Groups of influence contributing to the chemical composition of WBA (adapted from Vassilev et al. [22]).
\\n\\n
Released this past November, the list is based on data collected from the Web of Science and highlights some of the world’s most influential scientific minds by naming the researchers whose publications over the previous decade have included a high number of Highly Cited Papers placing them among the top 1% most-cited.
\\n\\nWe wish to congratulate all of the researchers named and especially our authors on this amazing accomplishment! We are happy and proud to share in their success!
Note: Edited in March 2021
\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:{caption:"Highly Cited",originalUrl:"/media/original/117"}},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'IntechOpen is proud to announce that 191 of our authors have made the Clarivate™ Highly Cited Researchers List for 2020, ranking them among the top 1% most-cited.
\n\nThroughout the years, the list has named a total of 261 IntechOpen authors as Highly Cited. Of those researchers, 69 have been featured on the list multiple times.
\n\n\n\nReleased this past November, the list is based on data collected from the Web of Science and highlights some of the world’s most influential scientific minds by naming the researchers whose publications over the previous decade have included a high number of Highly Cited Papers placing them among the top 1% most-cited.
\n\nWe wish to congratulate all of the researchers named and especially our authors on this amazing accomplishment! We are happy and proud to share in their success!
Note: Edited in March 2021
\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"intechopen-supports-asapbio-s-new-initiative-publish-your-reviews-20220729",title:"IntechOpen Supports ASAPbio’s New Initiative Publish Your Reviews"},{slug:"webinar-introduction-to-open-science-wednesday-18-may-1-pm-cest-20220518",title:"Webinar: Introduction to Open Science | Wednesday 18 May, 1 PM CEST"},{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"2169",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Game Theory Relaunched",title:"Game Theory Relaunched",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"The game is on. 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She is the author and co-author of several books and an international speaker in the field of rheumatology and immunology. \n\nScopus Author ID: 35280107100\n\nORCID ID: ORCID logohttps://orcid.org/0000-0003-4994-7687\n\nCU Scholar account: https://scholar.cu.edu.eg/?q=reemhamdy/publications',institutionString:"Cairo University",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"5",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"3",institution:{name:"Cairo University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Egypt"}}}],coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"16",title:"Medicine",slug:"medicine"}],chapters:null,productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},personalPublishingAssistant:{id:"287827",firstName:"Gordan",lastName:"Tot",middleName:null,title:"Mr.",imageUrl:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/287827/images/8493_n.png",email:"gordan@intechopen.com",biography:"As an Author Service Manager my responsibilities include monitoring and facilitating all publishing activities for authors and editors. From chapter submission and review, to approval and revision, copyediting and design, until final publication, I work closely with authors and editors to ensure a simple and easy publishing process. I maintain constant and effective communication with authors, editors and reviewers, which allows for a level of personal support that enables contributors to fully commit and concentrate on the chapters they are writing, editing, or reviewing. I assist authors in the preparation of their full chapter submissions and track important deadlines and ensure they are met. I help to coordinate internal processes such as linguistic review, and monitor the technical aspects of the process. As an ASM I am also involved in the acquisition of editors. 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Recently, however, as medical technology has progressed, equal importance can be given to both. Minimally invasive treatment has been introduced in various medical fields to reduce the patient’s psychic and physical burden. For example, intravascular treatment with a catheter has been used in cerebrovascular, cardiovascular and peripheral artery surgeries, etc., and the patient’s burden is drastically decreased [1]. Particle radiotherapy and advanced radiotherapy can lessen the side effects and emphasize the therapeutic effects more than conventional radiation therapy [2]. Laparoscopic surgery is a kind of minimally invasive endoscopic surgery that targets the digestive organs and requires multiple small ports to insert long surgical instruments and a cylindrical camera called a ‘laparoscope’. Laparoscopic techniques bring many benefits to patients, such as smaller scars, fewer complications, and shorter hospitalization than conventional open surgery [3, 4]. To achieve less invasiveness, a new surgical method—single‐incision laparoscopic surgery (SILS)—has been developed. In this method, surgical instruments, including a laparoscope, are inserted through a single opening. SILS is more cosmetic than general laparoscopic surgery since the number of ports is reduced from many to one. It is sometimes called “scar‐less surgery” because the scar is invisible when the port is made at navel [5–7]. However, SILS requires high levels of skill for operating surgeons due to physical challenges such as collisions between instruments and visual defects caused by the single opening [8–10].
\nMinimally invasive surgery places a large burden on operating surgeons but brings great benefits for patients and preserves their QOL. To address this matter, various systems for minimally invasive surgery have been developed. The da Vinci (Intuitive Surgical Inc., CA, USA) is one of the most famous master‐slave surgical robot systems in the world and can conduct laparoscopic surgery remotely with the operability close to that of open surgery by offering a 3D visual field, precise manipulation, and hand tremor cancellation. Although this robot was originally developed to support conventional multi‐port laparoscopic surgery, it has also been used in single‐port surgery due to its high functionality [11, 1]. Yet, it has mechanical problems such as arm collision and takes a long time to learn, even for skilled surgeons [13].
\nTo achieve SILS that satisfies both patients and surgeons, we propose a new surgical concept called “virtual incision” and have evaluated the effectiveness of our concept by two types of master‐slave robot systems for SILS.
\nIn SILS, the same surgical instruments and laparoscope are used as in conventional laparoscopic surgery, and the number of surgical incisions is the only difference between these operating methods. The fact that the number of surgical incisions has decreased from 3 to 1, as shown in \nFigure 1(a)\n and \n(b)\n, is one cause of the technical problems in SILS such as instruments collisions and visual defects. Thus, we propose a new surgical approach entitled “virtual incision” in which the number of ports is increased not physically but virtually. This concept provides SILS the operability close to that of multi‐port surgery.
\nThe number of surgical incisions required; (a) conventional multi‐incision surgery, (b) single‐incision laparoscopic surgery (SILS), and (c) SILS with two virtual incisions.
Making a “virtual incision” requires two conditions: (1) internal surgical instruments must behave the same as conventional laparoscopic surgery within the range of a laparoscopic view as shown in \nFigures 1(c)\n and (2) the operator must hold other external instruments to control the internal surgical instruments and manipulate them in the same way as conventional laparoscopic surgery. Please note that the operators normally look not at their hands but at a laparoscopic view displayed on a monitor during surgery. If these two conditions are satisfied, two virtual incisions are created on the abdominal wall in the direction of the long axis of the internal surgical instruments seen on the laparoscopic view. Therefore, surgeons can conduct SILS as if they were operating multi‐port surgery even though there is only a single real port in the abdominal wall.
\nCorrespondence between master instruments and flexible slave instruments.
We have developed two types of master‐slave robot systems using our proposed “virtual incision” approach: a remote‐operated system which requires two virtual incisions, achieving three‐incision surgery [14] and a local‐operated system which requires one virtual incision, achieving two‐incision surgery [15].
\nA remote‐operated master‐slave robot system is mainly composed of two master instruments, two slave bending instruments and a control PC. We use two normal surgical instruments as master, which are inserted through two incisions at the tip of two holding arms set on a table as shown in \nFigure 2\n. A small magnetic sensor (3D‐Guidance, Ascension Technology Corporation, VT, USA) is attached to each tip of the master instrument to measure the tip’s position and posture. On the slave side, the two flexible instruments and a laparoscope are attached to commercial robotic arms (slave part of ZEUS surgical robot system, Computer Motion Inc., CA, USA), and they are all inserted into a real single opening in the patient’s abdominal wall. The two slave instruments are crossed through the port and the tip of these instruments can be bent with a wire‐driven mechanism. Each master instrument corresponds to the opposite slave instrument; that is, the left‐side master instrument controls the slave instrument attached to right‐side robotic arm; thus, the instrument tip of master behaves in the same way as that of slave in the area of the dashed square in \nFigure 2\n. Although the motion ratio between master and slave is adjustable (e.g., 5:1 to achieve a precise motion on the slave side), in our robot system we set the motion ratio of 1:1 to provide the surgeons the same operability as conventional laparoscopic surgery.
\nIn this case, our proposed remote‐operated master‐slave robot system meets the requirements for the concept of virtual incision, then two virtual incisions are created in the abdominal wall in the long axis direction of the distal part of the slave instruments, which means that the operating surgeon can conduct SILS with three ports (one real and two virtual).
\nPrior to system evaluation, we prepared an imitation of conventional operating conditions (multi‐port and single‐port surgery) by adjusting the set‐up of master and slave, such as the number of ports and the shape of instruments, to compare our proposed method with conventional methods, as shown in \nFigure 3\n. In imitated multi‐port surgery (iMPS), there are two surgical ports on the master and slave sides, and the distal part of the two slave bending instruments is set linear shape. Each master instrument corresponds to the slave instrument on the same side; thus, the same operability as in conventional multi‐port surgery can be achieved. In imitated single‐port surgery (iSPS), the distal parts of the two holding arms are moved close to each other on the master side, and the two slave instruments are crossed and pass through one incision, and the distal part of these is set linear shape on slave side. The master instruments correspond to the slave instruments as in the operating condition of iMPS, providing almost the same operability as conventional single‐port surgery. In the proposed SILS, the configuration of and correspondence between the master and slave instruments are set as described in Section 3.1.1.
\nMaster and slave configuration of three operating conditions: imitated multi‐port surgery (iMPS), imitated single‐port surgery (iSPS), and SILS with proposed remote‐operated system (proposed SILS).
In the remote‐operated master‐slave robot system, we conducted two experiments using (1) a simulated slave robot and (2) a real slave robot.
\nExperiment (1): a monitor is set behind the master, displaying an imaginary laparoscopic view as shown in \nFigure 4(a)\n. Using this system, four gastral surgeons conducted an object‐moving task, in which the operator moves a series of balls around two boxes to each box by manipulating two master instruments, as indicated in \nFigure 4(b)\n. One trial is set as moving a ball 40 times, and the surgeons implemented two trials each in three operating conditions (iMPS, iSPS, and proposed SILS).
\nObject‐moving task: (a) experimental set‐up during the task in iMPS and (b) task detail; black port for iMPS and white port for iSPS and proposed SILS.
Experiment (2): two robotic arms are mounted on a surgical bed and two bending slave instruments are attached to each arm. A box is placed on the surgical bed, and the two slave instruments and a laparoscope are inserted into the box, as shown in \nFigure 5\n. A monitor is set as well as in Experiment (1) and a real laparoscopic view is displayed. Under this experimental environment, another gastral surgeon conducted an object‐touching task, in which the operator touches a cylindroid object in the box using the two slave instruments by manipulating the two master instruments. He conducted seven trials in each of the two operating conditions (iSPS and proposed SILS).
\nObject‐touching task during the task in iSPS: (a) master set‐up and (b) slave set‐up.
Experiment (1): average object‐moving times among the four surgeons for each trial were 251 ± 61 s (iMPS), 310 ± 52 s (iSPS), and 247 ± 67 s (proposed SILS) in trial 1, and 182 ± 29 s (iMPS), 248 ± 77 s (iSPS), and 178 ± 15 s (proposed SILS) in trial 2. There was no significant difference between iMPS and proposed SILS (
Experiment (2): average object‐touching times were 25 ± 7 s (iSPS) and 11 ± 4 s (proposed SILS).
\nA local‐operated master‐slave robot consists of a master device, a slave robotic instrument, and a control PC. The master device is placed above the patient’s abdominal wall and can be fixed to a surgical table using a conventional passive grasping holder. The slave robotic instrument is also attached to the surgical table with another grasping arm, and the robotic instrument can change between the two states of straight or bent; it is straight when passing through an incision and then is bent and set in alignment with the master device in the body as indicated in \nFigure 6(a)\n. The master device and slave robotic instrument have five‐DOF motion as in conventional laparoscopic surgery, including a grip/tip opening and closing (OC), spherical motion around the base point (pitch and yaw), axial rotation (roll), and extraction and contraction (EC) along the longitudinal axis. The posture and tip opening and closing of the slave robotic instrument have a point‐symmetrical relationship with those of the master device, and the length of the slave instrument is inversely proportional to that of the master device. The master device and slave robotic instrument are moved simultaneously through the abdominal wall with a motion ratio of 1:1, thus they behave like a normal commercial surgical instrument inserted into a port. Our proposed system could be used as a substitute for the left‐sided surgical instrument in SILS, especially in single‐incision laparoscopic cholecystectomy as shown in \nFigure 6(b)\n since the left‐sided surgical instrument is often used for grasping tissue.
\nLocal‐operated master‐slave robot system: (a) concept of proposed system and (b) surgical instrumental set‐up for single‐incision laparoscopic cholecystectomy.
In this case, our proposed local‐operated master‐slave robot system meets the requirements of virtual incision, and one virtual incision is created in the abdominal wall between the master device and the slave robotic instrument as illustrated in \nFigure 6(a)\n. This means that the operating surgeon can conduct SILS with two ports (one real and one virtual).
\nIn the local‐operated master‐slave robot system, we conducted two experiments: (1) a basic experiment and (2) an
Experiment (1): a training box is placed on a surgical table, and a master device is set above the box as a left‐side surgical instrument as shown in \nFigure 7(a)\n. A right‐sided normal surgical instrument, a laparoscope, and a slave robotic instrument are all inserted into the single real opening. The operator moves a series of rings placed on a peg board in the box from left to right using the surgical instruments with both hands while observing the laparoscopic view on a monitor. The ring is lifted from the left‐side peg by the left‐side instrument in the laparoscopic view, transferred to the opposite‐sided instrument, and placed on the right‐side peg, as illustrated in \nFigure 7(b)\n. To evaluate the operability of our proposed SILS, we prepared two conventional SILS operating conditions—SILSc and SILSp—in which two normal surgical instruments are inserted through a single port and are manipulated with crossed and parallel set‐ups, respectively. One trial is set as moving three rings three times, and three gastral surgeons (Surgeon A, B, and C) conducted three trials each under three operating conditions (SILSc, SILSp, and proposed SILS).
\nEvaluation experiment of local‐operated master‐slave robot system: (a) object‐moving task in the operating condition of our proposed SILS, (b) peg board detail, and (c)
Experiment (2): the operating condition of proposed SILS is set as in Experiment (1), and a normal resection instrument is used as a right‐sided instrument. As shown in \nFigure 7(c)\n, a porcine liver with a gallbladder is fixed to a board in the training box, and the cystic duct has previously been clipped. In this experiment, we simulate a single‐port laparoscopic cholecystectomy, and an operator separates the gallbladder from the liver by manipulating the surgical instruments with both hands while watching the laparoscopic view.
\nExperiment (1): average switching time between the instruments and standard deviation of Surgeon A were 11.65 ± 14.97 s (SILSc), 21.64 ± 33.85 s (SILSp), and 7.03 ± 2.49 s (proposed SILS); those of Surgeon B were 6.82 ± 4.51 s (SILSc), 13.82 ± 29.40 s (SILSp), and 8.48 ± 3.58 s (proposed SILS); and those of Surgeon C were 10.04 ± 5.07 s (SILSc), 35.82 ± 34.66 s (SILSp), and 6.48 ± 2.25 s (proposed SILS). The average switching times among the three surgeons were 9.50 ± 9.70 s (SILSc), 22.25 ± 33.57 s (SILSp), and 7.23 ± 2.87 s (proposed SILS).
\nThe number of collisions between the instruments in the box during the task of Surgeon A was 7 times (SILSc), 15 times (SILSp), and 0 times (proposed SILS); those of Surgeon B were 3 times (SILSc), 9 times (SILSp), and 1 time (proposed SILS); and those of Surgeon C were 1 time (SILSc), 18 times (SILSp), and 0 times (proposed SILS). The average number of collisions of all surgeons was 3.67 times (SILSc), 14 times (SILSp), and 0.33 times (proposed SILS). Meanwhile, the collision between the instrument and laparoscope occurred frequently outside the box under two conventional SILS operating conditions; however, the master device did not conflict with the laparoscope or the other instrument in our proposed SILS.
\nExperiment (2): the operator separated the gallbladder from the liver without instrument collision, grasping it using the slave robotic instrument by manipulating the master device with the left hand and cutting it using the resection instrument with the right hand.
\nLaparoscopic views during Experiments (1) and (2) are presented in \nFigure 8\n.
\nLaparoscopic view during the task; object‐moving task in the operating condition of (a) SILSc, (b) SILSp, (c) proposed SILS, and (d)
As for the remote‐operated master‐slave robot system, from Experiment (1), we confirmed that the average object‐moving time and standard deviation in the proposed SILS were significantly shorter than in iSPS, representing conventional single‐port surgery, and were almost the same as those in iMPS, representing conventional multi‐port surgery. From the subjective evaluations, all surgeons commented that the operability in the proposed SILS was little differentiated from that in iMPS. In Experiment (2), the object‐touching task in the proposed SILS was accomplished in shorter time than iSPS, and there was less interference between the instruments in the proposed SILS than in iSPS. These results indicate that our proposed remote‐operated system could improve the operability of SILS and achieve operability close to conventional multi‐port surgery by adding two virtual incisions.
\nIn regard to the local‐operated master‐slave robot system, in Experiment (1), the average switching time and standard deviation for proposed SILS were shorter than those for two conventional SILS operating conditions (SILSc and SILSp). Instances of interference between the surgical instruments were drastically decreased in the proposed SILS as compared with SILSc and SILSp. Focusing on the left‐side surgical instrument, its location in the laparoscopic view in our proposed SILS differed from that of conventional SILS methods, as shown in \nFigure 8(a)\n–\n(c)\n. The left‐side and right‐side instruments were inserted from the same direction on the laparoscopic view and were close together in SILSc and SILSp, and the left‐side instrument was inserted from left side on the laparoscopic view as in conventional multi‐port laparoscopic surgery in proposed SILS. The subjective evaluations from the surgeons also indicated that they were able to conduct SILS more easily using our proposed system than conventional SILS. In Experiment (2), the operator performed single‐port laparoscopic cholecystectomy without any problems, and a laparoscopic view close to that in multi‐port surgery was observed as shown in \nFigure 8(d)\n. The operator also reported that it was like performing laparoscopic surgery though there was only one port. From these results, we confirmed that the local‐operated master‐slave robot system could improve the operability of SILS, providing greater efficiency and stability, and offering the operability and a surgical view similar to those of multi‐port laparoscopic surgery by introducing one virtual incision.
\nFrom the above results of the two master‐slave robot systems, we have confirmed the usefulness of our proposed new “virtual incision” surgical approach, since it brings the operability and surgical view similar to multi‐port laparoscopic surgery even though only one port is opened in the abdominal wall. The operational procedure of our proposed surgical robot systems is close to the conventional surgical method, and thus does not require extra training for surgeons who are used to conventional multi‐port laparoscopic surgery.
\nAlthough the initial motivation for proposing the “virtual incision” concept is to overcome the difficulties of SILS, such as instrument collision and visual defects, this concept can be used not only for single‐port surgery but also for conventional multi‐port surgery. For example, three‐port surgery could be conducted with two real openings by adding one “virtual incision”. In thoracoscopic surgery, the surgical port position is limited by the alignment of the limb, and is not as flexible as in laparoscopic surgery. By introducing the concept of “virtual incision” to thoracoscopic surgery, it is expected that surgeons can make a surgical port at an appropriate position without worrying about the limb, and the operating area can expand with fewer ports. We plan to develop a surgical device introducing our concept for thoracoscopic surgery [16].
\nNeedlescopic surgery, another form of minimally invasive surgery, has been utilized in various surgical fields and brings cosmetic benefits for patients since it uses surgical instruments with very small diameter [17, 18]; however, it also has problems as it is difficult to keep the stiffness of the surgical instrument while including adequate functionality in a small‐diameter instrument. We believe that our new surgical concept of “virtual incision” is one way to achieve more minimally invasive surgery by reducing the number of real ports through a virtual incision.
\nAs for master‐slave surgical robot systems, many surgical robot systems have been developed to support surgery, but a master can control only a slave of the same system. For future robotic surgery, we think that collaboration among various master‐slave surgical robot systems will become increasingly important. Operating surgeons have different preferences for the master controller of a system, and it is difficult to decide on one master. Robotic surgery could become more flexible if multiple masters can control the same slave or one slave can be easily exchanged for another. We are also working on another project in which multi‐master and multi‐slave options could be selected flexibly using an industrial middleware ORiN for a next‐generation surgical‐assisted robot system [19].
\nMinimally invasive approaches such as reduced port surgery have been introduced to various surgical fields to achieve more patient‐friendly surgery. Although single‐incision laparoscopic surgery (SILS) has cosmetic benefits for patients, such as less pain, smaller scar, and shorter hospitalization than conventional laparoscopic surgery due to its single opening, it has technical problems that increase the surgeon’s burden. Therefore, we have proposed a new surgical approach called a “virtual incision”, and have applied it to two types of master‐slave robot systems for assisting SILS. From the evaluation results of the two master‐slave robot systems, we have confirmed the effectiveness of “virtual incision” because the operability of SILS was improved by increasing the number of ports virtually. In this chapter, we have focused on SILS; however, our surgical approach could also be useful to multi‐port surgery. We believe that the concept of “virtual incision” is a promising surgical approach that preserves QOL for both patients and surgeons.
\nThis research was partly supported by MEXT KAKENHI Grant Number 15K16338 and 16H01 859.
\nThe policy of promoting and increasing the use of wood biomass as a renewable energy source affects the increase in the amount of wood biomass ash (WBA) produced [1]. Comprehensive statistics on the annual production of WBA in the European Union are not available. However, Austria, Denmark, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, and Sweden account for about 2.9 million t/y of biomass ash [2], while a survey conducted in Croatia revealed that about 25,414 t/y of produced WBA is landfilled [3]. Existing data estimated that Europe will generate up to 15.5 × 107 tons of WBA in 2020 [4], highlighting the urgency of strategic foresight in waste management. Currently, WBA is underutilized in the EU and mostly disposed of in landfills [5, 6, 7, 8], resulting in additional costs and risks to the environment. The cost of biomass ash disposal ranges from 100 to 500 EUR/ton [9, 10]. About, 1.7 million EUR per year are paid for the disposal of WBA in Austria [11]. In the future, an increase in the cost of landfilling in the form of waste taxes or disposal fees, as well as difficulties in acquiring new landfills and stricter EU landfill directives, may be expected. Unsystematic management of WBA can lead to environmental pollution and potential risks to human health: WBA can be easily transported through the air and consequently cause health problems related to the respiratory system of the population living in the vicinity of the landfill [12], while uncontrolled landfilling of WBA can lead to groundwater pollution through leaching of heavy metals from WBA or infiltration of rainwater [13]. European policies promote and stimulate green innovations in the reuse of waste as secondary raw materials to boost the market and new green business opportunities [14]. It is, therefore, necessary to find ways and methods for the application of WBA that are environmentally sound and economically justified. Previous studies [15, 16, 17, 18, 19] have shown that the resulting WBA can be reused in certain industries due to their properties and chemical composition, especially in the concrete industry. However, existing regulations and standards currently preclude the use of WBA in the concrete industry [20, 21].
The objectives of this chapter are: (1) to determine what types of combustion technologies are currently in use and what types of WBA are produced by each combustion technology, the properties of these WBAs, and the factors that most influence WBA properties, as well as the physical and chemical properties that could influence the use of WBA in cement composites; (2) to assess the influence of WBA as a cement replacement on the properties of cement composites in the fresh and hardened states; (3) to provide a brief overview of the environmental impact of the use of WBA in the mortar and concrete mixes; and finally (4) to identify the market opportunities and readiness for reuse of a new potential supplementary cementitious material (SCM).
There are several factors that affect the quality and quantity of WBA obtained by using wood biomass in power plants. Based on [22], these factors can be divided into three main groups as shown in Table 1. According to Table 1 and a detailed review of the literature, it is necessary to highlight (1) the type of biomass used for power generation, (2) the plant technology used, (3) the combustion temperature, (4) the location of WBA collection, and (5) the conditions of WBA storage. In the following, the influence of these parameters on the characterization of WBA is discussed in detail.
Group of influence | Formation process | Influence | Time of formation | References |
---|---|---|---|---|
Primary | Natural | Biomass—type Biomass cultivation area soil condition and type combustion technology | Before and during plant growing, and cutting | [13, 15, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29] |
Secondary | Anthropogenic (technogenic) | Temperature of combustion location of WBA collecting | During combustion | [13, 15, 22, 23, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30] |
Tertiary | Natural | Disposal and transportation | During disposal and transportation of WBA | [22, 26] |
Groups of influence contributing to the chemical composition of WBA (adapted from Vassilev et al. [22]).
One of the factors that could have an influence on the properties of WBA is the area of biomass cultivation and the condition and type of soil [24], but this influence is not very large. From the tertiary group of influences, it appears that ash from wood biomass undergoes certain chemical processes during its collection and disposal. The plant technology, i.e., the technology of wood biomass combustion in the power plants, as one of the factors affecting the physical and chemical properties of the produced WBA, is divided into grate combustors, fluidized bed combustors, and pulverized fuel combustors [10]. Three different types of WBA can be generated in a power plant [26, 31, 32, 33, 34]: bottom ash (1) collected at the bottom of the chamber (bottom WBA); fly ash, which may be a relatively coarse fraction, (2) collected from cyclones or boilers; and a relatively fine fraction of fly ash, and (3) collected from electrostatic precipitators and bag filters (Figure 1). In some power plants bottom ash and fly ash are collected in one container as mixed WBA.
WBA classification based on WBA collection in power plants (adapted from Obernberger et al. [
In grate combustion technology, 60–90% of the WBA from the bottom of the furnace is formed on the grate, while in fluidized bed combustion, fly WBA is the dominant ash formed [37, 38, 39]. The particles from the bottom of the furnace are larger than the fly WBA [7, 40]. This can be observed from Figure 2, which shows the particle size distribution of WBAs [41] and cement, and the grading curve of the bottom WBAs and aggregate (particle size 0–4 and 4–8 mm) per the combustion technology. The authors [41] proposed a cumulative grading curve for all particle sizes of the bottom WBAs as they were sieved through a 1 mm sieve to eliminate impurities and larger fractions. Grate combustion has a higher influence on the particle size distribution of the fly bottom WBAs where a generally large diversity of granulometric curve of bottom WBA compared to aggregate can be seen in Figure 2. Grate-fired systems are designed to cope with a degree of the sintering and partial fusion of the ash on the grate. Poor fuel distribution, relatively poor air distribution, and local high temperature on the grate can lead to the formation of relatively large ash agglomerates that reduce combustion efficiency [42]. This occurrence could lead to larger particles of the WBA sample [43]. It can also be inferred from Figure 2 that the particles of bottom WBA from fluidized bed combustion technology and pulverized fuel combustors are smaller than those of bottom WBA from grate combustion power plants.
Particle size distribution of fly WBA (F) (published in Carević et al. [
The WBA produced at the bottom of the combustion chamber is often mixed with mineral impurities such as sand, stones, and soil contained in the biomass, as well as sintered ash particles. In addition to the coarse and fine fraction of the fly WBA inside the plant, smoke dust of the finest fraction is also emitted together with the flue gases [35]. In fluidized bed combustion, the lower WBA consists of sand particles, mainly quartz, added during combustion, inorganic components (soil or small stones), and unburned biomass fraction [32, 38]. Modern solutions of the combustion system on the grate may include a continuously moving and water-cooled grate, which consequently means that wet ash removal is performed from the bottom of the furnace [44]. In view of the above, it is very important to know what type of technology is used and at what location in the power plant the WBA is collected to further characterize the WBA. The choice of plant technology has a significant impact on the chemical composition of the WBA: fluidized-bed technology uses additives such as quartz sand as bed material, which can have a positive impact on the chemical composition of the WBA and contributes to a high SiO2 content compared to other combustion technologies [10, 45, 46]. The morphology of WBA (Figure 3) mostly showed non-uniform structure, inhomogeneous particle surface, and particles with different shapes, which could lead to higher water absorption and have a corresponding negative effect on the workability of the cement composites [28, 47, 48].
Morphology of the WBA.
Figure 4 compares the chemical composition of 46 samples of different ash types collected from the power plants: fly, bottom ash, and mixed ash. WBA is expected to contain a higher proportion of CaO than pozzolanic oxide, the sum of SiO2, Al2O3, and Fe2O3 (median values for CaO were 48.61% compared to 13.49% for pozzolanic oxide for all WBA samples), indicating lower pozzolanic activity and pronounced hydraulic activity [23]. Higher alkali levels (K2O and Na2O) can also be observed, which may be reflected in the mechanical and durability properties of cement composites with WBA [49]. This is particularly pronounced in the fly WBA samples. Alkali is an integral part of the characterization of untreated biomass and in woody biomass, alkalis are bound to the organic structure, so their higher content in WBA was expected. High alkali content can cause high porosity in the hardened cement matrix, resulting in lower strength and durability [15, 23, 25]. Since the CaO content is higher in all WBA specimens, free CaO is expected, a significant amount of which can cause volume instability (swelling) during the hydration process and the formation of cracks [33, 50, 51]. As shown in Figure 4, the fly WBA showed the highest median LOI value (15.3 wt.%) which is significantly higher than the maximum value allowed by EN 450-1 (Category C < 9 wt.%) [20]. Unburnt carbon and inorganic compounds can significantly affect the properties of concrete (workability, setting time, mechanical properties) [52].
Boxplots of chemical parameters from the WBA database (N = 46) by WBA type [
A review of the available literature leads to the conclusion that the application of WBA significantly depends on its properties, which depend primarily on the characteristics of the biomass used, i.e., the type of biomass, the plant technology, the combustion temperature and the location of ash collection and storage. For this reason, the chemical composition causes variation in the properties of the tested cement composites. The use of WBA in the cement composites leads to an increase in water demand, which may be related to the morphology of WBA (irregular particle shape and fineness), free CaO and alkali content, and LOI values [43, 53]. According to [23], increasing the content of WBA as a cement replacement resulted in decreased workability of cement pastes, while water treatment (washing of WBA) had a positive effect on the workability of cement mixtures due to physical modification: treatment by washing decreased the average ash particle size, porosity, and specific surface area of WBA. Increasing the proportion of WBA in mortar mixes prolonged the setting time, while cement pastes with a WBA content of 15% should be dimensionally stable despite the high content of CaO minerals in WBA (free CaO and MgO) [43]. The effect of WBA on the hydration of binders was studied by monitoring the heat release with isothermal calorimetry, where the induction period is prolonged by the addition of WBA regardless of the type and chemical properties of WBA [54]. Mixtures with WBA exhibit a slower increase in strength. However, with time the compressive strength increases so that after 28 days the compressive strength of the samples with 5 and 10% WBA is equal to or higher than that of the reference samples without ash (Figure 5). The effects of higher proportions of WBA on compressive strength have been shown to be unfavorable in studies. Therefore, it is not recommended to increase the proportion of WBA in structural concrete to more than 20% [16, 55, 56].
Compressive strength: (a) after 7 days; and (b) after 28 days [
In addition to the mechanical properties of cement composites with different proportions of WBA, tests of durability properties are also important. Capillary absorption is defined as the transport of fluids due to surface tension that occurs in capillary pores. Capillary pores are the main pathway through which water and other aggressive substances penetrate cementitious composites and cause permanent problems. Therefore, capillary absorption testing is often used as one of the tests and quality assessments of cementitious composites to select a suitable concrete/mortar for the construction of structural elements exposed to liquids containing aggressive substances (usually chloride or sulfate) during wetting/drying cycles. In studies [13, 43] that investigated the absorption of concrete with different proportions of WBA, an increase in absorption with WBA content was observed (an average increase in capillary absorption of up to 2.27% for mixes with 15% WBA content compared to the reference mix). The reason for the correlation between lower compressive strength and lower resistance to capillary absorption is the negative influence of the porous structure on these properties of the concrete [57]. The results of gas permeability showed the same trend as the capillary absorption coefficient: on average, the gas permeability of mortars with a WBA content of 5% decreased by 3.1%, while the cement replacement with 10 and 15% WBA increased by 12.41 and 24.31% compared to the reference mortar [58]. The researchers [59] suggested the addition of silica fume and they found that after 28 days, the gas permeability of mortar samples with 8% WBA and 7.5% silica fume decreased by 6.6%. Chlorides are one of the main causes of corrosion and deterioration of reinforced concrete structures. Based on the results presented in [43, 58], a decrease in the chloride diffusion coefficient can be seen for all mixtures with fly WBA, except for the sample with one type of WBA, which is related to the WBA particle size.
To make WBA a valuable resource for the construction industry, technical requirements must be established. The purpose of these requirements is to enable concrete producers to ensure consistent quality and predictable behavior of the product without adverse effects on the durability and mechanical properties of the concrete [18]. Therefore, the overall effect of individual physical and chemical properties of the WBAs used on the mechanical properties and durability of cement composites was determined by evaluating the individual effects of the physical and chemical properties relative to the reference mix [58]. This study was carried out to provide concrete producers with a preliminary recommendation on the main WBA properties to be checked during reuse (Table 2).
Property | Standard | Influence |
---|---|---|
Humidity | HRN EN 1097-5 | Self-hardening |
Visual examination | Visual examination | Durability properties: no resistance to freezing and thawing cycles (e.g., pieces of wood, etc.) |
Grading | HRN EN 12620 or HRN EN 933-10 | Defines the type of use (aggregate or mineral admixture) |
LOI content | HRN EN 196-2 | Setting time, water requirement, durability properties |
SO3 content | HRN EN 196-2 | Durability properties, corrosion, volume instability |
Na2Oeq content | HRN EN 196-2 | Alkali-aggregate reaction |
MgO content | HRN EN 196-2 | Volume instability (swelling, cracking) |
Free CaO content | HRN EN 196-2 | |
Cl− content | HRN EN 1744-1 or HRN EN 196-2 | Corrosion |
Recommended WBA properties that to be checked before use in concrete production [60].
In the construction sector, the use of industrial by-products as substitutes for natural raw materials is encouraged. When using alternative materials obtained as by-products from other industries, it is necessary to consider the environmental factor. One of the basic requirements for construction includes “hygiene, health, and environment” under the European regulation for construction products [61]. The assessment of the environmental impact of cement-based construction products is usually based on the determination of leaching, i.e. the potential release of ingredients such as trace elements (heavy metals) or organic compounds into the environment when the products come into direct contact with water or soil. The estimation of pollutant release can be done by standard short-term leaching tests and long-term tests [62, 63]. The Technical Committee of CEN TC 351 has developed laboratory tests to check the leaching of hazardous substances into nature using demineralized water as a leaching agent [63].
The authors [25, 41, 64] found that the concentration of heavy metals such as Zn, Cd, Pb, and Hg is higher in fly WBA samples than in bottom samples. Therefore, the leaching/stabilization behavior of cementitious composites prepared with fly WBA should be analyzed. According to the leaching results obtained by the author [65] for the observed heavy metals (Zn, Cd, CR, Cu, Ni, Pb) on monolithic specimens using 3 types of fly WBA (Figure 6), it was concluded that the leaching of heavy metals was acceptable, i.e., less than the limits according to the Dutch guidelines of the Soil Quality Ordinance [66] (limits for finished building materials according to the Soil Quality Ordinance for Cd: 3.8 mg/m2; Cr: 120 mg/m2; Cu: 98 mg/m2; Ni: 81 mg/m2; Pb: 400 mg/m2; Zn: 800 mg/m2). The same was confirmed by the authors [55, 67] when using ash from the combustion of pure wood biomass. This is explained by the ability of the cement matrix to physically and chemically bind contaminated elements (heavy metals) within the hydrate structure [68].
Values of cumulative leaching in mg/m2 for different metals (M-Fi-mortar mix with 15% of fly WBA) [
In order to explore the market readiness and capacity for using WBA as SCM in the concrete industry, a questionnaire was conducted among 11 concrete producers (SMEs) from Croatia with an approximate annual concrete production of at least 12,000 m3 to a maximum of 300,000 m3. The purpose of the questionnaire was to conduct a qualitative study of concrete and cement production and the views of SMEs on the reuse of WBA in their plants. According to the results of the survey, the most common strength classes in concrete production are C25/30 and C30/37 (each represented by 91%), followed by 64% of concrete use of strength classes C20/25, C35/45, and C40/50 (Figure 7a). The compressive strength of concrete is a common and important property in the design of concrete structures. In addition to compressive strength as a basic property of concrete, all respondents indicate water permeability. Other main properties most tested on hardened concrete are freeze-thaw resistance with or without de-icing salt (82%), wear resistance (82%), and chemical resistance (73%).
(a) Concrete production share with respect to the compressive strength class; and (b) cement type share in the concrete production.
The average amount of cement used in concrete ranges from 295 to 340 kg per 1 m3 of concrete. 27% of the respondents use mineral admixtures in the production of concrete namely silica fume, coal fly ash, and metakaolin. The most common types of cement used in concrete production are shown in Figure 7b (multiple answers were possible): of the 15 types of cement on the market, blended cements are the most common: CEM II /A(B)-M(S-V) and CEM II /A(B)-S with 45% of use, CEM II /A(B)-M(S-LL, V-LL) with 27%, CEM II /A(B)-LL with 18% and CEM III /A(B, C), with 18%. Blended cements contain waste products as SCMs to replace clinker as the main source of CO2 emissions in concrete production [69]. By using SCMs could result in CO2 reduction of about 400 million tons per year [70]. These can be easily replicated as a possible circular solution for WBA management, which was recognized by concrete producers: 55% of respondents are familiar with the problem of WBA management and 91% of them are interested in using WBA in their plants. Concrete producers emphasized ensuring a consistent chemical and physical WBA quality to ensure the quality of the concrete produced.
Considering the current quantities of WBA in Croatia (25,414 tons per year [3]) and the data from the questionnaire analysis of cement and concrete production, all WBA can be used in cement and concrete production with regular quality control. For example, if 10% of cement is replaced by WBA, it is possible to reuse 1500 t of WBA per year in only one concrete plant with an average production of 50,000 m3 concrete/year. This means that in the four concrete plants the whole amount of the finer WBA can be used, while the coarser fraction can be used as a substitute for the fine fraction of aggregates (sand).
According to all observed trends, waste ash from wood biomass combustion is expected to increase and the regulatory framework for waste management is becoming more stringent. In the design and planning phase of biomass power plants, it is important to determine the amounts of WBA generated and to find sustainable solutions for WBA management during the life cycle of the power plant. In the concrete industry, there is a high potential for substitution of certain components by adequate alternative materials, and in that context, the use of WBA has been examined. This paper presents comprehensive research of the properties of WBA necessary for its use as SCM in concrete. Based on the review of existing research and results of experimental testing shown in the paper, it can be expected that WBA reduces the workability of the cement composites, noting that cement replacement up to 10% has no significant effect on the consistency. This is probably due to the morphology of WBA, high alkali content, and LOI values. Increased setting time can also be expected, although results vary depending on the type of WBA used. For WBAs with a high CaO content, it is necessary to check the free CaO as it may affect the volume stability and durability properties of the cement composites. The comparison of the compressive strength of mortars and concretes shows a significant variability and influence of the different WBAs used on the compressive strength after 28 days with a tendency to decrease the compressive strength with a higher proportion of WBA.
The main logistical and long-term challenges that need to be considered when establishing an industrial symbiosis for sustainable WBA management are to ensure consistent WBA quality (proper storage and transportation of WBA from power suppliers to concrete producers); different types of WBA collection in power plants (e.g. mixing with water), which could affect WBA properties (self-hardening) and the need for additional pre-treatment of some WBA samples (e.g., grinding and/or screening) due to inefficient combustion of wood biomass or due to wood impurities, which could negatively affect durability properties.
The results given in this chapter were conducted under two projects: Transformation of Wood Biomass Ash into Resilient Construction Composites-TAREC2 (IP-2016-06-7701) funded by the Croatian Science Foundation and the project Development of innovative construction products with biomass ash financed by European structural and investment funds for a 2014–2020 financial period (grant number KK.01.2.1.01.0049).
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
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His studies in robotics lead him not only to a PhD degree but also inspired him to co-found and build the International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems - world's first Open Access journal in the field of robotics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"TU Wien",country:{name:"Austria"}}},{id:"441",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Jaekyu",middleName:null,surname:"Park",slug:"jaekyu-park",fullName:"Jaekyu Park",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/441/images/1881_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"LG Corporation (South Korea)",country:{name:"Korea, South"}}},{id:"465",title:"Dr.",name:"Christian",middleName:null,surname:"Martens",slug:"christian-martens",fullName:"Christian Martens",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Rheinmetall (Germany)",country:{name:"Germany"}}},{id:"479",title:"Dr.",name:"Valentina",middleName:null,surname:"Colla",slug:"valentina-colla",fullName:"Valentina Colla",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/479/images/358_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sant'Anna School of Advanced Studies",country:{name:"Italy"}}},{id:"494",title:"PhD",name:"Loris",middleName:null,surname:"Nanni",slug:"loris-nanni",fullName:"Loris Nanni",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/494/images/system/494.jpg",biography:"Loris Nanni received his Master Degree cum laude on June-2002 from the University of Bologna, and the April 26th 2006 he received his Ph.D. in Computer Engineering at DEIS, University of Bologna. On September, 29th 2006 he has won a post PhD fellowship from the university of Bologna (from October 2006 to October 2008), at the competitive examination he was ranked first in the industrial engineering area. He extensively served as referee for several international journals. He is author/coauthor of more than 100 research papers. He has been involved in some projects supported by MURST and European Community. His research interests include pattern recognition, bioinformatics, and biometric systems (fingerprint classification and recognition, signature verification, face recognition).",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"496",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos",middleName:null,surname:"Leon",slug:"carlos-leon",fullName:"Carlos Leon",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Seville",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"512",title:"Dr.",name:"Dayang",middleName:null,surname:"Jawawi",slug:"dayang-jawawi",fullName:"Dayang Jawawi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Technology Malaysia",country:{name:"Malaysia"}}},{id:"528",title:"Dr.",name:"Kresimir",middleName:null,surname:"Delac",slug:"kresimir-delac",fullName:"Kresimir Delac",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/528/images/system/528.jpg",biography:"K. 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Machine learning combined with automation in digital investigation process at different stages of investigation has significant potential to aid digital investigators. This chapter aims at providing the research in machine learning-based digital forensic investigation, identifies the gaps, addresses the challenges and open issues in this field.",book:{id:"8321",slug:"digital-forensic-science",title:"Digital Forensic Science",fullTitle:"Digital Forensic Science"},signatures:"Salman Iqbal and Soltan Abed Alharbi",authors:[{id:"304135",title:"Dr.",name:"Salman",middleName:null,surname:"Iqbal",slug:"salman-iqbal",fullName:"Salman Iqbal"},{id:"304140",title:"Dr.",name:"Soltan",middleName:null,surname:"Alharbi",slug:"soltan-alharbi",fullName:"Soltan Alharbi"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"91",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[{id:"81826",title:"Robot Perception Based on Vision and Haptic Feedback for Fighting the COVID-19 Pandemic",slug:"robot-perception-based-on-vision-and-haptic-feedback-for-fighting-the-covid-19-pandemic",totalDownloads:18,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104983",abstract:"The robot perception can be enhanced further through visual and haptic to give more impression. 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To solve this problem, we study a virtual reality system with haptic feedback using a tele-operation approach. By defining the operator-manipulated interface as the master robot and the virtual environment as the slave robot, we have, by addressing the virtual environment as a restricted motion problem, the force response. Therefore, we implement a control algorithm, based on a tele-operation system, to feedback the corresponding force to the operator. We achieve this through the design of a virtual environment using the dynamic model of the robot in contact with holonomic and non-holonomic constraints. In addition, according to the medical training simulator, before contact, there is always a free movement stage.",book:{id:"10663",title:"Haptic Technology - Intelligent Approach to Future Man-Machine Interaction",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10663.jpg"},signatures:"Pablo Sánchez-Sánchez, José Daniel Castro-Díaz, Alejandro Gutiérrez-Giles and Javier Pliego-Jiménez"},{id:"80216",title:"How to Use Haptic Technology in Interactive Digital Documentation of Heritage",slug:"how-to-use-haptic-technology-in-interactive-digital-documentation-of-heritage",totalDownloads:111,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101965",abstract:"Virtual restoration of the extinct heritage is a method of reconstruction of an already destroyed work in a virtual environment. It represents a way and an opportunity to reenter the remodeled simulated space interactively and experience its contemporary atmosphere and former author expression. 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He is a full professor of signal processing and pattern recognition and is head of the Signals and Communications Department at ULPGC, teaching from 2001 on subjects on signal processing and learning theory. His research lines are biometrics, biomedical signals and images, data mining, classification system, signal and image processing, machine learning, and environmental intelligence. He has researched in 52 international and Spanish research projects, some of them as head researcher. He is co-author of 4 books, co-editor of 27 proceedings books, guest editor for 8 JCR-ISI international journals, and up to 24 book chapters. He has over 450 papers published in international journals and conferences (81 of them indexed on JCR – ISI - Web of Science). He has published seven patents in the Spanish Patent and Trademark Office. He has been a supervisor on 8 Ph.D. theses (11 more are under supervision), and 130 master theses. 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He has been a member of the IASTED Technical Committee on Image Processing from 2007 and a member of the IASTED Technical Committee on Artificial Intelligence and Expert Systems from 2011. \n\nHe has held the general chair position for the following: ACM-APPIS (2020, 2021), IEEE-IWOBI (2019, 2020 and 2020), A PPIS (2018, 2019), IEEE-IWOBI (2014, 2015, 2017, 2018), InnoEducaTIC (2014, 2017), IEEE-INES (2013), NoLISP (2011), JRBP (2012), and IEEE-ICCST (2005)\n\nHe is an associate editor of the Computational Intelligence and Neuroscience Journal (Hindawi – Q2 JCR-ISI). He was vice dean from 2004 to 2010 in the Higher Technical School of Telecommunication Engineers at ULPGC and the vice dean of Graduate and Postgraduate Studies from March 2013 to November 2017. He won the “Catedra Telefonica” Awards in Modality of Knowledge Transfer, 2017, 2018, and 2019 editions, and awards in Modality of COVID Research in 2020.\n\nPublic References:\nResearcher ID http://www.researcherid.com/rid/N-5967-2014\nORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4621-2768 \nScopus Author ID https://www.scopus.com/authid/detail.uri?authorId=6602376272\nScholar Google https://scholar.google.es/citations?user=G1ks9nIAAAAJ&hl=en \nResearchGate https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Carlos_Travieso",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"23",title:"Computational Neuroscience",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/23.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"14004",title:"Dr.",name:"Magnus",middleName:null,surname:"Johnsson",slug:"magnus-johnsson",fullName:"Magnus Johnsson",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/14004/images/system/14004.png",biography:"Dr Magnus Johnsson is a cross-disciplinary scientist, lecturer, scientific editor and AI/machine learning consultant from Sweden. \n\nHe is currently at Malmö University in Sweden, but also held positions at Lund University in Sweden and at Moscow Engineering Physics Institute. \nHe holds editorial positions at several international scientific journals and has served as a scientific editor for books and special journal issues. \nHis research interests are wide and include, but are not limited to, autonomous systems, computer modeling, artificial neural networks, artificial intelligence, cognitive neuroscience, cognitive robotics, cognitive architectures, cognitive aids and the philosophy of mind. \n\nDr. Johnsson has experience from working in the industry and he has a keen interest in the application of neural networks and artificial intelligence to fields like industry, finance, and medicine. \n\nWeb page: www.magnusjohnsson.se",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Malmö University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Sweden"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"24",title:"Computer Vision",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/24.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"294154",title:"Prof.",name:"George",middleName:null,surname:"Papakostas",slug:"george-papakostas",fullName:"George Papakostas",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002hYaGbQAK/Profile_Picture_1624519712088",biography:"George A. 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He has (co)authored more than 150 publications in indexed journals, international conferences and book chapters, 1 book (in Greek), 3 edited books, and 5 journal special issues. His publications have more than 2100 citations with h-index 27 (GoogleScholar). His research interests include computer/machine vision, machine learning, pattern recognition, computational intelligence. \nDr. Papakostas served as a reviewer in numerous journals, as a program\ncommittee member in international conferences and he is a member of the IAENG, MIR Labs, EUCogIII, INSTICC and the Technical Chamber of Greece (TEE).",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"International Hellenic University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Greece"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"25",title:"Evolutionary Computation",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/25.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"136112",title:"Dr.",name:"Sebastian",middleName:null,surname:"Ventura Soto",slug:"sebastian-ventura-soto",fullName:"Sebastian Ventura Soto",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/136112/images/system/136112.png",biography:"Sebastian Ventura is a Spanish researcher, a full professor with the Department of Computer Science and Numerical Analysis, University of Córdoba. 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In the last five years, he has published more than 60 papers in international journals indexed in the JCR (around 70% of them belonging to first quartile journals) and he has edited some Springer books “Supervised Descriptive Pattern Mining” (2018), “Multiple Instance Learning - Foundations and Algorithms” (2016), and “Pattern Mining with Evolutionary Algorithms” (2016). He has also been involved in more than 20 research projects supported by the Spanish and Andalusian governments and the European Union. He currently belongs to the editorial board of PeerJ Computer Science, Information Fusion and Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence journals, being also associate editor of Applied Computational Intelligence and Soft Computing and IEEE Transactions on Cybernetics. Finally, he is editor-in-chief of Progress in Artificial Intelligence. 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