Straggling factors ξi for resistance of pressure piles.
\\n\\n
Released this past November, the list is based on data collected from the Web of Science and highlights some of the world’s most influential scientific minds by naming the researchers whose publications over the previous decade have included a high number of Highly Cited Papers placing them among the top 1% most-cited.
\\n\\nWe wish to congratulate all of the researchers named and especially our authors on this amazing accomplishment! We are happy and proud to share in their success!
Note: Edited in March 2021
\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:{caption:"Highly Cited",originalUrl:"/media/original/117"}},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'IntechOpen is proud to announce that 191 of our authors have made the Clarivate™ Highly Cited Researchers List for 2020, ranking them among the top 1% most-cited.
\n\nThroughout the years, the list has named a total of 261 IntechOpen authors as Highly Cited. Of those researchers, 69 have been featured on the list multiple times.
\n\n\n\nReleased this past November, the list is based on data collected from the Web of Science and highlights some of the world’s most influential scientific minds by naming the researchers whose publications over the previous decade have included a high number of Highly Cited Papers placing them among the top 1% most-cited.
\n\nWe wish to congratulate all of the researchers named and especially our authors on this amazing accomplishment! We are happy and proud to share in their success!
Note: Edited in March 2021
\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"},{slug:"introducing-intechopen-book-series-a-new-publishing-format-for-oa-books-20210915",title:"Introducing IntechOpen Book Series - A New Publishing Format for OA Books"},{slug:"intechopen-identified-as-one-of-the-most-significant-contributor-to-oa-book-growth-in-doab-20210809",title:"IntechOpen Identified as One of the Most Significant Contributors to OA Book Growth in DOAB"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"6913",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Innovations in Cell Research and Therapy",title:"Innovations in Cell Research and Therapy",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"All living things are comprised of cells. A cell is the building block of complex organisms. All cells contain genetic material. Some cells contain subunits known as organelles that perform specific functions. Protein processing, energy generation, and macromolecular biosynthesis are some of the functions of organelles. Recently, advances in cell biology have elucidated new insights in cellular development and the unique functions of different types of cells. The era of biotechnology is rooted in biologics, and cell biology has delivered novel therapeutic candidates. Personalized medicine has its underpinnings in cell biology. Innovations in Cell Research and Therapy focuses on recent key advances that are transforming health and medical sciences. Understanding fundamental cellular processes, including cellular differentiation, the many applications of stem cells, natural and synthetic approaches for inducing apoptosis, and new insights into organelle biology and macromolecular processing are representative examples of the topics that are addressed in the chapters found in this book.",isbn:"978-1-78984-457-3",printIsbn:"978-1-78984-456-6",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83880-020-8",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73444",price:119,priceEur:129,priceUsd:155,slug:"innovations-in-cell-research-and-therapy",numberOfPages:162,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:1,isInBkci:!1,hash:"5a2a92efd1c7a2ecb4c396b61b6ffb4f",bookSignature:"Zvi Loewy",publishedDate:"February 5th 2020",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6913.jpg",numberOfDownloads:5582,numberOfWosCitations:9,numberOfCrossrefCitations:7,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:0,numberOfDimensionsCitations:14,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:0,hasAltmetrics:1,numberOfTotalCitations:30,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"October 24th 2018",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"December 5th 2018",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"February 3rd 2019",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"April 24th 2019",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"June 23rd 2019",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"235950",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Zvi",middleName:null,surname:"Loewy",slug:"zvi-loewy",fullName:"Zvi Loewy",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/235950/images/system/235950.png",biography:"Dr. Zvi Loewy is a senior academic leader and an experienced global pharmaceutical–biotechnology executive. He leverages a diversified background in big-pharma senior management, biotech startup creation, and academia. Dr. Loewy has served as a board member of the New Jersey Bioscience Center Incubator since 2010. From 2005 to 2020 he was a board member of the Jerusalem College of Technology. His international experience has included leading international research teams; championing the penetration and commercial launch of healthcare products worldwide; and leading open innovation in the Mideast. Dr. Loewy received his BA from Yeshiva University, New York, his MS from Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, New York, and his Ph.D. in Molecular Biology from the Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York. He has more than twenty-five issued patents to his credit.",institutionString:"New York Medical College",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"0",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"1",institution:{name:"New York Medical College",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"990",title:"Stem Cell Research",slug:"medicine-cell-biology-stem-cell-research"}],chapters:[{id:"67154",title:"Current Status of Stem Cell Therapy for Sepsis and Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.86108",slug:"current-status-of-stem-cell-therapy-for-sepsis-and-acute-respiratory-distress-syndrome",totalDownloads:999,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:4,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Sepsis and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) are life-threatening diseases with high mortality, around 40%, and morbidity in all the critical care units around the world. After decades of research, and numerous pre-clinical and clinical trials, sepsis and ARDS remain without a specific and effective pharmacotherapy and essentially the management remains supportive. Over the last years, cell therapies gained potential as a therapeutic treatment for ARDS and sepsis. Based on numerous pre-clinical studies, there is a growing evidence of the potential benefits of cell-based therapies for the treatment of sepsis and ARDS. Different cell subtypes have been used for the treatment of both syndromes; however, the major part of the studies is using mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSC). Also, other relevant groups performed some pre-clinical studies using induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC) for the treatment of both syndromes and alveolar type II cells for ARDS treatment. Numerous questions need further study, including determining the best source for the progenitor cells isolation, their large-scale production, and cryopreservation. Also, the heterogeneity of patients with sepsis and ARDS is massive, and the stratification of the patients will help us to determine better the therapeutic effect of these cell therapies. In this review, we are going to describe briefly the different cell types, their potential sources, and characteristics and mechanism of action. We will review several pre-clinical and clinical studies in ARDS and sepsis.",signatures:"Raquel Guillamat-Prats and Antonio Artigas",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/67154",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/67154",authors:[{id:"224735",title:"Dr.",name:"Raquel",surname:"Guillamat-Prats",slug:"raquel-guillamat-prats",fullName:"Raquel Guillamat-Prats"},{id:"269308",title:"Prof.",name:"Antonio",surname:"Artigas",slug:"antonio-artigas",fullName:"Antonio Artigas"}],corrections:null},{id:"69757",title:"Flow Cytometry Applied to the Diagnosis of Primary Immunodeficiencies",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.89743",slug:"flow-cytometry-applied-to-the-diagnosis-of-primary-immunodeficiencies",totalDownloads:1044,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"Primary immunodeficiencies are the result of biological defects associated with functional immune abnormalities. It consists of a group of disorders showing a higher incidence and severity of infections, expression of immunological dysregulation such as inflammation and lymphoproliferation. The immunophenotyping and in vitro functional characterization of immunodeficient patients contribute, together with the clinical aspects, to define the underlying immune defect particularities. Flow cytometry applications in primary immunodeficiency assessment are multiple and include the study of a wide range of specific cell lymphocyte subpopulations. This chapter describes the main techniques used in the diagnosis of a wide variety of primary immunodeficiencies, in which intracellular proteins or activation markers involved in immunity are evaluated, as well as functional proliferation, cytokine production, phosphorylation of transcription factors, cytotoxic and degranulation capacity. Flow cytometry is a tool that allows rapid and accurate evaluation of multiple lymphocyte populations and immunological function, and this information is essential for the diagnosis and evaluation of patients with primary immunodeficiencies.",signatures:"Mónica Martínez-Gallo and Marina García-Prat",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/69757",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/69757",authors:[{id:"286242",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Mónica",surname:"Martínez Gallo",slug:"monica-martinez-gallo",fullName:"Mónica Martínez Gallo"},{id:"286704",title:"BSc.",name:"Marina",surname:"García-Prat",slug:"marina-garcia-prat",fullName:"Marina García-Prat"}],corrections:null},{id:"70138",title:"Flow Cytometry Assay for Quantitation of Therapeutical Anti-D IgG during Process Control in the Pharmaceutical Production",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.89614",slug:"flow-cytometry-assay-for-quantitation-of-therapeutical-anti-d-igg-during-process-control-in-the-phar",totalDownloads:739,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Individuals who do not possess the D antigen in their red blood cells generate Anti-D antibodies against an antigenic challenge. Prophylaxis with Anti-D immunoglobulin prevents sensitization. The determination of adequate doses of Anti-D in plasma and pharmaceutical products is carried out by radio immuno assay (RIA) and enzyme immuno assay (EIA) or hemagglutination. An in house technique was developed for the quantitation of Anti-D antibodies, as an alternative test to the reference method. It was specific and with good recovery and did not present false positives or autoagglutination. The dose-response curve (mean fluorescence intensity (MFI) versus logarithm of concentration (log C)) was linear (correlation coefficient of 0.99). The method was validated following the criteria of the NIBSC (National Institute of Biological Standards and Control) and the European Pharmacopoeia. Flow cytometry allowed obtaining accurate, precise, sensitive and specific determinations at different concentrations in different biological matrices. The method can be used in highly diluted samples, has a strong fluorescence signal, is simple, fast, reliable and of relatively low cost. Flow cytometry is more efficient than hemagglutination and easier than RIA. With similar security and efficiency standards, it is cheaper than EIA an RIA. This method as a more suitable choice.",signatures:"Sergio A. Oviedo",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/70138",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/70138",authors:[{id:"208397",title:"Prof.",name:"Sergio",surname:"Oviedo",slug:"sergio-oviedo",fullName:"Sergio Oviedo"}],corrections:null},{id:"69639",title:"Telocytes: New Connecting Devices in the Stromal Space of Organs",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.89383",slug:"telocytes-new-connecting-devices-in-the-stromal-space-of-organs",totalDownloads:1046,totalCrossrefCites:5,totalDimensionsCites:10,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Telocytes (TCs) represent a new type of interstitial cells, and were discovered by Prof. Popescu and his collaborators from Bucharest in 2005, and described as Interstitial Cajal-Like Cells (ICLCs). In 2010, Prof. Popescu and Prof. Faussone-Pellegrini from Florence, based on their expertise in morphology, agreed that in fact ICLCs were a brand-new entity and they renamed them telocytes. TCs are characterized by specific veil- or ribbon-like extensions called telopodes. Telopodes aid TCs in forming homo- or hetero-cellular contacts; thus, assembling three-dimensional networks that organizes the stromal and the parenchymal components of the organs. TCs can transfer information to neighbor cells ensuring a short-distance communication, and remotely by the release a wide variety of extracellular vesicles: exosomes, ectosomes, and multivesicular bodies. Here, we reviewed the evolution of the interest regarding TCs in different organs, in normal and pathological conditions. The main focus was on the role of TCs in gastrointestinal tract, urinary bladder, reproductive tract, and heart. This chapter sums up information about the possibilities that TCs are capable to behave as sensors/mediators in nervous activity, to represent mesenchymal stem cell precursors in adulthood, and to control and determine the differentiation/maturation of other cell types either during development or in postnatal life.",signatures:"Dragos Cretoiu, Maria Giuliana Vannucchi, Yihua Bei, Mirko Manetti, Maria Simonetta Faussone-Pellegrini, Lidia Ibba-Manneschi, Junjie Xiao and Sanda Maria Cretoiu",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/69639",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/69639",authors:[{id:"65176",title:"Dr.",name:"Dragos",surname:"Cretoiu",slug:"dragos-cretoiu",fullName:"Dragos Cretoiu"},{id:"71558",title:"Dr.",name:"Sanda",surname:"Cretoiu",slug:"sanda-cretoiu",fullName:"Sanda Cretoiu"},{id:"295006",title:"Prof.",name:"Maria-Simonetta",surname:"Faussone-Pellegrini",slug:"maria-simonetta-faussone-pellegrini",fullName:"Maria-Simonetta Faussone-Pellegrini"},{id:"295007",title:"Prof.",name:"Maria Giuliana",surname:"Vannucchi",slug:"maria-giuliana-vannucchi",fullName:"Maria Giuliana Vannucchi"},{id:"295009",title:"Prof.",name:"Lidia",surname:"Ibba-Manneschi",slug:"lidia-ibba-manneschi",fullName:"Lidia Ibba-Manneschi"},{id:"295012",title:"Dr.",name:"Mirko",surname:"Manetti",slug:"mirko-manetti",fullName:"Mirko Manetti"},{id:"295014",title:"Dr.",name:"Yihua",surname:"Bei",slug:"yihua-bei",fullName:"Yihua Bei"},{id:"295015",title:"Prof.",name:"Junjie",surname:"Xiao",slug:"junjie-xiao",fullName:"Junjie Xiao"}],corrections:null},{id:"68796",title:"Innovations in Human Stem Cell Research: A Holy Grail for Regenerative Medicine",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.88790",slug:"innovations-in-human-stem-cell-research-a-holy-grail-for-regenerative-medicine",totalDownloads:978,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Stem cells are unspecialized cells capable of renewing themselves and giving rise to differentiated and specialized cell subtypes. There are two general categories of stem cells, i.e., pluripotent stem cells capable of differentiation into any cell type in the human body and multipotent adult stem cells maintaining tissue homeostasis in postnatal life. Investigations in both these categories of stem cells have expanded our knowledge on human organogenesis and tissue regeneration and have suggested potential therapeutic functions of stem cells in regenerative medicine. The advent of induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) technology a decade ago further revolutionized stem cell biology and has given rise to the translation of stem cell-based therapies. This chapter will summarize some of the exciting progress and challenges in the applications of iPSC-derived stem cells and adult stem cells and the potential of translational and clinical research of these stem cells in regenerative medicine.",signatures:"Yanling Liao, Hongwen Zhu, Larisa Ivanova and Mitchell S. Cairo",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/68796",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/68796",authors:[{id:"309022",title:"Dr.",name:"Mitchell",surname:"Cairo",slug:"mitchell-cairo",fullName:"Mitchell Cairo"}],corrections:null},{id:"68265",title:"Stem Cells and Extracellular Vesicles: Biological Regulators of Physiology and Disease",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.86845",slug:"stem-cells-and-extracellular-vesicles-biological-regulators-of-physiology-and-disease",totalDownloads:780,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"This is an extraordinary time in cell biology with evolving data pushing a reconsideration of the stability of cell systems and the regulatory mechanisms underlying cell phenotypes, especially the functional cell phenotypes. In this chapter, we will explore new insights into stem cell and extracellular vesicle biology with a focus on the role of extracellular vesicles in normal stem cell physiology as well as in various disease states. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are being recognized as influential mediators of cellular function and potential experimental therapeutic strategies for a number of disorders outlined in this review. An evolving paradigm indicates a dynamic flux of EV populations within these disease states. We conclude our discussion of EV by extending our knowledge of robust EV biology toward disease detection and prognostication. Characterizing the biophysical and functional changes of vesicles amid disease progression or regression enables investigators to merge this information flux with existing deep learning computational and statistical techniques—allowing knowledge to be abstracted from large data sets profiling the biology of EVs within various disease states. Understanding how EV population shifts represent disease regression or progression creates paramount potential for EVs as salient and clinically relevant diagnostic and prognosticating tools.",signatures:"Theo Borgovan, Lorin Crawford, Chibuikem Nwizu and Peter Quesenberry",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/68265",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/68265",authors:[{id:"284016",title:"Distinguished Prof.",name:"Peter",surname:"Quesenberry",slug:"peter-quesenberry",fullName:"Peter Quesenberry"},{id:"284017",title:"Dr.",name:"Theo",surname:"Borgovan",slug:"theo-borgovan",fullName:"Theo Borgovan"},{id:"291240",title:"Dr.",name:"Lorin",surname:"Crawford",slug:"lorin-crawford",fullName:"Lorin Crawford"},{id:"291241",title:"Dr.",name:"Chibuikem",surname:"Nwizu",slug:"chibuikem-nwizu",fullName:"Chibuikem Nwizu"}],corrections:null}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},subseries:null,tags:null},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"216",title:"Stem Cells in Clinic and Research",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5a31b9aa4ace99ed56f02e53a74d068e",slug:"stem-cells-in-clinic-and-research",bookSignature:"Ali Gholamrezanezhad",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/216.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"29557",title:"Dr.",name:"Ali",surname:"Gholamrezanezhad",slug:"ali-gholamrezanezhad",fullName:"Ali Gholamrezanezhad"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"388",title:"Embryonic Stem Cells",subtitle:"Basic Biology to Bioengineering",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"75fab84c1c8e75f1882393bd48c0e7a5",slug:"embryonic-stem-cells-basic-biology-to-bioengineering",bookSignature:"Michael S. 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The requirements for safety and serviceability are defined in standards, codes, and regulations. For sustainable construction, a reduction of construction material used and energy consumed during the construction phase and the service phase of a building/structure is important. Regarding the changing climate and the necessity to avoid CO2 emissions, the design and construction of new buildings and structures have to be optimized. The focus has to be on the production of cement. The production of one ton of cement leads to an emission of about 800 kg of CO2. This is about 91% of the whole CO2 footprint of concrete and about 8% of the man-made CO2 emission of the world [1]. This shows that the reduction of concrete for any kind of structure is an important aspect for the reduction of CO2 emission.
Optimized foundations systems lead to a reduction of concrete. This optimization has to consider the requirements of safety, serviceability, and sustainability. For the foundation systems of high-rise buildings, the following parts are necessary:
Large-scale load tests in situ on the construction site to detect the real load-deformation behavior of the foundation.
Hybrid foundation systems for high-rise buildings like the Combined Pile-Raft Foundation (CPRF) [2].
Three-dimensional, nonlinear simulations of the load-deformation behavior of the foundation system using e.g. Finite-Element-Method (FEM).
All of these three important aspects will be explained in the following chapter. Nevertheless, the precondition for any kind of safe and optimized design is a sufficient soil and groundwater investigation.
Load tests of piles, that are performed in-situ on the construction site are the best opportunity for the determination of the load-deformation behavior [3]. For the determination of the bearing capacity, the loads on test piles can have a vertical resp. horizontal direction. Vertical loads can be compression loads or tension loads depending on the construction task. The tests can be static load tests or dynamic load tests. Detailed descriptions of these different test types are given in [4, 5]. In the following, only the static pile load test for determining the vertical bearing capacity is presented.
Normally counterweights or anchors are used as an abutment for the pile load. The installation of counterweights or anchors necessitates large technical and financial input. Using hydraulic jacks like the Osterberg-cell (O-cell) is more convenient. Figure 1 shows the variations of static pile load tests.
Static piles load test with counterweight resp. anchor (left) and hydraulic jack (right).
By using the Osterberg-method, hydraulic jacks are installed in a test pile to detect to determine the skin friction in different pile segments that correspond to different soil layers. The single pile segments serve as counterweights for the different test phases.
The result of a pile load test with vertical load is described by a resistance settlement curve Rc,k(s) which can be used as the basis for the analyses of stability and serviceability. In Figure 2 a qualitative trend of a resistance settlement curve is shown. Two straight reference lines help to determine the pile resistance Rc,k. These two straight reference lines draw a tangent at the beginning and at the end of the resistance settlement curve. The interaction of both lines defines the stability limit state.
Determination of the pile resistance by a resistance settlement curve.
Based on one or several pile load tests, the measured value Rc,m is determined, which has to be reduced by the factor ξ taking straggling into account. According to [6] the pile resistance has to be calculated by Eq. (1) if the superstructure is not able to transfer loads from softer to stiffer piles.
The superstructure is able to transfer loads from softer to stiffer piles if the superstructure has sufficient rigidity. In this case, the straggling factors ξi can be divided by 1.1 (ξ1 is always ≥ 1.0). To the measured average pile resistance belongs the straggling factor ξ1. To the measured minimum pile resistance belongs the straggling factor ξ2. The straggling factors for pressure piles are given in Table 1.
n | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | ≥5 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
ξ1 | 1.35 | 1.25 | 1.15 | 1.05 | 1.00 |
ξ2 | 1.35 | 1.15 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Straggling factors ξi for resistance of pressure piles.
n = number of pile load tests
A Combined Pile-Raft Foundation (CPRF) is a hybrid, technically and economically optimized foundation system. It combines the bearing capacity of a foundation raft and of piles or barrettes. For the foundation of classic high-rise buildings as well as for engineering constructions like bridges and towers CPRFs can be used.
The technical regulations for classic deep foundations prevail for CPRFs as well [4]. In addition, the Combined Pile-Raft Foundation Guideline [7] has to be considered. This internationally validated guideline reflects the individual features of a CPRF and is published by the International Society for Soil Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering (ISSMGE).
CPRFs have a very complex bearing and deformation behavior due to the interaction between the foundation elements and the subsoil. CPRFs belong to the Geotechnical Category GC 3 according to EC 7 [6].
The advantages of a CPRF, compared to a conventional spread foundation and a classic pile foundation, are the reduction of:
Settlements and differential settlements.
The bending moments of the foundation raft.
Pile materials (30–40%)
The measurement data of high-rise buildings founded on spread foundations in Frankfurt am Main, Germany, showed, that 60–80% of the settlements arise in the upper third of the influenced soil volume. A part of the load on a CPRF is transferred py the piles from areas with a small stiffness under the foundation raft to a stiffer, deeper area of the subsoil without neglecting the bearing capacity of the foundation raft (Figure 3).
Principle load transfer of a CPRF.
The bearing and deformation behavior of a CPRF is characterized by the interaction between the bearing elements (foundation raft and pile resp. barrettes) and the subsoil. Figure 4 shows all interactions of a CPRF.
Interactions of a CPRF.
A CPRF transfers the total building load Ftot,k to the piles and the subsoil. The mobilized resistance of a CPRF depends significantly on the settlement s, which is similar to a classic deep foundation. The resistance Rraft,k(s) equates to the integration of the soil contact pressure σ(x,y) under the foundation raft. The resistance Rtot,k(s) of a CPRF equates to the resistance of the foundation piles ∑Rpile,k,i(s) added to the resistance of the foundation raft Rraft,k(s) (Eq. (2)).
As shown in Eq. (3), the total resistance of a single foundation pile consists of the skin resistance Rs,k,i(s) and the pile base resistance Rb,k,i(s). The skin resistance Rs,k,i(s) can be calculated by integration of the skin friction qs,k(s,z), which depends on the settlement s and the depth z.
The load-deformation behavior of a CPRF can be specified by the CPRF coefficient αCPRF. This coefficient declares the relation between the resistance of the piles and the total resistance and varies between 0 and 1 (Eq. (4)).
If the whole load Ftot,k is carried by the foundation raft, the CPRF coefficient is αCPRF = 0. If the whole load Ftot,k is carried by the foundation piles, the CPRF coefficient is αCPRF = 1. Related to technical and economic aspects a CPRF coefficient αCPRF between 0.5 and 0.7 can be considered as optimum. For αCPRF > 0.9 additional analyses on the piles are necessary.
The effective horizontal stresses influence the mobilized skin friction of the piles. Hence the stress level of the subsoil influences the load-deformation behavior of a CPRF. The neighboring piles, the foundation raft, and the effects during the construction of the piles influence the stress level of the subsoil around every pile of a CPRF. The soil contact pressure under the foundation raft leads to an increased stress level of the subsoil. The result is higher skin friction in the upper parts of the piles.
For the design and calculation of a CPRF various methods can be selected [8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14]. Up to now only numerical methods, like the Finite-Element-Method (FEM) provide calculation results that are comparable to reality.
The knowledge about the load-deformation behavior of a free, single pile is necessary for a qualified design of a CPRF [4]. Otherwise, a pile load test has to be performed. Two reasons are important for the knowledge about the bearing capacity of a free, single pile:
Evaluation of the selected geometries of the piles and to prove the plausibility of the calculation method.
Possibility to calibrate the numerical model.
In situ pile load tests are required for complex construction projects and/or difficult soil conditions.
Regarding the Geotechnical Category GC 3 a CPRF has to be monitored [4, 6, 7]. The monitoring program consists of geodetic and geotechnical measurements of the new building and of the vicinity and covers the construction phase and the service phase of the building. The following tasks are important:
Verification of the calculation model including the parameters used.
Early detection of critical forces, stresses, deformations.
Verification of the predicted deformations.
Quality assurance and preservation of evidence.
Numerical simulations using FEM have been carried out for the design of a CPRF of a new high-rise building founded in soft soil [15]. For the calibration of the numerical model a pile load test using Osterberg-Cells (O-cells) has been carried out in the project area. The test pile consisted of the upper test segment 1, the middle test segment 2 between the two O-cells, and the lower test segment 3.
In various testing phases, the O-cells were activated individually to determine the skin friction of the different layers and the pile base resistance. At test segment 3 only the lower O-cell was activated, while test segment 2 was used as an abutment to determine the skin friction and the pile base resistance. At test segment 2 the upper O-cell was activated and the lower O-cell was released to determine the skin friction. Test segment 1 was used as an abutment in this test phase. At test segment 1 the upper O-cell was activated and the lower O-cell was stiffened to determine the skin friction. Test segments 2 and 3 were used as an abutment in this test phase.
A numerical (FEM) back analysis of the pile load test was used to calibrate the numerical model of the CPRF. The FE-model of the numerical back analysis of the pile load test with the three test segments and the two O-cells is shown in Figure 5.
Numerical simulation of the pile load test for calibration.
The results of the in situ pile load test and the numerical back analysis show good accordance (Figure 6). By this, the used soil mechanical parameters and the simplified stratigraphy, which was necessary for the numerical model, were verified.
Measurement and calculation of the pile load test (upper O-cell activated, lower O-cell stiffened).
The design of the CPRF is performed by three-dimensional, nonlinear FE-simulations. Taking into account the requirements of the load-deformation behavior the length, diameter, and the number of piles were optimized on the basis of the FE-simulations. The optimized CPRF is shown in Figure 7. Eighty percent of the total building load are carried by the piles and 20% of the total building load is carried by the raft. So, the CPRF coefficient is αCPRF = 0.8.
FE-mesh of the optimized CPRF.
The high-rise building Messeturm in Frankfurt am Main, Germany, is 256.5 m high and is founded on a CPRF in the settlement active Frankfurt Clay (Figure 8). The foundation raft has a ground view of 58.8 m × 58.8 m with a maximum thickness of 6 m in the center and a thickness of 3 m at the edges. The base of the foundation raft is about 11–14 m below the surface.
High-rise building Messeturm in Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
Figure 9 shows the CPRF with 64 bored piles with a diameter of 1.3 m. The length varies between 30.9 m in the center and 26.9 m at the edges. The total building load is about 1,855 MN including 30% of the live loads.
Ground view (left) and cross-section (right) of the CPRF.
The subsoil in the project area consists of artificial fillings at the surface which are underlain by quaternary sand and gravel until a depth of 8–10 m below the surface. Below follows the tertiary Frankfurt Clay to a depth of about 70 m below the surface. At a depth of 4.5–5.0 m below the surface is the groundwater table. The maximum measured settlements of the foundation raft were 13 cm in the center and 7–9 cm at the edges.
The CPRF was calculated using the FEM. Thereby a section of the foundation was modeled, using the symmetry of the ground view (Figure 10).
FE-mesh of numerical simulation.
The FE-calculation simulates the construction process step-by-step. These steps are the excavation of the construction pit, the construction of the CPRF, the groundwater lowering, the loading of the CPRF, and the groundwater re-increase.
For the optimization of the CPRF different pile configurations and pile length was analyzed as well as a pure raft foundation. Figure 11 shows the comparison of the load-settlement curves of a pure raft foundation and of a CPRF.
Measured and calculated settlements.
The maximum settlements of a pure raft foundation were calculated to be 32.5 cm. The in situ measured maximum settlements of the CPRF of 13 cm correspond to the calculated maximum settlements. The calculation and the measurement data showed a CPRF coefficient of αCPRF = 0.43.
Until the construction of the Messeturm the ultimate skin friction qs of bored piles in Frankfurt Clay was estimated to 60–80 kN/m2 for 20 m long piles, based on pile load tests. At the piles of the Messeturm, an average skin friction qs of 90–105 kN/m2 was measured. At the pile toe, a maximum skin friction qs of 200 kN/m2 was measured.
A pure pile foundation would have required 316 piles with 30 m in length and a diameter of 1.3 m. In comparison to the realized CPRF with 64 piles and an average length of 30 m, a pure pile foundation would have required much more material, time, and money. Regarding the CO2 emission, the CPRF saved about 10,000 tons of concrete. With the estimation, that the average cement ratio is about 300 kg/t of concrete, the CPRF saved about 6000 t of CO2.
The high-rise building Mirax Plaza in Kiev, Ukraine, consists of two high-rise buildings, each of them with a height of 192 m (Figure 12). The subsoil consists of artificial fillings to a depth of 2–3 m, which are underlain by quaternary silty sand and sandy silt with a thickness of 5–10 m. Below follow tertiary silt and sand with a thickness of 0–24 m. Then follows tertiary clayey silt and clay marl of the Kiev and Butschak formation with a thickness of about 20 m, which is underlain by tertiary fine sands of the Butschak formation. The groundwater level is about 2 m under the service. The soil conditions and a cross-section of the construction project are shown in Figure 13.
Mirax Plaza in Kiev, Ukraine.
Soil conditions and cross-section of Mirax Plaza.
Two pile load tests have been carried out on the construction site to verify the skin and the base resistance of the deep foundation elements and for the calibration of the numerical simulations. The piles had a length of 10 m and 44 m and a diameter of 0.82 m. The soil properties that resulted from the back analysis were partly three times higher than indicated in the geotechnical report. The results of the numerical back analysis and the load tests show good accordance (Figure 14).
Measurement and calculation of the in situ load test.
Tower A has a foundation raft of about 2000 m2 and an overall load of about 2200 MN. Figure 15 shows the calculated settlements of the three-dimensional FEM simulation.
FE-mesh of the numerical model and calculated settlements.
The raft is located at a depth of 10 m below the surface in Kiev clay marl. The barrettes go through the Kiev clay marl and reach the tertiary fine sands.
The outer barrettes have calculated loads between 41.2 MN and 44.5 MN. The inner barrettes have calculated load between 22.1 MN and 30.7 MN. This is typical behavior of a CPRF. The barrettes at the edge of the foundation raft have a higher stiffness due to the bigger volume of the activated soil. They get more of the total load. The calculated CPRF coefficient is αCPRF = 0.88. The settlement-relevant load of 85% of the total load will lead to maximum settlements of about 12 cm. The estimated pressure under the raft is about 200 kN/m2 (center) and 400 kN/m2 (edges).
The calculated base pressure under the barrettes is about 4130 MN/m2 (center) and 5100 MN/m2 (edges). The estimated skin friction increases with the depth reaching 150 MN/m2 (center) to 180 kN/m2 (edges).
The foundation of Mirax Plaza is the first authorized CPRF in Ukraine. The CPRF reduced the number of barrettes from 120 with 40 m length to 64 with 33 m length. Regarding the CO2 emission, the CPRF saved about 15,000 tons of concrete. With the estimation, that the average cement ratio is about 300 kg/t of concrete, the CPRF saved about 9000 t of CO2.
The soil investigation for the science and congress center Darmstadtium in Darmstadt, Germany, showed that the planned settlement-sensitive structure is situated above the eastern fault of the Rhine Valley. The construction was finished in 2007 and is shown in Figure 16.
Science and congress center Darmstadtium, Germany.
The eastern fault of the Rhine valley crosses the project area as shown in Figure 17. In the northern and western areas unconsolidated sediments of the Rhine Valley fault were found. In the eastern and southern area, rocks of the Odenwald crystalline were identified (granodiorite). The tectonic activities along the fault zone have not finished up to now. The area of Darmstadt that is located west of the Rhine Valley fault has an annual settlement of about 0.5 mm. These tectonic displacements hand to be considered for the design of the foundation system and the rising structure. In the area of the rock, the foundation was constructed as a spread foundation and a CPRF was constructed in the area of the Rhine Valley (Figure 18).
Excavation pit and gradient of fault.
Foundation system.
The Exhibition Hall 3 in Frankfurt am Main, Germany, was finished in 2001 and is one of the biggest exhibition halls in Europe. Its length is about 210 m and its width is about 130 m. The height is about 45 m. The roof is a double-curved, three-dimensional, load-bearing structure consisting of five arched compression trusses and six arched tension trusses with a free span of 165 m [16, 17]. Figure 19 shows a cross-section of the realized project and the subsoil conditions. Twelve A-frames, six on each side, carry the horizontal and vertical loads of the roof. These A-frames, with a height of 24 m, are constructed of two steel tubes (Figure 20). According to [6] the project belongs to the Geotechnical Category GC 3.
Cross-section and subsoil conditions.
Schematic visualization of the A-frames and the CPRF.
The soil investigation showed, that the conditions are not equal all over the project area. Under the surface is a 5–9 m thick layer of fillings and quaternary soil. Below this follows a layer of tertiary sediments. The project area is crossed diagonally by a layer of tertiary sand and gravel. The settlement active Frankfurt Clay follows until bigger depth.
A strong limitation of the displacements of the foundation is necessary due to the strong interaction between the superstructure, the foundation, and the subsoil. Three-dimensional numerical analyses were used for the design of the horizontal loaded CPRF. On each end of the hall is a CPRF which consists of a raft and 14 bored piles. The raft has a thickness of 1.4 m, a length of 127.5 m, and a width of 22.15 m. The bored piles have a diameter of 1.5 m and a length of 15 m.
According to the observational method, a geotechnical and a geodetic measurement program was installed. By four inclinometers the horizontal displacements of the CPRF were observed at a depth of 50 m under the surface. For the measurement of the vertical displacements, four extensometers were installed. In addition. pressure cells in the soil under the raft, strain gauges at A-frames, and geodetic measurement points were installed. The measurements showed horizontal displacement up to 1 cm and vertical displacements between 1.0 cm and 3.5 cm.
The example shows that the CPRF can be used for a settlement-reduced transfer of horizontal loads into the subsoil. Compared to a classic file foundation or a massive block foundation the CO2 emission was reduced significantly.
The project Moscow City contains several high-rise building for business in Moscow, Russia, on an area of more than one square kilometer [18]. In this project, the Federation Tower is a complex of two single towers (Figure 21). Tower A is about 374 m high, or 450 m high when including the spire on the roof. The height of Tower B is about 243 m. At the start of the construction in 2003, the high-rise double-towers were planned as the highest high-rise buildings in Russia and Europe. The two towers are founded on a foundation raft, which is 4.6 m thick and has a length of 140 m and a width of 80 m. The foundation level is about 20 m below the surface.
Federation Tower in Moscow City, Russia.
Tower A has a total load of about 3000 MN and Tower B has a total load of about 2000 MN. Including loads of about 1000 MN for adjacent buildings and the basement floors and a load of about 1300 MN for the foundation raft itself, the total load results in 7300 MN.
The project area of Moscow City is located on the left bank of the River Moskva in the west of the central district. The anthropogenic artificial fillings are followed by the quaternary accumulation of the river terrace. Below this, an alternating sequence of carbon follows. The foundation level of the Federation Tower is in a complex alternating sequence of variably intensively fissured, cavernous and porous limestone and variably hard, more or less watertight clay/marl. The thickness of the layers varies between 3 m and 10 m. The project area is located in a territory where potentially dangerous karst-suffusion processes occur.
In the project, area exists several groundwater horizons carrying confined water which are not or just moderately corresponding with each other due to the sealing effect of the clay/marl. The pressure of the confined groundwater is up to 12 m. The groundwater mainly circulates in the fissured and karst-suffusion-affected limestone.
For the determination of the load-bearing behavior of deep foundation elements, two pile load tests have been carried out on the construction site. The test piles TP-15-1 and TP-15-2 had a diameter of 1.2 m and were instrumented with O-Cells. The pile segments in total were 6.9 m and 13.35 m long. The empty drill hole was filled with sand. The piles are completely positioned in the limestone (Figure 22).
Test piles TP-15-1 and TP-15-2 with O-Cells.
The test piles had two segments with an O-cell in between. The displacements of the segments were measured with displacement transducers.
The maximum load of pile load test TP-15-1 was about 33 MN with an unloading-phase at 15 MN back to zero and a reloading-phase as shown in Figure 23. The upper pile segment has a final displacement of 0.6 cm and the lower pile segment has a final displacement of 0.4 cm. No failure was seen and the empirically defined limit in [4, 6] of the settlement s = 0.1, D = 12 cm was not reached. The results of the pile load test TP-15-1 gives skin friction of qs = 1140 kN/m2 and base resistance of qb = 5380 kN/m2. Both values are not ultimate ones because failure criteria was not reached.
Load-displacement diagram of test pile TP-15-1.
The maximum load of pile load test TP-15-2 was about 33 MN with three unloading-phases back to zero as shown in Figure 24. The upper pile segment has a final displacement of 4.3 cm and the lower pile segment has a final displacement of 2.2 cm. Again, no failure was seen and the empirically defined limit of the settlements of s = 0.1, D = 12 cm was not reached. The results of the pile load test TP-15-2 gives skin friction of qs = 2310 kN/m2 and base resistance of qb = 5630 kN/m2. Both values are not ultimate ones because failure criteria was not reached.
Load-displacement diagram of test pile TP-15-2.
The Combined Pile-Raft Foundation (CPRF) is a hybrid foundation system that combines the bearing capacity of a foundation raft and of piles or barrettes. The experiences made during the construction of several high-rise buildings show, that compared to a raft foundation a CPRF reduces the settlements by more than 50%. In addition, a CPRF reduces the necessary construction material including concrete and steel. This leads to a significant reduction of CO2 emissions. To sum up the positive effects of a CPRF are:
Increase of the overall stability of a raft foundation due to the reduction of the settlements, differential settlements, and tilts.
Reduction of the inner forces and bending moments of the foundation raft using an optimized number and configuration of the piles.
At foundation systems with an eccentricity the foundation resistance can be concentrated under the total building load; normally joints between the building elements are not necessary.
Reduction of the uplift in the area of the excavation, because the relaxation of the soil is constrained.
Cost optimization of the whole foundation system regarding the material used, time spent for construction, and CO2 emitted.
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With this view, educational technology should be valued in terms of how well the technological process informs and facilitates learning, and the acquisition and maintenance of clinical expertise.",book:{id:"5933",slug:"human-anatomy-reviews-and-medical-advances",title:"Human Anatomy",fullTitle:"Human Anatomy - Reviews and Medical Advances"},signatures:"Pascal Fallavollita",authors:[{id:"85455",title:"Prof.",name:"Pascal",middleName:null,surname:"Fallavollita",slug:"pascal-fallavollita",fullName:"Pascal Fallavollita"}]},{id:"54586",doi:"10.5772/67897",title:"Human Brain Anatomy: Prospective, Microgravity, Hemispheric Brain Specialisation and Death of a Person",slug:"human-brain-anatomy-prospective-microgravity-hemispheric-brain-specialisation-and-death-of-a-person",totalDownloads:1526,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:3,abstract:"Central nervous system seems to float inside a craniospinal space despite having miniscule amount of CSF. This buoyancy environment seems to have been existing since embryogenesis. This indicates central nervous system always need microgravity environment to function optimally. Presence of buoyancy also causes major flexure to occur at midbrain level and this deep bending area of the brain, better known as greater limbic system seems to regulate brain functions and site for cortical brainwave origin. These special features have made it as a possible site for seat of human soul and form a crucial part in discussion related to death. Besides exploring deep anatomical areas of the brain, superficial cortical areas were also studied. The brainwaves of thirteen clinical patients were analysed. Topographical, equivalent current dipoles and spectral analysis for somatosensory, motor, auditory, visual and language evoked magnetic fields were performed. Data were further analysed using matrix laboratory method for bilateral hemispheric activity and specialization. The results disclosed silent word and picture naming were bilaterally represented, but stronger responses were in the left frontal lobe and in the right parieto-temporal lobes respectively. The sensorimotor responses also showed bilateral hemispheric responses, but stronger in the contralateral hemisphere to the induced sensation or movements. For auditory-visual brainwave responses, bilateral activities were again observed, but their lateralization was mild and could be in any hemisphere. The conclusions drawn from this study are brainwaves associated with cognitive-language, sensorimotor and auditory-visual functions are represented in both hemispheres; and they are efficiently integrated via commissure systems, resulting in one hemispheric specialization. Therefore, this chapter covers superficial, integrative and deep parts of human brain anatomy with emphasis on brainwaves, brain functions, seat of human soul and death.",book:{id:"5933",slug:"human-anatomy-reviews-and-medical-advances",title:"Human Anatomy",fullTitle:"Human Anatomy - Reviews and Medical Advances"},signatures:"Zamzuri Idris, Faruque Reza and Jafri Malin Abdullah",authors:[{id:"42580",title:"Prof.",name:"Jafri",middleName:"Malin",surname:"Abdullah",slug:"jafri-abdullah",fullName:"Jafri Abdullah"},{id:"73844",title:"Prof.",name:"Zamzuri",middleName:null,surname:"Idris",slug:"zamzuri-idris",fullName:"Zamzuri Idris"},{id:"200214",title:"Dr.",name:"Faruque",middleName:null,surname:"Reza",slug:"faruque-reza",fullName:"Faruque Reza"}]},{id:"66388",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.85177",title:"Orexin System and Avian Muscle Mitochondria",slug:"orexin-system-and-avian-muscle-mitochondria",totalDownloads:844,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:3,abstract:"In mammals, orexin A and B (also known as hypocretin 1 and 2) are two orexigenic peptides produced primarily by the lateral hypothalamus that signal through two G-protein-coupled receptors, orexin receptors 1/2, and have been implicated in the regulation of several physiological processes. However, the physiological roles of orexin are not well defined in avian (non-mammalian vertebrate) species. Recently, we made a breakthrough by identifying that orexin and its related receptors 1/2 (ORXR1/2) are expressed in avian muscle tissue and cell line, and appears to be a secretory protein. Functional in vitro studies showed that orexin A and B differentially regulated expression of the orexin system, suggesting that orexins might have autocrine, paracrine, and/or endocrine roles. Administration of recombinant orexin modulated mitochondrial biogenesis, dynamics, function, and bioenergetics. In this chapter, we include a brief overview of the (patho) physiological role of orexin, comparative findings between mammalian and avian orexin, and in-depth analysis of orexin’s action on avian muscle mitochondria.",book:{id:"7870",slug:"muscle-cells-recent-advances-and-future-perspectives",title:"Muscle Cells",fullTitle:"Muscle Cells - Recent Advances and Future Perspectives"},signatures:"Kentu Lassiter and Sami Dridi",authors:[{id:"274577",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Kentu",middleName:null,surname:"Lassiter",slug:"kentu-lassiter",fullName:"Kentu Lassiter"},{id:"274579",title:"Dr.",name:"Sami",middleName:null,surname:"Dridi",slug:"sami-dridi",fullName:"Sami Dridi"}]},{id:"66964",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.85903",title:"Vascularisation of Skeletal Muscle",slug:"vascularisation-of-skeletal-muscle",totalDownloads:900,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:3,abstract:"Skeletal muscle is mainly involved in physical activity and movement, which requires a large amount of glucose, fatty acids, and oxygen. These materials are supplied by blood vessels and incorporated into the muscle fiber through the cell membrane. In contrast, metabolic waste is discarded outside the cell membrane and removed by blood vessels. The formation of a functional, integrated vascular network is a fundamental process in the growth and maintenance of skeletal muscle. On the other hand, vascularization is one of the main central components in skeletal muscle regeneration. In order for regeneration to occur, blood vessels must invade the transplanted muscle. This is confirmed by the fact that muscle regeneration occurred from the outside of the muscle bundle toward the inner regions. In fact, it is likely that capillary formation is a key process to start muscle regeneration. Thus, vascularization activates muscle regeneration, and a decrease in vascularization could lead to disruption the process of muscle regeneration. Also, a better understanding of vascularization of skeletal muscle necessary for the successful formation of collateral arteries and recovery of injured skeletal muscle may lead to more successful strategies for skeletal muscle regeneration and engineering. So, in this chapter, we want to review vascularization in skeletal muscle.",book:{id:"7870",slug:"muscle-cells-recent-advances-and-future-perspectives",title:"Muscle Cells",fullTitle:"Muscle Cells - Recent Advances and Future Perspectives"},signatures:"Kamal Ranjbar and Bayan Fayazi",authors:[{id:"143655",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Kamal",middleName:null,surname:"Ranjbar",slug:"kamal-ranjbar",fullName:"Kamal Ranjbar"},{id:"299168",title:"Dr.",name:"Bayan",middleName:null,surname:"Fayazi",slug:"bayan-fayazi",fullName:"Bayan Fayazi"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"70162",title:"Rehabilitation of Lateral Ankle Sprains in Sports",slug:"rehabilitation-of-lateral-ankle-sprains-in-sports",totalDownloads:1224,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"Lateral ankle sprains are one of the most common injuries in athletes. The rate of injury is as high as 70%. The most commonly involved ligament is the anterior talofibular ligament (ATFL), followed by the calcaneofibular (CFL) and posterior talofibular ligament (PTFL). The common mechanism of injury is inversion with excessive ankle supination in forced plantarflexion when the ankle joint is in its most unstable position. There are three grades of ankle sprains: Grade I, mild with an incomplete tear of ATFL; Grade II, moderate with a complete tear of ATFL with or without an incomplete tear of CFL; and Grade III, severe with complete tear of ATFL and CFL. Grades I and II respond well to functional treatment. Functional treatment includes RICE protocol, i.e., rest, ice, compression, and elevation. It also includes range of motion and strengthening exercises, proprioceptive training, and sports-specific exercises. Bracing and taping of the ankle joint help in preventing the sprains and also reduce the recurrence of the injury. Grade III ankle injury may be treated with surgery if the symptoms persist post functional treatment. The guidelines provided for the treatment of ankle sprains are of general validity, but each athlete is different with different needs. Hence, a personalized exercise protocol should be followed to achieve best results.",book:{id:"9413",slug:"essentials-in-hip-and-ankle",title:"Essentials in Hip and Ankle",fullTitle:"Essentials in Hip and Ankle"},signatures:"Rachana Dabadghav",authors:[{id:"305115",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Rachana",middleName:null,surname:"Dabadghav",slug:"rachana-dabadghav",fullName:"Rachana Dabadghav"}]},{id:"55330",title:"Mesencephalon; Midbrain",slug:"mesencephalon-midbrain",totalDownloads:3354,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,abstract:"The mesencephalon is the most rostral part of the brainstem and sits above the pons and is adjoined rostrally to the thalamus. It comprises two lateral halves, called the cerebral peduncles; which is again divided into an anterior part, the crus cerebri, and a posterior part, tegmentum. The tectum is lay dorsal to an oblique coronal plane which includes the aquaduct, and consist of pretectal area and the corpora quadrigemina. In transvers section, the cerebral peduncles are seen to be composed of dorsal and ventral regions separated by the substantia nigra. Tegmentum mesencephali contains red nucleus, oculomotor nucleus, thochlear nucleus, reticular nuclei, medial lemnisci, lateral lemnisci and medial longitudinal fasciculus. In tectum, the inferior colliculus and superior colliculus have main nucleus, which are continuous with the periaqueductal grey matter. The mesencephalon serves important functions in motor movement, particularly movements of the eye, and in auditory and visual processing. The mesencephalic syndrome cause tremor, spastic paresis or paralysis, opisthotonos, nystagmus and depression or coma. In addition cranial trauma, brain tumors, thiamin deficiency and inflammatory or degenerative disorders of the mesencephalon have also been associated with the midbrain syndrome.",book:{id:"5933",slug:"human-anatomy-reviews-and-medical-advances",title:"Human Anatomy",fullTitle:"Human Anatomy - Reviews and Medical Advances"},signatures:"Ayla Kurkcuoglu",authors:[{id:"200913",title:"Prof.",name:"Ayla",middleName:null,surname:"Kurkcuoglu",slug:"ayla-kurkcuoglu",fullName:"Ayla Kurkcuoglu"}]},{id:"64758",title:"Introductory Chapter: Histological Microtechniques",slug:"introductory-chapter-histological-microtechniques",totalDownloads:2245,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:2,abstract:null,book:{id:"7329",slug:"histology",title:"Histology",fullTitle:"Histology"},signatures:"Vonnie D.C. Shields and Thomas Heinbockel",authors:[{id:"70569",title:"Dr.",name:"Thomas",middleName:null,surname:"Heinbockel",slug:"thomas-heinbockel",fullName:"Thomas Heinbockel"}]},{id:"63843",title:"Salivary Glands",slug:"salivary-glands",totalDownloads:3914,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"Saliva is a fluid secreted by the salivary glands that keeps the oral cavity moist and also coats the teeth along with mucosa. The salivary gland possesses tubuloacinar units, and these are merocrine. The functional unit of the salivary glands is the terminal secretory piece called acini with a roughly spherical or tubular shape. It also consists of branched ducts for the passage of the saliva and also plays an important role in the production and modification of saliva. Each type of duct is lined by different types of epithelia, on the basis of its location. Myoepithelial cells are contractile cells with respect to intercalated and secretory endpieces. Parotid, submandibular, and sublingual glands are the major salivary glands. The minor salivary glands are labial and buccal gland, glossopalatine gland, and palatine and lingual glands. Saliva plays an important role in mastication, speech, protection, deglutition, digestion, excretion, tissue repair, etc. Secretion stimulated in response to sympathetic stimulation will differ in protein and electrolyte from that due to parasympathetic stimulation. The concentration of saliva depends only on the rate of flow and not on the nature of stimulus. Saliva guides the clinician toward the optimal mode of treatment and guides the patient toward ultimate prognosis.",book:{id:"7329",slug:"histology",title:"Histology",fullTitle:"Histology"},signatures:"Sonia Gupta and Nitin Ahuja",authors:[{id:"245048",title:"Dr.",name:"Sonia",middleName:null,surname:"Gupta",slug:"sonia-gupta",fullName:"Sonia Gupta"},{id:"258367",title:"Dr.",name:"Nitin",middleName:null,surname:"Ahuja",slug:"nitin-ahuja",fullName:"Nitin Ahuja"}]},{id:"55062",title:"Human Anatomy: A Review of the Science, Ethics and Culture of a Discipline in Transition",slug:"human-anatomy-a-review-of-the-science-ethics-and-culture-of-a-discipline-in-transition",totalDownloads:2265,totalCrossrefCites:10,totalDimensionsCites:13,abstract:"Anatomy has undergone radical changes over its history, and even now its appearance varies between audiences. Within academia, it has frequently been seen as the bastion of medical teaching, even as a handmaid of surgery. To the general public over recent years, it is represented by the enormously popular public exhibitions of plastinated cadavers and body parts. Increasingly within medical teaching, it has acquired a far more humanistic face, epitomized by ceremonies at the start and end of dissection to connect the dead body with the once living individual and his/her families. Modern anatomy has also developed a strong research ethos. These movements can be traced in the many editions of Gray’s Anatomy, from 1858 to the present day. However, the humanistic side of anatomy reminds us that anatomy is not merely a science, since its ethical dimensions are legion as it has transformed from a dubiously moral and barely legal activity to one that now aims to manifest the highest of ethical standards. Nevertheless, it continues to have challenging dimensions, such as its ongoing dependence upon the use of unclaimed bodies in many societies. These challenges are reminders that anatomy does not remain stationary.",book:{id:"5933",slug:"human-anatomy-reviews-and-medical-advances",title:"Human Anatomy",fullTitle:"Human Anatomy - Reviews and Medical Advances"},signatures:"David Gareth Jones",authors:[{id:"35851",title:"Prof.",name:"Gareth",middleName:null,surname:"Jones",slug:"gareth-jones",fullName:"Gareth Jones"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"188",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:0},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:8,limit:8,total:0},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:8,numberOfPublishedChapters:87,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:98,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:27,numberOfPublishedChapters:286,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:9,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:139,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:8,numberOfPublishedChapters:129,numberOfOpenTopics:0,numberOfUpcomingTopics:2,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!1},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:105,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:101,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:11,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:0,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!1},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:9,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"6",text:"It is great to work with the IntechOpen to produce a worthwhile collection of research that also becomes a great educational resource and guide for future research endeavors.",author:{id:"259298",name:"Edward",surname:"Narayan",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",slug:"edward-narayan",institution:{id:"3",name:"University of Queensland",country:{id:null,name:"Australia"}}}},{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. The whole process of submitting an article and editing of the submitted article goes extremely smooth and fast, the number of reads and downloads of chapters is high, and the contributions are also frequently cited.",author:{id:"55578",name:"Antonio",surname:"Jurado-Navas",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRisIQAS/Profile_Picture_1626166543950",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",institution:{id:"720",name:"University of Malaga",country:{id:null,name:"Spain"}}}}]},series:{item:{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",issn:"2631-6188",scope:"This series will provide a comprehensive overview of recent research trends in various Infectious Diseases (as per the most recent Baltimore classification). Topics will include general overviews of infections, immunopathology, diagnosis, treatment, epidemiology, etiology, and current clinical recommendations for managing infectious diseases. Ongoing issues, recent advances, and future diagnostic approaches and therapeutic strategies will also be discussed. This book series will focus on various aspects and properties of infectious diseases whose deep understanding is essential for safeguarding the human race from losing resources and economies due to pathogens.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/6.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"May 11th, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfPublishedBooks:13,editor:{id:"131400",title:"Prof.",name:"Alfonso J.",middleName:null,surname:"Rodriguez-Morales",slug:"alfonso-j.-rodriguez-morales",fullName:"Alfonso J. Rodriguez-Morales",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/131400/images/system/131400.png",biography:"Dr. Rodriguez-Morales is an expert in tropical and emerging diseases, particularly zoonotic and vector-borne diseases (especially arboviral diseases). He is the president of the Travel Medicine Committee of the Pan-American Infectious Diseases Association (API), as well as the president of the Colombian Association of Infectious Diseases (ACIN). He is a member of the Committee on Tropical Medicine, Zoonoses, and Travel Medicine of ACIN. He is a vice-president of the Latin American Society for Travel Medicine (SLAMVI) and a Member of the Council of the International Society for Infectious Diseases (ISID). Since 2014, he has been recognized as a Senior Researcher, at the Ministry of Science of Colombia. He is a professor at the Faculty of Medicine of the Fundacion Universitaria Autonoma de las Americas, in Pereira, Risaralda, Colombia. He is an External Professor, Master in Research on Tropical Medicine and International Health, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain. He is also a professor at the Master in Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Universidad Científica del Sur, Lima, Peru. In 2021 he has been awarded the “Raul Isturiz Award” Medal of the API. Also, in 2021, he was awarded with the “Jose Felix Patiño” Asclepius Staff Medal of the Colombian Medical College, due to his scientific contributions to COVID-19 during the pandemic. He is currently the Editor in Chief of the journal Travel Medicine and Infectious Diseases. His Scopus H index is 47 (Google Scholar H index, 68).",institutionString:"Institución Universitaria Visión de las Américas, Colombia",institution:null},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},subseries:{paginationCount:4,paginationItems:[{id:"3",title:"Bacterial Infectious Diseases",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/3.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!1,editor:null,editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"4",title:"Fungal Infectious Diseases",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/4.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"174134",title:"Dr.",name:"Yuping",middleName:null,surname:"Ran",slug:"yuping-ran",fullName:"Yuping Ran",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bS9d6QAC/Profile_Picture_1630330675373",biography:"Dr. Yuping Ran, Professor, Department of Dermatology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China. Completed the Course Medical Mycology, the Centraalbureau voor Schimmelcultures (CBS), Fungal Biodiversity Centre, Netherlands (2006). International Union of Microbiological Societies (IUMS) Fellow, and International Emerging Infectious Diseases (IEID) Fellow, Centers for Diseases Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, USA. Diploma of Dermatological Scientist, Japanese Society for Investigative Dermatology. Ph.D. of Juntendo University, Japan. Bachelor’s and Master’s degree, Medicine, West China University of Medical Sciences. Chair of Sichuan Medical Association Dermatology Committee. General Secretary of The 19th Annual Meeting of Chinese Society of Dermatology and the Asia Pacific Society for Medical Mycology (2013). In charge of the Annual Medical Mycology Course over 20-years authorized by National Continue Medical Education Committee of China. Member of the board of directors of the Asia-Pacific Society for Medical Mycology (APSMM). Associate editor of Mycopathologia. Vice-chief of the editorial board of Chinses Journal of Mycology, China. Board Member and Chair of Mycology Group of Chinese Society of Dermatology.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sichuan University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"China"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"5",title:"Parasitic Infectious Diseases",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/5.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"67907",title:"Dr.",name:"Amidou",middleName:null,surname:"Samie",slug:"amidou-samie",fullName:"Amidou Samie",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/67907/images/system/67907.jpg",biography:"Dr. Amidou Samie is an Associate Professor of Microbiology at the University of Venda, in South Africa, where he graduated for his PhD in May 2008. He joined the Department of Microbiology the same year and has been giving lectures on topics covering parasitology, immunology, molecular biology and industrial microbiology. He is currently a rated researcher by the National Research Foundation of South Africa at category C2. He has published widely in the field of infectious diseases and has overseen several MSc’s and PhDs. His research activities mostly cover topics on infectious diseases from epidemiology to control. His particular interest lies in the study of intestinal protozoan parasites and opportunistic infections among HIV patients as well as the potential impact of childhood diarrhoea on growth and child development. He also conducts research on water-borne diseases and water quality and is involved in the evaluation of point-of-use water treatment technologies using silver and copper nanoparticles in collaboration with the University of Virginia, USA. He also studies the use of medicinal plants for the control of infectious diseases as well as antimicrobial drug resistance.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Venda",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"South Africa"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"6",title:"Viral Infectious Diseases",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/6.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"158026",title:"Prof.",name:"Shailendra K.",middleName:null,surname:"Saxena",slug:"shailendra-k.-saxena",fullName:"Shailendra K. Saxena",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRET3QAO/Profile_Picture_2022-05-10T10:10:26.jpeg",biography:"Professor Dr. Shailendra K. Saxena is a vice dean and professor at King George's Medical University, Lucknow, India. His research interests involve understanding the molecular mechanisms of host defense during human viral infections and developing new predictive, preventive, and therapeutic strategies for them using Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), HIV, and emerging viruses as a model via stem cell and cell culture technologies. His research work has been published in various high-impact factor journals (Science, PNAS, Nature Medicine) with a high number of citations. He has received many awards and honors in India and abroad including various Young Scientist Awards, BBSRC India Partnering Award, and Dr. JC Bose National Award of Department of Biotechnology, Min. of Science and Technology, Govt. of India. Dr. Saxena is a fellow of various international societies/academies including the Royal College of Pathologists, United Kingdom; Royal Society of Medicine, London; Royal Society of Biology, United Kingdom; Royal Society of Chemistry, London; and Academy of Translational Medicine Professionals, Austria. He was named a Global Leader in Science by The Scientist. He is also an international opinion leader/expert in vaccination for Japanese encephalitis by IPIC (UK).",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"King George's Medical University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null}]},overviewPageOFChapters:{paginationCount:2,paginationItems:[{id:"81644",title:"Perspective Chapter: Ethics of Using Placebo Controlled Trials for Covid-19 Vaccine Development in Vulnerable Populations",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104776",signatures:"Lesley Burgess, Jurie Jordaan and Matthew Wilson",slug:"perspective-chapter-ethics-of-using-placebo-controlled-trials-for-covid-19-vaccine-development-in-vu",totalDownloads:4,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"SARS-CoV-2 Variants - Two Years After",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11573.jpg",subseries:{id:"6",title:"Viral Infectious Diseases"}}},{id:"80546",title:"Streptococcal Skin and Skin-Structure Infections",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.102894",signatures:"Alwyn Rapose",slug:"streptococcal-skin-and-skin-structure-infections",totalDownloads:48,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Streptococcal Infections",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10828.jpg",subseries:{id:"3",title:"Bacterial Infectious Diseases"}}}]},overviewPagePublishedBooks:{paginationCount:13,paginationItems:[{type:"book",id:"6667",title:"Influenza",subtitle:"Therapeutics and Challenges",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6667.jpg",slug:"influenza-therapeutics-and-challenges",publishedDate:"September 19th 2018",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Shailendra K. 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He has received many awards and honors in India and abroad including various Young Scientist Awards, BBSRC India Partnering Award, and Dr. JC Bose National Award of Department of Biotechnology, Min. of Science and Technology, Govt. of India. Dr. Saxena is a fellow of various international societies/academies including the Royal College of Pathologists, United Kingdom; Royal Society of Medicine, London; Royal Society of Biology, United Kingdom; Royal Society of Chemistry, London; and Academy of Translational Medicine Professionals, Austria. He was named a Global Leader in Science by The Scientist. 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He obtained a Master’s degree in Public Health and PhD in Public Health and Epidemiology. He has a background in Clinical Medicine and has taken courses at higher diploma levels in public health from University of Transkei, Republic of South Africa, and African Medical and Research Foundation (AMREF) in Nairobi, Kenya. Dr. Kasenga worked in different places in and outside Malawi, and has held various positions, such as Licensed Medical Officer, HIV/AIDS Programme Officer, HIV/AIDS resource person in the International Department of Diakonhjemet College, Oslo, Norway. He also managed an Integrated HIV/AIDS Prevention programme for over 5 years. He is currently working as a Director for the Health Ministries Department of Malawi Union of the Seventh Day Adventist Church. Dr. Kasenga has published over 5 articles on HIV/AIDS issues focusing on Prevention of Mother to Child Transmission of HIV (PMTCT), including a book chapter on HIV testing counseling (currently in press). 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His research interest focuses on computational chemistry and molecular modeling of diverse systems of pharmacological, food, and alternative energy interests by resorting to DFT and Conceptual DFT. He has authored a coauthored more than 255 peer-reviewed papers, 32 book chapters, and 2 edited books. He has delivered speeches at many international and domestic conferences. He serves as a reviewer for more than eighty international journals, books, and research proposals as well as an editor for special issues of renowned scientific journals.",institutionString:"Centro de Investigación en Materiales Avanzados",institution:{name:"Centro de Investigación en Materiales Avanzados",country:{name:"Mexico"}}},{id:"76477",title:"Prof.",name:"Mirza",middleName:null,surname:"Hasanuzzaman",slug:"mirza-hasanuzzaman",fullName:"Mirza Hasanuzzaman",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/76477/images/system/76477.png",biography:"Dr. Mirza Hasanuzzaman is a Professor of Agronomy at Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University, Bangladesh. He received his Ph.D. in Plant Stress Physiology and Antioxidant Metabolism from Ehime University, Japan, with a scholarship from the Japanese Government (MEXT). Later, he completed his postdoctoral research at the Center of Molecular Biosciences, University of the Ryukyus, Japan, as a recipient of the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS) postdoctoral fellowship. He was also the recipient of the Australian Government Endeavour Research Fellowship for postdoctoral research as an adjunct senior researcher at the University of Tasmania, Australia. Dr. Hasanuzzaman’s current work is focused on the physiological and molecular mechanisms of environmental stress tolerance. Dr. Hasanuzzaman has published more than 150 articles in peer-reviewed journals. He has edited ten books and written more than forty book chapters on important aspects of plant physiology, plant stress tolerance, and crop production. According to Scopus, Dr. Hasanuzzaman’s publications have received more than 10,500 citations with an h-index of 53. He has been named a Highly Cited Researcher by Clarivate. He is an editor and reviewer for more than fifty peer-reviewed international journals and was a recipient of the “Publons Peer Review Award” in 2017, 2018, and 2019. He has been honored by different authorities for his outstanding performance in various fields like research and education, and he has received the World Academy of Science Young Scientist Award (2014) and the University Grants Commission (UGC) Award 2018. He is a fellow of the Bangladesh Academy of Sciences (BAS) and the Royal Society of Biology.",institutionString:"Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University",institution:{name:"Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University",country:{name:"Bangladesh"}}},{id:"187859",title:"Prof.",name:"Kusal",middleName:"K.",surname:"Das",slug:"kusal-das",fullName:"Kusal Das",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSBDeQAO/Profile_Picture_1623411145568",biography:"Kusal K. Das is a Distinguished Chair Professor of Physiology, Shri B. M. Patil Medical College and Director, Centre for Advanced Medical Research (CAMR), BLDE (Deemed to be University), Vijayapur, Karnataka, India. Dr. Das did his M.S. and Ph.D. in Human Physiology from the University of Calcutta, Kolkata. His area of research is focused on understanding of molecular mechanisms of heavy metal activated low oxygen sensing pathways in vascular pathophysiology. He has invented a new method of estimation of serum vitamin E. His expertise in critical experimental protocols on vascular functions in experimental animals was well documented by his quality of publications. He was a Visiting Professor of Medicine at University of Leeds, United Kingdom (2014-2016) and Tulane University, New Orleans, USA (2017). For his immense contribution in medical research Ministry of Science and Technology, Government of India conferred him 'G.P. Chatterjee Memorial Research Prize-2019” and he is also the recipient of 'Dr.Raja Ramanna State Scientist Award 2015” by Government of Karnataka. He is a Fellow of the Royal Society of Biology (FRSB), London and Honorary Fellow of Karnataka Science and Technology Academy, Department of Science and Technology, Government of Karnataka.",institutionString:"BLDE (Deemed to be University), India",institution:null},{id:"243660",title:"Dr.",name:"Mallanagouda Shivanagouda",middleName:null,surname:"Biradar",slug:"mallanagouda-shivanagouda-biradar",fullName:"Mallanagouda Shivanagouda Biradar",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/243660/images/system/243660.jpeg",biography:"M. S. Biradar is Vice Chancellor and Professor of Medicine of\nBLDE (Deemed to be University), Vijayapura, Karnataka, India.\nHe obtained his MD with a gold medal in General Medicine and\nhas devoted himself to medical teaching, research, and administrations. He has also immensely contributed to medical research\non vascular medicine, which is reflected by his numerous publications including books and book chapters. Professor Biradar was\nalso Visiting Professor at Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, USA.",institutionString:"BLDE (Deemed to be University)",institution:{name:"BLDE University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"289796",title:"Dr.",name:"Swastika",middleName:null,surname:"Das",slug:"swastika-das",fullName:"Swastika Das",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/289796/images/system/289796.jpeg",biography:"Swastika N. Das is Professor of Chemistry at the V. P. Dr. P. G.\nHalakatti College of Engineering and Technology, BLDE (Deemed\nto be University), Vijayapura, Karnataka, India. She obtained an\nMSc, MPhil, and PhD in Chemistry from Sambalpur University,\nOdisha, India. Her areas of research interest are medicinal chemistry, chemical kinetics, and free radical chemistry. She is a member\nof the investigators who invented a new modified method of estimation of serum vitamin E. She has authored numerous publications including book\nchapters and is a mentor of doctoral curriculum at her university.",institutionString:"BLDEA’s V.P.Dr.P.G.Halakatti College of Engineering & Technology",institution:{name:"BLDE University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"248459",title:"Dr.",name:"Akikazu",middleName:null,surname:"Takada",slug:"akikazu-takada",fullName:"Akikazu Takada",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/248459/images/system/248459.png",biography:"Akikazu Takada was born in Japan, 1935. After graduation from\nKeio University School of Medicine and finishing his post-graduate studies, he worked at Roswell Park Memorial Institute NY,\nUSA. He then took a professorship at Hamamatsu University\nSchool of Medicine. In thrombosis studies, he found the SK\npotentiator that enhances plasminogen activation by streptokinase. He is very much interested in simultaneous measurements\nof fatty acids, amino acids, and tryptophan degradation products. By using fatty\nacid analyses, he indicated that plasma levels of trans-fatty acids of old men were\nfar higher in the US than Japanese men. . He also showed that eicosapentaenoic acid\n(EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) levels are higher, and arachidonic acid\nlevels are lower in Japanese than US people. By using simultaneous LC/MS analyses\nof plasma levels of tryptophan metabolites, he recently found that plasma levels of\nserotonin, kynurenine, or 5-HIAA were higher in patients of mono- and bipolar\ndepression, which are significantly different from observations reported before. In\nview of recent reports that plasma tryptophan metabolites are mainly produced by\nmicrobiota. He is now working on the relationships between microbiota and depression or autism.",institutionString:"Hamamatsu University School of Medicine",institution:{name:"Hamamatsu University School of Medicine",country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"137240",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohammed",middleName:null,surname:"Khalid",slug:"mohammed-khalid",fullName:"Mohammed Khalid",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/137240/images/system/137240.png",biography:"Mohammed Khalid received his B.S. degree in chemistry in 2000 and Ph.D. degree in physical chemistry in 2007 from the University of Khartoum, Sudan. He moved to School of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Sydney, Australia in 2009 and joined Dr. Ron Clarke as a postdoctoral fellow where he worked on the interaction of ATP with the phosphoenzyme of the Na+/K+-ATPase and dual mechanisms of allosteric acceleration of the Na+/K+-ATPase by ATP; then he went back to Department of Chemistry, University of Khartoum as an assistant professor, and in 2014 he was promoted as an associate professor. In 2011, he joined the staff of Department of Chemistry at Taif University, Saudi Arabia, where he is currently an assistant professor. His research interests include the following: P-Type ATPase enzyme kinetics and mechanisms, kinetics and mechanisms of redox reactions, autocatalytic reactions, computational enzyme kinetics, allosteric acceleration of P-type ATPases by ATP, exploring of allosteric sites of ATPases, and interaction of ATP with ATPases located in cell membranes.",institutionString:"Taif University",institution:{name:"Taif University",country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}},{id:"63810",title:"Prof.",name:"Jorge",middleName:null,surname:"Morales-Montor",slug:"jorge-morales-montor",fullName:"Jorge Morales-Montor",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/63810/images/system/63810.png",biography:"Dr. Jorge Morales-Montor was recognized with the Lola and Igo Flisser PUIS Award for best graduate thesis at the national level in the field of parasitology. He received a fellowship from the Fogarty Foundation to perform postdoctoral research stay at the University of Georgia. He has 153 journal articles to his credit. He has also edited several books and published more than fifty-five book chapters. He is a member of the Mexican Academy of Sciences, Latin American Academy of Sciences, and the National Academy of Medicine. He has received more than thirty-five awards and has supervised numerous bachelor’s, master’s, and Ph.D. students. Dr. Morales-Montor is the past president of the Mexican Society of Parasitology.",institutionString:"National Autonomous University of Mexico",institution:{name:"National Autonomous University of Mexico",country:{name:"Mexico"}}},{id:"217215",title:"Dr.",name:"Palash",middleName:null,surname:"Mandal",slug:"palash-mandal",fullName:"Palash Mandal",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/217215/images/system/217215.jpeg",biography:null,institutionString:"Charusat University",institution:null},{id:"49739",title:"Dr.",name:"Leszek",middleName:null,surname:"Szablewski",slug:"leszek-szablewski",fullName:"Leszek Szablewski",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/49739/images/system/49739.jpg",biography:"Leszek Szablewski is a professor of medical sciences. He received his M.S. in the Faculty of Biology from the University of Warsaw and his PhD degree from the Institute of Experimental Biology Polish Academy of Sciences. He habilitated in the Medical University of Warsaw, and he obtained his degree of Professor from the President of Poland. Professor Szablewski is the Head of Chair and Department of General Biology and Parasitology, Medical University of Warsaw. Professor Szablewski has published over 80 peer-reviewed papers in journals such as Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease, Biochim. Biophys. Acta Reviews of Cancer, Biol. Chem., J. Biomed. Sci., and Diabetes/Metabol. Res. Rev, Endocrine. He is the author of two books and four book chapters. He has edited four books, written 15 scripts for students, is the ad hoc reviewer of over 30 peer-reviewed journals, and editorial member of peer-reviewed journals. Prof. Szablewski’s research focuses on cell physiology, genetics, and pathophysiology. He works on the damage caused by lack of glucose homeostasis and changes in the expression and/or function of glucose transporters due to various diseases. He has given lectures, seminars, and exercises for students at the Medical University.",institutionString:"Medical University of Warsaw",institution:{name:"Medical University of Warsaw",country:{name:"Poland"}}},{id:"173123",title:"Dr.",name:"Maitham",middleName:null,surname:"Khajah",slug:"maitham-khajah",fullName:"Maitham Khajah",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/173123/images/system/173123.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Maitham A. Khajah received his degree in Pharmacy from Faculty of Pharmacy, Kuwait University, in 2003 and obtained his PhD degree in December 2009 from the University of Calgary, Canada (Gastrointestinal Science and Immunology). Since January 2010 he has been assistant professor in Kuwait University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics. His research interest are molecular targets for the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and the mechanisms responsible for immune cell chemotaxis. He cosupervised many students for the MSc Molecular Biology Program, College of Graduate Studies, Kuwait University. Ever since joining Kuwait University in 2010, he got various grants as PI and Co-I. He was awarded the Best Young Researcher Award by Kuwait University, Research Sector, for the Year 2013–2014. He was a member in the organizing committee for three conferences organized by Kuwait University, Faculty of Pharmacy, as cochair and a member in the scientific committee (the 3rd, 4th, and 5th Kuwait International Pharmacy Conference).",institutionString:"Kuwait University",institution:{name:"Kuwait University",country:{name:"Kuwait"}}},{id:"195136",title:"Dr.",name:"Aya",middleName:null,surname:"Adel",slug:"aya-adel",fullName:"Aya Adel",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/195136/images/system/195136.jpg",biography:"Dr. Adel works as an Assistant Lecturer in the unit of Phoniatrics, Department of Otolaryngology, Ain Shams University in Cairo, Egypt. Dr. Adel is especially interested in joint attention and its impairment in autism spectrum disorder",institutionString:"Ain Shams University",institution:{name:"Ain Shams University",country:{name:"Egypt"}}},{id:"94911",title:"Dr.",name:"Boulenouar",middleName:null,surname:"Mesraoua",slug:"boulenouar-mesraoua",fullName:"Boulenouar Mesraoua",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/94911/images/system/94911.png",biography:"Dr Boulenouar Mesraoua is the Associate Professor of Clinical Neurology at Weill Cornell Medical College-Qatar and a Consultant Neurologist at Hamad Medical Corporation at the Neuroscience Department; He graduated as a Medical Doctor from the University of Oran, Algeria; he then moved to Belgium, the City of Liege, for a Residency in Internal Medicine and Neurology at Liege University; after getting the Belgian Board of Neurology (with high marks), he went to the National Hospital for Nervous Diseases, Queen Square, London, United Kingdom for a fellowship in Clinical Neurophysiology, under Pr Willison ; Dr Mesraoua had also further training in Epilepsy and Continuous EEG Monitoring for two years (from 2001-2003) in the Neurophysiology department of Zurich University, Switzerland, under late Pr Hans Gregor Wieser ,an internationally known epileptologist expert. \n\nDr B. Mesraoua is the Director of the Neurology Fellowship Program at the Neurology Section and an active member of the newly created Comprehensive Epilepsy Program at Hamad General Hospital, Doha, Qatar; he is also Assistant Director of the Residency Program at the Qatar Medical School. \nDr B. Mesraoua's main interests are Epilepsy, Multiple Sclerosis, and Clinical Neurology; He is the Chairman and the Organizer of the well known Qatar Epilepsy Symposium, he is running yearly for the past 14 years and which is considered a landmark in the Gulf region; He has also started last year , together with other epileptologists from Qatar, the region and elsewhere, a yearly International Epilepsy School Course, which was attended by many neurologists from the Area.\n\nInternationally, Dr Mesraoua is an active and elected member of the Commission on Eastern Mediterranean Region (EMR ) , a regional branch of the International League Against Epilepsy (ILAE), where he represents the Middle East and North Africa(MENA ) and where he holds the position of chief of the Epilepsy Epidemiology Section; Dr Mesraoua is a member of the American Academy of Neurology, the Europeen Academy of Neurology and the American Epilepsy Society.\n\nDr Mesraoua's main objectives are to encourage frequent gathering of the epileptologists/neurologists from the MENA region and the rest of the world, promote Epilepsy Teaching in the MENA Region, and encourage multicenter studies involving neurologists and epileptologists in the MENA region, particularly epilepsy epidemiological studies. \n\nDr. Mesraoua is the recipient of two research Grants, as the Lead Principal Investigator (750.000 USD and 250.000 USD) from the Qatar National Research Fund (QNRF) and the Hamad Hospital Internal Research Grant (IRGC), on the following topics : “Continuous EEG Monitoring in the ICU “ and on “Alpha-lactoalbumin , proof of concept in the treatment of epilepsy” .Dr Mesraoua is a reviewer for the journal \"seizures\" (Europeen Epilepsy Journal ) as well as dove journals ; Dr Mesraoua is the author and co-author of many peer reviewed publications and four book chapters in the field of Epilepsy and Clinical Neurology",institutionString:"Weill Cornell Medical College in Qatar",institution:{name:"Weill Cornell Medical College in Qatar",country:{name:"Qatar"}}},{id:"282429",title:"Prof.",name:"Covanis",middleName:null,surname:"Athanasios",slug:"covanis-athanasios",fullName:"Covanis Athanasios",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/282429/images/system/282429.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:"Neurology-Neurophysiology Department of the Children Hospital Agia Sophia",institution:null},{id:"190980",title:"Prof.",name:"Marwa",middleName:null,surname:"Mahmoud Saleh",slug:"marwa-mahmoud-saleh",fullName:"Marwa Mahmoud Saleh",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/190980/images/system/190980.jpg",biography:"Professor Marwa Mahmoud Saleh is a doctor of medicine and currently works in the unit of Phoniatrics, Department of Otolaryngology, Ain Shams University in Cairo, Egypt. She got her doctoral degree in 1991 and her doctoral thesis was accomplished in the University of Iowa, United States. Her publications covered a multitude of topics as videokymography, cochlear implants, stuttering, and dysphagia. She has lectured Egyptian phonology for many years. Her recent research interest is joint attention in autism.",institutionString:"Ain Shams University",institution:{name:"Ain Shams University",country:{name:"Egypt"}}},{id:"259190",title:"Dr.",name:"Syed Ali Raza",middleName:null,surname:"Naqvi",slug:"syed-ali-raza-naqvi",fullName:"Syed Ali Raza Naqvi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259190/images/system/259190.png",biography:"Dr. Naqvi is a radioanalytical chemist and is working as an associate professor of analytical chemistry in the Department of Chemistry, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan. Advance separation techniques, nuclear analytical techniques and radiopharmaceutical analysis are the main courses that he is teaching to graduate and post-graduate students. In the research area, he is focusing on the development of organic- and biomolecule-based radiopharmaceuticals for diagnosis and therapy of infectious and cancerous diseases. Under the supervision of Dr. Naqvi, three students have completed their Ph.D. degrees and 41 students have completed their MS degrees. He has completed three research projects and is currently working on 2 projects entitled “Radiolabeling of fluoroquinolone derivatives for the diagnosis of deep-seated bacterial infections” and “Radiolabeled minigastrin peptides for diagnosis and therapy of NETs”. He has published about 100 research articles in international reputed journals and 7 book chapters. Pakistan Institute of Nuclear Science & Technology (PINSTECH) Islamabad, Punjab Institute of Nuclear Medicine (PINM), Faisalabad and Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Radiology (INOR) Abbottabad are the main collaborating institutes.",institutionString:"Government College University",institution:{name:"Government College University, Faisalabad",country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"58390",title:"Dr.",name:"Gyula",middleName:null,surname:"Mozsik",slug:"gyula-mozsik",fullName:"Gyula Mozsik",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/58390/images/system/58390.png",biography:"Gyula Mózsik MD, Ph.D., ScD (med), is an emeritus professor of Medicine at the First Department of Medicine, Univesity of Pécs, Hungary. He was head of this department from 1993 to 2003. His specializations are medicine, gastroenterology, clinical pharmacology, clinical nutrition, and dietetics. His research fields are biochemical pharmacological examinations in the human gastrointestinal (GI) mucosa, mechanisms of retinoids, drugs, capsaicin-sensitive afferent nerves, and innovative pharmacological, pharmaceutical, and nutritional (dietary) research in humans. He has published about 360 peer-reviewed papers, 197 book chapters, 692 abstracts, 19 monographs, and has edited 37 books. He has given about 1120 regular and review lectures. He has organized thirty-eight national and international congresses and symposia. He is the founder of the International Conference on Ulcer Research (ICUR); International Union of Pharmacology, Gastrointestinal Section (IUPHAR-GI); Brain-Gut Society symposiums, and gastrointestinal cytoprotective symposiums. He received the Andre Robert Award from IUPHAR-GI in 2014. Fifteen of his students have been appointed as full professors in Egypt, Cuba, and Hungary.",institutionString:"University of Pécs",institution:{name:"University of Pecs",country:{name:"Hungary"}}},{id:"277367",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Daniel",middleName:"Martin",surname:"Márquez López",slug:"daniel-marquez-lopez",fullName:"Daniel Márquez López",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/277367/images/7909_n.jpg",biography:"Msc Daniel Martin Márquez López has a bachelor degree in Industrial Chemical Engineering, a Master of science degree in the same área and he is a PhD candidate for the Instituto Politécnico Nacional. His Works are realted to the Green chemistry field, biolubricants, biodiesel, transesterification reactions for biodiesel production and the manipulation of oils for therapeutic purposes.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Instituto Politécnico Nacional",country:{name:"Mexico"}}},{id:"196544",title:"Prof.",name:"Angel",middleName:null,surname:"Catala",slug:"angel-catala",fullName:"Angel Catala",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/196544/images/system/196544.jpg",biography:"Angel Catalá studied chemistry at Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Argentina, where he received a Ph.D. in Chemistry (Biological Branch) in 1965. From 1964 to 1974, he worked as an Assistant in Biochemistry at the School of Medicine at the same university. From 1974 to 1976, he was a fellow of the National Institutes of Health (NIH) at the University of Connecticut, Health Center, USA. From 1985 to 2004, he served as a Full Professor of Biochemistry at the Universidad Nacional de La Plata. He is a member of the National Research Council (CONICET), Argentina, and the Argentine Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (SAIB). His laboratory has been interested for many years in the lipid peroxidation of biological membranes from various tissues and different species. Dr. Catalá has directed twelve doctoral theses, published more than 100 papers in peer-reviewed journals, several chapters in books, and edited twelve books. He received awards at the 40th International Conference Biochemistry of Lipids 1999 in Dijon, France. He is the winner of the Bimbo Pan-American Nutrition, Food Science and Technology Award 2006 and 2012, South America, Human Nutrition, Professional Category. In 2006, he won the Bernardo Houssay award in pharmacology, in recognition of his meritorious works of research. Dr. Catalá belongs to the editorial board of several journals including Journal of Lipids; International Review of Biophysical Chemistry; Frontiers in Membrane Physiology and Biophysics; World Journal of Experimental Medicine and Biochemistry Research International; World Journal of Biological Chemistry, Diabetes, and the Pancreas; International Journal of Chronic Diseases & Therapy; and International Journal of Nutrition. He is the co-editor of The Open Biology Journal and associate editor for Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity.",institutionString:"Universidad Nacional de La Plata",institution:{name:"National University of La Plata",country:{name:"Argentina"}}},{id:"186585",title:"Dr.",name:"Francisco Javier",middleName:null,surname:"Martin-Romero",slug:"francisco-javier-martin-romero",fullName:"Francisco Javier Martin-Romero",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSB3HQAW/Profile_Picture_1631258137641",biography:"Francisco Javier Martín-Romero (Javier) is a Professor of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology at the University of Extremadura, Spain. He is also a group leader at the Biomarkers Institute of Molecular Pathology. Javier received his Ph.D. in 1998 in Biochemistry and Biophysics. At the National Cancer Institute (National Institute of Health, Bethesda, MD) he worked as a research associate on the molecular biology of selenium and its role in health and disease. After postdoctoral collaborations with Carlos Gutierrez-Merino (University of Extremadura, Spain) and Dario Alessi (University of Dundee, UK), he established his own laboratory in 2008. The interest of Javier's lab is the study of cell signaling with a special focus on Ca2+ signaling, and how Ca2+ transport modulates the cytoskeleton, migration, differentiation, cell death, etc. He is especially interested in the study of Ca2+ channels, and the role of STIM1 in the initiation of pathological events.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Extremadura",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"217323",title:"Prof.",name:"Guang-Jer",middleName:null,surname:"Wu",slug:"guang-jer-wu",fullName:"Guang-Jer Wu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/217323/images/8027_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"148546",title:"Dr.",name:"Norma Francenia",middleName:null,surname:"Santos-Sánchez",slug:"norma-francenia-santos-sanchez",fullName:"Norma Francenia Santos-Sánchez",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/148546/images/4640_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"272889",title:"Dr.",name:"Narendra",middleName:null,surname:"Maddu",slug:"narendra-maddu",fullName:"Narendra Maddu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/272889/images/10758_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"242491",title:"Prof.",name:"Angelica",middleName:null,surname:"Rueda",slug:"angelica-rueda",fullName:"Angelica Rueda",position:"Investigador Cinvestav 3B",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/242491/images/6765_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"88631",title:"Dr.",name:"Ivan",middleName:null,surname:"Petyaev",slug:"ivan-petyaev",fullName:"Ivan Petyaev",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Lycotec (United Kingdom)",country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}},{id:"423869",title:"Ms.",name:"Smita",middleName:null,surname:"Rai",slug:"smita-rai",fullName:"Smita Rai",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Integral University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"424024",title:"Prof.",name:"Swati",middleName:null,surname:"Sharma",slug:"swati-sharma",fullName:"Swati Sharma",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Integral University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"439112",title:"MSc.",name:"Touseef",middleName:null,surname:"Fatima",slug:"touseef-fatima",fullName:"Touseef Fatima",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Integral University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"424836",title:"Dr.",name:"Orsolya",middleName:null,surname:"Borsai",slug:"orsolya-borsai",fullName:"Orsolya Borsai",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Cluj-Napoca",country:{name:"Romania"}}},{id:"422262",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Paola Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Palmeros-Suárez",slug:"paola-andrea-palmeros-suarez",fullName:"Paola Andrea Palmeros-Suárez",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Guadalajara",country:{name:"Mexico"}}}]}},subseries:{item:{id:"26",type:"subseries",title:"Machine Learning and Data Mining",keywords:"Intelligent Systems, Machine Learning, Data Science, Data Mining, Artificial Intelligence",scope:"The scope of machine learning and data mining is immense and is growing every day. It has become a massive part of our daily lives, making predictions based on experience, making this a fascinating area that solves problems that otherwise would not be possible or easy to solve. This topic aims to encompass algorithms that learn from experience (supervised and unsupervised), improve their performance over time and enable machines to make data-driven decisions. It is not limited to any particular applications, but contributions are encouraged from all disciplines.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/26.jpg",hasOnlineFirst:!0,hasPublishedBooks:!0,annualVolume:11422,editor:{id:"24555",title:"Dr.",name:"Marco Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Aceves Fernandez",slug:"marco-antonio-aceves-fernandez",fullName:"Marco Antonio Aceves Fernandez",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/24555/images/system/24555.jpg",biography:"Dr. Marco Antonio Aceves Fernandez obtained his B.Sc. (Eng.) in Telematics from the Universidad de Colima, Mexico. He obtained both his M.Sc. and Ph.D. from the University of Liverpool, England, in the field of Intelligent Systems. He is a full professor at the Universidad Autonoma de Queretaro, Mexico, and a member of the National System of Researchers (SNI) since 2009. Dr. Aceves Fernandez has published more than 80 research papers as well as a number of book chapters and congress papers. He has contributed in more than 20 funded research projects, both academic and industrial, in the area of artificial intelligence, ranging from environmental, biomedical, automotive, aviation, consumer, and robotics to other applications. He is also a honorary president at the National Association of Embedded Systems (AMESE), a senior member of the IEEE, and a board member of many institutions. His research interests include intelligent and embedded systems.",institutionString:"Universidad Autonoma de Queretaro",institution:{name:"Autonomous University of Queretaro",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,series:{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",issn:"2633-1403"},editorialBoard:[{id:"43680",title:"Prof.",name:"Ciza",middleName:null,surname:"Thomas",slug:"ciza-thomas",fullName:"Ciza Thomas",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/43680/images/system/43680.jpeg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Government of Kerala",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"16614",title:"Prof.",name:"Juan Ignacio",middleName:null,surname:"Guerrero Alonso",slug:"juan-ignacio-guerrero-alonso",fullName:"Juan Ignacio Guerrero Alonso",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002g6HB8QAM/Profile_Picture_1627901127555",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Seville",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"3095",title:"Prof.",name:"Kenji",middleName:null,surname:"Suzuki",slug:"kenji-suzuki",fullName:"Kenji Suzuki",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/3095/images/1592_n.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Chicago",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"214067",title:"Dr.",name:"W. David",middleName:null,surname:"Pan",slug:"w.-david-pan",fullName:"W. 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In recent years, the application of chemistry to biological molecules has gained significant interest in medicinal and pharmacological studies. This topic will be devoted to understanding the interplay between biomolecules and chemical compounds, their structure and function, and their potential applications in related fields. Being a part of the biochemistry discipline, the ideas and concepts that have emerged from Chemical Biology have affected other related areas. 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Behind these definitions are hidden all the aspects of normal and pathological functioning of all processes that the topic ‘Metabolism’ will cover within the Biochemistry Series. 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Thus proteomics, an area of research that detects all protein forms expressed in an organism, including splice isoforms and post-translational modifications, is more suitable than genomics for a comprehensive understanding of the biochemical processes that govern life. The most common proteomics applications are currently in the clinical field for the identification, in a variety of biological matrices, of biomarkers for diagnosis and therapeutic intervention of disorders. From the comparison of proteomic profiles of control and disease or different physiological states, which may emerge, changes in protein expression can provide new insights into the roles played by some proteins in human pathologies. Understanding how proteins function and interact with each other is another goal of proteomics that makes this approach even more intriguing. Specialized technology and expertise are required to assess the proteome of any biological sample. Currently, proteomics relies mainly on mass spectrometry (MS) combined with electrophoretic (1 or 2-DE-MS) and/or chromatographic techniques (LC-MS/MS). MS is an excellent tool that has gained popularity in proteomics because of its ability to gather a complex body of information such as cataloging protein expression, identifying protein modification sites, and defining protein interactions. 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