Desalination processes [16]
\\n\\n
\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:{caption:"Milestone",originalUrl:"/media/original/124"}},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'
Barely three months into the new year and we are happy to announce a monumental milestone reached - 150 million downloads.
\n\nThis achievement solidifies IntechOpen’s place as a pioneer in Open Access publishing and the home to some of the most relevant scientific research available through Open Access.
\n\nWe are so proud to have worked with so many bright minds throughout the years who have helped us spread knowledge through the power of Open Access and we look forward to continuing to support some of the greatest thinkers of our day.
\n\nThank you for making IntechOpen your place of learning, sharing, and discovery, and here’s to 150 million more!
\n\n\n\n\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"webinar-introduction-to-open-science-wednesday-18-may-1-pm-cest-20220518",title:"Webinar: Introduction to Open Science | Wednesday 18 May, 1 PM CEST"},{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"},{slug:"introducing-intechopen-book-series-a-new-publishing-format-for-oa-books-20210915",title:"Introducing IntechOpen Book Series - A New Publishing Format for OA Books"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"154",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Six Sigma Projects and Personal Experiences",title:"Six Sigma",subtitle:"Projects and Personal Experiences",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"In the new millennium the increasing expectation of customers and products complexity has forced companies to find new solutions and better alternatives to improve the quality of their products. Lean and Six Sigma methodology provides the best solutions to many problems and can be used as an accelerator in industry, business and even health care sectors. Due to its flexible nature, the Lean and Six Sigma methodology was rapidly adopted by many top and even small companies. This book provides the necessary guidance for selecting, performing and evaluating various procedures of Lean and Six Sigma. In the book you will find personal experiences in the field of Lean and Six Sigma projects in business, industry and health sectors.",isbn:null,printIsbn:"978-953-307-370-5",pdfIsbn:"978-953-51-5096-1",doi:"10.5772/679",price:119,priceEur:129,priceUsd:155,slug:"six-sigma-projects-and-personal-experiences",numberOfPages:196,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:null,isInBkci:!1,hash:"6548c3a84b38964ffc627b1f40a89868",bookSignature:"Abdurrahman Coskun",publishedDate:"July 14th 2011",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/154.jpg",numberOfDownloads:80019,numberOfWosCitations:9,numberOfCrossrefCitations:3,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:1,numberOfDimensionsCitations:15,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:1,hasAltmetrics:1,numberOfTotalCitations:27,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"October 12th 2010",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"November 9th 2010",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"March 16th 2011",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"April 15th 2011",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"June 14th 2011",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"10406",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Abdurrahman",middleName:null,surname:"Coskun",slug:"abdurrahman-coskun",fullName:"Abdurrahman Coskun",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/10406/images/1538_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Abdurrahman Coskun has received his MD degree from Erciyes University, School of Medicine in 1994. He became a specialist in Biochemistry and Clinical Biochemistry in 1999 at the same university. He has joined the Acibadem Labmed Clinical Laboratories in 2008 and has been appointed as an associate professor of Biochemistry and Clinical Biochemistry in 2009. His research mainly focused on improvement of quality in clinical laboratories. Dr. Coskun is a member of Turkish Clinical Biochemists Society, Turkish Biochemical Society, and Clinical Biochemistry Specialists Society.",institutionString:null,position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"0",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"2",institution:null}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"444",title:"Quality Management",slug:"business-management-and-economics-business-administration-quality-management"}],chapters:[{id:"17405",title:"Lean Six Sigma",doi:"10.5772/17288",slug:"lean-six-sigma",totalDownloads:10865,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:8,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Vivekananthamoorthy N and Sankar S",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/17405",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/17405",authors:[{id:"27861",title:"Prof.",name:"Natarajan",surname:"Vivekananthamoorthy",slug:"natarajan-vivekananthamoorthy",fullName:"Natarajan Vivekananthamoorthy"},{id:"81696",title:"Prof.",name:"Sankar",surname:"S",slug:"sankar-s",fullName:"Sankar S"}],corrections:null},{id:"17406",title:"Definition of the Guide for Implementation Lean",doi:"10.5772/16570",slug:"definition-of-the-guide-for-implementation-lean",totalDownloads:5511,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Adan Valles-Chavez and Jaime Sanchez",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/17406",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/17406",authors:[{id:"25224",title:"Dr.",name:"Adan",surname:"Valles",slug:"adan-valles",fullName:"Adan Valles"},{id:"25614",title:"Dr.",name:"Jaime",surname:"Sanchez",slug:"jaime-sanchez",fullName:"Jaime Sanchez"}],corrections:null},{id:"17407",title:"Quality Function Deployment in Continuous Improvement",doi:"10.5772/16602",slug:"quality-function-deployment-in-continuous-improvement",totalDownloads:7549,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:3,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Elizabeth A. Cudney and Cassandra C. Elrod",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/17407",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/17407",authors:[{id:"25729",title:"Dr.",name:"Elizabeth",surname:"Cudney",slug:"elizabeth-cudney",fullName:"Elizabeth Cudney"},{id:"44578",title:"Dr.",name:"Cassandra",surname:"Elrod",slug:"cassandra-elrod",fullName:"Cassandra Elrod"}],corrections:null},{id:"17408",title:"Analysing Portfolios of LeanSix Sigma Projects",doi:"10.5772/16732",slug:"analysing-portfolios-of-leansix-sigma-projects",totalDownloads:2306,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Theodore T. Allen, James E. Brady and Jason Schenk",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/17408",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/17408",authors:[{id:"26154",title:"Dr.",name:"Theodore",surname:"Allen",slug:"theodore-allen",fullName:"Theodore Allen"},{id:"46468",title:"Dr.",name:"Jason",surname:"Schenk",slug:"jason-schenk",fullName:"Jason Schenk"},{id:"46469",title:"Dr.",name:"James",surname:"Brady",slug:"james-brady",fullName:"James Brady"}],corrections:null},{id:"17409",title:"Successful Projects from the Application of Six Sigma Methodology",doi:"10.5772/16473",slug:"5-successful-projects-from-the-application-of-six-sigma-methodology",totalDownloads:10450,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:2,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:null,signatures:"Jaime Sanchez and Adan Valles-Chavez",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/17409",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/17409",authors:[{id:"25224",title:"Dr.",name:"Adan",surname:"Valles",slug:"adan-valles",fullName:"Adan Valles"},{id:"25614",title:"Dr.",name:"Jaime",surname:"Sanchez",slug:"jaime-sanchez",fullName:"Jaime Sanchez"}],corrections:null},{id:"17410",title:"Applying Six Sigma Concepts, Techniquesand Method for Service Management: Business and IT Service Management (BSM & ITSM)",doi:"10.5772/17222",slug:"applying-six-sigma-concepts-techniquesand-method-for-service-management-business-and-it-service-mana",totalDownloads:26833,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Rajesh Radhakrishnan",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/17410",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/17410",authors:[{id:"27649",title:"Mr.",name:"Rajesh",surname:"Radhakrishnan",slug:"rajesh-radhakrishnan",fullName:"Rajesh Radhakrishnan"}],corrections:null},{id:"17411",title:"Demystifying Six Sigma Metrics in Software",doi:"10.5772/18791",slug:"demystifying-six-sigma-metrics-in-software",totalDownloads:4099,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Ajit Ashok Shenvi",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/17411",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/17411",authors:[{id:"9858",title:"Mr.",name:"Ajit",surname:"Shenvi",slug:"ajit-shenvi",fullName:"Ajit Shenvi"}],corrections:null},{id:"17412",title:"Gage Repeatability and Reproducibility Methodologies Suitable for Complex Test Systems in Semi-Conductor Manufacturing",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.84018",slug:"gage-repeatability-and-reproducibility-methodologies-suitable-for-complex-test-systems-in-semi-condu",totalDownloads:9071,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Sandra Healy and Michael Wallace",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/17412",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/17412",authors:[{id:"39786",title:"Dr.",name:"Sandra",surname:"Healy",slug:"sandra-healy",fullName:"Sandra Healy"}],corrections:null},{id:"17413",title:"Adapting Lean Processes for the Hospital/Surgical Environment",doi:"10.5772/19850",slug:"adapting-lean-processes-for-the-hospital-surgical-environment",totalDownloads:3339,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Jaideep J Pandit and Meghana Pandit",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/17413",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/17413",authors:[{id:"36491",title:"Dr.",name:"Jaideep",surname:"Pandit",slug:"jaideep-pandit",fullName:"Jaideep Pandit"},{id:"73237",title:"Dr.",name:"Meghana",surname:"Pandit",slug:"meghana-pandit",fullName:"Meghana Pandit"}],corrections:null}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},subseries:null,tags:null},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"3668",title:"Quality Management and Six Sigma",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:null,slug:"quality-management-and-six-sigma",bookSignature:"Abdurrahman Coskun",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3668.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"10406",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Abdurrahman",surname:"Coskun",slug:"abdurrahman-coskun",fullName:"Abdurrahman Coskun"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1591",title:"Infrared Spectroscopy",subtitle:"Materials Science, Engineering and Technology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"99b4b7b71a8caeb693ed762b40b017f4",slug:"infrared-spectroscopy-materials-science-engineering-and-technology",bookSignature:"Theophile Theophanides",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1591.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"37194",title:"Dr.",name:"Theophile",surname:"Theophanides",slug:"theophile-theophanides",fullName:"Theophile Theophanides"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3161",title:"Frontiers in Guided Wave Optics and Optoelectronics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"deb44e9c99f82bbce1083abea743146c",slug:"frontiers-in-guided-wave-optics-and-optoelectronics",bookSignature:"Bishnu Pal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3161.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"4782",title:"Prof.",name:"Bishnu",surname:"Pal",slug:"bishnu-pal",fullName:"Bishnu Pal"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3092",title:"Anopheles mosquitoes",subtitle:"New insights into malaria vectors",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c9e622485316d5e296288bf24d2b0d64",slug:"anopheles-mosquitoes-new-insights-into-malaria-vectors",bookSignature:"Sylvie Manguin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3092.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"50017",title:"Prof.",name:"Sylvie",surname:"Manguin",slug:"sylvie-manguin",fullName:"Sylvie Manguin"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"371",title:"Abiotic Stress in Plants",subtitle:"Mechanisms and Adaptations",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"588466f487e307619849d72389178a74",slug:"abiotic-stress-in-plants-mechanisms-and-adaptations",bookSignature:"Arun Shanker and B. Venkateswarlu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/371.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"58592",title:"Dr.",name:"Arun",surname:"Shanker",slug:"arun-shanker",fullName:"Arun Shanker"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"72",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Theory, Properties, New Approaches",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d94ffa3cfa10505e3b1d676d46fcd3f5",slug:"ionic-liquids-theory-properties-new-approaches",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/72.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"314",title:"Regenerative Medicine and Tissue Engineering",subtitle:"Cells and Biomaterials",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"bb67e80e480c86bb8315458012d65686",slug:"regenerative-medicine-and-tissue-engineering-cells-and-biomaterials",bookSignature:"Daniel Eberli",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/314.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"6495",title:"Dr.",name:"Daniel",surname:"Eberli",slug:"daniel-eberli",fullName:"Daniel Eberli"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"57",title:"Physics and Applications of Graphene",subtitle:"Experiments",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"0e6622a71cf4f02f45bfdd5691e1189a",slug:"physics-and-applications-of-graphene-experiments",bookSignature:"Sergey Mikhailov",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/57.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"16042",title:"Dr.",name:"Sergey",surname:"Mikhailov",slug:"sergey-mikhailov",fullName:"Sergey Mikhailov"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1373",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Applications and Perspectives",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5e9ae5ae9167cde4b344e499a792c41c",slug:"ionic-liquids-applications-and-perspectives",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1373.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"2270",title:"Fourier Transform",subtitle:"Materials Analysis",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5e094b066da527193e878e160b4772af",slug:"fourier-transform-materials-analysis",bookSignature:"Salih Mohammed Salih",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2270.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"111691",title:"Dr.Ing.",name:"Salih",surname:"Salih",slug:"salih-salih",fullName:"Salih Salih"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],ofsBooks:[]},correction:{item:{id:"74443",slug:"corrigendum-to-fruit-flies-diptera-tephritoidea-biology-host-plants-natural-enemies-and-the-implicat",title:"Corrigendum to: Fruit Flies (Diptera: Tephritoidea): Biology, Host Plants, Natural Enemies, and the Implications to Their Natural Control",doi:null,correctionPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/74443.pdf",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/74443",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/74443",totalDownloads:null,totalCrossrefCites:null,bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/74443",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/74443",chapter:{id:"29609",slug:"fruit-flies-diptera-tephritoidea-biology-host-plants-natural-enemies-and-the-implications-to-their-n",signatures:"M. A. Uchoa",dateSubmitted:"March 31st 2011",dateReviewed:"September 21st 2011",datePrePublished:null,datePublished:"February 24th 2012",book:{id:"874",title:"Integrated Pest Management and Pest Control",subtitle:"Current and Future Tactics",fullTitle:"Integrated Pest Management and Pest Control - Current and Future Tactics",slug:"integrated-pest-management-and-pest-control-current-and-future-tactics",publishedDate:"February 24th 2012",bookSignature:"Marcelo L. Larramendy and Sonia Soloneski",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/874.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"14863",title:"Dr.",name:"Sonia",middleName:null,surname:"Soloneski",slug:"sonia-soloneski",fullName:"Sonia Soloneski"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:[{id:"87919",title:"Dr.",name:"Manoel",middleName:null,surname:"Uchoa",fullName:"Manoel Uchoa",slug:"manoel-uchoa",email:"uchoa.manoel@gmail.com",position:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Federal da Grande Dourados",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}}]}},chapter:{id:"29609",slug:"fruit-flies-diptera-tephritoidea-biology-host-plants-natural-enemies-and-the-implications-to-their-n",signatures:"M. A. Uchoa",dateSubmitted:"March 31st 2011",dateReviewed:"September 21st 2011",datePrePublished:null,datePublished:"February 24th 2012",book:{id:"874",title:"Integrated Pest Management and Pest Control",subtitle:"Current and Future Tactics",fullTitle:"Integrated Pest Management and Pest Control - Current and Future Tactics",slug:"integrated-pest-management-and-pest-control-current-and-future-tactics",publishedDate:"February 24th 2012",bookSignature:"Marcelo L. Larramendy and Sonia Soloneski",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/874.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"14863",title:"Dr.",name:"Sonia",middleName:null,surname:"Soloneski",slug:"sonia-soloneski",fullName:"Sonia Soloneski"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:[{id:"87919",title:"Dr.",name:"Manoel",middleName:null,surname:"Uchoa",fullName:"Manoel Uchoa",slug:"manoel-uchoa",email:"uchoa.manoel@gmail.com",position:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Federal da Grande Dourados",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}}]},book:{id:"874",title:"Integrated Pest Management and Pest Control",subtitle:"Current and Future Tactics",fullTitle:"Integrated Pest Management and Pest Control - Current and Future Tactics",slug:"integrated-pest-management-and-pest-control-current-and-future-tactics",publishedDate:"February 24th 2012",bookSignature:"Marcelo L. Larramendy and Sonia Soloneski",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/874.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"14863",title:"Dr.",name:"Sonia",middleName:null,surname:"Soloneski",slug:"sonia-soloneski",fullName:"Sonia Soloneski"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}},ofsBook:{item:{type:"book",id:"10498",leadTitle:null,title:"Wind Farms - Increasing Penetration, Economic Dispatch and Operational Planning",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"
\r\n\tThis book provides information about up-to-date wind energy technologies in the context of smart grids. It starts with an introduction of wind energy characteristics and the availability prediction of wind energy in wind farms. As the wind power proportion increases in power systems, significant uncertainties and technical challenges arise to cause the concerns of the network stability and power dispatch. These bring about some latest technologies to cover the major aspects of energy integration and economic dispatch in order to meet energy demands and targets. Market tools such as pricing, gaming, bidding, and auction design as well as the “prosumer” concept will also be discussed, followed by extensive economic analysis and power dispatch optimization. Finally, cybersecurity will be studied to promote the uptake of energy Internet of Things (IoT) and also to understand electric grid security and data security.
\r\n\r\n\t
\r\n\tAll book chapters are produced by forward-thinking specialists in the area of renewable energy and smart grids, with detailed analysis and/or case studies. This book is intended to serve as a reference for graduate students, academics, professionals, and system operators.
Freshwater and energy are two inseparable and essential commodities for sustaining human life on earth. Rapid population growth and industrialization, especially in developing countries in the recent past, have placed pressing demands for both freshwater and energy [1]. Both are to be conserved and preserved for the sustainable development of the world. On the other hand, there is an acute shortage of both energy and water, especially in the third world countries [2]. Only less than 1% of the water is available for the society for direct use, out of which the maximum fraction has been polluted due to non-manageable industrial developments [2].
Due to the fast increase in the world population, the need for the energy increases rapidly. Various studies have been made to meet this extra energy demand. Most of these studies were focused on alternative energy sources. Solar energy is one of the most popular ones of these sources due to relatively less installation cost and long operation time without any need for maintenance [3]. Basically, all forms of the energy in the world, as we know it, are solar in origin. Oil, coal and natural gas is originally produced by photosynthetic processes, followed by complex chemical reactions, in which decaying vegetation was subjected to temperature and pressure over a long period of time [4].
Solar energy is so powerful and abundant that 30 min of solar radiation falling on earth is equal to the world annual energy demand. It is also cheap, environment friendly and nearly inexhaustible. Most of the world receives powerful solar radiation and has a good chance and opportunity to benefit from solar energy [3].
All ecosystems and every field of human activity depend on clean water and it is one of the most precious resources in today’s world. Water is a primary need for life, health and sanitation, which brings it into the international agenda as a very important issue [2]. The lack of potable water poses a big problem in arid regions of the world where freshwater is becoming very scarce and expensive. Clean drinking water is one of the most important international health issues today [5]. Remote and arid to semi-arid regions depend on underground water for drinking. Unfortunately, underground water is not always considered to be fresh drinking water. In some instances, the salinity is too high for being drinkable, and it is called brackish water. In such cases, fresh water has to be either transported for long distances or connected with an expensive distribution water network at extremely high cost for, usually, a small population. Solar desalination can be a good solution for such a problem [6].
Desalination is one of mankind’s earliest forms of water treatment, and it is still a popular treatment solution throughout the world today [5]. Distillation is one of the oldest and most rustic desalination techniques. In fact, it reproduces the natural process of the industrial desalination. Solar distillation is a thermal process that represents a sustainable solution to water shortages in the world. The desalination technique by solar energy, based on the principle of greenhouse is not new. Solar energy coupled to desalination offers a promising prospect for covering the fundamental needs of power and water in remote regions, where connection to the public electric grid is either not cost effective or not feasible, and where the water scarcity is severe [5].
The earth has a global water amount of about 1
The water cycle is caused by solar energy which heats the water in oceans, seas, lakes, rivers and lands containing moisture. Water evaporates and becomes water vapour while ice, hail and snow can transit from solid to vapour phase directly which is called sublimation. An average of 16 million m3 of water is evaporated every second and then the vapour is transported in the atmosphere to where it comes across cooler temperatures which will eventually cause the vapour to condense and precipitate as rain, sleet, snow or hail. Nearly, four-fifth of the evaporated vapour falls back into the oceans and some other flows through the ground surface to the sea. Some water also goes deep into the ground layers and fills aquifers, which are the long-term water storages. Some groundwater comes out as springs through openings in the ground. Eventually, the water returns to the ocean and joins to the water cycle again. Figure 1 shows a schematic illustration of the water cycle (This Figure adapted from http://www.srh.noaa.gov/jetstream/atmos/hydro.htm).
The global water cycle (the units are in 103 km3. year−1) [
Due to wind regimes and atmospheric conditions, water vapour and rain are not evenly distributed throughout all the earth land. Therefore some parts of the earth take much more precipitation than the others. This situation causes a failure to provide enough usable water for everyone living in a certain region which can be caused by mainly two reasons. If the water in that region is physically less than the amount of water required in order to meet the demands of people in that region for drinking, home use and agriculture, this situation is called “physical water scarcity”. On the other hand, if the water resources are present but they are not effectively used due to lack of investment or absence of qualified personnel or just administrations to process the water to provide people with the water they need, it is called “economic water scarcity” [8].
Although all parts of the earth is exposed to solar radiation throughout a year, the equator zone between 35°N and 35°S latitudes receives much more solar energy compared to the other parts of the earth and is called “Sunbelt region” [10]. About four-fifth of the world population lives in this region. Having abundant solar energy on one side, the Sunbelt region countries experience a serious water scarcity problem. This scarcity is not only physical water scarcity, indeed it is an economic water scarcity especially in Africa, which means lack of investment in water infrastructure or the lack of personnel capacity to adequately meet the drinking and irrigation water demand of the population. Figure 2 shows a schematic illustration of the Sunbelt region and global water scarcity in the world.
Global physical and economic water scarcity and Sunbelt region [
One of the vital factors in combatting the economic water scarcity is a cheap, clean, affordable and environment friendly energy source which will be used to produce and distribute usable and drinkable water. Renewable energy sources such as; solar, wind, geothermal, biomass, etc. is suitable for this purpose.
Sunbelt region is very suitable to use solar energy, which is a very popular and abundant energy source, to produce fresh water from saline water through a number of desalination methods, which will be discussed in detail later. 6 kWh/(m2.d) of solar energy, which is easily reached in Sunbelt region, is equal to 0.6 l/m2.d and 220 l/m2.y of oil. Therefore it is practically possible to use solar energy instead of especially fossil fuels in this region [12].
Total fresh water consumption in the world can be classified into three categories; about 70% is used for irrigation, 20% is used for industrial purposes, and only 10% of the fresh water is consumed for domestic uses as drinking and cleaning water. In case of a shortage of fresh water, desalination is a way to produce usable and drinkable fresh water from any source of saline water to meet the demand.
Desalination is the process of separating salt from saline water, which is a mixture of pure water and salt, in order to obtain fresh water. Water salinity due to dissolved salts can be expressed in four classes as; fresh water (<0.05%salinity), brackish water (0.05–3% salinity), saline water (3–5% salinity) and brine (>5% salinity) [13]. The most important property of the desalinized water and thus the parameter observed through the process is salinity. Salinity can be expressed in particles per million (ppm) or salt mass fraction (
Although about two-third of the feed water for desalination process is the sea water, waste water (about 6%), river water (about 8%) and brackish water (about 19%) are also used as desalination water especially at places distant from the sea [14]. Actually, feed water with low salt concentration is preferable for the stills, where available, since it causes less contamination and scale formation in the system. The installed capacity of desalinated water system in year 2000 was about 22 million m3/day and has drastically increased to 71.7 million m3/day by the year 2010. It can be estimated that 71.7 million m3/day desalination requires about 650 million tons of oil/year as energy source [15].
This means that; using renewable energy sources in desalination processes instead of fossil fuels, a significant amount of pollution, greenhouse gas and global warming contribution can be avoided. Desalination process is mainly of two types: phase-changing processes and single-phase processes (Table 1). In addition to these two types of desalination, there are hybrid processes that employ both phase change and separation at the same time. Hybrid systems may be comprised of one unit in which both phase change and separation steps take place or they may have two units for two steps. Reverse osmosis combined with MSF or MED are two examples for hybrid process.
\n\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t
1. Multi-stage flash (MSF) | \n\t\t\t1. Reverse osmosis (RO) – RO without energy recovery – RO with energy recovery (ER-RO) | \n\t\t
2. Multiple effect distillation (MED) | \n\t\t\t2. Electrodialysis (ED) | \n\t\t
3. Vapour compression (VC) | \n\t\t\t\n\t\t |
4. Freezing | \n\t\t\t\n\t\t |
5. Humidification/dehumidification | \n\t\t\t\n\t\t |
6. Solar stills – Conventional stills – Special stills – Cascaded type solar stills – Wick-type stills – Multiple-wick-type stills | \n\t\t\t\n\t\t |
Desalination processes [16]
Since changing the phase of saline water requires considerable amount of heat, solar energy is a very practical and readily available energy source along with geothermal and wind energy where available. Solar energy, wind energy and geothermal energy are used in renewable energy powered desalination plants with the percentages of 42%, 37% and 21% respectively. Solar power is used as both thermal energy and electricity through photo-voltaic panels.
Energy is the most vital need for living. Obtaining the usable forms of energy may cause both economic and environmental problems. Especially the fossil fuels have relatively high costs and environmental impacts which inevitably lead to seek for developing alternative methods. Using renewable energy sources is a good way to cope with energy and environmental problems. Renewable energy sources can easily replace fossil-fuels in the near future especially in stationary plants. Depleting reserves of fossil-fuels and environmental problems make it necessary to use the reserves more carefully. Solar energy has great potential in space heating for buildings owing to its low-grade energy characteristics and is the most important alternative to fossil fuels. Solar systems with feasible design and installation have very short payback periods and meet the energy demand very effectively.
Solar energy is widely used for drying, cooking, distillation, hot water and electricity production which are the very daily life needs of the people. Several methods using solar energy can be used easily to produce potable water from salt water to save people and agriculture from water scarcity. Main requirement of desalination process is thermal energy, and it can be provided through thermal and PV applications of solar energy systems. This energy can be integrated with various types of structure and capacity distillation systems to produce fresh water.
Salt gradient solar pond (SGSP) is a low cost method of capturing and storing solar energy at relatively low temperatures. A SGSP has mainly three layers of water filled in a pond in an order of salinity and relative mass from the bottom to the top.
The first and deepest layer of the pond is filled with a very salty water (about 20%), which is called Lower Convective Zone (LCZ). This layer is salty as much as possible to increase the relative mass of the water compared to the next upper layer which is called Non-Convective Layer (NCZ). This is accomplished by gravitational force that traps the water which takes the heat from the solar radiation and from the bottom of the pond, which absorbs the insolation passing through the transparent all UCZ, NCZ and LCZ layers, and tries to go upwards into the NCZ following normal convection process. Since NCZ layer has a relatively light water, convection process is suppressed and inhibited by the gravity of the LCZ water. Thus a transparent convective insulation is formed by the NCZ layer.
NCZ layer is structured as multilayer with a salinity gradient from bottom to top in order to slow down convective heat transfer to the upward direction. Slices of water layers with decreasing salinity provide insulation for the heat trapped in LCZ by eliminating convection between the NCZ layers.
UCZ is the top water layer of the pond with lowest salinity. UCZ layer is at near ambient temperature. It should be kept thin (about 30 cm) and should be protected from fluctuations caused by wind and wave which leads to mixing of NCZ and UCZ. Wind barriers or mash type covers can be used for big applications.
Solar ponds can provide thermal energy for domestic heating for space and water or power generation and desalination processes. The heat from a solar pond can be used in a Rankine cycle to produce mechanical energy and electricity. Figure 3 illustrates the structure and average heat losses to the ground and atmosphere.
Cross section of the salt gradient solar pond [
A heat pipe is essentially a passive heat transfer device with an extremely high effective thermal conductivity which allows a two-phase heat transfer mechanism resulting in enormous heat transfer capabilities nearly one thousand times that of an equivalent copper piece. The heat pipe in its simplest configuration is a closed, evacuated cylindrical vessel with the internal walls lined with a capillary structure called wick that is saturated with a working fluid.
A heat pipe has three regions namely; evaporator, condenser and adiabatic region. Heat is absorbed through the evaporator part of the heat pipe and transferred into the working fluid to vaporize some fluid. Vaporizing fluid pushes the vapour above towards the condenser part which is always above the evaporator region. The latent heat of evaporation contained in the vapour is transferred to the relatively cold surface of condenser causing the vapour to condensate on the surface of the condenser covered by a porous liner called wick, which serves as a passive pump to draw the fluid back to the evaporator by capillary effect. Then the heat is provided by the condenser to a fluid or gas through its surface. The middle section of heat pipe is called adiabatic region in which vapour travel from the evaporator to the condenser without any significant heat transfer to the pipe wall. Heat pipes can be designed to operate in evacuated tube collector, flat plate collector or directly at different working conditions and temperatures. Heat pipes needs to be installed at a minimum tilt angle of 25° to provide the backflow of the working fluid inside the heat pipe from condenser to evaporator.
Solar water heating (SWH) collectors are heat traps that absorb solar energy and transfer the heat into another medium. Changing the shape, design and materials, they have three major parts in common integrated to each other. The first and the most important part is collector which is exposed to solar radiation at an optimum inclination angle allowing to take maximum radiation throughout the solar season. The second part is a transfer medium that transfers the heat collected by the collector to the third part, storage tank. This medium should be fluid and generally made of water-glycol mixture. Storage tank, the third main part, is a simple heat exchanger (liquid-to-liquid) like collector (gas-to-liquid), which transfers the heat from the transfer fluid to the water to be heated and used. The transfer fluids have to be circulated in order to carry the heat continuously coming into the collector as solar radiation. This circulation is accomplished by mainly two ways:
There are many types of solar water heating (SWH) systems. Stationary type solar water heaters include flat plate collectors (FPC), evacuated tube collectors (ETC) and compound parabolic collectors (CPC). FPC and ETC are widely used for heating domestic use water. These collectors convert solar radiation directly and indirectly into thermal energy. ETCs have a higher efficiency than FPCs but they cost much more than FPCs.
Flat plate collectors are the most widely used solar systems today. They are made of three main parts. An insulated collector case holds the tubes, metal plate and glass cover. A sheet metal plate of aluminium, copper or steel can be painted or coated black. Metal tubes (usually aluminium or copper) that bonded onto the metal plate so as to provide good heat conduction, and are all connected to a common tube at both ends called header tubes. Bottom side of the collector case is well insulated to minimize thermal loses and the top side which is exposed to the sunlight is covered with a glass tightly to ensure a high level of greenhouse heating inside the collector. The pipes and copper are enclosed in an insulated metal frame, and topped with a sheet of glass (glazing) to protect the absorber plate and create an insulating air space.Figure 4. shows a cross section of a flat plate collector and solar water heaters with natural circulation and heat pipe.
(a) Cross section of the flat plate solar collector [
Sunlight falling onto the collector surface passes through the glass cover and hits to the black plate and tubes inside the collector casing. The heat absorbed by the tubes and the plate is transferred to the fluid circulating inside the tubes. The fluid which can either be a working fluid which circulates in a closed loop between the collector and storage tank where it transfers its energy to the water that will be used, or running water can be directly routed through the collector tubes. The circulation of the water inside the collectors can be driven by the difference between the specific gravity of heated water inside the collector and cooled water inside the storage tank, which is called natural circulation. This type of collector has some installation requirements such as installing the storage tank higher than the collector to provide cold water to flow downward replacing the hot water. Forced circulation on the other hand makes it possible to install the storage tank to almost any place lower than the collector which allows more aesthetic and convenient designs on the roof.
Evacuated-tube collector is a later generation of flat plate collectors which was first seen in 1970s. Main difference of evacuated tube from the flat plate collector is that it employs a vacuumed glass tube with an absorber inner surface. Vacuum layer serves as insulation much more superior than the air trapped between the glass cover and absorber plate in the flat plate collectors. Evacuated tube collectors are mainly two types as direct flow and heat piped system. Using a reflector improves the heat absorption performance of the collector.
Heat pipe evacuated-tube collectors use a copper heat pipe attached to an absorber plate and a vacuum tube. Tubes can be changed one by one without dismantling and emptying the whole system which makes it easy to perform installation, maintenance and repair tasks more easily. Some heat pipe collectors have overheat protection system that blocks the way fluid flows from the condenser to the evaporator region by a temperature triggered spring.
Concentrating solar systems are mainly used for power generation. They concentrate the solar energy to a point or a line at which heat energy is collected at medium or high temperatures depending on the type of the system and used for power generation in a conventional heat-driven power plant. Installed global capacity of concentrating solar thermal power plants according to years are 0.4 GW in 2004, 2.5 GW in 2012 and 3.4 GW in 2013, clearly showing an increasing trend [20]. Most popular types of concentrating solar power technologies include Linear Fresnel, dish, parabolic trough and solar towers Figure5.
Concentrating solar power technologies (a) Linear fresnel collector, (b) dish collector, (c) parabolic trough collector and (d) solar towers[
Among these concentrating solar technologies, parabolic trough is the most widely used technique in the world today. PTC and TSP technologies are able to store heat more than 10 hours through direct or indirect energy storage systems. There are 76 concentrating solar power projects in the world with 2.88 GWe of total capacity. Although PTC plants are very dominant among the currently operational solar power plants (95.7%), under construction projects will increase the ratio of LFC from 2.07% to 5.74%, TSP from 2.24% to 20.82% and SDC from 0% to 0.052%, decreasing the ration of PTC from 95.7% to 71.43% [22].
Photovoltaic (PV), as its name implies, is an extraordinary phenomenon that converts light to instantly ready direct current. Semiconductor materials inherently have this physical property and are easily used in production of PV cells. PV cells have two or more layers of semiconducting material, commonly silicon. When the photons in sunlight hits onto this semiconductor layers electrical charge is generated and this charge can be harvested by using metal contacts resulting in DC current. The smallest unit of this arrangement is called solar cell. Solar cells have a very small output capacity but they can easily be connected to each other to form a bunched structure called PV panel. PV panels can also be connected to each other in any size and number to produce a desired power output. PV panels have no emission, no noise and no moving parts. Also, their installation and maintenance tasks are very easy [23]. The main drawback of PV panels is their cost which is decreasing rapidly. Affordable prices boosted the use of PV panels in recent years. Global installed capacity of PV plants was 2.6 GW in 2004, increased to 100 GW in 2012 and become 139 GW by the year 2013 [20].
Desalination of sea water or other salty ground waters is a practical and proven method of producing fresh water where it is needed. The main issue for this desalination process is a low cost, environment friendly, readily available energy to drive the process. Solar energy is one of the best sources of this type and it is abundant throughout the year especially in solar belt region at which most of the water scarcity is suffered by about 5 billion people. Solar water desalination is a well-known and proven technique which has been used for a long time at remote areas and places suffering from shortage of potable quality water. There are many variations of solar driven desalination systems. Figure 6 shows a pull classification and integrated big picture view of desalination processes and the place of renewable energy among the other methods. These systems can be classified mainly into two groups as direct and indirect desalination systems which will be described below.
Most of the large solar desalination plants are driven by indirect solar energy. Indirect solar desalination systems can be classified into thermal, mechanical or electric driven technologies. Solar energy is collected through concentrating (PTC, LFC, TSC, SDC) or non-concentrating (FPCs, HPC, SP) collectors to run thermal desalination processes such as MSF, MED, thermal vapour compression (TVC) and membrane desalination (MD). Another indirect use of solar energy in desalination system is producing electricity from solar irradiation via PV panels and use to run ED which is the only desalination technology using electricity directly to produce fresh water. RO and freezing desalination techniques require mechanical energy which can be obtained from solar energy through heat engines (Rankine, sterling and brayton) or PV panels. Figure7 shows the shares of desalination technologies in indirect solar desalination plants installed worldwide.
Desalination techniques used for fresh water production [
Shares of desalination technologies in indirect solar desalination plants installed worldwide [
Pressurized feed water required for RO process can be provided by using either sterling or Rankine engine using solar heat, or using electric motor powered by PV panels. Since the usability of solar energy depends on season or weather conditions, sustainable and continuous production of fresh water requires taking some additional measures like energy storage such as thermal energy storage and battery, or hybridization with other energy sources like wind, geothermal and diesel, or with another desalination method combined with RO. Although the pre-treatment of water before the RO membrane reduces the energy efficiency, it is still more efficient than phase change thermal processes. Separated brine water with high pressure can be rejected after passing through a pressure exchanger to recover some of the wasted energy. Figure8illustrates a basic RO system powered by a solar-heated Rankine turbine. The waste heat of the cycle may be reused to preheat the feed water.
Basic diagram of a reverse osmosis system powered by a solar-heated Rankine cycle [
As shown in Figure 9, cold salt water travels through the stages from cold side to hot side absorbing heat inside the vessel to cause condensation of steam and formation of distilled water. The vessels here serve as an evaporator as the brine evaporates inside. Although higher number of stages increases efficiency, it also increases the installation costs. Therefore, there are about 19–28 stages in modern large MSF plants. Preheated salt water exits the hottest (or the first) stage and enters to the collector to absorb additional heat and enters to the first stage vessel. The first stage vessel is adjusted to a certain pressure that the entering hot brine is over the boiling temperature for that pressure. Therefore, a portion of the incoming brine water suddenly evaporates which is called the “flash”. Steam produced by this flash hits to the condenser above and becomes liquid condensate which drops on a fresh water collector and taken out as fresh water through a controlled valve. Demister is used to trap the water particles that may burst up during the flash and mix with the fresh water [27].
MSF plants can be integrated to any heat sources including solar concentrating (PTC, LFC, TSC, SDC) collectors, solar pond and flat plate, evacuated and heat piped collectors and any type of waste heat at moderate temperatures (from a steam or gas turbine power plant etc.).
Schematic view of (a) one stage flash distillation, (b) two stage flash distillation [
MED system is also able to operate by mechanical vapour compression (MED-MVC) when there is no usable heat. A mechanical compressor sucks the vapour from the last cell producing vacuum which promotes evaporation and compresses the vapour before sending to the heat exchanger of first cell with elevated temperature caused by the compression which also increases the evaporation rate in the first cell. MED-MVC system operates similar to MED-TVC cycle except for the mechanical compressor.
Typical arrangement of a multiple effect solar distillation with thermo-compression (MED-TVC) [
Direct solar desalination methods make use of the heat energy contained in the solar irradiation directly to produce fresh water without association with any other mechanical or electrical devices. Direct systems are low cost and suitable for small applications. Since their operation temperature and steam pressure is low, they have smaller production rates than indirect desalination systems. There are mainly two types of direct desalination technique such as humidification-dehumidification method and solar stills. Solar stills have also two variants as active and passive distillation methods.
A gigantic scale HD-DHD method is used in the nature for millions of years to produce fresh water from the seas and oceans using the sun as the heat source [29]. As shown in Figure 1, water evaporates and humidifies the above air. Air flows in the atmosphere carries the vapour to where it will condense and dehumidify to form fresh precipitation called rain, snow or hail. HD-DHD distillation method is the small scale replication of this process.
The productivity of HD-DHD system is about five times the productivity of an equivalent basin type solar still at the same climatic conditions. HD-DHD process is also named as the multiple-effect humidification-dehumidification process; multiple-effect humidification (MEH) or solar multistage condensation evaporation cycle (SMCEC).
In HD-DHD system atmospheric air is heated through a solar air heater. Because the water vapour holding capacity of air increases by the temperature (about 100 gr vapour/ kg dry air at 60°C and 500 gr vapour/kg dry air at 80°C) [30]. Warm dry air enters in to the humidification chamber and absorbs vapour from sprayed salt water. It passes through a pipe into dehumidification in which cold salt water passes through another pipeline which acts as a condenser for incoming warm humid air. Thus the salt water is preheated by the heat, recovered from condensing vapour, to utilize evaporation in the humidification chamber and the warm air is dehumidified leaving fresh water at the bottom of dehumidification chamber. Figure 11 shows the schematic illustration of HD-DHD system. Building and operating an HD-DHD system is simple safe and low-cost making it a very suitable desalination process among the small capacity plants [31].
Schematic diagram of humidification-dehumidification system [
Solar stills can be used to produce fresh water from salt water in a very cheap, simple and easy way [32]. They are preferred for small-scale fresh water needs of people in remote places instead of transporting fresh water. A very fortunate aspect of the solar water distillation technique is that when fresh water demand is at its peak, solar insolation is also high (especially hot seasons) [6].
Solar irradiation passes through a cover and falls onto the black bottom surface of the still causing the surface and contained salt or brackish water to warm up. Heated water evaporates and rises up until it touches to the inner side of the cover where it condenses and forms fresh water drops. Since the cover of the still is designed with a tilt angle, these drops are moved by gravitational forces towards the distilled water collecting channels. Figure 12 shows the schematic view of a double-slope symmetrical basin still (also known as, roof type or greenhouse type). The weak point of solar stills is the significant amount of heat loses because its large surfaces are in contact with the ground and air.
Distribution of the solar energy falling on a double slope symmetrical basin still [
Ground side can be insulated to some extent. However, the upper side which has to be exposed to solar irradiation cannot be insulated and there is serious amount of heat lose through radiation, convection and condensation of vapour on the cover surface. The performance of a solar still is closely related to the thermo physical properties of the material to be used in the still, tilt angle of cover, spacing between cover and water surface, insulation, vapour tightness and absorbance-transmittance properties of still, etc. as well as operating parameters such as water depth in the basin, initial water temperature, water salinity, etc.
Figure 12 shows the distribution of the solar energy falling on a basin still system. Ta, Tb, Tg and Tw in the figure are ambient temperature, basin temperature, glass temperature and water temperature, and
hwg, hga and hwb are the heat transfer coefficients from the water surface to glass, from the glass to the environment and from the water to basin liner respectively, given by Tiwari [35]. hew is the coefficient of heat loss by evaporation from water surface, Pg is the glass saturated partial pressure, and Pw is the water saturated partial pressure [35, 36].
Following Kumar et al. [37], the energy balance equations for different components of an active solar still are given as follows:
Sum of the radiation absorbed by the glass surface and the heat transferred from the water to glass surface is equal to the heat transferred from glass surface to the ambient.
Sum of the usable energy coming from the collector, the radiation absorbed by the water mass and the heat transferred from the basin liner (glass cover) to the water equals to the sum of heat stored in the water and the heat transferred from the water surface to the glass surface.
Solar radiation absorbed by the basin liner is equal to the sum of the heat transferred to the water by convection and the heat transferred from the surface to the ambient.
If the rate of useful energy coming from the collector (W) is zero (
Hourly output of still is [35, 38]
The efficiencies were calculated by the following equation [35, 39]:
Solar stills are mainly of two types according to their operation modes and modifications as active or passive solar stills. Active solar stills typically use a secondary external heat sources such as; collector/concentrator panel, solar pond, hybrid PV/T systems, waste thermal energy from any chemical/industrial plant, etc. If there is no supplementary external heat source, the system is called a passive solar still [40].
Passive distillation systems are divided into two groups such as high temperature (≥60°C) and normal temperature (≤60°C) distillation systems. High temperature passive distillation systems are horizontal basin still, inclined basin solar still, regenerative effect solar still, vertical solar still and spherical condensing solar still. Normal temperature passive distillation systems are inclined solar still, new designs of solar still and conventional solar still. Basin type is the most widely used solar stills today. Basin type solar stills have been modified into several types according to their cover designs such as; single slope, double slope, V type and hemispherical as shown in Figure 13. Average distillate production rate of a standard single-basin still is between 0.005 and 0.011 m3 m-2 day-1 depending on the insulation quality [32].
Different designs of basin type solar stills have been developed and tried to find an optimum solar still which; can be transported to the site and assembled easily, does not require rare materials that cannot be found easily, has an acceptable service life, can operate by itself without any need for external power support, has a rainfall collecting facility and does not pollute or contaminate the fresh water and of course with low cost.
Common design of solar stills: (a). single-slope basin still, (b). double-slope basin still, (c). V-type solar still, (d). Hemispherical type solar still [
Integrating a separate external condenser with the still as in Figure 14 decreases the convective heat loss through the still cover and provides an effective heat sink for the condensing vapour which increases the distillate yield by about 50–70%.Some of the evaporating water condenses on the cover surface and a fraction of the vapour passes to the condenser chamber by the effect of pressure difference causing the pressure in the still chamber to drop. Lowered pressure decreases the formation rate and number of vapour droplets on the inside surface of the still cover which allows more solar radiation to reach the water in the still basin and improves evaporation.
Using nano fluids along with external condenser is another contemporary method to further increase the productivity by about 115% [42]. External condenser accumulates the latent heat of condensing vapour which can be used to preheat salt water before entering the still or to prolong the distillation process during night hours. Using external condenser makes it possible to use a cover with very low inclination Figure 14a [43].
(a) Schematics of the solar still with minimum inclination, coupled to an outside condenser [
Conventional basin type solar stills have significant disadvantages; horizontal water surface inevitably causes cosine loses especially at higher latitudes and large thermal capacity of the water in still basin limits fresh water output. Many researchers and new designs have been done to minimize or overcome these drawbacks of solar stills [46].
Stills with inclined absorber surfaces are reported to have significantly higher productivity compared to basin-type stills. In an inclined still, water flows from the top to the bottom of the absorber surface. To maintain uniform thickness of water, a wick is used to draw water by capillary effect. The productivity of a solar still is affected by the temperature difference between the water and condensing surfaces. A higher temperature difference between these surfaces yields higher productivity. To maintain this temperature difference, various methods were proposed [47].
In inclined stills feed water coming from the tank comes to the collector in pipes, passes through the drilled holes and drops onto the black absorber plate to evaporate by taking heat from the plate which is heated by solar irradiation. Vapour goes up and touches to the glass cover which is cool enough to condense on. Fresh water distillate accumulates on the inner surface of the glass cover and flows downwards to the condensate outlet port by gravitational forces.
Water droplet falling onto the absorber plate does not distribute perfectly on the absorber plate surface. Using a wick on the absorber plate helps to distribute water more evenly over the absorber plate using capillary effect which improves evaporation rate. Another way of improving the performance is to cool glass cover to ease condensation. Shaded plate is a simple yet effective solution (Figure 15). One fourth of the glass surface is shaded from the top leaving a gap of several centimetres between the shading plate and the glass. This arrangement provides a chimney effect in this gap and improves convective heat transfer to the atmosphere which cools down this part of the glass and increases the condensate production rate [47].
A good way to solve the cosine loss problem of basin type solar still is to design an inclined structure with cascaded weirs (Figure 16) [48]. Salt water is fed from the top and condensate is collected from the bottom end. Feed water flows through the weirs and fills all the weirs evenly. There is a small distance between the cover and absorber plate which quickens the saturation and condensation processes making the cascade system more efficient more than other solar stills.
Weir-type cascade solar stills do not suffer from dry spot or channelization problems since the brine is forced to flow each step one by one without leaving any dry surface on the absorber plate. Water flow way is longer than a normal or wicked inclined type stills and accordingly the solar exposition time is longer which increases the efficiency. It has the advantages of both basin type and inclined type solar stills. Further development of these weir-type cascade stills include using wick on each cascaded steps and phase change material (typically paraffin wax) beneath the absorber surface to store energy when it is abundant and give it back to the salt water when it is needed in cloudy days or evening times [48].
Inclined solar water distillation system and schematic diagram of the system [
Schematic view of a weir type cascade solar still [
Another well-designed still is a combination of a glass cylinder and a tray or trough inside the cylinder (Figure 17a). Salt water is fed into the tray and the water travels through the tray. Incoming solar energy heats the tray and water to cause evaporation of salt water and consequently condensation of the vapour on the cylinder surface. Water droplets slip down and accumulate at the bottom of glass cylinder and collected through the fresh water outlet. Cylindrical tube type stills are compact, robust and have high yield per unit are compared to the conventional basin still design [50]. There is a similar design in which wick is used in the tray to absorb salt water and diffuse throughout the tray with capillary effect. Wick lies along an incline, with the upper edge dipped in a saline water reservoir and there are two outlets, one for the excess water and the other is for condensate. Capillary suction of the cloth fibers used as wick produces a thin water film which can easily evaporate by the incoming solar radiation. The condensing surface area of the cylindrical glass over the evaporation tray is much more than that of a flat surface and this results in a relatively colder glass cover faster condensation rate [46].
A similar approach uses a sphere instead of cylinder as the still housing. A black painted of covered metallic plate is located at the centre plane of the spherical glass (Figure 17b). Spherical solar stills works like cylindrical ones and they are about 30% more efficient than an equivalent conventional solar still. Spherical stills have even more condensation area per evaporation surface compared to cylindrical solar stills but it is not scalable as easy as cylindrical ones [46].
Schematic representation of (a) tubular solar still (front view) [
Many investigations have been conducted in attempt to improve the efficiency and productivity of solar stills. Some of these techniques are decreasing the depth of water in the basin, mixing black dye with the salt water, using better insulation to minimize the heat losses, improving the vapour tightness, proper orientation of the still as to receive more solar irradiation, etc.
Apart from the above-mentioned passive methods, there are a number of active methods of improving thermal efficiency such as integrating a still with a solar heater of concentrator. Active solar stills receive additional thermal energy from an outer source to the water in the basin which improves the rate of evaporation. A detailed classification of active and passive solar stills is given in Figure 6. Active solar stills are classified according to the integration type and operation principles of the solar stills. The main classification categories are: nocturnal distillation, pre-heated water distillation and high-temperature distillation solar stills.
Latent heat of condensation is one of the most significant heat losses of solar distillation systems. Finding a way for the re-utilization of this heat would greatly increase the thermal efficiency of the solar distillation system, which is defined as the daily production per square meter. One of those ideas is re-using the latent heat of condensation at the cover of a basin to heat the water in another basin [46]. Such a design is called multi-basin solar stills (Figure18). In multi-basin design, two or more basins are constructed like the floors in an apartment building. The bottom-most basin is covered by an absorber plate while the upper basins are transparent to allow solar radiation to reach the bottom plate. Condensing vapour at each basin cover heats up the cover by the latent heat of condensation. Heated cover of a basin forms basin of the upper still section and heats the water on it by that latent heat by re-utilizing the waste heat. Each section has its own condensate collection and salt water feeding channels.
Schematic view of a double basin solar still. (b) Double basin still coupled to a collector in the natural circulation mode. (c) Double basin coupled to a collector in the forced circulation mode [
As shown in Figures 19 and 20, flat plate collectors and evacuated collectors can be used in active solar distillation systems. Solar collectors have high efficiency and improve the amount of distillation. However, the collector should be used in closed cycle to avoid precipitation of salt and other contaminants in the tubes and demolish the performance of the collector. Instead, a heat exchanger should be used (Figure 20) to transfer the heat to the basin water of the still [34].
Vacuum tube collector assisted solar distillation system [
Flat plate solar collector assisted active distillation system and its schematic view
Solar stills can be successfully integrated with parabolic solar concentrators (Figure 21). Solar tracking parabolic concentrators concentrate the solar irradiation falling on a large area onto a small receiver area at high temperatures. High temperature and low heat loss area of the still basin which is located on the focal point of parabolic concentrator greatly improves the efficiency of the still. Salt water can be supplied to the still by natural or forced circulation [52].
Schematic of a concentrating collector still [
Since the most critical stages of distillation process are evaporation and condensation, any measures that helps these two stages increases the efficiency significantly. A clever idea for promoting the evaporation at a certain temperature is forced air bubbling which causes an instantaneous atomization of water towards the air and a rapid evaporation. If it is possible to pre-heat the air that will be used for bubbling evaporation would be much better since the air that will carry the vapour also has the extra heat that evaporation process requires instantly during the bubbling effect (Figure 22). Another effective way of improving the still efficiency is cooling the cover surface [46, 52].
Air-bubbled solar still [
In a recent design, evacuated solar collector is hybridized with wicks/solar still to improve the productivity of still (Figure 23). Using single layer or double layer wick on absorber plate and integrating a feed water tank to feed hot salt water which is heated by solar collector during the daytime made up of a great combination of wick, inclined solar heating and energy storage which boosted the thermal performance and operation time of the still [53].
Schematic diagram of hybrid desalination system using wicks/solar still and evacuated solar water heater [
Making a general consideration of the solar stills, some common results can be concluded:
Fresh water yield of a solar still depends on several parameters like solar insolation, ambient air temperature, wind speed, atmospheric humidity, sky conditions etc.
The inclination angle of cover should be equal to the latitude of the installation site to minimize the cosine loses.
Increasing water depth in the still basin decreases the distillate production rate.
Each type of solar still has its own advantages and disadvantages. None of them is perfect.
Increasing salinity of the salt water decreases the distillate production rate especially at low concentration range.
Due to inclination angle single slope passive solar stills are better than double slope passive solar stills.
FPC with forced circulation mode increase the performance solar still more than thermo syphon mode.
Wind can slightly increase the total production.
Although from morning to noon the highest distillate output are obtained at the highest water temperature times, more outputs can be observed at less water temperatures which can be attributed to the cooling glass cover before the system itself.
Double slope passive solar still has a higher thermal efficiency than double slope active solar still.
In active double effect solar stills lower basin gives the maximum yield because of the high noon temperature.
The amount of fresh water produce in the still is closely related with thermal conductivity of condensing cover material.
Drinkable fresh water, being a fundamental need of human being, has become a serious concern for people especially living in crowded cities and countries with limited amount of water resources. Supplying fresh water is an energy intensive task especially when there is need for heating cold water to evaporate for distillation. Most of the big desalination plants around the world use fossil-based fuels as energy source to heat and vaporize the sea water or brackish water in order to produce fresh water. However, environmental concerns along with decreasing oil reserves and increasing fuel costs call for reconsideration on the fuel types used in many areas as well as in desalination or distillation processes. There are a number of well-known alternative and renewable energy sources in the world like wind, geothermal, solar, biomass etc. but achievability, availability when needed and energy storage are also very critical issues to operate the distillation plant effectively.
A very fortunate aspect of the issue is the coincidence of fresh water need and abundant solar energy. Most of the places with severe water scarcity are about the equator region where people needs more water due to highest degrees of air temperature in the world. Therefore, especially for these countries located in solar belt region, solar energy is a readily available, cost-free and abundant energy source which does not require transportation or very sophisticated technology to benefit from. Since most of the desalination processes run on heat, solar energy can be used directly as heat source which decreases the installation and operation costs significantly. Apart from simple solar powered stills, of course there are more complicated, yet much more efficient solar powered stills. Complex desalination systems which are all designed to improve the thermal efficiency and freshwater yield/productivity use many approaches such as: multiple stage operation, pre-heating the feed water with the condensation energy, using additional heat sources (waste water from another process), concentrating solar energy to improve the operation temperature of the process etc.
Solar desalination systems can be a good solution to the water scarcity of especially the Sunbelt region. However, dominant use of clean and renewable energy sources for desalination process and replacement of the fossil fuel-based operations require more R&D studies to find more efficient and/or less costly power plants with continuous operation by the means of energy storage solutions.
Ac\n\t\t\t | \n\t\t\tArea of collector (m2) | \n\t\t
Α | \n\t\t\tAbsorptivity | \n\t\t
CPC | \n\t\t\tCompound parabolic collectors | \n\t\t
cw\n\t\t\t | \n\t\t\tSpecific heat of water in solar still (J/kg K) | \n\t\t
ED | \n\t\t\tElectro dialysis | \n\t\t
ETC | \n\t\t\tEvacuated tube collector | \n\t\t
FPC | \n\t\t\tFlat plate collector | \n\t\t
FR\n\t\t\t | \n\t\t\tHeat removal factor | \n\t\t
hb\n\t\t\t | \n\t\t\tOverall heat transfer coefficient from basin liner to ambient air through bottom and side insulation (W/m2 °C) | \n\t\t
HD-DHD | \n\t\t\tHumidification-dehumidification | \n\t\t
hew\n\t\t\t | \n\t\t\tHeat loss coefficient by evaporation from water surface (W/m2K) | \n\t\t
hwg\n\t\t\t | \n\t\t\tHeat transfer coefficient from the water surface to the glass (W/m2K) | \n\t\t
hga\n\t\t\t | \n\t\t\tHeat transfer coefficient from the glass to the ambient (W/m2K) | \n\t\t
hwb\n\t\t\t | \n\t\t\tHeat transfer coefficient from the water to the basin liner (W/m2K) | \n\t\t
HP | \n\t\t\tHeat pipe | \n\t\t
Ic\n\t\t\t | \n\t\t\tSolar intensity on the glass cover of the solar collector panel (W/m2) | \n\t\t
| \n\tEffective solar radiation intensity (W/m2) | \n
L | \n\tLatent heat of vaporization (J/kg) | \n
LCZ | \n\tLower Convective Zone | \n
LFC | \n\tLinear Fresnel collector technology | \n
MED | \n\tMultiple effect distillation | \n
MED-MVC | \n\tMechanic vapour compression MED | \n
MED-TVC | \n\tThermal vapour compression MED | \n
MEH | \n\tMultiple-effect humidification | \n
Mw\n\t | \n\tMass of water in basin (kg) | \n
| \nHourly output of still (kg/m2h) | \n
\n\t\t | \n\tSalt mass fraction | \n
MSF | \n\tMulti-stage flash | \n
NCZ | \n\tNon convective zone | \n
Pg\n\t | \n\tGlass saturated partial pressure (N/m2) | \n
Pw\n\t | \n\tWater saturated partial pressure (N/m2) | \n
PTC | \n\tParabolic trough collector | \n
| \nEvaporative heat transfer (W) | \n
| \nRate of useful energy from collector (W) | \n
RO | \n\tReverse osmosis | \n
SDC | \n\tSolar dish collector technology | \n
SGSP | \n\tSalt gradient solar pond | \n
SMCEC | \n\tSolar multi-stage condensation evaporation cycle | \n
SWH | \n\tSolar water heating | \n
Τ | \n\tTransmittance | \n
Ta\n\t | \n\tAmbient air temperature (K) | \n
Tb\n\t | \n\tBasin temperature (K) | \n
Tg\n\t | \n\tStill glass cover temperature (K) | \n
Tw\n\t | \n\tStill water temperature (K) | \n
TSP | \n\tTower solar power technology | \n
UCZ | \n\tUpper convective zone | \n
UL\n\t | \n\tOverall heat transfer coefficient (W/m2 °C) | \n
V | \n\tWind speed (m/s) | \n
VC | \n\tVapour compression | \n
| \nSolar flux absorbed by the basin liner | \n
| \nSolar flux absorbed by glass cover | \n
| \nSolar flux absorbed by water mass | \n
\n\t\t | \n\t\n |
c | \n\tCollector | \n
Since the seminal study of Sheldon in 1923, the term “corporate social responsibility” (CSR) has received phenomenal interest from different scholars as a behavioral financial tool to align business interests with society’s interests [1]. CSR can be viewed as an ecosystem that aims to enhance the welfare of a society by conducting ethical business practices. According to World Business Council for Sustainable Development (WBCSD), “CSR is the continuing commitment by businesses to behave ethically and contribute to economic development while improving the quality of life of the workforce and their families as well as of the local community and society at large” [2]. CSR is neither a charity nor a one-stop process. It is dynamic, welfare-oriented, and largely context-specific. It is enunciated under the ambit of formal and informal institutions to fulfill social obligations and ensure legitimacy in doing business. As countries worldwide tend to differ regarding economic status, regulatory forbearance, and social sanctions, so does the paradigm of CSR. Thus, CSR remains an iconic area for research to accumulate knowledge.
For empirical works, scholars tend to identify ceteris paribus CSR’s determinants and impacts from different perspectives, such as governance, management strategies, industrial nature, and regulatory and financial developments [3, 4, 5]. CSR activities in developing economies also vary from developed economies. While firms in developed economies tend to allocate a significant portion of CSR budgets to gender equality, work culture, ethical business practices, and reputation, developing economies are likely to view CSR as a philanthropic activity and rarely consider such social components of CSR in the policy [6]. Scholars also tend to offer confounding empirical results concerning the economic benefit of CSR activities across countries. For example, some studies reveal a positive and significant association between CSR disclosure and firm performance [7, 8, 9], whereas others accentuate the negative relationship between them [10, 11]. In addition, some studies highlight the positive link between CSR and governance elements, whereas others do not confirm it [12, 13, 14]. More importantly, Nobel laureate Paul Samuelson strongly advocates CSR activities as a testament to noneconomic success [15]. By contrast, another Nobel laureate Friedman raises a strong voice against using corporations’ money for general social interest [16]. Thus, the importance of CSR on firm values and factors promoting CSR activities remains a highly debatable issue in academic literature.
Given the above, we study CSR activities by banks in an emerging economy, such as Bangladesh, and examine whether the board elements influence the CSR activities of the banking industry to add knowledge. We consider the banking industry because this sector plays a critical role in supplying finance and promoting economic growth in developing economies, such as Bangladesh. Moreover, the banking sector deserves special attention in CSR study because the long-term success of a bank depends on both transactional and relational capital that CSR activities can increase. Also, banks can influence other businesses to practice socially responsible behaviors by incorporating CSR tools in their lending models [17].
We consider Bangladesh as a case to study CSR activities for two reasons. First, Bangladesh has been one of the leading economies in South Asia in terms of GDP growth rates in the last decade (6% plus on average). While economic development is evident in Bangladesh, the country is subject to global warming. For example, despite producing only 0.56% of the global emissions, Bangladesh is considered one of the most environmentally vulnerable countries globally [18]. It is said that by 1950, nearly 18 million people will be displaced in Bangladesh because of the increase in sea level alone [19]. Furthermore, the climate change caused by global warming will create detrimental effects on health, energy, productivity, water supply, agriculture, forestry, and the ecosystem of the country. Recognizing such severe consequences of global warming, the government of Bangladesh considered CSR as an economic policy tool in 2008 to ensure corporate accountability on the one hand and build a sound ecosystem on the other. However, empirical research on CSR activities in Bangladesh is found to be scant thus far and mostly confined to CSR disclosures in the annual reports [5, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25]. Therefore, updated knowledge of CSR activities in Bangladesh is crucial to policy reforms. We fill this void.
Second, Bangladesh does not have a vivid capital market that can supply necessary funds to the entrepreneurial firms, implying that the lion’s share of the funds is intermediated through commercial banks. Thus, commercial banks expect to play an essential role in increasing the qualitative development of Bangladesh beyond increasing the financial depth as they can deploy creditors’ rights in monitoring the firm. In this pretext, the central bank of Bangladesh (Bangladesh Bank) issued the first guideline on CSR for the banks and nonbank financial institutions in 2008 to make them part of the ecosystem by giving tax rebates on CSR spending. Of late (January 10, 2022), Bangladesh Bank issued another circular on CSR, highlighting more spending on healthcare and environmental issues to ensure the use of the funds for sustainable development. In the meantime, some studies were undertaken to understand the CSR activities of the banking system of Bangladesh, but they were mainly limited to CSR disclosures and financial performance [5, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25]. Thus, little has been known so far on the governance and CSR nexus in the banking industry of Bangladesh.
Given the above, we seek to answer whether the board structure mater in CSR spending of the commercial banks in Bangladesh. As a supreme authority, the corporate board is responsible for and oversees management and governance activities, is entrusted with protecting shareholders’ interests, and ratifies actions supportive of the economic and social values of the firm. The stakeholder theory suggests that the extent to which a firm can enhance stakeholders’ welfare depends on the demographic and cognitive profiles of the board member [26, 27]. This, in turn, directs a firm to allocate resources to facilitate social welfare. That being said, the board composition is likely to deter or promote the CSR activities of a corporation. This is particularly true in countries, such as Bangladesh, where the banking system primarily caters to the country’s financial needs. However, to our knowledge, few studies have checked the board structure and CSR nexus in the context of Bangladesh. Therefore, we empirically address this issue by hand-collecting data from the annual reports of 30 private commercial banks listed on the Dhaka Stock Exchange (DSE) in Bangladesh to update knowledge. Simultaneously, we review the CSR guidelines of the Bangladesh bank and unfold patterns of CSR spending to contribute to the policy-making.
We find that board elements, such as independent directors and board size have a significant and positive relationship with CSR expenditures, suggesting that banks with larger boards and boards with more independent directors tend to spend more money on CSR activities. This finding supports the stakeholder theory and aligns with the findings of previous studies [13, 26, 28]. By contrast, we reveal that female directors tend to deter CSR spending by banks, indicating that they are either free riders or not interested in the CSR activities of the banks. Regarding control variables, we reveal that factors, such as firm size and leverage, positively influence the CSR spending of commercial banks, while firms’ profitably has no such connection. As regards the pattern of CSR spending by banks, we find that although the absolute amount of CSR spending by banks has increased substantially over the years, they are limited to certain sectors, such as health, education, humanitarian, and disaster sectors, with a heterogeneous trend.
The rest of the chapter is organized as follows: Section 2 provides an overview of CSR guidelines for the banking system of Bangladesh, while Section 3 discusses the sector-wise distribution of CSR spending by Banks. Section 4 reviews previous literature and formulates hypotheses. Section 5 discusses research methods. Section 6 provides regression results, and Section 7 concludes the chapter with some policy remarks.
As a controller of financial institutions, Bangladesh Bank issues CSR guidelines for all scheduled banks and nonbank financial institutions to ensure corporate accountability, ethical practice, and social justice. On June 01, 2008, Bangladesh Bank, for the first time, issued a circular on CSR reporting for all scheduled banks and nonbank financial institutions (NBFIS) to provide equitable and meaningful solutions to social and environmental issues. In this circular, Bangladesh bank asked commercial banks to include CSR at the corporate level (board of directors of the bank), select CSR action programs, fix performance targets in consultation with the internal and external stakeholders, and disclose CSR activities ad-hoc basis. The circular outlined four sections of CSR that include: (a) introduction, (b) source materials helpful in drawing up CSR programs and sustainability reports, (c) initiating CSR programs in banks and financial institutions, and (d) monitoring of CSR performance. Also, the circular was attached with “Annexure-A,” where 14 related references were given to report CSR performance. Then on June 02, 2009, Bangladesh Bank issued another circular with reference to the previous circular to help massive Cyclone Ayla affected people in Bangladesh. Then, on July 15, 2010, Bangladesh Bank enclosed a format for monitoring the CSR adoption and performance for banks and asked them to submit a statement on CSR activities following the prescribed format on a half-yearly basis within 30 days of each half-year period. These guidelines are viewed as a milestone for CSR activities for the banks in Bangladesh. It outlined some critical issues, such as financial inclusion, social projects, community investment, and the number of beneficiaries for CSR reporting, and made the CSR report mandatory for banks. After this circular, Bangladesh Bank issued another circular on December 20, 2010, asking banks to establish a separate CSR desk in banks for proper communication. Then, on February 10, 2011, Bangladesh Bank provided policy guidelines for practicing green banking. Following this circular, banks were required to report initiatives under the green banking program to Bangladesh Bank quarterly. Also, banks were asked to disclose green banking activities in their annual reports and update their websites as well. In the following circular on December 01, 2011, Bangladesh Bank focused on gender equality in the workplace and provided a format to report gender equality-related performance. The green banking initiative and gender equality in the workplace is a breakthrough in promoting CSR activities in Bangladesh.
Another significant regulatory development related to CSR activities took place in April 2013 when Bangladesh Bank established a Green Banking and CSR Department (GBCSRD) to ensure proper monitoring of the CSR activities by banks. On April 11, 2013, the GBCSRD issued a circular to submit reports on school banking on a half-yearly, green banking quarterly, and other CSR activities, such as gender equality and educational support activities quarterly. On December 22, 2014, the GBCSRD issued another circular titled “Indicative guidelines for CSR expenditure allocation and end-use oversight” to cover administrative setup, budgetary allocation process, expected range/coverage of allocations, and end-use monitoring of CSR expenditures in CSR reporting. In the expected range/coverage section, banks were asked to allocate at least 30% of total spending to the education sector, 20% to preventive and curative health care supports, and a significant amount of funds for meeting any urgency, such as environmental disasters. One of the remarkable progresses in this circular was that banks were responsible for monitoring the proper utilization of CSR funds and keeping all end-use monitoring records available for inspection by internal and external auditors and supervision officials from Bangladesh Bank.
Afterward, on June 10, 2015, the GBCSRD issued a new format for CSR reporting under the “statement on corporate social responsibility initiatives.” This format outlined three critical areas for CSR reporting: Corporate governance, policy issues, and CSR expenditures. The corporate governance section emphasized reporting the initiatives for institutionalizing the corporate governance framework to add value to the stakeholders, such as shareholders, customers, partners, and employees. Policy issues covered the transmission of information approved by the board regarding CSR, and the CSR expenditure section highlighted the areas of CSR spending, including (1) social projects, (2) community investment, and (3) priority sectors. Then, on June 23, 2015, GBCSRD advised banks to include “virtuousness and anticorruption publicity expense” as CSR activity and report it in the “others” section as per the previously enclosed format. Finally, on January 10, 2022, GBCSRD issued a new guideline for CSR spending focusing more on healthcare and environmental issues to uphold the country’s sustainable growth. As per this circular, banks and NBFIs were advised to allocate a minimum of 30% of total CSR expenditure for health care, another 30% for education, and a minimum of 20% for tackling the adverse impact of global warming and climate change and urban migration.
As a whole, it is observed that since the year 2008, Bangladesh Bank has taken substantial measures to enhance the CSR activities of the commercial banks. In the initial phase, CSR was recognized as a philanthropic activity for banks to report ad hoc. However, after a couple of years, CSR was included in the lending model of the banks, and it became a policy instrument for sustainable growth. Also, Bangladesh bank institutionalized CSR activities by setting up a new CSR department (GBCSRD) and widening CSR activities in areas, such as health, education, sanitary, gender equality, environmental disasters, and green banking. Simultaneously, Bangladesh Bank made CSR reporting mandatory for commercial banks and made them responsible for monitoring the end-use of CSR expenditures while keeping all those records for internal and external audits. In addition, Bangladesh Bank decided to publish the CSR activities of banks on a half-yearly basis to ensure transparency and accountability. All these initiatives indeed enhanced the CSR activities of the commercial banks, as illustrated in Section 3 of this chapter.
Table 1 presents the sector-wise distribution of direct CSR expenditures by banks over the period 2007–2020. Table 1 reveals that CSR spending by banks scaled up from Bangladesh Taka (BDT) 226.40 million in 2007 to BDT 5273.6 million in 2015, and then BDT 9675.5 million in 2020. Among different sectors, health, humanitarian and disaster sectors received primary importance in the initial phase of the CSR evolution in Bangladesh (2007–2010). However, at this phase, banks allocated maximum CSR funds to meet other purposes, such as buying books, scholarships for students, and boat races, as there was a lack of proper guidelines for reporting CSR spending. The education sector received considerable attention in receiving CSR in 2011, although the humanitarian and disaster relief sector dominated the CSR expenditures in the last couple of years. The education sector received BDT14.30 million (6.32%) in 2007, which increased to BDT 612.48 million (28%) in 2011, then nearly BDT3800 million (38%) in 2018. However, in 2020, the education sector captured 10.8% of the CSR spending by banks because the COVID-19 hurt the education sector severely. By contrast, the humanitarian and disaster relief sector captured 42% of the CSR expenditures in 2020 from 8.51% in 2011. The health sector appeared to be the third most crucial sector in capturing CSR expenditures in recent times, receiving 18.1% of CSR expenditures in 2020. The environment sector has been given priority since 2010. However, it bagged nearly 3.07% of the total allocated amount over the period (2010–2020), implying that bank officials were less concerned about the adverse effects of global warming. Notably, the two new sectors, infrastructure improvement and income-generating activities, were included in 2015 as a part of CSR spending, leaving sports as a minor priority sector. In addition, the arts and cultural sector received 9.23% in 2020, while the same was 4.16% in 2016 and 14.12% in 2010.
Sectors | Year | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2007 | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | 2014 | 2015 | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 | 2019 | 2020 | |
Education (%) | 14.30 (6.32) | 30.50 (7.43) | 94.80 (17.1) | 400.79 (17.2) | 612.48 (28.0) | 983.69 (32.3) | 1295.2 (28.9) | 1508.0 (29.5) | 1583.6 (30.0) | 1488.6 (30.0) | 2028.3 (27.3) | 3800.3 (42.0) | 1766.3 (27.3) | 1043.2 (10.8) |
Health (%) | 68.60 (30.3) | 112.10 (27.3) | 245.50 (44.3) | 689.07 (29.6) | 520.42 (23.8) | 435.43 (14.3) | 481.68 (10.8) | 1383.7 (27.1) | 1111.4 (21.1) | 381.80 (7.69) | 587.01 (7.89) | 516.80 (5.71) | 733.30 (11.3) | 1748.0 (18.1) |
Humanitarian and disaster relief (%) | 127.70 (56.4) | 58.60 (14.3) | 125.10 (22.6) | 460.40 (19.8) | 188.03 (8.59) | 788.37 (25.9) | 1385.8 (31.0) | 949.47 (18.6) | 1446.2 (27.4) | 1883.1 (37.9) | 3293.3 (44.3) | 3308.4 (36.6) | 2427.9 (37.5) | 4061.3 (42.0) |
Sports (%) | 2.70 (1.19) | 49.80 (12.1) | 1.20 (0.20) | 265.23 (11.4) | 359.07 (16.4) | 183.85 (6.03) | 384.02 (8.59) | 207.37 (4.06) | — | — | — | — | — | — |
Arts and culture (%) | — | 0.80 (0.19) | 0.30 (0.05) | 328.91 (14.1) | 171.52 (7.84) | 213.31 (7.01) | 124.75 (2.79) | 407.11 (7.97) | 414.00 (7.85) | 206.50 (4.16) | 358.90 (4.82) | 450.00 (4.97) | 280.00 (4.32) | 893.00 (9.23) |
Environment (%) | — | — | — | 59.78 (2.57) | 138.07 (6.31) | 140.23 (4.60) | 106.59 (2.38) | 164.55 (3.22) | 150.40 (2.85) | 144.11 (2.90) | 84.30 (1.13) | 27.90 (0.31) | 330.70 (5.10) | 239.10 (2.47) |
Infrastructure improvement (%) | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 40.30 (0.76) | 15.10 (0.30) | 13.60 (0.18) | 15.50 (0.17) | 13.70 (0.21) | 88.80 (0.92) |
Income generating activities (%) | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 79.20 (1.52) | 261.50 (5.26) | 3.60 (0.05) | 9.50 (0.11) | 1.20 (0.02) | 0.50 (0.01) |
Others (%) | 13.10 (5.79) | 158.90 (38.7) | 86.90 (15.7) | 125.58 (5.39) | 198.73 (9.08) | 301.81 (9.91) | 693.41 (15.5) | 485.24 (9.50) | 448.50 (8.50) | 616.80 (12.4) | 1070.9 (14.4) | 917.9 (10.2) | 925.60 (14.3) | 1601.6 (16.6) |
Sectoral distribution of direct CSR expenditure by banks (2007–2020).
Note: CSR reports of the Bangladesh Bank, different issues (2007–2020).
On the whole, we find that Bangladesh has a much narrower understanding of CSR activities because the allocated amount to CSR activities is still meager, although it has increased over the years with some exceptions. Also, CSR spending by banks on different sectors tends to follow a zigzag trend and is mainly limited to health, education, and contribution to natural disasters and humanitarian activities. These are partly due to regulators’ frequent changes in CSR policies and reporting formats. It is worth noting that until the year 2014, Bangladesh Bank compiled the CSR expenditure by banks under seven different sectors, including (1) education, (2) heath, (3) humanitarian and disaster relief, (4) sports, (5) arts and culture (6) environment, and (7) others. However, in 2015, Bangladesh Bank included two other sectors, such as infrastructure improvement and income-generating activities, and made some changes to the items in the previously prescribed sectors for reporting CSR activities. For example, the sports and arts and culture sectors were advised to register under the cultural welfare sector. In addition, Bangladesh Bank guided banks to allocate CSR funds to impoverished areas, such as virtuousness and anticorruption publicity, and advised banks to report them in the others section. The changes in CSR policies resulted in banks’ uneven allocation of CSR budgets to different sectors. Apart from this, some sectors, such as education, health, environment, and disaster relief, have been the priority sectors for the CSR spending by banks in Bangladesh.
Unlike developed economies, developing countries often face some structural problems, such as poverty, deadly diseases, corruption, water and air pollution, and natural hazards, besides the well-known institutional and market lagging issues, such as regulatory forbearance, weak governance, and absence of market players for corporate control [29, 30]. In such markets, both the stakeholder theory and legitimacy theory can be put into place to discuss the board structure and CSR nexus. The stakeholder theory presumes that board members’ personal and social background is critical to building a long-term sustainable relationship with the stakeholders [31]. In other words, stakeholder theory emphasizes ethical behavior, mutual interest, sustainability, and long-term relationship, which influence corporates to engage in CSR activities [32]. This implies that firms with a more diverse board tend to be more socially accountable than firms with relatively a weak board structure.
Likewise, legitimacy theory focuses on cultivating a long-term relationship with society to show the reasons for doing business in society and legitimate business activities by societal and regulatory forces. Legitimacy is a process to increase the trust of the external people. It includes stakeholder theory at the center point and focuses on the business’s long-term success at the gravity level by building reputational capital. Such practice motivates firms to undertake more CSR activities to legitimate their existence for a social cause beyond economic profits [33]. For that matter, it is the responsibility of the board to undertake activities that would enhance the financial performance of the business on the one hand and legitimize business operations on the other hand by gaining social trust. Therefore, both the stakeholder theory and legitimacy theory emphasize nurturing relationships with the stakeholders, although the former focuses more on building relationships with the powerful stakeholders while the latter discusses the importance of society as a whole to ensure long-term success [34]. Thus, we anchor on the stakeholder and legitimacy theories to explain the link between board structure and CSR spending by banks in Bangladesh.
The surrogates of board structure are board size, board independence, gender diversity on the board, and the number of board meetings. Board size is critical to promoting and monitoring CSR activities among these board elements because larger boards tend to have more voices on corporate CSR activities, such as investment in health, education, and the environment [5, 13]. However, extant literature provides mixed results on the relationship between board size and CSR performance. For example, some studies revealed a positive relationship between board size and CSR performance [28, 35, 36], while some noted an insignificant relationship between them [37, 38]. This difference in empirical results is attributed to the country-specific factors, such as corruption, business cultures, and enforcement status, of laws and regulations, suggesting more studies to accumulate knowledge.
Likewise, independent directors are instrumental in checking the social obligations of a firm because they are nonexecutive directors without having any pecuniary relationship with the firm. Also, independent directors want to protect their reputation by serving as a watchdog on the board and directing management to choose value-enhancing activities. Thus, independent directors have the power to refrain managers from building their empires through better monitoring [39]. However, similar to board size, extant studies show confounding results between board independence and CSR performance. Some studies highlighted a significant positive association between board independence and CSR performance [11, 12, 13]. On the other hand, some scholars noted a negative relationship [35, 40], while others did not find any significant connection between them. This mixed results in the relationship between board independence and CSR spending lie in the fact that independent directors may not function accurately in developing countries due to pressures from owner directors and fear of losing their job [41].
Another vital board element is the board gender diversity. Scholars argue that female representation on the board facilitates more discussion on CSR issues because women are likely to have more sensitive to ethical behavior, corporate philanthropy, and environmental pollution [42, 43]. Also, women directors tend to raise diverse issues related to women empowerment, thereby promoting gender equality in the workplace. Furthermore, women can address the concerns of various stakeholders more effectively, thereby increasing customers’ loyalty and leading to financial profits. However, akin to board size and board independence, empirical works unearth inconclusive results between board gender diversity and CSR performance. Some scholars revealed a significant positive connection between female directors on board and CSR performance [44, 45, 46]. Conversely, some documented a significant negative link between them [12, 47], while others found no meaningful connection [37, 48].
Finally, board meetings can impact the CSR activities of the firm because frequent board meetings create enough room for evaluating CSR activities and help to take corrective measures to improve CSR performance. However, empirical studies concerning the link between CSR and the frequency of board meetings are scant. Most scholars found no significant association between them [35]. We argue that in developing economies, such as Bangladesh, which has improper checks and balancing systems, frequent board meetings can help monitor the guile behavior of the management, resulting in the higher allocation of funds to CSR activities and more disclosure of nonfinancial information about the social and environmental practices by firms.
The above discussion clarifies that the connection between board structure and CSR spending is not univocal. The empirical results are confounding and often driven by a country’s economic structure, cultural understanding, institutional developments, and national commitments. Nevertheless, as Bangladesh has shown remarkable progress in allocating funds to CSR activities over the last couple of years, we surmise that board elements will be positively associated with CSR spending by banks. Accordingly, we develop the following hypothesis to examine the nexus of board structure and CSR performance.
Our sample consists of all the commercial banks, 30 in this case, listed on Dhaka Stock Exchange (DSE). We hand-collected necessary information on CSR spending by banks through the CSR reports published by Bangladesh Bank covering the period 2007–2020. Simultaneously, we checked the annual reports of sampled banks to check for any inconsistencies in CSR disclosures. For firm-specific data, we studied the annual reports of selected banks and obtained the required information.
We used four board elements: Board size, board independence, board gender, and frequency of board meetings as our main variables of interest. Board size was measured by the total number of directors on the board. Board independence represented the number of independent directors relative to the board size. Board gender was indexed by the percentage of female members on the board. Finally, the frequency of board meetings was measured by the number of meetings held annually. Also, we adopted some control variables, such as firm size, leverage, profitability, and firm age, following previous literature to get robust estimates [26, 49, 50]. We proxy for firm size with the total assets (
Variable | Acronym | Predicted sign | Measure |
---|---|---|---|
Board size | BDSIZE | + | Number of total directors on the board. We use the natural logarithm of the number of directors |
Board independence | BDIND | + | Number of independent directors relative to the total number of directors on the board |
Board gender | BDGEND | + | Number of female directors relative to the total number of directors on the board |
Board meeting | BDMEET | + | Number of total board meetings in a year. We take the natural logarithm of the number of board meetings |
Firm size | TA | + | Firm size is measured by the total assets of the company. We use the natural logarithm of the total assets |
Profitability | ROA | + | Profitability is measured by the return on assets (ROA) which is the ratio of net profit after tax to total assets |
Leverage | LEV | + | Leverage is measured as the ratio of total liabilities to total assets |
Age | AGE | +/− | Age is the number of years from the listing year. We take the natural logarithm of the number of years |
Definition of variables.
We used the following regression model to examine the relationship between board structure and CSR spending by banks.
where CSREXP is the corporate social responsibility (CSR) expenditure, BDSIZE is the size of the board, BDIND is the board independence, BDGEND is the board gender, BDMEET is the number of total board meetings, TA is the total assets, ROA is the return on assets, Lev is the gearing based on debt-to-equity ratio. εit is the disturbance term, and β1… β8 are the coefficients of the variables.
Table 3 portrays descriptive statistics of the variables. As shown in Table 3, the mean value of CSR expenditure is BDT 96.397 million with a minimum of zero and a maximum of BDT1813.6 million, indicating a significant difference between banks regarding CSR spending. As for board elements, not many banks have the majority of independent directors on the board (13.77% on an average) and board gender as well (10.50% on an average). The mean value of board size is 13.98, with a maximum of 28 directors and a minimum of five directors, indicating a large gap in board size between banks. Likewise, the average number of board meetings is 19.929, ranging between 4 and 62, indicating sharp differences between banks holding board meetings. Concerning the control variables, the banks’ mean return on assets (ROA) is 1.3%, with a minimum of −13.51%. Similarly, the mean value of total assets (TA) is BDT 268,174 million, with a minimum of BDT 11,240 million. The average leverage of the bank (LEV) is 92.90% because the banking sector is highly leveraged by operation. The average age of the banks varies between 0 and 37 years. As a whole, the descriptive statistics of the variables used in the study show larger fluctuations in terms of average performance and standard deviations.
Variables | Mean | Std. dev. | Min. | Max. |
---|---|---|---|---|
CSREXP (in million BDT) | 96.397 | 188.245 | 0 | 1813.6 |
BDSIZE | 13.98 | 4.038 | 5 | 28 |
BDIND | 0.137 | 0.105 | 0 | 0.429 |
BDGEND | 0.105 | 0.109 | 0 | 0.444 |
BDMEET | 19.929 | 8.492 | 4 | 62 |
TA (in million BDT) | 268,174 | 251,307 | 11,240 | 1,417,622 |
ROA | 0.013 | 0.015 | −0.1351 | 0.100 |
LEV | 0.929 | 0.133 | 0.010 | 1.766 |
AGE (in years) | 16.53 | 9.677 | 0 | 37 |
Number of observation | 420 | 420 | 420 | 420 |
Descriptive statistics.
Table 4 presents the correlation coefficient matrix in the variables under study. As shown in Table 4, CSR spending (CSREXP) is positively associated with the size of the firm (TA), with a correlation coefficient of 0.705 (p < 0.001) at a 1% significant level. Also, there is a positive relationship between CSR spending and leverage of the firm (LEV), with a correlation coefficient of 0.245 (p < 0.001) at a 1% significance level. Similar evidence is found between the age of the bank (AGE) and CSR spending, with a correlation coefficient of 0.172 (p < 0.001) at a 1% significant level. However, the correlation between CSR spending and return on assets (ROA) is insignificant. As regards board structure, CSR spending has a positive relationship with the board size (BDSIZE), board meetings (BDMEET), and board independence (BDIND) at the 1% significance level. However, there is no significant association between CSR spending and board gender (BDGEND), indicating that female members on the board do not influence CSR spending by banks. Finally, we did not see any multicollinearity problem in the factors to run the regression.
Variable | CSREXP | TA | LEV | ROA | AGE | BDSIZE | BDMEET | BDIND | BDGEND |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
CSREXP | 1 | ||||||||
TA | 0.705*** | 1 | |||||||
LEV | 0.245*** | −0.405*** | 1 | ||||||
ROA | 0.016 | −0.045 | −0.217*** | 1 | |||||
AGE | 0.172*** | 0.467*** | 0.024 | −0.092 | 1 | ||||
BDSIZE | 0.301*** | 0.250*** | −0.321*** | 0.180*** | 0.052 | 1 | |||
BDMEET | 0.228*** | 0.328*** | −0.325*** | 0.009 | 0.317*** | 0.252*** | 1 | ||
BDIND | 0.478*** | 0.552*** | 0.002 | −0.113** | 0.141** | −0.242*** | −0.001 | 1 | |
BDGEND | −0.039 | −0.007 | 0.093* | −0.036 | −0.251*** | −0.173** | −0.073 | 0.148*** | 1 |
Correlation matrix.
Level of significance at 10%.
Level of significance at 5%.
Level of significance at 1%.
Table 5 provides regression outputs. As shown in Table 5, board structure elements, such as board size (BDSIZE) and board independence (BDIND), are positively and significantly associated with CSR expenditure by banks at the 1% significance level. This result strongly supports our hypothesis. However, we find that female representation on the board is negatively associated with CSR spending by banks at the 5% significance level. This result refutes our predefined hypothesis. Also, we do not find any significant relationship between the number of board meetings and CSR spending by banks. This is contrary to the proposed hypothesis that outlines frequent board meetings tend to promote CSR spending by banks. Concerning control variables, we find that bank size (TA) promotes CSR spending by banks at the 1% significance level. Precisely, a 1% increase in banks’ total assets can enhance nearly 162% of CSR spending. Also, Table 5 reveals that leverage has a significant and positive connection with CSR spending. This is expected because the banking industry primarily lends funds by taking public deposits. By contrast, we find that age of the bank negates CSR spending by banks. Also, no significant relationship runs between banks’ profitability (ROA) and CSR spending, although the coefficient of the ROA has been highly positive. We leave these two issues for further investigation.
Variable | Predicted sign | Coefficient | t-value | p-value |
---|---|---|---|---|
BDSIZE | + | 1.062*** | 2.80 | 0.005 |
BDIND | + | 3.137*** | 2.63 | 0.009 |
BDGEND | + | −1.534** | −2.33 | 0.020 |
BDMEET | + | 0.270 | 0.85 | 0.397 |
TA | + | 1.620*** | 8.01 | 0.000 |
ROA | + | 4.923 | 0.80 | 0.424 |
LEV | + | 1.902*** | 3.07 | 0.002 |
AGE | +/− | −0.529*** | −3.74 | 0.000 |
Intercept | −19.976*** | −8.25 | 0.000 | |
Observation | 420 | |||
Adjusted R-square | 0.5844 | |||
F statistics (8, 411) | 83.51 |
Ordinary least square regression clustered by firm and years.
The superscripts *,** and *** indicate significance at the 10%, 5%, and 1% levels, respectively.
This study yields that board elements, such as board size (BDSIZE) and board independence, (BDIND) are significantly and positively associated with CSR expenditure by banks, implying that banks with large boards and boards with more independent directors tend to spend more money on CSR activities. This result strongly supports our hypothesis, which outlines that board size and independence would promote the CSR activities of the banks. Also, this result supports the stakeholder theory and legitimacy theory in that banks in developing economies focus on creating long-term relationships with different stakeholders to achieve lending supremacy on the one hand and obtain legitimacy on the other hand by catering to the needs of society. A large board tends to have more independent directors with diverse backgrounds and expertise, thereby increasing efficiency in monitoring managerial opportunism. Thus, independent directors can direct the firm’s management to spend money on CSR activities to enhance social capital. Arguably, the long-term success of the banking business depends not only on increasing transactional capital but also on improving the relational capital, suggesting that banks should undertake more CSR activities. This is particularly true for the banking sector in developing economies because this sector takes the prime responsibility for catering to the financial needs of the country. Our findings suggest that banks should hire more independent directors to enhance social and transactional capital to legitimate their activities by the societal forces. This finding supports the previous results [11, 12, 13, 35, 36]. However, it disapproves the earlier findings of Uddin and Choudhury [41] that agued independent directors may not function accurately in developing economies due to pressure from owner-directors and fear of losing their jobs. We note that, in Bangladesh, factors, such as corruption, poor governance, and family-led politics, provide strong incentives to firm managers to abuse financial resources. In such an environment, a larger board and a board with more independent directors can effectively monitor the guile behavior of the management, which in turn directs management to discharge more funds on social and environmental purposes to get public legitimacy.
An intriguing finding of the study is that female directors on the board negate CSR spending by banks, indicating the decrease of female representation in the top echelon positions to enhance CSR activities. This result contradicts the view that women are more sensitive to social and environmental issues so that they would raise their voices on the quantity, quality, and transparency of CSR disclosure. Also, this result is contrary to the earlier findings that claim female executives can enhance CSR expenditures [43, 44]. In this pretext, we note that female representation on the board is minimal in Bangladesh; hence, they are likely to be the free-rider to protect their jobs. This is because Bangladesh bank encourages female entrepreneurship with the support of its development partner, the Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA), and Asian Development Banks (ADB) by creating a refinancing scheme and allocating 15% of the fund to female entrepreneurs. Simultaneously, many NGOs are working on improving the health and education of female entrepreneurs, besides the humanitarian activities. As a result, the participation of female executives in CSR activities is likely to be increased in Bangladesh. Thus, the negative connection between board gender and CSR spending by banks should not be generalized to other economies, and it warrants further investigation. Another outcome of this study is no significant relationship between the number of board meetings and CSR spending by banks. This is plausible for banks in developing economies where board members are likely to discuss critical business issues other than CSR activities whenever they sit for additional board meetings. However, this issue remains a point of debate.
For control variables, we find that bank size (TA) is significantly related to CSR spending by banks. This result is logical because larger banks can allocate more funds to CSR activities than smaller, financially weak banks. This finding approves the previous results of Muttakin and Subramaniam and Hu et al. [12, 49]. Also, the positive link between leverage and CSR spending is quite plausible because the banking industry is a highly leveraged sector where success depends on relational capital and reputation, which eventually influences CSR spending by banks. Also, Bangladesh Bank firmly guides the banking system of Bangladesh for allocating CSR expenditures and disclosure of CSR information in a timely fashion to perform social obligations of banks and legitimate banking activities by the society, resulting in a positive association between CSR spending and leverage. However, this result contradicts the earlier findings [51] that note a negative relationship between CSR and leverage. Finally, we find that bank profitability is not an essential factor for CSR spending by banks in Bangladesh. This may happen because CSR spending by banks is no longer voluntary in Bangladesh. Instead, it is a direct expenditure guided by Bangladesh bank. This issue warrants further investigation. Also, we find that the age of the bank is inversely related to the promotion of CSR activities. This result supports the earlier findings [51]. However, it disapproves of the view that banks with longer years in operation tend to accumulate financial resources and experience necessary to allocate funds for CSR activities. Hence, this remains another issue for further research.
This chapter investigated the relationship between board structure and CSR spending by commercial banks listed on DSE in Bangladesh, covering the period 2007–2020. Also, we reviewed CSR policies for the banks and explored the pattern of CSR expenditures by banks over the same period (2007–2020). Finally, we applied the ordinary least square regression model by clustering banks and years and utilized some firm-specific variables as controls to obtain efficient estimates.
Our empirical results confirm that board elements, such as board size and independence are significantly and positively associated with CSR spending by banks. By contrast, female director tends to inhibit CSR spending by banks, and the frequency of board meetings has no connection with the same. Furthermore, for firm-specific factors, we confirm that bank size and leverage positively and significantly influence the CSR spending of commercial banks in Bangladesh, suggesting that larger banks are incremental to promoting CSR spending. In addition, we note that CSR spending by banks has significantly increased over the study period (2007–2020). However, the sectoral distribution of CSR funds has been somewhat heterogeneous in areas, such as environmental pollution, education, health, gender equality, and other humanitarian activities. Simultaneously, Bangladesh Bank has taken significant measures to improve banks’ CSR spending and ensure control thereon. One of such measures is to publish CSR activities on a half-yearly basis to ensure the proper use of CSR funds. Additionally, Bangladesh bank has prescribed priority areas for CSR activities for banks in recent times to enhance both stakeholders’ welfare and economic growth.
This study unearths the link between board elements and CSR spending by banks in the context of an emerging economy. The banking industry deals with multifaceted stakeholders compared to conventional manufacturing and trading firms. Also, banks play a critical role in enhancing the economic growth rates by effectively intermediating funds to various sectors, some of which are environmentally sensitive. Thus, this study falls under the ambit of corporate governance, stakeholder and legitimacy theories. Our results suggest that board elements, such as board size and independence, are essential factors for promoting CSR spending by banks. By contrast, the presence of women on the board negates the same, and board meeting frequency has no such connection. This result is critical for the literature on bank governance. At the same time, it expects to raise interest in studying CSR performance by diverse stakeholders because CSR spending can enhance a bank’s relational and reputational capitals, which are needed to ensure long-term sustainable success. Also, our results can help banks restructure board elements to reap the benefits of CSR spending, which is one of the powerful financial instruments for obtaining legitimacy by societal forces.
Our findings have several policy implications. First, we reveal that board elements, such as board size and independence, are instrumental to CSR spending, suggesting that policymakers should pay more attention to these factors to improve board members’ attitudes toward CSR spending. Second, policymakers should evaluate the role of female directors on the board as they are likely to deter CSR spending by banks. Third, bank size is critical to CSR spending, suggesting that policymakers should direct large banks to incorporate CSR in their lending portfolios. Finally, Bangladesh Bank should formulate clear-cut strategies for the scheduled banks to ensure the allocation of CSR funds to the priority sectors and invigorate ethical and social justice. Apart from this, policymakers should not overlook the quality, quantity, and level of CSR disclosures.
This study is not free of limitations. Due to data limitations, we studied the CSR spending for the domestic private commercial banks, although there are foreign and state-owned commercial banks. Also, we did not examine the role of ownership and audit elements in motivating CSR spending by banks, which may have critical implications for CSR spending. An analysis by decomposing the banks into different age groups may provide further insight in this respect. In addition, our results may not remain consistent if estimation issues, such as reverse causality and endogeneity, are considered. We leave all those issues as avenues for future research.
We greatly appreciate anonymous reviewers and editors for their comments.
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
IntechOpen aims to ensure that original material is published while at the same time giving significant freedom to our Authors. To that end we maintain a flexible Copyright Policy guaranteeing that there is no transfer of copyright to the publisher and Authors retain exclusive copyright to their Work.
',metaTitle:"Publication Agreement - Chapters",metaDescription:"IN TECH aims to guarantee that original material is published while at the same time giving significant freedom to our authors. For that matter, we uphold a flexible copyright policy meaning that there is no transfer of copyright to the publisher and authors retain exclusive copyright to their work.\n\nWhen submitting a manuscript the Corresponding Author is required to accept the terms and conditions set forth in our Publication Agreement as follows:",metaKeywords:null,canonicalURL:"/page/publication-agreement-chapters",contentRaw:'[{"type":"htmlEditorComponent","content":"The Corresponding Author (acting on behalf of all Authors) and INTECHOPEN LIMITED, incorporated and registered in England and Wales with company number 11086078 and a registered office at 5 Princes Gate Court, London, United Kingdom, SW7 2QJ conclude the following Agreement regarding the publication of a Book Chapter:
\\n\\n1. DEFINITIONS
\\n\\nCorresponding Author: The Author of the Chapter who serves as a Signatory to this Agreement. The Corresponding Author acts on behalf of any other Co-Author.
\\n\\nCo-Author: All other Authors of the Chapter besides the Corresponding Author.
\\n\\nIntechOpen: IntechOpen Ltd., the Publisher of the Book.
\\n\\nBook: The publication as a collection of chapters compiled by IntechOpen including the Chapter. Chapter: The original literary work created by Corresponding Author and any Co-Author that is the subject of this Agreement.
\\n\\n2. CORRESPONDING AUTHOR'S GRANT OF RIGHTS
\\n\\n2.1 Subject to the following Article, the Corresponding Author grants and shall ensure that each Co-Author grants, to IntechOpen, during the full term of copyright and any extensions or renewals of that term the following:
\\n\\nThe aforementioned licenses shall survive the expiry or termination of this Agreement for any reason.
\\n\\n2.2 The Corresponding Author (on their own behalf and on behalf of any Co-Author) reserves the following rights to the Chapter but agrees not to exercise them in such a way as to adversely affect IntechOpen's ability to utilize the full benefit of this Publication Agreement: (i) reprographic rights worldwide, other than those which subsist in the typographical arrangement of the Chapter as published by IntechOpen; and (ii) public lending rights arising under the Public Lending Right Act 1979, as amended from time to time, and any similar rights arising in any part of the world.
\\n\\nThe Corresponding Author confirms that they (and any Co-Author) are and will remain a member of any applicable licensing and collecting society and any successor to that body responsible for administering royalties for the reprographic reproduction of copyright works.
\\n\\nSubject to the license granted above, copyright in the Chapter and all versions of it created during IntechOpen's editing process (including the published version) is retained by the Corresponding Author and any Co-Author.
\\n\\nSubject to the license granted above, the Corresponding Author and any Co-Author retains patent, trademark and other intellectual property rights to the Chapter.
\\n\\n2.3 All rights granted to IntechOpen in this Article are assignable, sublicensable or otherwise transferrable to third parties without the Corresponding Author's or any Co-Author’s specific approval.
\\n\\n2.4 The Corresponding Author (on their own behalf and on behalf of each Co-Author) will not assert any rights under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 to object to derogatory treatment of the Chapter as a consequence of IntechOpen's changes to the Chapter arising from translation of it, corrections and edits for house style, removal of problematic material and other reasonable edits.
\\n\\n3. CORRESPONDING AUTHOR'S DUTIES
\\n\\n3.1 When distributing or re-publishing the Chapter, the Corresponding Author agrees to credit the Book in which the Chapter has been published as the source of first publication, as well as IntechOpen. The Corresponding Author warrants that each Co-Author will also credit the Book in which the Chapter has been published as the source of first publication, as well as IntechOpen, when they are distributing or re-publishing the Chapter.
\\n\\n3.2 When submitting the Chapter, the Corresponding Author agrees to:
\\n\\nThe Corresponding Author will be held responsible for the payment of the Open Access Publishing Fees.
\\n\\nAll payments shall be due 30 days from the date of the issued invoice. The Corresponding Author or the payer on the Corresponding Author's and Co-Authors' behalf will bear all banking and similar charges incurred.
\\n\\n3.3 The Corresponding Author shall obtain in writing all consents necessary for the reproduction of any material in which a third-party right exists, including quotations, photographs and illustrations, in all editions of the Chapter worldwide for the full term of the above licenses, and shall provide to IntechOpen upon request the original copies of such consents for inspection (at IntechOpen's option) or photocopies of such consents.
\\n\\nThe Corresponding Author shall obtain written informed consent for publication from people who might recognize themselves or be identified by others (e.g. from case reports or photographs).
\\n\\n3.4 The Corresponding Author and any Co-Author shall respect confidentiality rights during and after the termination of this Agreement. The information contained in all correspondence and documents as part of the publishing activity between IntechOpen and the Corresponding Author and any Co-Author are confidential and are intended only for the recipient. The contents may not be disclosed publicly and are not intended for unauthorized use or distribution. Any use, disclosure, copying, or distribution is prohibited and may be unlawful.
\\n\\n4. CORRESPONDING AUTHOR'S WARRANTY
\\n\\n4.1 The Corresponding Author represents and warrants that the Chapter does not and will not breach any applicable law or the rights of any third party and, specifically, that the Chapter contains no matter that is defamatory or that infringes any literary or proprietary rights, intellectual property rights, or any rights of privacy. The Corresponding Author warrants and represents that: (i) the Chapter is the original work of themselves and any Co-Author and is not copied wholly or substantially from any other work or material or any other source; (ii) the Chapter has not been formally published in any other peer-reviewed journal or in a book or edited collection, and is not under consideration for any such publication; (iii) they themselves and any Co-Author are qualifying persons under section 154 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988; (iv) they themselves and any Co-Author have not assigned and will not during the term of this Publication Agreement purport to assign any of the rights granted to IntechOpen under this Publication Agreement; and (v) the rights granted by this Publication Agreement are free from any security interest, option, mortgage, charge or lien.
\\n\\nThe Corresponding Author also warrants and represents that: (i) they have the full power to enter into this Publication Agreement on their own behalf and on behalf of each Co-Author; and (ii) they have the necessary rights and/or title in and to the Chapter to grant IntechOpen, on behalf of themselves and any Co-Author, the rights and licenses expressed to be granted in this Publication Agreement. If the Chapter was prepared jointly by the Corresponding Author and any Co-Author, the Corresponding Author warrants and represents that: (i) each Co-Author agrees to the submission, license and publication of the Chapter on the terms of this Publication Agreement; and (ii) they have the authority to enter into this Publication Agreement on behalf of and bind each Co-Author. The Corresponding Author shall: (i) ensure each Co-Author complies with all relevant provisions of this Publication Agreement, including those relating to confidentiality, performance and standards, as if a party to this Publication Agreement; and (ii) remain primarily liable for all acts and/or omissions of each such Co-Author.
\\n\\nThe Corresponding Author agrees to indemnify and hold IntechOpen harmless against all liabilities, costs, expenses, damages and losses and all reasonable legal costs and expenses suffered or incurred by IntechOpen arising out of or in connection with any breach of the aforementioned representations and warranties. This indemnity shall not cover IntechOpen to the extent that a claim under it results from IntechOpen's negligence or willful misconduct.
\\n\\n4.2 Nothing in this Publication Agreement shall have the effect of excluding or limiting any liability for death or personal injury caused by negligence or any other liability that cannot be excluded or limited by applicable law.
\\n\\n5. TERMINATION
\\n\\n5.1 IntechOpen has a right to terminate this Publication Agreement for quality, program, technical or other reasons with immediate effect, including without limitation (i) if the Corresponding Author or any Co-Author commits a material breach of this Publication Agreement; (ii) if the Corresponding Author or any Co-Author (being an individual) is the subject of a bankruptcy petition, application or order; or (iii) if the Corresponding Author or any Co-Author (being a company) commences negotiations with all or any class of its creditors with a view to rescheduling any of its debts, or makes a proposal for or enters into any compromise or arrangement with any of its creditors.
\\n\\nIn case of termination, IntechOpen will notify the Corresponding Author, in writing, of the decision.
\\n\\n6. INTECHOPEN’S DUTIES AND RIGHTS
\\n\\n6.1 Unless prevented from doing so by events outside its reasonable control, IntechOpen, in its discretion, agrees to publish the Chapter attributing it to the Corresponding Author and any Co-Author.
\\n\\n6.2 IntechOpen has the right to use the Corresponding Author’s and any Co-Author’s names and likeness in connection with scientific dissemination, retrieval, archiving, web hosting and promotion and marketing of the Chapter and has the right to contact the Corresponding Author and any Co-Author until the Chapter is publicly available on any platform owned and/or operated by IntechOpen.
\\n\\n6.3 IntechOpen is granted the authority to enforce the rights from this Publication Agreement, on behalf of the Corresponding Author and any Co-Author, against third parties (for example in cases of plagiarism or copyright infringements). In respect of any such infringement or suspected infringement of the copyright in the Chapter, IntechOpen shall have absolute discretion in addressing any such infringement which is likely to affect IntechOpen's rights under this Publication Agreement, including issuing and conducting proceedings against the suspected infringer.
\\n\\n7. MISCELLANEOUS
\\n\\n7.1 Further Assurance: The Corresponding Author shall and will ensure that any relevant third party (including any Co-Author) shall, execute and deliver whatever further documents or deeds and perform such acts as IntechOpen reasonably requires from time to time for the purpose of giving IntechOpen the full benefit of the provisions of this Publication Agreement.
\\n\\n7.2 Third Party Rights: A person who is not a party to this Publication Agreement may not enforce any of its provisions under the Contracts (Rights of Third Parties) Act 1999.
\\n\\n7.3 Entire Agreement: This Publication Agreement constitutes the entire agreement between the parties in relation to its subject matter. It replaces and extinguishes all prior agreements, draft agreements, arrangements, collateral warranties, collateral contracts, statements, assurances, representations and undertakings of any nature made by or on behalf of the parties, whether oral or written, in relation to that subject matter. Each party acknowledges that in entering into this Publication Agreement it has not relied upon any oral or written statements, collateral or other warranties, assurances, representations or undertakings which were made by or on behalf of the other party in relation to the subject matter of this Publication Agreement at any time before its signature (together "Pre-Contractual Statements"), other than those which are set out in this Publication Agreement. Each party hereby waives all rights and remedies which might otherwise be available to it in relation to such Pre-Contractual Statements. Nothing in this clause shall exclude or restrict the liability of either party arising out of its pre-contract fraudulent misrepresentation or fraudulent concealment.
\\n\\n7.4 Waiver: No failure or delay by a party to exercise any right or remedy provided under this Publication Agreement or by law shall constitute a waiver of that or any other right or remedy, nor shall it preclude or restrict the further exercise of that or any other right or remedy. No single or partial exercise of such right or remedy shall preclude or restrict the further exercise of that or any other right or remedy.
\\n\\n7.5 Variation: No variation of this Publication Agreement shall be effective unless it is in writing and signed by the parties (or their duly authorized representatives).
\\n\\n7.6 Severance: If any provision or part-provision of this Publication Agreement is or becomes invalid, illegal or unenforceable, it shall be deemed modified to the minimum extent necessary to make it valid, legal and enforceable. If such modification is not possible, the relevant provision or part-provision shall be deemed deleted.
\\n\\nAny modification to or deletion of a provision or part-provision under this clause shall not affect the validity and enforceability of the rest of this Publication Agreement.
\\n\\n7.7 No partnership: Nothing in this Publication Agreement is intended to, or shall be deemed to, establish or create any partnership or joint venture or the relationship of principal and agent or employer and employee between IntechOpen and the Corresponding Author or any Co-Author, nor authorize any party to make or enter into any commitments for or on behalf of any other party.
\\n\\n7.8 Governing law: This Publication Agreement and any dispute or claim (including non-contractual disputes or claims) arising out of or in connection with it or its subject matter or formation shall be governed by and construed in accordance with the law of England and Wales. The parties submit to the exclusive jurisdiction of the English courts to settle any dispute or claim arising out of or in connection with this Publication Agreement (including any non-contractual disputes or claims).
\\n\\nLast updated: 2020-11-27
\\n\\n\\n\\n
\\n"}]'},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:"
The Corresponding Author (acting on behalf of all Authors) and INTECHOPEN LIMITED, incorporated and registered in England and Wales with company number 11086078 and a registered office at 5 Princes Gate Court, London, United Kingdom, SW7 2QJ conclude the following Agreement regarding the publication of a Book Chapter:
\n\n1. DEFINITIONS
\n\nCorresponding Author: The Author of the Chapter who serves as a Signatory to this Agreement. The Corresponding Author acts on behalf of any other Co-Author.
\n\nCo-Author: All other Authors of the Chapter besides the Corresponding Author.
\n\nIntechOpen: IntechOpen Ltd., the Publisher of the Book.
\n\nBook: The publication as a collection of chapters compiled by IntechOpen including the Chapter. Chapter: The original literary work created by Corresponding Author and any Co-Author that is the subject of this Agreement.
\n\n2. CORRESPONDING AUTHOR'S GRANT OF RIGHTS
\n\n2.1 Subject to the following Article, the Corresponding Author grants and shall ensure that each Co-Author grants, to IntechOpen, during the full term of copyright and any extensions or renewals of that term the following:
\n\nThe aforementioned licenses shall survive the expiry or termination of this Agreement for any reason.
\n\n2.2 The Corresponding Author (on their own behalf and on behalf of any Co-Author) reserves the following rights to the Chapter but agrees not to exercise them in such a way as to adversely affect IntechOpen's ability to utilize the full benefit of this Publication Agreement: (i) reprographic rights worldwide, other than those which subsist in the typographical arrangement of the Chapter as published by IntechOpen; and (ii) public lending rights arising under the Public Lending Right Act 1979, as amended from time to time, and any similar rights arising in any part of the world.
\n\nThe Corresponding Author confirms that they (and any Co-Author) are and will remain a member of any applicable licensing and collecting society and any successor to that body responsible for administering royalties for the reprographic reproduction of copyright works.
\n\nSubject to the license granted above, copyright in the Chapter and all versions of it created during IntechOpen's editing process (including the published version) is retained by the Corresponding Author and any Co-Author.
\n\nSubject to the license granted above, the Corresponding Author and any Co-Author retains patent, trademark and other intellectual property rights to the Chapter.
\n\n2.3 All rights granted to IntechOpen in this Article are assignable, sublicensable or otherwise transferrable to third parties without the Corresponding Author's or any Co-Author’s specific approval.
\n\n2.4 The Corresponding Author (on their own behalf and on behalf of each Co-Author) will not assert any rights under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 to object to derogatory treatment of the Chapter as a consequence of IntechOpen's changes to the Chapter arising from translation of it, corrections and edits for house style, removal of problematic material and other reasonable edits.
\n\n3. CORRESPONDING AUTHOR'S DUTIES
\n\n3.1 When distributing or re-publishing the Chapter, the Corresponding Author agrees to credit the Book in which the Chapter has been published as the source of first publication, as well as IntechOpen. The Corresponding Author warrants that each Co-Author will also credit the Book in which the Chapter has been published as the source of first publication, as well as IntechOpen, when they are distributing or re-publishing the Chapter.
\n\n3.2 When submitting the Chapter, the Corresponding Author agrees to:
\n\nThe Corresponding Author will be held responsible for the payment of the Open Access Publishing Fees.
\n\nAll payments shall be due 30 days from the date of the issued invoice. The Corresponding Author or the payer on the Corresponding Author's and Co-Authors' behalf will bear all banking and similar charges incurred.
\n\n3.3 The Corresponding Author shall obtain in writing all consents necessary for the reproduction of any material in which a third-party right exists, including quotations, photographs and illustrations, in all editions of the Chapter worldwide for the full term of the above licenses, and shall provide to IntechOpen upon request the original copies of such consents for inspection (at IntechOpen's option) or photocopies of such consents.
\n\nThe Corresponding Author shall obtain written informed consent for publication from people who might recognize themselves or be identified by others (e.g. from case reports or photographs).
\n\n3.4 The Corresponding Author and any Co-Author shall respect confidentiality rights during and after the termination of this Agreement. The information contained in all correspondence and documents as part of the publishing activity between IntechOpen and the Corresponding Author and any Co-Author are confidential and are intended only for the recipient. The contents may not be disclosed publicly and are not intended for unauthorized use or distribution. Any use, disclosure, copying, or distribution is prohibited and may be unlawful.
\n\n4. CORRESPONDING AUTHOR'S WARRANTY
\n\n4.1 The Corresponding Author represents and warrants that the Chapter does not and will not breach any applicable law or the rights of any third party and, specifically, that the Chapter contains no matter that is defamatory or that infringes any literary or proprietary rights, intellectual property rights, or any rights of privacy. The Corresponding Author warrants and represents that: (i) the Chapter is the original work of themselves and any Co-Author and is not copied wholly or substantially from any other work or material or any other source; (ii) the Chapter has not been formally published in any other peer-reviewed journal or in a book or edited collection, and is not under consideration for any such publication; (iii) they themselves and any Co-Author are qualifying persons under section 154 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988; (iv) they themselves and any Co-Author have not assigned and will not during the term of this Publication Agreement purport to assign any of the rights granted to IntechOpen under this Publication Agreement; and (v) the rights granted by this Publication Agreement are free from any security interest, option, mortgage, charge or lien.
\n\nThe Corresponding Author also warrants and represents that: (i) they have the full power to enter into this Publication Agreement on their own behalf and on behalf of each Co-Author; and (ii) they have the necessary rights and/or title in and to the Chapter to grant IntechOpen, on behalf of themselves and any Co-Author, the rights and licenses expressed to be granted in this Publication Agreement. If the Chapter was prepared jointly by the Corresponding Author and any Co-Author, the Corresponding Author warrants and represents that: (i) each Co-Author agrees to the submission, license and publication of the Chapter on the terms of this Publication Agreement; and (ii) they have the authority to enter into this Publication Agreement on behalf of and bind each Co-Author. The Corresponding Author shall: (i) ensure each Co-Author complies with all relevant provisions of this Publication Agreement, including those relating to confidentiality, performance and standards, as if a party to this Publication Agreement; and (ii) remain primarily liable for all acts and/or omissions of each such Co-Author.
\n\nThe Corresponding Author agrees to indemnify and hold IntechOpen harmless against all liabilities, costs, expenses, damages and losses and all reasonable legal costs and expenses suffered or incurred by IntechOpen arising out of or in connection with any breach of the aforementioned representations and warranties. This indemnity shall not cover IntechOpen to the extent that a claim under it results from IntechOpen's negligence or willful misconduct.
\n\n4.2 Nothing in this Publication Agreement shall have the effect of excluding or limiting any liability for death or personal injury caused by negligence or any other liability that cannot be excluded or limited by applicable law.
\n\n5. TERMINATION
\n\n5.1 IntechOpen has a right to terminate this Publication Agreement for quality, program, technical or other reasons with immediate effect, including without limitation (i) if the Corresponding Author or any Co-Author commits a material breach of this Publication Agreement; (ii) if the Corresponding Author or any Co-Author (being an individual) is the subject of a bankruptcy petition, application or order; or (iii) if the Corresponding Author or any Co-Author (being a company) commences negotiations with all or any class of its creditors with a view to rescheduling any of its debts, or makes a proposal for or enters into any compromise or arrangement with any of its creditors.
\n\nIn case of termination, IntechOpen will notify the Corresponding Author, in writing, of the decision.
\n\n6. INTECHOPEN’S DUTIES AND RIGHTS
\n\n6.1 Unless prevented from doing so by events outside its reasonable control, IntechOpen, in its discretion, agrees to publish the Chapter attributing it to the Corresponding Author and any Co-Author.
\n\n6.2 IntechOpen has the right to use the Corresponding Author’s and any Co-Author’s names and likeness in connection with scientific dissemination, retrieval, archiving, web hosting and promotion and marketing of the Chapter and has the right to contact the Corresponding Author and any Co-Author until the Chapter is publicly available on any platform owned and/or operated by IntechOpen.
\n\n6.3 IntechOpen is granted the authority to enforce the rights from this Publication Agreement, on behalf of the Corresponding Author and any Co-Author, against third parties (for example in cases of plagiarism or copyright infringements). In respect of any such infringement or suspected infringement of the copyright in the Chapter, IntechOpen shall have absolute discretion in addressing any such infringement which is likely to affect IntechOpen's rights under this Publication Agreement, including issuing and conducting proceedings against the suspected infringer.
\n\n7. MISCELLANEOUS
\n\n7.1 Further Assurance: The Corresponding Author shall and will ensure that any relevant third party (including any Co-Author) shall, execute and deliver whatever further documents or deeds and perform such acts as IntechOpen reasonably requires from time to time for the purpose of giving IntechOpen the full benefit of the provisions of this Publication Agreement.
\n\n7.2 Third Party Rights: A person who is not a party to this Publication Agreement may not enforce any of its provisions under the Contracts (Rights of Third Parties) Act 1999.
\n\n7.3 Entire Agreement: This Publication Agreement constitutes the entire agreement between the parties in relation to its subject matter. It replaces and extinguishes all prior agreements, draft agreements, arrangements, collateral warranties, collateral contracts, statements, assurances, representations and undertakings of any nature made by or on behalf of the parties, whether oral or written, in relation to that subject matter. Each party acknowledges that in entering into this Publication Agreement it has not relied upon any oral or written statements, collateral or other warranties, assurances, representations or undertakings which were made by or on behalf of the other party in relation to the subject matter of this Publication Agreement at any time before its signature (together "Pre-Contractual Statements"), other than those which are set out in this Publication Agreement. Each party hereby waives all rights and remedies which might otherwise be available to it in relation to such Pre-Contractual Statements. Nothing in this clause shall exclude or restrict the liability of either party arising out of its pre-contract fraudulent misrepresentation or fraudulent concealment.
\n\n7.4 Waiver: No failure or delay by a party to exercise any right or remedy provided under this Publication Agreement or by law shall constitute a waiver of that or any other right or remedy, nor shall it preclude or restrict the further exercise of that or any other right or remedy. No single or partial exercise of such right or remedy shall preclude or restrict the further exercise of that or any other right or remedy.
\n\n7.5 Variation: No variation of this Publication Agreement shall be effective unless it is in writing and signed by the parties (or their duly authorized representatives).
\n\n7.6 Severance: If any provision or part-provision of this Publication Agreement is or becomes invalid, illegal or unenforceable, it shall be deemed modified to the minimum extent necessary to make it valid, legal and enforceable. If such modification is not possible, the relevant provision or part-provision shall be deemed deleted.
\n\nAny modification to or deletion of a provision or part-provision under this clause shall not affect the validity and enforceability of the rest of this Publication Agreement.
\n\n7.7 No partnership: Nothing in this Publication Agreement is intended to, or shall be deemed to, establish or create any partnership or joint venture or the relationship of principal and agent or employer and employee between IntechOpen and the Corresponding Author or any Co-Author, nor authorize any party to make or enter into any commitments for or on behalf of any other party.
\n\n7.8 Governing law: This Publication Agreement and any dispute or claim (including non-contractual disputes or claims) arising out of or in connection with it or its subject matter or formation shall be governed by and construed in accordance with the law of England and Wales. The parties submit to the exclusive jurisdiction of the English courts to settle any dispute or claim arising out of or in connection with this Publication Agreement (including any non-contractual disputes or claims).
\n\nLast updated: 2020-11-27
\n\n\n\n
\n"}]},successStories:{items:[]},authorsAndEditors:{filterParams:{},profiles:[{id:"396",title:"Dr.",name:"Vedran",middleName:null,surname:"Kordic",slug:"vedran-kordic",fullName:"Vedran Kordic",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/396/images/7281_n.png",biography:"After obtaining his Master's degree in Mechanical Engineering he continued his education at the Vienna University of Technology where he obtained his PhD degree in 2004. He worked as a researcher at the Automation and Control Institute, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Vienna University of Technology until 2008. His studies in robotics lead him not only to a PhD degree but also inspired him to co-found and build the International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems - world's first Open Access journal in the field of robotics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"TU Wien",country:{name:"Austria"}}},{id:"441",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Jaekyu",middleName:null,surname:"Park",slug:"jaekyu-park",fullName:"Jaekyu Park",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/441/images/1881_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"LG Corporation (South Korea)",country:{name:"Korea, South"}}},{id:"465",title:"Dr",name:"Christian",middleName:null,surname:"Martens",slug:"christian-martens",fullName:"Christian Martens",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"479",title:"Dr.",name:"Valentina",middleName:null,surname:"Colla",slug:"valentina-colla",fullName:"Valentina Colla",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/479/images/358_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sant'Anna School of Advanced Studies",country:{name:"Italy"}}},{id:"494",title:"PhD",name:"Loris",middleName:null,surname:"Nanni",slug:"loris-nanni",fullName:"Loris Nanni",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/494/images/system/494.jpg",biography:"Loris Nanni received his Master Degree cum laude on June-2002 from the University of Bologna, and the April 26th 2006 he received his Ph.D. in Computer Engineering at DEIS, University of Bologna. On September, 29th 2006 he has won a post PhD fellowship from the university of Bologna (from October 2006 to October 2008), at the competitive examination he was ranked first in the industrial engineering area. He extensively served as referee for several international journals. He is author/coauthor of more than 100 research papers. He has been involved in some projects supported by MURST and European Community. His research interests include pattern recognition, bioinformatics, and biometric systems (fingerprint classification and recognition, signature verification, face recognition).",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"496",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos",middleName:null,surname:"Leon",slug:"carlos-leon",fullName:"Carlos Leon",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Seville",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"512",title:"Dr.",name:"Dayang",middleName:null,surname:"Jawawi",slug:"dayang-jawawi",fullName:"Dayang Jawawi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Technology Malaysia",country:{name:"Malaysia"}}},{id:"528",title:"Dr.",name:"Kresimir",middleName:null,surname:"Delac",slug:"kresimir-delac",fullName:"Kresimir Delac",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/528/images/system/528.jpg",biography:"K. Delac received his B.Sc.E.E. degree in 2003 and is currentlypursuing a Ph.D. degree at the University of Zagreb, Faculty of Electrical Engineering andComputing. His current research interests are digital image analysis, pattern recognition andbiometrics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Zagreb",country:{name:"Croatia"}}},{id:"557",title:"Dr.",name:"Andon",middleName:"Venelinov",surname:"Topalov",slug:"andon-topalov",fullName:"Andon Topalov",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/557/images/1927_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Andon V. Topalov received the MSc degree in Control Engineering from the Faculty of Information Systems, Technologies, and Automation at Moscow State University of Civil Engineering (MGGU) in 1979. He then received his PhD degree in Control Engineering from the Department of Automation and Remote Control at Moscow State Mining University (MGSU), Moscow, in 1984. From 1985 to 1986, he was a Research Fellow in the Research Institute for Electronic Equipment, ZZU AD, Plovdiv, Bulgaria. In 1986, he joined the Department of Control Systems, Technical University of Sofia at the Plovdiv campus, where he is presently a Full Professor. He has held long-term visiting Professor/Scholar positions at various institutions in South Korea, Turkey, Mexico, Greece, Belgium, UK, and Germany. And he has coauthored one book and authored or coauthored more than 80 research papers in conference proceedings and journals. His current research interests are in the fields of intelligent control and robotics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Technical University of Sofia",country:{name:"Bulgaria"}}},{id:"585",title:"Prof.",name:"Munir",middleName:null,surname:"Merdan",slug:"munir-merdan",fullName:"Munir Merdan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/585/images/system/585.jpg",biography:"Munir Merdan received the M.Sc. degree in mechanical engineering from the Technical University of Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina, in 2001, and the Ph.D. degree in electrical engineering from the Vienna University of Technology, Vienna, Austria, in 2009.Since 2005, he has been at the Automation and Control Institute, Vienna University of Technology, where he is currently a Senior Researcher. His research interests include the application of agent technology for achieving agile control in the manufacturing environment.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"605",title:"Prof",name:"Dil",middleName:null,surname:"Hussain",slug:"dil-hussain",fullName:"Dil Hussain",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/605/images/system/605.jpg",biography:"Dr. Dil Muhammad Akbar Hussain is a professor of Electronics Engineering & Computer Science at the Department of Energy Technology, Aalborg University Denmark. Professor Akbar has a Master degree in Digital Electronics from Govt. College University, Lahore Pakistan and a P-hD degree in Control Engineering from the School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of Sussex United Kingdom. Aalborg University has Two Satellite Campuses, one in Copenhagen (Aalborg University Copenhagen) and the other in Esbjerg (Aalborg University Esbjerg).\n· He is a member of prestigious IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers), and IAENG (International Association of Engineers) organizations. \n· He is the chief Editor of the Journal of Software Engineering.\n· He is the member of the Editorial Board of International Journal of Computer Science and Software Technology (IJCSST) and International Journal of Computer Engineering and Information Technology. \n· He is also the Editor of Communication in Computer and Information Science CCIS-20 by Springer.\n· Reviewer For Many Conferences\nHe is the lead person in making collaboration agreements between Aalborg University and many universities of Pakistan, for which the MOU’s (Memorandum of Understanding) have been signed.\nProfessor Akbar is working in Academia since 1990, he started his career as a Lab demonstrator/TA at the University of Sussex. After finishing his P. hD degree in 1992, he served in the Industry as a Scientific Officer and continued his academic career as a visiting scholar for a number of educational institutions. In 1996 he joined National University of Science & Technology Pakistan (NUST) as an Associate Professor; NUST is one of the top few universities in Pakistan. In 1999 he joined an International Company Lineo Inc, Canada as Manager Compiler Group, where he headed the group for developing Compiler Tool Chain and Porting of Operating Systems for the BLACKfin processor. The processor development was a joint venture by Intel and Analog Devices. In 2002 Lineo Inc., was taken over by another company, so he joined Aalborg University Denmark as an Assistant Professor.\nProfessor Akbar has truly a multi-disciplined career and he continued his legacy and making progress in many areas of his interests both in teaching and research. He has contributed in stochastic estimation of control area especially, in the Multiple Target Tracking and Interactive Multiple Model (IMM) research, Ball & Beam Control Problem, Robotics, Levitation Control. He has contributed in developing Algorithms for Fingerprint Matching, Computer Vision and Face Recognition. He has been supervising Pattern Recognition, Formal Languages and Distributed Processing projects for several years. He has reviewed many books on Management, Computer Science. Currently, he is an active and permanent reviewer for many international conferences and symposia and the program committee member for many international conferences.\nIn teaching he has taught the core computer science subjects like, Digital Design, Real Time Embedded System Programming, Operating Systems, Software Engineering, Data Structures, Databases, Compiler Construction. In the Engineering side, Digital Signal Processing, Computer Architecture, Electronics Devices, Digital Filtering and Engineering Management.\nApart from his Academic Interest and activities he loves sport especially, Cricket, Football, Snooker and Squash. He plays cricket for Esbjerg city in the second division team as an opener wicket keeper batsman. He is a very good player of squash but has not played squash since his arrival in Denmark.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"611",title:"Prof.",name:"T",middleName:null,surname:"Nagarajan",slug:"t-nagarajan",fullName:"T Nagarajan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universiti Teknologi Petronas",country:{name:"Malaysia"}}}],filtersByRegion:[{group:"region",caption:"North America",value:1,count:6669},{group:"region",caption:"Middle and South America",value:2,count:5955},{group:"region",caption:"Africa",value:3,count:2458},{group:"region",caption:"Asia",value:4,count:12710},{group:"region",caption:"Australia and Oceania",value:5,count:1016},{group:"region",caption:"Europe",value:6,count:17715}],offset:12,limit:12,total:134176},chapterEmbeded:{data:{}},editorApplication:{success:null,errors:{}},ofsBooks:{filterParams:{hasNoEditors:"0",sort:"dateEndThirdStepPublish",topicId:"8,9,10,11,14,15,20,22,24"},books:[{type:"book",id:"11124",title:"Next-Generation Textiles",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"093f9e26bb829b8d414d13626aea1086",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Hassan Ibrahim",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11124.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"90645",title:"Dr.",name:"Hassan",surname:"Ibrahim",slug:"hassan-ibrahim",fullName:"Hassan Ibrahim"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11561",title:"Zeolite From Wastes - New Perspectives on Innovative Resources and Their Valorization Process",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"3ed0dfd842de9cd1143212415903e6ad",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Claudia Belviso",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11561.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"61457",title:"Dr.",name:"Claudia",surname:"Belviso",slug:"claudia-belviso",fullName:"Claudia Belviso"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11524",title:"Fuzzy Control Systems",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"84908e027f884ec3fcbaea42eb69b698",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Hayri Baytan Ozmen",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11524.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"198122",title:"Dr.",name:"Hayri Baytan",surname:"Ozmen",slug:"hayri-baytan-ozmen",fullName:"Hayri Baytan Ozmen"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11833",title:"Ozone Research - Recent Advances",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"1e789b57319be85ed0a32e569967d822",slug:null,bookSignature:"Associate Prof. Taner Yonar",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11833.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"190012",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Taner",surname:"Yonar",slug:"taner-yonar",fullName:"Taner Yonar"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11762",title:"Characteristics and Applications of Boron",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"611776f7f3cc9951a8956d2e3d535a8e",slug:null,bookSignature:"Associate Prof. Chatchawal Wongchoosuk",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11762.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"34521",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Chatchawal",surname:"Wongchoosuk",slug:"chatchawal-wongchoosuk",fullName:"Chatchawal Wongchoosuk"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11910",title:"Frontiers in Voltammetry",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"fc53a7599a61ed04a0672a7bca81e9c2",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Rajendrachari Shashanka, Dr. Kiran Kenchappa Somashekharappa, Dr. Sharath Peramenahalli Chikkegouda and Dr. Shamanth Vasanth",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11910.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"246025",title:"Dr.",name:"Shashanka",surname:"Rajendrachari",slug:"shashanka-rajendrachari",fullName:"Shashanka Rajendrachari"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11922",title:"Watermarking - Recent Advances, New Perspectives and Applications",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"9843dc1d810407088ed9eef10768a64b",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Joceli Mayer",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11922.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"110638",title:"Prof.",name:"Joceli",surname:"Mayer",slug:"joceli-mayer",fullName:"Joceli Mayer"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11517",title:"Phase Change Materials - Technology and Applications",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"1b7a5f2631db5e49399539ade1edf264",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Manish K Rathod",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11517.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"236035",title:"Dr.",name:"Manish",surname:"Rathod",slug:"manish-rathod",fullName:"Manish Rathod"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11451",title:"Molecular Docking - Recent Advances",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"8c918a1973786c7059752b28601f1329",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Erman Salih Istifli",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11451.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"179007",title:"Dr.",name:"Erman Salih",surname:"Istifli",slug:"erman-salih-istifli",fullName:"Erman Salih Istifli"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11932",title:"New Materials and Enhanced Performance of Sodium-Ion Batteries",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"75c27a6f2739e8af817bace95b0e50d6",slug:null,bookSignature:"Ph.D. Fatma SARF",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11932.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"245850",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Fatma",surname:"SARF",slug:"fatma-sarf",fullName:"Fatma SARF"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11528",title:"Maintenance Management - Current Challenges, New Developments, and Future Directions",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"a3e4ad5806a77b0e930fbd4cb191bee2",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Germano Lambert-Torres, Dr. Erik Leandro Bonaldi and Dr. Levy Ely Oliveira",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11528.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"112971",title:"Prof.",name:"Germano",surname:"Lambert-Torres",slug:"germano-lambert-torres",fullName:"Germano Lambert-Torres"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11760",title:"Applications and Use of Diamond",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"2edcf9a24450d8655e756e1080defe32",slug:null,bookSignature:"Mr. Evgeniy Lipatov",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11760.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"21254",title:"Mr.",name:"Evgeniy",surname:"Lipatov",slug:"evgeniy-lipatov",fullName:"Evgeniy Lipatov"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],filtersByTopic:[{group:"topic",caption:"Agricultural and Biological Sciences",value:5,count:39},{group:"topic",caption:"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology",value:6,count:13},{group:"topic",caption:"Business, Management and Economics",value:7,count:7},{group:"topic",caption:"Chemistry",value:8,count:23},{group:"topic",caption:"Computer and Information Science",value:9,count:24},{group:"topic",caption:"Earth and Planetary Sciences",value:10,count:16},{group:"topic",caption:"Engineering",value:11,count:66},{group:"topic",caption:"Environmental Sciences",value:12,count:10},{group:"topic",caption:"Immunology and Microbiology",value:13,count:16},{group:"topic",caption:"Materials Science",value:14,count:25},{group:"topic",caption:"Mathematics",value:15,count:11},{group:"topic",caption:"Medicine",value:16,count:120},{group:"topic",caption:"Nanotechnology and Nanomaterials",value:17,count:6},{group:"topic",caption:"Neuroscience",value:18,count:4},{group:"topic",caption:"Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutical Science",value:19,count:9},{group:"topic",caption:"Physics",value:20,count:9},{group:"topic",caption:"Psychology",value:21,count:10},{group:"topic",caption:"Robotics",value:22,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Social Sciences",value:23,count:9},{group:"topic",caption:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",value:25,count:4}],offset:12,limit:12,total:176},popularBooks:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"10858",title:"MOOC (Massive Open Online Courses)",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d32f86793bc72dde32532f509b1ec5b0",slug:"mooc-massive-open-online-courses-",bookSignature:"Dragan Cvetković",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10858.jpg",editors:[{id:"101330",title:"Dr.",name:"Dragan",middleName:"Mladen",surname:"Cvetković",slug:"dragan-cvetkovic",fullName:"Dragan Cvetković"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10195",title:"Serotonin and the CNS",subtitle:"New Developments in Pharmacology and Therapeutics",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"7ed9d96da98233a885bd2869a8056c36",slug:"serotonin-and-the-cns-new-developments-in-pharmacology-and-therapeutics",bookSignature:"Berend Olivier",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10195.jpg",editors:[{id:"71579",title:"Prof.",name:"Berend",middleName:null,surname:"Olivier",slug:"berend-olivier",fullName:"Berend Olivier"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10755",title:"Corporate Governance",subtitle:"Recent Advances and Perspectives",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ffe06d1d5c4bf0fc2e63511825fe1257",slug:"corporate-governance-recent-advances-and-perspectives",bookSignature:"Okechukwu Lawrence Emeagwali and Feyza Bhatti",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10755.jpg",editors:[{id:"196317",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Okechukwu Lawrence",middleName:null,surname:"Emeagwali",slug:"okechukwu-lawrence-emeagwali",fullName:"Okechukwu Lawrence Emeagwali"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11120",title:"Environmental Impact and Remediation of Heavy Metals",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9e77514288e7394f1e6cd13481af3509",slug:"environmental-impact-and-remediation-of-heavy-metals",bookSignature:"Hosam M. Saleh and Amal I. Hassan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11120.jpg",editors:[{id:"144691",title:"Prof.",name:"Hosam M.",middleName:null,surname:"Saleh",slug:"hosam-m.-saleh",fullName:"Hosam M. Saleh"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10901",title:"Grapes and Wine",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5d7f2aa74874444bc6986e613ccebd7c",slug:"grapes-and-wine",bookSignature:"Antonio Morata, Iris Loira and Carmen González",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10901.jpg",editors:[{id:"180952",title:"Prof.",name:"Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Morata",slug:"antonio-morata",fullName:"Antonio Morata"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11080",title:"Engineering Principles",subtitle:"Welding and Residual Stresses",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6c07a13a113bce94174b40096f30fb5e",slug:"engineering-principles-welding-and-residual-stresses",bookSignature:"Kavian Omar Cooke and Ronaldo Câmara Cozza",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11080.jpg",editors:[{id:"138778",title:"Dr.",name:"Kavian",middleName:"Omar",surname:"Cooke",slug:"kavian-cooke",fullName:"Kavian Cooke"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11332",title:"Essential Oils",subtitle:"Advances in Extractions and Biological Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"742e6cae3a35686f975edc8d7f9afa94",slug:"essential-oils-advances-in-extractions-and-biological-applications",bookSignature:"Mozaniel Santana de Oliveira and Eloisa Helena de Aguiar Andrade",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11332.jpg",editors:[{id:"195290",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Mozaniel",middleName:null,surname:"Santana De Oliveira",slug:"mozaniel-santana-de-oliveira",fullName:"Mozaniel Santana De Oliveira"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11029",title:"Hepatitis B",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"609701f502efc3538c112ff47a2c2119",slug:"hepatitis-b",bookSignature:"Luis Rodrigo",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11029.jpg",editors:[{id:"73208",title:"Prof.",name:"Luis",middleName:null,surname:"Rodrigo",slug:"luis-rodrigo",fullName:"Luis Rodrigo"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9537",title:"Human Rights in the Contemporary World",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"54f05b93812fd434f3962956d6413a6b",slug:"human-rights-in-the-contemporary-world",bookSignature:"Trudy Corrigan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9537.jpg",editors:[{id:"197557",title:"Dr.",name:"Trudy",middleName:null,surname:"Corrigan",slug:"trudy-corrigan",fullName:"Trudy Corrigan"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11371",title:"Cerebral Circulation",subtitle:"Updates on Models, Diagnostics and Treatments of Related Diseases",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e2d3335445d2852d0b906bb9750e939f",slug:"cerebral-circulation-updates-on-models-diagnostics-and-treatments-of-related-diseases",bookSignature:"Alba Scerrati, Luca Ricciardi and Flavia Dones",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11371.jpg",editors:[{id:"182614",title:"Dr.",name:"Alba",middleName:null,surname:"Scerrati",slug:"alba-scerrati",fullName:"Alba Scerrati"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11012",title:"Radiopharmaceuticals",subtitle:"Current Research for Better Diagnosis and Therapy",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f9046d6f96148b285e776f384991120d",slug:"radiopharmaceuticals-current-research-for-better-diagnosis-and-therapy",bookSignature:"Farid A. Badria",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11012.jpg",editors:[{id:"41865",title:"Prof.",name:"Farid A.",middleName:null,surname:"Badria",slug:"farid-a.-badria",fullName:"Farid A. Badria"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9974",title:"E-Learning and Digital Education in the Twenty-First Century",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"88b58d66e975df20425fc1dfd22d53aa",slug:"e-learning-and-digital-education-in-the-twenty-first-century",bookSignature:"M. Mahruf C. Shohel",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9974.jpg",editors:[{id:"94099",title:"Dr.",name:"M. Mahruf C.",middleName:null,surname:"Shohel",slug:"m.-mahruf-c.-shohel",fullName:"M. Mahruf C. Shohel"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],offset:12,limit:12,total:4430},hotBookTopics:{hotBooks:[],offset:0,limit:12,total:null},publish:{},publishingProposal:{success:null,errors:{}},books:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"10858",title:"MOOC (Massive Open Online Courses)",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d32f86793bc72dde32532f509b1ec5b0",slug:"mooc-massive-open-online-courses-",bookSignature:"Dragan Cvetković",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10858.jpg",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",numberOfDownloads:1677,editors:[{id:"101330",title:"Dr.",name:"Dragan",middleName:"Mladen",surname:"Cvetković",slug:"dragan-cvetkovic",fullName:"Dragan Cvetković"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10195",title:"Serotonin and the CNS",subtitle:"New Developments in Pharmacology and Therapeutics",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"7ed9d96da98233a885bd2869a8056c36",slug:"serotonin-and-the-cns-new-developments-in-pharmacology-and-therapeutics",bookSignature:"Berend Olivier",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10195.jpg",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",numberOfDownloads:1337,editors:[{id:"71579",title:"Prof.",name:"Berend",middleName:null,surname:"Olivier",slug:"berend-olivier",fullName:"Berend Olivier"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10755",title:"Corporate Governance",subtitle:"Recent Advances and Perspectives",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ffe06d1d5c4bf0fc2e63511825fe1257",slug:"corporate-governance-recent-advances-and-perspectives",bookSignature:"Okechukwu Lawrence Emeagwali and Feyza Bhatti",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10755.jpg",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",numberOfDownloads:1309,editors:[{id:"196317",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Okechukwu Lawrence",middleName:null,surname:"Emeagwali",slug:"okechukwu-lawrence-emeagwali",fullName:"Okechukwu Lawrence Emeagwali"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11120",title:"Environmental Impact and Remediation of Heavy Metals",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9e77514288e7394f1e6cd13481af3509",slug:"environmental-impact-and-remediation-of-heavy-metals",bookSignature:"Hosam M. Saleh and Amal I. Hassan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11120.jpg",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",numberOfDownloads:847,editors:[{id:"144691",title:"Prof.",name:"Hosam M.",middleName:null,surname:"Saleh",slug:"hosam-m.-saleh",fullName:"Hosam M. Saleh"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10901",title:"Grapes and Wine",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5d7f2aa74874444bc6986e613ccebd7c",slug:"grapes-and-wine",bookSignature:"Antonio Morata, Iris Loira and Carmen González",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10901.jpg",publishedDate:"June 15th 2022",numberOfDownloads:2273,editors:[{id:"180952",title:"Prof.",name:"Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Morata",slug:"antonio-morata",fullName:"Antonio Morata"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11080",title:"Engineering Principles",subtitle:"Welding and Residual Stresses",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6c07a13a113bce94174b40096f30fb5e",slug:"engineering-principles-welding-and-residual-stresses",bookSignature:"Kavian Omar Cooke and Ronaldo Câmara Cozza",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11080.jpg",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",numberOfDownloads:591,editors:[{id:"138778",title:"Dr.",name:"Kavian",middleName:"Omar",surname:"Cooke",slug:"kavian-cooke",fullName:"Kavian Cooke"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11332",title:"Essential Oils",subtitle:"Advances in Extractions and Biological Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"742e6cae3a35686f975edc8d7f9afa94",slug:"essential-oils-advances-in-extractions-and-biological-applications",bookSignature:"Mozaniel Santana de Oliveira and Eloisa Helena de Aguiar Andrade",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11332.jpg",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",numberOfDownloads:515,editors:[{id:"195290",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Mozaniel",middleName:null,surname:"Santana De Oliveira",slug:"mozaniel-santana-de-oliveira",fullName:"Mozaniel Santana De Oliveira"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11029",title:"Hepatitis B",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"609701f502efc3538c112ff47a2c2119",slug:"hepatitis-b",bookSignature:"Luis Rodrigo",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11029.jpg",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",numberOfDownloads:413,editors:[{id:"73208",title:"Prof.",name:"Luis",middleName:null,surname:"Rodrigo",slug:"luis-rodrigo",fullName:"Luis Rodrigo"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9537",title:"Human Rights in the Contemporary World",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"54f05b93812fd434f3962956d6413a6b",slug:"human-rights-in-the-contemporary-world",bookSignature:"Trudy Corrigan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9537.jpg",publishedDate:"June 8th 2022",numberOfDownloads:2194,editors:[{id:"197557",title:"Dr.",name:"Trudy",middleName:null,surname:"Corrigan",slug:"trudy-corrigan",fullName:"Trudy Corrigan"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11371",title:"Cerebral Circulation",subtitle:"Updates on Models, Diagnostics and Treatments of Related Diseases",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e2d3335445d2852d0b906bb9750e939f",slug:"cerebral-circulation-updates-on-models-diagnostics-and-treatments-of-related-diseases",bookSignature:"Alba Scerrati, Luca Ricciardi and Flavia Dones",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11371.jpg",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",numberOfDownloads:341,editors:[{id:"182614",title:"Dr.",name:"Alba",middleName:null,surname:"Scerrati",slug:"alba-scerrati",fullName:"Alba Scerrati"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],latestBooks:[{type:"book",id:"11043",title:"Endometriosis",subtitle:"Recent Advances, New Perspectives and Treatments",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"7baf1c70b11d41400bb9302ae9411ca4",slug:"endometriosis-recent-advances-new-perspectives-and-treatments",bookSignature:"Giovana Ap. Gonçalves",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11043.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 28th 2022",editors:[{id:"185930",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Giovana",middleName:null,surname:"Gonçalves",slug:"giovana-goncalves",fullName:"Giovana Gonçalves"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10536",title:"Campylobacter",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c4b132b741dd0a2ed539b824ab63965f",slug:"campylobacter",bookSignature:"Guillermo Tellez-Isaias and Saeed El-Ashram",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10536.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 28th 2022",editors:[{id:"73465",title:"Dr.",name:"Guillermo",middleName:null,surname:"Téllez",slug:"guillermo-tellez",fullName:"Guillermo Téllez"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10798",title:"Starch",subtitle:"Evolution and Recent Advances",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f197f6062c1574a9a90e50a369271bcf",slug:"starch-evolution-and-recent-advances",bookSignature:"Martins Ochubiojo Emeje",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10798.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 28th 2022",editors:[{id:"94311",title:"Prof.",name:"Martins",middleName:"Ochubiojo",surname:"Ochubiojo Emeje",slug:"martins-ochubiojo-emeje",fullName:"Martins Ochubiojo Emeje"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11083",title:"Hazardous Waste Management",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d553bd4f6f1c4b115ca69bd19faac7dc",slug:"hazardous-waste-management",bookSignature:"Rajesh Banu Jeyakumar, Kavitha Sankarapandian and Yukesh Kannah Ravi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11083.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 28th 2022",editors:[{id:"218539",title:"Dr.",name:"Rajesh Banu",middleName:null,surname:"Jeyakumar",slug:"rajesh-banu-jeyakumar",fullName:"Rajesh Banu Jeyakumar"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10848",title:"Tribology of Machine Elements",subtitle:"Fundamentals and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"3c4ca4c4692ca8d4fa749b4ae81ec1fa",slug:"tribology-of-machine-elements-fundamentals-and-applications",bookSignature:"Giuseppe Pintaude, Tiago Cousseau and Anna Rudawska",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10848.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 28th 2022",editors:[{id:"18347",title:"Prof.",name:"Giuseppe",middleName:null,surname:"Pintaude",slug:"giuseppe-pintaude",fullName:"Giuseppe Pintaude"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10856",title:"Crude Oil",subtitle:"New Technologies and Recent Approaches",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8d0a7ca35b3de95b295dc4eab39a087e",slug:"crude-oil-new-technologies-and-recent-approaches",bookSignature:"Manar Elsayed Abdel-Raouf and Mohamed Hasan El-Keshawy",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10856.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 28th 2022",editors:[{id:"102626",title:"Prof.",name:"Manar",middleName:null,surname:"Elsayed Abdel-Raouf",slug:"manar-elsayed-abdel-raouf",fullName:"Manar Elsayed Abdel-Raouf"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9625",title:"Spinocerebellar Ataxia",subtitle:"Concepts, Particularities and Generalities",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"365a7025fd46eb45de2549bdd9d50b98",slug:"spinocerebellar-ataxia-concepts-particularities-and-generalities",bookSignature:"Patricia Bozzetto Ambrosi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9625.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 28th 2022",editors:[{id:"221787",title:"Dr.",name:"Patricia",middleName:null,surname:"Bozzetto Ambrosi",slug:"patricia-bozzetto-ambrosi",fullName:"Patricia Bozzetto Ambrosi"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10905",title:"Plant Defense Mechanisms",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"84ad5b27dde5f01dc76087d0fd6fa834",slug:"plant-defense-mechanisms",bookSignature:"Josphert Ngui Kimatu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10905.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 28th 2022",editors:[{id:"224171",title:"Prof.",name:"Josphert N.",middleName:null,surname:"Kimatu",slug:"josphert-n.-kimatu",fullName:"Josphert N. Kimatu"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10686",title:"Natural Gas",subtitle:"New Perspectives and Future Developments",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"581763788a6a59e653a9d1d9b5a42d79",slug:"natural-gas-new-perspectives-and-future-developments",bookSignature:"Maryam Takht Ravanchi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10686.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 28th 2022",editors:[{id:"2416",title:"Dr.",name:"Maryam",middleName:null,surname:"Takht Ravanchi",slug:"maryam-takht-ravanchi",fullName:"Maryam Takht Ravanchi"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10988",title:"Railway Transport Planning and Manageme",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5cb54cc53caedad9ec78372563c82e2c",slug:"railway-transport-planning-and-management",bookSignature:"Stefano de Luca, Roberta Di Pace and Chiara Fiori",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10988.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 28th 2022",editors:[{id:"271061",title:"Prof.",name:"Stefano",middleName:null,surname:"de Luca",slug:"stefano-de-luca",fullName:"Stefano de Luca"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},subject:{topic:{id:"12",title:"Environmental Sciences",slug:"environmental-sciences",parent:{id:"2",title:"Life Sciences",slug:"life-sciences"},numberOfBooks:218,numberOfSeries:0,numberOfAuthorsAndEditors:6088,numberOfWosCitations:8092,numberOfCrossrefCitations:5105,numberOfDimensionsCitations:12480,videoUrl:null,fallbackUrl:null,description:null},booksByTopicFilter:{topicId:"12",sort:"-publishedDate",limit:12,offset:0},booksByTopicCollection:[{type:"book",id:"11083",title:"Hazardous Waste Management",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d553bd4f6f1c4b115ca69bd19faac7dc",slug:"hazardous-waste-management",bookSignature:"Rajesh Banu Jeyakumar, Kavitha Sankarapandian and Yukesh Kannah Ravi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11083.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"218539",title:"Dr.",name:"Rajesh Banu",middleName:null,surname:"Jeyakumar",slug:"rajesh-banu-jeyakumar",fullName:"Rajesh Banu Jeyakumar"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11120",title:"Environmental Impact and Remediation of Heavy Metals",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9e77514288e7394f1e6cd13481af3509",slug:"environmental-impact-and-remediation-of-heavy-metals",bookSignature:"Hosam M. Saleh and Amal I. Hassan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11120.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"144691",title:"Prof.",name:"Hosam M.",middleName:null,surname:"Saleh",slug:"hosam-m.-saleh",fullName:"Hosam M. Saleh"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10983",title:"Conifers",subtitle:"Recent Advances",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"3e524d29fc3f95c3389efbd41463dab6",slug:"conifers-recent-advances",bookSignature:"Ana Cristina Gonçalves and Teresa Fonseca",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10983.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"194484",title:"Prof.",name:"Ana Cristina",middleName:null,surname:"Gonçalves",slug:"ana-cristina-goncalves",fullName:"Ana Cristina Gonçalves"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11175",title:"Nearly Zero Energy Building (NZEB)",subtitle:"Materials, Design and New Approaches",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"7e4718f36725ff9ce60b349b7681d7cc",slug:"nearly-zero-energy-building-nzeb-materials-design-and-new-approaches",bookSignature:"David Bienvenido-Huertas",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11175.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"320815",title:"Dr.",name:"David",middleName:null,surname:"Bienvenido Huertas",slug:"david-bienvenido-huertas",fullName:"David Bienvenido Huertas"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10682",title:"Pathways and Challenges for Efficient Desalination",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ca25e9eca70d54deb503d2663f75218c",slug:"pathways-and-challenges-for-efficient-desalination",bookSignature:"Muhammad Wakil Shahzad, Mike Dixon, Giancarlo Barassi, Ben Bin Xu and Yinzhu Jiang",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10682.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"174208",title:"Dr.",name:"Muhammad Wakil",middleName:null,surname:"Shahzad",slug:"muhammad-wakil-shahzad",fullName:"Muhammad Wakil Shahzad"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10976",title:"Water Conservation",subtitle:"Inevitable Strategy",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"2a5f75a1eed9cb67133fe6ce0f8848f5",slug:"water-conservation-inevitable-strategy",bookSignature:"Murat Eyvaz, Ahmed Albahnasawi, Ercan Gürbulak and Ebubekir Yüksel",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10976.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"170083",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Murat",middleName:null,surname:"Eyvaz",slug:"murat-eyvaz",fullName:"Murat Eyvaz"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10980",title:"Biogas",subtitle:"Basics, Integrated Approaches, and Case Studies",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5ae044532b8c1b30f5802c74ba76e1ae",slug:"biogas-basics-integrated-approaches-and-case-studies",bookSignature:"Abd El-Fatah Abomohra and El-Sayed Salama",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10980.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"186114",title:"Dr.",name:"Abdelfatah",middleName:null,surname:"Abomohra",slug:"abdelfatah-abomohra",fullName:"Abdelfatah Abomohra"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10766",title:"Landscape Architecture Framed from an Environmental and Ecological Perspective",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"bf47534a17fef030dc256b541482553c",slug:"landscape-architecture-framed-from-an-environmental-and-ecological-perspective",bookSignature:"Mustafa Ergen and Yaşar Bahri Ergen",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10766.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"166961",title:"Dr.Ing.",name:"Mustafa",middleName:null,surname:"Ergen",slug:"mustafa-ergen",fullName:"Mustafa Ergen"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10684",title:"Biorefineries",subtitle:"Selected Processes",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"fb63a798f34d4f00e4681291ae2c0e10",slug:"biorefineries-selected-processes",bookSignature:"Krzysztof Biernat",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10684.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"155009",title:"Prof.",name:"Krzysztof",middleName:null,surname:"Biernat",slug:"krzysztof-biernat",fullName:"Krzysztof Biernat"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10681",title:"Biodegradation Technology of Organic and Inorganic Pollutants",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9a6e10e02788092872fd249436898e97",slug:"biodegradation-technology-of-organic-and-inorganic-pollutants",bookSignature:"Kassio Ferreira Mendes, Rodrigo Nogueira de Sousa and Kamila Cabral Mielke",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10681.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"197720",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Kassio",middleName:null,surname:"Ferreira Mendes",slug:"kassio-ferreira-mendes",fullName:"Kassio Ferreira Mendes"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10855",title:"Waste Material Recycling in the Circular Economy",subtitle:"Challenges and Developments",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d19317ef8e4a35c32f3af20bd8d5d829",slug:"waste-material-recycling-in-the-circular-economy-challenges-and-developments",bookSignature:"Dimitris S. Achilias",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10855.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"95620",title:"Dr.",name:"Dimitris S.",middleName:null,surname:"Achilias",slug:"dimitris-s.-achilias",fullName:"Dimitris S. Achilias"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10843",title:"Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs)",subtitle:"Monitoring, Impact and Treatment",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f5b1589f0a990b6114fef2dadc735dd9",slug:"persistent-organic-pollutants-pops-monitoring-impact-and-treatment",bookSignature:"Mohamed Nageeb Rashed",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10843.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"63465",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohamed Nageeb",middleName:null,surname:"Rashed",slug:"mohamed-nageeb-rashed",fullName:"Mohamed Nageeb Rashed"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],booksByTopicTotal:218,seriesByTopicCollection:[],seriesByTopicTotal:0,mostCitedChapters:[{id:"29369",doi:"10.5772/32373",title:"Textile Organic Dyes – Characteristics, Polluting Effects and Separation/Elimination Procedures from Industrial Effluents – A Critical Overview",slug:"textile-organic-dyes-characteristics-polluting-effects-and-separation-elimination-procedures-from-in",totalDownloads:29434,totalCrossrefCites:125,totalDimensionsCites:312,abstract:null,book:{id:"872",slug:"organic-pollutants-ten-years-after-the-stockholm-convention-environmental-and-analytical-update",title:"Organic Pollutants Ten Years After the Stockholm Convention",fullTitle:"Organic Pollutants Ten Years After the Stockholm Convention - Environmental and Analytical Update"},signatures:"Zaharia Carmen and Suteu Daniela",authors:[{id:"91196",title:"Prof.",name:"Carmen",middleName:null,surname:"Zaharia",slug:"carmen-zaharia",fullName:"Carmen Zaharia"},{id:"92084",title:"Dr.",name:"Daniela",middleName:null,surname:"Suteu",slug:"daniela-suteu",fullName:"Daniela Suteu"}]},{id:"42059",doi:"10.5772/54048",title:"Adsorption Technique for the Removal of Organic Pollutants from Water and Wastewater",slug:"adsorption-technique-for-the-removal-of-organic-pollutants-from-water-and-wastewater",totalDownloads:29962,totalCrossrefCites:51,totalDimensionsCites:210,abstract:null,book:{id:"3426",slug:"organic-pollutants-monitoring-risk-and-treatment",title:"Organic Pollutants",fullTitle:"Organic Pollutants - Monitoring, Risk and Treatment"},signatures:"Mohamed Nageeb Rashed",authors:[{id:"63465",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohamed Nageeb",middleName:null,surname:"Rashed",slug:"mohamed-nageeb-rashed",fullName:"Mohamed Nageeb Rashed"}]},{id:"27305",doi:"10.5772/39363",title:"Water Stress in Plants: Causes, Effects and Responses",slug:"water-stress-in-plants-causes-effects-and-responses",totalDownloads:28463,totalCrossrefCites:68,totalDimensionsCites:166,abstract:null,book:{id:"911",slug:"water-stress",title:"Water Stress",fullTitle:"Water Stress"},signatures:"Seyed Y. S. Lisar, Rouhollah Motafakkerazad, Mosharraf M. Hossain and Ismail M. M. Rahman",authors:[{id:"110740",title:"Dr.",name:"Ismail M.M.",middleName:null,surname:"Rahman",slug:"ismail-m.m.-rahman",fullName:"Ismail M.M. Rahman"}]},{id:"53211",doi:"10.5772/66416",title:"Biofloc Technology (BFT): A Tool for Water Quality Management in Aquaculture",slug:"biofloc-technology-bft-a-tool-for-water-quality-management-in-aquaculture",totalDownloads:16878,totalCrossrefCites:62,totalDimensionsCites:143,abstract:"Biofloc technology (BFT) is considered the new “blue revolution” in aquaculture. Such technique is based on in situ microorganism production which plays three major roles: (i) maintenance of water quality, by the uptake of nitrogen compounds generating in situ microbial protein; (ii) nutrition, increasing culture feasibility by reducing feed conversion ratio (FCR) and a decrease of feed costs; and (iii) competition with pathogens. The aggregates (bioflocs) are a rich protein-lipid natural source of food available in situ 24 hours per day due to a complex interaction between organic matter, physical substrate, and large range of microorganisms. This natural productivity plays an important role recycling nutrients and maintaining the water quality. The present chapter will discuss some insights of the role of microorganisms in BFT, main water quality parameters, the importance of the correct carbon-to-nitrogen ratio in the culture media, its calculations, and different types, as well as metagenomics of microorganisms and future perspectives.",book:{id:"5355",slug:"water-quality",title:"Water Quality",fullTitle:"Water Quality"},signatures:"Maurício Gustavo Coelho Emerenciano, Luis Rafael Martínez-\nCórdova, Marcel Martínez-Porchas and Anselmo Miranda-Baeza",authors:[{id:"146126",title:"Dr.",name:"Maurício Gustavo Coelho",middleName:null,surname:"Emerenciano",slug:"mauricio-gustavo-coelho-emerenciano",fullName:"Maurício Gustavo Coelho Emerenciano"},{id:"186970",title:"Prof.",name:"Marcel",middleName:null,surname:"Martínez-Porchas",slug:"marcel-martinez-porchas",fullName:"Marcel Martínez-Porchas"},{id:"186971",title:"Prof.",name:"Anselmo",middleName:null,surname:"Miranda-Baeza",slug:"anselmo-miranda-baeza",fullName:"Anselmo Miranda-Baeza"},{id:"195101",title:"Dr.",name:"Luis Rafael",middleName:null,surname:"Martínez-Córdoba",slug:"luis-rafael-martinez-cordoba",fullName:"Luis Rafael Martínez-Córdoba"}]},{id:"62247",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.77315",title:"Application of Biosorption for Removal of Heavy Metals from Wastewater",slug:"application-of-biosorption-for-removal-of-heavy-metals-from-wastewater",totalDownloads:7571,totalCrossrefCites:72,totalDimensionsCites:139,abstract:"Fresh water accounts for 3% of water resources on the Earth. Human and industrial activities produce and discharge wastes containing heavy metals into the water resources making them unavailable and threatening human health and the ecosystem. Conventional methods for the removal of metal ions such as chemical precipitation and membrane filtration are extremely expensive when treating large amounts of water, inefficient at low concentrations of metal (incomplete metal removal) and generate large quantities of sludge and other toxic products that require careful disposal. Biosorption and bioaccumulation are ecofriendly alternatives. These alternative methods have advantages over conventional methods. Abundant natural materials like microbial biomass, agro-wastes, and industrial byproducts have been suggested as potential biosorbents for heavy metal removal due to the presence of metal-binding functional groups. Biosorption is influenced by various process parameters such as pH, temperature, initial concentration of the metal ions, biosorbent dose, and speed of agitation. Also, the biomass can be modified by physical and chemical treatment before use. The process can be made economical by regenerating and reusing the biosorbent after removing the heavy metals. Various bioreactors can be used in biosorption for the removal of metal ions from large volumes of water or effluents. The recent developments and the future scope for biosorption as a wastewater treatment option are discussed.",book:{id:"6137",slug:"biosorption",title:"Biosorption",fullTitle:"Biosorption"},signatures:"Sri Lakshmi Ramya Krishna Kanamarlapudi, Vinay Kumar\nChintalpudi and Sudhamani Muddada",authors:[{id:"238433",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Sudhamani",middleName:null,surname:"Muddada",slug:"sudhamani-muddada",fullName:"Sudhamani Muddada"},{id:"244937",title:"Mrs.",name:"S L Ramyakrishna",middleName:null,surname:"Kanamarlapudi",slug:"s-l-ramyakrishna-kanamarlapudi",fullName:"S L Ramyakrishna Kanamarlapudi"},{id:"244938",title:"Mr.",name:"Vinay Kumar",middleName:null,surname:"Chintalpudi",slug:"vinay-kumar-chintalpudi",fullName:"Vinay Kumar Chintalpudi"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"69568",title:"Water Quality Parameters",slug:"water-quality-parameters",totalDownloads:9909,totalCrossrefCites:12,totalDimensionsCites:32,abstract:"Since the industrial revolution in the late eighteenth century, the world has discovered new sources of pollution nearly every day. So, air and water can potentially become polluted everywhere. Little is known about changes in pollution rates. The increase in water-related diseases provides a real assessment of the degree of pollution in the environment. This chapter summarizes water quality parameters from an ecological perspective not only for humans but also for other living things. According to its quality, water can be classified into four types. Those four water quality types are discussed through an extensive review of their important common attributes including physical, chemical, and biological parameters. These water quality parameters are reviewed in terms of definition, sources, impacts, effects, and measuring methods.",book:{id:"7718",slug:"water-quality-science-assessments-and-policy",title:"Water Quality",fullTitle:"Water Quality - Science, Assessments and Policy"},signatures:"Nayla Hassan Omer",authors:null},{id:"58138",title:"Water Pollution: Effects, Prevention, and Climatic Impact",slug:"water-pollution-effects-prevention-and-climatic-impact",totalDownloads:21487,totalCrossrefCites:18,totalDimensionsCites:36,abstract:"The stress on our water environment as a result of increased industrialization, which aids urbanization, is becoming very high thus reducing the availability of clean water. Polluted water is of great concern to the aquatic organism, plants, humans, and climate and indeed alters the ecosystem. The preservation of our water environment, which is embedded in sustainable development, must be well driven by all sectors. While effective wastewater treatment has the tendency of salvaging the water environment, integration of environmental policies into the actor firms core objectives coupled with continuous periodical enlightenment on the present and future consequences of environmental/water pollution will greatly assist in conserving the water environment.",book:{id:"6157",slug:"water-challenges-of-an-urbanizing-world",title:"Water Challenges of an Urbanizing World",fullTitle:"Water Challenges of an Urbanizing World"},signatures:"Inyinbor Adejumoke A., Adebesin Babatunde O., Oluyori Abimbola\nP., Adelani-Akande Tabitha A., Dada Adewumi O. and Oreofe Toyin\nA.",authors:[{id:"101570",title:"MSc.",name:"Babatunde Olufemi",middleName:null,surname:"Adebesin",slug:"babatunde-olufemi-adebesin",fullName:"Babatunde Olufemi Adebesin"},{id:"187738",title:"Dr.",name:"Adejumoke",middleName:"Abosede",surname:"Inyinbor",slug:"adejumoke-inyinbor",fullName:"Adejumoke Inyinbor"},{id:"188818",title:"Dr.",name:"Abimbola",middleName:null,surname:"Oluyori",slug:"abimbola-oluyori",fullName:"Abimbola Oluyori"},{id:"188819",title:"Mrs.",name:"Tabitha",middleName:null,surname:"Adelani-Akande",slug:"tabitha-adelani-akande",fullName:"Tabitha Adelani-Akande"},{id:"208501",title:"Dr.",name:"Adewumi",middleName:null,surname:"Dada",slug:"adewumi-dada",fullName:"Adewumi Dada"},{id:"208502",title:"Ms.",name:"Toyin",middleName:null,surname:"Oreofe",slug:"toyin-oreofe",fullName:"Toyin Oreofe"}]},{id:"45422",title:"Urban Waterfront Regenerations",slug:"urban-waterfront-regenerations",totalDownloads:14033,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:12,abstract:null,book:{id:"3560",slug:"advances-in-landscape-architecture",title:"Advances in Landscape Architecture",fullTitle:"Advances in Landscape Architecture"},signatures:"Umut Pekin Timur",authors:[{id:"165480",title:"Dr.",name:"Umut",middleName:null,surname:"Pekin Timur",slug:"umut-pekin-timur",fullName:"Umut Pekin Timur"}]},{id:"24941",title:"Tsunami in Makran Region and Its Effect on the Persian Gulf",slug:"tsunami-in-makran-region-and-its-effect-on-the-persian-gulf",totalDownloads:7384,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:7,abstract:null,book:{id:"406",slug:"tsunami-a-growing-disaster",title:"Tsunami",fullTitle:"Tsunami - A Growing Disaster"},signatures:"Mohammad Mokhtari",authors:[{id:"52451",title:"Dr.",name:"Mohammad",middleName:null,surname:"Mokhtari",slug:"mohammad-mokhtari",fullName:"Mohammad Mokhtari"}]},{id:"66307",title:"Bio-hydrogen and Methane Production from Lignocellulosic Materials",slug:"bio-hydrogen-and-methane-production-from-lignocellulosic-materials",totalDownloads:2934,totalCrossrefCites:5,totalDimensionsCites:7,abstract:"This chapter covers the information on bio-hydrogen and methane production from lignocellulosic materials. Pretreatment methods of lignocellulosic materials and the factors affecting bio-hydrogen production, both dark- and photo-fermentation, and methane production are addressed. Last but not least, the processes for bio-hydrogen and methane production from lignocellulosic materials are discussed.",book:{id:"7608",slug:"biomass-for-bioenergy-recent-trends-and-future-challenges",title:"Biomass for Bioenergy",fullTitle:"Biomass for Bioenergy - Recent Trends and Future Challenges"},signatures:"Apilak Salakkam, Pensri Plangklang, Sureewan Sittijunda, Mallika Boonmee Kongkeitkajorn, Siriporn Lunprom and Alissara Reungsang",authors:null}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"12",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[{id:"82362",title:"Studies on the Short-Term Effects of the Cease of Pesticides Use on Vineyard Microbiome",slug:"studies-on-the-short-term-effects-of-the-cease-of-pesticides-use-on-vineyard-microbiome",totalDownloads:0,totalDimensionsCites:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105706",abstract:"In this chapter, an overview of the impact of phytosanitary treatments on the vineyard microbiome is provided, together with the results of the research we conducted. The studied plant material consisted of grapevine from the cultivars Sauvignon blanc and Cabernet Sauvignon, cultivated within the plantation of the Research Station for Viticulture and Enology from Murfatlar, Romania. For each cultivar, a treated plot and an untreated plot were established. For each of those, the phyllosphere microbiota was quantified using the epifluorescence microscopy method, followed by automated image analysis using CellC software. At the same time, the soil fungal diversity was evaluated in three stages during the year 2021, using microscopic morphological criteria. The results give useful information regarding the phytosanitary state of the studied plant, as well as the short-term effects produced by the ceasing of pesticide application on the grapevine microbiota.",book:{id:"11663",title:"Vegetation Dynamics, Changing Ecosystems and Human Responsibility",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11663.jpg"},signatures:"Simona Ghiță, Mihaela Hnatiuc, Aurora Ranca, Victoria Artem and Mădălina-Andreea Ciocan"},{id:"82316",title:"Stakeholder Integration and Participatory Processes as Part of an Ecosystem-Based and Integrated Natural Hazard Risk Management",slug:"stakeholder-integration-and-participatory-processes-as-part-of-an-ecosystem-based-and-integrated-nat",totalDownloads:2,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.99516",abstract:"Participatory processes have been receiving growing attention in recent decades, especially in the environmental field. There is no unique way for designing and managing a participatory process: different types of integrating stakeholders and communities have been applied, encompassing different scopes. Participatory processes become necessary when addressing complex environmental challenges, which require flexible and transparent approaches embracing diverse knowledge and values. Integrated risk management, including Ecosystem-based solutions for Disaster Risk Reduction (Eco-DRR), is one example of such a challenge, being a joint responsibility of public institutions at different levels of public management and of the private sector. The project GreenRisk4ALPs is an example of how including local experts can be translated into practice. A stakeholder network analysis was carried out, which provided the basis to select the stakeholders involved in the subsequent participatory processes and to identify conflicts and interests related to Eco-DRR. Building upon this analysis, Rapid Risk management Appraisal workshops were carried out in different study areas to jointly analyze the strengths and weaknesses related to current risk management practices. Overall, the involvement of stakeholders from the beginning allowed to respond to their needs contributing to the improvement of risk management strategies in the Alpine Region.",book:{id:"10812",title:"Protective forests as Ecosystem-based solution for Disaster Risk Reduction (ECO-DRR)",coverURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/cover.jpg"},signatures:"Silvia Cocuccioni, Matthias Plörer and Michael Kirchner"},{id:"82297",title:"The Climate Change-Agriculture Nexus in Drylands of Ethiopia",slug:"the-climate-change-agriculture-nexus-in-drylands-of-ethiopia",totalDownloads:18,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.103905",abstract:"The objective of this chapter is to review the impacts of climate change on dryland agriculture and its possible solutions. Climate change poses significant challenges on dryland agriculture in Ethiopia. In turn, agriculture (malpractice) has contributed to climate change by emitting GHGs such as CO2, CH4 and N2O. Globally, agriculture’s contribution takes 14% of CO2, 47% of CH4 and 84% of N2O. Agriculture contributes to 80% of total Ethiopia’s GHGs emission: CH4, N2O and CO2, respectively, contributed to 72, 15 and 14% to aggregated emission. To soothe the impacts of climate change, countries should act now differently together to stabilize the fractions of GHGs in the atmosphere at a level that would also stabilize the climate system. Adopting climate-compatible agricultural development strategies can enable to reduce agricultural GHGs emissions or sequestration enhanced while maintaining and even increasing food supply. It is understood that combating desertification, land degradation and mitigating the effects of drought are the basis for accelerated sustainable development, poverty reduction and ensuring food security in Ethiopia. Climate-smart dryland agriculture can maintain livestock and crop productivity, reduces GHGs emission, lessens the impact of climate change and reduces the trade-offs among agricultural development to fulfill food security, climate change and ecosystem degradation.",book:{id:"11663",title:"Vegetation Dynamics, Changing Ecosystems and Human Responsibility",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11663.jpg"},signatures:"Zenebe Mekonnen"},{id:"82124",title:"Assessment of Diversity, Growth Characteristics and Aboveground Biomass of Tree Species in Selected Urban Green Areas of Osogbo, Osun State",slug:"assessment-of-diversity-growth-characteristics-and-aboveground-biomass-of-tree-species-in-selected-u",totalDownloads:5,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104982",abstract:"This study assessed the abundance and diversity of trees, estimated the growth characteristics and determined the aboveground biomass of the trees within three selected green areas, namely Riparian Corridor was abbreviated as Riparian corridor (RC), Industrial sites (IS), and Residential sites (RS) in Osogbo, Southwestern Nigeria. Species Diversity Index, Relative Dominance, and Importance Value Index of trees were also estimated. Trees\\' diversity and ranking were determined using the R statistical package. A total number of 124 tree stems were enumerated and (RC), (IS), and (RS) had 49, 38, and 37 tree stems belonging to 27, 18 and 20 species respectively. Albizia zygia (Mimosaceae) was the most abundant species in both RC and IS, while Milicia excelsa (Moraceae) was the most abundant in the RS. Growth variables were recorded as 1.18 m2, 5.01 m2, and 11.06 m2 (basal area), and 13.49 m3, 64.03 m3 and 122.39 m3 (volume) for RC, IS, and RS, respectively. The highest mean aboveground biomass was recorded in the RS (28325.20±7639.57 Kg C ha−1). There was no significant difference (P≥ 0.01) between the aboveground biomass of RC and IS but a significant difference (P≥ 0.01) existed between the aboveground biomass of RC and RS. There is a continuous transition of the urban forest.",book:{id:"11457",title:"Forest Degradation Under Global Change",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11457.jpg"},signatures:"Omolara Aremu, Olusola O. Adetoro and Olusegun Awotoye"},{id:"81999",title:"Climate Change, Rural Livelihoods, and Human Well-Being: Experiences from Kenya",slug:"climate-change-rural-livelihoods-and-human-well-being-experiences-from-kenya",totalDownloads:18,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104965",abstract:"Over the next few decades, climate change is set to fuel the existing degradation of ecosystems across Africa, leading to dramatic consequences for poor rural populations that depend largely on agriculture and fishing for their livelihoods. This chapter draws on the findings of a study that explored how climate change affects the livelihoods and ultimately the well-being of farming and fishing households in a remote rural area in Kenya and discusses the coping strategies adopted by these communities. Understanding how climate change impacts people’s livelihoods is important as a precursor to assist communities to adapt to and cope with the adverse effects of climate change. The results pointed to relatively wide utilization of traditional knowledge in coping strategies. Conversely, robust modern technologies for forecasting weather patterns remain under-utilized among the target population. The chapter concludes with recommendations to capitalize on and strengthen the existing coping strategies of the affected communities.",book:{id:"11663",title:"Vegetation Dynamics, Changing Ecosystems and Human Responsibility",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11663.jpg"},signatures:"André J. Pelser and Rujeko Samanthia Chimukuche"},{id:"81863",title:"Exploiting the Attributes of Biocontrol Agent (Neochetina bruchi) as a Potential Ecosystem Engineer’s",slug:"exploiting-the-attributes-of-biocontrol-agent-neochetina-bruchi-as-a-potential-ecosystem-engineer-s",totalDownloads:7,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104775",abstract:"The biodiversity of lakes is continuously declining and diverse communities are being substituted by monoculture of invasive Eichhornia crassipes, resulting in a slew of environmental cascade effects. The ability of the Neochetina bruchi to self-perpetuate is a desirable aspect of biological control since it decreases the population to a reasonable level, making the approach more sustainable. N. bruchi is often referred to as “ecological engineers” because of the number of services it provides to the environment and enables herbicide application to be substantially reduced. Despite the presence of highly effective weevils against this weed, its effect on water hyacinth in association with the nutrients present in sites, is likely to vary with levels of disturbance caused by natural and anthropogenic factors. Understanding the aspects that determine the performance of these eco-engineers as valuable management tools will help to guide future endeavors. Our objective is to better comprehend their utility and limitations, along with critical knowledge gaps, to further enhance future applications.",book:{id:"10763",title:"Biodiversity of Ecosystems",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10763.jpg"},signatures:"Prerna Gupta and Sadhna Tamot"}],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:28},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:0,limit:8,total:null},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:89,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:104,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:32,numberOfPublishedChapters:317,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:12,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:141,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:8,numberOfPublishedChapters:129,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:113,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:105,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:5,numberOfOpenTopics:1,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:15,numberOfOpenTopics:5,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. The whole process of submitting an article and editing of the submitted article goes extremely smooth and fast, the number of reads and downloads of chapters is high, and the contributions are also frequently cited.",author:{id:"55578",name:"Antonio",surname:"Jurado-Navas",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRisIQAS/Profile_Picture_1626166543950",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",institution:{id:"720",name:"University of Malaga",country:{id:null,name:"Spain"}}}},{id:"6",text:"It is great to work with the IntechOpen to produce a worthwhile collection of research that also becomes a great educational resource and guide for future research endeavors.",author:{id:"259298",name:"Edward",surname:"Narayan",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",slug:"edward-narayan",institution:{id:"3",name:"University of Queensland",country:{id:null,name:"Australia"}}}}]},series:{item:{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",issn:null,scope:"
\r\n This topic aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the latest trends in Oral Health based on recent scientific evidence. Subjects will include an overview of oral diseases and infections, systemic diseases affecting the oral cavity, prevention, diagnosis, treatment, epidemiology, as well as current clinical recommendations for the management of oral, dental, and periodontal diseases.
",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/1.jpg",hasOnlineFirst:!0,hasPublishedBooks:!0,annualVolume:11397,editor:{id:"173955",title:"Prof.",name:"Sandra",middleName:null,surname:"Marinho",slug:"sandra-marinho",fullName:"Sandra Marinho",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRGYMQA4/Profile_Picture_2022-06-01T13:22:41.png",biography:"Dr. Sandra A. Marinho is an Associate Professor and Brazilian researcher at the State University of Paraíba (Universidade Estadual da Paraíba- UEPB), Campus VIII, located in Araruna, state of Paraíba since 2011. She holds a degree in Dentistry from the Federal University of Alfenas (UNIFAL), while her specialization and professional improvement in Stomatology took place at Hospital Heliopolis (São Paulo, SP). Her qualifications are: a specialist in Dental Imaging and Radiology, Master in Dentistry (Periodontics) from the University of São Paulo (FORP-USP, Ribeirão Preto, SP), and Doctor (Ph.D.) in Dentistry (Stomatology Clinic) from Hospital São Lucas of the Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul (HSL-PUCRS, Porto Alegre, RS). She held a postdoctoral internship at the Federal University from Jequitinhonha and Mucuri Valleys (UFVJM, Diamantina, MG). She is currently a member of the Brazilian Society for Dental Research (SBPqO) and the Brazilian Society of Stomatology and Pathology (SOBEP). Dr. Marinho's experience in Dentistry mainly covers the following subjects: oral diagnosis, oral radiology; oral medicine; lesions and oral infections; oral pathology, laser therapy and epidemiological studies.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"State University of Paraíba",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,series:{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",issn:"2631-6218"},editorialBoard:[{id:"267724",title:"Dr.",name:"Febronia",middleName:null,surname:"Kahabuka",slug:"febronia-kahabuka",fullName:"Febronia Kahabuka",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRZpJQAW/Profile_Picture_2022-06-27T12:00:42.JPG",institutionString:null,institution:null}]},onlineFirstChapters:{paginationCount:20,paginationItems:[{id:"80964",title:"Upper Airway Expansion in Disabled Children",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.102830",signatures:"David Andrade, Joana Andrade, Maria-João Palha, Cristina Areias, Paula Macedo, Ana Norton, Miguel Palha, Lurdes Morais, Dóris Rocha Ruiz and Sônia Groisman",slug:"upper-airway-expansion-in-disabled-children",totalDownloads:35,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Oral Health Care - An Important Issue of the Modern Society",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10827.jpg",subseries:{id:"1",title:"Oral Health"}}},{id:"80839",title:"Herbs and Oral Health",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.103715",signatures:"Zuhair S. Natto",slug:"herbs-and-oral-health",totalDownloads:56,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Oral Health Care - An Important Issue of the Modern Society",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10827.jpg",subseries:{id:"1",title:"Oral Health"}}},{id:"80441",title:"Periodontitis and Heart Disease: Current Perspectives on the Associative Relationships and Preventive Impact",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.102669",signatures:"Alexandra Roman, Andrada Soancă, Bogdan Caloian, Alexandru Bucur, Gabriela Valentina Caracostea, Andreia Paraschiva Preda, Dora Maria Popescu, Iulia Cristina Micu, Petra Șurlin, Andreea Ciurea, Diana Oneț, Mircea Viorel Ciurea, Dragoș Alexandru Țermure and Marius Negucioiu",slug:"periodontitis-and-heart-disease-current-perspectives-on-the-associative-relationships-and-preventive",totalDownloads:53,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Oral Health Care - An Important Issue of the Modern Society",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10827.jpg",subseries:{id:"1",title:"Oral Health"}}},{id:"79498",title:"Oral Aspects and Dental Management of Special Needs Patient",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101067",signatures:"Pinar Kiymet Karataban",slug:"oral-aspects-and-dental-management-of-special-needs-patient",totalDownloads:83,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:[{name:"Pinar",surname:"Karataban"}],book:{title:"Oral Health Care - An Important Issue of the Modern Society",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10827.jpg",subseries:{id:"1",title:"Oral Health"}}},{id:"79699",title:"Metabolomics Distinction of Cigarette Smokers from Non-Smokers Using Non-Stationary Benchtop Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) Analysis of Human Saliva",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101414",signatures:"Benita C. Percival, Angela Wann, Sophie Taylor, Mark Edgar, Miles Gibson and Martin Grootveld",slug:"metabolomics-distinction-of-cigarette-smokers-from-non-smokers-using-non-stationary-benchtop-nuclear",totalDownloads:54,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Oral Health Care - An Important Issue of the Modern Society",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10827.jpg",subseries:{id:"1",title:"Oral Health"}}},{id:"80295",title:"Preventive Methods and Treatments of White Spot Lesions in Orthodontics",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.102064",signatures:"Elif Nadide Akay",slug:"preventive-methods-and-treatments-of-white-spot-lesions-in-orthodontics",totalDownloads:82,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Oral Health Care - An Important Issue of the Modern Society",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10827.jpg",subseries:{id:"1",title:"Oral Health"}}},{id:"79876",title:"Management and Prevention Strategies for Treating Dentine Hypersensitivity",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101495",signatures:"David G. Gillam",slug:"management-and-prevention-strategies-for-treating-dentine-hypersensitivity",totalDownloads:88,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Oral Health Care - An Important Issue of the Modern Society",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10827.jpg",subseries:{id:"1",title:"Oral Health"}}},{id:"80020",title:"Alternative Denture Base Materials for Allergic Patients",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101956",signatures:"Lavinia Cosmina Ardelean, Laura-Cristina Rusu and Codruta Victoria Tigmeanu",slug:"alternative-denture-base-materials-for-allergic-patients",totalDownloads:163,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Oral Health Care - An Important Issue of the Modern Society",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10827.jpg",subseries:{id:"1",title:"Oral Health"}}},{id:"79297",title:"Oral Health and Prevention in Older Adults",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101043",signatures:"Irma Fabiola Díaz-García, Dinorah Munira Hernández-Santos, Julio Alberto Díaz-Ramos and Neyda Ma. Mendoza-Ruvalcaba",slug:"oral-health-and-prevention-in-older-adults",totalDownloads:107,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Oral Health Care - An Important Issue of the Modern Society",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10827.jpg",subseries:{id:"1",title:"Oral Health"}}},{id:"79903",title:"Molecular Docking of Phytochemicals against Streptococcus mutans Virulence Targets: A Proteomic Insight into Drug Planning",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101506",signatures:"Diego Romário da Silva, Tahyná Duda Deps, Otavio Akira Souza Sakaguchi, Edja Maria Melo de Brito Costa, Carlus Alberto Oliveira dos Santos, Joanilda Paolla Raimundo e Silva, Bruna Dantas da Silva, Frederico Favaro Ribeiro, Francisco Jaime Bezerra Mendonça-Júnior and Andréa Cristina Barbosa da Silva",slug:"molecular-docking-of-phytochemicals-against-streptococcus-mutans-virulence-targets-a-proteomic-insig",totalDownloads:109,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Oral Health Care - An Important Issue of the Modern Society",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10827.jpg",subseries:{id:"1",title:"Oral Health"}}},{id:"79754",title:"Evaluation of Trans-Resveratrol as a Treatment for Periodontitis",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101477",signatures:"Tracey Lynn Harney",slug:"evaluation-of-trans-resveratrol-as-a-treatment-for-periodontitis",totalDownloads:103,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Oral Health Care - An Important Issue of the Modern Society",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10827.jpg",subseries:{id:"1",title:"Oral Health"}}},{id:"79515",title:"White Spot Lesions and Remineralization",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101372",signatures:"Monisha Khatri, Shreya Kishore, S. Nagarathinam, Suvetha Siva and Vanita Barai",slug:"white-spot-lesions-and-remineralization",totalDownloads:71,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Oral Health Care - An Important Issue of the Modern Society",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10827.jpg",subseries:{id:"1",title:"Oral Health"}}},{id:"79371",title:"The Contrasting Effects between Caffeine and Theobromine on Crystallization: How the Non-fluoride Dentifrice Was Developed",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101116",signatures:"Tetsuo Nakamoto, Alexander U. Falster and William B. Simmons Jr",slug:"the-contrasting-effects-between-caffeine-and-theobromine-on-crystallization-how-the-non-fluoride-den",totalDownloads:127,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Oral Health Care - An Important Issue of the Modern Society",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10827.jpg",subseries:{id:"1",title:"Oral Health"}}},{id:"79409",title:"The Dental Implant Maintenance",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101187",signatures:"Gayathri Krishnamoorthy, Aparna I. Narayana and Dhanasekar Balakrishnan",slug:"the-dental-implant-maintenance",totalDownloads:104,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Oral Health Care - An Important Issue of the Modern Society",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10827.jpg",subseries:{id:"1",title:"Oral Health"}}},{id:"79387",title:"Ulcerative Lesions of the Oral Cavity",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101215",signatures:"Nelli Yildirimyan",slug:"ulcerative-lesions-of-the-oral-cavity",totalDownloads:135,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Oral Health Care - An Important Issue of the Modern Society",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10827.jpg",subseries:{id:"1",title:"Oral Health"}}},{id:"79319",title:"Empirical Study on Medical Information and Communication Technology System in Dentistry in Southeast Asia",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101080",signatures:"Ichiro Nakajima, Ken-ichiro Ejima, Yoshinori Arai, Kunihito Matsumoto, Kazuya Honda, Hirofumi Aboshi, Marina Hamaguchi, Akao Lyvongsa, Bounnhong Sidaphone, Somphone Phanthavong, Chanthavisao Phanthanalay and Souksavanh Vongsa",slug:"empirical-study-on-medical-information-and-communication-technology-system-in-dentistry-in-southeast",totalDownloads:145,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Oral Health Care - An Important Issue of the Modern Society",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10827.jpg",subseries:{id:"1",title:"Oral Health"}}}]},publishedBooks:{paginationCount:13,paginationItems:[{type:"book",id:"10798",title:"Starch",subtitle:"Evolution and Recent Advances",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10798.jpg",slug:"starch-evolution-and-recent-advances",publishedDate:"June 28th 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Martins Ochubiojo Emeje",hash:"f197f6062c1574a9a90e50a369271bcf",volumeInSeries:33,fullTitle:"Starch - Evolution and Recent Advances",editors:[{id:"94311",title:"Prof.",name:"Martins",middleName:"Ochubiojo",surname:"Ochubiojo Emeje",slug:"martins-ochubiojo-emeje",fullName:"Martins Ochubiojo Emeje",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/94311/images/system/94311.jpeg",institutionString:"National Institute for Pharmaceutical Research and Development",institution:{name:"National Institute for Pharmaceutical Research and Development",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Nigeria"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"11332",title:"Essential Oils",subtitle:"Advances in Extractions and Biological Applications",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11332.jpg",slug:"essential-oils-advances-in-extractions-and-biological-applications",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Mozaniel Santana de Oliveira and Eloisa Helena de Aguiar Andrade",hash:"742e6cae3a35686f975edc8d7f9afa94",volumeInSeries:32,fullTitle:"Essential Oils - Advances in Extractions and Biological Applications",editors:[{id:"195290",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Mozaniel",middleName:null,surname:"Santana De Oliveira",slug:"mozaniel-santana-de-oliveira",fullName:"Mozaniel Santana De Oliveira",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/195290/images/system/195290.png",institutionString:"Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi",institution:{name:"Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"10841",title:"Hydrolases",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10841.jpg",slug:"hydrolases",publishedDate:"June 15th 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Sajjad Haider, Adnan Haider and Angel Catalá",hash:"4e868cde273d65a7ff54b1817d640629",volumeInSeries:29,fullTitle:"Hydrolases",editors:[{id:"110708",title:"Dr.",name:"Sajjad",middleName:null,surname:"Haider",slug:"sajjad-haider",fullName:"Sajjad Haider",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/110708/images/system/110708.png",institutionString:"King Saud University",institution:{name:"King Saud University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"10799",title:"Phenolic Compounds",subtitle:"Chemistry, Synthesis, Diversity, Non-Conventional Industrial, Pharmaceutical and Therapeutic Applications",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10799.jpg",slug:"phenolic-compounds-chemistry-synthesis-diversity-non-conventional-industrial-pharmaceutical-and-therapeutic-applications",publishedDate:"February 23rd 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Farid A. Badria",hash:"339199f254d2987ef3167eef74fb8a38",volumeInSeries:26,fullTitle:"Phenolic Compounds - Chemistry, Synthesis, Diversity, Non-Conventional Industrial, Pharmaceutical and Therapeutic Applications",editors:[{id:"41865",title:"Prof.",name:"Farid A.",middleName:null,surname:"Badria",slug:"farid-a.-badria",fullName:"Farid A. Badria",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/41865/images/system/41865.jpg",institutionString:"Mansoura University",institution:{name:"Mansoura University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Egypt"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9753",title:"Terpenes and Terpenoids",subtitle:"Recent Advances",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9753.jpg",slug:"terpenes-and-terpenoids-recent-advances",publishedDate:"July 28th 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Shagufta Perveen and Areej Mohammad Al-Taweel",hash:"575689df13c78bf0e6c1be40804cd010",volumeInSeries:21,fullTitle:"Terpenes and Terpenoids - Recent Advances",editors:[{id:"192992",title:"Prof.",name:"Shagufta",middleName:null,surname:"Perveen",slug:"shagufta-perveen",fullName:"Shagufta Perveen",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/192992/images/system/192992.png",institutionString:"King Saud University",institution:{name:"King Saud University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9731",title:"Oxidoreductase",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9731.jpg",slug:"oxidoreductase",publishedDate:"February 17th 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Mahmoud Ahmed Mansour",hash:"852e6f862c85fc3adecdbaf822e64e6e",volumeInSeries:19,fullTitle:"Oxidoreductase",editors:[{id:"224662",title:"Prof.",name:"Mahmoud Ahmed",middleName:null,surname:"Mansour",slug:"mahmoud-ahmed-mansour",fullName:"Mahmoud Ahmed Mansour",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/224662/images/system/224662.jpg",institutionString:"King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences",institution:{name:"King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"8094",title:"Aflatoxin B1 Occurrence, Detection and Toxicological Effects",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8094.jpg",slug:"aflatoxin-b1-occurrence-detection-and-toxicological-effects",publishedDate:"June 3rd 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Xi-Dai Long",hash:"44f4ad52d8a8cbb22ef3d505d6b18027",volumeInSeries:14,fullTitle:"Aflatoxin B1 Occurrence, Detection and Toxicological Effects",editors:[{id:"202142",title:"Prof.",name:"Xi-Dai",middleName:null,surname:"Long",slug:"xi-dai-long",fullName:"Xi-Dai Long",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/202142/images/system/202142.jpeg",institutionString:"Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities",institution:null}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"8004",title:"Nitrogen Fixation",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8004.jpg",slug:"nitrogen-fixation",publishedDate:"April 8th 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Everlon Cid Rigobelo and Ademar Pereira Serra",hash:"02f39c8365ba155d1c520184c2f26976",volumeInSeries:11,fullTitle:"Nitrogen Fixation",editors:[{id:"39553",title:"Prof.",name:"Everlon",middleName:"Cid",surname:"Rigobelo",slug:"everlon-rigobelo",fullName:"Everlon Rigobelo",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/39553/images/system/39553.jpg",institutionString:"São Paulo State University",institution:{name:"Sao Paulo State University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"8028",title:"Flavonoids",subtitle:"A Coloring Model for Cheering up Life",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8028.jpg",slug:"flavonoids-a-coloring-model-for-cheering-up-life",publishedDate:"March 11th 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Farid A. Badria and Anthony Ananga",hash:"6c33178a5c7d2b276d2c6af4255def64",volumeInSeries:10,fullTitle:"Flavonoids - A Coloring Model for Cheering up Life",editors:[{id:"41865",title:"Prof.",name:"Farid A.",middleName:null,surname:"Badria",slug:"farid-a.-badria",fullName:"Farid A. Badria",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/41865/images/system/41865.jpg",institutionString:"Mansoura University",institution:{name:"Mansoura University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Egypt"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"8170",title:"Chemical Properties of Starch",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8170.jpg",slug:"chemical-properties-of-starch",publishedDate:"March 11th 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Martins Emeje",hash:"0aedfdb374631bb3a33870c4ed16559a",volumeInSeries:9,fullTitle:"Chemical Properties of Starch",editors:[{id:"94311",title:"Prof.",name:"Martins",middleName:"Ochubiojo",surname:"Ochubiojo Emeje",slug:"martins-ochubiojo-emeje",fullName:"Martins Ochubiojo Emeje",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/94311/images/system/94311.jpeg",institutionString:"National Institute for Pharmaceutical Research and Development",institution:{name:"National Institute for Pharmaceutical Research and Development",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Nigeria"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"8019",title:"Alginates",subtitle:"Recent Uses of This Natural Polymer",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8019.jpg",slug:"alginates-recent-uses-of-this-natural-polymer",publishedDate:"February 5th 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Leonel Pereira",hash:"61ea5c1aef462684a3b2215631b7dbf2",volumeInSeries:7,fullTitle:"Alginates - Recent Uses of This Natural Polymer",editors:[{id:"279788",title:"Dr.",name:"Leonel",middleName:null,surname:"Pereira",slug:"leonel-pereira",fullName:"Leonel Pereira",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/279788/images/system/279788.jpg",institutionString:"University of Coimbra",institution:{name:"University of Coimbra",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Portugal"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"8504",title:"Pectins",subtitle:"Extraction, Purification, Characterization and Applications",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8504.jpg",slug:"pectins-extraction-purification-characterization-and-applications",publishedDate:"January 22nd 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Martin Masuelli",hash:"ff1acef627b277c575a10b3259dd331b",volumeInSeries:6,fullTitle:"Pectins - Extraction, Purification, Characterization and Applications",editors:[{id:"99994",title:"Dr.",name:"Martin",middleName:"Alberto",surname:"Masuelli",slug:"martin-masuelli",fullName:"Martin Masuelli",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/99994/images/system/99994.png",institutionString:"National University of San Luis",institution:{name:"National University of San Luis",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Argentina"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}]},testimonialsList:[{id:"27",text:"The opportunity to work with a prestigious publisher allows for the possibility to collaborate with more research groups interested in animal nutrition, leading to the development of new feeding strategies and food valuation while being more sustainable with the environment, allowing more readers to learn about the subject.",author:{id:"175967",name:"Manuel",surname:"Gonzalez Ronquillo",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/175967/images/system/175967.png",slug:"manuel-gonzalez-ronquillo",institution:{id:"6221",name:"Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México",country:{id:null,name:"Mexico"}}}},{id:"18",text:"It was great publishing with IntechOpen, the process was straightforward and I had support all along.",author:{id:"71579",name:"Berend",surname:"Olivier",institutionString:"Utrecht University",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/71579/images/system/71579.png",slug:"berend-olivier",institution:{id:"253",name:"Utrecht University",country:{id:null,name:"Netherlands"}}}},{id:"8",text:"I work with IntechOpen for a number of reasons: their professionalism, their mission in support of Open Access publishing, and the quality of their peer-reviewed publications, but also because they believe in equality.",author:{id:"202192",name:"Catrin",surname:"Rutland",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/202192/images/system/202192.png",slug:"catrin-rutland",institution:{id:"134",name:"University of Nottingham",country:{id:null,name:"United Kingdom"}}}}]},submityourwork:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:89,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:104,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:32,numberOfPublishedChapters:317,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:12,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:141,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:8,numberOfPublishedChapters:129,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:113,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:105,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:5,numberOfOpenTopics:1,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:15,numberOfOpenTopics:5,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],subseriesList:[],annualVolumeBook:{},thematicCollection:[{type:"book",id:"12222",title:"Advances and Challenges in Microplastics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"a36734a551e0997d2255f6ce99eff818",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. El-Sayed Salama",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/12222.jpg",editedByType:null,submissionDeadline:"July 1st 2022",editors:[{id:"347657",title:"Prof.",name:"El-Sayed",middleName:null,surname:"Salama",slug:"el-sayed-salama",fullName:"El-Sayed Salama",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/347657/images/system/347657.png",biography:"El-Sayed Salama is a professor in the Public Health School,\nLanzhou University, China. He is also a director of the Green Environmental & Energy Laboratory (GEEL) and a distinguished\nexpert of science and technology in the ecological industry, Gansu Province. His GEEL research work focuses on bioenvironmental science and bioenergy. He has several journal publications to\nhis credit.",institutionString:"Lanzhou University, Gansu Academy of Membrane Science and Technology",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"Lanzhou University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"China"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"11668",title:"Mercury Pollution",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"0bd111f57835089cad4a9741326dbab7",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Ahmed Abdelhafez and Dr. Mohamed Abbas",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11668.jpg",editedByType:null,submissionDeadline:"July 22nd 2022",editors:[{id:"196849",title:"Dr.",name:"Ahmed",middleName:null,surname:"Abdelhafez",slug:"ahmed-abdelhafez",fullName:"Ahmed Abdelhafez",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/196849/images/system/196849.jpg",biography:"Ahmed A. Abdelhafez, PhD, is an associate professor of the Department of Soils and Water Science, Faculty of Agriculture, New Valley University. He is one of the leading scientists in the field of biochar in the Arab region. He worked as a researcher at the Department of Environmental Researches, Agricultural Research Center (ARC), Egypt, for more than 10 years. Dr. Abdelhafez focuses mainly on agricultural production, environmental contamination control, risk assessment and biochar technology. He is a member of the National Committee of Soil Sciences and the Academy of Scientific Research & Technology, Egypt. He has published several research papers related to environmental contamination, risk assessment and potential remediation technologies.",institutionString:"New Valley University",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"2",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"1",institution:null}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"11666",title:"Soil Contamination - Recent Advances and Future Perspectives",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"c8890038b86fb6e5af16ea3c22669ae9",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Adnan Mustafa and Dr. Muhammad Naveed",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11666.jpg",editedByType:null,submissionDeadline:"June 9th 2022",editors:[{id:"299110",title:"Dr.",name:"Adnan",middleName:null,surname:"Mustafa",slug:"adnan-mustafa",fullName:"Adnan Mustafa",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/299110/images/system/299110.jpg",biography:"Adnan has completed his Ph.D in Soil Science from Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China.\nHe is currently working as an Assistant Professor at Institute of Chemistry and Technology of Environmental Protection, Brno University of Technology, Brno, Czech Republic. He is simultaneously working as a Researcher with Department of Agrochemistry, Soil Science, Microbiology and Plant Nutrition (FA), Mendel University Brno and Institute of Environmental Studies, Charles University Prague, Czechia. \nHis research is focused on soil organic carbon (SOC) accumulation mechanisms, plant-microbe interactions, biochar production, and utilization for agricultural crop production and environmental remediation. He is actively involved in bioremediation of contaminated soils using organic and inorganic amendments in addition to exploiting plant-microbe interactions. He has published over 50 refereed journal articles, many of which sought to explore the effectiveness of innovative soil amendments and plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) for improving crop performance and soil resilience under various abiotic stresses. He has been working for several renowned academic societies and enjoys early career in research.",institutionString:"Brno University of Technology",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"Brno University of Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Czech Republic"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}],selectedSeries:null,selectedSubseries:null},seriesLanding:{item:{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",issn:"2753-894X",scope:"\r\n\tThis series will provide a comprehensive overview of recent research trends in business and management, economics, and marketing. Topics will include asset liability management, financial consequences of the financial crisis and covid-19, financial accounting, mergers and acquisitions, management accounting, SMEs, financial markets, corporate finance and governance, managerial technology and innovation, resource management and sustainable development, social entrepreneurship, corporate responsibility, ethics and accountability, microeconomics, labour economics, macroeconomics, public economics, financial economics, econometrics, direct marketing, creative marketing, internet marketing, market planning and forecasting, brand management, market segmentation and targeting and other topics under business and management. This book series will focus on various aspects of business and management whose in-depth understanding is critical for business and company management to function effectively during this uncertain time of financial crisis, Covid-19 pandemic, and military activity in Europe.
",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/22.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"June 27th, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfPublishedBooks:1,editor:{id:"356540",title:"Prof.",name:"Taufiq",middleName:null,surname:"Choudhry",fullName:"Taufiq Choudhry",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000036X2hvQAC/Profile_Picture_2022-03-14T08:58:03.jpg",biography:"Prof. Choudhry holds a BSc degree in Economics from the University of Iowa, as well as a Masters and Ph.D. in Applied Economics from Clemson University, USA. In January 2006, he became a Professor of Finance at the University of Southampton Business School. He was previously a Professor of Finance at the University of Bradford Management School. He has over 80 articles published in international finance and economics journals. His research interests and specialties include financial econometrics, financial economics, international economics and finance, housing markets, financial markets, among others.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Southampton",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}},subseries:[{id:"86",title:"Business and Management",keywords:"Demographic shifts, Innovation, Technology, Next-gen leaders, Worldwide environmental issues and clean technology, Uncertainty and political risks, Radical adjacency, Emergence of new business ecosystem type, Emergence of different leader and leader values types, Universal connector, Elastic enterprise, Business platform, Supply chain complexity",scope:"\r\n\tThe topic on Economics is designed to disseminate knowledge around broad global economic issues. Original submissions will be accepted in English for applied and theoretical articles, case studies and reviews about the specific challenges and opportunities faced by the economies and markets around the world. The authors are encouraged to apply rigorous economic analysis with significant policy implications for developed and developing countries. Examples of subjects of interest will include, but are not limited to globalization, economic integration, growth and development, international trade, environmental development, country specific comparative analysis, technical innovation and knowledge management, political economy analysis, and banking and financial markets.
",annualVolume:11971,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/87.jpg",editor:{id:"327730",title:"Prof.",name:"Jaime",middleName:null,surname:"Ortiz",fullName:"Jaime Ortiz",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00002zaOKZQA2/Profile_Picture_1642145584421",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Houston",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"104262",title:"Dr.",name:"Chee-Heong",middleName:null,surname:"Quah",fullName:"Chee-Heong Quah",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/104262/images/system/104262.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Malaya",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Malaysia"}}},{id:"236659",title:"Prof.",name:"Monica Violeta",middleName:null,surname:"Achim",fullName:"Monica Violeta Achim",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/236659/images/system/236659.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Babeș-Bolyai University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Romania"}}},{id:"202039",title:"Dr.",name:"Nahanga",middleName:null,surname:"Verter",fullName:"Nahanga Verter",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSCwtQAG/Profile_Picture_1643101901237",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Mendel University Brno",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Czech Republic"}}},{id:"107745",title:"Emeritus Prof.",name:"Panagiotis E.",middleName:null,surname:"Petrakis",fullName:"Panagiotis E. Petrakis",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRzzaQAC/Profile_Picture_1644221136992",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"National and Kapodistrian University of Athens",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Greece"}}},{id:"196259",title:"Dr.",name:"Ryan Merlin",middleName:null,surname:"Yonk",fullName:"Ryan Merlin Yonk",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/196259/images/system/196259.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"American Institute for Economic Research",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}]},{id:"88",title:"Marketing",keywords:"Consumer trends, Consumer needs, Media, Pricing, Distribution, Branding, Innovation, Neuromarketing",scope:"