\r\n\tNot all mixtures of particles and liquids can be considered slurries. A slurry has its character quite different from the carrying liquid (sometimes referred to as the vehicle). A Newtonian liquid has its shear stress directly proportional to its rate of deformation, but this is seldom the case for a slurry. In general, slurries are referred to as non-Newtonian liquids and ways of dealing with them are important threads in this text.
\r\n\r\n\tPipe blockages and pipe wear cause high costs to industry, in both maintenance and loss of production. This waste, and environmental damage which comes with it, can be shown to be reduced by careful application of slurry technology. This book will welcome recent research efforts to understand slurries related to the above-mentioned topics.
",isbn:"978-1-80356-669-6",printIsbn:"978-1-80356-668-9",pdfIsbn:"978-1-80356-670-2",doi:null,price:0,priceEur:0,priceUsd:0,slug:null,numberOfPages:0,isOpenForSubmission:!0,isSalesforceBook:!1,isNomenclature:!1,hash:"a3de73ad02868797334aa3024ec3f018",bookSignature:"Dr. Trevor Jones",publishedDate:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11907.jpg",keywords:"Slurry Rheology, Non-Newtonian Flows, Wastewater Treatment, Blood Rheology, Slurry Measurement, Slurry Tomography, Pipeline Pigs, Pipeline Cleaning, Wear, Swirl Induction, Electrical Resistance Tomography, Electrical Capacitance Tomography",numberOfDownloads:null,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:null,numberOfDimensionsCitations:null,numberOfTotalCitations:null,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"March 22nd 2022",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"May 25th 2022",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"July 24th 2022",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"October 12th 2022",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"December 11th 2022",dateConfirmationOfParticipation:null,remainingDaysToSecondStep:"a month",secondStepPassed:!0,areRegistrationsClosed:!1,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:3,editedByType:null,kuFlag:!1,biosketch:"Dr. Jones is a world-leading expert in naturally-occurring particle products - slurries, sludges, coal, ore, and gravel. 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The health benefits of green tea, derived from the leaves of the
Among the health benefits that have been studied using green tea are: as an antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anticarcinogenic, in cardiovascular health, oral health, and as an antimicrobial. Antioxidant effects come from the ability of green tea to limit the amount of free radicals by binding to reactive oxygen species (ROS) [3, 4]:
Green tea is an excellent source of powerful antioxidants, so it makes sense that it could reduce your risk of cancer, which it appears to do;
Which Improves Dental Health and Lowers Your Risk of Infection [13]
The catechins in green tea also have other biological effects.
Some studies show that they can kill bacteria and inhibit viruses like the influenza virus, potentially lowering your risk of infections.
\n
Studies show that the catechins in green tea can inhibit the growth of
The medically important components of green tea are the polyphenols, most importantly the flavonoids. The main flavonoids in tea are the catechins, making up 30–40% of the water-soluble solids in green tea [3, 11]. The different types of tea vary in the amount of catechins that they contain, with green tea containing the most, then Oolong tea, then black tea. The initial steaming process in the production of green tea destroys the enzyme polyphenol oxidase, thus protecting the polyphenol content. There are four main catechins in tea: (-)-epicatechin (EC), (-)-epicatechin-3-gallate (ECG), (-)-epigallocatechin (EGC) and (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG). In green tea, EGCG is the most abundant, representing approximately 59% of the total catechins. EGC is next, making up approximately 19%, then ECG, at 13.6% and EC, at 6.4% [6, 10].
\nGreen tea contains less caffeine than coffee, but enough to produce an effect. It also contains the amino acid L-theanine, which can work synergistically with caffeine to improve brain function [8].
\nMultiple studies show that the catechin compounds in green tea can have various protective effects on neurons in test tubes and animal models, potentially lowering the risk of Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s [15].
\nBlack, green and white teas are the most popular beverages worldwide [16].
\nTea leaves are known for its antibacterial activity against any microorganisms. It is one of the most popular beverages worldwide.
\nBlack tea has a long history of use dating back to China approximately 5000 years ago. It is made from the dried leaves of
The chemical components in tea include alkaloids (theobromine, caffeine, theophylline), polyphenols, amino acids, polysaccharides, volatile acids, vitamins, lipids as well as inorganic elements [17, 18, 19]. Black tea is used for treating headaches, low blood pressure, preventing heart disease, including atherosclerosis and heart attack, preventing Parkinson’s disease, reducing the risk of stomach and colon cancer, lung, ovarian and breast cancers [20].
\nCurrently, a growing consumption of tea is observed in western countries, where it has been considered as functional food.
\nNutritional Value of Black Tea Like other types of tea, black tea contains:
Caffeine
Amino acids
Carbohydrates
Proteins
Potassium
Major minerals and trace minerals
Manganese
Fluoride
Polyphenols
Black tea also contains catechins (the powerful antioxidants in tea that fight cancer-causing cells and help prevent heart disease), tannins (the naturally occurring chemical compounds that give black tea and red wine their astringency), guanine (a natural stimulant) and xanthine (another natural stimulant, similar to caffeine).
\nThe many antioxidants and polyphenols in black tea are associated with a number of health benefits. Specifically, black tea contains complex flavonoids, which are polyphenols that aid in disease prevention. A single cup of black tea contains an average of 200 mg of flavonoids. Many doctors now recommend getting 600 mg of flavonoids per day for a range of health benefits. The flavonoid polyphenols in black tea known as thearubigin and theaflavin act as especially powerful antioxidants. Interestingly, these two flavonoids are more concentrated in black tea than in green tea [21].
\nAdditionally, black tea is low in sodium and calories (if you do not add a sweetener). Plus, black tea has a bold flavor, making it a good substitute for those accustomed to soft drinks other unhealthy beverages (which also tend to have bold flavors) [22].
\nThe biological properties of tea include effects on the Central System (CNS) and antioxidant effects, attributed to the presence of methylxanthines, such as caffeine and phenolic compounds, especially catechins [23].
\nBlack tea is more oxidised than all other types of teas. It contains antioxidants and other substances that might help protect the heart and blood vessels. It is also used for treating headache and low blood pressure; preventing heart disease, including “hardening of the arteries” (atherosclerosis) and heart attack [24].
\nThe tannins in black tea do not just give it its characteristic taste. Several studies have shown that tannins help fight viruses such as influenza (“the flu”), dysentery, and hepatitis. Black tea also contains alkylamine antigens, which help boost immune response [25]. Both Iranian non fermented (green tea) and fermented (black tea) have anti
Black and green tea have antibacterial activity against many pathogens.
\nEffectiveness of aqueous extract of green, black and red tea leaves against some types of Gram positive and negative bacteria [19].
\nAn
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\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
All tea extracts have shown significant antibacterial activity against
Black tea extract also had the ability to completely inhibit
Black tea is recorded to have anticolon cancer, lung, ovarian and breast cancers [21, 25]; green or black tea has polyphenols as prophylactic and therapeutic agents. Theaflavins and catechins seem to act on cancer cells largely through different pathways, so utilisation of both could offer synergistic anticancer effects, but so far no work has been done on the cumulative effects of EGCG and TF on prostate cancer. Therefore, in this study, we have investigated if EGCG in combination with TF can reduce the rate of prostate cancer growth, and we have observed greater cell death compared to application of either TF or EGCG alone.
\nConsumption of black tea, rich in polyphenols, has been found to reduce ovarian cancer risk. Theaflavin (TF1), theaflavin-3-gallate (TF2a), theaflavin-3′-gallate (TF2b) and theaflavin-3, 3′-digallate (TF3) are four main theaflavin derivatives found in black tea.
\nAll four theaflavin derivatives inhibited ovarian cancer cells. Some of the effects and mechanisms of TF1 are different from those of the other three theaflavin derivatives [17, 21].\n
\nDrinking black tea benefits the skin in three ways. First, it nourishes the skin with vitamins B2, C, and E, with minerals such as magnesium, potassium, and zinc, and essential polyphenols and tannins. Second, its caffeine and some of its other chemical components can kill oral viruses, which helps prevent skin infections (and pimples). Third, black tea has been shown to reduce “mimic wrinkles” and signs of premature ageing.
\nBlack tea can also benefit your skin with direct contact/application. For example, placing black tea bags under your eyes helps reduce puffiness and dark circles. And using black tea for herbal baths can provide an antioxidant boost for your skin and may even provide low levels of sun protection [22, 26].
\nThe healthiest tea for you is the one you will want to drink every day. By that definition, if you live in the West, the tea that is the healthiest for you is probably black tea. Over 90% of all tea sold in the West is black tea (or red tea, as it is known in the East).
\nLike green tea, oolong tea and white tea, black tea is made from leaves of the
The major health benefits of black tea include its nutritional value, anti-cancer benefits, digestive benefits, beneficial effects on skin and hair health, and much more. Grab a cup of tea (preferably organic tea) and learn more.
\nBlack tea also contains catechins (the powerful antioxidants in tea that fight cancer-causing cells and help prevent heart disease), tannins (the naturally occurring chemical compounds that give black tea and red wine their astringency), guanine (a natural stimulant) and xanthine (another natural stimulant, similar to caffeine).
\nThe many antioxidants and polyphenols in black tea are associated with a number of health benefits. Specifically, black tea contains complex flavonoids, which are polyphenols that aid in disease prevention. A single cup of black tea contains an average of 200 mg of flavonoids. Many doctors now recommend getting 600 mg of flavonoids per day for a range of health benefits. The flavonoid polyphenols in black tea known as thearubigin and theaflavin act as especially powerful antioxidants. Interestingly, these two flavonoids are more concentrated in black tea than in green tea [22, 23, 27].
\nBlack tea is abundant in antioxidants, such as flavonoids. These antioxidants have been demonstrated to lower the risk of heart disease. They do this by preventing the oxidation of LDL cholesterol and preventing damage in both the bloodstream and at artery walls. Additionally, black tea flavonoids can both improve coronary vasodilation and reduce clots, and its manganese may reduce the risk of coronary heart disease by helping cardiac muscle function. Studies have shown that as few as three cups of tea per day can improve heart health [25].
\nPerhaps the most-studied tea health benefit is its anti-cancer benefit. While most of the study has been on green tea, there is a growing body of evidence that black tea also plays a role in cancer prevention [25].
\nIt appears that the polyphenols in tea help prevent the formation of potential carcinogens in the body. This is particularly true with certain types of cancer, such as ovarian cancer, lung cancer, prostate cancer, colorectal cancer, and bladder cancer. Some studies also show that black tea may help prevent stomach cancer, prostate cancer, breast cancer and oral cancers (especially for those who use tobacco products) [25, 26, 27, 28].
\nThe mechanism with which black tea prevents cancer is an interesting one. Black tea contains a compound called TF-2. This chemical causes apoptosis (“programmed death”) of cancer cells without harming normal, healthy cells. This helps to stop cancer growth before it even becomes noticeable, and may help in cases where cancer has already been diagnosed. Additionally, black tea also prevents cancer by inhibiting the formation and growth of malignant tumors [25].
\nThe tannins in black tea do not just give it its characteristic taste. Several studies have shown that tannins help fight viruses such as influenza (“the flu”), dysentery, and hepatitis. Black tea also contains alkylamine antigens, which help boost immune response [25].
\nThere are many folk tales about tea, freshening the breath and cleansing the mouth. It turns out that they are true. Research has found that black tea may reduce oral cancers. Additionally, tea’s polyphenols and tannin’s kill and prevent the bacteria that cause tooth decay, and to drastically reduce the oral bacteria that cause bad breath [25].
\nThe tannin in tea in general (and black tea in particular—it has more of them than other tea types) offer digestive benefits. They soothe gastric and intestinal illnesses, generally aid in digestion and decrease intestinal activity (making them useful for those with diarrhea) [24, 25].
\nAlthough it may seem rather vain compared to some of the other more life-altering health benefits of black tea, black tea is fantastic for your hair.
\nThe high levels of antioxidants and caffeine in black tea both benefit hair health. The caffeine decreases a hormone that causes hair loss (known as DHT or dihydrotestosterone), while the antioxidants promote healthy hair growth. However, excess caffeine may stunt hair growth, so be careful not to overdo it. Black tea can also add shine, luster, and darkness to your hair if you incorporate it into your hair care regimen [25].
\nIf you drink tea regularly, you are more likely to have stronger bones and connective tissue than someone who does not drink tea regularly. Scientists believe this may be due to tea’s phytochemicals [25].
\nThe caffeine in black tea has been shown to improve mental focus and concentration by promoting blood flow in the brain. Unlike drinks with higher levels of caffeine and other stimulants (i.e., coffee and energy drinks), the caffeine in black tea is less likely to over-stimulate the heart and cause other unpleasant side effects.
\nCaffeine aside, studies show that L-theanine (an amino acid found in black tea) balances the effects of caffeine in a unique way, helping you concentrate more fully on tasks and act in a focused but relaxed manner. Furthermore, studies show that 1 month of four cups of black tea a day reduces levels of the stress hormone cortisol enough to boost your memory function, and some studies suggest that regular black tea consumption may prevent Parkinson’s disease [8].
\nModerate caffeine consumption not only stimulates metabolism, but it also increases alertness and overall brain function. The caffeine in tea is mitigated by the naturally occurring chemical L-theophylline, which makes the effects of tea on energy level more smooth and continuous than the sometimes jarring effects of coffee and caffeinated sodas. Additionally, while caffeine mainly stimulates the muscles, L-theophylline targets the heart, kidneys and respiratory system, so the overall impact on the body is more evenly distributed and balanced [25].
\nOur review shows that tea have great health benefit for human body, the nutritional value of tea components shows great health benefit for heart and vascular system, fight cancer, inhibit pathogens, healthy for skin, hair, bone regulate metabolism and more.
\nIn 1984, the United Nations (UN) established an independent group of 22 individuals from member states and charged them with identifying long-term environmental strategies for the international community [1]. In the resulting report of the World Commission on Environment and Development, entitled Our Common Future—also known as the Brundtland Report [2], the term “sustainable development” was used extensively and defined as “development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.”
The fisheries, seafood, and aquaculture sectors are an important source of food and income for millions of people around the world [3]. Addressing the problems associated with fisheries is an essential purpose, not only in the development of marine conservation policies but also for the achievement of the sustainable development goals (SDGs) of the 2030 Agenda, a major agreement that was signed in 2015 among 193 countries [4]. The achievement of these SDGs should have a strong influence on the governance of sustainable fisheries and aquaculture, ensuring that fisheries and aquaculture adapt to the impacts of climate change and improve the resilience of food production systems [3].
In addition, aquatic ecosystems face today significant threats from anthropogenic activities. In global ocean systems, concerns include climate change, overfishing, dispersal of invasive species, fertilizer runoff, plastic pollution, ocean acidification, and general defaunation [5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10]. Only 65.8% of fish stocks are currently classified as being exploited within biologically sustainable levels, continuing a downward trend that has been occurring since 1974. Similarly, underexploited species account only for 6.2% –steadily declining from 1974 to the present—whereas stocks exploited at maximum sustainable levels account for 59.6% [11].
It has been demonstrated that when fisheries are properly managed, there are significant decreases in fishing pressure and important increases in stock biomass, with some stocks having reached biologically sustainable levels, underscoring the relevant role of fisheries managers and governments when willing to take strong action [12]. The UN Code of Conduct for Responsible Fisheries states that in adopting management measures, the “best available scientific data should be used to assess the state of fishery resources” [13]. However, most exploited stocks globally are classified as data-poor stocks [14] and their status, although highly uncertain, is generally considered to be worse than that of data-rich stocks [15]. Recently, it has been argued that stock estimates based primarily on historical catch series performed on average 25% better than a random estimate; but in turn, these methods assigned fisheries the wrong FAO status category 57% of the time [16]. Substantial improvements in estimates of the state of exploited stocks worldwide depend on the expansion of new information and efficient use of existing data [16].
The use of molecular genetic techniques in fisheries research has increased dramatically in recent decades, paralleling the awareness of the value of genetic data and mainly due to the increased number of techniques available and improvements in computer technology [17, 18]. However, the application of genetic techniques to invertebrate fisheries or related problems has been remarkably scarce. Thus, most of the invertebrate groups of fishery interest have been the subject of little or no genetic study in relation to these fisheries [19].
We reviewed here the use of genetic markers as well as educative strategies in the fisheries management of some shellfish species with great commercial and cultural value in Asturias, the central area of the southern Bay of Biscay, Spain, to move forward with the relevant aim of generating data to support the design of sustainable fisheries management plans.
The Principality of Asturias is an autonomous community located in northern Spain (SW Europe) bordered by the Cantabrian Sea to the north and the autonomous regions of Castilla y León, Cantabria, and Galicia to the south, east, and west, respectively. The Cantabrian Sea is the transition from the Atlantic Ocean to the Bay of Biscay, between Spain and France. The coast of Asturias covers about 30% of the Cantabrian coast and presents a general E-W trend along approximately 335 km. In general, this coastline is eminently rocky and abrupt—with a predominance of north-facing cliffs, dotted with small coves, beaches, and dune systems associated with the wider beaches [20].
Currently, the coast of Asturias is one of the most populated areas in the region, which is linked to the presence of industrial activity, such as fishing industry, factories, and ports, and to the tourist exploitation of natural resources. The historical settlement of a large number of coastal communities strongly linked to the marine environment and fishing resources was favored by the diversity and richness of the Cantabrian fishing grounds [20, 21]. These regional fishing grounds have been recently redefined and mapped, totaling 226 and occupying 984,038 hectares.
Fishing is a traditional activity linked to the Asturian coast since prehistoric times, as evidenced by archeological excavations in which numerous mollusks, crustaceans, salmonids, and other marine remains have been found [22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27]. Nineteen fishing seaports currently operate along the entire coast, and all of them are strategically located taking advantage of the sheltered location of the cliffs. These ports differ in terms of total landings, species marketed, and number of vessels. Of the total number of fishing ports, 17 of them record sales for at least 6 months of the year [21]. The National Strategic Plan of the European Fisheries Fund established that of the total number of councils that form the Asturian coastal belt, only Muros, Castrillón, and Caravia do not depend on fishing activity [28].
In Asturias, specialists agree in considering artisanal vessels registered in the category of the national census of the operational fishing fleet of “minor gears” [29], and, in 2010 there were 233 vessels registered in that category. However, according to the data collected in the Census of the Fishing Fleet registered in Asturias, in 2016 the number had decreased to 202 and, although at present (latest data from 2021) the total number of artisanal vessels totals 192—out of a total of 248 active vessels—distributed in 19 ports—representing 77.4% of the total fishing fleet with home port in Asturias –, the downward trend in the fleet of minor gears is not so pronounced, even stabilizing.
In terms of fishing strategies, most of this regional artisanal fleet switches between different gears throughout the year and exploits areas that can be reached in a few hours from fishing ports. Although the landings of the artisanal fleet—in kilograms—only represent around 10% of the total regional catch, they account for approximately 30% of the total economic value generated by the landings, due to the higher first sale price of these catches (high-value seafood products) compared to those of other fleet segments—average 4.25 €/kg compared to 1.68 €/kg –. The regional artisanal fleet targets many species, including high-value species, and landings are characterized by quality, freshness, and higher first-sale profit. This partly compensates for the lower weight of landings and lower fishing power [21, 30]. The main species landed by the Asturian artisanal fleet are hake (
Artisanal fisheries have traditionally received less research effort than industrial fisheries and have generally received little attention in Europe [31, 32]. This lack of information has reduced the potential for developing effective and integrated management measures aimed at improving the long-term sustainability of artisanal fisheries, considering the complex interactions and linkages between the human and natural dimensions within these fisheries [33]. Despite the comparatively low volume of catches and its economic relevance, artisanal fisheries are important in terms of employment and must be considered in economic terms at the local level. It contributes to strengthening people’s attachment to their territory, increasing social stability in rural and peripheral areas [32].
The UN Code of Conduct for Responsible Fisheries stated in 1995 that the “best available scientific data for assessing the state of fishery resources” should be used for effective fisheries management measures [13]. Traditionally, fisheries conservation and management have been conducted on the basis of abundance data, productivity estimates, and information on stock dynamics—that is, an intraspecific group of randomly mating individuals with temporal and spatial integrity [34, 35, 36, 37]. However, managers need to be aware that the implementation of legislation, stocking strategies, and other management activities affect the genetic composition of populations [38, 39, 40]. Genetic factors play a role in the conservation of fishery resources because fishery resources are the product of their genes, the environment, and the interactions between them [41]. Although understanding of the state of global fisheries has now improved over the last decade, there is a consensus that data remain incomplete, with most of the world’s fish stocks lacking formal statistical assessments [16]. In addition, this lack of biological data is compounded by the fact that not all fishery catches are properly reported or recorded by governmental or non-governmental agencies. These unreported catches may be illegal, of unregulated species, or simply not monitored due to logistical barriers [42]. Mislabeling, inaccurate species identification in landings [43, 44], or the modification of the catch area are other factors that also contribute to the unreported exploitation of stocks and the consequent reduction of fishery resources.
The Common Market Organization (CMO) for fishery and aquaculture products is laid down in Regulation (EU) No 1379/2013 of the European Parliament. In Article 35, the commercial designation of the species and its scientific name (among other relevant data) are included as mandatory information on the relevant labeling. Furthermore, Article 37 stipulates that the Member States shall draw up and publish a list of the commercial designations accepted in their respective territories, together with their scientific names [45]. Informative labeling is particularly important for processed products, as any recognizable external morphological characteristics are often removed, so consumers rely on product labeling for information about the contents of the product.
In recent years, molecular biology techniques—based on DNA and sequencing—have gained notoriety in the study of mislabeling and food fraud, allowing species identification even if the product under suspicion is highly processed [46, 47]. A combined assessment of the levels of fraud in the commercialization of fresh and processed specimens of the family Pectinidae, both in retail establishments and restaurants, has been carried out using genetic methods based on mtDNA—16S rRNA gene–and taxonomic methods in Asturias [48]. That research showed that out of 148 samples of 15 commercial products analyzed, 73 samples (49%) and 9 (60%) of the 15 commercial products studied were mislabeled. In the case of the 20 samples purchased in 20 restaurants, all specimens labeled with the common name “zamburiña” were assigned to the Pacific scallop (
These investigations join those previously presented by other authors, both in the development or use of forensic biology techniques and in the creation of a threshold of knowledge in the study of mislabeling and fraud of fishery products from marine invertebrates, specifically scallops [54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59]. Despite the difficulty in making accurate estimates of the extent of mislabeling, especially in invertebrates due to lack of data and bias toward certain taxa and geographical areas [60], the high percentages of errors in product labeling found in Parrondo et al. [48] are not unusual in other European countries, such as Iceland, Finland, or Germany, where similar results of between 40 and 50% were obtained [51]. These percentages are alarming if we take into account that most of the samplings carried out for these studies (including the present one) lack temporality, being performed only once in a specific locality, so the approximations tend to be always conservative [49].
Research regarding mislabeling and food fraud in seafood products are increasingly extensive at all levels of the production chain [49, 50, 61], the urgent need for control measures throughout marketing to avoid consumer confusion, mislabeling, or potential health problems—such as allergies due to substitutions [62]—is evident. It is worth mentioning that, in general, there is an increased awareness of the industry to improve the transparency of the food chain, as well as the growth in the number of inspections put in place by European official control bodies, which have achieved a significant reduction in the number of incidences of misdescriptions [63]. This lack of monitoring plays an important role in threatening the sustainability of fisheries, despite international efforts, and may even imply the eventual extinction of more vulnerable overfished species [64].
In Asturias, the existing regulation gives legal and regulatory support to food quality—especially to differentiated quality and organic production—and establishes regulation of infractions and sanctions, with the aim of tackling intrusion and fraud [65]. However, the Asturian law is framed within Community regulations and applies European legislation on labeling. That is why, from a legislative point of view, Article 35 of Regulation (EU) No 1379/2013 of the European Parliament should be amended to include the fishery and aquaculture products listed in points h) and i) of Annex I to that Regulation, which refers to “prepared or preserved fish; caviar and caviar substitutes prepared from fish eggs” and “crustaceans, molluscs, and other aquatic invertebrates, prepared or preserved.” It is indisputable that to implement correct management and planning of the exploitation of marine resources and to watch over the rights of consumers, it is necessary to increase routine controls and sanctions—both on fishery products and those prepared and processed throughout the whole production chain—with emphasis on those stages where there is greater evidence of fraud and on those species to which, perhaps, less attention has been paid, such as marine invertebrates.
Labeling to provide additional ecological information about a product is usually voluntary. FAO recognized that it could contribute to improved fisheries management and convened a technical consultation in 1998, which led to the development of the “Guidelines for the Ecolabeling of Fish and Fishery Products from Marine Capture Fisheries” [66]. Since then, numerous programs have been proposed for ecolabelling seafood products in an effort to encourage fisheries managers to create sustainable fisheries. One of the most recognized today is the Marine Stewardship Council (MSC)—created in 1997, thanks to a collaboration between the World Wildlife Fund (WWF) and Unilever, a multinational company that markets several international brands [67]. The aim of these initiatives is to provide a market-based incentive for sustainable fisheries management. Processors, wholesalers, and retailers who purchase products from these accredited fisheries may acquire the right to affix an eco-label, informing consumers that the product has been caught in a sustainable fishery. Hypothetically, if there were a demand for environmental quality, consumers would respond by purchasing those products with an eco-label, thereby reducing demand for those without and causing price devaluation on unlabeled products. This may result in fishermen putting pressure on fishery managers to achieve sustainability accreditation and thus receive a higher percentage of the price [67].
In February 2016, the MSC awarded the Tapia, El Porto, Ortigueira, and Veiga fishermen’s associations the first certification for the octopus fishery worldwide.
Stock assessment is crucial, being an integral part of fisheries management. However, it can be challenging due to the methodological difficulties arising from marine monitoring using traditional methods—such as individual capture (with trawls, nets, or traps) or visual identification of species based on their distinctive morphological characteristics—and the amount of time consumed. Moreover, its financial cost is high, and, in some cases, it is simply unfeasible. The need to overcome these impediments has stimulated the search for new tools and approaches to integrate different environmental dimensions into decision-making in a data-driven policy approach [71].
Since 2016, improvements have been made in those areas where information was lacking for the management of the octopus fishery in Asturias. Particularly important has been the development of a model for octopus stock assessment, and the determination of annual reference points for the fishery, allowing the estimation of an annual TAC per campaign that responds to the situation of the octopus stock in the area [72], as well as making it possible for octopus fished with traps in western Asturias to have achieved—in this year 2021 and for five more years—the recertification of this MSC ecolabel. This work is part of a research project (ECOSIFOOD; MCI-20-PID2019-108481RB-100) funded in 2020 by the Spanish National State Program of Research and Development oriented to the challenges of society.
This last research project is also included as a target to work on obtaining new molecular traceability matrices based on new genomic and environmental DNA (eDNA) data from octopus and their application in temporal and spatial samples to help in detection, quantification, defining historic and contemporary patterns of genetic variation data, stocks and management units. The concept of the biological stock as the basic population unit of exploited species is fundamental to the management of wild fisheries. The delimitation of appropriate conservation units—which is the core of short-term management programs—is also a difficult task in marine systems that have traditionally been characterized as genetically undifferentiated populations [73] due to the large population size, high dispersal potential, and high fecundity of these species [74, 75].
The collection and analysis of water samples for eDNA has, in many cases, proven to be a cost-effective, sensitive, and noninvasive method for species presence/absence surveys, in contrast to established monitoring techniques that rely on the capture of whole organisms [76, 77, 78]. Studies now abound listing the many qualities of eDNA analyses for aquatic species detection and distribution assessment using DNA released into the environment by marine organisms, both vertebrates [79, 80, 81] and invertebrates [82, 83, 84]. The development of more reliable and cost-effective procedures for monitoring commercial species populations may, therefore, improve stock assessment [85]. An eDNA-based method was developed for stock assessment of
Other authors have found this relationship to be less pronounced [90, 91, 92] or even nonexistent [93] in natural ecosystems. However, in more recent studies, Spear et al. have shown that pikeperch density explains most of the variance in eDNA recovered in lake surface waters in natural systems [94]. Quantification of eDNA abundance is based on the assumption that local population size can be inferred by measuring eDNA concentration at a given locality and that this estimate represents the quantitative relationship between eDNA concentration and underlying population size [95]. However, such a relationship may not always be true, or even present in most cases. The results of Mauvessau et al. [86] show significant variations in the amounts of eDNA detected in the different sampling points located in the Cantabrian Sea. In any case, the observed variation in the amount of eDNA may be due to different and even unknown factors. Compared to eDNA sampling in river systems—which also poses its own set of problems, often difficult to address—factors such as tides, currents, large depths, and rapid movements of individuals in three dimensions may affect the collection of unbiased samples [71, 96].
The results presented by Mauvisseau et al. [86] were obtained using species-specific primers and the qPCR technique using the SYBR Green compound—double-stranded DNA-binding dye that allows the detection of the PCR product as it accumulates during PCR, as it is a simple, easy, and economical option. However, other types of technical approaches are now common, such as qPCR using TaqMan probe or recently digital droplet PCR (ddPCR) [97]. More recently, intraspecific diversity assessments have been performed in several species [98, 99], finding multiple haplotypes that had previously been identified from tissue-derived DNA by Sanger sequencing. This is a revolutionary tool for fisheries and population management, as the use of eDNA could allow detection, quantification, and estimation of diversity with minimal sampling efforts.
The use of environmental DNA-based tools to quantify commercial species populations is of great interest to fisheries managers and policy makers, as stock assessment is a central component of any management and/or conservation program [71]. There is a strong need to inform researchers, advisors, managers, and other stakeholders about the many challenges (and opportunities) associated with the application of environmental DNA analyses in routine marine fisheries management [85].
The stalked barnacle fishery in Western Asturias has been co-managed by the fishermen’s guilds and the Center for Fishing Experimentation (General Directorate of Maritime Fisheries of the Principality of Asturias) since the eighties. On the west coast of Asturias, harvesting is not open, but rather each fishery guild or group of guilds is granted the right to exclusively exploit barnacles in a strip of the coast, a system known as “exploitation plans.” In exchange, the guilds commit to exploiting the barnacle in a sustainable manner (complying with the rules established in the exploitation plan) and to report in minute detail the date, place, and amount of barnacle extracted, which is an extraordinary source of information for research and management [100]. In these systems, fishermen become co-responsible for management, intervening in the design of the exploitation plans. The DGP collects and analyzes the data on daily catches per shellfish gatherer and extraction area collected by the authorized fish rangers in each exploitation plan. At the same time, in collaboration with shellfish harvesters and fish wardens, the total and partial closed seasons and areas for each season are evaluated and proposed.
The potential of genetic approaches for the identification of fish stocks has long been recognized. However, in practice, stock assessments for management purposes often do not incorporate information on the biological stock structure because genetic and biological data are unavailable or ambiguous [101]. Even today, the isolation and characterization of new molecular markers remain difficult and costly for many non-model species [102]. Although microsatellite markers—and now also SNPs—are increasingly available for more species, studies on most marine organisms are still limited by marker availability and biased toward those of greatest commercial interest. A good example of this could be the barnacle fishery, which has an annual economic value of 10 million euros, with about 500 t of landings and 2100 professional fishermen involved [103] and yet has hardly been studied from a genetic point of view [100, 104, 105]. Although this may be alarming due to their importance, crustaceans—and other marine invertebrates as well—still lack genetic and genomic resources compared to other widely studied groups [106, 107]. The research projects PERCEBES (PCIN-2016-120) (funded by the EU Biodiversa call in 2016) and ECOSIFOOD (MCI-20-PID2019-108481RB-100) have targeted this objective of developing new genetic tools (microsatellites and SNPs) to assess genetically the fishery stocks of the stalked barnacle
Microsatellites are established as the most popular and versatile marker type [17]. Their hypervariable nature confers sufficient power to compare gene pools between populations, as unique alleles appear at low frequencies that are useful for discriminating populations. Under a standard set of parameters that includes 20 highly mutational microsatellite loci and approximately 50 individuals from each of the subpopulations to be sampled, the power to detect deviations from panmixia is very high—even with high gene flow [73]. This is the case of barnacle populations, where patterns of spatial and temporal structuring have been observed at a scale where variability should be homogenized by gene flow through larval dispersal and coined as chaotic genetic patchiness (CGP) [108, 109, 110].
The detection of genetic differences between samples far apart in space or time implies the existence of some level of demographic independence and the presence of separate populations [34, 73, 111]. The ongoing analyses carried out with 20 new microsatellite loci aimed to define, with greater precision, the spatiotemporal evolution of the genetic structure of the barnacle
The results of a genetic diversity study based on mtDNA on this marine invertebrate show that the Asturian populations could constitute, at present, a peculiar and so far, undiscovered management unit (MU) of the Bay of Biscay, separate from that of the Atlantic populations. Microsatellite marker data—which reflect recent processes of population dynamics—did not reveal controversial results. However, both markers suggested genetic heterogeneity in the Mediterranean and Candás samples [112]. These results are fundamental, as an essential requirement for sustainable exploitation is the adequacy of biologically relevant processes and the scale of management: mismatches between the two often occur [120]. The
The number of broodstock used in the sea urchin restocking experience carried out so far in Asturias—average number of spawners per event = 14.42—has been clearly far from what is desirable and from the recommended minimum number of broodstock [112]. This causes certain alleles and haplotypes to be overrepresented in the new population, leading to a reduction in the effective population size [128]. Besides this, microsatellite markers used indicated that juvenile individuals used for supplementation were genetically different from wild populations [112]. This means a poor representation of the wild gene pool in broodstock as a result—among other factors—of the low number of individuals used as broodstock since, in the particular case of marine invertebrates, they present a very high fecundity associated with a large variance in reproductive success [129], resulting in small Ne in cultured populations.
In Parrondo et al. [112] work, at least 3.5% overall of the total recaptured sea urchins with hatchery origin were found by randomly sampling 100 juveniles from each of the two restocked localities. Comparison of recapture rates is complicated for pilot studies [118], as they may depend on the objective of the experiment, the number of releases and size of individuals at the time of release, sampling effort, as well as the length of the experimental period and areas surveyed, and also the variance between studies. Despite the already commented previous findings, genetic monitoring of the restocked localities showed that they currently do not differ from the rest of the Asturian localities in terms of genetic diversity using both genetic markers, with no evidence of the Ryman-Laikre effect in the restocked populations [112]. Similar results were found in the
Habitat restoration—taking into account that kelp forests are in serious decline due to, among other factors, the increase in temperature in the Cantabrian sea that has been occurring since the beginning of the 21st century, the increase in the intensity of storms or the limitation of available nutrients due to changes in the frequency of coastal upwelling [132], the construction of shelters against waves, which also seem to be effective in promoting the colonization of kelp [133], as well as the establishment of marine protected areas (MPAs)—which would allow maintaining the supply of larvae—may be other options to be considered to improve sea urchin populations. In some cases, translocation of adult sea urchins could also be considered; however, translocation can have an impact on the “host” population, so it is necessary to manage the stock of animals to be translocated [133]—many of these measures have been successfully implemented in Japan. The integration of aquaculture-based enhancement with habitat restoration presents a notable opportunity for future research and development [134].
Biological invasions are a key component of the ecological and biodiversity conservation crisis. One of the main threats caused by introduced species is the alteration of the structure of host communities -both terrestrial and aquatic- and the modification of ecosystem functioning [135, 136]. Although only a small fraction of the many species introduced outside their native range are able to thrive and invade new habitats, their impact can be dramatic [9, 137]. The invasion process unfolds as a multistage operation involving the acquisition of a propagule in its native range, the transport of that propagule to the new range, and the introduction, establishment, and spread of the invader in the new habitat [138].
Accurate analysis and effective modeling of current and future distributions of invasive alien species (IAS) are highly dependent on the availability and accessibility of occurrence data and information on the natural history of the species [139]. Because conventional sampling techniques often have very low probabilities of detecting rare species in aquatic ecosystems [140], such as the initial stages of invasion processes, not being really effective until the population is established—years after the first introduction—[141], tools that favor immediacy are necessary to combat the spread and establishment of invasive species, carrying out strategies of “early detection and rapid response” (EDRR).
Early detection is a vital step for the effective management of invasive species. The species-specific molecular markers for
There is a need for an education strategy at all levels for sustainable development that provides knowledge, skills, attitudes, and values to enable citizens to make informed decisions to take responsible action for environmental integrity. Environmental education is necessary to foster behavioral changes in the population that lead to a “citizenship of the sea.” People who contribute to this “citizenship of the sea” show awareness and concern for the ocean and are motivated to take personal action to contribute to its protection [149]. The number of youth conservation movements is increasing around the world, for example, Fridays for Future—as the younger generations are more aware of the environmental issues affecting the planet. Consequently, young people seem to play a key role in the development of successful conservation programs. However, other avenues need to be developed to bridge the gap between positive attitudes and a real commitment to conservation and sustainable management [150].
The use of games as tools to enhance the acquisition of technical knowledge has long been studied as a powerful tool for learning, engaging, and tackling complicated tasks [151]. Sustainable sea is a strategy game developed for educational purposes in which players assume the role of fishermen while learning concepts related to the sustainable management of fishery resources [152]. Despite the small sample size, the board game provides information that can be useful for teaching fisheries management. According to the results of the pre- and post-tests, regardless of educational level, all groups improved their knowledge of specific topics after the activity. Knowledge gained by playing an educational game seems to be more effective because it is acquired through hands-on learning [153]. This not only raises awareness of the marine environment and its issues but also encourages a change in values to take personal responsibility for protecting the ocean [154].
The board game can be used to enhance the learning of technical concepts related to marine conservation, fisheries, and sustainable management of marine resources, being an alternative to conventional methods and a more useful educational resource, if possible, in the current context. In 2020, as the COVID-19 pandemic spread across the globe, most countries announced temporary school closures, affecting more than 91% of students worldwide—in April 2020, nearly 1.6 billion children were out of school - [155]. This board game can be very helpful tool when developing Information, Education, and Communication (IEC) activities by teachers. It can be played both in the classroom and among household members, the latter option being interesting because parents/guardians have greater responsibility for making decisions about household practices and this requires greater attention to be paid to how adults and children respond to environmental messages [156]. Marine issues are partly rooted in individual behavioral choices, which, either directly or indirectly through the global marketplace, have the potential to make a significant impact on the marine environment, such as through food choices – choosing correctly labeled or eco-labeled seafood – waste – reducing plastic use – and products [150, 154]. The development of learning can be seen as an intergenerational and multidirectional process that includes (but is not limited to) the information that children bring to families through educational formats for sustainability [156]. In addition, the game can be adapted to other fishing and marine resource scenarios, which are close to the players, as well as different educational levels. In the case of the board game, taking into account its low reproduction cost, it is an affordable tool for schools of all educational levels, as well as for anyone who may be interested in working on the goals of the 2030 Agenda.
The work summarized in this chapter suggests that advancing toward a sustainable fisheries management that guarantees both, the employability and profitability of the sector, as well as the cultural and natural heritage in the region, is a priority that can only be achieved through R + D + i and educational strategies—which require funding—and the development and implementation of a regional strategy oriented toward sustainable management and exploitation.
Irregularities in labeling and high levels of substitution fraud have been found in the analysis of scallops marketed with different degrees of processing and acquired in different establishments. The most processed products are those with the highest proportion of incorrect labeling. There is a need to carry out a review of the legislation and control methodologies—routine inspections, sanctions, etc.—that guarantee consumer rights, as well as the reliability of the databases on the first sale of fishery products on which fishery statistics are based and, therefore, fishery management, so that they become an efficient tool for the establishment of sustainable development strategies in the region.
MPAs favor the conservation of biodiversity; the protection of critical habitats; the increase of fisheries productivity through the regeneration of populations; the increase of knowledge of the marine environment; the refuge and protection of genetic diversity; and the protection of heritage and cultural diversity [157]. The implementation of Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) in Asturias coasts under the umbrella of Ecosystem-Based Management (EBM) and Integrated Coastal Zone Management (ICZM) has been suggested by different fields, as they are subordinated to the wider ecological, social, economic, and political context of the coastal and oceanic zones of which they form part. The sustainable management and, therefore, the preservation of such relevant natural resources of the region as barnacles, sea urchins, and octopus, would benefit significantly from this. Ecosystem-based management (EBM) and Integrated coastal zone management (ICZM) based on knowledge of fish stocks and the implementation in Asturias of possible marine protected areas (MPA) closer to or including the coast is necessary to ensure an efficient larval supply. On the other hand, it seems advisable to establish the figure of technical personnel to assist in fisheries management in the fishery associations, similar to the existing one in Galicia.
The fishermen’s guilds that are part of the co-managed barnacle extraction schemes of central-western Asturias could proceed with an application for MSC eco-sustainability certification. Previous studies endorse the high levels of sustainability of this fishery [103], which are managed through TURFs where fishermen actively participate in all aspects of management and share responsibilities with the administration in decision-making. However, among the disadvantages of this certification are the high costs derived from the external audits necessary to carry out its implementation, as well as the successive recertifications. The standards of this type of certification, which incorporate many aspects that were not considered in traditional management, can be incorporated into the management plans of artisanal fishing resources, being the Administration itself the one that requires them to obtain the “privilege” of exploiting a resource. The application of these sustainability standards to management has been very positive in the octopus experience, so they could be adapted to other well-controlled fisheries, such as stalked barnacles or the extraction of
Mitigation and restoration strategies for the decline of exploited marine populations require genetic control and monitoring programs to confirm that hatchery individual truly represent the wild gene pool and for early detection of possible adverse effects on genetic diversity. Moreover, the mitigation of population decline with autochthonous individuals—as it is being done—is the only possible option, because the use of allochthonous individuals—even those coming from any other population of Atlantic origin—could negatively affect the genetic diversity of wild populations since the new variants could displace the autochthonous ones and affect the adaptability and fitness of local populations. It has become evident that it is extremely important to increase the number of broodstock used to obtain these juveniles. In addition, it is recommended to evaluate the implementation of a habitat restoration plan for sea urchins in Asturias, since this type of combined strategy has proven to be more effective in the recovery of populations.
Genetics offers a diverse collection of versatile and useful tools to inform fisheries management on biologically based issues. However, the application of genetic tools is still incipient in many species of fishery interest. Genetic data need to be integrated into the management of fishery resources in Asturias, as they can address issues of direct relevance to the management of these resources; therefore, the implementation of routine genetic studies in management plans is recommended, always from a collaborative approach with managers and taking full advantage of new genetic technologies. The genomic era and the use of eDNA are still waiting to be effectively implemented in the management of marine invertebrates in Asturias.
There is an urgent need to bridge the gap between positive attitudes and real engagement of children and youth in ocean conservation, helping to foster real “citizenship of the sea.” Gamification can be an efficient alternative learning method that establishes new knowledge, attitudes, and commitment of the new generations with sustainability in the exploitation of marine resources in Asturias.
This work is based on the PhD dissertation
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\n'}]},successStories:{items:[]},authorsAndEditors:{filterParams:{},profiles:[{id:"396",title:"Dr.",name:"Vedran",middleName:null,surname:"Kordic",slug:"vedran-kordic",fullName:"Vedran Kordic",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/396/images/7281_n.png",biography:"After obtaining his Master's degree in Mechanical Engineering he continued his education at the Vienna University of Technology where he obtained his PhD degree in 2004. He worked as a researcher at the Automation and Control Institute, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Vienna University of Technology until 2008. 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Teguete, Y. Traore, A. Sissoko, M. Y. Djire, A. Thera, T. Dolo, N. Mounkoro, M. Traore and A. Dolo",authors:[{id:"87496",title:"Dr.",name:"Ibrahima",middleName:null,surname:"Teguete",slug:"ibrahima-teguete",fullName:"Ibrahima Teguete"}]},{id:"27121",doi:"10.5772/27439",title:"Clinical Risk Factors for Preterm Birth",slug:"clinical-risk-factors-for-preterm-birth",totalDownloads:8743,totalCrossrefCites:9,totalDimensionsCites:19,abstract:null,book:{id:"776",slug:"preterm-birth-mother-and-child",title:"Preterm Birth",fullTitle:"Preterm Birth - Mother and Child"},signatures:"Ifeoma Offiah, Keelin O’Donoghue and Louise Kenny",authors:[{id:"68552",title:"Dr.",name:"Ifeoma",middleName:null,surname:"Offiah",slug:"ifeoma-offiah",fullName:"Ifeoma Offiah"},{id:"70166",title:"Prof.",name:"Louise",middleName:null,surname:"Kenny",slug:"louise-kenny",fullName:"Louise Kenny"},{id:"74717",title:"Dr.",name:"Keelin",middleName:null,surname:"O'Donoghue",slug:"keelin-o'donoghue",fullName:"Keelin O'Donoghue"}]},{id:"27122",doi:"10.5772/27539",title:"Psychobiological Stress and Preterm Birth",slug:"psychobiological-stress-and-preterm-birth",totalDownloads:2985,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:14,abstract:null,book:{id:"776",slug:"preterm-birth-mother-and-child",title:"Preterm Birth",fullTitle:"Preterm Birth - Mother and Child"},signatures:"Curt A. Sandman, Elysia P. Davis and Laura M. Glynn",authors:[{id:"70534",title:"Prof.",name:"Curt",middleName:null,surname:"Sandman",slug:"curt-sandman",fullName:"Curt Sandman"},{id:"74174",title:"Prof.",name:"Laura",middleName:null,surname:"Glynn",slug:"laura-glynn",fullName:"Laura Glynn"},{id:"74177",title:"Prof.",name:"Elysia",middleName:null,surname:"Davis",slug:"elysia-davis",fullName:"Elysia Davis"}]},{id:"22230",doi:"10.5772/21555",title:"Tubal Damage, Infertility and Tubal Ectopic Pregnancy: Chlamydia trachomatis and Other Microbial Aetiologies",slug:"tubal-damage-infertility-and-tubal-ectopic-pregnancy-chlamydia-trachomatis-and-other-microbial-aetio",totalDownloads:5558,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:9,abstract:null,book:{id:"233",slug:"ectopic-pregnancy-modern-diagnosis-and-management",title:"Ectopic Pregnancy",fullTitle:"Ectopic Pregnancy - Modern Diagnosis and Management"},signatures:"Louise M. Hafner and Elise S. Pelzer",authors:[{id:"43697",title:"Dr.",name:"Louise",middleName:null,surname:"Hafner",slug:"louise-hafner",fullName:"Louise Hafner"},{id:"43707",title:"Ms.",name:"Elise",middleName:null,surname:"Pelzer",slug:"elise-pelzer",fullName:"Elise Pelzer"}]},{id:"62277",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79361",title:"Basic Antenatal Care Approach to Antenatal Care Service Provision",slug:"basic-antenatal-care-approach-to-antenatal-care-service-provision",totalDownloads:2963,totalCrossrefCites:6,totalDimensionsCites:8,abstract:"Globally, antenatal care is advocated as the cornerstone for reducing children’s deaths and improving maternal health. The basic antenatal care approach is used in the public health institutions in South Africa to provide healthcare services to the pregnant women. The basic antenatal care approach is a modified version of the focused antenatal care approach that was recommended by researchers during 2001 and adopted by the World Health Organisation in 2002 following realisation that traditional antenatal care programmes that were meant for developed countries were poorly implemented and largely ineffective when used in developing countries. The basic antenatal care approach is listed as one of the priority interventions for reducing maternal and child mortality in the country and is recommended as the minimum level of antenatal care that every pregnant woman should receive. Every site where pregnant women make contact with healthcare services should provide antenatal care services daily using this approach so that the first antenatal care visit consultation takes place as soon as the pregnancy has been confirmed or the very first time that a pregnant woman visits a health facility. The introductions of the basic antenatal care approach have been a positive milestone for South Africa.",book:{id:"7259",slug:"selected-topics-in-midwifery-care",title:"Selected Topics in Midwifery Care",fullTitle:"Selected Topics in Midwifery Care"},signatures:"Thembelihle Sylvia Patience Ngxongo",authors:[{id:"243711",title:"Dr.",name:"Thembelihle Sylvia Patience",middleName:null,surname:"Ngxongo",slug:"thembelihle-sylvia-patience-ngxongo",fullName:"Thembelihle Sylvia Patience Ngxongo"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"57672",title:"Ectopic Pregnancy: Diagnosis, Prevention and Management",slug:"ectopic-pregnancy-diagnosis-prevention-and-management",totalDownloads:2695,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:3,abstract:"An ectopic pregnancy (EP) falls within the area of the gynecological emergency and/or reproductive management of women, which is the implantation of fertilized ovum outside the endometrial cavity. The etiology of EP concentrated mainly on factor causes delayed transport of the fertilized ovum through the fallopian tube (favors implantation in tubal mucosa), thus giving rise to EP. This chapter describes the causes, diagnosis, prevention and the guidelines to improve the management of women who may have an EP, a major gynecological emergency that is a cause of morbidity or even mortality of women in first trimester. Three types of EP are diagnosed: tubal, cervical and ovarian; tubal is the main type. Identification of the signs and symptoms of acute and chronic EP in women, involving classical clinical trials or other symptoms common to early pregnancy, as well as evaluating the most important congenital and acquired factors related with EP, were discussed. Explanation of the most accurate methods used to diagnose the pregnancy including serum beta hCG and progesterone levels, medical history, ultrasonography, pregnancy tests and laparoscopy was also clarified. The evaluation of the most effective management tools of EP, including methotrexate administration and surgery (laparotomy and laparoscopy), was obviously explained.",book:{id:"5937",slug:"obstetrics",title:"Obstetrics",fullTitle:"Obstetrics"},signatures:"Talal Anwer Abdulkareem and Sajeda Mahdi Eidan",authors:[{id:"201127",title:"Prof.",name:"Talal",middleName:"Anwer",surname:"Abdulkareem",slug:"talal-abdulkareem",fullName:"Talal Abdulkareem"}]},{id:"56365",title:"Massive Postpartum Hemorrhage: Protocol and Red Code",slug:"massive-postpartum-hemorrhage-protocol-and-red-code",totalDownloads:2483,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,abstract:"Postpartum hemorrhage (PPH) is the leading cause of maternal death. In developing countries, approximately 8% of maternal death is caused by PPH. Protocols should provide a standardized approach to evaluate and monitor the patients. A standard protocol must be recognized by the institution and must be accepted and known by all team members. Additionally, it is important to have a massive obstetric hemorrhage protocol (red code) for those patients with an important bleeding who require blood products available as soon as possible. In the red code activation protocol there are several key points to consider: the management algorithm must be known and accepted by all team members, a clear and effective communication between the team must be established and all the participants must know the role they play. Massive obstetric hemorrhage has a multidisciplinary implication: obstetricians, anesthesiologists, pediatricians, midwife, nurses, auxiliary staff, and laboratory blood bank staff. The active participation of the multidisciplinary team in simulations before the protocols implementation facilitates the evaluation of critical points and subsequent changes before their final application, the assessment of the adequacy of circuits and infrastructure, as well as a better protocols compliance.",book:{id:"5937",slug:"obstetrics",title:"Obstetrics",fullTitle:"Obstetrics"},signatures:"Jaume Miñano Masip, Laura Almeida Toledano, Sílvia Ferrero\nMartínez and María Dolores Gómez Roig",authors:[{id:"202446",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Maria Dolores",middleName:null,surname:"Gómez Roig",slug:"maria-dolores-gomez-roig",fullName:"Maria Dolores Gómez Roig"},{id:"202447",title:"Dr.",name:"Jaume",middleName:null,surname:"Miñano Masip",slug:"jaume-minano-masip",fullName:"Jaume Miñano Masip"},{id:"202448",title:"Dr.",name:"Laura",middleName:null,surname:"Almeida",slug:"laura-almeida",fullName:"Laura Almeida"},{id:"202449",title:"Dr.",name:"Silvia",middleName:null,surname:"Ferrero",slug:"silvia-ferrero",fullName:"Silvia Ferrero"}]},{id:"56677",title:"Ovarian Cancer and Pregnancy",slug:"ovarian-cancer-and-pregnancy",totalDownloads:1682,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"The annual incidence rate of cancer is estimated to be more than 11,000 patients in the U.K. in the age group of 15–40 years, which corresponds to 4% of all cancer patients. The diagnosis of cancer is followed by devastating consequences for the patients and their families in this age group. Although the treatment of cancer is of crucial significance, it should also examine the impact of the disease on fertility at the time of the diagnosis and the damages caused from the surgical treatment, chemotherapy, or radiotherapy. The gynecological cancer, especially the diagnosis of ovarian cancer, the prevention, and treatment, as well as the fertility preservation in young women, represent the gold standard for all gynecologists. The crucial disadvantage remains the difficulty in primary diagnosis of ovarian cancer and the coexistence with pregnancy, focusing on the fertility preservation and maintaining pregnancy. In the absence of large perspective randomized trials and cohort studies, the therapeutic mapping and optimal management of these patients are difficult. In order to establish detailed guidelines, it is necessary to ensure surgical mapping depending on the cancer staging and the quality of life of the patients.",book:{id:"5937",slug:"obstetrics",title:"Obstetrics",fullTitle:"Obstetrics"},signatures:"Chrisostomos Sofoudis",authors:[{id:"173802",title:"Dr.",name:"Chrisostomos",middleName:null,surname:"Sofoudis",slug:"chrisostomos-sofoudis",fullName:"Chrisostomos Sofoudis"}]},{id:"65495",title:"Improving Maternal Health: The Safe Childbirth Checklist as a Tool for Reducing Maternal Mortality and Morbidity",slug:"improving-maternal-health-the-safe-childbirth-checklist-as-a-tool-for-reducing-maternal-mortality-an",totalDownloads:2181,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:4,abstract:"Ensuring healthy lives and promoting the well-being for all at all ages is essential to sustainable development. The UN’s adoption of the sustainable development goals (SDGs) in September 2015 reaffirmed the reduction of maternal and newborn mortality as global priorities in the coming decade. The World Health Organisation Safe Childbirth Checklist has been developed to ensure the delivery of essential maternal and perinatal care practices. The Safe Childbirth Checklist aims to help frontline health workers to prevent avoidable childbirth-related mortality and morbidity. The Checklist addresses the major causes of maternal death (haemorrhage, infection, obstructed labour and hypertensive disorders), intrapartum-related stillbirths (inadequate intrapartum care), and neonatal deaths (birth asphyxia, infection and complications related to prematurity). Successful completion of checklist items by healthcare workers will help keep the woman and baby safe as the checklist catalogues a core set of practices that are proven to reduce maternal and newborn harm. The practices described in the checklist items should be conducted at every birth. This chapter utilises experiences gained in Cameroon, Ghana, Nigeria and Zambia during the Pfizer Independent Grant for Learning and Change supported Medical Women’s Association of Nigeria Improving Maternal Health in sub-Saharan Africa project to describe the checklist and how it can be used to deliver lifesaving midwifery care and enhance maternal health.",book:{id:"7259",slug:"selected-topics-in-midwifery-care",title:"Selected Topics in Midwifery Care",fullTitle:"Selected Topics in Midwifery Care"},signatures:"Julius Dohbit, Vetty Agala, Pamela Chinwa-Banda, Betty Anane-\nFenin, Omosivie Maduka, Ufuoma Edewor, Ibimonye Porbeni, Fru\nAngwafo and Rosemary Ogu",authors:[{id:"213063",title:"Prof.",name:"Rosemary",middleName:null,surname:"Ogu",slug:"rosemary-ogu",fullName:"Rosemary Ogu"},{id:"241001",title:"Dr.",name:"Pamela",middleName:"Chirwa",surname:"Banda",slug:"pamela-banda",fullName:"Pamela Banda"},{id:"259772",title:"Dr.",name:"Vetty",middleName:null,surname:"Agala",slug:"vetty-agala",fullName:"Vetty Agala"},{id:"270792",title:"Prof.",name:"Fru",middleName:null,surname:"Angwafo",slug:"fru-angwafo",fullName:"Fru Angwafo"},{id:"270799",title:"Dr.",name:"Julius",middleName:null,surname:"Dohbit Sama",slug:"julius-dohbit-sama",fullName:"Julius Dohbit Sama"},{id:"270802",title:"Dr.",name:"Betty",middleName:null,surname:"Anane-Fenin",slug:"betty-anane-fenin",fullName:"Betty Anane-Fenin"},{id:"270803",title:"Dr.",name:"Ufuoma",middleName:null,surname:"Edewor",slug:"ufuoma-edewor",fullName:"Ufuoma Edewor"},{id:"273872",title:"Dr.",name:"Ibimonye",middleName:null,surname:"Porbeni",slug:"ibimonye-porbeni",fullName:"Ibimonye Porbeni"},{id:"273875",title:"Dr.",name:"Omosivie",middleName:null,surname:"Maduka",slug:"omosivie-maduka",fullName:"Omosivie Maduka"}]},{id:"56985",title:"Pelvic Floor Support",slug:"pelvic-floor-support",totalDownloads:3323,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,abstract:"Pelvic floor muscle can be weakened by pregnancy and birth trauma and this contributes to sagging of pelvic floor, and may lead to pelvic floor disorder (PFD). There are various forms of pelvic floor support available in modern medicine, each has its own therapeutic logic behind its use. The noninvasive mechanical device bowel aid provides conservative support to supplement current obstetric management to improve outcome of management of pregnancy related problem like hemorrhoid and anal fissure. 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He is a full professor of signal processing and pattern recognition and is head of the Signals and Communications Department at ULPGC, teaching from 2001 on subjects on signal processing and learning theory. His research lines are biometrics, biomedical signals and images, data mining, classification system, signal and image processing, machine learning, and environmental intelligence. He has researched in 52 international and Spanish research projects, some of them as head researcher. He is co-author of 4 books, co-editor of 27 proceedings books, guest editor for 8 JCR-ISI international journals, and up to 24 book chapters. He has over 450 papers published in international journals and conferences (81 of them indexed on JCR – ISI - Web of Science). He has published seven patents in the Spanish Patent and Trademark Office. He has been a supervisor on 8 Ph.D. theses (11 more are under supervision), and 130 master theses. 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He is currently a principal researcher in data analytics and optimisation at TECNALIA (Spain), a visiting fellow at the Basque Center for Applied Mathematics (BCAM) and a part-time lecturer at the University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU). His research interests gravitate on the use of descriptive, prescriptive and predictive algorithms for data mining and optimization in a diverse range of application fields such as Energy, Transport, Telecommunications, Health and Industry, among others. In these fields he has published more than 240 articles, co-supervised 8 Ph.D. theses, edited 6 books, coauthored 7 patents and participated/led more than 40 research projects. 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He is currently a full professor in\nthe Department of Automation and Applied Informatics at the\nsame university. Dr. Voloşencu is the author of ten books, seven\nbook chapters, and more than 160 papers published in journals\nand conference proceedings. He has also edited twelve books and\nhas twenty-seven patents to his name. He is a manager of research grants, editor in\nchief and member of international journal editorial boards, a former plenary speaker, a member of scientific committees, and chair at international conferences. His\nresearch is in the fields of control systems, control of electric drives, fuzzy control\nsystems, neural network applications, fault detection and diagnosis, sensor network\napplications, monitoring of distributed parameter systems, and power ultrasound\napplications. 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Radiotherapy and Nuclear Medicine Technology has always been my aspiration and my life. As years passed I accumulated a tremendous amount of skills and knowledge in Radiotherapy and Nuclear Medicine, Conventional Radiology, Radiation Protection, Bioinformatics Technology, PACS, Image processing, clinically and lecturing that will enable me to provide a valuable service to the community as a Researcher and Consultant in this field. My method of translating this into day to day in clinical practice is non-exhaustible and my habit of exchanging knowledge and expertise with others in those fields is the code and secret of success.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Majmaah University",country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}},{id:"313277",title:"Dr.",name:"Bartłomiej",middleName:null,surname:"Płaczek",slug:"bartlomiej-placzek",fullName:"Bartłomiej Płaczek",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/313277/images/system/313277.jpg",biography:"Bartłomiej Płaczek, MSc (2002), Ph.D. (2005), Habilitation (2016), is a professor at the University of Silesia, Institute of Computer Science, Poland, and an expert from the National Centre for Research and Development. His research interests include sensor networks, smart sensors, intelligent systems, and image processing with applications in healthcare and medicine. 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Several international research projects has been performed with European partners from France, Netherlands, Norway and the UK. He is currently Professor of Communications Systems at the Harz University of Applied Sciences, Germany.\n\nPublications and Publishing\nHe has edited one book, a special interest book about ‘Optoelectronic Packaging’ (VDE, Berlin, Germany), and has published over 100 papers and is owner of several international patents for WDM over POF key elements.\n\nKey Research and Consulting Interests\nUlrich’s research activity has always been related to Spectroscopy and Optical Communications Technology. Specific current interests include the validation of complex instruments, and the application of VR technology to the development and testing of measurement systems. He has been reviewer for several publications of the Optical Society of America\\'s including Photonics Technology Letters and Applied Optics.\n\nPersonal Interests\nThese include motor cycling in a very relaxed manner and performing martial arts.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Charité",country:{name:"Germany"}}},{id:"341622",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Eduardo",middleName:null,surname:"Rojas Alvarez",slug:"eduardo-rojas-alvarez",fullName:"Eduardo Rojas Alvarez",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/341622/images/15892_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Cuenca",country:{name:"Ecuador"}}},{id:"215610",title:"Prof.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Sarfraz",slug:"muhammad-sarfraz",fullName:"Muhammad Sarfraz",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/215610/images/system/215610.jpeg",biography:"Muhammad Sarfraz is a professor in the Department of Information Science, Kuwait University. 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Prof. Sarfraz is also an editor-in-chief and editor of various international journals.",institutionString:"Kuwait University",institution:{name:"Kuwait University",country:{name:"Kuwait"}}},{id:"32650",title:"Prof.",name:"Lukas",middleName:"Willem",surname:"Snyman",slug:"lukas-snyman",fullName:"Lukas Snyman",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/32650/images/4136_n.jpg",biography:"Lukas Willem Snyman received his basic education at primary and high schools in South Africa, Eastern Cape. He enrolled at today's Nelson Metropolitan University and graduated from this university with a BSc in Physics and Mathematics, B.Sc Honors in Physics, MSc in Semiconductor Physics, and a Ph.D. in Semiconductor Physics in 1987. After his studies, he chose an academic career and devoted his energy to the teaching of physics to first, second, and third-year students. After positions as a lecturer at the University of Port Elizabeth, he accepted a position as Associate Professor at the University of Pretoria, South Africa.\r\n\r\nIn 1992, he motivates the concept of 'television and computer-based education” as means to reach large student numbers with only the best of teaching expertise and publishes an article on the concept in the SA Journal of Higher Education of 1993 (and later in 2003). The University of Pretoria subsequently approved a series of test projects on the concept with outreach to Mamelodi and Eerste Rust in 1993. In 1994, the University established a 'Unit for Telematic Education ' as a support section for multiple faculties at the University of Pretoria. In subsequent years, the concept of 'telematic education” subsequently becomes well established in academic circles in South Africa, grew in popularity, and is adopted by many universities and colleges throughout South Africa as a medium of enhancing education and training, as a method to reaching out to far out communities, and as a means to enhance study from the home environment.\r\n\r\nProfessor Snyman in subsequent years pursued research in semiconductor physics, semiconductor devices, microelectronics, and optoelectronics.\r\n\r\nIn 2000 he joined the TUT as a full professor. Here served for a period as head of the Department of Electronic Engineering. Here he makes contributions to solar energy development, microwave and optoelectronic device development, silicon photonics, as well as contributions to new mobile telecommunication systems and network planning in SA.\r\n\r\nCurrently, he teaches electronics and telecommunications at the TUT to audiences ranging from first-year students to Ph.D. level.\r\n\r\nFor his research in the field of 'Silicon Photonics” since 1990, he has published (as author and co-author) about thirty internationally reviewed articles in scientific journals, contributed to more than forty international conferences, about 25 South African provisional patents (as inventor and co-inventor), 8 PCT international patent applications until now. Of these, two USA patents applications, two European Patents, two Korean patents, and ten SA patents have been granted. A further 4 USA patents, 5 European patents, 3 Korean patents, 3 Chinese patents, and 3 Japanese patents are currently under consideration.\r\n\r\nRecently he has also published an extensive scholarly chapter in an internet open access book on 'Integrating Microphotonic Systems and MOEMS into standard Silicon CMOS Integrated circuitry”.\r\n\r\nFurthermore, Professor Snyman recently steered a new initiative at the TUT by introducing a 'Laboratory for Innovative Electronic Systems ' at the Department of Electrical Engineering. The model of this laboratory or center is to primarily combine outputs as achieved by high-level research with lower-level system development and entrepreneurship in a technical university environment. Students are allocated to projects at different levels with PhDs and Master students allocated to the generation of new knowledge and new technologies, while students at the diploma and Baccalaureus level are allocated to electronic systems development with a direct and a near application for application in industry or the commercial and public sectors in South Africa.\r\n\r\nProfessor Snyman received the WIRSAM Award of 1983 and the WIRSAM Award in 1985 in South Africa for best research papers by a young scientist at two international conferences on electron microscopy in South Africa. He subsequently received the SA Microelectronics Award for the best dissertation emanating from studies executed at a South African university in the field of Physics and Microelectronics in South Africa in 1987. In October of 2011, Professor Snyman received the prestigious Institutional Award for 'Innovator of the Year” for 2010 at the Tshwane University of Technology, South Africa. This award was based on the number of patents recognized and granted by local and international institutions as well as for his contributions concerning innovation at the TUT.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of South Africa",country:{name:"South Africa"}}},{id:"317279",title:"Mr.",name:"Ali",middleName:"Usama",surname:"Syed",slug:"ali-syed",fullName:"Ali Syed",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/317279/images/16024_n.png",biography:"A creative, talented, and innovative young professional who is dedicated, well organized, and capable research fellow with two years of experience in graduate-level research, published in engineering journals and book, with related expertise in Bio-robotics, equally passionate about the aesthetics of the mechanical and electronic system, obtained expertise in the use of MS Office, MATLAB, SolidWorks, LabVIEW, Proteus, Fusion 360, having a grasp on python, C++ and assembly language, possess proven ability in acquiring research grants, previous appointments with social and educational societies with experience in administration, current affiliations with IEEE and Web of Science, a confident presenter at conferences and teacher in classrooms, able to explain complex information to audiences of all levels.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Air University",country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"75526",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Zihni Onur",middleName:null,surname:"Uygun",slug:"zihni-onur-uygun",fullName:"Zihni Onur Uygun",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/75526/images/12_n.jpg",biography:"My undergraduate education and my Master of Science educations at Ege University and at Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University have given me a firm foundation in Biochemistry, Analytical Chemistry, Biosensors, Bioelectronics, Physical Chemistry and Medicine. After obtaining my degree as a MSc in analytical chemistry, I started working as a research assistant in Ege University Medical Faculty in 2014. In parallel, I enrolled to the MSc program at the Department of Medical Biochemistry at Ege University to gain deeper knowledge on medical and biochemical sciences as well as clinical chemistry in 2014. In my PhD I deeply researched on biosensors and bioelectronics and finished in 2020. Now I have eleven SCI-Expanded Index published papers, 6 international book chapters, referee assignments for different SCIE journals, one international patent pending, several international awards, projects and bursaries. In parallel to my research assistant position at Ege University Medical Faculty, Department of Medical Biochemistry, in April 2016, I also founded a Start-Up Company (Denosens Biotechnology LTD) by the support of The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey. Currently, I am also working as a CEO in Denosens Biotechnology. The main purposes of the company, which carries out R&D as a research center, are to develop new generation biosensors and sensors for both point-of-care diagnostics; such as glucose, lactate, cholesterol and cancer biomarker detections. My specific experimental and instrumental skills are Biochemistry, Biosensor, Analytical Chemistry, Electrochemistry, Mobile phone based point-of-care diagnostic device, POCTs and Patient interface designs, HPLC, Tandem Mass Spectrometry, Spectrophotometry, ELISA.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ege University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"267434",title:"Dr.",name:"Rohit",middleName:null,surname:"Raja",slug:"rohit-raja",fullName:"Rohit Raja",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/267434/images/system/267434.jpg",biography:"Dr. Rohit Raja received Ph.D. in Computer Science and Engineering from Dr. CVRAMAN University in 2016. His main research interest includes Face recognition and Identification, Digital Image Processing, Signal Processing, and Networking. Presently he is working as Associate Professor in IT Department, Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya (A Central University), Bilaspur (CG), India. He has authored several Journal and Conference Papers. He has good Academics & Research experience in various areas of CSE and IT. He has filed and successfully published 27 Patents. He has received many time invitations to be a Guest at IEEE Conferences. He has published 100 research papers in various International/National Journals (including IEEE, Springer, etc.) and Proceedings of the reputed International/ National Conferences (including Springer and IEEE). He has been nominated to the board of editors/reviewers of many peer-reviewed and refereed Journals (including IEEE, Springer).",institutionString:"Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya",institution:{name:"Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"246502",title:"Dr.",name:"Jaya T.",middleName:"T",surname:"Varkey",slug:"jaya-t.-varkey",fullName:"Jaya T. Varkey",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/246502/images/11160_n.jpg",biography:"Jaya T. Varkey, PhD, graduated with a degree in Chemistry from Cochin University of Science and Technology, Kerala, India. She obtained a PhD in Chemistry from the School of Chemical Sciences, Mahatma Gandhi University, Kerala, India, and completed a post-doctoral fellowship at the University of Minnesota, USA. She is a research guide at Mahatma Gandhi University and Associate Professor in Chemistry, St. Teresa’s College, Kochi, Kerala, India.\nDr. Varkey received a National Young Scientist award from the Indian Science Congress (1995), a UGC Research award (2016–2018), an Indian National Science Academy (INSA) Visiting Scientist award (2018–2019), and a Best Innovative Faculty award from the All India Association for Christian Higher Education (AIACHE) (2019). She Hashas received the Sr. Mary Cecil prize for best research paper three times. She was also awarded a start-up to develop a tea bag water filter. \nDr. Varkey has published two international books and twenty-seven international journal publications. She is an editorial board member for five international journals.",institutionString:"St. Teresa’s College",institution:null},{id:"250668",title:"Dr.",name:"Ali",middleName:null,surname:"Nabipour Chakoli",slug:"ali-nabipour-chakoli",fullName:"Ali Nabipour Chakoli",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/250668/images/system/250668.jpg",biography:"Academic Qualification:\r\n•\tPhD in Materials Physics and Chemistry, From: Sep. 2006, to: Sep. 2010, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Thesis: Structure and Shape Memory Effect of Functionalized MWCNTs/poly (L-lactide-co-ε-caprolactone) Nanocomposites. Supervisor: Prof. Wei Cai,\r\n•\tM.Sc in Applied Physics, From: 1996, to: 1998, Faculty of Physics & Nuclear Science, Amirkabir Uni. of Technology, Tehran, Iran, Thesis: Determination of Boron in Micro alloy Steels with solid state nuclear track detectors by neutron induced auto radiography, Supervisors: Dr. M. Hosseini Ashrafi and Dr. A. Hosseini.\r\n•\tB.Sc. in Applied Physics, From: 1991, to: 1996, Faculty of Physics & Nuclear Science, Amirkabir Uni. of Technology, Tehran, Iran, Thesis: Design of shielding for Am-Be neutron sources for In Vivo neutron activation analysis, Supervisor: Dr. M. Hosseini Ashrafi.\r\n\r\nResearch Experiences:\r\n1.\tNanomaterials, Carbon Nanotubes, Graphene: Synthesis, Functionalization and Characterization,\r\n2.\tMWCNTs/Polymer Composites: Fabrication and Characterization, \r\n3.\tShape Memory Polymers, Biodegradable Polymers, ORC, Collagen,\r\n4.\tMaterials Analysis and Characterizations: TEM, SEM, XPS, FT-IR, Raman, DSC, DMA, TGA, XRD, GPC, Fluoroscopy, \r\n5.\tInteraction of Radiation with Mater, Nuclear Safety and Security, NDT(RT),\r\n6.\tRadiation Detectors, Calibration (SSDL),\r\n7.\tCompleted IAEA e-learning Courses:\r\nNuclear Security (15 Modules),\r\nNuclear Safety:\r\nTSA 2: Regulatory Protection in Occupational Exposure,\r\nTips & Tricks: Radiation Protection in Radiography,\r\nSafety and Quality in Radiotherapy,\r\nCourse on Sealed Radioactive Sources,\r\nCourse on Fundamentals of Environmental Remediation,\r\nCourse on Planning for Environmental Remediation,\r\nKnowledge Management Orientation Course,\r\nFood Irradiation - Technology, Applications and Good Practices,\r\nEmployment:\r\nFrom 2010 to now: Academic staff, Nuclear Science and Technology Research Institute, Kargar Shomali, Tehran, Iran, P.O. Box: 14395-836.\r\nFrom 1997 to 2006: Expert of Materials Analysis and Characterization. Research Center of Agriculture and Medicine. Rajaeeshahr, Karaj, Iran, P. O. Box: 31585-498.",institutionString:"Atomic Energy Organization of Iran",institution:{name:"Atomic Energy Organization of Iran",country:{name:"Iran"}}},{id:"248279",title:"Dr.",name:"Monika",middleName:"Elzbieta",surname:"Machoy",slug:"monika-machoy",fullName:"Monika Machoy",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/248279/images/system/248279.jpeg",biography:"Monika Elżbieta Machoy, MD, graduated with distinction from the Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry at the Pomeranian Medical University in 2009, defended her PhD thesis with summa cum laude in 2016 and is currently employed as a researcher at the Department of Orthodontics of the Pomeranian Medical University. She expanded her professional knowledge during a one-year scholarship program at the Ernst Moritz Arndt University in Greifswald, Germany and during a three-year internship at the Technical University in Dresden, Germany. She has been a speaker at numerous orthodontic conferences, among others, American Association of Orthodontics, European Orthodontic Symposium and numerous conferences of the Polish Orthodontic Society. She conducts research focusing on the effect of orthodontic treatment on dental and periodontal tissues and the causes of pain in orthodontic patients.",institutionString:"Pomeranian Medical University",institution:{name:"Pomeranian Medical University",country:{name:"Poland"}}},{id:"252743",title:"Prof.",name:"Aswini",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Kar",slug:"aswini-kar",fullName:"Aswini Kar",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/252743/images/10381_n.jpg",biography:"uploaded in cv",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"KIIT University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"204256",title:"Dr.",name:"Anil",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Kumar Sahu",slug:"anil-kumar-sahu",fullName:"Anil Kumar Sahu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/204256/images/14201_n.jpg",biography:"I have nearly 11 years of research and teaching experience. I have done my master degree from University Institute of Pharmacy, Pt. Ravi Shankar Shukla University, Raipur, Chhattisgarh India. I have published 16 review and research articles in international and national journals and published 4 chapters in IntechOpen, the world’s leading publisher of Open access books. I have presented many papers at national and international conferences. I have received research award from Indian Drug Manufacturers Association in year 2015. My research interest extends from novel lymphatic drug delivery systems, oral delivery system for herbal bioactive to formulation optimization.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Chhattisgarh Swami Vivekanand Technical University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"253468",title:"Dr.",name:"Mariusz",middleName:null,surname:"Marzec",slug:"mariusz-marzec",fullName:"Mariusz Marzec",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/253468/images/system/253468.png",biography:"An assistant professor at Department of Biomedical Computer Systems, at Institute of Computer Science, Silesian University in Katowice. Scientific interests: computer analysis and processing of images, biomedical images, databases and programming languages. He is an author and co-author of scientific publications covering analysis and processing of biomedical images and development of database systems.",institutionString:"University of Silesia",institution:null},{id:"212432",title:"Prof.",name:"Hadi",middleName:null,surname:"Mohammadi",slug:"hadi-mohammadi",fullName:"Hadi Mohammadi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/212432/images/system/212432.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Hadi Mohammadi is a biomedical engineer with hands-on experience in the design and development of many engineering structures and medical devices through various projects that he has been involved in over the past twenty years. Dr. Mohammadi received his BSc. and MSc. degrees in Mechanical Engineering from Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran, and his PhD. degree in Biomedical Engineering (biomaterials) from the University of Western Ontario. He was a postdoctoral trainee for almost four years at University of Calgary and Harvard Medical School. He is an industry innovator having created the technology to produce lifelike synthetic platforms that can be used for the simulation of almost all cardiovascular reconstructive surgeries. He’s been heavily involved in the design and development of cardiovascular devices and technology for the past 10 years. He is currently an Assistant Professor with the University of British Colombia, Canada.",institutionString:"University of British Columbia",institution:{name:"University of British Columbia",country:{name:"Canada"}}},{id:"254463",title:"Prof.",name:"Haisheng",middleName:null,surname:"Yang",slug:"haisheng-yang",fullName:"Haisheng Yang",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/254463/images/system/254463.jpeg",biography:"Haisheng Yang, Ph.D., Professor and Director of the Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Life Science and Bioengineering, Beijing University of Technology. He received his Ph.D. degree in Mechanics/Biomechanics from Harbin Institute of Technology (jointly with University of California, Berkeley). Afterwards, he worked as a Postdoctoral Research Associate in the Purdue Musculoskeletal Biology and Mechanics Lab at the Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Purdue University, USA. He also conducted research in the Research Centre of Shriners Hospitals for Children-Canada at McGill University, Canada. Dr. Yang has over 10 years research experience in orthopaedic biomechanics and mechanobiology of bone adaptation and regeneration. He earned an award from Beijing Overseas Talents Aggregation program in 2017 and serves as Beijing Distinguished Professor.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Beijing University of Technology",country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"89721",title:"Dr.",name:"Mehmet",middleName:"Cuneyt",surname:"Ozmen",slug:"mehmet-ozmen",fullName:"Mehmet Ozmen",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/89721/images/7289_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Gazi University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"242893",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Joaquim",middleName:null,surname:"De Moura",slug:"joaquim-de-moura",fullName:"Joaquim De Moura",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/242893/images/7133_n.jpg",biography:"Joaquim de Moura received his degree in Computer Engineering in 2014 from the University of A Coruña (Spain). In 2016, he received his M.Sc degree in Computer Engineering from the same university. He is currently pursuing his Ph.D degree in Computer Science in a collaborative project between ophthalmology centers in Galicia and the University of A Coruña. His research interests include computer vision, machine learning algorithms and analysis and medical imaging processing of various kinds.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of A Coruña",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"294334",title:"B.Sc.",name:"Marc",middleName:null,surname:"Bruggeman",slug:"marc-bruggeman",fullName:"Marc Bruggeman",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/294334/images/8242_n.jpg",biography:"Chemical engineer graduate, with a passion for material science and specific interest in polymers - their near infinite applications intrigue me. \n\nI plan to continue my scientific career in the field of polymeric biomaterials as I am fascinated by intelligent, bioactive and biomimetic materials for use in both consumer and medical applications.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"255757",title:"Dr.",name:"Igor",middleName:"Victorovich",surname:"Lakhno",slug:"igor-lakhno",fullName:"Igor Lakhno",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/255757/images/system/255757.jpg",biography:"Igor Victorovich Lakhno was born in 1971 in Kharkiv (Ukraine). \nMD – 1994, Kharkiv National Medical Univesity.\nOb&Gyn; – 1997, master courses in Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education.\nPh.D. – 1999, Kharkiv National Medical Univesity.\nDSC – 2019, PL Shupik National Academy of Postgraduate Education \nProfessor – 2021, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology of VN Karazin Kharkiv National University\nHead of Department – 2021, Department of Perinatology, Obstetrics and gynecology of Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education\nIgor Lakhno has been graduated from international training courses on reproductive medicine and family planning held at Debrecen University (Hungary) in 1997. Since 1998 Lakhno Igor has worked as an associate professor in the department of obstetrics and gynecology of VN Karazin National University and an associate professor of the perinatology, obstetrics, and gynecology department of Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education. Since June 2019 he’s been a professor in the department of obstetrics and gynecology of VN Karazin National University and a professor of the perinatology, obstetrics, and gynecology department. He’s affiliated with Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education as a Head of Department from November 2021. Igor Lakhno has participated in several international projects on fetal non-invasive electrocardiography (with Dr. J. A. Behar (Technion), Prof. D. Hoyer (Jena University), and José Alejandro Díaz Méndez (National Institute of Astrophysics, Optics, and Electronics, Mexico). He’s an author of about 200 printed works and there are 31 of them in Scopus or Web of Science databases. Igor Lakhno is a member of the Editorial Board of Reproductive Health of Woman, Emergency Medicine, and Technology Transfer Innovative Solutions in Medicine (Estonia). He is a medical Editor of “Z turbotoyu pro zhinku”. Igor Lakhno is a reviewer of the Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology (Taylor and Francis), British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology (Wiley), Informatics in Medicine Unlocked (Elsevier), The Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology Research (Wiley), Endocrine, Metabolic & Immune Disorders-Drug Targets (Bentham Open), The Open Biomedical Engineering Journal (Bentham Open), etc. He’s defended a dissertation for a DSc degree “Pre-eclampsia: prediction, prevention, and treatment”. Three years ago Igor Lakhno has participated in a training course on innovative technologies in medical education at Lublin Medical University (Poland). Lakhno Igor has participated as a speaker in several international conferences and congresses (International Conference on Biological Oscillations April 10th-14th 2016, Lancaster, UK, The 9th conference of the European Study Group on Cardiovascular Oscillations). His main scientific interests: are obstetrics, women’s health, fetal medicine, and cardiovascular medicine. \nIgor Lakhno is a consultant at Kharkiv municipal perinatal center. He’s graduated from training courses on endoscopy in gynecology. He has 28 years of practical experience in the field.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"244950",title:"Dr.",name:"Salvatore",middleName:null,surname:"Di Lauro",slug:"salvatore-di-lauro",fullName:"Salvatore Di Lauro",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://intech-files.s3.amazonaws.com/0030O00002bSF1HQAW/ProfilePicture%202021-12-20%2014%3A54%3A14.482",biography:"Name:\n\tSALVATORE DI LAURO\nAddress:\n\tHospital Clínico Universitario Valladolid\nAvda Ramón y Cajal 3\n47005, Valladolid\nSpain\nPhone number: \nFax\nE-mail:\n\t+34 983420000 ext 292\n+34 983420084\nsadilauro@live.it\nDate and place of Birth:\nID Number\nMedical Licence \nLanguages\t09-05-1985. Villaricca (Italy)\n\nY1281863H\n474707061\nItalian (native language)\nSpanish (read, written, spoken)\nEnglish (read, written, spoken)\nPortuguese (read, spoken)\nFrench (read)\n\t\t\nCurrent position (title and company)\tDate (Year)\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid. Sacyl. National Health System.\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Instituto Oftalmologico Recoletas. Red Hospitalaria Recoletas. Private practise.\t2017-today\n\n2019-today\n\t\n\t\nEducation (High school, university and postgraduate training > 3 months)\tDate (Year)\nDegree in Medicine and Surgery. University of Neaples 'Federico II”\nResident in Opthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid\nMaster in Vitreo-Retina. IOBA. University of Valladolid\nFellow of the European Board of Ophthalmology. Paris\nMaster in Research in Ophthalmology. University of Valladolid\t2003-2009\n2012-2016\n2016-2017\n2016\n2012-2013\n\t\nEmployments (company and positions)\tDate (Year)\nResident in Ophthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid. Sacyl.\nFellow in Vitreo-Retina. IOBA. University of Valladolid\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid. Sacyl. National Health System.\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Instituto Oftalmologico Recoletas. Red Hospitalaria Recoletas. \n\t2012-2016\n2016-2017\n2017-today\n\n2019-Today\n\n\n\t\nClinical Research Experience (tasks and role)\tDate (Year)\nAssociated investigator\n\n' FIS PI20/00740: DESARROLLO DE UNA CALCULADORA DE RIESGO DE\nAPARICION DE RETINOPATIA DIABETICA BASADA EN TECNICAS DE IMAGEN MULTIMODAL EN PACIENTES DIABETICOS TIPO 1. Grant by: Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovacion \n\n' (BIO/VA23/14) Estudio clínico multicéntrico y prospectivo para validar dos\nbiomarcadores ubicados en los genes p53 y MDM2 en la predicción de los resultados funcionales de la cirugía del desprendimiento de retina regmatógeno. Grant by: Gerencia Regional de Salud de la Junta de Castilla y León.\n' Estudio multicéntrico, aleatorizado, con enmascaramiento doble, en 2 grupos\nparalelos y de 52 semanas de duración para comparar la eficacia, seguridad e inmunogenicidad de SOK583A1 respecto a Eylea® en pacientes con degeneración macular neovascular asociada a la edad' (CSOK583A12301; N.EUDRA: 2019-004838-41; FASE III). Grant by Hexal AG\n\n' Estudio de fase III, aleatorizado, doble ciego, con grupos paralelos, multicéntrico para comparar la eficacia y la seguridad de QL1205 frente a Lucentis® en pacientes con degeneración macular neovascular asociada a la edad. (EUDRACT: 2018-004486-13). Grant by Qilu Pharmaceutical Co\n\n' Estudio NEUTON: Ensayo clinico en fase IV para evaluar la eficacia de aflibercept en pacientes Naive con Edema MacUlar secundario a Oclusion de Vena CenTral de la Retina (OVCR) en regimen de tratamientO iNdividualizado Treat and Extend (TAE)”, (2014-000975-21). Grant by Fundacion Retinaplus\n\n' Evaluación de la seguridad y bioactividad de anillos de tensión capsular en conejo. Proyecto Procusens. Grant by AJL, S.A.\n\n'Estudio epidemiológico, prospectivo, multicéntrico y abierto\\npara valorar la frecuencia de la conjuntivitis adenovírica diagnosticada mediante el test AdenoPlus®\\nTest en pacientes enfermos de conjuntivitis aguda”\\n. National, multicenter study. Grant by: NICOX.\n\nEuropean multicentric trial: 'Evaluation of clinical outcomes following the use of Systane Hydration in patients with dry eye”. Study Phase 4. Grant by: Alcon Labs'\n\nVLPs Injection and Activation in a Rabbit Model of Uveal Melanoma. Grant by Aura Bioscience\n\nUpdating and characterization of a rabbit model of uveal melanoma. Grant by Aura Bioscience\n\nEnsayo clínico en fase IV para evaluar las variantes genéticas de la vía del VEGF como biomarcadores de eficacia del tratamiento con aflibercept en pacientes con degeneración macular asociada a la edad (DMAE) neovascular. Estudio BIOIMAGE. IMO-AFLI-2013-01\n\nEstudio In-Eye:Ensayo clínico en fase IV, abierto, aleatorizado, de 2 brazos,\nmulticçentrico y de 12 meses de duración, para evaluar la eficacia y seguridad de un régimen de PRN flexible individualizado de 'esperar y extender' versus un régimen PRN según criterios de estabilización mediante evaluaciones mensuales de inyecciones intravítreas de ranibizumab 0,5 mg en pacientes naive con neovascularización coriodea secunaria a la degeneración macular relacionada con la edad. CP: CRFB002AES03T\n\nTREND: Estudio Fase IIIb multicéntrico, randomizado, de 12 meses de\nseguimiento con evaluador de la agudeza visual enmascarado, para evaluar la eficacia y la seguridad de ranibizumab 0.5mg en un régimen de tratar y extender comparado con un régimen mensual, en pacientes con degeneración macular neovascular asociada a la edad. CP: CRFB002A2411 Código Eudra CT:\n2013-002626-23\n\n\n\nPublications\t\n\n2021\n\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n\n\n2021\n\n\n\n\n\n2021\n\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n2014\n\n\n\n\n2015-16\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n2014\n\n\n2014\n\n\n\n\n2014\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n2014\n\nJose Carlos Pastor; Jimena Rojas; Salvador Pastor-Idoate; Salvatore Di Lauro; Lucia Gonzalez-Buendia; Santiago Delgado-Tirado. Proliferative vitreoretinopathy: A new concept of disease pathogenesis and practical\nconsequences. Progress in Retinal and Eye Research. 51, pp. 125 - 155. 03/2016. DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2015.07.005\n\n\nLabrador-Velandia S; Alonso-Alonso ML; Di Lauro S; García-Gutierrez MT; Srivastava GK; Pastor JC; Fernandez-Bueno I. Mesenchymal stem cells provide paracrine neuroprotective resources that delay degeneration of co-cultured organotypic neuroretinal cultures.Experimental Eye Research. 185, 17/05/2019. DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2019.05.011\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro; Maria Teresa Garcia Gutierrez; Ivan Fernandez Bueno. Quantification of pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF) in an ex vivo coculture of retinal pigment epithelium cells and neuroretina.\nJournal of Allbiosolution. 2019. ISSN 2605-3535\n\nSonia Labrador Velandia; Salvatore Di Lauro; Alonso-Alonso ML; Tabera Bartolomé S; Srivastava GK; Pastor JC; Fernandez-Bueno I. Biocompatibility of intravitreal injection of human mesenchymal stem cells in immunocompetent rabbits. Graefe's archive for clinical and experimental ophthalmology. 256 - 1, pp. 125 - 134. 01/2018. DOI: 10.1007/s00417-017-3842-3\n\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro, David Rodriguez-Crespo, Manuel J Gayoso, Maria T Garcia-Gutierrez, J Carlos Pastor, Girish K Srivastava, Ivan Fernandez-Bueno. A novel coculture model of porcine central neuroretina explants and retinal pigment epithelium cells. Molecular Vision. 2016 - 22, pp. 243 - 253. 01/2016.\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro. Classifications for Proliferative Vitreoretinopathy ({PVR}): An Analysis of Their Use in Publications over the Last 15 Years. Journal of Ophthalmology. 2016, pp. 1 - 6. 01/2016. DOI: 10.1155/2016/7807596\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro; Rosa Maria Coco; Rosa Maria Sanabria; Enrique Rodriguez de la Rua; Jose Carlos Pastor. Loss of Visual Acuity after Successful Surgery for Macula-On Rhegmatogenous Retinal Detachment in a Prospective Multicentre Study. Journal of Ophthalmology. 2015:821864, 2015. DOI: 10.1155/2015/821864\n\nIvan Fernandez-Bueno; Salvatore Di Lauro; Ivan Alvarez; Jose Carlos Lopez; Maria Teresa Garcia-Gutierrez; Itziar Fernandez; Eva Larra; Jose Carlos Pastor. Safety and Biocompatibility of a New High-Density Polyethylene-Based\nSpherical Integrated Porous Orbital Implant: An Experimental Study in Rabbits. Journal of Ophthalmology. 2015:904096, 2015. DOI: 10.1155/2015/904096\n\nPastor JC; Pastor-Idoate S; Rodríguez-Hernandez I; Rojas J; Fernandez I; Gonzalez-Buendia L; Di Lauro S; Gonzalez-Sarmiento R. Genetics of PVR and RD. Ophthalmologica. 232 - Suppl 1, pp. 28 - 29. 2014\n\nRodriguez-Crespo D; Di Lauro S; Singh AK; Garcia-Gutierrez MT; Garrosa M; Pastor JC; Fernandez-Bueno I; Srivastava GK. Triple-layered mixed co-culture model of RPE cells with neuroretina for evaluating the neuroprotective effects of adipose-MSCs. Cell Tissue Res. 358 - 3, pp. 705 - 716. 2014.\nDOI: 10.1007/s00441-014-1987-5\n\nCarlo De Werra; Salvatore Condurro; Salvatore Tramontano; Mario Perone; Ivana Donzelli; Salvatore Di Lauro; Massimo Di Giuseppe; Rosa Di Micco; Annalisa Pascariello; Antonio Pastore; Giorgio Diamantis; Giuseppe Galloro. Hydatid disease of the liver: thirty years of surgical experience.Chirurgia italiana. 59 - 5, pp. 611 - 636.\n(Italia): 2007. ISSN 0009-4773\n\nChapters in books\n\t\n' Salvador Pastor Idoate; Salvatore Di Lauro; Jose Carlos Pastor Jimeno. PVR: Pathogenesis, Histopathology and Classification. Proliferative Vitreoretinopathy with Small Gauge Vitrectomy. Springer, 2018. ISBN 978-3-319-78445-8\nDOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-78446-5_2. \n\n' Salvatore Di Lauro; Maria Isabel Lopez Galvez. Quistes vítreos en una mujer joven. Problemas diagnósticos en patología retinocoroidea. Sociedad Española de Retina-Vitreo. 2018.\n\n' Salvatore Di Lauro; Salvador Pastor Idoate; Jose Carlos Pastor Jimeno. iOCT in PVR management. OCT Applications in Opthalmology. pp. 1 - 8. INTECH, 2018. DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.78774.\n\n' Rosa Coco Martin; Salvatore Di Lauro; Salvador Pastor Idoate; Jose Carlos Pastor. amponadores, manipuladores y tinciones en la cirugía del traumatismo ocular.Trauma Ocular. Ponencia de la SEO 2018..\n\n' LOPEZ GALVEZ; DI LAURO; CRESPO. OCT angiografia y complicaciones retinianas de la diabetes. PONENCIA SEO 2021, CAPITULO 20. (España): 2021.\n\n' Múltiples desprendimientos neurosensoriales bilaterales en paciente joven. Enfermedades Degenerativas De Retina Y Coroides. SERV 04/2016. \n' González-Buendía L; Di Lauro S; Pastor-Idoate S; Pastor Jimeno JC. Vitreorretinopatía proliferante (VRP) e inflamación: LA INFLAMACIÓN in «INMUNOMODULADORES Y ANTIINFLAMATORIOS: MÁS ALLÁ DE LOS CORTICOIDES. 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