Weekly logistics costs.
\\n\\n
Released this past November, the list is based on data collected from the Web of Science and highlights some of the world’s most influential scientific minds by naming the researchers whose publications over the previous decade have included a high number of Highly Cited Papers placing them among the top 1% most-cited.
\\n\\nWe wish to congratulate all of the researchers named and especially our authors on this amazing accomplishment! We are happy and proud to share in their success!
Note: Edited in March 2021
\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:{caption:"Highly Cited",originalUrl:"/media/original/117"}},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'IntechOpen is proud to announce that 191 of our authors have made the Clarivate™ Highly Cited Researchers List for 2020, ranking them among the top 1% most-cited.
\n\nThroughout the years, the list has named a total of 261 IntechOpen authors as Highly Cited. Of those researchers, 69 have been featured on the list multiple times.
\n\n\n\nReleased this past November, the list is based on data collected from the Web of Science and highlights some of the world’s most influential scientific minds by naming the researchers whose publications over the previous decade have included a high number of Highly Cited Papers placing them among the top 1% most-cited.
\n\nWe wish to congratulate all of the researchers named and especially our authors on this amazing accomplishment! We are happy and proud to share in their success!
Note: Edited in March 2021
\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"intechopen-supports-asapbio-s-new-initiative-publish-your-reviews-20220729",title:"IntechOpen Supports ASAPbio’s New Initiative Publish Your Reviews"},{slug:"webinar-introduction-to-open-science-wednesday-18-may-1-pm-cest-20220518",title:"Webinar: Introduction to Open Science | Wednesday 18 May, 1 PM CEST"},{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"2222",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Thermodynamics - Fundamentals and Its Application in Science",title:"Thermodynamics",subtitle:"Fundamentals and Its Application in Science",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"This book presents the selection of various high level contributions involving thermodynamics. The book goes from the fundamentals up to several applications in different scientific fields. The content of the book has been classified in six sections: Classical Thermodynamics, Statistical Thermodynamics, Property Prediction in Thermodynamics, Material and Products, Non Equilibrium and Thermodynamics in Diverse Areas. The classification of the book aims to provide to the reader the facility of finding the desired topic included in the book. It is expected that this collection of chapters will contribute to the state of the art in the thermodynamics area.",isbn:null,printIsbn:"978-953-51-0779-8",pdfIsbn:"978-953-51-6241-4",doi:"10.5772/2615",price:159,priceEur:175,priceUsd:205,slug:"thermodynamics-fundamentals-and-its-application-in-science",numberOfPages:556,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:null,isInBkci:!1,hash:"8a42f4f72f89572c7ad06f5e2ffe7b39",bookSignature:"Ricardo Morales-Rodriguez",publishedDate:"October 3rd 2012",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2222.jpg",numberOfDownloads:79465,numberOfWosCitations:54,numberOfCrossrefCitations:25,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:7,numberOfDimensionsCitations:57,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:8,hasAltmetrics:1,numberOfTotalCitations:136,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"December 7th 2011",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"January 11th 2012",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"April 16th 2012",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"July 15th 2012",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"August 14th 2012",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6,7",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"17181",title:"Dr.",name:"Ricardo",middleName:null,surname:"Morales-Rodriguez",slug:"ricardo-morales-rodriguez",fullName:"Ricardo Morales-Rodriguez",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/17181/images/2857_n.jpg",biography:"(2012-),\nCurrent Status. Professor at Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana - Iztapalapa. México.\n\n(2009-2011),\nPost doctoral researcher. \nTitle of the Project: Integrated modelling for simulation and design of novel enzymatic processes.\nTechnical University of Denmark.\nLyngby, Denmark.\n\n(2006-2009),\nPhD (Chemical Engineering). \nTitle of the Project: Computer-Aided Multiscale Modelling for Product-Process Design.\nTechnical University of Denmark.\nLyngby, Denmark.\n\n(2003-2006),\nMSc(Chemical Engineering).\nUniversidad Autonoma Metropolitana-Iztapalapa.\nMexico City.\n\nDr. Morales-Rodriguez has submitted several papers related with product-process design, multiscale modelling, development of computer-aided tools and the synergy of diverse modelling tools for virtual product-process design.\n\nIn his PhD research, Dr. Morales-Rodriguez has developed and computer-aided modelling tool aimed to the development of new product-process employing multiscale modelling approach that is know as the \\Virtual Product-Process Design\\.\n\nDr. Morales-Rodriguez has participated in diverse conference related with computer-aided modelling tools.\n\nCurrently, Dr. Morales-Rodriguez is developing a postdoctoral research focused on the bioethanol process design for 2G biomass. Dr. Morales-Rodriguez is also working as supervisor of MSc students at the Technical University of Denmark.\n\nDr. Morales-Rodriguez has been awarded several times:\n\nBest Poster Award:\nEuropean Symposium on Computer Aided Process Engineering 17 (ESCAPE 17).\nBucharest, Romania. June, 2007.\nTittle of the paper: Computer-Aided Multiscale Modelling for Chemical Process Engineering.\n\nMedal to the university merit (Mexico). \nBest average score in master studies (Chemical Engineering) at Universidad Autonoma Metropolitana-Iztapalapa, Mexico.\n\nScholarship Given by Mexican National Council for Science and Technology (Mexico) to carry out the postdoctoral research (Chemical Engineering) at the Technical University of Denmark.\nJune, 2009 - Octuber, 2010.\n\nScholarship Given by Technical University of Denmark to carry out PhD research(Chemical Engineering) at the Technical University of Denmark.\nMarch, 2006 - April, 2009.\n\n\nScholarship Given by Mexican National Council for Science and Technology (Mexico) to carry out Master studies (Chemical Engineering) at Universidad Autonoma Metropolitana-Iztapalapa, Mexico.\nOctober, 2003 - October, 2005.",institutionString:null,position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"1",institution:{name:"Technical University of Denmark",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Denmark"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"704",title:"Thermal Engineering",slug:"engineering-chemical-engineering-thermal-engineering"}],chapters:[{id:"39519",title:"A View from the Conservation of Energy to Chemical Thermodynamic",doi:"10.5772/51383",slug:"a-view-from-the-conservation-of-energy-to-chemical-thermodynamic",totalDownloads:6985,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Ahmet Gürses and Mehtap Ejder-Korucu",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/39519",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/39519",authors:[{id:"13853",title:"Dr.",name:"Ahmet",surname:"Gurses",slug:"ahmet-gurses",fullName:"Ahmet Gurses"},{id:"145812",title:"Dr.",name:"Mehtap",surname:"Ejder Korucu",slug:"mehtap-ejder-korucu",fullName:"Mehtap Ejder Korucu"}],corrections:null},{id:"39649",title:"Useful Work and Gibbs Energy",doi:"10.5772/50119",slug:"useful-work-and-gibbs-energy",totalDownloads:6080,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:3,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:null,signatures:"Nikolai Bazhin",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/39649",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/39649",authors:[{id:"143161",title:"Prof.",name:"Nikolai",surname:"Bazhin",slug:"nikolai-bazhin",fullName:"Nikolai Bazhin"}],corrections:null},{id:"39722",title:"Gibbs Free Energy Formula for Protein Folding",doi:"10.5772/52410",slug:"gibbs-free-energy-formula-for-protein-folding",totalDownloads:4719,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:3,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Yi Fang",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/39722",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/39722",authors:[{id:"140703",title:"Prof.",name:"Yi",surname:"Fang",slug:"yi-fang",fullName:"Yi Fang"}],corrections:null},{id:"39721",title:"Information Capacity of Quantum Transfer Channels and Thermodynamic Analogies",doi:"10.5772/50466",slug:"information-capacity-of-quantum-transfer-channels-and-thermodynamic-analogies",totalDownloads:2187,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Bohdan Hejna",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/39721",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/39721",authors:[{id:"175060",title:"Dr.",name:"Bohdan",surname:"Hejna",slug:"bohdan-hejna",fullName:"Bohdan Hejna"}],corrections:null},{id:"39720",title:"Thermodynamics’ Microscopic Connotations",doi:"10.5772/51370",slug:"thermodynamics-microscopic-connotations",totalDownloads:2898,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:null,signatures:"A. 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Obesity not only has strong genetic determinants but also results from an imbalance between energy storage and energy expenditure. Control of energy homeostasis involved in multiple complicated processes is essential for the maintenance of body weight and life. It becomes extremely important to understand the underlying mechanisms since obesity due to energy excess represents a major threat to health and quality of life.
For instance, the progress regarding neuronal circuits that control food intake could extend our understanding of energy homeostasis. In particular, the brain has been considered to play a crucial role in the central regulation of energy intake and also energy expenditure. There are many candidate genes in the central nervous system associated with obesity. In traditional view of homeostatic regulation of the body, weight is mainly by the hypothalamus. However, the recent report showed that the hedonic control of appetite by cortical and subcortical brain areas interacts with homeostatic controls to regulate body weight in a flexible manner to respond to the environmental changes [1]. This new concept has several important implications for the therapeutic strategies of obesity.
On the other hand, the role of adipocytes including brown and white adipocytes has been considered to substantially contribute to the integration of the endocrine and metabolic signaling in energy metabolism regulation. Brown adipose tissue (BAT) thermogenesis is one of the key homeostatic mechanisms for energy expenditure. It is around 60% of “non-shivering” thermogenesis in small mammals attributing to the BAT [2, 3] to sustain their body temperature and survival in the cold [4, 5]. In addition, BAT is currently considered a promising target for the treatment of obesity and T2D [6, 7, 8, 9, 10]. Accordingly, there were a number of studies focusing on the related drug development and the underlying mechanism and the several factors implicated in BAT and WAT “browning” such as immune cell-mediated modulation of adipose tissue sympathetic innervation [11]. Nevertheless, although the functional role of BAT in the regulation of energy expenditure, especially thermogenesis and substrate utilization, is dominant in rodent models, the contribution of BAT to energy metabolism and homeostasis in humans is more controversial.
The regulation of mitochondrial metabolism and their consequence also crucially participate in the maintenance of energy homeostasis at the cellular and physiological level. Mitochondria play a central role in the regulation of cellular metabolic homeostasis, which is under the control of the balance between nutrient supply and energy demand [12]. Metabolic oversupply is followed by fragmentation of mitochondrial network, which leads to a decrease of mitochondrial bioenergetic efficiency that, in association with an increase in nutrient storage, will avoid energy waste. Conversely, under metabolic undersupply, mitochondria elongate in order to increase mitochondrial bioenergetic efficiency and sustain the energy need. Thereby, the mitochondrial function is crucial for the regulation of energy metabolism and weight control.
Even at rest, we need energy for all of the vital functions known as basal metabolic rate (BMR). The determinant factors such as thyroid hormones T3, T4 [13, 14], and sarcolipin [15] and their impact on energy homeostasis will be the other important issue. Thyroid hormones have been well documented as the key regulator of energy metabolism (calorigenic effect), especially the basal metabolic rate for decades. However, the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying the regulatory role of thyroid hormones are still not fully understood. For instance, recent investigation showed that T4 has been speculated to have more rapid effect on the regulation of basal metabolic rate than T3 in animals [14]. Sarcolipin (SLN) is a novel regulator of sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ ATPase (SERCA) in muscle and has been speculated as an important determinant of the BMR in animal with diet-induced obesity [15].
The success of textile and apparel companies depends largely on supply chain management, which ensures the smooth flow of products to different markets and their availability to customers on time and at the lowest cost. However, this task has become increasingly complex with the expansion of supply chain actors that must be coordinated to ensure a final offer to customers at the desired time and place. There is therefore a need to improve the performance of the supply chain and optimize its management, which requires the simultaneous planning, coordination and management of production and distribution activities to ensure that customer demands are met in a cost effective manner by ensuring the delivery of products on time and at the required location. In this context, lean tools and approaches contribute to the development of the supply chain decision-making process in order to achieve better performance of textile and apparel companies in today’s complicated world. That is why, in this chapter, we consider the DMAIC lean approach and we focus on the integration of production and distribution operations managed by a textile and apparel supply chain manufacturer.
Our choice of the textile and apparel sector corresponds well to the problematic we are studying of a production chain with multiple actors geographically spread all over the world. The activities of these actors must be optimized in order to determine the adequate offer of each unit of the production chain. Moreover, the nature of the textile product, which is not a homogeneous good but highly diversified, short-lived and subject to the effects of fashion as described in the bibliographical references [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7]. For these products, we distinguish two types of orders: (1) pre-season orders (PO) that include products for the next season with a medium delivery time and (2) replenishment orders (RO) that include products for the current demand season with a short delivery time. In addition, the textile and apparel industry is highly competitive worldwide and is rapidly changing due to the complexity of demand, which is subject to the effects of fashion and marketing. This results in changes on the supply side, with some businesses disappearing and others expanding depending on the degree of rapid reaction to demand and customer tastes, as an inadequate response to demand can result in unsold inventory and lost sales opportunities.
We considered in this work a planning approach integrating tactical and operational decision levels and taking into account textile and apparel industry specificities. Using a rolling horizon, the proposed approach identifies the quantities to be produced, stored and delivered while minimizing the total cost of production and distribution. Production flexibility is ensured by the consideration of low-cost overseas subcontractors to whom standard products with predictable demand can be assigned. Local subcontracting and overtime are short-term solutions to deal with the unpredictability of demand related to ROs at the operational level. This work is structured according to the DMAIC approach and will be detailed accordingly while defining the specifics of each phase.
As detailed by [8], the ‘define’ phase of the DMAIC methodology presents a definition of the problem and what the customer requires. Hence, it is the backbone of a successful project. The define phase starts with clarifying the problem statement and analyzing the customer requirements and ensures that the project goals are aligned to these requirements.
Facing a worrying decline in market share for textile-apparel manufacturers in the context of the competitive battle, these manufacturers must act by creating new offers combining low prices, reduced lead times and improved services. This can be ensured by carrying out adequate resource planning at different levels of decision making and coordinating activities associated with the various stakeholders in the chain. Moreover, in regard to more selective consumer behavior, the emergence of customized products with short life cycles and taking into account the different types of orders, manufacturers must satisfy customers by being reactive, fast and more and more flexible while offering a better quality, price and lead time performance. In this context, a coordinated control of flows between suppliers, producers and customers can only lead to a fast, personalized and optimal response, in accordance with the expectations of end consumers. Traditionally, the various supply chain actors manage their resources independently, and the planning and management of production and distribution resources is done with little or no coordination. This decentralized management can lead to additional costs due to the placement of unexpected and urgent orders at subcontractors’ units or by scheduling costly overtime. On the other hand, additional delays may be caused by re-planned resources and the delayed arrival of a few productions due to the arrival of these urgent orders to be placed as soon as possible. Similarly, large inventories and long product cycles may occur as soon as the producer opts for large production quantities to anticipate demand for the entire season, not to mention the risk of increasing unsold stock.
Our work focuses on a global approach that integrates production and distribution activities. The related literature review is presented by [9, 10, 11, 12, 13]. In this work, we are interested in addressing the problem of production-distribution coordination applied to the textile and apparel field. A presentation of the different types of coordination at the supply chain level and a review of the literature dealing with this aspect are detailed by [14, 15].
Indeed, most studies on integrated production and distribution have focused on products for which demand is stable because they have a long-life cycle [16, 17]. But this is not the case for apparel products that have a short life cycle and whose demand can only be accurately estimated once the product is on the shelf once the season has started. Similarly, few production planning models have taken into account the flexibility of production capacities. However, our models provide this flexibility through outsourcing and overtime [18, 19]. Therefore, it is necessary to adapt production and distribution planning models to the reality of textile and apparel supply chains in order to optimize them, taking into account the unpredictable and unforeseen aspect of demand while aiming to reduce production and distribution lead times to better match production to demand. In this way, production can be flexible and can be adapted to market needs. Thus, it is necessary to define production and distribution planning models that take into account the specificity of the apparel supply chain. The objective of this study is to start filling this gap.
It applies to the case of a large Tunisian textile company (see Figure 1) that owns several units of apparel production and two warehouses located in Tunisia. It may also use outsourcing with local or overseas subcontractors in China to meet part of its demand. The company adopts a business model of delivery commitment. It commits to a delivery date for any order received and is responsible for shipping costs. Finished products are stored in warehouses until they are delivered on time to customers. The transportation modes used are trucks, ships and airplanes. The transportation cost includes fixed and variable fees. Each product has a production set-up cost and a variable cost.
The textile and apparel supply chain.
Received orders, over a season, cover a large number of product references. The number of product groups exceeds 100. The company receives two types of orders from local and overseas retailers: POs and ROs. POs, which have a lead time of several months, are planned and scheduled to satisfy the following season’s collections. However, urgent ROs, which have shorter delivery times, must be produced to fill retailer shortages or to replace unsold inventory. Due to changing fashion trends and the short life cycles of textile and apparel products, historical data alone cannot accurately predict next season sales [20]. Moreover, it is very difficult to forecast specific customer needs for apparel products, leading retailers to use in-season replenishment after revising their forecasts based on demand observed in the first few weeks of the current season. Therefore, it is a periodic process of adjusting retailers’ sales forecasts for different products taking into account new information from recent sales.
As detailed in Figure 2, the proposed approach is based on an integrated production-distribution planning at two decision levels while considering the specificities of the apparel supply chain. Thus, the approach involves decisions at the tactical and operational level and takes into consideration both POs and ROs. Also, the approach considers flexibility of production capacity to ensure a better match between supply and demand. We consider at the level of operational planning overtime and subcontracting activities to accommodate the internal capacity shortage caused by fluctuations of demand and short lead time of customer orders. The main goal of the current study is to reduce overall supply chain costs by approximately 10%.
Hierarchical planning approach.
The definition of the high-level process map gives the team an eye of bird’s view about the project. One of the most used high-level map is the SIPOC which details the Supplier, Input, Process, Output and Customers. By completing the SIPOC, the detailed map (Swimlane Map) can be developed after a series of Gemba walk and several discussions with the teamwork.
The process definition of the SIPOC diagram, as detailed in Figure 3, ties the different steps of the new proposal solution to create the added value. In the current case, a new approach based on two level integrated production-distribution plan and composed of two level of strategies (tactic and operational) is developed. Knowing that textile and apparel manufacturers are currently dealing with unpredictable and short-term ROs when production for the next season is already ongoing. The company uses two types of sub-contractors: - overseas specialized subcontractors who offer products at very low prices but with long delivery times, and - local capacity subcontractors that the company uses in case of production saturation but who offer prices 20% higher than the internal production costs. In addition to this flexibility provided by subcontracting, the company can resort to overtime with higher costs than production in regular hours.
SIPOC diagram.
In this section, we will define the current state in order to analyze it and to identify the gap between the actual and the desired situations. To do this, we will structure this part in three phases. First of all, we will detail the developed measurement system. Then, we will detail our data collection plan and our experimental data. Finally, we will identify our desired situation and the gap with the current one.
Our measurement system aims to define our sequential production and distribution planning approach while evaluating the current situation of the company. The objective is to satisfy POs and ROs within the required deadlines, while minimizing the production, subcontracting, capacity under-utilization, storage and distribution costs.
Our approach is based on two mathematical models that are developed at two different decision levels [21, 22]. The first model focuses on a tactical level of a 6-month horizon with a monthly periodicity and decides on pre-season quantities to be placed internally and with overseas subcontractors with long lead times. Each time a new order arrives, it is inserted with a rolling horizon in order to be placed optimally on the available resources.
The second operational model considers a monthly horizon with a variable periodicity between 8 and 11 weeks. This model is used to detail tactical confirmed quantities over weeks and to insert new urgent orders arriving through a rolling horizon.
At the operational level, urgent orders with short lead times are inserted progressively. However, when a new order with a long lead time for the pre-season arrives, the tactical model is run and the order is inserted on the rolling horizon to study the possibility of subcontracting it to overseas subcontractors. Thereafter, the production will be refined over weeks using the operational model, if the decision taken at the tactical level affects production internally. This operation is repeated until all orders for the season have been placed.
Our approach results in a production, storage and distribution plan that takes into account the assignments of overseas subcontractors and the assignments of new orders that arrive at the operational level. The latter are detailed by week during the first 2 months. Given the principle of the rolling horizon, decisions taken during the first week are fixed and the related costs are recorded. However, decisions taken in following periods will be revised once the model has been run in the second week.
As detailed in appendix A, at the tactical level, the model decides on: - monthly quantities to be manufactured internally and at subcontractors, − monthly quantities to be stored, − monthly quantities to be distributed per period, taking into account the different modes of transport. The objective is to minimize the total cost of production, storage and distribution. It should be noted that for this current situation, the parameter
As shown in Figure 4, the operational horizon ranges from 8 to 11 weeks. The length of this horizon is defined according to the position of the first week in the month.
Variable operational planning horizon.
For example, if the first week of the planning horizon corresponds to the second week of the month ϴ, then the length of the planning horizon is set to 11 weeks because tactical decisions related to the month ϴ + 2 must also be taken into account.
We denote by a couple (t, s) the weeks in the operational planning model, where s is the position of the week in month t. Operational planning includes a set of periods TSӨδ and takes place at the beginning of week δ of month Ө (as detailed in appendix B).
For the operational planning model, detailed in appendix C, the length of the planning horizon is justified by the fact that POs resulting from tactical planning should be reliably detailed at the operational level. Hence, to properly place decisions made at the tactical level, the operational planning horizon must reach the end of the month.
Based on company reports translating historical data, Gemba walks and after meetings and team benchmarking, we were able to collect the necessary information to set the required parameters for the proposed models.
Before detailing experimental data, it is important to identify the established planning assumptions:
Demand is dynamic and deterministic,
Storage cost is defined according to the average level of storage between the beginning and the end of the period,
Under-utilization capacity cost is estimated according to the average hourly cost of labor/machine.
In the operational model, we consider only local subcontractors.
Overtime is considered to allow greater flexibility when managing the unpredictability and short lead time of ROs.
The relevant company delivers about 200 references of products to 30 retailers per year through 3 knitting manufacturing plants located in Tunisia. Products are transferred to customers through two local warehouses storing finished products ordered by local and overseas retailers. These warehouses are characterized by their limited storage capacity and a storage cost of approximately 5% of the unit production cost per unit.
The shipments can be carried out by trucks, for local deliveries, or by aircraft and by ships, for overseas connections. Our mathematical models decide on the mode of transport to be adopted according to the delivery times involved. Indeed, a delay of at least 5 weeks is necessary to deliver the products by ship. However, aircraft shipments are made within the same week. The considered transportation costs are composed of fixed costs, depending on the number of shipments made, and variable costs depending on the shipped quantities.
Considering the 200 variety of manufactured products, the internal production costs vary from 3 to 35 euros. In order to accommodate the limited internal capacity, flexibility is ensured by scheduling overtime. However, overtime activity is limited to 25% of production capacity after regular working hours and costs 40% more. The internal flexibility is reinforced by a subcontracting activity with 10 local subcontractors and one overseas one located in China. The local subcontractors have enough capacity to meet the ordered quantities and fill the limited capacity of the internal production sites. The latter offer products at prices 20% higher than the cost of internal production. As for the Chinese subcontractor, it can manufacture large volumes of products but with delivery times exceeding 2 months. The latter offers basic products at costs that are about half the internal production cost. Our planning models decide on production allocations based on available capacities and assigned lead times. The overall focus is to meet customer orders on time and at lower cost.
Our proposed approach is run over 6 months, generating a weekly production schedule identifying the quantities to be manufactured, stored and distributed. The proposed models are solved using the package ILOG OPL Studio V6.3/ Cplex 11 and are run on an intel Core i5 PC with a 2.3 Ghz processor and 512 MB of memory. The planning model at the tactical level takes into account approximately 122,000 constraints and 66,000 variables, of which more than 5,000 are binary. However, the operational model contains 55,000 constraints and 3,000 binary variables among the 25,000 considered variables in the model. An almost optimal solution, with a deviation of 10–4 from optimality, is obtained for all the executed models.
Our approach evaluates the current situation of the apparel manufacturer who incurs a logistic cost equal to 2864 k€ obtained for the 6 months.
In order to improve the situation, we aim at considering additional flexibility at the tactical planning level in order to better accommodate the unpredictable orders that will be placed at the operational level. A decrease of the overall logistic cost is expected.
At the end of the six-month simulations, we obtain a weekly production, storage and distribution schedule for the various products, taking into account the tactical model’s assignments and the unforeseen and urgent demands that arrive at the operational level. The cumulative costs obtained for the first few weeks of the operational model applied on a rolling horizon, added to the tactical cost of production at overseas’ subcontractor, obtained by the tactical model, represent the total cost of production, storage and distribution for the six months. This cost, as reported in Table 1, is evaluated to 2 864 K€.
Period | Cost (K€) | Period | Cost (K€) | Period | Cost (K€) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Overseas sub Mars | 320 | May S 1 | 92 | July S 1 | 86 |
March S 1 | 79 | May S 2 | 69 | July S 2 | 90 |
March S 2 | 99 | May S 3 | 93 | July S 3 | 105 |
March S 3 | 84 | May S 4 | 92 | July S 4 | 91 |
March S 4 | 98 | Overseas sub June | 223 | August S 1 | 113 |
April S 1 | 83 | June S 1 | 83 | August S 2 | 106 |
April S 2 | 83 | June S 2 | 90 | August S 3 | 93 |
April S 3 | 87 | June S 3 | 89 | August S 4 | 108 |
April S 4 | 76 | June S 4 | 218 | Total cost |
Weekly logistics costs.
Weekly costs represent the sum of production costs in regular hours, overtime and at local subcontractors added to the costs of storage, underutilization of internal production capacity and product deliveries.
Obtained results for the current situation show that production is mainly affected to Internal manufacturing units 90.5%. However, 8.9% are affected to overseas subcontractors as shown in Table 2.
Quantities | % | |
---|---|---|
Internal manufacturer’s production | 259359 | 90,5 |
Internal overtime production | 1833 | 0,6 |
Subcontractor’s production | 25507 | 8,9 |
Total produced quantities | 286699 | 100,0 |
Production assignment.
Based on these obtained results, we notice, on one hand, a production allocation that leads to an overload of internal production capacity and costly overtime. On the other hand, some productions get started in overtime, especially when the internal production capacity over regular hours is partially used. This is mainly due to the due dates position of the POs through the month. Indeed, since the productions planned in the internal units over a month are detailed at the operational level by week, it seems mandatory in some cases to massively produce during the first weeks of the month to meet the predefined delivery dates. Consequently, it is necessary to produce in overtime some products that the production capacity during regular hours cannot meet. Meanwhile, for the remaining weeks of the month, the capacity of the internal production is under-utilized. In this case, the ROs, which arrive at an operational level, are assigned to the subcontractors since the internal capacity of production is fully used by the production of the pre-season items decided at the tactical level.
This obtained cost seems to be too high because decisions at the tactical level are made without taking into account what may arrive at the operational level as urgent and unforeseen ROs. This cost can be improved to be more competitive in the market through greater flexibility at a tactical level. This flexibility could positively affect the allocation of orders that arrive at an operational level.
To analyze the current situation of the textile and apparel supply chain and try to identify the root causes of the performance decrease in this field, we establish the following Ishikawa diagram shown in Figure 5.
Ishikawa diagram.
Based on this analysis, we confirm that it is necessary to reduce lead times through better resource management and better planning that will reduce the operational workload on operators. Taking into account the specificities of this sector and the requirements imposed by markets and customers, it is essential to adjust to needs, as soon as they are presented, through a better flexibility of resources at a tactical level.
The 5 P tool (Figure 6) is also used to identify the root cause of the problem so that the required actions can be taken to improve performance.
5P tool.
It is quite clear now that the solution is to provide some flexibility at the tactical planning and not to allocate rigidly anticipated productions without allowing sufficient flexibility to place the orders that arrive at the operational level.
To solve the root cause, at this phase, we have to introduce more flexibility at the tactical level by considering only a percentage of the production capacity. The other part of the production capacity is considered as reserve capacity. Thus, it can be used only at the operational level to efficiently meet RO with short due dates without disrupting the ongoing production. During this study, we need to achieve one main objective: how to satisfy the retailers’ pre-season in addition to the ROs that must be in time. This objective will be reached by minimizing the internal capacity underutilization, storage, distribution operation and also the overall supply chain cost incurred by internal production, subcontracting.
The availability of products based on ROs during the season is risky for the retailer since it largely depends on the flexibility, responsiveness and efficiency of the suppliers involved. Therefore, to meet retailer orders and ensure deliveries on-time, production flexibility becomes crucial and a key competitive issue for any textile or apparel manufacturing company.
At the tactical model a reserve production capacity (RPC) is considered. We denote the percentage of internal production capacity that can be used to fulfill POs by
Meaning that the parameter
At the operational level, the RPC considered at the tactical level is released and the entire internal capacity can be used in addition to overtime. This will provide more flexibility to accommodate unforeseen and urgent ROs.
Let us now consider the operational level, the RPC considered at the tactical level is released. In addition, all internal capacity can be used to overtime. This will result in greater flexibility to respond to unexpected and urgent ROs.
The impact of considering the RPC at the tactical planning level on supply chain costs is investigated. During this experimentation, the same value for this RPC for all internal manufacturing units is used. Firstly, for each month of the six-month tactical planning horizon, a fixed RPC is considered. The percentage of the available internal production capacity for PO planning is therefore a fixed value (α). Secondly, a RPC with monthly variation is considered. The percentage of internal generation capacity at the tactical planning model level is therefore a value that varies monthly and is noted (αt), with t indexed to the month.
The RPC needs to be estimated. Afterwards, the available two-years historical demand data is used to estimate the RPC (1-α or 1-αt). Thus, it is obtained by calculating the ratio: reserve production/total internal production during regular hours. The resulting internal production capacity rates are shown in Table 3.
Month → | M1 | M2 | M3 | M4 | M5 | M6 | Average |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Rate year N-2 (%) | 62 | 90 | 89 | 71 | 61 | 76 | 75 |
Rate year N-1 (%) | 75 | 91 | 72 | 91 | 87 | 95 | 85 |
Average rate | 69 | 91 | 81 | 81 | 74 | 85 | 80 |
Observed internal production capacity rates used based on 2-year historical demand data.
Hereinafter, different values of the RPC are tested. The objective is twofold. The first one is to underline the importance of integrating RPC into tactical planning to improve flexibility. The second one is to emphasize the need to develop adequate methods based on historical demand data and can provide an efficient estimation of the RPC.
Different values of α are tested. These values vary from 70% to 100% with a difference of 5% between two consecutive values. The curve depicting the variation in supply chain cost as a function of α is plotted in Figure 7. The curve is characterized by an almost convex shape. In addition, for α values equal to 70%, 75% and 100% higher costs are observed. Indeed, the reserve of 30 to 25% of production capacity for ROs leads to the allocation of many orders to subcontractors at the tactical level. Consequently, a significant underutilization of capacity is observed at the operational planning level. If no reserve capacity is being considered at the tactical planning level (which is the current practice in the company), We note that, at the operational planning level, many ROs are assigned to subcontractors or produced during overtime as internal production capacity is used during regular working hours to accommodate POs.
Supply chain cost variation with α.
Note that in the considered real case study, the optimal supply chain cost is reached at a value α around 85%. Hence, a RPC of about 15% ensures a production flexibility that minimizes the cost of the supply chain. The average value obtained from the historical database (presented in Table 3) is equal to α = 80%. The cost of the corresponding supply chain is equal to 2,746 k€. This translates into a saving of 4% compared to current practice (α = 100%). When the proposed planning approach is used with α equal to 85%, the cost saving over current practice is equal to 7%.
In this section, it is proposed to evaluate the monthly variable RPC. For each month t of year N, we take for each year N - 1 and N - 2 the average of the percentage of internal production capacity used as the value of αt (represented in Table 3). A supply chain cost equal to 2575 k€ is obtained by introducing the values of αt into the tactical planning model and sequentially applying the tactical and operational models. The cost of the supply chain is, as observed, less than that obtained when considering a fixed RPC equal to 20%. This method used to estimate the RPC leads to a 6% cost reduction compared to the previously used method. Furthermore, there is a saving of 10% compared to current practice (Figure 8).
Supply chain cost comparison.
This cost saving resulted from allocating six months of production to internal manufacturing units and subcontractors, as illustrated in Figure 9.
Production assignment.
Firstly, when considering a monthly variable RPC at the tactical level, there is a better use of internal production capacity. Second, we find that some production is performed during overtime when the internal production capacity is not fully used during regular hours.
The reason for this can be explained by the position of PO due dates within the month. Since production in the internal manufacturing units over 1 month from tactical planning is detailed per week at the operational level, massive production in the first weeks of the month is sometimes necessary to meet the delivery due dates. As a result, overtime is needed as production during regular hours cannot reach the requested quantities. Internal production capacity for the remaining weeks of the month may be underused.
When we consider a fixed RPC (for α = 80% and α = 100%), the quantities produced at subcontractors’ manufacturing units are bigger than those performed when a variable monthly RPC is considered. Consequently, the allocation of production to subcontractors is better optimized for a monthly variable RPC.
Considering this result, we emphasize the importance of the monthly variable RPC. This reserve is adjusted to ROs by assigning, at the tactical level, some productions to subcontractors while maintaining sufficient and accurate internal production capacity at the operational level to appropriately handle ROs.
However, the quantities produced in the subcontractors’ manufacturing units are particularly high when we consider, at the tactical level, a fixed α, equal to 80%.
Meanwhile, the total produced quantities over the 6 months are higher than those produced when considering α equal to 100%, or a monthly variable RPC. This is due to the demand monthly variation. Actually, when we consider a fixed α equal to 80%, two situations can arise. Firstly, the ROs to be satisfied during the month require more than the available capacity and consequently more than the RPC considered. In such a case, the subcontracting activity is the main solution. Second, ROs to be placed during the month require less than the available capacity and so less RPC. Therefore, ROs to be filled for next few weeks are processed in advance to minimize capacity under-utilization. When α is equal to 100%, ROs are assigned to subcontractors since internal production capacity is overloaded by POs.
As conclusion, the use of a variable RPC at the tactical level, allows efficient use of internal production capacity and optimizes the allocation of production to subcontractors. Nevertheless, the performance of capacity planning can be improved if more accurate and reliable historical demand data is used and if forecasting methods for predicting the monthly variable RPC are carried out.
By studying the three cases mentioned above, we underline the important effect of taking into account a suitably defined RPC on the supply chain cost.
Due to intense competition, variable economic and environmental conditions, changing wage rates and fluctuating oil prices, the control phase of the DMAIC methodology will be focused on establishing the changes and standardizing the results given in the previous phases. Consequently, sensitivity analysis is chosen to assess the effect of changes in demand and variations in subcontracting and transportation costs on the supply chain cost. Three parameters are examined in this sensitivity analysis: demand, transportation cost and subcontracting cost to assess their impact on planning decisions and supply chain performance.
During our experimentation, fifteen scenarios are considered by varying (1) the demand, (2) the cost of transport and (3) the cost of subcontracting between −50% to +50% of their current values. By considering the three scenarios (α = 100%, monthly fixed α, monthly varying α), the cost of the supply chain is calculated for each case.
A 50% increase in demand leads to an increase in supply chain costs, as explained in Table 4. Nevertheless, if we consider a RPC, a decrease in this total cost is recorded. For all considered scenarios, the best cost is obtained when a monthly variable RPC is considered.
D−50% | D−20% | D | D+20% | D+50% | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
α = 100% (k€) | 1658 | 2152 | 2864 | 3285 | 3794 |
α = 80% (k€) | 1632 | 2020 | 2669 | 3067 | 3581 |
α variable (k€) | 1596 | 1981 | 2575 | 2972 | 3389 |
Cost variation according to demand.
These results confirm the importance of our approach and encourage the idea of using RPC to reduce supply chain costs. We note a saving of 4% compared to current practice when demand is reduced by half. This proves that the use of a monthly variable RPC yields better results. If demand is increased by half, the gain is 11%. The proposed approach becomes essential when demand is relatively high. If demand is low, the internal capacity will accommodate the demand without any additional costs. As a result, the RPC becomes less important and will avoid situations of under capacity due to urgent orders arriving at the operational level.
Identical trends are observed in transport and subcontracting costs savings are also obtained when we consider a RPC at the tactical planning level (Figure 10). It is worth noting that the greatest savings are achieved when considering a monthly variable RPC. Moreover, savings become more important with increases in these two costs. Lower transportation costs lead to the outsourcing of some internal production to overseas subcontractor’s manufacturing unit, as the latter offers very competitive prices, especially for most basic products. Subsequently, at the tactical planning level, some internal production capacity is unused; therefore, enforcing a RPC is meaningless. For this reason, the lowest savings are observed when transport costs are halved. Nevertheless, outsourcing abroad is no longer the preferred option when transport costs increase. This promotes the use of a RPC to avoid the use of full production capacity at the tactical level. Internal production (regular and overtime) and locally subcontracting are the adequate options to cover capacity requirements.
Transportation cost variation.
When the cost of subcontracting is reduced by half, this activity is more profitable than the internal production. In this case, part of the internal production is manufactured at local subcontractors. In addition, the under-utilization cost prevents the full transfer of quantities to local subcontractors’ plants. Internal production capacity is currently under-utilized; however, this situation results in lower supply chain costs due to lower production costs. In this case, the consideration of a RPC is no longer significant.
Nevertheless, increased supply chain costs are noted when the cost of subcontracting increases, especially for α = 100% (current situation). In practice, subcontracting is prevented until internal production capacity is completely used; thus leading to local subcontracting at higher costs (Figure 11). In these situations, reserve capacity appears to be a substantial consideration in ensuring the use of foreign subcontracting (which is cheaper than local subcontracting) at the tactical level. If the cost of subcontracting is increased by half, taking into account a RPC that varies on a monthly basis makes it possible to achieve a cost savings of 11% regards current practice.
Subcontracting cost variation.
The sensitivity analysis confirms the interest of our approach taking into account a RPC. Indeed, when demand or transportation or subcontracting costs increase, our approach allows us to adequately place urgent and unpredictable orders that arrive at the operational level at the lowest cost.
This approach provides a decision tool for textile and apparel manufacturers who are constantly faced with two types of orders: long lead time orders dedicated for the next season and urgent and unpredictable orders that are related to the current season. Moreover, this approach is applied to any type of industry where there are two types of customers: - premium customers with short lead time orders, − classic customers with long lead time orders. Indeed, through flexibility and responsiveness to needs, our approach will be able to place orders in the right location and at the lowest cost, taking into consideration a RPC and a rolling horizon. This will guarantee customer satisfaction that will gain in competitiveness, on both cost and lead time aspects, in today’s highly competitive environment.
Furthermore, taking into account the type of information introduced, the performance of the supply chain can be improved. The more reliable this information is, the better the performance. Indeed, it is important for the customer to share his sales information with the producer so that the latter can prepare in advance, using adequate forecasting methods, to best accommodate these orders. In this case, the estimate of the RPC can be adjusted for more reliability and flexibility in order to forecast future orders that may come in. This is one of the perspectives and ideas to be explored for this work.
In this chapter, the DMAIC methodology was chosen and applied to perform a complicated problem of a textile company. Our aim is to satisfy customer needs at lower cost while ensuring prompt and punctual deliveries. To achieve this, a sequential approach integrating tactical and operational decisions for textile and apparel supply chain planning has been implemented with an emphasis on the flexibility provided by the consideration of RPC at the tactical level. As a result, newly arrived urgent orders, with short lead times, can be placed optimally at production sites, via the rolling horizon.
During the definition phase of the DMAIC methodology, we have defined the problem statement and presented the proposed planning approach. Then, we established the SIPOC diagram in order to identify the different steps of our approach which ensures flexibility of production and distribution activities’ planning considering textile and apparel sector specificities: fashion effect, demand fluctuations.
In the first step, we have detailed our measurement system analysis by introducing the two mathematical models used to evaluate the performance of the current situation of the apparel company, taking into account the full available production capacity. Next, we presented our data collection plan by describing the experimental data that were collected. Finally, we outlined the desired situation taking into account additional flexibility at the tactical level.
In the “analysis” phase, we presented the obtained results when assessing the current situation by detailing production assignments over different locations. We also performed an extended analysis using the Ishikawa diagram and the 5P tool in order to underline the interest of our approach.
During the “improve” phase, we outlined the Improvements achieved in the current situation. To do so, we started by testing different RPC values in order to identify the optimal one to be taken into account at the tactical level. Then, we evaluated the performance of our approach by considering a fixed RPC then a monthly variable one. Finally, we evaluated the efficiency of our approach to optimally respond to urgent orders arriving at the operational level. Our approach is evaluated over a six-month planning horizon, but it remains applicable over longer planning horizons.
“Control” phase is devoted to sensitivity analysis while studying the effect of some parameters’ variation on the cost of the supply chain. The three considered parameters are: demand, transport cost and subcontracting cost. The main focus of this section is to prove the interest of our approach to place, at the lowest cost, urgent orders that arrive at the operational level, even when demand and cost increase. For a better performance of the considered supply chain, the importance of cooperation between the manufacturer and the retailers, based on information sharing, was also emphasized.
In model formulation, we consider the following sets and indices, parameters, and decision variables.
Sets and indices:
K: set of manufacturing units k
U: set of internal manufacturing units, k
V: set of subcontractors’ manufacturing units, k
I: set of retailers, i
J: set of warehouses, j
P: set of products, p
L: set of transportation modes, L = {trucks, ships, aircraft}, l
T: set of periods included in the planning horizon, t
Parameters:
In the tactical model, the parameter (Dpit) expresses the need of retailer i, in product p, to serve during period t. During period t, the quantities to be delivered are manufactured in production sites k characterized by a limited capacity (Ukt). Production incurs variable and fixed production costs per product per period (Cpkt, Spkt) or subcontracting costs (Gpkt). A monthly cost of under-utilization of internal production capacity (CSUkt) is also considered to penalize the non-utilization of available internal resources. Each product is characterized by a production lead time (Tpp) and a product unit volume (Vp). The quantities manufactured are then transported to warehouses and incur inventory holding costs (KPpjt). The warehouses are characterized by a limited storage capacity (Wj). The delivery lead time is noted by (el). Each means of transport has limited capacity (Capl). Variable and fixed distribution costs from sites to warehouses (CTkjplt, CFkjplt) and from warehouses to retailers (CSjiplt, CFSjiplt) are also addressed.
Decision variables:
Z1kjplt: quantity of product p to deliver, via transportation mode l, from manufacturing unit k to warehouse j over period t,
Z2jiplt: quantity of product p to deliver, via transportation mode l, from warehouse j to retailer i over period t,
Xpkt: produced quantity, of product p, in manufacturing unit k over period t.
SUkt: unused production capacity at internal manufacturing unit k over period t.
Jpjt: inventory level of product p in warehouse j at the end of period t.
Ypkt =1 if product p is produced in manufacturing unit k over period t; 0 otherwise.
N1kjlt: transported quantity from manufacturing unit k to warehouse j over period t by use of transportation mode l.
N2jilt: transported quantity from warehouse j to retailer i over period t by use of transportation mode l.
Model formulation (M1)
The tactical production–distribution planning model is formulated as an ILP that aims at minimizing the overall cost in the considered supply chain network.
Subject to
The objective function aims at minimizing the total cost composed of set-up cost, variable production cost, subcontracting cost, internal capacity underutilization cost, inventory holding cost, transportation costs from manufacturing units to warehouses and transportation cost from warehouses to retailers. Transportation costs are composed of variable and fixed costs. The first, depends on quantity to deliver using transportation mode. While the second is proportional to the number of shipments.
The constraints (1) determine the stock level of product p in warehouse j at the end of period t. Constraints (2) guarantee that over each period, the total stored quantity is limited by the storage capacity. Constraints (3) ensure that the produced quantities do not exceed production capacity. Constraints (4) and (5) establish the relationship between binary and integer variables. Constraints (6) with the objective function identify the underutilized internal production capacity. Constraints (7) guarantee the delivery of all produced quantities to warehouses. Constraints (8) ensure that delivered products from warehouses to retailers meet on time demand. Constraints (9) and (10) guarantee the respect of transportation capacity. Constraints (11) and (12) are integrity constraints.
The set of periods in the operational planning model used at week δ of month Ө is presented at the table below. For example, to construct an operational planning at the beginning of the second week (δ = 2) of month Ө, the periods involved are (Ө,2), (Ө,3), (Ө,4), (Ө + 1,1), (Ө + 1,2), (Ө + 1,3), (Ө + 1,4), (Ө + 2,1), (Ө + 2,2), (Ө + 2,3), and (Ө + 2,4) and they are listed in the third column of table below (TSӨ2).
Set of periods in the operational planning model used at week δ of month Ө.
δ = 1 | δ = 2 | δ = 3 | δ = 4 | |
---|---|---|---|---|
(Ө,1) (Ө,2) (Ө,3) (Ө,4) (Ө + 1,1) (Ө + 1,2) (Ө + 1,3) (Ө + 1,4) | (Ө,2) (Ө,3) (Ө,4) (Ө + 1,1) (Ө + 1,2) (Ө + 1,3) (Ө + 1,4) (Ө + 2,1) (Ө + 2,2) (Ө + 2,3) (Ө + 2,4) | (Ө,3) (Ө,4) (Ө + 1,1) (Ө + 1,2) (Ө + 1,3) (Ө + 1,4) (Ө + 2,1) (Ө + 2,2) (Ө + 2,3) (Ө + 2,4) | (Ө,4) (Ө + 1,1) (Ө + 1,2) (Ө + 1,3) (Ө + 1,4) (Ө + 2,1) (Ө + 2,2) (Ө + 2,3) (Ө + 2,4) |
The same predetermined parameters of the tactical model are maintained for the operational planning model except few adjustments. Since the tactical and operational models consider different periods, w has been added here to the parameters and decision variables to indicate that they are related to a one-week period. The operational planning model determines the weekly quantities to be produced, stored and delivered (t,s) ∈ TSӨδ. It is worth knowing that the production plans obtained from the tactical model, for month t such as (t,s) ∈ TSӨδ, represent inputs to be considered at the operational level and must be weekly detailed.
In addition to the notation introduced in the tactical planning model, we consider the following two parameters and two decision variables related to overtime:
Parameters:
Decision variables
Model formulation (M2)
The main objective is to minimize the overall cost composed of: -weekly production cost, − weekly set-up cost during regular working hours and overtime, − weekly subcontracting cost, − weekly internal production capacity underutilization cost, − weekly holding inventory cost, − weekly variable and fixed transportation costs from manufacturing units to warehouses and from warehouses to retailers.
Constraints (1), (2), and (8)–(12) of the tactical model are also included at the operational level while introducing weekly parameters and decision variables. They ensure the balance of production flows, the respect of storage capacity, the satisfaction of retailer demand, the respect of transportation capacity [(9) and (10)], and guarantee the integrity of the decision variables [(11) and (12)]. Constraints (3)–(7) are changed to incorporate full production capacity and overtime as follows:
Constraints (13) and (14) guarantee the respect of the production capacity in regular working hours and on overtime. Constraints (15), (17) and (18) ensure that the cost of overtime is only taken into account if the same products are not previously produced. Constraints (16) and (19) establish the relationship between binary and integer variables. Constraints (20) with the objective function set the underutilized internal production capacity. Constraints (21) ensure that all production quantities are delivered to the warehouses.
Constraints (22)–(26) are also considered at the operational model:
Constraints (22), (23) and (24) guarantee coherence with the tactical decisions made. Finally, constraints (25) and (26) ensure the integrity of the new decision variables.
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\\n\\nSljedeća terminologija odnosi se na Odredbe i uvjete, te na sve naše ugovore:
\\n\\nKlijent, stranka, vi, vaš odnosi se na vas, osobu koja pristupa ovoj stranici i prihvaća IntechOpenove Odredbe i uvjete;
\\n\\nKompanija, tvrtka, mi, naše odnosi se na tvrtku IntechOpen;
\\n\\nStranke, strane odnosi se na klijenta i na nas, ili samo na klijenta ili nas.
\\n\\nSve odredbe koje se odnose na ponudu, prihvat ili razmatranje plaćanja, a za koja mi pružamo asistenciju klijentu, bilo na ugovoreni ili fiksni način, a s ciljem da se ostvare potrebe i želje klijenta u svezi s našim uslugama, su podložne zakonskim odredbama Ujedinjenog Kraljevstva.
\\n\\nOsim ako nije suprotno navedeno, IntechOpen i/ili svi davatelji licence vlasnici su intelektualnog vlasništva nad svim materijalima na www.intechopen.com. Sva prava intelektualnog vlasništva su pridržana. Stranice sa www.intechopen.com možete gledati, preuzimati, dijeliti, dijeliti poveznice i printati za osobnu uporabu, a temeljem pravila sadržanih u ovim Odredbama i uvjetima.
\\n\\nMi koristimo kolačiće. Korištenjem IntechOpenove stranice slažete se s korištenjem kolačića u skladu s IntechOpenovom Politikom privatnosti. Većina modernih, interaktivnih stranica koristi kolačiće kako bi omogućila ponovno pronalaženje korisničkih detalja kod svakog posjeta. Na našoj stranici kolačići se uglavnom koriste kako bi omogućili funkcionalnost i olakšali posjetiteljima korištenje stranice.
\\n\\nIntechOpen ili njegovi suradnici niti u jednom slučaju neće biti odgovorni za štete (štete uključuju gubitak podataka ili profita, druge poslovne prekide, te sve ostale štete) koje nastanu zbog korištenja materijala na IntechOpenovoj stranici ili nemogućnosti da se iste koriste, čak i ako je IntechOpen ili njegov predstavnik o takvoj šteti obaviješten pismenim ili usmenim putem. Neke jurisdikcije ne dozvoljavaju ograničenja garancija ili ograničenja obveza za posljedične ili slučajne štete pa se u tom slučaju ova ograničenja možda ne odnose na vas.
\\n\\nMaterijali koji se pojavljuju na IntechOpenovoj stranici mogu sadržavati manje greške, tipfelere ili fotografske greške. IntechOpen može napraviti promjene na bilo kojem materijalu koji se nalazi na stranici u bilo koje vrijeme.
\\n\\nIntechOpen nije formalno povezan niti s jednom vanjskom stranicom čije poveznice vode na www.intechopen.com, osim ako to nije izravno navedeno. Iz tog razloga IntechOpen nije odgovoran za sadržaj koji se pojavljuje na takvim stranicama. Poveznica na IntechOpenovu stranicu ne implicira povezanost sa IntechOpenom. Korištenje takvih poveznica isključiva je odgovornost korisnika.
\\n\\nZadržavamo pravo vlasništva nad cjelokupnom stranicom www.intechopen.com i nad svim materijalom na toj stranici. Koristeći se našim uslugama, slažete se da maknete sve poveznice na našu stranicu odmah nakon što to od vas zatražimo. Također, zadržavamo pravo da ove Odredbe i uvjete, i politiku o poveznicama izmjenimo u bilo koje vrijeme. Koristeći se poveznicama na naše stranice slažete se s ovim Odredbama i uvjetima.
\\n\\nAko smatrate da je bilo koja poveznica na našoj stranici sumnjiva iz bilo kojeg razloga, molimo vas da nas kontaktirate. U tom slučaju razmotrit ćemo micanje poveznice s naše stranice, iako nismo obvezni to napraviti.
\\n\\nBez prethodne privole i izričite pisane dozvole, ne možete stvarati okvire oko naših stranica ili koristiti druge tehnike koje na bilo koji način mogu promijeniti prezentaciju ili izgled naše stranice.
\\n\\nIntechOpen može ove Odredbe izmijeniti u bilo koje vrijeme i bez prethodne obavijesti. Koristeći ovu stranicu vi se slažete s trenutnim Odredbama i uvjetima koje su na snazi.
\\n\\nOve Odredbe i uvjeti su sastavljeni u skladu s odredbama prava Ujedinjenog Kraljevstva, a za sve sporove nadležan je sud u Londonu, Ujedinjeno Kraljevstvo.
\\n"}]'},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:"Pristupom na stranicu www.intechopen.com slažete se s ovim odredbama, sa svim primjenjivim zakonskim odredbama, te se slažete s poštovanjem svih lokalnih zakona. Korištenje i/ili pristup ovoj stranici temelji se na potpunom prihvaćanju ovih odredbi. Svi materijali na ovoj stranici zaštićeni su primjenjivim zakonima o autorskim pravima i žigu.
\n\nSljedeća terminologija odnosi se na Odredbe i uvjete, te na sve naše ugovore:
\n\nKlijent, stranka, vi, vaš odnosi se na vas, osobu koja pristupa ovoj stranici i prihvaća IntechOpenove Odredbe i uvjete;
\n\nKompanija, tvrtka, mi, naše odnosi se na tvrtku IntechOpen;
\n\nStranke, strane odnosi se na klijenta i na nas, ili samo na klijenta ili nas.
\n\nSve odredbe koje se odnose na ponudu, prihvat ili razmatranje plaćanja, a za koja mi pružamo asistenciju klijentu, bilo na ugovoreni ili fiksni način, a s ciljem da se ostvare potrebe i želje klijenta u svezi s našim uslugama, su podložne zakonskim odredbama Ujedinjenog Kraljevstva.
\n\nOsim ako nije suprotno navedeno, IntechOpen i/ili svi davatelji licence vlasnici su intelektualnog vlasništva nad svim materijalima na www.intechopen.com. Sva prava intelektualnog vlasništva su pridržana. Stranice sa www.intechopen.com možete gledati, preuzimati, dijeliti, dijeliti poveznice i printati za osobnu uporabu, a temeljem pravila sadržanih u ovim Odredbama i uvjetima.
\n\nMi koristimo kolačiće. Korištenjem IntechOpenove stranice slažete se s korištenjem kolačića u skladu s IntechOpenovom Politikom privatnosti. Većina modernih, interaktivnih stranica koristi kolačiće kako bi omogućila ponovno pronalaženje korisničkih detalja kod svakog posjeta. Na našoj stranici kolačići se uglavnom koriste kako bi omogućili funkcionalnost i olakšali posjetiteljima korištenje stranice.
\n\nIntechOpen ili njegovi suradnici niti u jednom slučaju neće biti odgovorni za štete (štete uključuju gubitak podataka ili profita, druge poslovne prekide, te sve ostale štete) koje nastanu zbog korištenja materijala na IntechOpenovoj stranici ili nemogućnosti da se iste koriste, čak i ako je IntechOpen ili njegov predstavnik o takvoj šteti obaviješten pismenim ili usmenim putem. Neke jurisdikcije ne dozvoljavaju ograničenja garancija ili ograničenja obveza za posljedične ili slučajne štete pa se u tom slučaju ova ograničenja možda ne odnose na vas.
\n\nMaterijali koji se pojavljuju na IntechOpenovoj stranici mogu sadržavati manje greške, tipfelere ili fotografske greške. IntechOpen može napraviti promjene na bilo kojem materijalu koji se nalazi na stranici u bilo koje vrijeme.
\n\nIntechOpen nije formalno povezan niti s jednom vanjskom stranicom čije poveznice vode na www.intechopen.com, osim ako to nije izravno navedeno. Iz tog razloga IntechOpen nije odgovoran za sadržaj koji se pojavljuje na takvim stranicama. Poveznica na IntechOpenovu stranicu ne implicira povezanost sa IntechOpenom. Korištenje takvih poveznica isključiva je odgovornost korisnika.
\n\nZadržavamo pravo vlasništva nad cjelokupnom stranicom www.intechopen.com i nad svim materijalom na toj stranici. Koristeći se našim uslugama, slažete se da maknete sve poveznice na našu stranicu odmah nakon što to od vas zatražimo. Također, zadržavamo pravo da ove Odredbe i uvjete, i politiku o poveznicama izmjenimo u bilo koje vrijeme. Koristeći se poveznicama na naše stranice slažete se s ovim Odredbama i uvjetima.
\n\nAko smatrate da je bilo koja poveznica na našoj stranici sumnjiva iz bilo kojeg razloga, molimo vas da nas kontaktirate. U tom slučaju razmotrit ćemo micanje poveznice s naše stranice, iako nismo obvezni to napraviti.
\n\nBez prethodne privole i izričite pisane dozvole, ne možete stvarati okvire oko naših stranica ili koristiti druge tehnike koje na bilo koji način mogu promijeniti prezentaciju ili izgled naše stranice.
\n\nIntechOpen može ove Odredbe izmijeniti u bilo koje vrijeme i bez prethodne obavijesti. Koristeći ovu stranicu vi se slažete s trenutnim Odredbama i uvjetima koje su na snazi.
\n\nOve Odredbe i uvjeti su sastavljeni u skladu s odredbama prava Ujedinjenog Kraljevstva, a za sve sporove nadležan je sud u Londonu, Ujedinjeno Kraljevstvo.
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His studies in robotics lead him not only to a PhD degree but also inspired him to co-found and build the International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems - world's first Open Access journal in the field of robotics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"TU Wien",country:{name:"Austria"}}},{id:"441",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Jaekyu",middleName:null,surname:"Park",slug:"jaekyu-park",fullName:"Jaekyu Park",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/441/images/1881_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"LG Corporation (South Korea)",country:{name:"Korea, South"}}},{id:"465",title:"Dr.",name:"Christian",middleName:null,surname:"Martens",slug:"christian-martens",fullName:"Christian Martens",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Rheinmetall (Germany)",country:{name:"Germany"}}},{id:"479",title:"Dr.",name:"Valentina",middleName:null,surname:"Colla",slug:"valentina-colla",fullName:"Valentina Colla",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/479/images/358_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sant'Anna School of Advanced Studies",country:{name:"Italy"}}},{id:"494",title:"PhD",name:"Loris",middleName:null,surname:"Nanni",slug:"loris-nanni",fullName:"Loris Nanni",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/494/images/system/494.jpg",biography:"Loris Nanni received his Master Degree cum laude on June-2002 from the University of Bologna, and the April 26th 2006 he received his Ph.D. in Computer Engineering at DEIS, University of Bologna. On September, 29th 2006 he has won a post PhD fellowship from the university of Bologna (from October 2006 to October 2008), at the competitive examination he was ranked first in the industrial engineering area. He extensively served as referee for several international journals. He is author/coauthor of more than 100 research papers. He has been involved in some projects supported by MURST and European Community. His research interests include pattern recognition, bioinformatics, and biometric systems (fingerprint classification and recognition, signature verification, face recognition).",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"496",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos",middleName:null,surname:"Leon",slug:"carlos-leon",fullName:"Carlos Leon",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Seville",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"512",title:"Dr.",name:"Dayang",middleName:null,surname:"Jawawi",slug:"dayang-jawawi",fullName:"Dayang Jawawi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Technology Malaysia",country:{name:"Malaysia"}}},{id:"528",title:"Dr.",name:"Kresimir",middleName:null,surname:"Delac",slug:"kresimir-delac",fullName:"Kresimir Delac",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/528/images/system/528.jpg",biography:"K. Delac received his B.Sc.E.E. degree in 2003 and is currentlypursuing a Ph.D. degree at the University of Zagreb, Faculty of Electrical Engineering andComputing. His current research interests are digital image analysis, pattern recognition andbiometrics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Zagreb",country:{name:"Croatia"}}},{id:"557",title:"Dr.",name:"Andon",middleName:"Venelinov",surname:"Topalov",slug:"andon-topalov",fullName:"Andon Topalov",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/557/images/1927_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Andon V. Topalov received the MSc degree in Control Engineering from the Faculty of Information Systems, Technologies, and Automation at Moscow State University of Civil Engineering (MGGU) in 1979. He then received his PhD degree in Control Engineering from the Department of Automation and Remote Control at Moscow State Mining University (MGSU), Moscow, in 1984. From 1985 to 1986, he was a Research Fellow in the Research Institute for Electronic Equipment, ZZU AD, Plovdiv, Bulgaria. In 1986, he joined the Department of Control Systems, Technical University of Sofia at the Plovdiv campus, where he is presently a Full Professor. He has held long-term visiting Professor/Scholar positions at various institutions in South Korea, Turkey, Mexico, Greece, Belgium, UK, and Germany. And he has coauthored one book and authored or coauthored more than 80 research papers in conference proceedings and journals. His current research interests are in the fields of intelligent control and robotics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Technical University of Sofia",country:{name:"Bulgaria"}}},{id:"585",title:"Prof.",name:"Munir",middleName:null,surname:"Merdan",slug:"munir-merdan",fullName:"Munir Merdan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/585/images/system/585.jpg",biography:"Munir Merdan received the M.Sc. degree in mechanical engineering from the Technical University of Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina, in 2001, and the Ph.D. degree in electrical engineering from the Vienna University of Technology, Vienna, Austria, in 2009.Since 2005, he has been at the Automation and Control Institute, Vienna University of Technology, where he is currently a Senior Researcher. 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After finishing his P. hD degree in 1992, he served in the Industry as a Scientific Officer and continued his academic career as a visiting scholar for a number of educational institutions. In 1996 he joined National University of Science & Technology Pakistan (NUST) as an Associate Professor; NUST is one of the top few universities in Pakistan. In 1999 he joined an International Company Lineo Inc, Canada as Manager Compiler Group, where he headed the group for developing Compiler Tool Chain and Porting of Operating Systems for the BLACKfin processor. The processor development was a joint venture by Intel and Analog Devices. In 2002 Lineo Inc., was taken over by another company, so he joined Aalborg University Denmark as an Assistant Professor.\nProfessor Akbar has truly a multi-disciplined career and he continued his legacy and making progress in many areas of his interests both in teaching and research. 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Presently, SEMDP is focused on drought and heavy precipitation monitoring over Southeast Asia and the Pacific. Space-based data and derived products form critical part of meteorological services’ operations for weather monitoring; however, satellite products are still not fully utilized for climate applications. Using SEMDP satellite-derived precipitation products, it would be possible to monitor extreme precipitation events with uniform spatial coverage and over various time periods – pentad, weekly, 10 days, monthly and longer time-scales. In this chapter, SEMDP satellite-derived precipitation products over the Asia-Pacific region produced by the Earth Observation Research Center/Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (EORC/JAXA) and the Climate Prediction Center/National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (CPC/NOAA) are introduced. Case studies for monitoring (i) drought in Australia in July-October 2007 and September 2018 and (ii) heavy precipitation over Australia in December 2010 and Thailand and the Peninsular Malaysia in November-December 2014 which caused widespread flooding are also presented. Satellite observations are compared with in situ data to demonstrate value of satellite-derived estimates of precipitation for drought and heavy rainfall monitoring.",book:{id:"7767",slug:"rainfall-extremes-distribution-and-properties",title:"Rainfall",fullTitle:"Rainfall - Extremes, Distribution and Properties"},signatures:"Yuriy Kuleshov, Toshiyuki Kurino, Takuji Kubota, Tomoko Tashima and Pingping Xie",authors:[{id:"102903",title:"Prof.",name:"Yuriy",middleName:null,surname:"Kuleshov",slug:"yuriy-kuleshov",fullName:"Yuriy Kuleshov"}]},{id:"51411",doi:"10.5772/63960",title:"Coastal Tsunami Warning with Deployed HF Radar Systems",slug:"coastal-tsunami-warning-with-deployed-hf-radar-systems",totalDownloads:1736,totalCrossrefCites:6,totalDimensionsCites:10,abstract:"We describe the evolution of coastal HF radar observations of tsunamis, first proposed in 1979 and developed after the 2004 Indonesia and 2011 Japan tsunamis to allow routine monitoring to detect an approaching tsunami. Oceanographic tsunami theory is summarized, both for the fundamental equations of motion and in the ray optics and Green's Law approximations; the latter can be applied when water depths are slowly varying. Observations of the current velocities caused by the 2011 Japan tsunami off the Japanese, the US West, and Chilean coasts are described and examples are shown. These observations led to the development of an empirical tsunami detection method, which is outlined. Examples of offline tsunami detections are given and detection times are compared with arrival times at neighboring tide gauges. We describe the observation and offline detection of the June 2013 meteotsunami off the New Jersey coast using coastal radar systems and tide gauges. Methods to model and simulate tsunami velocities are described and videos of the resulting velocity/height maps are given. We describe preliminary methods for evaluating the suitability of radar sites for tsunami detection using simulated tsunami velocities. Factors affecting tsunami detectability are discussed and methods are described for the alleviation of false alarms.",book:{id:"5316",slug:"tsunami",title:"Tsunami",fullTitle:"Tsunami"},signatures:"Belinda Lipa, Donald Barrick and James Isaacson",authors:[{id:"184807",title:"Dr.",name:"Belinda",middleName:null,surname:"LIpa",slug:"belinda-lipa",fullName:"Belinda LIpa"}]},{id:"51183",doi:"10.5772/63956",title:"Tsunamis in Sweden: Occurrence and Characteristics",slug:"tsunamis-in-sweden-occurrence-and-characteristics",totalDownloads:1725,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:8,abstract:"In the last 13,000 years, there are 17 tsunami events recorded in Sweden. This chapter highlights the characteristics of two high-magnitude events from the deglacial period and three events from Late Holocene age.",book:{id:"5316",slug:"tsunami",title:"Tsunami",fullTitle:"Tsunami"},signatures:"Nils-Axel Mörner",authors:[{id:"15619",title:"Dr.",name:"Nils-Axel",middleName:null,surname:"Morner",slug:"nils-axel-morner",fullName:"Nils-Axel Morner"}]},{id:"64194",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.80037",title:"Geo-Statistical Assessment of the Intensity, Duration, Frequency and Trend of Drought over Gangetic West Bengal, Eastern India",slug:"geo-statistical-assessment-of-the-intensity-duration-frequency-and-trend-of-drought-over-gangetic-we",totalDownloads:1568,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:5,abstract:"This chapter presents spatio-temporal (1901–2002) appraisal of the intensity, duration, frequency and trend of drought over Gangetic West Bengal (GWB), Eastern India using standardized precipitation index (SPI). The study reveals that, after 1950s the magnitude of deficit precipitation has increased substantially. Stepping up of the mean intensity of most intense drought events; average drought duration; severe and extreme drought frequency in this agricultural tract at the latter half of the twentieth century are also some alarming events. The western degraded plateau is more sensitive to extreme droughts but, the impact is expected to be rigorous over the adjacent areas. In an nutshell this work provides the evidences demonstrating the intensification of aridity in the northern Rarh plain and moribund delta which may corresponds to degradation and lowering of water resources especially ground water which may also lead to increase of socio-economic vulnerability to drought. Such altered hydrolo-meteorological system hence calls for review of the agricultural practices and water use in this counterpart.",book:{id:"7484",slug:"topics-in-hydrometerology",title:"Topics in Hydrometerology",fullTitle:"Topics in Hydrometerology"},signatures:"Krishna Gopal Ghosh",authors:[{id:"257980",title:"Dr.",name:"Krishna Gopal",middleName:null,surname:"Ghosh",slug:"krishna-gopal-ghosh",fullName:"Krishna Gopal Ghosh"}]},{id:"67666",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.86774",title:"Statistical Analysis of Rainfall Patterns in Jeddah City, KSA: Future Impacts",slug:"statistical-analysis-of-rainfall-patterns-in-jeddah-city-ksa-future-impacts",totalDownloads:1200,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:5,abstract:"Recently, the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) has been facing significant changes in rainstorm patterns (rainstorm intensities, frequencies, distributions) causing many flash flood events. The city of Jeddah is located in a coastal plain area, in the middle of the western side of the KSA, which represents a clear case of changing rainstorm patterns. Jeddah has been hit by many rainstorm events, which increased dramatically since 2009 (e.g., one in 2009, one in 2011, one in 2015, and another one happened in 2017). However, in 2018 about six rainstorms occurred. Two major flash flood events occurred in the city in November 2009 and in January 2011. There were significant impacts of these two events causing severe flooding. During these events, 113 persons were announced dead (in the 2009 event), and infrastructures and properties were damaged (roads and highways, more than 10,000 homes and 17,000 vehicles). In addition to that, dam failure occurred in the 2011 event. This situation gives clear evidence in changing the climate system that could cause more storms in the future across the KSA. Generally, Jeddah city has a lack of short-duration data in rainfall stations. In addition to that, there are a limited number of studies that have been done in determining rainstorm patterns. Consequently, the approach of the current study will focus on understanding and determining rainstorm patterns in the period between 2011 and 2017 depending on some digital rainfall stations that have been installed recently in Jeddah city. Rainstorm pattern and the method of distribution are the most crucial factors affecting peak flow and volume calculations. Our findings showed that there are two pattern types for the rainstorms in Jeddah city. Finally, a comparison with SCS-type II distribution was carried out.",book:{id:"7767",slug:"rainfall-extremes-distribution-and-properties",title:"Rainfall",fullTitle:"Rainfall - Extremes, Distribution and Properties"},signatures:"Mazen M. Abu Abdullah, Ahmed M. Youssef, Fawzy Nashar and Emad Abu AlFadail",authors:[{id:"188462",title:"Dr.",name:"Ahmed",middleName:null,surname:"Youssef",slug:"ahmed-youssef",fullName:"Ahmed Youssef"},{id:"289794",title:"Mr.",name:"Mazen",middleName:"Mustafa",surname:"Abu Abdulla",slug:"mazen-abu-abdulla",fullName:"Mazen Abu Abdulla"},{id:"296737",title:"Mr.",name:"Fawzy",middleName:null,surname:"Nashar",slug:"fawzy-nashar",fullName:"Fawzy Nashar"},{id:"296738",title:"Mr.",name:"Emad",middleName:null,surname:"Abu AlFadail",slug:"emad-abu-alfadail",fullName:"Emad Abu AlFadail"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"75865",title:"The Role of Statistical Methods and Tools for Weather Forecasting and Modeling",slug:"the-role-of-statistical-methods-and-tools-for-weather-forecasting-and-modeling",totalDownloads:404,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,abstract:"The need to understand the role of statistical methods for the forecasting of climatological parameters cannot be trivialized. This study gives an in depth review on the different variations of the Mann-Kendall (M-K) trend test and how they can be applied, regression techniques (Simple and Multiple), the Angstrom-Prescott model for solar radiation, etc. The study then goes ahead to apply some of them with data obtained from the Nigerian Meteorological Agency (NiMet), and applying tools like the python programming language and Wolfram Mathematica. Results show that the maximum ambient temperature for Calabar is increasing (Z = 2.52) significantly after the calculated p-value <0.05 (significant level). The seasonal M-K test was also applied for the dry and wet seasons and both were found to be increasing (Z = 3.23 and Z = 4.04 respectively) after their calculated p-values <0.05. The relationship between refractivity and other meteorological parameters relating to it was discerned using partial differential equations giving the gradient of each with refractivity; this was compared with results from the correlation matrix to show that the water vapor contents of the atmosphere contributes significantly to the variation of refractivity. Multiple linear regression has also been adopted to give an accurate model for the prediction of refractivity in the region after the residual error between the calculated refractivity and predicted refractivity was minimal.",book:{id:"8485",slug:"weather-forecasting",title:"Weather Forecasting",fullTitle:"Weather Forecasting"},signatures:"Emmanuel P. Agbo",authors:[{id:"337554",title:"Mr.",name:"Emmanuel P.",middleName:"Paul",surname:"Agbo",slug:"emmanuel-p.-agbo",fullName:"Emmanuel P. Agbo"}]},{id:"70625",title:"Response of the Coastal Ocean to Tropical Cyclones",slug:"response-of-the-coastal-ocean-to-tropical-cyclones",totalDownloads:719,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"The Northwest Pacific and the South China Sea region are the birthplaces of most monsoon disturbances and tropical cyclones and are an important channel for the generation and transmission of water vapor. The Northwest Pacific plays a major role in regulating interdecadal and long-term changes in climate. China experiences the largest number of typhoon landfalls and the most destructive power affected by typhoons in the world. The hidden dangers of typhoon disasters are accelerating with the acceleration of urbanization, the rapid development of economic construction and global warming. The coastal cities are the most dynamic and affluent areas of China’s economic development. They are the strong magnetic field that attracts international capital in China, and are also the most densely populated areas and important port groups in China. Although these regions are highly developed, they are vulnerable to disasters. When typhoons hit, the economic losses and casualties caused by gale, heavy rain and storm surges were particularly serious. This chapter reviews the response of coastal ocean to tropical cyclones, included sea surface temperature, sea surface salinity, storm surge simulation and extreme rainfall under the influence of tropical cyclones.",book:{id:"8974",slug:"current-topics-in-tropical-cyclone-research",title:"Current Topics in Tropical Cyclone Research",fullTitle:"Current Topics in Tropical Cyclone Research"},signatures:"Zhiyuan Wu and Mack Conde",authors:null},{id:"51562",title:"About the Concept of the Environment Recycling—Energy (ERE) in the Romanian Steel Industry",slug:"about-the-concept-of-the-environment-recycling-energy-ere-in-the-romanian-steel-industry",totalDownloads:1815,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"This paper takes as its starting point an analysis of the ecological functioning of the electric arc furnace (EAF). Thus, we present a classification of emissions generated by EAF, including limits of variation in chemical composition of “dust” issued by EAF in various countries and limit values for permissible concentrations of these emissions.The paper presents and analyzes various abstraction and treatment-related emissions for hipo-polluting operation of EAF. In this chapter, the correlations between macro system represented by metallurgical environment and interacting systems: System-Energy-Recycling Environment (ERE), Ecological system (ECO), and Recycling, Reclamation System (REC-REV) are presented. These correlations are presented in the spirit of sustainable development concepts (DC) and total quality (TQ).",book:{id:"5219",slug:"greenhouse-gases-selected-case-studies",title:"Greenhouse Gases",fullTitle:"Greenhouse Gases - Selected Case Studies"},signatures:"Adrian Ioana and Augustin Semenescu",authors:[{id:"177153",title:"Dr.",name:"Adrian",middleName:null,surname:"Ioana",slug:"adrian-ioana",fullName:"Adrian Ioana"},{id:"193573",title:"Prof.",name:"Augustin",middleName:null,surname:"Semenescu",slug:"augustin-semenescu",fullName:"Augustin Semenescu"}]},{id:"51481",title:"Effect of Dopants on the Properties of Zirconia‐Supported Iron Catalysts for Ethylbenzene Dehydrogenation with Carbon Dioxide",slug:"effect-of-dopants-on-the-properties-of-zirconia-supported-iron-catalysts-for-ethylbenzene-dehydrogen",totalDownloads:1528,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"Due to the harmful effects of carbon dioxide to the environment, a lot of work has been carried out aiming to find new applications, which can decrease the emissions or to capture and use it. An attractive application for carbon dioxide is the synthesis of chemicals, especially for producing styrene by ethylbenzene dehydrogenation, in which it increases the catalyst activity and selectivity. In order to find efficient catalysts for the reaction, the effect of cerium, chromium, aluminum, and lanthanum on the properties of zirconia‐supported iron oxides was studied in this work. The modified supports were prepared by precipitation and impregnated with iron nitrate. The obtained catalysts were characterized by thermogravimetry, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X‐ray diffraction, specific surface area measurement, and temperature‐programmed reduction. The catalysts showed different textural and catalytic properties, which were associated to the different phases in the solids, such as monoclinic or tetragonal zirconia, hematite, maghemite, cubic ceria, monoclinic or hexagonal lantana, and rhombohedral chromia, the active phases in ethylbenzene dehydrogenation. The most promising dopant was cerium, which produces the most active catalyst at the lowest temperature, probably due to its ability of providing lattice oxygen, which activates carbon dioxide and increases the reaction rate.",book:{id:"5219",slug:"greenhouse-gases-selected-case-studies",title:"Greenhouse Gases",fullTitle:"Greenhouse Gases - Selected Case Studies"},signatures:"Maria do Carmo Rangel, Sirlene B. Lima, Sarah Maria Santana\nBorges and Ivoneide Santana Sobral",authors:[{id:"94651",title:"Dr.",name:"Maria",middleName:null,surname:"Do Carmo Rangel",slug:"maria-do-carmo-rangel",fullName:"Maria Do Carmo Rangel"}]},{id:"66825",title:"WMO Space-Based Weather and Climate Extremes Monitoring Demonstration Project (SEMDP): First Outcomes of Regional Cooperation on Drought and Heavy Precipitation Monitoring for Australia and Southeast Asia",slug:"wmo-space-based-weather-and-climate-extremes-monitoring-demonstration-project-semdp-first-outcomes-o",totalDownloads:988,totalCrossrefCites:8,totalDimensionsCites:13,abstract:"To improve monitoring of extreme weather and climate events from space, the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) initiated the space-based weather and climate extremes monitoring demonstration project (SEMDP). Presently, SEMDP is focused on drought and heavy precipitation monitoring over Southeast Asia and the Pacific. Space-based data and derived products form critical part of meteorological services’ operations for weather monitoring; however, satellite products are still not fully utilized for climate applications. Using SEMDP satellite-derived precipitation products, it would be possible to monitor extreme precipitation events with uniform spatial coverage and over various time periods – pentad, weekly, 10 days, monthly and longer time-scales. In this chapter, SEMDP satellite-derived precipitation products over the Asia-Pacific region produced by the Earth Observation Research Center/Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (EORC/JAXA) and the Climate Prediction Center/National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (CPC/NOAA) are introduced. Case studies for monitoring (i) drought in Australia in July-October 2007 and September 2018 and (ii) heavy precipitation over Australia in December 2010 and Thailand and the Peninsular Malaysia in November-December 2014 which caused widespread flooding are also presented. Satellite observations are compared with in situ data to demonstrate value of satellite-derived estimates of precipitation for drought and heavy rainfall monitoring.",book:{id:"7767",slug:"rainfall-extremes-distribution-and-properties",title:"Rainfall",fullTitle:"Rainfall - Extremes, Distribution and Properties"},signatures:"Yuriy Kuleshov, Toshiyuki Kurino, Takuji Kubota, Tomoko Tashima and Pingping Xie",authors:[{id:"102903",title:"Prof.",name:"Yuriy",middleName:null,surname:"Kuleshov",slug:"yuriy-kuleshov",fullName:"Yuriy Kuleshov"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"838",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:0},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:8,limit:8,total:0},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:91,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:108,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:33,numberOfPublishedChapters:332,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:14,numberOfPublishedChapters:145,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:143,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:124,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:112,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:23,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:12,numberOfOpenTopics:1,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:5,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-6580",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. The whole process of submitting an article and editing of the submitted article goes extremely smooth and fast, the number of reads and downloads of chapters is high, and the contributions are also frequently cited.",author:{id:"55578",name:"Antonio",surname:"Jurado-Navas",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRisIQAS/Profile_Picture_1626166543950",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",institution:{id:"720",name:"University of Malaga",country:{id:null,name:"Spain"}}}},{id:"6",text:"It is great to work with the IntechOpen to produce a worthwhile collection of research that also becomes a great educational resource and guide for future research endeavors.",author:{id:"259298",name:"Edward",surname:"Narayan",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",slug:"edward-narayan",institution:{id:"3",name:"University of Queensland",country:{id:null,name:"Australia"}}}}]},series:{item:{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",issn:"2633-1403",scope:"Artificial Intelligence (AI) is a rapidly developing multidisciplinary research area that aims to solve increasingly complex problems. In today's highly integrated world, AI promises to become a robust and powerful means for obtaining solutions to previously unsolvable problems. This Series is intended for researchers and students alike interested in this fascinating field and its many applications.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/14.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"August 17th, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfPublishedBooks:11,editor:{id:"218714",title:"Prof.",name:"Andries",middleName:null,surname:"Engelbrecht",slug:"andries-engelbrecht",fullName:"Andries Engelbrecht",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRNR8QAO/Profile_Picture_1622640468300",biography:"Andries Engelbrecht received the Masters and PhD degrees in Computer Science from the University of Stellenbosch, South Africa, in 1994 and 1999 respectively. He is currently appointed as the Voigt Chair in Data Science in the Department of Industrial Engineering, with a joint appointment as Professor in the Computer Science Division, Stellenbosch University. Prior to his appointment at Stellenbosch University, he has been at the University of Pretoria, Department of Computer Science (1998-2018), where he was appointed as South Africa Research Chair in Artifical Intelligence (2007-2018), the head of the Department of Computer Science (2008-2017), and Director of the Institute for Big Data and Data Science (2017-2018). In addition to a number of research articles, he has written two books, Computational Intelligence: An Introduction and Fundamentals of Computational Swarm Intelligence.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Stellenbosch University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"South Africa"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},subseries:{paginationCount:6,paginationItems:[{id:"22",title:"Applied Intelligence",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/22.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"27170",title:"Prof.",name:"Carlos",middleName:"M.",surname:"Travieso-Gonzalez",slug:"carlos-travieso-gonzalez",fullName:"Carlos Travieso-Gonzalez",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/27170/images/system/27170.jpeg",biography:"Carlos M. Travieso-González received his MSc degree in Telecommunication Engineering at Polytechnic University of Catalonia (UPC), Spain in 1997, and his Ph.D. degree in 2002 at the University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria (ULPGC-Spain). He is a full professor of signal processing and pattern recognition and is head of the Signals and Communications Department at ULPGC, teaching from 2001 on subjects on signal processing and learning theory. His research lines are biometrics, biomedical signals and images, data mining, classification system, signal and image processing, machine learning, and environmental intelligence. He has researched in 52 international and Spanish research projects, some of them as head researcher. He is co-author of 4 books, co-editor of 27 proceedings books, guest editor for 8 JCR-ISI international journals, and up to 24 book chapters. He has over 450 papers published in international journals and conferences (81 of them indexed on JCR – ISI - Web of Science). He has published seven patents in the Spanish Patent and Trademark Office. He has been a supervisor on 8 Ph.D. theses (11 more are under supervision), and 130 master theses. He is the founder of The IEEE IWOBI conference series and the president of its Steering Committee, as well as the founder of both the InnoEducaTIC and APPIS conference series. He is an evaluator of project proposals for the European Union (H2020), Medical Research Council (MRC, UK), Spanish Government (ANECA, Spain), Research National Agency (ANR, France), DAAD (Germany), Argentinian Government, and the Colombian Institutions. He has been a reviewer in different indexed international journals (<70) and conferences (<250) since 2001. He has been a member of the IASTED Technical Committee on Image Processing from 2007 and a member of the IASTED Technical Committee on Artificial Intelligence and Expert Systems from 2011. \n\nHe has held the general chair position for the following: ACM-APPIS (2020, 2021), IEEE-IWOBI (2019, 2020 and 2020), A PPIS (2018, 2019), IEEE-IWOBI (2014, 2015, 2017, 2018), InnoEducaTIC (2014, 2017), IEEE-INES (2013), NoLISP (2011), JRBP (2012), and IEEE-ICCST (2005)\n\nHe is an associate editor of the Computational Intelligence and Neuroscience Journal (Hindawi – Q2 JCR-ISI). He was vice dean from 2004 to 2010 in the Higher Technical School of Telecommunication Engineers at ULPGC and the vice dean of Graduate and Postgraduate Studies from March 2013 to November 2017. He won the “Catedra Telefonica” Awards in Modality of Knowledge Transfer, 2017, 2018, and 2019 editions, and awards in Modality of COVID Research in 2020.\n\nPublic References:\nResearcher ID http://www.researcherid.com/rid/N-5967-2014\nORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4621-2768 \nScopus Author ID https://www.scopus.com/authid/detail.uri?authorId=6602376272\nScholar Google https://scholar.google.es/citations?user=G1ks9nIAAAAJ&hl=en \nResearchGate https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Carlos_Travieso",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"23",title:"Computational Neuroscience",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/23.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"14004",title:"Dr.",name:"Magnus",middleName:null,surname:"Johnsson",slug:"magnus-johnsson",fullName:"Magnus Johnsson",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/14004/images/system/14004.png",biography:"Dr Magnus Johnsson is a cross-disciplinary scientist, lecturer, scientific editor and AI/machine learning consultant from Sweden. \n\nHe is currently at Malmö University in Sweden, but also held positions at Lund University in Sweden and at Moscow Engineering Physics Institute. \nHe holds editorial positions at several international scientific journals and has served as a scientific editor for books and special journal issues. \nHis research interests are wide and include, but are not limited to, autonomous systems, computer modeling, artificial neural networks, artificial intelligence, cognitive neuroscience, cognitive robotics, cognitive architectures, cognitive aids and the philosophy of mind. \n\nDr. Johnsson has experience from working in the industry and he has a keen interest in the application of neural networks and artificial intelligence to fields like industry, finance, and medicine. \n\nWeb page: www.magnusjohnsson.se",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Malmö University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Sweden"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"24",title:"Computer Vision",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/24.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"294154",title:"Prof.",name:"George",middleName:null,surname:"Papakostas",slug:"george-papakostas",fullName:"George Papakostas",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002hYaGbQAK/Profile_Picture_1624519712088",biography:"George A. 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He has (co)authored more than 150 publications in indexed journals, international conferences and book chapters, 1 book (in Greek), 3 edited books, and 5 journal special issues. His publications have more than 2100 citations with h-index 27 (GoogleScholar). His research interests include computer/machine vision, machine learning, pattern recognition, computational intelligence. \nDr. Papakostas served as a reviewer in numerous journals, as a program\ncommittee member in international conferences and he is a member of the IAENG, MIR Labs, EUCogIII, INSTICC and the Technical Chamber of Greece (TEE).",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"International Hellenic University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Greece"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"25",title:"Evolutionary Computation",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/25.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"136112",title:"Dr.",name:"Sebastian",middleName:null,surname:"Ventura Soto",slug:"sebastian-ventura-soto",fullName:"Sebastian Ventura Soto",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/136112/images/system/136112.png",biography:"Sebastian Ventura is a Spanish researcher, a full professor with the Department of Computer Science and Numerical Analysis, University of Córdoba. 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In the last five years, he has published more than 60 papers in international journals indexed in the JCR (around 70% of them belonging to first quartile journals) and he has edited some Springer books “Supervised Descriptive Pattern Mining” (2018), “Multiple Instance Learning - Foundations and Algorithms” (2016), and “Pattern Mining with Evolutionary Algorithms” (2016). He has also been involved in more than 20 research projects supported by the Spanish and Andalusian governments and the European Union. He currently belongs to the editorial board of PeerJ Computer Science, Information Fusion and Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence journals, being also associate editor of Applied Computational Intelligence and Soft Computing and IEEE Transactions on Cybernetics. Finally, he is editor-in-chief of Progress in Artificial Intelligence. 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He is currently a principal researcher in data analytics and optimisation at TECNALIA (Spain), a visiting fellow at the Basque Center for Applied Mathematics (BCAM) and a part-time lecturer at the University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU). His research interests gravitate on the use of descriptive, prescriptive and predictive algorithms for data mining and optimization in a diverse range of application fields such as Energy, Transport, Telecommunications, Health and Industry, among others. In these fields he has published more than 240 articles, co-supervised 8 Ph.D. theses, edited 6 books, coauthored 7 patents and participated/led more than 40 research projects. 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Radiotherapy and Nuclear Medicine Technology has always been my aspiration and my life. As years passed I accumulated a tremendous amount of skills and knowledge in Radiotherapy and Nuclear Medicine, Conventional Radiology, Radiation Protection, Bioinformatics Technology, PACS, Image processing, clinically and lecturing that will enable me to provide a valuable service to the community as a Researcher and Consultant in this field. My method of translating this into day to day in clinical practice is non-exhaustible and my habit of exchanging knowledge and expertise with others in those fields is the code and secret of success.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Majmaah University",country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}},{id:"313277",title:"Dr.",name:"Bartłomiej",middleName:null,surname:"Płaczek",slug:"bartlomiej-placzek",fullName:"Bartłomiej Płaczek",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/313277/images/system/313277.jpg",biography:"Bartłomiej Płaczek, MSc (2002), Ph.D. (2005), Habilitation (2016), is a professor at the University of Silesia, Institute of Computer Science, Poland, and an expert from the National Centre for Research and Development. His research interests include sensor networks, smart sensors, intelligent systems, and image processing with applications in healthcare and medicine. He is the author or co-author of more than seventy papers in peer-reviewed journals and conferences as well as the co-author of several books. He serves as a reviewer for many scientific journals, international conferences, and research foundations. Since 2010, Dr. Placzek has been a reviewer of grants and projects (including EU projects) in the field of information technologies.",institutionString:"University of Silesia",institution:{name:"University of Silesia",country:{name:"Poland"}}},{id:"35000",title:"Prof.",name:"Ulrich H.P",middleName:"H.P.",surname:"Fischer",slug:"ulrich-h.p-fischer",fullName:"Ulrich H.P Fischer",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/35000/images/3052_n.jpg",biography:"Academic and Professional Background\nUlrich H. P. has Diploma and PhD degrees in Physics from the Free University Berlin, Germany. He has been working on research positions in the Heinrich-Hertz-Institute in Germany. Several international research projects has been performed with European partners from France, Netherlands, Norway and the UK. He is currently Professor of Communications Systems at the Harz University of Applied Sciences, Germany.\n\nPublications and Publishing\nHe has edited one book, a special interest book about ‘Optoelectronic Packaging’ (VDE, Berlin, Germany), and has published over 100 papers and is owner of several international patents for WDM over POF key elements.\n\nKey Research and Consulting Interests\nUlrich’s research activity has always been related to Spectroscopy and Optical Communications Technology. Specific current interests include the validation of complex instruments, and the application of VR technology to the development and testing of measurement systems. He has been reviewer for several publications of the Optical Society of America\\'s including Photonics Technology Letters and Applied Optics.\n\nPersonal Interests\nThese include motor cycling in a very relaxed manner and performing martial arts.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Charité",country:{name:"Germany"}}},{id:"341622",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Eduardo",middleName:null,surname:"Rojas Alvarez",slug:"eduardo-rojas-alvarez",fullName:"Eduardo Rojas Alvarez",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/341622/images/15892_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Cuenca",country:{name:"Ecuador"}}},{id:"215610",title:"Prof.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Sarfraz",slug:"muhammad-sarfraz",fullName:"Muhammad Sarfraz",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/215610/images/system/215610.jpeg",biography:"Muhammad Sarfraz is a professor in the Department of Information Science, Kuwait University. His research interests include computer graphics, computer vision, image processing, machine learning, pattern recognition, soft computing, data science, intelligent systems, information technology, and information systems. Prof. Sarfraz has been a keynote/invited speaker on various platforms around the globe. He has advised various students for their MSc and Ph.D. theses. He has published more than 400 publications as books, journal articles, and conference papers. He is a member of various professional societies and a chair and member of the International Advisory Committees and Organizing Committees of various international conferences. Prof. Sarfraz is also an editor-in-chief and editor of various international journals.",institutionString:"Kuwait University",institution:{name:"Kuwait University",country:{name:"Kuwait"}}},{id:"32650",title:"Prof.",name:"Lukas",middleName:"Willem",surname:"Snyman",slug:"lukas-snyman",fullName:"Lukas Snyman",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/32650/images/4136_n.jpg",biography:"Lukas Willem Snyman received his basic education at primary and high schools in South Africa, Eastern Cape. He enrolled at today's Nelson Metropolitan University and graduated from this university with a BSc in Physics and Mathematics, B.Sc Honors in Physics, MSc in Semiconductor Physics, and a Ph.D. in Semiconductor Physics in 1987. After his studies, he chose an academic career and devoted his energy to the teaching of physics to first, second, and third-year students. After positions as a lecturer at the University of Port Elizabeth, he accepted a position as Associate Professor at the University of Pretoria, South Africa.\r\n\r\nIn 1992, he motivates the concept of 'television and computer-based education” as means to reach large student numbers with only the best of teaching expertise and publishes an article on the concept in the SA Journal of Higher Education of 1993 (and later in 2003). The University of Pretoria subsequently approved a series of test projects on the concept with outreach to Mamelodi and Eerste Rust in 1993. In 1994, the University established a 'Unit for Telematic Education ' as a support section for multiple faculties at the University of Pretoria. In subsequent years, the concept of 'telematic education” subsequently becomes well established in academic circles in South Africa, grew in popularity, and is adopted by many universities and colleges throughout South Africa as a medium of enhancing education and training, as a method to reaching out to far out communities, and as a means to enhance study from the home environment.\r\n\r\nProfessor Snyman in subsequent years pursued research in semiconductor physics, semiconductor devices, microelectronics, and optoelectronics.\r\n\r\nIn 2000 he joined the TUT as a full professor. Here served for a period as head of the Department of Electronic Engineering. Here he makes contributions to solar energy development, microwave and optoelectronic device development, silicon photonics, as well as contributions to new mobile telecommunication systems and network planning in SA.\r\n\r\nCurrently, he teaches electronics and telecommunications at the TUT to audiences ranging from first-year students to Ph.D. level.\r\n\r\nFor his research in the field of 'Silicon Photonics” since 1990, he has published (as author and co-author) about thirty internationally reviewed articles in scientific journals, contributed to more than forty international conferences, about 25 South African provisional patents (as inventor and co-inventor), 8 PCT international patent applications until now. Of these, two USA patents applications, two European Patents, two Korean patents, and ten SA patents have been granted. A further 4 USA patents, 5 European patents, 3 Korean patents, 3 Chinese patents, and 3 Japanese patents are currently under consideration.\r\n\r\nRecently he has also published an extensive scholarly chapter in an internet open access book on 'Integrating Microphotonic Systems and MOEMS into standard Silicon CMOS Integrated circuitry”.\r\n\r\nFurthermore, Professor Snyman recently steered a new initiative at the TUT by introducing a 'Laboratory for Innovative Electronic Systems ' at the Department of Electrical Engineering. The model of this laboratory or center is to primarily combine outputs as achieved by high-level research with lower-level system development and entrepreneurship in a technical university environment. Students are allocated to projects at different levels with PhDs and Master students allocated to the generation of new knowledge and new technologies, while students at the diploma and Baccalaureus level are allocated to electronic systems development with a direct and a near application for application in industry or the commercial and public sectors in South Africa.\r\n\r\nProfessor Snyman received the WIRSAM Award of 1983 and the WIRSAM Award in 1985 in South Africa for best research papers by a young scientist at two international conferences on electron microscopy in South Africa. He subsequently received the SA Microelectronics Award for the best dissertation emanating from studies executed at a South African university in the field of Physics and Microelectronics in South Africa in 1987. In October of 2011, Professor Snyman received the prestigious Institutional Award for 'Innovator of the Year” for 2010 at the Tshwane University of Technology, South Africa. This award was based on the number of patents recognized and granted by local and international institutions as well as for his contributions concerning innovation at the TUT.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of South Africa",country:{name:"South Africa"}}},{id:"317279",title:"Mr.",name:"Ali",middleName:"Usama",surname:"Syed",slug:"ali-syed",fullName:"Ali Syed",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/317279/images/16024_n.png",biography:"A creative, talented, and innovative young professional who is dedicated, well organized, and capable research fellow with two years of experience in graduate-level research, published in engineering journals and book, with related expertise in Bio-robotics, equally passionate about the aesthetics of the mechanical and electronic system, obtained expertise in the use of MS Office, MATLAB, SolidWorks, LabVIEW, Proteus, Fusion 360, having a grasp on python, C++ and assembly language, possess proven ability in acquiring research grants, previous appointments with social and educational societies with experience in administration, current affiliations with IEEE and Web of Science, a confident presenter at conferences and teacher in classrooms, able to explain complex information to audiences of all levels.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Air University",country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"75526",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Zihni Onur",middleName:null,surname:"Uygun",slug:"zihni-onur-uygun",fullName:"Zihni Onur Uygun",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/75526/images/12_n.jpg",biography:"My undergraduate education and my Master of Science educations at Ege University and at Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University have given me a firm foundation in Biochemistry, Analytical Chemistry, Biosensors, Bioelectronics, Physical Chemistry and Medicine. After obtaining my degree as a MSc in analytical chemistry, I started working as a research assistant in Ege University Medical Faculty in 2014. In parallel, I enrolled to the MSc program at the Department of Medical Biochemistry at Ege University to gain deeper knowledge on medical and biochemical sciences as well as clinical chemistry in 2014. In my PhD I deeply researched on biosensors and bioelectronics and finished in 2020. Now I have eleven SCI-Expanded Index published papers, 6 international book chapters, referee assignments for different SCIE journals, one international patent pending, several international awards, projects and bursaries. In parallel to my research assistant position at Ege University Medical Faculty, Department of Medical Biochemistry, in April 2016, I also founded a Start-Up Company (Denosens Biotechnology LTD) by the support of The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey. Currently, I am also working as a CEO in Denosens Biotechnology. The main purposes of the company, which carries out R&D as a research center, are to develop new generation biosensors and sensors for both point-of-care diagnostics; such as glucose, lactate, cholesterol and cancer biomarker detections. My specific experimental and instrumental skills are Biochemistry, Biosensor, Analytical Chemistry, Electrochemistry, Mobile phone based point-of-care diagnostic device, POCTs and Patient interface designs, HPLC, Tandem Mass Spectrometry, Spectrophotometry, ELISA.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ege University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"267434",title:"Dr.",name:"Rohit",middleName:null,surname:"Raja",slug:"rohit-raja",fullName:"Rohit Raja",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/267434/images/system/267434.jpg",biography:"Dr. Rohit Raja received Ph.D. in Computer Science and Engineering from Dr. CVRAMAN University in 2016. His main research interest includes Face recognition and Identification, Digital Image Processing, Signal Processing, and Networking. Presently he is working as Associate Professor in IT Department, Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya (A Central University), Bilaspur (CG), India. He has authored several Journal and Conference Papers. He has good Academics & Research experience in various areas of CSE and IT. He has filed and successfully published 27 Patents. He has received many time invitations to be a Guest at IEEE Conferences. He has published 100 research papers in various International/National Journals (including IEEE, Springer, etc.) and Proceedings of the reputed International/ National Conferences (including Springer and IEEE). He has been nominated to the board of editors/reviewers of many peer-reviewed and refereed Journals (including IEEE, Springer).",institutionString:"Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya",institution:{name:"Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"246502",title:"Dr.",name:"Jaya T.",middleName:"T",surname:"Varkey",slug:"jaya-t.-varkey",fullName:"Jaya T. Varkey",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/246502/images/11160_n.jpg",biography:"Jaya T. Varkey, PhD, graduated with a degree in Chemistry from Cochin University of Science and Technology, Kerala, India. She obtained a PhD in Chemistry from the School of Chemical Sciences, Mahatma Gandhi University, Kerala, India, and completed a post-doctoral fellowship at the University of Minnesota, USA. She is a research guide at Mahatma Gandhi University and Associate Professor in Chemistry, St. Teresa’s College, Kochi, Kerala, India.\nDr. Varkey received a National Young Scientist award from the Indian Science Congress (1995), a UGC Research award (2016–2018), an Indian National Science Academy (INSA) Visiting Scientist award (2018–2019), and a Best Innovative Faculty award from the All India Association for Christian Higher Education (AIACHE) (2019). She Hashas received the Sr. Mary Cecil prize for best research paper three times. She was also awarded a start-up to develop a tea bag water filter. \nDr. Varkey has published two international books and twenty-seven international journal publications. She is an editorial board member for five international journals.",institutionString:"St. Teresa’s College",institution:null},{id:"250668",title:"Dr.",name:"Ali",middleName:null,surname:"Nabipour Chakoli",slug:"ali-nabipour-chakoli",fullName:"Ali Nabipour Chakoli",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/250668/images/system/250668.jpg",biography:"Academic Qualification:\r\n•\tPhD in Materials Physics and Chemistry, From: Sep. 2006, to: Sep. 2010, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Thesis: Structure and Shape Memory Effect of Functionalized MWCNTs/poly (L-lactide-co-ε-caprolactone) Nanocomposites. Supervisor: Prof. Wei Cai,\r\n•\tM.Sc in Applied Physics, From: 1996, to: 1998, Faculty of Physics & Nuclear Science, Amirkabir Uni. of Technology, Tehran, Iran, Thesis: Determination of Boron in Micro alloy Steels with solid state nuclear track detectors by neutron induced auto radiography, Supervisors: Dr. M. Hosseini Ashrafi and Dr. A. Hosseini.\r\n•\tB.Sc. in Applied Physics, From: 1991, to: 1996, Faculty of Physics & Nuclear Science, Amirkabir Uni. of Technology, Tehran, Iran, Thesis: Design of shielding for Am-Be neutron sources for In Vivo neutron activation analysis, Supervisor: Dr. M. Hosseini Ashrafi.\r\n\r\nResearch Experiences:\r\n1.\tNanomaterials, Carbon Nanotubes, Graphene: Synthesis, Functionalization and Characterization,\r\n2.\tMWCNTs/Polymer Composites: Fabrication and Characterization, \r\n3.\tShape Memory Polymers, Biodegradable Polymers, ORC, Collagen,\r\n4.\tMaterials Analysis and Characterizations: TEM, SEM, XPS, FT-IR, Raman, DSC, DMA, TGA, XRD, GPC, Fluoroscopy, \r\n5.\tInteraction of Radiation with Mater, Nuclear Safety and Security, NDT(RT),\r\n6.\tRadiation Detectors, Calibration (SSDL),\r\n7.\tCompleted IAEA e-learning Courses:\r\nNuclear Security (15 Modules),\r\nNuclear Safety:\r\nTSA 2: Regulatory Protection in Occupational Exposure,\r\nTips & Tricks: Radiation Protection in Radiography,\r\nSafety and Quality in Radiotherapy,\r\nCourse on Sealed Radioactive Sources,\r\nCourse on Fundamentals of Environmental Remediation,\r\nCourse on Planning for Environmental Remediation,\r\nKnowledge Management Orientation Course,\r\nFood Irradiation - Technology, Applications and Good Practices,\r\nEmployment:\r\nFrom 2010 to now: Academic staff, Nuclear Science and Technology Research Institute, Kargar Shomali, Tehran, Iran, P.O. Box: 14395-836.\r\nFrom 1997 to 2006: Expert of Materials Analysis and Characterization. Research Center of Agriculture and Medicine. Rajaeeshahr, Karaj, Iran, P. O. Box: 31585-498.",institutionString:"Atomic Energy Organization of Iran",institution:{name:"Atomic Energy Organization of Iran",country:{name:"Iran"}}},{id:"248279",title:"Dr.",name:"Monika",middleName:"Elzbieta",surname:"Machoy",slug:"monika-machoy",fullName:"Monika Machoy",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/248279/images/system/248279.jpeg",biography:"Monika Elżbieta Machoy, MD, graduated with distinction from the Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry at the Pomeranian Medical University in 2009, defended her PhD thesis with summa cum laude in 2016 and is currently employed as a researcher at the Department of Orthodontics of the Pomeranian Medical University. She expanded her professional knowledge during a one-year scholarship program at the Ernst Moritz Arndt University in Greifswald, Germany and during a three-year internship at the Technical University in Dresden, Germany. She has been a speaker at numerous orthodontic conferences, among others, American Association of Orthodontics, European Orthodontic Symposium and numerous conferences of the Polish Orthodontic Society. She conducts research focusing on the effect of orthodontic treatment on dental and periodontal tissues and the causes of pain in orthodontic patients.",institutionString:"Pomeranian Medical University",institution:{name:"Pomeranian Medical University",country:{name:"Poland"}}},{id:"252743",title:"Prof.",name:"Aswini",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Kar",slug:"aswini-kar",fullName:"Aswini Kar",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/252743/images/10381_n.jpg",biography:"uploaded in cv",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"KIIT University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"204256",title:"Dr.",name:"Anil",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Kumar Sahu",slug:"anil-kumar-sahu",fullName:"Anil Kumar Sahu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/204256/images/14201_n.jpg",biography:"I have nearly 11 years of research and teaching experience. I have done my master degree from University Institute of Pharmacy, Pt. Ravi Shankar Shukla University, Raipur, Chhattisgarh India. I have published 16 review and research articles in international and national journals and published 4 chapters in IntechOpen, the world’s leading publisher of Open access books. I have presented many papers at national and international conferences. I have received research award from Indian Drug Manufacturers Association in year 2015. My research interest extends from novel lymphatic drug delivery systems, oral delivery system for herbal bioactive to formulation optimization.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Chhattisgarh Swami Vivekanand Technical University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"253468",title:"Dr.",name:"Mariusz",middleName:null,surname:"Marzec",slug:"mariusz-marzec",fullName:"Mariusz Marzec",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/253468/images/system/253468.png",biography:"An assistant professor at Department of Biomedical Computer Systems, at Institute of Computer Science, Silesian University in Katowice. Scientific interests: computer analysis and processing of images, biomedical images, databases and programming languages. He is an author and co-author of scientific publications covering analysis and processing of biomedical images and development of database systems.",institutionString:"University of Silesia",institution:{name:"University of Silesia",country:{name:"Poland"}}},{id:"212432",title:"Prof.",name:"Hadi",middleName:null,surname:"Mohammadi",slug:"hadi-mohammadi",fullName:"Hadi Mohammadi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/212432/images/system/212432.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Hadi Mohammadi is a biomedical engineer with hands-on experience in the design and development of many engineering structures and medical devices through various projects that he has been involved in over the past twenty years. Dr. Mohammadi received his BSc. and MSc. degrees in Mechanical Engineering from Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran, and his PhD. degree in Biomedical Engineering (biomaterials) from the University of Western Ontario. He was a postdoctoral trainee for almost four years at University of Calgary and Harvard Medical School. He is an industry innovator having created the technology to produce lifelike synthetic platforms that can be used for the simulation of almost all cardiovascular reconstructive surgeries. He’s been heavily involved in the design and development of cardiovascular devices and technology for the past 10 years. He is currently an Assistant Professor with the University of British Colombia, Canada.",institutionString:"University of British Columbia",institution:{name:"University of British Columbia",country:{name:"Canada"}}},{id:"254463",title:"Prof.",name:"Haisheng",middleName:null,surname:"Yang",slug:"haisheng-yang",fullName:"Haisheng Yang",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/254463/images/system/254463.jpeg",biography:"Haisheng Yang, Ph.D., Professor and Director of the Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Life Science and Bioengineering, Beijing University of Technology. He received his Ph.D. degree in Mechanics/Biomechanics from Harbin Institute of Technology (jointly with University of California, Berkeley). Afterwards, he worked as a Postdoctoral Research Associate in the Purdue Musculoskeletal Biology and Mechanics Lab at the Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Purdue University, USA. He also conducted research in the Research Centre of Shriners Hospitals for Children-Canada at McGill University, Canada. Dr. Yang has over 10 years research experience in orthopaedic biomechanics and mechanobiology of bone adaptation and regeneration. He earned an award from Beijing Overseas Talents Aggregation program in 2017 and serves as Beijing Distinguished Professor.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Beijing University of Technology",country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"89721",title:"Dr.",name:"Mehmet",middleName:"Cuneyt",surname:"Ozmen",slug:"mehmet-ozmen",fullName:"Mehmet Ozmen",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/89721/images/7289_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Gazi University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"265335",title:"Mr.",name:"Stefan",middleName:"Radnev",surname:"Stefanov",slug:"stefan-stefanov",fullName:"Stefan Stefanov",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/265335/images/7562_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Medical University Plovdiv",country:{name:"Bulgaria"}}},{id:"242893",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Joaquim",middleName:null,surname:"De Moura",slug:"joaquim-de-moura",fullName:"Joaquim De Moura",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/242893/images/7133_n.jpg",biography:"Joaquim de Moura received his degree in Computer Engineering in 2014 from the University of A Coruña (Spain). In 2016, he received his M.Sc degree in Computer Engineering from the same university. He is currently pursuing his Ph.D degree in Computer Science in a collaborative project between ophthalmology centers in Galicia and the University of A Coruña. His research interests include computer vision, machine learning algorithms and analysis and medical imaging processing of various kinds.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of A Coruña",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"294334",title:"B.Sc.",name:"Marc",middleName:null,surname:"Bruggeman",slug:"marc-bruggeman",fullName:"Marc Bruggeman",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/294334/images/8242_n.jpg",biography:"Chemical engineer graduate, with a passion for material science and specific interest in polymers - their near infinite applications intrigue me. \n\nI plan to continue my scientific career in the field of polymeric biomaterials as I am fascinated by intelligent, bioactive and biomimetic materials for use in both consumer and medical applications.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"255757",title:"Dr.",name:"Igor",middleName:"Victorovich",surname:"Lakhno",slug:"igor-lakhno",fullName:"Igor Lakhno",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/255757/images/system/255757.jpg",biography:"Igor Victorovich Lakhno was born in 1971 in Kharkiv (Ukraine). \nMD – 1994, Kharkiv National Medical Univesity.\nOb&Gyn; – 1997, master courses in Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education.\nPh.D. – 1999, Kharkiv National Medical Univesity.\nDSC – 2019, PL Shupik National Academy of Postgraduate Education \nProfessor – 2021, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology of VN Karazin Kharkiv National University\nHead of Department – 2021, Department of Perinatology, Obstetrics and gynecology of Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education\nIgor Lakhno has been graduated from international training courses on reproductive medicine and family planning held at Debrecen University (Hungary) in 1997. Since 1998 Lakhno Igor has worked as an associate professor in the department of obstetrics and gynecology of VN Karazin National University and an associate professor of the perinatology, obstetrics, and gynecology department of Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education. Since June 2019 he’s been a professor in the department of obstetrics and gynecology of VN Karazin National University and a professor of the perinatology, obstetrics, and gynecology department. He’s affiliated with Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education as a Head of Department from November 2021. Igor Lakhno has participated in several international projects on fetal non-invasive electrocardiography (with Dr. J. A. Behar (Technion), Prof. D. Hoyer (Jena University), and José Alejandro Díaz Méndez (National Institute of Astrophysics, Optics, and Electronics, Mexico). He’s an author of about 200 printed works and there are 31 of them in Scopus or Web of Science databases. Igor Lakhno is a member of the Editorial Board of Reproductive Health of Woman, Emergency Medicine, and Technology Transfer Innovative Solutions in Medicine (Estonia). He is a medical Editor of “Z turbotoyu pro zhinku”. Igor Lakhno is a reviewer of the Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology (Taylor and Francis), British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology (Wiley), Informatics in Medicine Unlocked (Elsevier), The Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology Research (Wiley), Endocrine, Metabolic & Immune Disorders-Drug Targets (Bentham Open), The Open Biomedical Engineering Journal (Bentham Open), etc. He’s defended a dissertation for a DSc degree “Pre-eclampsia: prediction, prevention, and treatment”. Three years ago Igor Lakhno has participated in a training course on innovative technologies in medical education at Lublin Medical University (Poland). Lakhno Igor has participated as a speaker in several international conferences and congresses (International Conference on Biological Oscillations April 10th-14th 2016, Lancaster, UK, The 9th conference of the European Study Group on Cardiovascular Oscillations). His main scientific interests: are obstetrics, women’s health, fetal medicine, and cardiovascular medicine. \nIgor Lakhno is a consultant at Kharkiv municipal perinatal center. He’s graduated from training courses on endoscopy in gynecology. He has 28 years of practical experience in the field.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"244950",title:"Dr.",name:"Salvatore",middleName:null,surname:"Di Lauro",slug:"salvatore-di-lauro",fullName:"Salvatore Di Lauro",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://intech-files.s3.amazonaws.com/0030O00002bSF1HQAW/ProfilePicture%202021-12-20%2014%3A54%3A14.482",biography:"Name:\n\tSALVATORE DI LAURO\nAddress:\n\tHospital Clínico Universitario Valladolid\nAvda Ramón y Cajal 3\n47005, Valladolid\nSpain\nPhone number: \nFax\nE-mail:\n\t+34 983420000 ext 292\n+34 983420084\nsadilauro@live.it\nDate and place of Birth:\nID Number\nMedical Licence \nLanguages\t09-05-1985. Villaricca (Italy)\n\nY1281863H\n474707061\nItalian (native language)\nSpanish (read, written, spoken)\nEnglish (read, written, spoken)\nPortuguese (read, spoken)\nFrench (read)\n\t\t\nCurrent position (title and company)\tDate (Year)\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid. Sacyl. National Health System.\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Instituto Oftalmologico Recoletas. Red Hospitalaria Recoletas. Private practise.\t2017-today\n\n2019-today\n\t\n\t\nEducation (High school, university and postgraduate training > 3 months)\tDate (Year)\nDegree in Medicine and Surgery. University of Neaples 'Federico II”\nResident in Opthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid\nMaster in Vitreo-Retina. IOBA. University of Valladolid\nFellow of the European Board of Ophthalmology. Paris\nMaster in Research in Ophthalmology. University of Valladolid\t2003-2009\n2012-2016\n2016-2017\n2016\n2012-2013\n\t\nEmployments (company and positions)\tDate (Year)\nResident in Ophthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid. Sacyl.\nFellow in Vitreo-Retina. IOBA. University of Valladolid\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid. Sacyl. National Health System.\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Instituto Oftalmologico Recoletas. Red Hospitalaria Recoletas. \n\t2012-2016\n2016-2017\n2017-today\n\n2019-Today\n\n\n\t\nClinical Research Experience (tasks and role)\tDate (Year)\nAssociated investigator\n\n' FIS PI20/00740: DESARROLLO DE UNA CALCULADORA DE RIESGO DE\nAPARICION DE RETINOPATIA DIABETICA BASADA EN TECNICAS DE IMAGEN MULTIMODAL EN PACIENTES DIABETICOS TIPO 1. Grant by: Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovacion \n\n' (BIO/VA23/14) Estudio clínico multicéntrico y prospectivo para validar dos\nbiomarcadores ubicados en los genes p53 y MDM2 en la predicción de los resultados funcionales de la cirugía del desprendimiento de retina regmatógeno. Grant by: Gerencia Regional de Salud de la Junta de Castilla y León.\n' Estudio multicéntrico, aleatorizado, con enmascaramiento doble, en 2 grupos\nparalelos y de 52 semanas de duración para comparar la eficacia, seguridad e inmunogenicidad de SOK583A1 respecto a Eylea® en pacientes con degeneración macular neovascular asociada a la edad' (CSOK583A12301; N.EUDRA: 2019-004838-41; FASE III). Grant by Hexal AG\n\n' Estudio de fase III, aleatorizado, doble ciego, con grupos paralelos, multicéntrico para comparar la eficacia y la seguridad de QL1205 frente a Lucentis® en pacientes con degeneración macular neovascular asociada a la edad. (EUDRACT: 2018-004486-13). Grant by Qilu Pharmaceutical Co\n\n' Estudio NEUTON: Ensayo clinico en fase IV para evaluar la eficacia de aflibercept en pacientes Naive con Edema MacUlar secundario a Oclusion de Vena CenTral de la Retina (OVCR) en regimen de tratamientO iNdividualizado Treat and Extend (TAE)”, (2014-000975-21). Grant by Fundacion Retinaplus\n\n' Evaluación de la seguridad y bioactividad de anillos de tensión capsular en conejo. Proyecto Procusens. Grant by AJL, S.A.\n\n'Estudio epidemiológico, prospectivo, multicéntrico y abierto\\npara valorar la frecuencia de la conjuntivitis adenovírica diagnosticada mediante el test AdenoPlus®\\nTest en pacientes enfermos de conjuntivitis aguda”\\n. National, multicenter study. Grant by: NICOX.\n\nEuropean multicentric trial: 'Evaluation of clinical outcomes following the use of Systane Hydration in patients with dry eye”. Study Phase 4. Grant by: Alcon Labs'\n\nVLPs Injection and Activation in a Rabbit Model of Uveal Melanoma. Grant by Aura Bioscience\n\nUpdating and characterization of a rabbit model of uveal melanoma. Grant by Aura Bioscience\n\nEnsayo clínico en fase IV para evaluar las variantes genéticas de la vía del VEGF como biomarcadores de eficacia del tratamiento con aflibercept en pacientes con degeneración macular asociada a la edad (DMAE) neovascular. Estudio BIOIMAGE. IMO-AFLI-2013-01\n\nEstudio In-Eye:Ensayo clínico en fase IV, abierto, aleatorizado, de 2 brazos,\nmulticçentrico y de 12 meses de duración, para evaluar la eficacia y seguridad de un régimen de PRN flexible individualizado de 'esperar y extender' versus un régimen PRN según criterios de estabilización mediante evaluaciones mensuales de inyecciones intravítreas de ranibizumab 0,5 mg en pacientes naive con neovascularización coriodea secunaria a la degeneración macular relacionada con la edad. CP: CRFB002AES03T\n\nTREND: Estudio Fase IIIb multicéntrico, randomizado, de 12 meses de\nseguimiento con evaluador de la agudeza visual enmascarado, para evaluar la eficacia y la seguridad de ranibizumab 0.5mg en un régimen de tratar y extender comparado con un régimen mensual, en pacientes con degeneración macular neovascular asociada a la edad. CP: CRFB002A2411 Código Eudra CT:\n2013-002626-23\n\n\n\nPublications\t\n\n2021\n\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n\n\n2021\n\n\n\n\n\n2021\n\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n2014\n\n\n\n\n2015-16\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n2014\n\n\n2014\n\n\n\n\n2014\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n2014\n\nJose Carlos Pastor; Jimena Rojas; Salvador Pastor-Idoate; Salvatore Di Lauro; Lucia Gonzalez-Buendia; Santiago Delgado-Tirado. Proliferative vitreoretinopathy: A new concept of disease pathogenesis and practical\nconsequences. Progress in Retinal and Eye Research. 51, pp. 125 - 155. 03/2016. DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2015.07.005\n\n\nLabrador-Velandia S; Alonso-Alonso ML; Di Lauro S; García-Gutierrez MT; Srivastava GK; Pastor JC; Fernandez-Bueno I. Mesenchymal stem cells provide paracrine neuroprotective resources that delay degeneration of co-cultured organotypic neuroretinal cultures.Experimental Eye Research. 185, 17/05/2019. DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2019.05.011\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro; Maria Teresa Garcia Gutierrez; Ivan Fernandez Bueno. Quantification of pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF) in an ex vivo coculture of retinal pigment epithelium cells and neuroretina.\nJournal of Allbiosolution. 2019. ISSN 2605-3535\n\nSonia Labrador Velandia; Salvatore Di Lauro; Alonso-Alonso ML; Tabera Bartolomé S; Srivastava GK; Pastor JC; Fernandez-Bueno I. Biocompatibility of intravitreal injection of human mesenchymal stem cells in immunocompetent rabbits. Graefe's archive for clinical and experimental ophthalmology. 256 - 1, pp. 125 - 134. 01/2018. DOI: 10.1007/s00417-017-3842-3\n\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro, David Rodriguez-Crespo, Manuel J Gayoso, Maria T Garcia-Gutierrez, J Carlos Pastor, Girish K Srivastava, Ivan Fernandez-Bueno. A novel coculture model of porcine central neuroretina explants and retinal pigment epithelium cells. Molecular Vision. 2016 - 22, pp. 243 - 253. 01/2016.\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro. Classifications for Proliferative Vitreoretinopathy ({PVR}): An Analysis of Their Use in Publications over the Last 15 Years. Journal of Ophthalmology. 2016, pp. 1 - 6. 01/2016. DOI: 10.1155/2016/7807596\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro; Rosa Maria Coco; Rosa Maria Sanabria; Enrique Rodriguez de la Rua; Jose Carlos Pastor. Loss of Visual Acuity after Successful Surgery for Macula-On Rhegmatogenous Retinal Detachment in a Prospective Multicentre Study. Journal of Ophthalmology. 2015:821864, 2015. DOI: 10.1155/2015/821864\n\nIvan Fernandez-Bueno; Salvatore Di Lauro; Ivan Alvarez; Jose Carlos Lopez; Maria Teresa Garcia-Gutierrez; Itziar Fernandez; Eva Larra; Jose Carlos Pastor. Safety and Biocompatibility of a New High-Density Polyethylene-Based\nSpherical Integrated Porous Orbital Implant: An Experimental Study in Rabbits. Journal of Ophthalmology. 2015:904096, 2015. DOI: 10.1155/2015/904096\n\nPastor JC; Pastor-Idoate S; Rodríguez-Hernandez I; Rojas J; Fernandez I; Gonzalez-Buendia L; Di Lauro S; Gonzalez-Sarmiento R. Genetics of PVR and RD. Ophthalmologica. 232 - Suppl 1, pp. 28 - 29. 2014\n\nRodriguez-Crespo D; Di Lauro S; Singh AK; Garcia-Gutierrez MT; Garrosa M; Pastor JC; Fernandez-Bueno I; Srivastava GK. Triple-layered mixed co-culture model of RPE cells with neuroretina for evaluating the neuroprotective effects of adipose-MSCs. Cell Tissue Res. 358 - 3, pp. 705 - 716. 2014.\nDOI: 10.1007/s00441-014-1987-5\n\nCarlo De Werra; Salvatore Condurro; Salvatore Tramontano; Mario Perone; Ivana Donzelli; Salvatore Di Lauro; Massimo Di Giuseppe; Rosa Di Micco; Annalisa Pascariello; Antonio Pastore; Giorgio Diamantis; Giuseppe Galloro. Hydatid disease of the liver: thirty years of surgical experience.Chirurgia italiana. 59 - 5, pp. 611 - 636.\n(Italia): 2007. ISSN 0009-4773\n\nChapters in books\n\t\n' Salvador Pastor Idoate; Salvatore Di Lauro; Jose Carlos Pastor Jimeno. PVR: Pathogenesis, Histopathology and Classification. Proliferative Vitreoretinopathy with Small Gauge Vitrectomy. Springer, 2018. ISBN 978-3-319-78445-8\nDOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-78446-5_2. \n\n' Salvatore Di Lauro; Maria Isabel Lopez Galvez. Quistes vítreos en una mujer joven. Problemas diagnósticos en patología retinocoroidea. Sociedad Española de Retina-Vitreo. 2018.\n\n' Salvatore Di Lauro; Salvador Pastor Idoate; Jose Carlos Pastor Jimeno. iOCT in PVR management. OCT Applications in Opthalmology. pp. 1 - 8. INTECH, 2018. DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.78774.\n\n' Rosa Coco Martin; Salvatore Di Lauro; Salvador Pastor Idoate; Jose Carlos Pastor. amponadores, manipuladores y tinciones en la cirugía del traumatismo ocular.Trauma Ocular. Ponencia de la SEO 2018..\n\n' LOPEZ GALVEZ; DI LAURO; CRESPO. OCT angiografia y complicaciones retinianas de la diabetes. PONENCIA SEO 2021, CAPITULO 20. (España): 2021.\n\n' Múltiples desprendimientos neurosensoriales bilaterales en paciente joven. Enfermedades Degenerativas De Retina Y Coroides. SERV 04/2016. \n' González-Buendía L; Di Lauro S; Pastor-Idoate S; Pastor Jimeno JC. Vitreorretinopatía proliferante (VRP) e inflamación: LA INFLAMACIÓN in «INMUNOMODULADORES Y ANTIINFLAMATORIOS: MÁS ALLÁ DE LOS CORTICOIDES. RELACION DE PONENCIAS DE LA SOCIEDAD ESPAÑOLA DE OFTALMOLOGIA. 10/2014.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"243698",title:"Dr.",name:"Xiaogang",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",slug:"xiaogang-wang",fullName:"Xiaogang Wang",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/243698/images/system/243698.png",biography:"Dr. Xiaogang Wang, a faculty member of Shanxi Eye Hospital specializing in the treatment of cataract and retinal disease and a tutor for postgraduate students of Shanxi Medical University, worked in the COOL Lab as an international visiting scholar under the supervision of Dr. David Huang and Yali Jia from October 2012 through November 2013. Dr. Wang earned an MD from Shanxi Medical University and a Ph.D. from Shanghai Jiao Tong University. Dr. Wang was awarded two research project grants focused on multimodal optical coherence tomography imaging and deep learning in cataract and retinal disease, from the National Natural Science Foundation of China. He has published around 30 peer-reviewed journal papers and four book chapters and co-edited one book.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"7227",title:"Dr.",name:"Hiroaki",middleName:null,surname:"Matsui",slug:"hiroaki-matsui",fullName:"Hiroaki Matsui",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Tokyo",country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"312999",title:"Dr.",name:"Bernard O.",middleName:null,surname:"Asimeng",slug:"bernard-o.-asimeng",fullName:"Bernard O. 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This will ensure that we discover ways to live in our world that allows us and other beings to flourish. We can no longer rely on medicalized approaches to health that wait for people to become ill before attempting to treat them. We need to live in harmony with nature and rediscover the beauty and balance in our everyday lives and surroundings, which contribute to our well-being and that of all other creatures on the planet. This topic will provide insights and knowledge into how to achieve this change in health care that is based on ecologically sustainable practices.
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