Glass forming section thickness and thermal property for Cu60Hf40-XTiX (X=from 5 to 35) alloy series [2]
\r\n\tIn the last decades, particular attention to this field has been paid to the coastal erosion problem all over the world. Indeed, the deployment of artificial reservoirs, modification of the runoff characteristics of internal areas, sand extraction from rivers, and harbor siltation, caused a decrease of sediment input on the coastal environments, and, therefore, a generalized deficit in the sediment budget. Often, dredging activities are required to collect sediment finalized to “soft” techniques to restore beaches or to move the sand trapped in the harbor (clean or contaminated).
\r\n\tMoreover, the coastal protections induced hydrodynamics and morphodynamics modifications inducing sometimes strong variations to the sediment transport regime.
\r\n\tHistorically, all these aspects are related to specific research areas ranging from engineering, geology, geomorphology, biology, etc, but it is difficult to find a comprehensive overview of these topics.
\r\n\r\n\tThis book is intended to collect original works and review concerning numerical and experimental investigation, theoretical works, methodological approaches, and any other technique that allow giving the actual state-of-the-art in the field of sediment transport.
",isbn:"978-1-80355-868-4",printIsbn:"978-1-80355-867-7",pdfIsbn:"978-1-80355-869-1",doi:null,price:0,priceEur:0,priceUsd:0,slug:null,numberOfPages:0,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isSalesforceBook:!1,hash:"e7b1c1592e32fe87af399022616ad0f8",bookSignature:"Dr. Davide Pasquali",publishedDate:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11136.jpg",keywords:"Longshore Sediment Transport, Sediment Budget, Morphodynamics, Hydrodynamics, Sediment Transport, Sedimentation, Mathematical Modelling, Erosion and Deposition, Dredging, Harbor Siltation, Contaminated Sediment, Water Quality",numberOfDownloads:45,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:0,numberOfDimensionsCitations:0,numberOfTotalCitations:0,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"November 4th 2021",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"February 23rd 2022",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"April 24th 2022",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"July 13th 2022",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"September 11th 2022",remainingDaysToSecondStep:"3 months",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:4,editedByType:null,kuFlag:!1,biosketch:"Davide Pasquali is currently a Research Fellow in the Department of Civil, Construction-Architectural, and Environmental Engineering (DICEAA) at the University of L’Aquila. His research interests are focused on water wave generation and propagation, coastal hydrodynamic and morphodynamic, physical and numerical modeling of wave-structure interaction, wave energy assessment and extraction, risk analysis, and marine sediments transport.",coeditorOneBiosketch:null,coeditorTwoBiosketch:null,coeditorThreeBiosketch:null,coeditorFourBiosketch:null,coeditorFiveBiosketch:null,editors:[{id:"309493",title:"Dr.",name:"Davide",middleName:null,surname:"Pasquali",slug:"davide-pasquali",fullName:"Davide Pasquali",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/309493/images/system/309493.jpg",biography:"Davide Pasquali is currently a Research Fellow in the Department of Civil, Construction-Architectural and Environmental Engineering (DICEAA) at the University of L’Aquila. In 2011, he received his Master’s Degree (cum laude) in Civil Engineering and in 2015 he received his Ph.D. in Civil Engineering at the University of L’Aquila. His research interests are focused on water wave generation and propagation, coastal hydrodynamic and morphodynamic, physical and numerical modeling of wave-structure interaction, wave energy assessment and extraction, risk analysis, and marine sediments transport.",institutionString:"University of L'Aquila",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"University of L'Aquila",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}}],coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"10",title:"Earth and Planetary Sciences",slug:"earth-and-planetary-sciences"}],chapters:[{id:"81410",title:"Sediment Transport in River Flows: New Approaches and Formulas",slug:"sediment-transport-in-river-flows-new-approaches-and-formulas",totalDownloads:14,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[null]},{id:"81522",title:"Study of Polydisperse Particulate Systems with a ‘Direct-Forcing/Fictitious Domain’ Method",slug:"study-of-polydisperse-particulate-systems-with-a-direct-forcing-fictitious-domain-method",totalDownloads:9,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"36826",title:"Dr.",name:"Sylvain",surname:"Guillou",slug:"sylvain-guillou",fullName:"Sylvain Guillou"},{id:"90767",title:"MSc.",name:"Romuald",surname:"Verjus",slug:"romuald-verjus",fullName:"Romuald Verjus"}]},{id:"80965",title:"Assessment of Hydraulic Conductivity of Porous Media Using Empirical Relationships",slug:"assessment-of-hydraulic-conductivity-of-porous-media-using-empirical-relationships",totalDownloads:22,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[null]}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},personalPublishingAssistant:{id:"278926",firstName:"Ivana",lastName:"Barac",middleName:null,title:"Ms.",imageUrl:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/278926/images/8058_n.jpg",email:"ivana.b@intechopen.com",biography:"As an Author Service Manager my responsibilities include monitoring and facilitating all publishing activities for authors and editors. 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It is said that the transformation of the liquid-system to glass one is a final theme in physics through into the twenty-first century. Furthermore, the development of amorphous-material devices and specimen modification methods is closely related with the obviousness of high thermal stability and stability of relaxation.
The aim of this research is to clarify numerical solutions for nano-structure relaxation processes focusing on the activation energy in transition metal (ie Cu, Fe) based amorphous alloys. Activation energy for structural relaxation process in a metal type amorphous ternary and quaternary alloys, with cross sections of typically 0.03 mm x 2.0 mm, prepared by chill-block melt spinning has been investigated by Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) with a cyclically heating technique [1,2,3]. Activation energies for structural relaxation with a spatial quantity in amorphous materials have been discussed by use of a total relaxed ratio function that depends on annealing temperature and time. In the present work in amorphous ternary and quaternary alloys, the distributions for the Activation Energy Spectrum (AES) with derivative-type relaxed ratio function were observed. Another result has been also established that the "reversible" AES model energy distribution though the cyclically nano-structural relaxations were in good agreement with the presented experimental results of transition metal based amorphous alloys.
There has been recently considerable that the glassy alloys are representative of the bulk formed ultra-fine structure [1]. Particularly Cu has been shown to be good base element for bulk glass-forming alloy with fully glassy sections recently by use of die injection casting [2,3]. Binary Cu - (Zr or Hf) alloys have been found to form an amorphous phase over a wide composition range. However, addition of Ti in both these binary systems greatly increased the glass forming ability (GFA), with the critical diameter for fully amorphous rods being at least 4 mm for Cu60Zr30Ti10, Cu60Hf20Ti20 and Cu55Hf25Ti20 [2,3]. Meanwhile the understanding of the structural relaxation process is essential in the development of stability for amorphous alloys, as well as in establishing stable working temperature to avoid the degradation of strength. Therefore, high thermal stability of quasi-stable amorphous materials for Cu based alloys. The atomic mechanism of diffusion in amorphous alloys is still poorly understood as compared to that in crystalline alloys. However, measurements of diffusivity in amorphous alloys have been limited so far because of the experimental difficulties of measuring the very small diffusion coefficients, usually less than 10-17 m2s-1, which are typical of amorphous alloys below their crystallization temperatures [4,5].
In the present work, using Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) thermal analysis has been made to determine the activation processes [6,7,8], and to evaluate whether it represents the thermodynamically stable form of CuHfTi and CuHfTi-B glass-forming amorphous alloys.
Cu-based alloy ingots of composition Cu60Hf20Ti20, (Cu60Hf22Ti18)0.99B1 and (Cu60Hf22Ti18)0.97B3 were prepared by arc-melting mixtures in an argon gas atmosphere purified with a Ti getter. The alloy compositions represent the nominal values but the weight losses in melting were negligible. The alloy ingots were inverted on the hearth and re-melted several times, to ensure compositional homogeneity. Ribbon samples of each alloy, with cross sections of typically 0.03 mm * 2.0 mm, were produced by chill-block melt spinning in a sealed inactive gas atmosphere. The amorphous state of the specimen of the ribbon samples was confirmed by X-ray diffraction.
The endothermic/exothermic heats for relaxation process were measured by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) of DSC3100s of MacScience Co., Ltd (Bruker Japan Co., Ltd.) at a constant heating rate of 1.00 K/s. And the ordered specimens were prepared by annealing used in the electric furnace of the DSC. Pre-annealing and following long-time main annealing by a DSC furnace are at a 700 K for 1800 s and at a 580 K for 6000 s, respectively. The maximum temperature of 700 K is enough to suppress the crystallization and to measure optimistically the structural relaxation for these three kinds of specimen [9].
Due to insufficient data of thermal stability of amorphous alloys, the following points are left as future problems. Even bulk glass-forming alloy, also amorphous alloys is a non-equilibrium state. The certain overall atoms in an amorphous alloy are in non-stable state rather than in the stable crystalline state. Therefore, not only crystallization over a certain wide temperature range but also re-arrangement of atoms occurs. The structural relaxation process is one of the essential phenomena in some non-equilibrium materials. Thereby, to study the structural relaxation is important to investigate the constitutional property of the amorphous alloys. Furthermore, the structural relaxation is closely connected with the stability of specific examples related to the bulk glass-forming amorphous alloy. It is also necessary to know this property from a viewpoint of the application development.
Consider the population of an assembly of reaction centre for structural relaxation, that is to say isolated double wells potential model (or so called Two Level System, TLS) as shown in Fig. 1[9]. A relaxation centre which is isolated and in a particular structural configuration, permits an atom to be either in a higher energy position at state 0 or in a lower energy position at state 1 in Fig. 1. The axis of abscissas is the configuration variable for relaxation processes, and the position 1/2 on the axis in Fig.1 is the saddle point for the energy wall between the position 0 and 1.
Schematic illustrations of relaxation centre and energy levels for the corresponding two level system
On the population of an assembly of this model, activation energy spectrum (AES) in structural relaxation processes, J. A. Leake, J. E. Evetts and M. R. J. Gibbs [10,11] describe the phenomena of physical available and variable property with good agreement between the theory and the experimentation. The theory assumes exponent factor nearly equal one-dimension for chemical reaction kinetics of Jhonson-Mehl-Avrami (JMA) equation.
Therefore, the theoretical model for the relaxation process in amorphous materials on the basis of a spectrum of available processes with a distribution of activation energy was proposed. In their model, the total change in the measured property,
In the range of activation energy
where
where
In the another paper [9], in a process for most simplifying assumption, the function
These
The (5) function is shown in Fig 3 (a), on the contrary the derivative of
a). Dependence of the characteristic annealing function
a). Dependence of the 1st derivation of
Dependence of the summation
a). Divided by the
In the previous paper [9], we discussed at first the AES applied on the Cu-Hf-Ti system, because of the following reasons.
In Table 1 [2] the glass forming ability (GFA) related to the
Glass forming section thickness and thermal property for Cu60Hf40-XTiX (X=from 5 to 35) alloy series [2]
After all, the aim of this research is also to clarify a quantitative evaluation in the structure relaxation processes focusing on the activation energy in Cu60Hf20Ti20 based amorphous alloys with high GFA series.
Pre-annealing and main-annealing conditions were completely similar the way as Ref. 9. After that it will be noted that an atom to be in a higher energy position at stage 0 in Fig. 1, endothermic heat occurs at 1st run in the measurement scanning #1 even at 1st run in #2, that is to say the reversible relaxation processes, and the 1st minus 2nd run indicates the endothermic value (the 2nd minus 1st run indicates the exothermic value) that could be calculate the AES distributions that means an atom to be in a higher energy position at stage 0 in Fig. 1.
The liquidus temperature
An example of annealing time and temperature history by use in fully electric furnace of the DSC. Specimens were prepared by annealing used in the DSC furnace, pre-annealing and following long-time main-annealing are at 700 K (=
four-leafed schematic illustrations of reversible phenomena for DSC scanning #1 then #2, and included relaxation processes for scanning 1st run then 2nd run, on the other hand without relaxation processes for scanning 2nd run then 3rd run
In the presented work by use of the AES model, following above-mentioned, activation energies in structural relaxation processes have been determined of composition Cu60Hf20Ti20 and related (Cu60Hf22Ti18)0.99B1 and (Cu60Hf22Ti18)0.97B3 amorphous alloys as shown in Fig. 8.
The maximum energies in AES have similar tendency among three kinds of alloy nearly at 160 kJmol-1 (1.66 eV). Between the three kinds of B for 3, 1 and 0 % alloys, in an energy region less than 160 kJmol-1, AES of only B 3 % alloy is higher than that of B 1% and 0 %. Meanwhile, in an energy region more than 160 kJmol-1, AES of them are similar.
This suggests that the diffusion path size for the diffusant of Ti that atomic radius is smallest in the metallic compositions and the packing density of the covalent bonding matrix between the boron and metal are dominant in the relaxation processes. Consequently activation energy for the structural relaxation process has been determined in the Cu60Hf20Ti20 with having the highest bulk glass-forming ability in Cu60Hf40-XTiX (X are from 5 to 35 %) alloy series as almost 160 kJmol-1 (1.66 eV) using the normalized derivative - type relaxed ratio function [9].
In the Fig. 7., four-leafed schematic illustrations show on the DSC scanning #1, #2, we could evaluate the value included relaxation processes for scanning 1st run then 2nd run, on the other hand we could estimate the value included not relaxation processes for scanning 2nd run then 3rd run that are almost without relaxation. So solving the value should be calculated by DSC exothermic heats of 2nd run minus 1st run. So it is very important to calculate the differences between 2nd and 1st run. But also it is difficult to calculated form the DSC exothermic heats of 2nd run minus 1st run because of the temperature scanning step problem. This section describes the way of calculation how to get the differences (distinction) data.
In the Fig. 9., if they were a typical numerical example for differential calculation with supplied as text-type file name, for example, TEST00.TXT of 1th DSC run and TEST01.TXT of 2nd one, it would be transformed from their differential calculation to result numerical data such as TEST04.TXT, to be free to use a program such as GP.EXE ver. 4.13 and DOSBox version 0.74. The 2-Dimension Graph Plotter GP.EXE version 4.13-PC/AT and Dos-emulator DOSBox version 0.74 for all kind of MS-windows OS (another DOSBox version exists for MAC OS probably) are both free software supported in English keyboard peripheral interface. Additionally information, the GP.EXE was built by Prof. Dr. K. Edamatsu( now at riec.tohoku.ac.jp) in 1980-99 year for design to plot scientific/engineering graphs using PCs. Prof. Edamatsu said in his GP’s documentation “with GP.EXE, make smart graphs for your presentation and publication. Also, try GP\'s powerful data analysis capability such as general least-squares fitting, numerical differentiation and integration”.
In around 2010 year, the GP.EXE with super high speed and powerful data analysis capability is born-again by use of high performance Dos-emulator DOSBox.
Presented process, to calculate the differential exo/endothermic heat supplied from DSC live scanning environmental with gas flow atmosphere. Overall, Relaxation processes for example has been tutorial as bellow description mainly using the freeware GP.EXE, further only using scanning data 1st run to 2nd run.
In the Fig. 10., for introduction to present calculation technique, typical complex 2-D tutorial graph samples are shown by using GP.EXE. A left chart is the typical Gaussian differentiation tutorial sample, 1st derivative and 2nd one and experimental data and calculation. A right chart is the typical Ahhrenius tutorial plot with inversed horizontal axis with logarithm vertical axis. If you were to use the GP.EXE, you should download from the site of www.vector.co.jp/soft/dos/business/se004831.html.
Then you could get the file of gpat431.lzh, you should make the directory for set the GP.EXE environments. It should be save and destination to (recommended): C:/prog/gp/gp.exe, C:/prog/gp/INIT.GPR, C:/prog/gp/DOC, C:/prog/gp/ DRIVERS, etc.
Note: GP.EXE system is so called legacy-DOS, overall generated user filename must be kept the name rule of 8 character letter filename and 3 character letter extensions around in the GP directory.
Addition you could get the file of gpsmp420.lzh of tutorial examples of GPR extension files, you could be easy to get the way the GP.EXE operating. As shown in Fig. 10., the tutorials exist in site of www.vector.co.jp/soft/dos/business/se010753.html.
In the Table 2., Recommended Dos-emulator DOSBox version 0.74 configuration file descriptions are shown. You could edit (ie. MS-Win7) it in Program Menu, DOSBox options, editing the configuration, last lines for “autoexec” region. Addition, keyb command needs the user of Japanese JP106 keyboard peripheral interface only (addition the keyb program and keyboard-map should also be needed. The keyb system’s useful information would be gathered in World Wide Web). Meanwhile for in English peripheral US101 user, the keyb command should be ignore. Furthermore the last gp command in table 2, it should not be need to user for non-automatic start of GP. For normal user, it should be ignore the last one. Otherwise all users command the type key of gp on DOSBox command line, GP.EXE starts anytime.
A sample of Dos-emulator DOSBox version 0.74 configuration file description (as shown in autoexec area only)
In the Fig. 11., GP.EXE column structure menu indicating live date column was shown. In the case, X, Y, YE of default column structure allow to use a delimiter also space and tabulator key. Live data should be minimum structure of X and Y with delimiter of space key. Meanwhile additional data column if include could be were specially galloped by use of “U” rule for GP column structure. The typical sample structure of live data is shown in Table 3a and 3b. Addition the 1st, 2nd and 3rd line were normally (default) galloped through a whole text-file for GP because of a purpose for a title and axis captions.
INIT.GPR and other GPR files would be able to modified by a text-type general-purpose editor, then directory file path, captions and so on in them could be also re-arranged and rapid setting for similar graph format preparations.
Note: GPR file always includes full-Path towards live data, but usually it is NOT often need to full-Path towards them but only Local-Path that means without non-Path description, then some of this full-Path should be deleted by use of a text-type general-purpose editor because of keeping the safety-connection between the live data and the GPR file.
In the Fig. 12., load file name menu indicates the live date formatted general-purpose text-style pursuant to table 3a,3b. As it was shown, 3 files (2 kinds of file) of TEST00.TXT, TEST01.TXT and TEST00.TXT are loaded in the live data tray in GP.EXE for 2 data differential calculations. The file #1 should be without differential calculations. The file #2 and #3 should be with differential calculation for #3 minus #2.
In the Fig. 13., load and save parameter’s file (GPR of extensions) menu indicates graph structure list organized whole graphic design. Especially GPR file is also plain text-type, so we could arrange them before/afterward by use of a text-type general-purpose editor anytime.
Note: GP.EXE system is so called legacy-DOS, overall generated user filename must be kept the name rule of 8 character letter filename and 3 character letter extensions around in the GP directory.
In the Fig. 14., a Interfile Calculation Parameters and style-menu displayed, red-mark of TEST01 (Src. file # 2) on left-y-axis and white-mark of TEST00 (Src. file # 1) on left-y-axis, meanwhile blue-mark of TEST00 minus TEST01 (Src. file #3 minus #2) on right-y-axis. The aim of this computation is to process the file #3 minus #2 based rule on column X date for Temperature region. Finally a result of the processed data has been shown as blue-mark beside on right-y-axis.
Dimension Graph Plotter GP.EXE version 4.13-PC/AT and Dos-emulator DOSBox version 0.74 are both free software in English supported to calculate the differential exothermic heat data using DSC included relaxation processes for example, scanning 1st run to 2nd run.
GP.EXE: http://www.vector.co.jp/soft/dos/business/se004831.html
GP.EXE samples :http://www.vector.co.jp/soft/dos/business/se010753.html
Typical samples of 2-Dimension Graph Plotter GP.EXE. A left chart is the typical Gaussian differentiation sample, 1st derivative and 2nd one and experimental data and calculation. A right chart is the typical Ahhrenius-type plot with inversed horizontal axis together with logarithm vertical axis. Green colour cross line indicator means the across point both live-data and translated-data.
At first, column structure menu indicates the live date column structure
Second, load file name menu indicates the live date formatted general-purpose text-style pursuant to
a |
b |
a. Typical numerical example for differential calculation with random number generator only onside x-axis formatted for GP.exe as data filename TEST01.TXT b. Typical numerical example for differential calculation formatted for GP.exe as data filename TEST00.TXT
Third, load parameter’s file menu indicates organized graph structure
Forth,
In the Fig. 15., Left and right axis, so called Y-axis Plotting Parameters are shown relation to Fig.14. For Src. file #1 and 2 are to belong to left-y-axis named A of Y-axis and further calculated Src. file #3 minus #2 is to belong to right-y-axis named B.
Fifth, Y-axis Plotting Parameters are shown. For Src. file #1 and 2 are to belong to left-y-axis named A and Src. file #3 minus #2 (calculated data) is to belong to right-y-axis named B
In the Fig. 16., Plotting green cross-line indicator means the calculated Src. file #3 minus #2 dots. Fig. 10s are also the similar for usage of cross-line indicator.
Sixth, Plotting green cross-line indicator means the calculated Src. file #3 minus #2 dots
In the Fig. 17., It is the most important method for calculating of relaxation process. Text-fire save-menu using blue-mark of TEST00 minus TEST01 (Src. file #3 minus #2) on right-y-axis should be describe for example as file name TEST04.TXT in write-data filename input region. Then the TEST04.TXT should be on further calculation process to equation (5),
Seventh, text-fire save-menu using blue-mark of TEST00 minus TEST01 (Src. file #3 minus #2) on right-y-axis as file name TEST04.TXT displayed in write-data panel
In the Fig. 18., PostScript-file save-menu using a PostScript-file driver of PS.DLL, that include gpat431.lzh archive, displayed in Plot Parameters panel. Furthermore the useful information, if it assumed to be a 01.ps as saved file name for presented graph design, it would be transformed from PostScript-file to PDF-file, for example, from 01.ps to assumed 01gw.pdf, to be free to use a program ghostscript ver. 9.04. It should be typed on command-line supported by each OS in current directory of 01.ps (not use the command-line in DOSBox ) as:
"C:\\Program Files\\gs\\gs9.04\\bin\\gswin32c.exe" -dNOPAUSE -dBATCH –sDEVICE = pdfwrite -r600 –sOutputFile = 01gw.pdf -c 300000 setvmthreshold save pop -f 01.ps
Assumed 01gw.pdf would be a graph with super-resolution quality attaching suitable for all kind of publications. For example, it could be transformed from their PDF to word-processor MS-Word, to be free to use a program such as “Acrobat Reader”, and it should be typing keys of Control-a, then Zoom up to around 200%, then Control-c, after then in word-processor to be also typing keys Control-v for universal use.
Final, PostScript-file save-menu using a PS.DLL PostScript-file driver displayed in Plot Parameters panel. If it assumed to be a 01.ps as saved file name, it would be transformed from PostScript-fire to PDF-file, for example, from 01.ps to assumed 01gw.pdf, to be free to use a program ghostscript ver. 9.04. It should be typed on command-line as: "C:\\Program Files\\gs\\gs9.04\\bin\\gswin32c.exe" -dNOPAUSE -dBATCH -sDEVICE=pdfwrite -r600 -sOutputFile=01gw.pdf -c 300000 setvmthreshold save pop -f 01.ps
In the present work for calculation using specific normalized 1st derivative - type relaxation ratio function of
After it has been difficult in general to calculate numerical differences between any kinds of DSC live data. Because it has the time-domain problem for stepping accuracy and speed on temperature column region. So in second half of this paper, it was tutorial to short course calculation method for the differences using the freeware in Tohoku University Prof. K. Edamatsu’ GP.EXE that was designed until 1999 to make smart graphs for publication with powerful data analysis ability such as numerical complex differentiation. And now it is shown that the GP.EXE has been useful for genuine data processing even in the 2012’s generation.
The author was favoured to have the assistance of Dr. I. A. Figueroa in Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico who contributed an experimental circumstance to the accomplishment of the amorphous sample preparations in the University of Sheffield UK. The author also would like to express the appreciation to Dr. Sergio Gonzalez Sanchez (Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona), Mr. P. J. J. Hawksworth and Dr. I. Todd in the University of Sheffield. The author is indebted to Professor H. A. Davies for drawing his attention to presented researches.
Salt stress is among the leading abiotic causes of modifications in many physiological, anatomical, and biochemical processes [1]. Anatomical and morphological changes in leaves under restricted moisture availability play a significant role in salt stress, and they are an indication of the level of tolerance. The epidermis is the external tissue of every plant organ and serves as the initial point of contact with its environment. It is essential to preserve physiologically appropriate circumstances in all plant and environment interactions for normal metabolism [2].
In salt-stressed plants, stem vascular cell thickness was much larger than control treatment; the salinity effect was concentration-dependent. Generally, plants grown in saline solution showed higher thickness in the cuticle, vascular tissues, and vessel than unstressed plants (Figure 1B–C). Furthermore, we observed that, in salt-stressed plants, the number of trichomes was increased from epidermal stem cells. In other words, an increase in salinity level led to more trichomes on the epidermal layer compare with control plants [3]. There are several reports on increased trichomes density under environmental stresses such as drought and salinity [4, 5]. An increase in trichome density may be a mechanism to increase tolerance to salt stress.
Salt stress effects on rice plant growth under control and at 200 mM NaCl treatment(A): rice leaf anatomy, Oriza sativa; (B–C): light microscopy (cross-section) in control; (C): light microscopy (cross-section) in 200 mM NaCl; cu = cuticle, ms: mesophyll cell, Bul: bulliform cells, cp: parenchyma cells, m: mesophyll, s: stomata, vb: vascular bundles, s: stomata stomata, lv: largr vascular bundle and red line indicates the thickness of parenchyma; and scale bar = 100 μm; (D): scanning electron microscopy of the adaxial surface in control rice leaves; and (E): under stress condition (200 mmol/l), showing epicuticular wax deposition.
The importance of the cuticular layer in regulating a plant’s water status and providing protection from environmental challenges has been recognized for a long time. The cuticular layer in plants restricts non-stomatal water loss and protects plants against damage from biotic and abiotic stress [6]. Due to their role in controlling water loss, specialized epidermis structures have the potential to enhance the drought tolerance and WUE (“water use efficiency”) of critical crops [7, 8, 9, 10]. The cuticular wax on the leaves of the control (non-treated rice leaves) showed less than compared with the treated rice leaves (200 mmol/l NaCl), indicating adaptation against salinity to maintain photosynthesis to control water loss (Figure 1
Trichomes study has conventionally centered on specialized metabolic processes understanding in glandular trichomes [11, 12, 13]. Our data showed that in salinity tolerance, rice varieties have developed dense trichomes and increased in size with the help of a layer of air trapped in trichomes to reduce the rate of water transpiration as compared to susceptible varieties under differing concentrations of salt (40–160 mmol/l) [3].
The epidermis also includes stomata, which constitute epidermal pores that directly control the exchange of gases and also water status management. They may be found on a single surface (hypostomatic) and both leaf surfaces (amphistomatic) [14]. Stomata regulate water absorption through modifications in the stomatal opening, conductance, along with density. Shortly, plants alter their stomata closure to minimize water loss and a moderate absorption of CO2 for changing circumstances [15]. Our data indicated that tolerant cultivars of rice closed stomata at the highest concentration (160 mmol/l NaCl) of salt [3]. Plant leaves can rise in stomatal density and a decreased saline area indicating a change to saline stress [16, 17]. Thus, the equilibrium between the density of stomatal and site could lead to stomatal conductance control and evaporation water loss [18, 19], which establishes equilibrium in photosynthesis [20]. Similar behavior was found for other species like “
Salt tolerant plants exhibit leaves thickening [23, 24, 25] which may contribute to the maintenance of turgor and content of leaf water. Wankhade et al. [26] and Hameed et al. [17] identified an optimistic association between salt stress tolerance and epidermal cells’ thickening. The epidermal thickness increases the water effectiveness of plants and offers more area in which NaCl is effective for the epidermis of the leaf [27]. It can also be important to increase the region of sclerenchyma with rising salinity since it provides organ rigidity and this may be an essential characteristic for salt resistance [16]. The area of the photosynthetic leaf, parenchyma tissues exhibited a progressive reduction in salinity which is likely to influence CO2 diffusion [18].
The most challenging issues to assess by traditional microscopy methods are rice mesophyll tissues as their cells are lesser and have a greater density of chloroplast [28, 29] comparison to other plants. Thus, precise mesophyll morphology evaluation is essential for assessing photosynthetic capability [30] and maintains the leaf structure against salinity via following ways;
Significant modifications were detected in salt stress chloroplast in rice leaf contrast to tolerance variety. These include; (1) Modifications in the chloroplasts number & size, and starch level. (2) Disordered membranes of the chloroplast. (3) Variations in plastoglobuli numbers and sizes. (4) Loss of the disorganization and envelope of thylakoids and grana which directly affect the chlorophyll fluorescence and photosynthetic rate, and reduced the productivity of rice (12). Chloroplast is recognized as an organelle susceptible to environmental stress [31], and its pockets [32] are known to be present in salt. Even though earlier TEM investigations have shown alterations in the chloroplast ultrastructure to salt that influence photosynthetic [32], these structural variations are specifically noticeable in the thylakoids [28] that swell under salt stress [3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32]. Therefore, mesophyll conductance decrease was correlated with the olive leaf mesophyll thickening [33]. A substantial reduction in mesophyll cell size was also a notable leaf anatomical characteristic found in
On the other side, improved porosity by raising the parenchyma intercellular space did not promote the propagation conductivity of stressed plants [35]. The existence of highly vacuolated epidermal cells with poor metabolic seemed to function as a dumping mechanism in preventing mesophyll cells from stress [36]. However, decreasing the diameter of the xylem tube contributed in decreased hydraulic and ionic conductance [37] and therefore reduced photosynthesis and plant development.
The influence of salinity on leaf ultrastructure changed with the plant tolerance to NaCl, as reported in two rice species, (
(A) Transmission electron microscope images of salt-tolerant variety, (a) under control (without treatment) and (b) treated with 160mM Nacl, showing thylakoid system of chloroplasts remained unaffected in control as well as under treatment. However, salt-sensitive variety, transmission electron microscope images of leaf, (c) under control, Chloroplasts had a well-developed system of thylakoids, (d) Thylakoid were damaged with loss of grana stacking under treatment; (B) Gas Exchange measurements; (C) Light reaction of photosynthesis [
Aranda-Romero et al. [39] investigated anatomical disturbances generated with chloride salts (NaCl, CaCl2, KCl) in both tolerant (
The roots under salinity stress are essential to stress management studies since the root surfaces are initially exposed to environmental stress [43]. The root system anatomy correlates to root efficiency and permits plants to get nutrients and water, thus increasing the degree of replacement for lost plant water [44]. The anatomy system also prevents the salt build-up from roots, so that water from salty soils may continue [45]. Salt stress mainly controls root hair production and growth [46]. Root epidermal development demonstrates flexibility because external stimuli affect epidermal cells and root hair commencement [47]. The roots cross-section of rice species seedlings studied, in absence of stress, a greater roots thickness and well-organized tissue were noted in rice but root thickness decreased in salt condition (Figure 3). Growth of the plasticity root epidermis suggests a role of root hairs in detecting environmental signals that plants adapt to stressful circumstances as a reaction to different environmental conditions [48]. Optimal root systems promote plant development and increase plant output, as roots interface plants with the earth [47]. A plant root system that is increasing thus seems better since it enables it to reach deeper soil layers and get water and nutrients [49]. Moreover, soil environmental variables (temperature fluctuations, salinity, mechanical impedance, lack of O2) may also have significant effects on the root morphology. Salt stress at a lower concentration induced plentiful root hairs, but progressively less root hair counts were calculated at increased salt levels [48]. Under the stress of salt, the root hair length and the root hair density were below 25 & 40% in comparison with untreated hydroponically cultivated wheat genotypes [36]. Two determinants of the total root surface area are total root duration and branching density – improved during moderate drought stress by comparison with “
Effect of salinity on root anatomy (10x, magnification) of oryza sativa L.(A): anatomical structure of rice roots under control (without treatment); and (B):under salinity stress (200 mM NaCl).The different letter in the figures represents; a; epidermis, b; exodermis, c; sclerenchyma layers, d; mesodermis, e; endodermis, f; pericycle, g; pholem, h; metaxylem.
The inoculation of roots AMF (that is considered an essential bio-ameliorators) for salt soils and facilitating host plants’ strong growth under stressful circumstances through various complicated events of communication between the plants as well as the fungus, leading to enhancing photosynthetic activity and other features linked to gas exchanges [62] and enhanced absorption of water. Several investigations have shown that AMF’s effectiveness imparts development and increase in salinity stress plants [63, 64]. AMF enhances plant nutrition by improving the availability and transport of different nutrients [65]; and also enhances soil quality by affecting its texture and structure, and therefore plant health [66, 67] and reduces Na and Cl uptake, resulting in a growth boost [68]. Good interactions between AMF-soil plants may allow reusing of recovered water, especially when roots develop in saline soil [69]. Mycorrhizal inoculation prominently increased photosynthetic rate with other gas interchange characteristics, the content of chlorophyll, and water usage effectiveness in “
With a burgeoning population estimated to reach around 1.43 billion by 2030, India requires approximately 311 million tons of cereals and pulses to achieve food security. To meet the future food security target, it is expected to increase food grain production by 2 million tons per annum. To increase food grain production, there is a dire need to expand agricultural land and increase crop productivity. One of the possible solutions to address this problem is the genetic improvement of rice varieties in order to enhance their tolerance to salinity. In this review we have discussed morphology and anatomy review that indicates, high salinity is characterized by an increase in the leaf size, trichome and stomata size, and number, thickening of epidermis, area of vascular bundles, maintained thylakoid structure as adaptive characters for salinity stress; these characters are used as an indicator of the salinity of the soil. In addition, AMF is considered essential bio-ameliorators, which can enhance soil quality and maintain better productivity under salinity. Therefore, understanding different mechanisms enable crops to be sustained in hypersaline conditions; this may eventually contribute in improving rice yield on saline lands.
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As a consequence, plants have acquired several sophisticated regulatory mechanisms that allow them to cope with such adverse conditions. Epigenetic regulation plays a key role in the mechanisms of plant response to the environment, without altering DNA sequences. Epigenetics refers to heritable alterations in chromatin architecture that do not involve changes in the underlying DNA sequence but alter gene expression through DNA methylation or histone modifications. The epigenetic regulation of the plant genome is a highly dynamic process that fine-tunes the expression of a pertinent set of genes under certain environmental or developmental conditions. Over the past two decades rapid advancements in the field of high throughput sequencing unveil epigenetic information at genome wide level in various plant species. In view of the adverse effects of global climatic change, utilizing epigenetic differences for developing improved crop varieties is of paramount importance.",book:{id:"7995",slug:"epigenetics",title:"Epigenetics",fullTitle:"Epigenetics"},signatures:"Garima Singroha and Pradeep Sharma",authors:[{id:"142882",title:"Dr.",name:"Pradeep",middleName:null,surname:"Sharma",slug:"pradeep-sharma",fullName:"Pradeep Sharma"},{id:"281215",title:"Dr.",name:"Garima",middleName:null,surname:"Singroha",slug:"garima-singroha",fullName:"Garima Singroha"}]},{id:"32799",doi:"10.5772/33525",title:"GC3 Biology in Eukaryotes and Prokaryotes",slug:"gc3-biology-in-eukaryotes-and-prokaryotes",totalDownloads:1969,totalCrossrefCites:7,totalDimensionsCites:15,abstract:null,book:{id:"1723",slug:"dna-methylation-from-genomics-to-technology",title:"DNA Methylation",fullTitle:"DNA Methylation - From Genomics to Technology"},signatures:"Eran Elhaik and Tatiana Tatarinova",authors:[{id:"95992",title:"Dr.",name:"Tatiana",middleName:"Valerievna",surname:"Tatarinova",slug:"tatiana-tatarinova",fullName:"Tatiana Tatarinova"},{id:"105570",title:"Dr.",name:"Eran",middleName:null,surname:"Elhaik",slug:"eran-elhaik",fullName:"Eran Elhaik"}]},{id:"63488",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.80874",title:"Nontransformative Strategies for RNAi in Crop Protection",slug:"nontransformative-strategies-for-rnai-in-crop-protection",totalDownloads:2010,totalCrossrefCites:5,totalDimensionsCites:13,abstract:"RNAi in crop protection can be achieved not only by plant-incorporated protectants through plant transformation (transgenic) but also by nontransformative strategies such as formulations of sprayable dsRNAs used as direct control agents, resistance factor repressors, or developmental disruptors. Therefore, the RNAi-based biopesticides are expected to reach the market also in the form of nontransgenic strategies such as sprayable products, stem injection, root drenching, seed treatment, or powder/granule. While the delivery of dsRNA by transgenic expression is well established, it requires generations of crop plants and is costly, which may take years and delays for practical application, depending on the regulatory rules, plant transformability, genetic stability, and public acceptance of genetically modified crop species. DsRNA delivery as a nontransgenic approach was already published as a proof-of-concept work, so it is time to point out some directions on how the real potential for agriculture and crop protection is.",book:{id:"7331",slug:"modulating-gene-expression-abridging-the-rnai-and-crispr-cas9-technologies",title:"Modulating Gene Expression",fullTitle:"Modulating Gene Expression - Abridging the RNAi and CRISPR-Cas9 Technologies"},signatures:"Deise Cagliari, Ericmar Avila dos Santos, Naymã Dias, Guy Smagghe\nand Moises Zotti",authors:null},{id:"64396",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.81847",title:"MiRNA-Based Therapeutics in Oncology, Realities, and Challenges",slug:"mirna-based-therapeutics-in-oncology-realities-and-challenges",totalDownloads:1727,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:11,abstract:"As master modulators of the human genome, miRNAs are involved in all cancer hallmarks, disrupting the normal function of their targets. By gaining or losing the function, miRNAs lead to the validation of tumor phenotype, its progression, and metastasis as well as to drug resistance. Increasing the evidence suggests that the modulation of miRNAs in cancer cells, by suppressing the oncogenic miRNAs (oncomiRs) and substituting the deficient tumor suppressive miRNAs (TS-miRNAs), could become a reliable tool for improving the cancer therapy. 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Dr. Koprowski has authored more than a hundred research papers with dozens in impact factor (IF) journals and has authored or co-authored six books. Additionally, he is the author of several national and international patents in the field of biomedical devices and imaging. Since 2011, he has been a reviewer of grants and projects (including EU projects) in biomedical engineering.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Silesia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Poland"}}},subseries:[{id:"7",title:"Bioinformatics and Medical Informatics",keywords:"Biomedical Data, Drug Discovery, Clinical Diagnostics, Decoding Human Genome, AI in Personalized Medicine, Disease-prevention Strategies, Big Data Analysis in Medicine",scope:"Bioinformatics aims to help understand the functioning of the mechanisms of living organisms through the construction and use of quantitative tools. The applications of this research cover many related fields, such as biotechnology and medicine, where, for example, Bioinformatics contributes to faster drug design, DNA analysis in forensics, and DNA sequence analysis in the field of personalized medicine. Personalized medicine is a type of medical care in which treatment is customized individually for each patient. Personalized medicine enables more effective therapy, reduces the costs of therapy and clinical trials, and also minimizes the risk of side effects. Nevertheless, advances in personalized medicine would not have been possible without bioinformatics, which can analyze the human genome and other vast amounts of biomedical data, especially in genetics. The rapid growth of information technology enabled the development of new tools to decode human genomes, large-scale studies of genetic variations and medical informatics. The considerable development of technology, including the computing power of computers, is also conducive to the development of bioinformatics, including personalized medicine. In an era of rapidly growing data volumes and ever lower costs of generating, storing and computing data, personalized medicine holds great promises. Modern computational methods used as bioinformatics tools can integrate multi-scale, multi-modal and longitudinal patient data to create even more effective and safer therapy and disease prevention methods. Main aspects of the topic are: Applying bioinformatics in drug discovery and development; Bioinformatics in clinical diagnostics (genetic variants that act as markers for a condition or a disease); Blockchain and Artificial Intelligence/Machine Learning in personalized medicine; Customize disease-prevention strategies in personalized medicine; Big data analysis in personalized medicine; Translating stratification algorithms into clinical practice of personalized medicine.",annualVolume:11403,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/7.jpg",editor:{id:"351533",title:"Dr.",name:"Slawomir",middleName:null,surname:"Wilczynski",fullName:"Slawomir Wilczynski",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000035U1loQAC/Profile_Picture_1630074514792",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Medical University of Silesia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Poland"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"5886",title:"Dr.",name:"Alexandros",middleName:"T.",surname:"Tzallas",fullName:"Alexandros Tzallas",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/5886/images/system/5886.png",institutionString:"University of Ioannina, Greece & Imperial College London",institution:{name:"University of Ioannina",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Greece"}}},{id:"257388",title:"Distinguished Prof.",name:"Lulu",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",fullName:"Lulu Wang",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRX6kQAG/Profile_Picture_1630329584194",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Shenzhen Technology University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"225387",title:"Prof.",name:"Reda",middleName:"R.",surname:"Gharieb",fullName:"Reda Gharieb",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/225387/images/system/225387.jpg",institutionString:"Assiut University",institution:{name:"Assiut University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Egypt"}}}]},{id:"8",title:"Bioinspired Technology and Biomechanics",keywords:"Bioinspired Systems, Biomechanics, Assistive Technology, Rehabilitation",scope:'Bioinspired technologies take advantage of understanding the actual biological system to provide solutions to problems in several areas. Recently, bioinspired systems have been successfully employing biomechanics to develop and improve assistive technology and rehabilitation devices. The research topic "Bioinspired Technology and Biomechanics" welcomes studies reporting recent advances in bioinspired technologies that contribute to individuals\' health, inclusion, and rehabilitation. Possible contributions can address (but are not limited to) the following research topics: Bioinspired design and control of exoskeletons, orthoses, and prostheses; Experimental evaluation of the effect of assistive devices (e.g., influence on gait, balance, and neuromuscular system); Bioinspired technologies for rehabilitation, including clinical studies reporting evaluations; Application of neuromuscular and biomechanical models to the development of bioinspired technology.',annualVolume:11404,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/8.jpg",editor:{id:"144937",title:"Prof.",name:"Adriano",middleName:"De Oliveira",surname:"Andrade",fullName:"Adriano Andrade",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRC8QQAW/Profile_Picture_1625219101815",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Federal University of Uberlândia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"49517",title:"Prof.",name:"Hitoshi",middleName:null,surname:"Tsunashima",fullName:"Hitoshi Tsunashima",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYTP4QAO/Profile_Picture_1625819726528",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Nihon University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"425354",title:"Dr.",name:"Marcus",middleName:"Fraga",surname:"Vieira",fullName:"Marcus Vieira",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00003BJSgIQAX/Profile_Picture_1627904687309",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Federal de Goiás",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"196746",title:"Dr.",name:"Ramana",middleName:null,surname:"Vinjamuri",fullName:"Ramana Vinjamuri",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/196746/images/system/196746.jpeg",institutionString:"University of Maryland, Baltimore County",institution:{name:"University of Maryland, Baltimore County",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}]},{id:"9",title:"Biotechnology - Biosensors, Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering",keywords:"Biotechnology, Biosensors, Biomaterials, Tissue Engineering",scope:"The Biotechnology - Biosensors, Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering topic within the Biomedical Engineering Series aims to rapidly publish contributions on all aspects of biotechnology, biosensors, biomaterial and tissue engineering. We encourage the submission of manuscripts that provide novel and mechanistic insights that report significant advances in the fields. Topics can include but are not limited to: Biotechnology such as biotechnological products and process engineering; Biotechnologically relevant enzymes and proteins; Bioenergy and biofuels; Applied genetics and molecular biotechnology; Genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics; Applied microbial and cell physiology; Environmental biotechnology; Methods and protocols. Moreover, topics in biosensor technology, like sensors that incorporate enzymes, antibodies, nucleic acids, whole cells, tissues and organelles, and other biological or biologically inspired components will be considered, and topics exploring transducers, including those based on electrochemical and optical piezoelectric, thermal, magnetic, and micromechanical elements. Chapters exploring biomaterial approaches such as polymer synthesis and characterization, drug and gene vector design, biocompatibility, immunology and toxicology, and self-assembly at the nanoscale, are welcome. Finally, the tissue engineering subcategory will support topics such as the fundamentals of stem cells and progenitor cells and their proliferation, differentiation, bioreactors for three-dimensional culture and studies of phenotypic changes, stem and progenitor cells, both short and long term, ex vivo and in vivo implantation both in preclinical models and also in clinical trials.",annualVolume:11405,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/9.jpg",editor:{id:"126286",title:"Dr.",name:"Luis",middleName:"Jesús",surname:"Villarreal-Gómez",fullName:"Luis Villarreal-Gómez",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/126286/images/system/126286.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Autonomous University of Baja California",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"35539",title:"Dr.",name:"Cecilia",middleName:null,surname:"Cristea",fullName:"Cecilia Cristea",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYQ65QAG/Profile_Picture_1621007741527",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Iuliu Hațieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Romania"}}},{id:"40735",title:"Dr.",name:"Gil",middleName:"Alberto Batista",surname:"Gonçalves",fullName:"Gil Gonçalves",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYRLGQA4/Profile_Picture_1628492612759",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Aveiro",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Portugal"}}},{id:"211725",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Johann F.",middleName:null,surname:"Osma",fullName:"Johann F. Osma",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSDv7QAG/Profile_Picture_1626602531691",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidad de Los Andes",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Colombia"}}},{id:"69697",title:"Dr.",name:"Mani T.",middleName:null,surname:"Valarmathi",fullName:"Mani T. Valarmathi",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/69697/images/system/69697.jpg",institutionString:"Religen Inc. | A Life Science Company, United States of America",institution:null},{id:"205081",title:"Dr.",name:"Marco",middleName:"Vinícius",surname:"Chaud",fullName:"Marco Chaud",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSDGeQAO/Profile_Picture_1622624307737",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade de Sorocaba",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}}]}]}},libraryRecommendation:{success:null,errors:{},institutions:[]},route:{name:"profile.detail",path:"/profiles/64482",hash:"",query:{},params:{id:"64482"},fullPath:"/profiles/64482",meta:{},from:{name:null,path:"/",hash:"",query:{},params:{},fullPath:"/",meta:{}}}},function(){var e;(e=document.currentScript||document.scripts[document.scripts.length-1]).parentNode.removeChild(e)}()