Research evidences showing utilization of rock phosphate with PSB strain in different crops. The comparison for the crops/cropping system is done with control and commercial phosphorus fertilizer, and summarized findings are mentioned.
\r\n\tFood insecurity results in fear of hunger and starvation that ultimately affects one’s ability to work for sustainability and economic growth of the country. In addition to this, food insecurity results in various chronic diseases due to reduce immunity that ultimately, a burned on the county economy. Therefore, this book will intend to discuss in detail about the food insecurity challenges and their effect on the quality of life. This book will also aim to provide an overview about the new trends and future prospective that help to resolve the food security issues.
",isbn:"978-1-80356-942-0",printIsbn:"978-1-80356-941-3",pdfIsbn:"978-1-80356-943-7",doi:null,price:0,priceEur:0,priceUsd:0,slug:null,numberOfPages:0,isOpenForSubmission:!0,isSalesforceBook:!1,isNomenclature:!1,hash:"090302a30e461cee643ec49675c811ec",bookSignature:"Dr. Muhammad Haseeb Ahmad, Dr. Muhammad Imran and Dr. Muhammad Kamran Khan",publishedDate:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11475.jpg",keywords:"Nutrition, Poverty, Hunger, Food Waste Utilization, Innovative Technologies, Food Processing, Genetically Modified Food, Policy Making, Trade Reforms, Climate Change, Agriculture Productivity, Disease Resistant Crops",numberOfDownloads:null,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:null,numberOfDimensionsCitations:null,numberOfTotalCitations:null,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"April 7th 2022",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"May 5th 2022",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"July 4th 2022",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"September 22nd 2022",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"November 21st 2022",dateConfirmationOfParticipation:null,remainingDaysToSecondStep:"2 months",secondStepPassed:!0,areRegistrationsClosed:!1,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:3,editedByType:null,kuFlag:!1,biosketch:"An emerging scientist in the field of food science and technology with special expertise in development of rapid and nondestructive technologies, chemometrics and data mining.",coeditorOneBiosketch:"Muhammad Imran has expertise in extrusion technology, microencapsulation, lipids chemistry, sensory evaluation and food process engineering.",coeditorTwoBiosketch:"A renowned scientist with expertise in Novel food processing technologies.",coeditorThreeBiosketch:null,coeditorFourBiosketch:null,coeditorFiveBiosketch:null,editors:[{id:"292145",title:"Dr.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Haseeb Ahmad",slug:"muhammad-haseeb-ahmad",fullName:"Muhammad Haseeb Ahmad",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/292145/images/system/292145.png",biography:"Dr. Muhammad Haseeb Ahmad is currently an assistant professor in the Department of Food Science, Government College University Faisalabad, Pakistan. He also served as an assistant professor for one year at the National Institute of Food Science and Technology, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Pakistan. He received his doctoral degree from Hohenheim University, Stuttgart, Germany, in 2016. During his stay there, he also worked as a research associate for research projects relevant to various food disciplines. Dr. Ahmad is the author of about thirty five research publications and twelve book chapters. He has also presented his research work at various national and international conferences (25). 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He won the Indigenous and IRSIP (Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Michigan State University, East Lansing, USA) Fellowships for completion of doctorate research funded by HEC, Islamabad, Pakistan. Dr. Muhammad Imran has expertise in extrusion technology, microencapsulation, lipids chemistry, sensory evaluation, and food process engineering. Until today, Dr. Muhammad Imran has authored 80 publications (International & National) in various Impact Journals of Scientific repute and written 15 Book Chapters as principal author and co-author. 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These antibiotics are bacteriostatic in nature and act by inhibiting protein synthesis of bacteria. These are obtained mainly from certain actinomycetes genus, such as
Classification of macrolide antibiotics.
The construction of macrocyclic structures is a recurrent and challenging problem in synthetic organic chemistry. Theoretically, macrocyclic systems can be generated by cyclization of open, long chain precursors or by cleavage of internal bonds in polycyclic systems. In the course of synthesis, numerous problems are encountered to achieve target molecules. Despite the several problems, however, recent interest in the chemistry of macrolide antibiotics and other biologically active macrolactones and macrolactams resulted in the discovery and development of several new synthetic methods for macrolide formation. In this chapter, total synthesis of some of the macrolides is discussed with scrupulous emphasis on the key macrolide ring forming reactions.
In the polyoxomacrolide ring, generally we will observe the 1,3-diol systems as a core. There are two synthetic approaches for the edifice of 1,3-diols which are illustrated here. They are asymmetric aldol reaction and the other one is asymmetric epoxide and epoxide ring-opening.
Asymmetric synthesis of β-hydroxy ketones by aldol reactions of ketones with aldehydes is the general and efficient method for the synthesis of 1,3-diol systems and is of great interest in the field of total synthesis. By using the range of chiral ketones, highly diastereoselective
Reagents for asymmetric Aldol reactions.
Macrolide antibiotics: evidence for the chemists interested in the stereochemistry of the Aldol reaction.
A highly efficient and extensively used method for diastereoselective aldol reactions is the Evans aldol reaction using boron enolate derived from a chiral imide [4, 5]. Upon treatment of imide
Evan’s Aldol strategy.
The asymmetric epoxidation of allylic alcohols introduced by Katsuki and Sharpless in 1980 has tremendous applications in the synthesis of various compounds [7]. The Sharpless asymmetric epoxidation (AE) is the efficacious reagent in the synthetic organic chemistry particularly in the synthesis of variety of natural products. Epoxidation is carried out from allylic alcohols
Sharpless asymmetric epoxidation strategy.
The Sharpless dihydroxylation [8] is another tool used in the enantioselective preparation of 1,2-diols (
Sharpless asymmetric dihydroxylation.
Stereoselective ring-opening of 2,3-epoxy alcohols
Stereoselective ring-opening of epoxy alcohols.
The logic of macrocyclization in natural product synthesis can be investigated by different strategies; some of them are Prins reaction [10], lactonization [11, 12], ring closing metathesis [13], Wittig reaction [14], Horner Wadsworth Emmons (HWE) reaction [15], Julia-Kocienski reaction [16], metal-mediated cross coupling reaction [17], etc. However, it is true that there is no universal macrocyclization method is reliable in the total synthesis of natural products.
Macrolactonization is the one of the effective and popular methods in the synthesis of macrolactones. The method is based on the lactonization of the corresponding seco-acid. Thus various methods are reported in the literature for the macrolactone synthesis, some of the most commonly used methods are Corey-Nicolaou [18], Shiina [19], Yamaguchi [20], Mitsunobu [21], Keck-Boden [22], and Mukaiyama [23] macrolactonizations (Figure 8).
Some of the popular methods used for macrolactonization.
Hansen et al. [24] reported the synthesis of (−)-aplyolide A from
Application of Corey-Nicolaou macrolactonisation.
Narasaka et al. [25] used the Mukaiyama method for the effective construction of macrocycle ring from corresponding seco-acid
Mukaiyama method in the synthesis of prostaglandin F-lactone.
Enev et al. [26] in his studies towards the total synthesis of laulimalide, crucial Yamaguchi macrolactonization was employed on the ynoic seco-acid
Yamaguchi protocol in the synthesis of laulimalide.
In the synthetic studies towards the synthesis of colletodial, Keck et al. [27] effectively used DCC-DMAP protocol for the macrolactonization of
Keck et al. lactonisation for the synthesis of colletodial.
Mitsunobu macrolactonization protocol based on the activation of the seco-acid alcohol
Mitsunobu esterification in the total synthesis of (+)-amphidinolide K.
In the total synthesis of iejimalide by Schweitzer et al. [29], Shiina macrolactonization (2-methyl-6-nitro benzoic anhydride/DMAP) is used as the key step for the construction of macrolactone
Shiina macrolactonization towards the synthesis of iejimalide B.
In recent years, ring closing metathesis (RCM) has become one of the most paramount tools in synthetic organic chemistry especially in the field of total synthesis of macrolide natural products [13, 30, 31]. Furthermore, RCM is becoming the most popular way to construct large rings and has the advantage of being compatible with a wide range of functional groups such as ketones, ethers, esters, amides, amines, epoxides, silyl ethers, alcohols, thioesters, etc. In view of this, among the several reagents developed by Grubbs, Shrock, and Chauvin, the catalysts
Various catalysts for ring closing metathesis.
Here, some of the applications of ring closing metathesis in the total synthesis of macrolides salicylihalamide A [32],
Some of the applications of ring closing metathesis in total synthesis of macrolides.
Palladium-catalyzed coupling reactions have gained more attention in recent years in the field of organic chemistry. In this course, Suzuki reaction using organoboron compounds [37], Heck reaction using alkenes [38], Stille reaction with organostannate [39, 40], Sonogashira reaction with terminal alkyne [41] and Tsuji-Trost reaction with π-allylpalladium intermediate [42, 43], etc. are the most frequently employed reactions in the total synthesis of macrolide natural products. Some of them are depicted here.
Tortosa and co-workers [44] in the synthesis of (+)-superstolide A, Suzuki macrocyclisation approach is used for the construction of 24-membered macrocyclic octane
Suzuki macrocyclisation in the synthesis of superstolide A.
The first application of the Heck cyclisation to a macrocyclic substrate was reported by Ziegler and co-workers [45] in 1981 during the synthesis of aglycone of the macrocyclic antibiotic carbomycin B. They achieved the cyclisation to the model substrate
Heck cyclisation in the synthesis of carbomycin B.
Stille macrocyclisation as illustrated below used as the key step in the total synthesis of the biselyngbyolide A by Tanabe et al. [46] using Pd2(dba)3 and lithium chloride in DMF (Figure 19).
Stille macrocyclisation in the total synthesis of biselyngbyolide A.
The utility of Sonogashira macrocyclisation in the first total synthesis of penarolide sulfate A1, an α-glucosidase inhibitor is demonstrated by Mohapatra and co-workers [47]. The macrocyclisation was successfully achieved from compound
Sonogashira macrocyclisation in the synthesis of penarolide sulfate A1.
Towards the total synthesis of antibiotic natural product A26771B, Trost and co-workers [48] effectively constructed the macrolactone
Tsuji-Trost lactonization for the synthesis of A26771B.
In the end game of total synthesis of macrolides, glycosidation to the aglycon also have more significance. Thus, a wide variety of methods are reported for glycosidation in the literature [49, 50].
In this section, the total synthesis of selected macrolides is discussed: (+)-neopeltolide (
(+)-Neopeltolide is a 14-membered macrolide isolated from north coast of Jamaica by Wright and coworkers from a deep water sponge [51]. It was tested for
In 2013, Ghosh et al. [53] in their total synthesis adopted the retrosynthetic pathway as follows. Disconnection of O▬C bond of the oxazole side chain would give acid which can undergo Mitsunobu esterification. Yamaguchi macrolactonization of acid would in turn give the desired macrolactone. The tetrahydropyran ring in acid could be constructed via a hetero Diels-Alder reaction between aldehyde and silyloxy diene ether using Jacobsen’s chromium catalyst.
The synthesis of the macrolactone ring of (+)-neopeltolide began with commercially available 3-methyl glutaric anhydride as shown in the scheme. 3-methyl glutaric anhydride,
Synthesis of silyloxy diene
After the completion of requisite silyloxy diene, hetero-Diels Alder reaction of tosyl oxyacetaldehyde,
Hetero-Diels-Alder reaction for the synthesis of tetrahydropyrarone moiety.
Completion of synthesis of (+)-neopeltolide.
Paterson and coworkers [54] reported the synthesis of neopeltolide as follows. Aldehyde was synthesized starting from known β-keto ester,
Synthesis of aldehyde
Total synthesis of (+)-neopeltolide.
The synthesis of neopeltolide by Ulanovskaya et al. [55] is depicted as follows, Prins desymmetrization of diene
Alternate synthesis of (+)-neopeltolide.
Bao and coworkers in 2013 isolated 16-membered macrolide, aspergillide D, from the extract of
The retrosynthetic analysis of aspergillide D was depicted as shown above, macrolactone could be synthesized from seco acid via intramolecular Shiina esterification. For the total synthesis of Aspergillide D, the acid fragment was synthesized from commercially available D-ribose which was transformed to lactol
Synthesis of acid fragment
Synthesis of alcohol fragment
Acid
Completion of synthesis of aspergillide D.
Evan’s strategy of bond connections & key reactions in the synthesis of
A number of new macrolide antibiotics with fascinating biological activities have been isolated everyday with the unique and complex structures have been determined with extensive spectroscopic studies. Toward the total synthesis of such macrolide antibiotics, very efficient synthetic strategies and various new methodologies are also developed. Recent advances in macrolide synthesis based on newly developed strategies and methodologies are noteworthy. Further synthetic studies on macrolide antibiotics will make an immense contribution to progress in both organic and medicinal chemistry.
The author wishes to thank Vice Chancellor, Dean R & D, VFSTRU for constant support and encouragement. The author wishes to express his gratitude to Prof. V. Anuradha and other staff members of chemistry department, Vignan for the fruitful discussion. IntechOpen OAPF is greatly acknowledged.
The term phosphorus derived from the Greek word “Phos” meaning light, and “phorus” means bearer. Elemental form of phosphorus was discovered by German Alchemist, Henning Brandt in 1669 [1, 2]. Phosphorus evolved from seventeenth century as philosopher‘s stone to medicinal phosphorus, flammable phosphorus, essential nutrient in crop production, element of war, cause of eutrophication to its emerging scarcity in recent twenty-first century [2]. Earlier it had been established that adding ground bone increases the crop yield and subsequently Lawes (1842) patented the process of phosphate solublization [3]. With the proposition of Criteria of Essentiality (1939) by Arnon and Stout, it had been established that the roles and functions of each essential nutrient are irreplaceable in plant system. Phosphorus is one of the essential nutrients for plant, which extends to animals also [2]. Around 80% of the world phosphorus is utilized in agriculture [1]. Rock phosphate is one of the basic raw materials for the synthesis of phosphatic fertilizers [4]; however, its nonrenewable nature increases the vulnerability in the long term.
Phosphorus in Indian soils occurs primarily in inorganic form contributing 54–84% of the total phosphorus and organic contributing 16–46% [5]. More than 90% districts in India are classified under low-to-moderate phosphorus availability [5, 6]. The phosphorus status of soil doesn’t necessarily reflects its availability to the crop plants, which is governed by the presence of calcium, iron, and aluminum phosphates; thus, only 30% of the soil phosphorus is utilized by the crop and rest remains in the soil [7]. Therefore, it demands the external application of phosphorus through fertilizers. India imports the high-grade rock phosphate for the synthesis of soluble phosphorus fertilizers. This import cost along with the decontrol of the phosphorus and potassium fertilizers in 1992 has led to the fertilizer application in favor of urea. The turmoil in the Former Soviet region in present times has also increased the vulnerability of the rock phosphate import in near future. Therefore, it is important to increase self-reliance in the field of phosphorus fertilizer application. It has been reported that indigenous rock phosphate if suitable is treated with solubilizing microorganisms or acidulates; there can be increased solublization and availability of phosphorus to the plants and consequent yields [8, 9]. Precipitation of struvite from the agriculture and livestock waste can prove another efficient alternative [10]. The major objectives of the following discussion in chapter are to find out in ways and means to enhance the dependability of phosphorus fertilizer on indigenous resources in general and on farm resources in particular.
Phosphorus constitutes 0.2% (0.1–0.5%) in the plant system. Most of the phosphorus is absorbed in the form of primary orthophosphate ions; however, it is also absorbed in the form of secondary orthophosphate. Phosphorus is not reduced like nitrates and sulfates and rather exists as inorganic phosphate or esterifies to carbon chain through hydroxyl group or attaches to another phosphate group through energy-rich pyrophosphate bonds [11].
The major functions of phosphorus are as structural element of nucleic acids; phospholipids of biomembrane forming bridge between triglyceride and other molecules; energy-rich phosphates and phosphate esters in metabolism; acts as regulator in glycolysis, photosynthesis, respiration, nitrogen assimilation, starch synthesis in chloroplast; detoxification of heavy metals by binding with phytates [11, 12]. Phosphorus control over photosynthesis involves ratio of Pi to triose phosphate; light activation of ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase; activation of fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase, sedoheptulose 1,7-bisphosphatase; ATP/ADP ratio; decreased regeneration of RuBP, and low sink strength under P-deficient conditions leading to reduced photosynthesis [12]. The stored inorganic phosphate in the plant varies according to its availability; however, phosphorus in metabolism remains stable with former acting as buffer [13]. Phosphorus supply is more critical in the early season as observed in various annual crops; however, later stage supplementation improves yield though plant is also able to remobilize the stored phosphates to the grains [13].
The similar role can be played by higher seed phosphorus content where it will supply early seedling growth P requirement leading to better root development and thus giving access to growth limiting water and mineral nutrients [14]. Phosphorus is required more for the nodule growth and nitrogenase activity in the N-fixing plants than for the whole plant growth [15, 16]. Phosphorus supply increases the root diameter and dry weight; however, increased root shoot diameter, root hair length and density, root branching, root hair are observed under P-deficient conditions to increase P acquisition [17, 18].
Before the utilization of phosphate rocks for commercial fertilizer production, bones, corpolites (fossilized animal dung), and guano were the main sources of phosphorus supplementation [3]. It is evident that various sources of phosphorus had been utilized including crop residues; human, animal, fish, and bird waste from Middle East to Japan [2].
The process of super phosphate production by solubilizing bones in sulfuric acid was separately patented by J B Lawes and James Murray in 1842 leading to the development of superphosphate and mixed fertilizer industry [3, 19]. Phosphorus consumption in the post-World War II era was not that much intensified; however, with introduction of Green Revolution after mid-twentieth century, there was increase in use of phosphorus fertilizer along with nitrogen and potassium owing to introduction of the fertilizer-responsive varieties. Both annual phosphate rock extraction and per capita production have seen consistent growth of 3–4% and 1.4%, respectively, with an increase of more than 300% phosphorus fertilizer consumption between 1961 and 2013, however, characterized by a decline post 1989 for a considerable period owing to disintegration of Soviet Union and decreased fertilizer demand in Western Europe and North America [19, 20]. More than 70% of the world phosphorus reserves are located in South Africa, Morocco and Western Sahara and United States [21] and Brazil and Peru in South America; China, Iraq, Israel, and Jordan in Asia; Australia in Oceania; Former Soviet Union in Europe are some major countries continent-wise [22]. The mineral resource extraction follows a mountain/ U-shaped curve where there is initial increase followed by the plateau and then decline in production with time [22]. Phosphorus reserve exploitation has been correlated with time, and it is considered to have “peak P” analogous to the “peak oil” by 2035, after which demand will outstrip supply [3, 23]. With current utilization rate, the phosphate rock reserves are expected to last for 50–400 years [24, 25].
In India, 90% of the rock phosphate required for soluble P fertilizer manufacturing is imported, out of which 80% is imported from Jordan, Morocco, and Egypt [26]. The nonrenewable nature along with its restricted availability to few countries in the world increases the vulnerability of its supplies in case of any untoward incident happens in these nations. The present fertilizer use is also characterized by the imbalance with N:P2O5: K2O use ratio for 2018–19 as 7.1:2.7:1 [27] in place of recommended ratio of 4:2:1. It can be partly attributed to the higher cost of import of phosphorus and potassic fertilizers. Fertilizer subsidy has seen increase of more than 200% since 2010–11 when it reached 1.34 lakh crores in 2020–21 [28]. This becomes more relevant in present times with the turmoil arising in Former Soviet Union region, which is dwindling the resources supply, and the rising protectionism approach of the nations. Therefore, it is important to seek alternate sources of P fertilization in India, which are more indigenous in nature. In addition to reducing the cost of farming, the concept will also support the
India has substantial reserves of low-grade phosphorus [29, 30], which can be utilized as nutrient source. Total resource of rock phosphate in India is estimated at 312.67 mT of which only 45.80 mT constitutes reserve [31]. Of the total resources, only 8% constitutes fertilizer grade and around 37% is classified under low-grade reserve [31]. However, direct application of rock phosphate is only suited for acidic soils, not for the neutral to alkaline soils where pH is more than 5.5–6.0, and is less reactive, of low grade, and has poor agronomic efficiency [32, 33, 34, 35, 36].
The acidulation of these rock phosphates either with the sulfur-based minerals or sulfur or organic matter holds promise to increase its availability in the soil. Addition of rock phosphate to compost or straw can be useful in increasing the phosphorus availability to the crop. The composting process leads to the mobilization of phosphorus in the rock phosphate, in addition to supplying secondary and micronutrients [37].
Partial acidulation of rock phosphate with locally sourced material such as farm residues, manure, and compost is cost-effective technique to make phosphorus available by the release of chelating action forming complexes and humic acid [38].
An important aspect of Rock phosphate solublization is addition of phosphate-solubilizing microorganisms where they release organic acids, chelation, and increase in phosphatase enzyme activity and ion exchange reactions and thus, increase the availability [35, 36, 38]. There are various species of phosphate-solubilizing bacteria including
Sr. No. | Crop | Modification of rock phosphate | Observations | References |
---|---|---|---|---|
1. | Potato-soybean | Rice straw enriched with Rock phosphate, mica and | Significantly higher yield over RDF and control up to 43.3 and 21.5%, respectively in potato and 27.6–46.9% increase in soybean grain yield. | [37] |
2. | Maize- Wheat | Rock phosphate treated with | Significantly higher yield for both inoculants in maize compared with DAP application and for wheat though highest with RP + inoculants, however, at par with DAP | [35] |
3. | Maize-Wheat | Rock phosphate treated with | Significantly higher yield for both maize and wheat compared with control and rock phosphate alone. | [33] |
4. | Soybean- Wheat | Half of recommended P by rock phosphate with | Significantly higher yield compared to control, highest in soybean (3.4% higher than when 100% is through SSP); and almost similar in wheat. | [40] |
5. | Rice-rapeseed-mungbean | Mussorie rock phosphate (MRP) inoculated with | In 3 year experiment, MRP @ 17.5 kg P ha−1 was found significantly superior to control in all 3 years and at par with DAP @ 17.5 kg P ha−1 in third year in terms of rice equivalent yields. | [29] |
6. | Mussorie rock phsophate (MRP) treated with PSB ( | Increase of 136% total biomass compared with absolute control and stevioside and rebaudioside-A recorded 291 and 575% increase, respectively. | [41] |
Research evidences showing utilization of rock phosphate with PSB strain in different crops. The comparison for the crops/cropping system is done with control and commercial phosphorus fertilizer, and summarized findings are mentioned.
Composting is common practice in India; however, it is characterized with lower nutrient concentration. Around 500 mT of crop residues is generated in India of which three-fourth is contributed by the cereals. Enrichment of compost with rock phosphate has twin benefits with enriched nutrient content and comparatively more solublization of phosphate mineral. Addition of rock phosphate is found to not only increase the nutrient content of rice straw compost but also reduce C:N ratio when added in combination of waste mica [42].
Addition of rock phosphate is reported to reduce total C content in composting mass due to dilution effect, increase in total nitrogen content due to net loss of dry matter, and significant increase in phosphate content with higher share of citrate soluble form than water-soluble as it contributed by the rock phosphate and favorable maturity index such as C/N ratio < 20 except for tree leaf compost due to higher cellulose, hemicelluloses, and lignin content; water-soluble carbon to organic nitrogen ratio < 0.5; nitrification index> 0.16 [43, 44, 45].
Higher reduction in C:N and C:P ratio and increase in water-soluble P were recorded in rock-phosphorus-enriched manure when inoculated with phosphate-solubilizing microorganisms [34] with citric, malic, oxalic, and formic acids with citric acid having maximum P-solubilizing efficiency [46]. Higher rate of nitrogen and sulfur mineralization has been observed with rock-phosphate-enriched compost along with 50% NPK after 120 days and significant improvement in available P with progress of incubation period indicating its availability for longer period of time compared with 100% NPK [45, 47].
In cropping systems, residual effect of enriched compost is found to significantly increase the total phosphorus, enhance grain and stover yield and P uptake and its use efficiency compared with similar P dose from phosphorus fertilizer [45, 48]. Rock-phosphate-enriched compost reported significantly highest grain yield and P uptake in cowpea when compared with other treatments including P fertilizer as sole source [49].
Application of rock-phosphate-enriched compost along with RDF sharing equal to the phosphorus dose in rice recorded significantly higher labile P and grain yield, only at par with treatment having total phosphorus dose from RDF [49]. Phosphorus-enriched manure has significant effect on the number of nodules, their fresh and dry weight in legume crop and yields at par with soluble fertilizer when these are combined with soluble fertilizer in equal proportion [50, 51]. Among all the phosphorus-enriched manures, highest pod and stover yield of mung bean has been reported with that inoculated with
Sr. No. | Crop | Particular of PEC | Observations | References |
---|---|---|---|---|
1. | Blackgram | PEC prepared with rock phosphate, mica, maize straw and FYM along with PSB inoculation. | Significant seed yield recorded upto 4 t ha−1 with 15.21% increase over control and at par with 6 t ha−1. | [53] |
2. | Cowpea | Rock phosphate was added to biowaste according to P2O5 requirement of cowpea | 83% yield gain over control and 55% gain over soluble P fertilizer | [54] |
3. | Chickpea and lentil | Rock phosphate was added to composting material consisting of fruit peels and vegetable waste | Nodules plant−1, fresh and dry weight of nodules was higher and 15% higher yields compared to control (P fertilizer). | [51] |
4. | Wheat-Greengram rotation | Rock phosphate was added to rice residue, mustard leaf residue and tree leaf separately | No significant difference with different composts on grain yields for both crops. Enriched compost of rice residue reported highest yields and residual effect on successive greengram. | [44] |
5. | Rice | Rock phosphate was added to rice straw and aerobic composting was done. | Enriched compost along with chemical fertilizer (50:50) reported numerically higher yield compared when P was supplied through fertilizer alone. | [49] |
Effect of phospho-enriched compost on various crops/cropping system. Source of organic matter in compost is indicated and yields as well as nodule growth are mentioned in comparison to control/soluble phosphatic fertilizers.
Rock phosphate is made to react with sulfuric acid for production of single super phosphate. Similarly, gypsum can also serve as source of partial acidulation of rock phosphate. Total reserve of gypsum in India stands at 36.6 mT with 80% of the total reserve under fertilizer grade and Rajasthan, Jammu & Kashmir, Tamil Nadu, and Gujarat as the major states [31]. Low-grade gypsum is utilized as soil amendment for the sodic soils.
It can also be utilized as an acidulate for the rock phosphate treatment. In addition to the extraction of phosphorus from rock phosphates, gypsum serves as source of calcium and sulfur to the crop plants. Among the various acidulates tested with rock phosphate in various
Acidulation of rock phosphate with gypsum in wheat crop reported highest though nonsignificant among all acidulates and more than the treatment having soluble P fertilizer source [56]. Gypsum along with PSB had significantly higher yield sweet pepper yield when applied with rock phosphate compared with its use without gypsum [57].
Struvite, a crystalline mineral having formula MgNH4PO4.6H2O, has equimolar concentration of phosphate, ammonium, and magnesium ions [58, 59] and thus can prove as an alternate source of phosphorus. Struvite can be crystallized from the wastewaters of agriculture, sewage effluents, industrial streams, animal waste, and urine [58]. It has various properties, which make it suitable for use in agriculture (Table 3).
Sr. No. | Parameter | Struvite characteristics |
---|---|---|
1. | Nutrient content | Rich in nitrogen, phosphorus, and magnesium |
2. | Pattern of release | Slow release |
3. | Influence of pH | Not soluble in alkaline soil and effective in neutral and acidic soils |
4. | Suitability | Suitable for crop requiring high Mg and P doses |
5. | Comparative advantages | Significantly higher dissolution rate compared with other P minerals such as fluorapatite and variscite due to weak H bonds; N leaching rates are significantly lower when compared with other N fertilizers |
The major characteristics of struvite as fertilizer in relation to crop production [60].
Around 85% of the mined phosphorus finds way in the water bodies through soil erosion, agriculture, and livestock waste, which promotes eutrophication; therefore, struvite precipitation can be useful to reduce this pollution [61]. Two major conditions for struvite crystallization are pH between 8.5 and 9.5 with maximum at 9.5, which reduces further, and the concentration of three ions in equimolar concentration and above struvite solubility limit (>0.2 gl−1) [58, 59, 60, 61, 62]. P content of the struvite remains in the range of 11–26% depending on the source, of which 1–2% is water-soluble and slow release in nature [60]. According to an estimate, taking stock of cow urine generated in India, 12000 tonnes of struvite can be produced daily and enlarged scope when considered for all the livestock population [61]. Similar potential exists for the industrial and domestic waste water in India. Globally, full-scale struvite recovery plants are functional in countries of Europe, North America, and Japan [61].
The extraction of struvite has been from the various sources. It is now utilized as the fertilizers or mixed with other fertilizers for value addition having good market and used in crops such as paddy, vegetables, and flowers and even reported to increase quality of paddy [63]. Performance of crops when applied with struvite when compared with chemical fertilizers is presented in Table 4.
Sr. No. | Source | Control fertilizer | Crop | Remarks | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1. | Distillery waste water | DAP | 15% increase in dry weight, 3.2% increase in P uptake, 49% increase in chlorophyll content. | [64] | |
2. | Commercial | Mineral (KPO4H2) | Application of struvite more than 5 g plant−1 leads to higher yield than mineral fertilizer. | [59] | |
3. | Human urine | DAP | Seed yield and other yield attributing characteristics were significantly higher with DAP inoculated with Nitrogen fixing bacteria, however, similar inoculation of struvite reported significantly higher parameters than DAP alone. | [62] | |
4. | Livestock wastewater | Urea and Magnesium sulfate | It was superior to control fertilizer for all the vegetables. The increase in dosage was less inhibitory than control fertilizer. | [65] | |
5. | Manure | Mono Ammonium Phosphate (MAP) | At lower rates, the mean biomass yields were similar to control which decreased at higher rates; Quadratic response for P uptake for struvite with increase in dose whereas it was linear with MAP. | [66] | |
6. | Commercial | Struvite and MAP were mixed in different ratios in gradation. | Upto 50% struvite blending reported statistically similar biomass which decreased further and lowest with 100% struvite in maize and upto 25% for soybean, however, it was 50% for only root biomass for it. | [67] | |
7. | Cow urine | DAP | At higher rates struvite application reported significant increase in the leaf area, stem and root dry weight and total chlorophyll content. | [58] |
Performance of struvite as phosphorus source in various crops. Source of extraction is mentioned and commercial fertilizers are used as control. The effect of struvite on chlorophyll is also mentioned as it is source of magnesium.
Steel slag is the by-product of steel industry. In total, 150–180 kg steel slag is generated for 1 ton of steel production in India [68] and has been estimated at 39 mT for 2017–18 [69]. Per capita steel consumption is expected to increase more than double between 2018 and 2030–31. Thus, there exists a huge potential of generation of steel slag. In countries such as United States, Japan, and European countries, more than 80% of steel slag is recycled, whereas for countries such as China and India, it is less than 30% [70]. While slag is rich source of calcium, silicon, iron, it also reported to contain up to 4% phosphorus [71]. Application of slag is reported to increase the dry weight, yield, and phosphorus uptake in maize [72]. In addition to this, application of steel slag is advantageous in increasing the quality of the produce, source of silica to the crops, promotes immobilization of heavy metals, reduction of disease incidence in crops, and promoting carbon sequestration and reducing methane emission and can act as potential liming material [73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78].
Phosphorus is a valuable element in relation to agriculture; however, its depleting reserve presents a potential challenge to nations across the world. India is at much vulnerable position as there is huge import dependency for its raw material. Keeping the situation in view, Government of India has introduced the action plan to make country
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His studies in robotics lead him not only to a PhD degree but also inspired him to co-found and build the International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems - world's first Open Access journal in the field of robotics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"TU Wien",country:{name:"Austria"}}},{id:"441",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Jaekyu",middleName:null,surname:"Park",slug:"jaekyu-park",fullName:"Jaekyu Park",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/441/images/1881_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"LG Corporation (South Korea)",country:{name:"Korea, South"}}},{id:"465",title:"Dr",name:"Christian",middleName:null,surname:"Martens",slug:"christian-martens",fullName:"Christian Martens",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"479",title:"Dr.",name:"Valentina",middleName:null,surname:"Colla",slug:"valentina-colla",fullName:"Valentina Colla",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/479/images/358_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sant'Anna School of Advanced Studies",country:{name:"Italy"}}},{id:"494",title:"PhD",name:"Loris",middleName:null,surname:"Nanni",slug:"loris-nanni",fullName:"Loris Nanni",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/494/images/system/494.jpg",biography:"Loris Nanni received his Master Degree cum laude on June-2002 from the University of Bologna, and the April 26th 2006 he received his Ph.D. in Computer Engineering at DEIS, University of Bologna. On September, 29th 2006 he has won a post PhD fellowship from the university of Bologna (from October 2006 to October 2008), at the competitive examination he was ranked first in the industrial engineering area. He extensively served as referee for several international journals. He is author/coauthor of more than 100 research papers. He has been involved in some projects supported by MURST and European Community. His research interests include pattern recognition, bioinformatics, and biometric systems (fingerprint classification and recognition, signature verification, face recognition).",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"496",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos",middleName:null,surname:"Leon",slug:"carlos-leon",fullName:"Carlos Leon",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Seville",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"512",title:"Dr.",name:"Dayang",middleName:null,surname:"Jawawi",slug:"dayang-jawawi",fullName:"Dayang Jawawi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Technology Malaysia",country:{name:"Malaysia"}}},{id:"528",title:"Dr.",name:"Kresimir",middleName:null,surname:"Delac",slug:"kresimir-delac",fullName:"Kresimir Delac",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/528/images/system/528.jpg",biography:"K. Delac received his B.Sc.E.E. degree in 2003 and is currentlypursuing a Ph.D. degree at the University of Zagreb, Faculty of Electrical Engineering andComputing. His current research interests are digital image analysis, pattern recognition andbiometrics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Zagreb",country:{name:"Croatia"}}},{id:"557",title:"Dr.",name:"Andon",middleName:"Venelinov",surname:"Topalov",slug:"andon-topalov",fullName:"Andon Topalov",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/557/images/1927_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Andon V. Topalov received the MSc degree in Control Engineering from the Faculty of Information Systems, Technologies, and Automation at Moscow State University of Civil Engineering (MGGU) in 1979. He then received his PhD degree in Control Engineering from the Department of Automation and Remote Control at Moscow State Mining University (MGSU), Moscow, in 1984. From 1985 to 1986, he was a Research Fellow in the Research Institute for Electronic Equipment, ZZU AD, Plovdiv, Bulgaria. In 1986, he joined the Department of Control Systems, Technical University of Sofia at the Plovdiv campus, where he is presently a Full Professor. He has held long-term visiting Professor/Scholar positions at various institutions in South Korea, Turkey, Mexico, Greece, Belgium, UK, and Germany. And he has coauthored one book and authored or coauthored more than 80 research papers in conference proceedings and journals. His current research interests are in the fields of intelligent control and robotics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Technical University of Sofia",country:{name:"Bulgaria"}}},{id:"585",title:"Prof.",name:"Munir",middleName:null,surname:"Merdan",slug:"munir-merdan",fullName:"Munir Merdan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/585/images/system/585.jpg",biography:"Munir Merdan received the M.Sc. degree in mechanical engineering from the Technical University of Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina, in 2001, and the Ph.D. degree in electrical engineering from the Vienna University of Technology, Vienna, Austria, in 2009.Since 2005, he has been at the Automation and Control Institute, Vienna University of Technology, where he is currently a Senior Researcher. His research interests include the application of agent technology for achieving agile control in the manufacturing environment.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"605",title:"Prof",name:"Dil",middleName:null,surname:"Hussain",slug:"dil-hussain",fullName:"Dil Hussain",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/605/images/system/605.jpg",biography:"Dr. Dil Muhammad Akbar Hussain is a professor of Electronics Engineering & Computer Science at the Department of Energy Technology, Aalborg University Denmark. Professor Akbar has a Master degree in Digital Electronics from Govt. College University, Lahore Pakistan and a P-hD degree in Control Engineering from the School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of Sussex United Kingdom. Aalborg University has Two Satellite Campuses, one in Copenhagen (Aalborg University Copenhagen) and the other in Esbjerg (Aalborg University Esbjerg).\n· He is a member of prestigious IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers), and IAENG (International Association of Engineers) organizations. \n· He is the chief Editor of the Journal of Software Engineering.\n· He is the member of the Editorial Board of International Journal of Computer Science and Software Technology (IJCSST) and International Journal of Computer Engineering and Information Technology. \n· He is also the Editor of Communication in Computer and Information Science CCIS-20 by Springer.\n· Reviewer For Many Conferences\nHe is the lead person in making collaboration agreements between Aalborg University and many universities of Pakistan, for which the MOU’s (Memorandum of Understanding) have been signed.\nProfessor Akbar is working in Academia since 1990, he started his career as a Lab demonstrator/TA at the University of Sussex. After finishing his P. hD degree in 1992, he served in the Industry as a Scientific Officer and continued his academic career as a visiting scholar for a number of educational institutions. In 1996 he joined National University of Science & Technology Pakistan (NUST) as an Associate Professor; NUST is one of the top few universities in Pakistan. In 1999 he joined an International Company Lineo Inc, Canada as Manager Compiler Group, where he headed the group for developing Compiler Tool Chain and Porting of Operating Systems for the BLACKfin processor. The processor development was a joint venture by Intel and Analog Devices. In 2002 Lineo Inc., was taken over by another company, so he joined Aalborg University Denmark as an Assistant Professor.\nProfessor Akbar has truly a multi-disciplined career and he continued his legacy and making progress in many areas of his interests both in teaching and research. 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Women are diagnosed with PTSD approximately twice as often as men. In this review, we outline the evidence of gender differences related to PTSD, and the factors of resilience and susceptibility differ between men and women.",book:{id:"5472",slug:"gender-differences-in-different-contexts",title:"Gender Differences in Different Contexts",fullTitle:"Gender Differences in Different Contexts"},signatures:"Jingchu Hu, Biao Feng, Yonghui Zhu, Wenqing Wang, Jiawei Xie\nand Xifu Zheng",authors:[{id:"190985",title:"Dr.",name:"Xifu",middleName:null,surname:"Zheng",slug:"xifu-zheng",fullName:"Xifu Zheng"},{id:"194981",title:"BSc.",name:"Yonghui",middleName:null,surname:"Zhu",slug:"yonghui-zhu",fullName:"Yonghui Zhu"},{id:"194982",title:"MSc.",name:"Wenqing",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",slug:"wenqing-wang",fullName:"Wenqing Wang"},{id:"194985",title:"Dr.",name:"Jingchu",middleName:null,surname:"Hu",slug:"jingchu-hu",fullName:"Jingchu Hu"},{id:"194986",title:"MSc.",name:"Biao",middleName:null,surname:"Feng",slug:"biao-feng",fullName:"Biao Feng"},{id:"194987",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Jiawei",middleName:null,surname:"Xie",slug:"jiawei-xie",fullName:"Jiawei Xie"}]},{id:"52472",doi:"10.5772/65410",title:"Gender and Health",slug:"gender-and-health",totalDownloads:3395,totalCrossrefCites:5,totalDimensionsCites:11,abstract:"Research has found differences between women and men in some health indicators. 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Gender is one such variable that must be examined with regard to optimizing leadership effectiveness. The topic of gender and leadership deserves serious and thoughtful consideration and discussion because of professional, political, cultural, and personal realities of the twenty‐first century. Women and men have been, are, and should be leaders. Gender must be considered to determine how each leader can reach maximum potential and effectiveness. The FourCe‐PITO conceptual framework of leadership is designed to help guide leadership development and education. The present chapter uses this conceptual framework of leadership to discuss how consideration of gender may affect and optimize leadership development and effectiveness. 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I am giving examples from my developmental psychology research where the split-sample analysis by gender showed amazing and often unexpected effects.",book:{id:"5472",slug:"gender-differences-in-different-contexts",title:"Gender Differences in Different Contexts",fullTitle:"Gender Differences in Different Contexts"},signatures:"Chris Lange-Küttner",authors:[{id:"190245",title:"Prof.",name:"Chris",middleName:null,surname:"Lange-Küttner",slug:"chris-lange-kuttner",fullName:"Chris Lange-Küttner"}]},{id:"53721",doi:"10.5772/66093",title:"Professional Women's Experience of Autonomy and Independence in Sindh-Pakistan",slug:"professional-women-s-experience-of-autonomy-and-independence-in-sindh-pakistan",totalDownloads:1623,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,abstract:"This chapter summarises the part of findings of my doctoral studies at the University of Sussex, Brighton, UK. In this case study, there are elements of both qualitative and quantitative approaches; the former is the principal approach to this research while the latter works as complementary. Participants of the research were divided into two categories: academic and non‐academic. Forty semi‐structured interviews (20 from each category) and 100 survey questionnaire (50 from each category) were collected. This research argues that existing concepts of ‘autonomy’ and ‘independence’ may not be useful indices/indicators for measuring the social status or position of women in Sindhi society, due to variations in understanding or the meanings attributed to these concepts across the globe. Findings argue that these professional women perceived concepts of ‘autonomy’, ‘independence’ and ‘individuality’ categorically different than those of Westernised understandings. This research asserts that Sindhi society, similarly to that of Tamil society, emphasises social groups rather than individuals. Hence, ‘collective identities’ are the essence of Sindhi society; however, individuals find their autonomy, independence and individuality in the context of ‘others’, which means to be more responsible for group's interests.",book:{id:"5472",slug:"gender-differences-in-different-contexts",title:"Gender Differences in Different Contexts",fullTitle:"Gender Differences in Different Contexts"},signatures:"Mukesh Kumar Khatwani",authors:[{id:"196384",title:"Dr.",name:"Mukesh",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Khatwani",slug:"mukesh-khatwani",fullName:"Mukesh Khatwani"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"52503",title:"Gender and Leadership",slug:"gender-and-leadership",totalDownloads:4065,totalCrossrefCites:5,totalDimensionsCites:8,abstract:"The topic of leadership has been addressed and applied for millennia. Yet, it is only within the past 80 years that leadership has been a topic of serious discussion. It is important to understand variables relevant to effective leadership. 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In this review, we outline the evidence of gender differences related to PTSD, and the factors of resilience and susceptibility differ between men and women.",book:{id:"5472",slug:"gender-differences-in-different-contexts",title:"Gender Differences in Different Contexts",fullTitle:"Gender Differences in Different Contexts"},signatures:"Jingchu Hu, Biao Feng, Yonghui Zhu, Wenqing Wang, Jiawei Xie\nand Xifu Zheng",authors:[{id:"190985",title:"Dr.",name:"Xifu",middleName:null,surname:"Zheng",slug:"xifu-zheng",fullName:"Xifu Zheng"},{id:"194981",title:"BSc.",name:"Yonghui",middleName:null,surname:"Zhu",slug:"yonghui-zhu",fullName:"Yonghui Zhu"},{id:"194982",title:"MSc.",name:"Wenqing",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",slug:"wenqing-wang",fullName:"Wenqing Wang"},{id:"194985",title:"Dr.",name:"Jingchu",middleName:null,surname:"Hu",slug:"jingchu-hu",fullName:"Jingchu Hu"},{id:"194986",title:"MSc.",name:"Biao",middleName:null,surname:"Feng",slug:"biao-feng",fullName:"Biao Feng"},{id:"194987",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Jiawei",middleName:null,surname:"Xie",slug:"jiawei-xie",fullName:"Jiawei Xie"}]},{id:"52472",title:"Gender and Health",slug:"gender-and-health",totalDownloads:3395,totalCrossrefCites:5,totalDimensionsCites:11,abstract:"Research has found differences between women and men in some health indicators. 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Also, differences in self-rated health vary depending on other psychosocial and demographic variables. The present study reviews the main differences in women’s and men’s health as well as the most relevant factors that may account for them.",book:{id:"5472",slug:"gender-differences-in-different-contexts",title:"Gender Differences in Different Contexts",fullTitle:"Gender Differences in Different Contexts"},signatures:"María Pilar Matud",authors:[{id:"189729",title:"Prof.",name:"M. Pilar",middleName:null,surname:"Matud",slug:"m.-pilar-matud",fullName:"M. Pilar Matud"}]},{id:"53212",title:"Broken Dreams—Balancing Self and Family Well-Being: The Experiences of Women Immigrants to Hamilton, ON",slug:"broken-dreams-balancing-self-and-family-well-being-the-experiences-of-women-immigrants-to-hamilton-o",totalDownloads:1481,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"This chapter presents the preliminary analysis of a study conducted in Hamilton, ON. It explores the intersection of women’s immigration, integration and mental health. Their perceptions of what is needed from them in relation to the various challenges/changes that moving to a new country entails is a particular focus of this research. To begin with, the term “women immigrant” (WI) is used, rather than immigrant women as commonly used—as the participants were women long before they became immigrants. 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She is now a lecturer at the University of Witwatersrand, South Africa, and a principal researcher at the Health Economics and Epidemiology Research Office (HE2RO), South Africa. Dr. Moolla holds a Ph.D. in Psychology with her research being focused on mental health and resilience. In her professional work capacity, her research has further expanded into the fields of early childhood development, mental health, the HIV and TB care cascades, as well as COVID. She is also a UNESCO-trained International Bioethics Facilitator.",institutionString:"University of the Witwatersrand",institution:{name:"University of the Witwatersrand",country:{name:"South Africa"}}},{id:"342152",title:"Dr.",name:"Santo",middleName:null,surname:"Grace Umesh",slug:"santo-grace-umesh",fullName:"Santo Grace Umesh",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/342152/images/16311_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"SRM Dental College",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"333647",title:"Dr.",name:"Shreya",middleName:null,surname:"Kishore",slug:"shreya-kishore",fullName:"Shreya Kishore",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/333647/images/14701_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Shreya Kishore completed her Bachelor in Dental Surgery in Chettinad Dental College and Research Institute, Chennai, and her Master of Dental Surgery (Orthodontics) in Saveetha Dental College, Chennai. She is also Invisalign certified. She’s working as a Senior Lecturer in the Department of Orthodontics, SRM Dental College since November 2019. She is actively involved in teaching orthodontics to the undergraduates and the postgraduates. Her clinical research topics include new orthodontic brackets, fixed appliances and TADs. She’s published 4 articles in well renowned indexed journals and has a published patency of her own. Her private practice is currently limited to orthodontics and works as a consultant in various clinics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"SRM Dental College",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"323731",title:"Prof.",name:"Deepak M.",middleName:"Macchindra",surname:"Vikhe",slug:"deepak-m.-vikhe",fullName:"Deepak M. Vikhe",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/323731/images/13613_n.jpg",biography:"Dr Deepak M.Vikhe .\n\n\t\n\tDr Deepak M.Vikhe , completed his Masters & PhD in Prosthodontics from Rural Dental College, Loni securing third rank in the Pravara Institute of Medical Sciences Deemed University. He was awarded Dr.G.C.DAS Memorial Award for Research on Implants at 39th IPS conference Dubai (U A E).He has two patents under his name. He has received Dr.Saraswati medal award for best research for implant study in 2017.He has received Fully funded scholarship to Spain ,university of Santiago de Compostela. He has completed fellowship in Implantlogy from Noble Biocare. \nHe has attended various conferences and CDE programmes and has national publications to his credit. His field of interest is in Implant supported prosthesis. Presently he is working as a associate professor in the Dept of Prosthodontics, Rural Dental College, Loni and maintains a successful private practice specialising in Implantology at Rahata.\n\nEmail: drdeepak_mvikhe@yahoo.com..................",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Pravara Institute of Medical Sciences",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"204110",title:"Dr.",name:"Ahmed A.",middleName:null,surname:"Madfa",slug:"ahmed-a.-madfa",fullName:"Ahmed A. Madfa",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/204110/images/system/204110.jpg",biography:"Dr. Madfa is currently Associate Professor of Endodontics at Thamar University and a visiting lecturer at Sana'a University and University of Sciences and Technology. He has more than 6 years of experience in teaching. His research interests include root canal morphology, functionally graded concept, dental biomaterials, epidemiology and dental education, biomimetic restoration, finite element analysis and endodontic regeneration. Dr. Madfa has numerous international publications, full articles, two patents, a book and a book chapter. Furthermore, he won 14 international scientific awards. Furthermore, he is involved in many academic activities ranging from editorial board member, reviewer for many international journals and postgraduate students' supervisor. Besides, I deliver many courses and training workshops at various scientific events. Dr. Madfa also regularly attends international conferences and holds administrative positions (Deputy Dean of the Faculty for Students’ & Academic Affairs and Deputy Head of Research Unit).",institutionString:"Thamar University",institution:null},{id:"210472",title:"Dr.",name:"Nermin",middleName:"Mohammed Ahmed",surname:"Yussif",slug:"nermin-yussif",fullName:"Nermin Yussif",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/210472/images/system/210472.jpg",biography:"Dr. Nermin Mohammed Ahmed Yussif is working at the Faculty of dentistry, University for October university for modern sciences and arts (MSA). Her areas of expertise include: periodontology, dental laserology, oral implantology, periodontal plastic surgeries, oral mesotherapy, nutrition, dental pharmacology. She is an editor and reviewer in numerous international journals.",institutionString:"MSA University",institution:null},{id:"204606",title:"Dr.",name:"Serdar",middleName:null,surname:"Gözler",slug:"serdar-gozler",fullName:"Serdar Gözler",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/204606/images/system/204606.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Serdar Gözler has completed his undergraduate studies at the Marmara University Faculty of Dentistry in 1978, followed by an assistantship in the Prosthesis Department of Dicle University Faculty of Dentistry. Starting his PhD work on non-resilient overdentures with Assoc. Prof. Hüsnü Yavuzyılmaz, he continued his studies with Prof. Dr. Gürbüz Öztürk of Istanbul University Faculty of Dentistry Department of Prosthodontics, this time on Gnatology. He attended training programs on occlusion, neurology, neurophysiology, EMG, radiology and biostatistics. In 1982, he presented his PhD thesis \\Gerber and Lauritzen Occlusion Analysis Techniques: Diagnosis Values,\\ at Istanbul University School of Dentistry, Department of Prosthodontics. As he was also working with Prof. Senih Çalıkkocaoğlu on The Physiology of Chewing at the same time, Gözler has written a chapter in Çalıkkocaoğlu\\'s book \\Complete Prostheses\\ entitled \\The Place of Neuromuscular Mechanism in Prosthetic Dentistry.\\ The book was published five times since by the Istanbul University Publications. Having presented in various conferences about occlusion analysis until 1998, Dr. Gözler has also decided to use the T-Scan II occlusion analysis method. Having been personally trained by Dr. Robert Kerstein on this method, Dr. Gözler has been lecturing on the T-Scan Occlusion Analysis Method in conferences both in Turkey and abroad. Dr. Gözler has various articles and presentations on Digital Occlusion Analysis methods. He is now Head of the TMD Clinic at Prosthodontic Department of Faculty of Dentistry , Istanbul Aydın University , Turkey.",institutionString:"Istanbul Aydin University",institution:{name:"Istanbul Aydın University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"240870",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Alaa Eddin Omar",middleName:null,surname:"Al Ostwani",slug:"alaa-eddin-omar-al-ostwani",fullName:"Alaa Eddin Omar Al Ostwani",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/240870/images/system/240870.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Al Ostwani Alaa Eddin Omar received his Master in dentistry from Damascus University in 2010, and his Ph.D. in Pediatric Dentistry from Damascus University in 2014. Dr. Al Ostwani is an assistant professor and faculty member at IUST University since 2014. \nDuring his academic experience, he has received several awards including the scientific research award from the Union of Arab Universities, the Syrian gold medal and the international gold medal for invention and creativity. Dr. Al Ostwani is a Member of the International Association of Dental Traumatology and the Syrian Society for Research and Preventive Dentistry since 2017. He is also a Member of the Reviewer Board of International Journal of Dental Medicine (IJDM), and the Indian Journal of Conservative and Endodontics since 2016.",institutionString:"International University for Science and Technology.",institution:{name:"Islamic University of Science and Technology",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"42847",title:"Dr.",name:"Belma",middleName:null,surname:"Işik Aslan",slug:"belma-isik-aslan",fullName:"Belma Işik Aslan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/42847/images/system/42847.jpg",biography:"Dr. Belma IşIk Aslan was born in 1976 in Ankara-TURKEY. After graduating from TED Ankara College in 1994, she attended to Gazi University, Faculty of Dentistry in Ankara. She completed her PhD in orthodontic education at Gazi University between 1999-2005. Dr. Işık Aslan stayed at the Providence Hospital Craniofacial Institude and Reconstructive Surgery in Michigan, USA for three months as an observer. She worked as a specialist doctor at Gazi University, Dentistry Faculty, Department of Orthodontics between 2005-2014. She was appointed as associate professor in January, 2014 and as professor in 2021. Dr. Işık Aslan still works as an instructor at the same faculty. She has published a total of 35 articles, 10 book chapters, 39 conference proceedings both internationally and nationally. Also she was the academic editor of the international book 'Current Advances in Orthodontics'. She is a member of the Turkish Orthodontic Society and Turkish Cleft Lip and Palate Society. She is married and has 2 children. Her knowledge of English is at an advanced level.",institutionString:"Gazi University Dentistry Faculty Department of Orthodontics",institution:null},{id:"178412",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Guhan",middleName:null,surname:"Dergin",slug:"guhan-dergin",fullName:"Guhan Dergin",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/178412/images/6954_n.jpg",biography:"Assoc. Prof. Dr. Gühan Dergin was born in 1973 in Izmit. He graduated from Marmara University Faculty of Dentistry in 1999. He completed his specialty of OMFS surgery in Marmara University Faculty of Dentistry and obtained his PhD degree in 2006. In 2005, he was invited as a visiting doctor in the Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Department of the University of North Carolina, USA, where he went on a scholarship. Dr. Dergin still continues his academic career as an associate professor in Marmara University Faculty of Dentistry. He has many articles in international and national scientific journals and chapters in books.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Marmara University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"178414",title:"Prof.",name:"Yusuf",middleName:null,surname:"Emes",slug:"yusuf-emes",fullName:"Yusuf Emes",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/178414/images/6953_n.jpg",biography:"Born in Istanbul in 1974, Dr. Emes graduated from Istanbul University Faculty of Dentistry in 1997 and completed his PhD degree in Istanbul University faculty of Dentistry Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery in 2005. He has papers published in international and national scientific journals, including research articles on implantology, oroantral fistulas, odontogenic cysts, and temporomandibular disorders. Dr. Emes is currently working as a full-time academic staff in Istanbul University faculty of Dentistry Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Istanbul University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"192229",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Ana Luiza",middleName:null,surname:"De Carvalho Felippini",slug:"ana-luiza-de-carvalho-felippini",fullName:"Ana Luiza De Carvalho Felippini",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/192229/images/system/192229.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:"University of São Paulo",institution:{name:"University of Sao Paulo",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"256851",title:"Prof.",name:"Ayşe",middleName:null,surname:"Gülşen",slug:"ayse-gulsen",fullName:"Ayşe Gülşen",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/256851/images/9696_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Ayşe Gülşen graduated in 1990 from Faculty of Dentistry, University of Ankara and did a postgraduate program at University of Gazi. \nShe worked as an observer and research assistant in Craniofacial Surgery Departments in New York, Providence Hospital in Michigan and Chang Gung Memorial Hospital in Taiwan. \nShe works as Craniofacial Orthodontist in Department of Aesthetic, Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Gazi, Ankara Turkey since 2004.",institutionString:"Univeristy of Gazi",institution:null},{id:"255366",title:"Prof.",name:"Tosun",middleName:null,surname:"Tosun",slug:"tosun-tosun",fullName:"Tosun Tosun",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/255366/images/7347_n.jpg",biography:"Graduated at the Faculty of Dentistry, University of Istanbul, Turkey in 1989;\nVisitor Assistant at the University of Padua, Italy and Branemark Osseointegration Center of Treviso, Italy between 1993-94;\nPhD thesis on oral implantology in University of Istanbul and was awarded the academic title “Dr.med.dent.”, 1997;\nHe was awarded the academic title “Doç.Dr.” (Associated Professor) in 2003;\nProficiency in Botulinum Toxin Applications, Reading-UK in 2009;\nMastership, RWTH Certificate in Laser Therapy in Dentistry, AALZ-Aachen University, Germany 2009-11;\nMaster of Science (MSc) in Laser Dentistry, University of Genoa, Italy 2013-14.\n\nDr.Tosun worked as Research Assistant in the Department of Oral Implantology, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Istanbul between 1990-2002. \nHe worked part-time as Consultant surgeon in Harvard Medical International Hospitals and John Hopkins Medicine, Istanbul between years 2007-09.\u2028He was contract Professor in the Department of Surgical and Diagnostic Sciences (DI.S.C.), Medical School, University of Genova, Italy between years 2011-16. \nSince 2015 he is visiting Professor at Medical School, University of Plovdiv, Bulgaria. \nCurrently he is Associated Prof.Dr. at the Dental School, Oral Surgery Dept., Istanbul Aydin University and since 2003 he works in his own private clinic in Istanbul, Turkey.\u2028\nDr.Tosun is reviewer in journal ‘Laser in Medical Sciences’, reviewer in journal ‘Folia Medica\\', a Fellow of the International Team for Implantology, Clinical Lecturer of DGZI German Association of Oral Implantology, Expert Lecturer of Laser&Health Academy, Country Representative of World Federation for Laser Dentistry, member of European Federation of Periodontology, member of Academy of Laser Dentistry. Dr.Tosun presents papers in international and national congresses and has scientific publications in international and national journals. He speaks english, spanish, italian and french.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Istanbul Aydın University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"171887",title:"Prof.",name:"Zühre",middleName:null,surname:"Akarslan",slug:"zuhre-akarslan",fullName:"Zühre Akarslan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/171887/images/system/171887.jpg",biography:"Zühre Akarslan was born in 1977 in Cyprus. She graduated from Gazi University Faculty of Dentistry, Ankara, Turkey in 2000. \r\nLater she received her Ph.D. degree from the Oral Diagnosis and Radiology Department; which was recently renamed as Oral and Dentomaxillofacial Radiology, from the same university. \r\nShe is working as a full-time Associate Professor and is a lecturer and an academic researcher. \r\nHer expertise areas are dental caries, cancer, dental fear and anxiety, gag reflex in dentistry, oral medicine, and dentomaxillofacial radiology.",institutionString:"Gazi University",institution:{name:"Gazi University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"256417",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Sanaz",middleName:null,surname:"Sadry",slug:"sanaz-sadry",fullName:"Sanaz Sadry",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/256417/images/8106_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"272237",title:"Dr.",name:"Pinar",middleName:"Kiymet",surname:"Karataban",slug:"pinar-karataban",fullName:"Pinar Karataban",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/272237/images/8911_n.png",biography:"Assist.Prof.Dr.Pınar Kıymet Karataban, DDS PhD \n\nDr.Pınar Kıymet Karataban was born in Istanbul in 1975. After her graduation from Marmara University Faculty of Dentistry in 1998 she started her PhD in Paediatric Dentistry focused on children with special needs; mainly children with Cerebral Palsy. She finished her pHD thesis entitled \\'Investigation of occlusion via cast analysis and evaluation of dental caries prevalance, periodontal status and muscle dysfunctions in children with cerebral palsy” in 2008. She got her Assist. Proffessor degree in Istanbul Aydın University Paediatric Dentistry Department in 2015-2018. ın 2019 she started her new career in Bahcesehir University, Istanbul as Head of Department of Pediatric Dentistry. In 2020 she was accepted to BAU International University, Batumi as Professor of Pediatric Dentistry. She’s a lecturer in the same university meanwhile working part-time in private practice in Ege Dental Studio (https://www.egedisklinigi.com/) a multidisciplinary dental clinic in Istanbul. Her main interests are paleodontology, ancient and contemporary dentistry, oral microbiology, cerebral palsy and special care dentistry. She has national and international publications, scientific reports and is a member of IAPO (International Association for Paleodontology), IADH (International Association of Disability and Oral Health) and EAPD (European Association of Pediatric Dentistry).",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"202198",title:"Dr.",name:"Buket",middleName:null,surname:"Aybar",slug:"buket-aybar",fullName:"Buket Aybar",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/202198/images/6955_n.jpg",biography:"Buket Aybar, DDS, PhD, was born in 1971. She graduated from Istanbul University, Faculty of Dentistry, in 1992 and completed her PhD degree on Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery in Istanbul University in 1997.\nDr. Aybar is currently a full-time professor in Istanbul University, Faculty of Dentistry Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery. She has teaching responsibilities in graduate and postgraduate programs. Her clinical practice includes mainly dentoalveolar surgery.\nHer topics of interest are biomaterials science and cell culture studies. She has many articles in international and national scientific journals and chapters in books; she also has participated in several scientific projects supported by Istanbul University Research fund.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"260116",title:"Dr.",name:"Mehmet",middleName:null,surname:"Yaltirik",slug:"mehmet-yaltirik",fullName:"Mehmet Yaltirik",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/260116/images/7413_n.jpg",biography:"Birth Date 25.09.1965\r\nBirth Place Adana- Turkey\r\nSex Male\r\nMarrial Status Bachelor\r\nDriving License Acquired\r\nMother Tongue Turkish\r\n\r\nAddress:\r\nWork:University of Istanbul,Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Oral Surgery and Oral Medicine 34093 Capa,Istanbul- TURKIYE",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"172009",title:"Dr.",name:"Fatma Deniz",middleName:null,surname:"Uzuner",slug:"fatma-deniz-uzuner",fullName:"Fatma Deniz Uzuner",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/172009/images/7122_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Deniz Uzuner was born in 1969 in Kocaeli-TURKEY. After graduating from TED Ankara College in 1986, she attended the Hacettepe University, Faculty of Dentistry in Ankara. \nIn 1993 she attended the Gazi University, Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Orthodontics for her PhD education. After finishing the PhD education, she worked as orthodontist in Ankara Dental Hospital under the Turkish Government, Ministry of Health and in a special Orthodontic Clinic till 2011. Between 2011 and 2016, Dr. Deniz Uzuner worked as a specialist in the Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Gazi University in Ankara/Turkey. In 2016, she was appointed associate professor. Dr. Deniz Uzuner has authored 23 Journal Papers, 3 Book Chapters and has had 39 oral/poster presentations. She is a member of the Turkish Orthodontic Society. Her knowledge of English is at an advanced level.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"332914",title:"Dr.",name:"Muhammad Saad",middleName:null,surname:"Shaikh",slug:"muhammad-saad-shaikh",fullName:"Muhammad Saad Shaikh",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Jinnah Sindh Medical University",country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"315775",title:"Dr.",name:"Feng",middleName:null,surname:"Luo",slug:"feng-luo",fullName:"Feng Luo",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sichuan University",country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"423519",title:"Dr.",name:"Sizakele",middleName:null,surname:"Ngwenya",slug:"sizakele-ngwenya",fullName:"Sizakele Ngwenya",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of the Witwatersrand",country:{name:"South Africa"}}},{id:"419270",title:"Dr.",name:"Ann",middleName:null,surname:"Chianchitlert",slug:"ann-chianchitlert",fullName:"Ann Chianchitlert",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Walailak University",country:{name:"Thailand"}}},{id:"419271",title:"Dr.",name:"Diane",middleName:null,surname:"Selvido",slug:"diane-selvido",fullName:"Diane Selvido",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Walailak University",country:{name:"Thailand"}}},{id:"419272",title:"Dr.",name:"Irin",middleName:null,surname:"Sirisoontorn",slug:"irin-sirisoontorn",fullName:"Irin Sirisoontorn",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Walailak University",country:{name:"Thailand"}}},{id:"355660",title:"Dr.",name:"Anitha",middleName:null,surname:"Mani",slug:"anitha-mani",fullName:"Anitha Mani",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"SRM Dental College",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"355612",title:"Dr.",name:"Janani",middleName:null,surname:"Karthikeyan",slug:"janani-karthikeyan",fullName:"Janani Karthikeyan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"SRM Dental College",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"334400",title:"Dr.",name:"Suvetha",middleName:null,surname:"Siva",slug:"suvetha-siva",fullName:"Suvetha Siva",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"SRM Dental College",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"334239",title:"Prof.",name:"Leung",middleName:null,surname:"Wai Keung",slug:"leung-wai-keung",fullName:"Leung Wai Keung",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Hong Kong",country:{name:"China"}}}]}},subseries:{item:{id:"10",type:"subseries",title:"Animal Physiology",keywords:"Physiology, Comparative, Evolution, Biomolecules, Organ, Homeostasis, Anatomy, Pathology, Medical, Cell Division, Cell Signaling, Cell Growth, Cell Metabolism, Endocrine, Neuroscience, Cardiovascular, Development, Aging, Development",scope:"Physiology, the scientific study of functions and mechanisms of living systems, is an essential area of research in its own right, but also in relation to medicine and health sciences. The scope of this topic will range from molecular, biochemical, cellular, and physiological processes in all animal species. Work pertaining to the whole organism, organ systems, individual organs and tissues, cells, and biomolecules will be included. Medical, animal, cell, and comparative physiology and allied fields such as anatomy, histology, and pathology with physiology links will be covered in this topic. Physiology research may be linked to development, aging, environment, regular and pathological processes, adaptation and evolution, exercise, or several other factors affecting, or involved with, animal physiology.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/10.jpg",hasOnlineFirst:!1,hasPublishedBooks:!1,annualVolume:11406,editor:{id:"202192",title:"Dr.",name:"Catrin",middleName:null,surname:"Rutland",slug:"catrin-rutland",fullName:"Catrin Rutland",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/202192/images/system/202192.png",biography:"Catrin Rutland is an Associate Professor of Anatomy and Developmental Genetics at the University of Nottingham, UK. She obtained a BSc from the University of Derby, England, a master’s degree from Technische Universität München, Germany, and a Ph.D. from the University of Nottingham. She undertook a post-doctoral research fellowship in the School of Medicine before accepting tenure in Veterinary Medicine and Science. Dr. Rutland also obtained an MMedSci (Medical Education) and a Postgraduate Certificate in Higher Education (PGCHE). She is the author of more than sixty peer-reviewed journal articles, twelve books/book chapters, and more than 100 research abstracts in cardiovascular biology and oncology. She is a board member of the European Association of Veterinary Anatomists, Fellow of the Anatomical Society, and Senior Fellow of the Higher Education Academy. Dr. Rutland has also written popular science books for the public. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2009-4898. www.nottingham.ac.uk/vet/people/catrin.rutland",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Nottingham",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,series:{id:"10",title:"Physiology",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",issn:"2631-8261"},editorialBoard:[{id:"306970",title:"Mr.",name:"Amin",middleName:null,surname:"Tamadon",slug:"amin-tamadon",fullName:"Amin Tamadon",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002oHR5wQAG/Profile_Picture_1623910304139",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Bushehr University of Medical Sciences",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Iran"}}},{id:"251314",title:"Dr.",name:"Juan Carlos",middleName:null,surname:"Gardón",slug:"juan-carlos-gardon",fullName:"Juan Carlos Gardón",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/251314/images/system/251314.jpeg",institutionString:"Catholic University of Valencia San Vicente Mártir, Spain",institution:null},{id:"245306",title:"Dr.",name:"María Luz",middleName:null,surname:"Garcia Pardo",slug:"maria-luz-garcia-pardo",fullName:"María Luz Garcia Pardo",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/245306/images/system/245306.png",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Miguel Hernandez University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"283315",title:"Prof.",name:"Samir",middleName:null,surname:"El-Gendy",slug:"samir-el-gendy",fullName:"Samir El-Gendy",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRduYQAS/Profile_Picture_1606215849748",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Alexandria University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Egypt"}}}]},onlineFirstChapters:{paginationCount:20,paginationItems:[{id:"80964",title:"Upper Airway Expansion in Disabled Children",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.102830",signatures:"David Andrade, Joana Andrade, Maria-João Palha, Cristina Areias, Paula Macedo, Ana Norton, Miguel Palha, Lurdes Morais, Dóris Rocha Ruiz and Sônia Groisman",slug:"upper-airway-expansion-in-disabled-children",totalDownloads:35,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Oral Health Care - An Important Issue of the Modern Society",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10827.jpg",subseries:{id:"1",title:"Oral Health"}}},{id:"80839",title:"Herbs and Oral Health",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.103715",signatures:"Zuhair S. 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Thus proteomics, an area of research that detects all protein forms expressed in an organism, including splice isoforms and post-translational modifications, is more suitable than genomics for a comprehensive understanding of the biochemical processes that govern life. The most common proteomics applications are currently in the clinical field for the identification, in a variety of biological matrices, of biomarkers for diagnosis and therapeutic intervention of disorders. From the comparison of proteomic profiles of control and disease or different physiological states, which may emerge, changes in protein expression can provide new insights into the roles played by some proteins in human pathologies. Understanding how proteins function and interact with each other is another goal of proteomics that makes this approach even more intriguing. Specialized technology and expertise are required to assess the proteome of any biological sample. Currently, proteomics relies mainly on mass spectrometry (MS) combined with electrophoretic (1 or 2-DE-MS) and/or chromatographic techniques (LC-MS/MS). MS is an excellent tool that has gained popularity in proteomics because of its ability to gather a complex body of information such as cataloging protein expression, identifying protein modification sites, and defining protein interactions. 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