality research on photochemistry and nanosynthesis. He has published more than 150 studies in journals with impact factor and 2 books in Lambert Academic Publishing, Germany. He serves as an editorial board member in various national and international scientific journals.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"274660",title:"Dr.",name:"Damodar",middleName:null,surname:"Paudel",slug:"damodar-paudel",fullName:"Damodar Paudel",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/274660/images/8176_n.jpg",biography:"I am DrDamodar Paudel,currently working as consultant Physician in Nepal police Hospital.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"241562",title:"Dr.",name:"Melvin",middleName:null,surname:"Sanicas",slug:"melvin-sanicas",fullName:"Melvin Sanicas",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/241562/images/6699_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"322007",title:"Dr.",name:"Maria Elizbeth",middleName:null,surname:"Alvarez-Sánchez",slug:"maria-elizbeth-alvarez-sanchez",fullName:"Maria Elizbeth Alvarez-Sánchez",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidad Autónoma de la Ciudad de México",country:{name:"Mexico"}}},{id:"337443",title:"Dr.",name:"Juan",middleName:null,surname:"A. Gonzalez-Sanchez",slug:"juan-a.-gonzalez-sanchez",fullName:"Juan A. Gonzalez-Sanchez",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Puerto Rico System",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"337446",title:"Dr.",name:"Maria",middleName:null,surname:"Zavala-Colon",slug:"maria-zavala-colon",fullName:"Maria Zavala-Colon",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Puerto Rico, Medical Sciences Campus",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"338856",title:"Mrs.",name:"Nur Alvira",middleName:null,surname:"Pascawati",slug:"nur-alvira-pascawati",fullName:"Nur Alvira Pascawati",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universitas Respati Yogyakarta",country:{name:"Indonesia"}}}]}},subseries:{item:{id:"15",type:"subseries",title:"Chemical Biology",keywords:"Phenolic Compounds, Essential Oils, Modification of Biomolecules, Glycobiology, Combinatorial Chemistry, Therapeutic peptides, Enzyme Inhibitors",scope:"Chemical biology spans the fields of chemistry and biology involving the application of biological and chemical molecules and techniques. In recent years, the application of chemistry to biological molecules has gained significant interest in medicinal and pharmacological studies. This topic will be devoted to understanding the interplay between biomolecules and chemical compounds, their structure and function, and their potential applications in related fields. Being a part of the biochemistry discipline, the ideas and concepts that have emerged from Chemical Biology have affected other related areas. This topic will closely deal with all emerging trends in this discipline.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/15.jpg",hasOnlineFirst:!0,hasPublishedBooks:!0,annualVolume:11411,editor:{id:"441442",title:"Dr.",name:"Şükrü",middleName:null,surname:"Beydemir",slug:"sukru-beydemir",fullName:"Şükrü Beydemir",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00003GsUoIQAV/Profile_Picture_1634557147521",biography:"Dr. Şükrü Beydemir obtained a BSc in Chemistry in 1995 from Yüzüncü Yıl University, MSc in Biochemistry in 1998, and PhD in Biochemistry in 2002 from Atatürk University, Turkey. He performed post-doctoral studies at Max-Planck Institute, Germany, and University of Florence, Italy in addition to making several scientific visits abroad. He currently works as a Full Professor of Biochemistry in the Faculty of Pharmacy, Anadolu University, Turkey. Dr. Beydemir has published over a hundred scientific papers spanning protein biochemistry, enzymology and medicinal chemistry, reviews, book chapters and presented several conferences to scientists worldwide. He has received numerous publication awards from various international scientific councils. He serves in the Editorial Board of several international journals. Dr. Beydemir is also Rector of Bilecik Şeyh Edebali University, Turkey.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Anadolu University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},editorTwo:{id:"13652",title:"Prof.",name:"Deniz",middleName:null,surname:"Ekinci",slug:"deniz-ekinci",fullName:"Deniz Ekinci",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYLT1QAO/Profile_Picture_1634557223079",biography:"Dr. Deniz Ekinci obtained a BSc in Chemistry in 2004, MSc in Biochemistry in 2006, and PhD in Biochemistry in 2009 from Atatürk University, Turkey. He studied at Stetson University, USA, in 2007-2008 and at the Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Germany, in 2009-2010. Dr. Ekinci currently works as a Full Professor of Biochemistry in the Faculty of Agriculture and is the Head of the Enzyme and Microbial Biotechnology Division, Ondokuz Mayıs University, Turkey. He is a member of the Turkish Biochemical Society, American Chemical Society, and German Genetics society. Dr. Ekinci published around ninety scientific papers, reviews and book chapters, and presented several conferences to scientists. He has received numerous publication awards from several scientific councils. Dr. Ekinci serves as the Editor in Chief of four international books and is involved in the Editorial Board of several international journals.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ondokuz Mayıs University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},editorThree:null,series:{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",issn:"2632-0983"},editorialBoard:[{id:"219081",title:"Dr.",name:"Abdulsamed",middleName:null,surname:"Kükürt",slug:"abdulsamed-kukurt",fullName:"Abdulsamed Kükürt",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/219081/images/system/219081.png",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Kafkas University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"241413",title:"Dr.",name:"Azhar",middleName:null,surname:"Rasul",slug:"azhar-rasul",fullName:"Azhar Rasul",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRT1oQAG/Profile_Picture_1635251978933",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Government College University, Faisalabad",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"178316",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Sergey",middleName:null,surname:"Sedykh",slug:"sergey-sedykh",fullName:"Sergey Sedykh",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/178316/images/system/178316.jfif",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Novosibirsk State University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Russia"}}}]},onlineFirstChapters:{paginationCount:17,paginationItems:[{id:"82751",title:"Mitochondria-Endoplasmic Reticulum Interaction in Central Neurons",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105738",signatures:"Liliya Kushnireva and Eduard Korkotian",slug:"mitochondria-endoplasmic-reticulum-interaction-in-central-neurons",totalDownloads:6,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Updates on Endoplasmic Reticulum",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11674.jpg",subseries:{id:"14",title:"Cell and Molecular Biology"}}},{id:"82716",title:"Advanced glycation end product induced endothelial dysfunction through ER stress: Unravelling the role of Paraoxonase 2",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.106018",signatures:"Ramya Ravi and Bharathidevi Subramaniam Rajesh",slug:"advanced-glycation-end-product-induced-endothelial-dysfunction-through-er-stress-unravelling-the-rol",totalDownloads:12,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Updates on Endoplasmic Reticulum",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11674.jpg",subseries:{id:"14",title:"Cell and Molecular Biology"}}},{id:"82195",title:"Endoplasmic Reticulum: A Hub in Lipid Homeostasis",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105450",signatures:"Raúl Ventura and María Isabel Hernández-Alvarez",slug:"endoplasmic-reticulum-a-hub-in-lipid-homeostasis",totalDownloads:16,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Updates on Endoplasmic Reticulum",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11674.jpg",subseries:{id:"14",title:"Cell and Molecular Biology"}}},{id:"82103",title:"The Role of Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress and Its Regulation in the Progression of Neurological and Infectious Diseases",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105543",signatures:"Mary Dover, Michael Kishek, Miranda Eddins, Naneeta Desar, Ketema Paul and Milan Fiala",slug:"the-role-of-endoplasmic-reticulum-stress-and-its-regulation-in-the-progression-of-neurological-and-i",totalDownloads:15,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Updates on Endoplasmic Reticulum",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11674.jpg",subseries:{id:"14",title:"Cell and Molecular Biology"}}},{id:"80954",title:"Ion Channels and Neurodegenerative Disease Aging Related",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.103074",signatures:"Marika Cordaro, Salvatore Cuzzocrea and Rosanna Di Paola",slug:"ion-channels-and-neurodegenerative-disease-aging-related",totalDownloads:12,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Ion Channels - From Basic Properties to Medical Treatment",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10838.jpg",subseries:{id:"14",title:"Cell and Molecular Biology"}}},{id:"81647",title:"Diabetes and Epigenetics",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104653",signatures:"Rasha A. Alhazzaa, Thomas Heinbockel and Antonei B. Csoka",slug:"diabetes-and-epigenetics",totalDownloads:40,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Epigenetics to Optogenetics - A New Paradigm in the Study of Biology",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9672.jpg",subseries:{id:"14",title:"Cell and Molecular Biology"}}},{id:"81099",title:"SK Channels and Heart Disease",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104115",signatures:"Katherine Zhong, Shawn Kant, Frank Sellke and Jun Feng",slug:"sk-channels-and-heart-disease",totalDownloads:25,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Ion Channels - From Basic Properties to Medical Treatment",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10838.jpg",subseries:{id:"14",title:"Cell and Molecular Biology"}}},{id:"80967",title:"Hot on the Trail of Skin Inflammation: Focus on TRPV1/TRPV3 Channels in Psoriasis",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.103792",signatures:"Lisa S. Martin, Emma Fraillon, Fabien P. Chevalier and Bérengère Fromy",slug:"hot-on-the-trail-of-skin-inflammation-focus-on-trpv1-trpv3-channels-in-psoriasis",totalDownloads:53,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Ion Channels - From Basic Properties to Medical Treatment",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10838.jpg",subseries:{id:"14",title:"Cell and Molecular Biology"}}},{id:"80952",title:"TRPV Family Ion Channels in the Mammary Epithelium: Role in Normal Tissue Homeostasis and along Breast Cancer Progression",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.103665",signatures:"Sari Susanna Tojkander",slug:"trpv-family-ion-channels-in-the-mammary-epithelium-role-in-normal-tissue-homeostasis-and-along-breas",totalDownloads:23,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Ion Channels - From Basic Properties to Medical Treatment",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10838.jpg",subseries:{id:"14",title:"Cell and Molecular Biology"}}},{id:"80157",title:"Structural Determinants for Ligand Accommodation in Voltage Sensors",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.102094",signatures:"Abigail García-Morales, Aylin López-Palestino and Daniel Balleza",slug:"structural-determinants-for-ligand-accommodation-in-voltage-sensors",totalDownloads:106,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Ion Channels - From Basic Properties to Medical Treatment",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10838.jpg",subseries:{id:"14",title:"Cell and Molecular Biology"}}},{id:"79690",title:"Mitochondrial Channels and their Role in Cardioprotection",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101127",signatures:"Keerti Mishra and Min Luo",slug:"mitochondrial-channels-and-their-role-in-cardioprotection",totalDownloads:113,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Ion Channels - From Basic Properties to Medical Treatment",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10838.jpg",subseries:{id:"14",title:"Cell and Molecular Biology"}}},{id:"78415",title:"Epigenetic",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.99964",signatures:"Mehmet Ünal",slug:"epigenetic",totalDownloads:153,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Epigenetics to Optogenetics - A New Paradigm in the Study of Biology",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9672.jpg",subseries:{id:"14",title:"Cell and Molecular Biology"}}},{id:"77443",title:"Cyanobacterial Phytochromes in Optogenetics",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.97522",signatures:"Sivasankari Sivaprakasam, Vinoth Mani, Nagalakshmi Balasubramaniyan and David Ravindran Abraham",slug:"cyanobacterial-phytochromes-in-optogenetics",totalDownloads:209,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,authors:null,book:{title:"Epigenetics to Optogenetics - A New Paradigm in the Study of Biology",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9672.jpg",subseries:{id:"14",title:"Cell and Molecular Biology"}}},{id:"75979",title:"Spatiotemporal Regulation of Cell–Cell Adhesions",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.97009",signatures:"Brent M. Bijonowski",slug:"spatiotemporal-regulation-of-cell-cell-adhesions",totalDownloads:184,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Epigenetics to Optogenetics - A New Paradigm in the Study of Biology",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9672.jpg",subseries:{id:"14",title:"Cell and Molecular Biology"}}},{id:"76646",title:"Functional Mechanism of Proton Pump-Type Rhodopsins Found in Various Microorganisms as a Potential Effective Tool in Optogenetics",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.97589",signatures:"Jun Tamogami and Takashi Kikukawa",slug:"functional-mechanism-of-proton-pump-type-rhodopsins-found-in-various-microorganisms-as-a-potential-e",totalDownloads:238,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Epigenetics to Optogenetics - A New Paradigm in the Study of Biology",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9672.jpg",subseries:{id:"14",title:"Cell and Molecular Biology"}}},{id:"76510",title:"Evolution of Epigenome as the Blueprint for Carcinogenesis",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.97379",signatures:"Zeenat Farooq, Ambreen Shah, Mohammad Tauseef, Riyaz Ahmad Rather and Mumtaz Anwar",slug:"evolution-of-epigenome-as-the-blueprint-for-carcinogenesis",totalDownloads:205,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,authors:null,book:{title:"Epigenetics to Optogenetics - A New Paradigm in the Study of Biology",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9672.jpg",subseries:{id:"14",title:"Cell and Molecular Biology"}}}]},publishedBooks:{paginationCount:4,paginationItems:[{type:"book",id:"10664",title:"Animal Reproduction",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10664.jpg",slug:"animal-reproduction",publishedDate:"May 25th 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Yusuf Bozkurt and Mustafa Numan Bucak",hash:"2d66af42fb17d0a6556bb9ef28e273c7",volumeInSeries:11,fullTitle:"Animal Reproduction",editors:[{id:"90846",title:"Prof.",name:"Yusuf",middleName:null,surname:"Bozkurt",slug:"yusuf-bozkurt",fullName:"Yusuf Bozkurt",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/90846/images/system/90846.jpg",institutionString:"İskenderun Technical University",institution:{name:"İskenderun Technical University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"8545",title:"Animal Reproduction in Veterinary Medicine",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8545.jpg",slug:"animal-reproduction-in-veterinary-medicine",publishedDate:"January 20th 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Faruk Aral, Rita Payan-Carreira and Miguel Quaresma",hash:"13aaddf5fdbbc78387e77a7da2388bf6",volumeInSeries:6,fullTitle:"Animal Reproduction in Veterinary Medicine",editors:[{id:"25600",title:"Prof.",name:"Faruk",middleName:null,surname:"Aral",slug:"faruk-aral",fullName:"Faruk Aral",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/25600/images/system/25600.jpg",institutionString:"Independent Researcher",institution:{name:"Harran University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"8460",title:"Reproductive Biology and Technology in Animals",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8460.jpg",slug:"reproductive-biology-and-technology-in-animals",publishedDate:"April 15th 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Juan Carlos Gardón Poggi and Katy Satué Ambrojo",hash:"32ef5fe73998dd723d308225d756fa1e",volumeInSeries:4,fullTitle:"Reproductive Biology and Technology in Animals",editors:[{id:"251314",title:"Dr.",name:"Juan Carlos",middleName:null,surname:"Gardón Poggi",slug:"juan-carlos-gardon-poggi",fullName:"Juan Carlos Gardón Poggi",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/251314/images/system/251314.jpeg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Valencia Catholic University Saint Vincent Martyr",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"7233",title:"New Insights into Theriogenology",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7233.jpg",slug:"new-insights-into-theriogenology",publishedDate:"December 5th 2018",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Rita Payan-Carreira",hash:"74f4147e3fb214dd050e5edd3aaf53bc",volumeInSeries:1,fullTitle:"New Insights into Theriogenology",editors:[{id:"38652",title:"Prof.",name:"Rita",middleName:null,surname:"Payan-Carreira",slug:"rita-payan-carreira",fullName:"Rita Payan-Carreira",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRiFPQA0/Profile_Picture_1614601496313",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Évora",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Portugal"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}]},testimonialsList:[{id:"8",text:"I work with IntechOpen for a number of reasons: their professionalism, their mission in support of Open Access publishing, and the quality of their peer-reviewed publications, but also because they believe in equality.",author:{id:"202192",name:"Catrin",surname:"Rutland",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/202192/images/system/202192.png",slug:"catrin-rutland",institution:{id:"134",name:"University of Nottingham",country:{id:null,name:"United Kingdom"}}}},{id:"27",text:"The opportunity to work with a prestigious publisher allows for the possibility to collaborate with more research groups interested in animal nutrition, leading to the development of new feeding strategies and food valuation while being more sustainable with the environment, allowing more readers to learn about the subject.",author:{id:"175967",name:"Manuel",surname:"Gonzalez Ronquillo",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/175967/images/system/175967.png",slug:"manuel-gonzalez-ronquillo",institution:{id:"6221",name:"Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México",country:{id:null,name:"Mexico"}}}},{id:"18",text:"It was great publishing with IntechOpen, the process was straightforward and I had support all along.",author:{id:"71579",name:"Berend",surname:"Olivier",institutionString:"Utrecht University",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/71579/images/system/71579.png",slug:"berend-olivier",institution:{id:"253",name:"Utrecht University",country:{id:null,name:"Netherlands"}}}}]},submityourwork:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:90,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:107,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:33,numberOfPublishedChapters:330,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:14,numberOfPublishedChapters:145,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:139,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:122,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:112,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:21,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:10,numberOfOpenTopics:1,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:5,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-6580",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],subseriesList:[],annualVolumeBook:{},thematicCollection:[],selectedSeries:null,selectedSubseries:null},seriesLanding:{item:{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",issn:"2631-5343",scope:"Biomedical Engineering is one of the fastest-growing interdisciplinary branches of science and industry. The combination of electronics and computer science with biology and medicine has improved patient diagnosis, reduced rehabilitation time, and helped to facilitate a better quality of life. Nowadays, all medical imaging devices, medical instruments, or new laboratory techniques result from the cooperation of specialists in various fields. The series of Biomedical Engineering books covers such areas of knowledge as chemistry, physics, electronics, medicine, and biology. This series is intended for doctors, engineers, and scientists involved in biomedical engineering or those wanting to start working in this field.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/7.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"August 3rd, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfPublishedChapters:107,numberOfPublishedBooks:12,editor:{id:"50150",title:"Prof.",name:"Robert",middleName:null,surname:"Koprowski",fullName:"Robert Koprowski",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYTYNQA4/Profile_Picture_1630478535317",biography:"Robert Koprowski, MD (1997), PhD (2003), Habilitation (2015), is an employee of the University of Silesia, Poland, Institute of Computer Science, Department of Biomedical Computer Systems. For 20 years, he has studied the analysis and processing of biomedical images, emphasizing the full automation of measurement for a large inter-individual variability of patients. Dr. Koprowski has authored more than a hundred research papers with dozens in impact factor (IF) journals and has authored or co-authored six books. Additionally, he is the author of several national and international patents in the field of biomedical devices and imaging. Since 2011, he has been a reviewer of grants and projects (including EU projects) in biomedical engineering.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Silesia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Poland"}}},subseries:[{id:"7",title:"Bioinformatics and Medical Informatics",keywords:"Biomedical Data, Drug Discovery, Clinical Diagnostics, Decoding Human Genome, AI in Personalized Medicine, Disease-prevention Strategies, Big Data Analysis in Medicine",scope:"Bioinformatics aims to help understand the functioning of the mechanisms of living organisms through the construction and use of quantitative tools. The applications of this research cover many related fields, such as biotechnology and medicine, where, for example, Bioinformatics contributes to faster drug design, DNA analysis in forensics, and DNA sequence analysis in the field of personalized medicine. Personalized medicine is a type of medical care in which treatment is customized individually for each patient. Personalized medicine enables more effective therapy, reduces the costs of therapy and clinical trials, and also minimizes the risk of side effects. Nevertheless, advances in personalized medicine would not have been possible without bioinformatics, which can analyze the human genome and other vast amounts of biomedical data, especially in genetics. The rapid growth of information technology enabled the development of new tools to decode human genomes, large-scale studies of genetic variations and medical informatics. The considerable development of technology, including the computing power of computers, is also conducive to the development of bioinformatics, including personalized medicine. In an era of rapidly growing data volumes and ever lower costs of generating, storing and computing data, personalized medicine holds great promises. Modern computational methods used as bioinformatics tools can integrate multi-scale, multi-modal and longitudinal patient data to create even more effective and safer therapy and disease prevention methods. Main aspects of the topic are: Applying bioinformatics in drug discovery and development; Bioinformatics in clinical diagnostics (genetic variants that act as markers for a condition or a disease); Blockchain and Artificial Intelligence/Machine Learning in personalized medicine; Customize disease-prevention strategies in personalized medicine; Big data analysis in personalized medicine; Translating stratification algorithms into clinical practice of personalized medicine.",annualVolume:11403,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/7.jpg",editor:{id:"351533",title:"Dr.",name:"Slawomir",middleName:null,surname:"Wilczynski",fullName:"Slawomir Wilczynski",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000035U1loQAC/Profile_Picture_1630074514792",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Medical University of Silesia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Poland"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"5886",title:"Dr.",name:"Alexandros",middleName:"T.",surname:"Tzallas",fullName:"Alexandros Tzallas",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/5886/images/system/5886.png",institutionString:"University of Ioannina, Greece & Imperial College London",institution:{name:"University of Ioannina",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Greece"}}},{id:"257388",title:"Distinguished Prof.",name:"Lulu",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",fullName:"Lulu Wang",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRX6kQAG/Profile_Picture_1630329584194",institutionString:"Shenzhen Technology University",institution:{name:"Shenzhen Technology University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"225387",title:"Prof.",name:"Reda R.",middleName:"R.",surname:"Gharieb",fullName:"Reda R. Gharieb",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/225387/images/system/225387.jpg",institutionString:"Assiut University",institution:{name:"Assiut University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Egypt"}}}]},{id:"8",title:"Bioinspired Technology and Biomechanics",keywords:"Bioinspired Systems, Biomechanics, Assistive Technology, Rehabilitation",scope:'Bioinspired technologies take advantage of understanding the actual biological system to provide solutions to problems in several areas. Recently, bioinspired systems have been successfully employing biomechanics to develop and improve assistive technology and rehabilitation devices. The research topic "Bioinspired Technology and Biomechanics" welcomes studies reporting recent advances in bioinspired technologies that contribute to individuals\' health, inclusion, and rehabilitation. Possible contributions can address (but are not limited to) the following research topics: Bioinspired design and control of exoskeletons, orthoses, and prostheses; Experimental evaluation of the effect of assistive devices (e.g., influence on gait, balance, and neuromuscular system); Bioinspired technologies for rehabilitation, including clinical studies reporting evaluations; Application of neuromuscular and biomechanical models to the development of bioinspired technology.',annualVolume:11404,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/8.jpg",editor:{id:"144937",title:"Prof.",name:"Adriano",middleName:"De Oliveira",surname:"Andrade",fullName:"Adriano Andrade",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRC8QQAW/Profile_Picture_1625219101815",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Federal University of Uberlândia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"49517",title:"Prof.",name:"Hitoshi",middleName:null,surname:"Tsunashima",fullName:"Hitoshi Tsunashima",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYTP4QAO/Profile_Picture_1625819726528",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Nihon University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"425354",title:"Dr.",name:"Marcus",middleName:"Fraga",surname:"Vieira",fullName:"Marcus Vieira",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00003BJSgIQAX/Profile_Picture_1627904687309",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Federal de Goiás",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"196746",title:"Dr.",name:"Ramana",middleName:null,surname:"Vinjamuri",fullName:"Ramana Vinjamuri",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/196746/images/system/196746.jpeg",institutionString:"University of Maryland, Baltimore County",institution:{name:"University of Maryland, Baltimore County",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}]},{id:"9",title:"Biotechnology - Biosensors, Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering",keywords:"Biotechnology, Biosensors, Biomaterials, Tissue Engineering",scope:"The Biotechnology - Biosensors, Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering topic within the Biomedical Engineering Series aims to rapidly publish contributions on all aspects of biotechnology, biosensors, biomaterial and tissue engineering. We encourage the submission of manuscripts that provide novel and mechanistic insights that report significant advances in the fields. Topics can include but are not limited to: Biotechnology such as biotechnological products and process engineering; Biotechnologically relevant enzymes and proteins; Bioenergy and biofuels; Applied genetics and molecular biotechnology; Genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics; Applied microbial and cell physiology; Environmental biotechnology; Methods and protocols. Moreover, topics in biosensor technology, like sensors that incorporate enzymes, antibodies, nucleic acids, whole cells, tissues and organelles, and other biological or biologically inspired components will be considered, and topics exploring transducers, including those based on electrochemical and optical piezoelectric, thermal, magnetic, and micromechanical elements. Chapters exploring biomaterial approaches such as polymer synthesis and characterization, drug and gene vector design, biocompatibility, immunology and toxicology, and self-assembly at the nanoscale, are welcome. Finally, the tissue engineering subcategory will support topics such as the fundamentals of stem cells and progenitor cells and their proliferation, differentiation, bioreactors for three-dimensional culture and studies of phenotypic changes, stem and progenitor cells, both short and long term, ex vivo and in vivo implantation both in preclinical models and also in clinical trials.",annualVolume:11405,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/9.jpg",editor:{id:"126286",title:"Dr.",name:"Luis",middleName:"Jesús",surname:"Villarreal-Gómez",fullName:"Luis Villarreal-Gómez",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/126286/images/system/126286.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Autonomous University of Baja California",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"35539",title:"Dr.",name:"Cecilia",middleName:null,surname:"Cristea",fullName:"Cecilia Cristea",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYQ65QAG/Profile_Picture_1621007741527",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Iuliu Hațieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Romania"}}},{id:"40735",title:"Dr.",name:"Gil",middleName:"Alberto Batista",surname:"Gonçalves",fullName:"Gil Gonçalves",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYRLGQA4/Profile_Picture_1628492612759",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Aveiro",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Portugal"}}},{id:"211725",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Johann F.",middleName:null,surname:"Osma",fullName:"Johann F. Osma",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSDv7QAG/Profile_Picture_1626602531691",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidad de Los Andes",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Colombia"}}},{id:"69697",title:"Dr.",name:"Mani T.",middleName:null,surname:"Valarmathi",fullName:"Mani T. Valarmathi",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/69697/images/system/69697.jpg",institutionString:"Religen Inc. | A Life Science Company, United States of America",institution:null},{id:"205081",title:"Dr.",name:"Marco",middleName:"Vinícius",surname:"Chaud",fullName:"Marco Chaud",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSDGeQAO/Profile_Picture_1622624307737",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade de Sorocaba",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}}]}]}},libraryRecommendation:{success:null,errors:{},institutions:[]},route:{name:"profile.detail",path:"/profiles/81687",hash:"",query:{},params:{id:"81687"},fullPath:"/profiles/81687",meta:{},from:{name:null,path:"/",hash:"",query:{},params:{},fullPath:"/",meta:{}}}},function(){var e;(e=document.currentScript||document.scripts[document.scripts.length-1]).parentNode.removeChild(e)}()