List of various food components added to starch and their effect on starch digestibility.
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These books synthesize perspectives of renowned scientists from the world’s most prestigious institutions - from Fukushima Renewable Energy Institute in Japan to Stanford University in the United States, including Columbia University (US), University of Sidney (AU), University of Miami (USA), Cardiff University (UK), and many others.
\\n\\nThis collaboration embodied the true essence of Open Access by simplifying the approach to OA publishing for Academic editors and authors who contributed their research and allowed the new research to be made available free and open to anyone anywhere in the world.
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IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched formed a partnership to support researchers working in engineering sciences by enabling an easier approach to publishing Open Access content. Using the Knowledge Unlatched crowdfunding model to raise the publishing costs through libraries around the world, Open Access Publishing Fee (OAPF) was not required from the authors.
\n\nInitially, the partnership supported engineering research, but it soon grew to include physical and life sciences, attracting more researchers to the advantages of Open Access publishing.
\n\n\n\nThese books synthesize perspectives of renowned scientists from the world’s most prestigious institutions - from Fukushima Renewable Energy Institute in Japan to Stanford University in the United States, including Columbia University (US), University of Sidney (AU), University of Miami (USA), Cardiff University (UK), and many others.
\n\nThis collaboration embodied the true essence of Open Access by simplifying the approach to OA publishing for Academic editors and authors who contributed their research and allowed the new research to be made available free and open to anyone anywhere in the world.
\n\nTo celebrate the 50 books published, we have gathered them at one location - just one click away, so that you can easily browse the subjects of your interest, download the content directly, share it or read online.
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Starch is one of the major constituents of reserve food material, which serves as fuel for the human body. The calorific value of starch is 17.5 kJ/g, which is not only responsible for most of the metabolic functions but also acts as a crucial regulatory adjunct to control energy balance. Starch existed as the major dietary nutrient since time immemorial but the dietary transition with enriched refined products as well as carbaholic staples led to the unprecedented increase in the pre-diabetic and diabetic population with characteristic chronic hyperglycemia. Hence glycaemic response (GR) eliciting potential of food known as the glycemic index (GI) or glycemic potential (GP) are major aspects to understand as well as to fine-tune. In a food matrix, starch bioavailability is modulated by the microstructure (cell wall, membrane, cell layers, granular size, etc.) as well as its dense composition (macro and micronutrients) [1]. Based on the interacting components food matrix interactions are classified as binary (two-component), ternary (three-component), and quaternary (four-component) [2, 3, 4, 5, 6]. Types of binary interactions and their effect on starch bioavailability are depicted in Figure 1.
Types of binary interactions and its effect on starch bioavailability. Binary interactions modulate physiochemical, structural, and biological attributes limiting starch digestibility as well as ultimate glycemic response.
Among these, a binary component has gained great importance and has been extensively characterized by component depletion or addition studies under in-vitro conditions [7, 8]. The observed low GP of whole grain foods like millets, pigmented rice has been well correlated with such matrix interactions present endogenously, while high GI has also been reported to lower by exogenous addition of such matrix components [9, 10, 11]. The state and types of matrix component (lipid/protein/fiber) which interacts at various scales have also been known to alter the starch micro configuration (repeat, reconstruct the sentence limiting the digestibility, result in lowering the glycemic response [9, 12].
Binary interactions have been majorly characterized using nutrient-sensing fluorescent probe-based confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM), where the proximity as well as encapsulating effect of matrix components limiting the starch hydrolytic metabolic enzymes have been observed [13, 14]. Further, the effect of such interactions on starch functional aspects like hydration, enzymatic cleavage, or enthalpy have been delineated using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) assisted in revealing the structural alterations associated with starch in the matrix after component depletion or addition. Rapid visco analysis (RVA) revealed that viscosity and pasting parameters were found inversely associated with in-vitro starch digestibility. The effect of matrix components in retaining the matrix, granule stability, preventing the expansion of granules as well as limiting the glycolytic enzyme attack has been endorsed using this technique [15, 16]. Other than affecting the swelling of starch granules by reducing the contact with carbolytic enzymes, the effect of such binary interactions in altering the molecular configuration (digestion sensitive A or B type to resistant V-type) of starch was envisioned and characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Fourier transform infrared microscope (FTIR).
Among the binary interactions, the most relevant in limiting the glycemic amplitude includes starch-lipid, starch-protein & starch-fiber dynamics.
Even though well compartmentalized, starch and lipids do interact endogenously in real food systems. Lipid content ranges from 0.2–7% in cereals, with the least reported in rice and maximum reported in the case of oats & pearl millet [17]. A balanced distribution of neutral, glycol, and phospholipids along with free fatty acids have been reported in most of the food matrices, assist in energy as well as membrane structure & functions [17]. Curiosity towards food matrix interactions underlined a striking correlation between high lipid content [18] and low GR, which initiated binary (starch-lipid) interaction studies [7, 8]. Endogenous and exogenous lipid content have found to have low in-vitro starch digestibility along with superior resistant starch (RS) fraction. The effect of endogenous and exogenous lipid types have recently shown to have an effect in increasing starch-lipid complexation enriching RS content in red rice [9, 10]. Ye et al. [11] suggested that among lipids and proteins, starch digestibility is most affected by lipids as it affects swelling of granules, reduces the contact with carbolytic enzymes as well as alters the molecular structure from A-type into resistant V-type pattern. The long hydrophobic tail of lipid entering the cavity-like structure of amylose enables starch to form a stable complex, thereby hindering the accessibility of starch to enzyme attack [11]. In the case of mung bean flour, in-vitro starch digestibility and GI were increased significantly when endogenous lipids were removed [19]. Previous studies by Panyoo et al. [12], Krishnan et al. [9] have mentioned that stable starch-lipid complex results in a twist in digestibility phenotype into a digestion resistant fraction (RS-V), which caters to the gut microflora. As stated above, Copeland et al. [20]; Wang and Copeland [21] suggested this inclusion complex of starch-lipid also has an immense role in the food industry such as lowering solubility, swelling power, starch gelatinization, retrogradation, and enzyme action.
Starch-lipid complexes can exist inherently within the food matrix, or they may be produced by exogenous applications. A study by Obiro et al. [22]; reported that this complexation is mainly influenced by non-covalent interactions (hydrogen bonds, hydrophobic interactions, van der Waals interactions, and so on). Hydroxyl groups α-(1,4) are situated on the outer surface whereas methylene and oxygen groups present in the inner region of the complex strengthen the formation of starch-lipid complexes. Considering all positive impacts of starch-lipid complex, there are few factors (chain length of amylose, amylopectin, fatty acids, degree of unsaturation) that mostly govern the degree of complexation [10]. Various researchers stated that amylose acts as the primary constituent to interact with lipid molecules, while few reports supported the role of amylopectin chain length to form the complex [23, 24]. It has been reported from various studies that starch-lipid complexability has been increased with the longer chain length/degree of polymerization (DP) which highlights the formation of crystalline structure [25]. In addition to the effect exerted by the chain length of starch components, processing conditions like cooking also affect starch-lipid interaction. Kaur et al. [8] suggested amylose-lipid complexation enhanced with amylose chain length and increased with cooking time. Experiments highlighted the stability of starch-lipid inclusion complex formation mainly based on the types of fatty acids accommodated inside the helical cavity [26]. Different reports exist on the type of fatty acid for stable starch-lipid complexation. One school of thought suggests that the stability of the S-L complex could be enhanced by increasing the aliphatic chain length of fatty acids as well as melting temperature (from 8–10). On the other hand, another dimension highlights that smaller carbon chain length fatty acids might be more soluble into the aqueous solution and less stable also [27, 28]. Tufvesson et al. reported C14 as the most stable conformation than C16 or C18 while other explained C16 or C18 is better in the case of complexability [28]. Therefore, saturated fatty acid (SFA) with increased chain length can easily form a stable complex which further affects enzymatic accessibility due to resistance against carbolytic enzymes. Studies over decades highlighted that only SFA can be able to form a strong stable S-L complex with increasing chain length in a temperature-dependent manner whereas an inverse relationship has been found for unsaturated fatty acid (UFA) [26, 28]. A report from Zheng et al. [29] stated that chain length and degree of unsaturation have a role in the compact structure of starch-lipid formation. In addition to this, Kawai et al. [30] & Meng et al. [31] revealed starch-UFA complex showed resistance by formatting a stable complex to digestive enzyme action. The degree of complexability of FA in the case of maize starch ranged from 11.60–26.31% according to Sun et al. report [32]. Moreover, it has been explained from Sun et al. [32] RS is also enriched with the degree of unsaturation from 0 to 2%. In addition, thermal properties are also greatly affected by this S-L complex. Thermal complexes are mainly classified into two types of complexes as type I (90–115°C), type II (115–130°C) depending on the melting temperature. Studies from previous research have already highlighted that developed type II complex is more resistant to the digestive enzymes as compared to type I complex [33]. But Sun et al. [32] unraveled that maize starch-linoleic acid (MS-LOA) primarily formed as type I complex while maize starch-stearic acid (MS-SA) belonged to type I & type II complex. The reason behind this could be the large steric hindrance associated with LOA than SA which showed less accessibility of enzymes and inhibits ultimate glucose release. Cheng et al. [34] also used molecular dynamics to study amylose and linoleic acid structural analysis and conformational changes during complexation. On the continuation with Cheng et al., recently another research group of Schahl et al. [35] revealed the molecular structural complex using 13 NMR spectroscopy where they have taken quantum DFT approach affected by amylose size fragment and specific intramolecular hydrogen bonds. Hence, all the V-type complexes produced due to the addition of lipids act as a stable resistant structure against all digestive enzymes which further lowers glycemic response.
Proteins, mostly in the form of amino acids, and enzymes, are the predominant component in the food matrix, other than starch and fat [36]. Apart from the nutritional quality, proteins act as the major microstructural framework in a food matrix and hence also act as a physical barrier towards starch hydrolysis [37]. An interesting correlation among the reduction in insulinemic and glycemic responses by increasing the protein content in starchy crops led to the possibility of starch-protein interplay. Among the protein types, albumin, glutenins, and globulins aid in the gluing of protein bodies into a matrix enveloping the starch granules, which act as a barrier for starch digestion [38]. The existence of a protein barrier encircling the starch granule was validated using the pronase enzyme which dissociates the protein matrix and results in a considerable increase in-vitro starch digestibility [39]. Annor et al. [40] reported that the hypoglycemic characteristic of Kodo millet was related to the protein encircling the starch granules. Ren et al. [41] also reported that there was a fast increment in in-vivo GI and in-vitro starch digestibility of foxtail millet flour due to the lack of starch-protein complex after deproteination. Various studies have reported that the presence of gluten has an impact on the pace of starch digestion, resulting in reduced glycemic response [42, 43]. Gluten develops a visco-elastic and thick network that entraps starch granules, as well as a compact and stable structure that prevents starch granules from expanding and leaching during cooking, resulting in reduced accessibility of enzyme and slow-release properties [44]. To study the impact of protein removal from wheat products (bread) on blood glucose, healthy individuals were given meals of white bread prepared either from normal or gluten-free flour. It was observed that there was a considerable increase in blood glucose after consuming bread prepared from gluten-free flour. This led to an increase in digestion rate in-vitro and declined the starch mal-absorption in vivo as studied via breath-H2 measurements, but this impact was not restored when the gluten was later added back to the gluten-free flour. The possible mechanism behind this may be all-purpose wheat flour is made up of granules with a starch core enveloped by a protein network that inhibits the hydrolysis rate in the small intestine lumen [45]. Recently, Lu et al. [46] revealed that in the small intestine, amino acids generated from enzymatic hydrolysis of rice protein inhibited the porcine pancreatic α-amylase activity. The protein content of rice flour was shown to be negatively associated with rapidly digestible starch (RDS) and slowly digestible starch (SDS), while positively with RS [47], on the other hand, the total protein content of rice grain was found to be inversely correlated with in-vivo GI [48].
Other than endogenous factors, processing (thermic/mechanical) has been found to have an effect in altering the level of interaction between protein-starch molecules, influencing the overall digestibility [49]. Pasini et al. [50] found that in-vitro digestion of wheat protein has been considerably reduced at elevated cooking temperatures (>180°C) due to the development of high molecular weight protein aggregates which are stabilized by strong irreversible linkages, distinct from hydrophobic and/or disulfide bonds that could be prevalent at low temperatures (100°C). Furthermore, it has been found that “appropriate” kneading/mixing promotes the development of a protein matrix (gluten) via disulfide linkages. Moreover, if extreme kneading/mixing is performed, the matrix loses strength as the linkages break and glutenin particles are fragmented into smaller fragments, which helps digestive enzymes access the starch and thus increases the starch digestibility [51].
Protein-enriched food formulations have also been found to impact the overall GI and thus assist in developing diabetic-friendly foods. Formulations based on proso millet starch and different protein mixtures (15% zein + 10% whey protein isolate + 15% soy protein isolate) reported that protein types reduced the RDS levels and enhanced RS levels from 4.49% to 11.73%. The blend comprising of corn starch (10%) and whey protein isolate had a considerably higher concentration of RS and low RDS as compared to pure corn starch. This could be due to the increased protein matrix enveloping starch networks, preventing amylolytic attack. When soy protein was added to maize starch, RDS was reduced while SDS and RS were increased [52]. The addition of 51% rice protein in wheat starch along with cellulose reduced RDS level, whereas the addition of protein from pea proteins (82%), maize (95%), soy (94%), and wheat (86%) did not affect RDS levels [13]. Bio-mimicking interactions in corn grains using microencapsulation of corn starch by zein protein have been reported with lowered starch digestibility [53]. Furthermore, starch coupled with amino acids or protein via the Maillard process has been demonstrated to limit the starch swelling, solubility as well as digestion rate [54], however, potential negative effects due to glycated product consumption must be examined in detail [55].
Dietary fiber (DF), which consists primarily of non-starch polysaccharides found in plant cell walls, is an essential part of the food matrix [56]. DF types present in any food matrix are classified based on their water solubility and fermentability. Lignin, cellulose, and hemicelluloses are the major water-insoluble DF that get less fermented while the water-soluble DF includes pectin, mucilage, and gums and gets fermented properly in the small intestine [57]. Among the types, insoluble DF has been reported to be more useful in decreasing the GI as compared to their soluble fraction [58] as most of the common cereals contained a low level of naturally occurring soluble DF [59]. The endogenous fibers encircle the starch granules forming a starch-fiber network in the matrix, bio-mimicking an intact microstructure (plant cell/tissue) result in reduced enzyme accessibility and altered digestibility. Dense matrix composition in fiber content has been positively correlated to minimal postprandial GR after consumption in the case of barley, wheat, psyllium husk, and oats. This has been majorly attributed to the effect of insoluble DF in reducing starch bio accessibility as well as bioavailability [60, 61]. On the other hand, soluble DF like inulin has been found to form a protective barrier surrounding the starch granules, reducing starch swelling and release of amylose thus resulting in low viscosity values. This reduced the accessibility of starch-degrading enzymes that affect the in vivo starch digestibility and GI [62]. Among the studied types, β-glucan and guar gum have been reported to reduce the enzyme diffusion kinetics and thus the rate of carbohydrate digestion, eventually resulting in to slow down the gastric emptying and lower the liberation and absorption of glucose in the small intestine [63, 64]. The endogenous presence of β-glucans (native-form) in oats have been found to have an enveloping role towards starch and protein, thus reducing the enzyme accessibility, in turn, lowered starch digestibility and postprandial glycemia [65].
Endogenous presence, as well as exogenous addition of cellulose (insoluble fiber), has considerably reduced the α-amylase activity via mixed-type inhibition resulting in lowered in-vitro starch digestion [66]. The reduction of α-amylase activity was found to be positively linked with cellulose content, and α-amylase was found to be non-specifically linked on the surface of cellulose, reducing starch hydrolysis. Interaction study between pectin and digestive enzyme (amyloglucosidase) showed a similar pattern, where pectin resulted in the conformational alteration in an enzyme that impeded substrate access and slower digestion rate of long amylopectin chains [67]. Luo and Zhang [68] aimed to mimic the microstructure of endosperm tissue by constructing a starch in a whole-grain-like structural form using calcium-induced alginate gelation in the presence of β-glucan and starch.
Processing strategies, as well as formulations with exogenous addition of fiber types, have also been found to reduce the in-vitro starch digestibility and GI of foods [69]. The addition of fibers like xanthan gum, glucomannan, and agar in rice lowered the starch digestibility in-vitro and in-vivo [70, 71]. However, no relationship was observed between native fiber content (0.5%) and in-vivo starch digestibility in rice, even though the fiber level was certainly too less to have any influence on starch digestion [48]. Reduction in blood glucose [72] and in-vitro starch digestibility [73] was observed in wheat products after adding β-glucan. β-Glucan has been assumed to improve viscosity, which could have lowered the rate of gastric emptying [72] and lowered the rate of diffusion of starch digestive enzymes. Vegetables like
In this direction, several animal studies have been carried out to study the effect of adding fiber on starch bioavailability or glucose release. The supplement of insoluble cereal DF from oat leads to enhanced insulin sensitivity in obese mice [80]. Further studies conducted by Weickert et al. [81] revealed that oat DF and purified wheat can enhance the postprandial insulin secretion hormones which further improved the postprandial carbohydrate metabolism. The high level (500 mg/kg body weight) of oat β-glucan or 4% barley β-glucan resulted in considerable enhancement of insulin resistance in insulin-resistant mice model and the impact was concentration-dependent [82, 83]. β-Glucan was found to inhibit the intestinal disaccharides’ activities in-vitro and in-vivo, which led to slow starch digestion rate [84]. In the diabetic mice model, β-glucan considerably repaired and increased the integrity of pancreatic islet β-cell and tissue structures [85]. Overall, the type and concentration of fiber have a customized effect on the food matrix. Comprehensive list of various food components added to starch and their effect on starch digestibility is tabulated in Table 1.
S. no. | Food component added | Added to starch | Impact on starch digestibility | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|
1. | Cooking fats (ghee, coconut oil, virgin coconut oil, rice bran oil) (2.5%) | Rice starch (white, black, red) | [9] | |
2. | Linoleic acid (0.75%) | Arrowhead tubers starch | [86] | |
3. | Ascorbyl palmitate (10%) | High amylose maize starch, potato starch | [87] | |
4. | Trans-oleic acid, cis-oleic acid, cis linoleic acid (1%, 3%, 5%) | Rice starch | [87] | |
5. | Palmitic acid (0.5%) | Waxy rice starch | [88] | |
6. | Oleic acid (1%, 2%, 3%) & linoleic acid (2%, 4%, 6%) | Rice starch | [89] | |
7. | Linoleic acid, monomyristyl glycerol (0%, 0.5%, 1%, 1.5%, 2%, 3%, 5%) | Maize starch | [90] | |
8. | Oleic acid (4%) | Native rice starch | [91] | |
9. | Palm oil (5%, 10%) | Arrowroot starches | [92] | |
10. | Lauric acid (1.5%) | Wheat starch | [93] | |
11. | Oleic acid (0.05%) | Native potato starch | [94] | |
12. | Dodecanoic acid, tetradecanoic acid, octadecanoic acid (1%, 3%, 5%) | Native rice starch | [95] | |
13. | Decanoic acid, palmitic acid (10%) | Native maize starch | [32] | |
14. | Lauric acid, stearic acid and glycerides (glycerol monolaurate, glycerol monostearate) (0.18%) | Wheat starch | [93] | |
15. | Palmitic acid (0.3%) | Maize starch | [1] | |
16. | Rice globulin (2%) | Rice starch | [15] | |
17. | Common bean (15%, 30%, 45%) | Wheat semolina | [96] | |
18. | Gluten (2%) | Wheat flour | [97] | |
19. | Beans (10%, 20%, 30%) | Semolina flour | [98] | |
20. | White beans (15%, 30%, 45%) | Rice flour | [99] | |
21. | Rice protein (51%) | Wheat starch | [52] | |
22. | Alfalfa seed (15%, 30%, 45%) | Rice flour | [100] | |
23. | Hydrolyzed protein (12%) | Wheat flour | [13] | |
24. | Gluten (20%) | Wheat starch | [101] | |
25. | Whey protein isolate (2.5%, 4.5%, 10%) | Native corn starch | [102] | |
26. | Rice globulin (2.5%) | Rice flour | No effect on digestibility | [103] |
27. | Soybean peptide (5%, 10%, 15%) | Corn or potato starch | [104] | |
28. | Chickpea protein (8%) | Rice flour | [105] | |
29. | Oat fiber (10%) | GF bread | [70] | |
30. | Oat fiber (>5%) | Pasta | [106] | |
31. | Inulin (12%) | GF bread | [107] | |
32. | Cellulose (50%) | Potato starch | [79] | |
33. | Cellulose (9–83%) | Maize starch | [66] | |
34. | Wheat flour | [73] | ||
35. | Glucomannan (0.1–0.2%) | Rice starch | [70] | |
36. | Xanthun gum (0.4%) | Rice starch | [71] | |
37. | RSIV (Novelose 480) (10%) | Pasta | [108] | |
38. | RSIV (Novelose 480) (10%) | GF bread | [69] | |
39. | RSII (Native HA maize starch) (20%) | GF bread | [109] | |
40. | RSII (Hi-maizeTm 260) (20%) | Pasta | [106] | |
41. | RSII (FibersymTm70) (20%) | Pasta | [77] | |
42. | Okara (10%) | Rice noodles | [74] |
List of various food components added to starch and their effect on starch digestibility.
Binary interactions among the nutrient types and starch mediate the glycemic amplitude of real food systems. Among the binary interactions (starch-lipid, starch-protein, starch-fiber), the role has been extensively characterized in limiting the enzyme penetrance, altering the molecular configuration, starch digestibility, and thus in turn GR. Understanding such binary interactions, not only shares a logical explanation for the low GI of whole-grain foods but also the immense role of such cereals in diabetic-friendly foods. Even though the existing rationale supports the fact that multiple food matrix interaction studies at a time are difficult, it’s indeed vital to study ternary (three-way) and quaternary (four-way) interactions and their role in limiting the glycemic response. Finally, it’s important to keep in mind that altering starch’s nutritional qualities can also change its desired physicochemical and sensory qualities, affecting food quality that should be considered while developing novel foods.
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
India commits to addressing climate change without compromising economic growth. It continues to expand its energy basket and reduce over-dependence on coal and oil. India is on the right path to managing its energy transition. It aims to increase the share of natural gas to 15% by 2030 [1] from 6.5% at present. Experts believe that India must go through multiple phases of the energy transition. In this context, many believe that natural gas could play the role of a transition fuel. However, we believe that natural gas has a more prominent role than just a bridge fuel. The government firmly pushes the adoption of natural gas as a clean fuel. In line with the United Nation’s sustainable development goal # 7 [2], natural gas offers a solution to ensure modern and clean energy is accessible to millions of customers at an affordable price in India. Further, natural gas is a viable and affordable solution to reduce pollution in cities and industries. The transport sector, one of the biggest CO2 emitters, stands to benefit from the higher penetration of natural gas in the country.
India’s natural gas market is at a growth stage. Its demand for natural gas has been growing steadily. India’s unsaturated market has the potential to expand gas demand at a faster rate. This section highlights natural gas reserves, domestic production, consumption, deficit, and import.
At the end of 2020, India’s proven natural gas reserves stood at 1.32 trillion cubic meters (TCM) compared to just 0.731 TCM in 2000, 80.5% growth in 20 years. Despite India’s rising natural gas reserves, its share is just 0.7% of the global reserves. Asia-Pacific, the world’s most populous region holds 8.8% of the global reserves. In this region, China leads the table with a 4.5% share followed by Australia, India, Indonesia, and others. Global natural gas resources are quite unevenly distributed. Russia, Iran, and Qatar hold 19.9%, 17.1%, and 13.1% of the global reserves, respectively. These three countries collectively controlled 50% of the global natural gas reserves of 188 TCM in 2020 (Figure 1).
Proven natural gas reserves in India. Source: prepared by the authors using Statistical Review of World Energy 2021.
India’s natural gas production has been a cause of concern for the government and the operating companies. The consuming industries, especially the power and fertilizer producers are at the receiving end. The falling natural gas production has severely impacted the power and fertilizer producers. If India continues to produce at the current rate the reserve to production ratio (R/P) suggests that natural gas can last for 56 years. However, the production rate is bound to increase in the future (Figure 2), thereby the R/P ratio will fall.
India’s domestic natural gas production.
Petroleum and Natural Gas Regulatory Board (PNGRB), India had commissioned an industry study in 2011 to assess the realistic demand of natural gas by 2029–2030. The purpose was to advise the government about the development of related infrastructure for making the natural gas available, transport, creating re-gasification plants, and supply to various sectors. The industry group submitted its report in 2013. PNGRB projected that the demand for natural gas to expand up to 746 million standard cubic meters per day (MMSCMD) (Table 1) in 2029–2030 from the actual consumption of 176 MMSCMD in 2010–2011.
Consuming industry/sector | 2021–2022 | 2026–2027 | 2029–2030 |
---|---|---|---|
Power | 238.88 | 308.88 | 353.88 |
Fertilizer | 107.85 | 110.05 | 110.05 |
City gas distribution | 46.25 | 67.96 | 85.61 |
Industrial | 37.00 | 52.06 | 63.91 |
Petchem/refineries/Int. Cons | 81.99 | 103.41 | 118.85 |
Sponge iron/steel | 10.00 | 12.19 | 13.73 |
Total realistic demand | 516.97 | 654.55 | 746.03 |
Petroleum Planning and Analysis Cell (PPAC) records suggest that the average consumption of natural gas in the first 4 months of the financial year (FY) 2021–2022 was around 171 MMSCMD, which was 316 MMSCMD lower than the PNGRB projections. In fact, from the year 2012–2013 till 2020–2021, the trend of consumption of natural gas had been significantly lower than PNGRB’s projections. India achieved about 34% of the natural gas demand projections for the FY 2020–2021 compared to 65% achievement in 2012–2013 (Table 2). During the said period, consumption of natural gas increased marginally but the actual consumption was markedly lower than the projections. The widening gap between projected demand and actual consumption could be due to sluggish natural gas demand in the industries and transport sector. The reasons for sluggish demand and slow penetration of natural gas could be ascribed to a combination of factors including lower domestic natural gas production, high import price, and infrastructure bottlenecks.
Year | Projection | Actual consumption | Achievement against projections | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Domestic | Import | Total | |||
2012–2013 | 242.66 | 108.91 | 48.26 | 157.17 | 64.8% |
2013–2014 | 265.33 | 94.72 | 48.77 | 143.49 | 54.1% |
2014–2015 | 289.52 | 89.57 | 50.98 | 140.55 | 48.5% |
2015–2016 | 326.16 | 85.29 | 58.60 | 143.89 | 44.1% |
2016–2017 | 378.06 | 84.51 | 68.08 | 152.59 | 40.4% |
2017–2018 | 409.05 | 86.93 | 75.18 | 162.11 | 39.6% |
2018–2019 | 438.02 | 87.83 | 78.74 | 166.57 | 38.0% |
2019–2020 | 465.19 | 82.90 | 92.84 | 175.74 | 37.8% |
2020–2021 | 490.76 | 76.12 | 90.03 | 166.15 | 33.9% |
Natural gas consumption in India (MMSCMD).
Source: prepared by the authors based on projections of PNGRB [3] and actual consumption data of PPAC.
Arguably, the natural gas market development was slower than expectations. The natural gas market development was largely dependent on the ample supply of domestic natural gas at affordable prices [4]. The user of natural gas in power plants, fertilizer plants, cement plants, ceramic industries, refineries, and petrochemical plants were expected to strongly drive natural gas market development, which did not happen.
The gas-based power plants expected domestic gas to address their long-standing supply concerns. Unfortunately, falling domestic natural gas production aggravated their pain points. The natural gas consumption by power plants declined from 22,628 MMSCM in 2011–2012 to 11,020 MMSCM in 2019–202020. The share of natural gas consumption by power plants fell from 35% in 2011–2012 to 17% in 2019–20. During the period, natural gas consumption in refineries, fertilizer plants, and the city gas distribution (CGD) network improved (Figure 3). The government prioritized natural gas allocation to the CGD network, especially for the domestic and transport segments, which resulted in higher consumption.
Natural gas consumption by selected sectors in India [
It is evident from Table 2 that domestic supply shrank from approximately 109 MMSCMD in 2012–2013 to 76 MMSCMD. Consequently, during the same period, liquefied natural gas (LNG) import increased from 48 MMSCMD to 90 MMSCMD. LNG import registered 88.5% growth to maintain the share of natural gas and meet rising natural gas demand.
The higher contribution of natural gas in India’s primary energy basket will be severely constrained without boosting demand in the industries, especially power and fertilizer plants. The refineries, petrochemical plants, and CGD network will continue to augment natural gas consumption. CARE Ratings—a leading credit rating agency [6] indicated that higher urea production will foster demand for natural gas. However, the fertilizer plants will need natural gas supply at a competitive price, supply of domestic natural gas will be desirable.
India’s natural gas domestic production has been lower than consumption. It is evident from Figure 4 that natural gas consumption has been fluctuating. The slack domestic natural gas production failed to meet the demand, therefore, the deficit kept widening. So, India’s dependence on natural gas imports continued to rise. Due to a lack of import options through a pipeline, India primarily relied on the import of liquefied natural gas (LNG).
India’s widening natural gas deficit. Source: prepared by the authors using PPAC data [
Globally LNG trade registered a strong improvement over the previous decade. By December 2020, global LNG trade reached 350 million tons. By February 2021, the global LNG regasification capacity in 39 markets hit 850 million tons per annum (MMTPA). According to the International Gas Union Report (2021), the leading natural gas deficit countries like Japan, China, South Korea, India, and Spain depended on LNG imports. The rising demand of LNG in the Asia-pacific region resulted in the liquefaction capacity addition in the middle east, Russia, and Australia.
Due to India’s rising natural gas deficit the import of LNG escalated from 18 billion cubic meters (BCM) in 2012 to 33.8 BCM in 2020 (Figure 5). Owing to severe Covid-19 linked disruptions including national and state lockdowns, natural gas consumption slowed down in 2020–2021. As a result, the import of LNG was marginally lower than the previous year. India largely depended on Qatar for its LNG import. However, newer import destinations like Russia and USA offered an opportunity to reduce over-dependence on any single-sourcing country.
LNG import in India. Source: prepared by the authors using data available on the PPAC website [
India’s LNG import would continue to increase in the near and long term. Recently Petronet LNG CEO stated that “India needed to increase its LNG import capacity to 155 MMTPA considering 80% utilization to enhance the use of the cleaner fuel” [8]. The capacity expansion will depend on pipeline connectivity for evacuating re-gasified LNG (R-LNG), the price of imported LNG, and acceptance of R-LNG at the price point by the consuming industries. High LNG price often hampers buyer acceptance; therefore, it slows down LNG infrastructure development. However, investment in LNG infrastructure is long-term in nature, so temporary LNG price fluctuations should not deter LNG infrastructure build-up.
India aspires to raise natural gas’s share to 15% by 2030 from 6.5% in 2020, which necessitates the development of associated infrastructure. Often the natural consumption centers are away from production centers, so pipeline connectivity or virtual pipelines are critical to meet the demand. India’s natural gas grid would expand to 32,559 km from the existing operational network of 17,016 km (Table 3).
Pipeline | Authorized length (km) | Authorized capacity (MMSCMD) | |
---|---|---|---|
1 | Operational natural gas pipelines | 12,654 | 337.3 |
2 | Natural gas pipelines partly commissioned# | 13,680 | 406.5 |
3 | Natural gas pipelines under construction | 6225 | 180.9 |
Total | 32,559 | 924.7 |
India’s natural gas grid (as on June 30, 2020).
Commissioned length 4362 km.
Source: compiled from published sources [9].
India’s plan for creating an interconnected “National Gas Grid” shall support the wider supply and distribution of R-LNG throughout the nation. Indian natural gas pipeline network is less penetrated compared to the developed countries. At present, for every million population only about 12.3 km of natural gas pipeline exists in India. India’s 17,016 km of natural pipeline network is insufficient to connect all demand centers. Therefore, the government wants to develop a pan-India natural gas grid of 32,559 km, which can address the existing regional disparities of the natural gas pipeline network. A fully functional national gas grid will improve natural gas accessibility throughout India.
As per the data available on the Petroleum Planning and Analysis Cell website the average capacity utilization of natural gas pipelines stood at 54% during 2018–2019. Only nine pipelines had capacity utilization above 50% and Dahej-Vijaipur (DVPL)-Vijaipur-Dadri (GREP) pipeline had a capacity utilization of 67% and Dabhol-Bengaluru Pipeline (Including spur) had 8% capacity utilization. Most of the existing pipelines are underutilized and the operators are trying to enhance the productivity of the pipelines. Pipeline Infrastructure Limited, now the owner of East-West Pipeline has decided to inject green hydrogen into its pipeline, which will help improving the capacity utilization of the pipeline.
Natural gas consumption should expand from 165–170 MMSCMD to 640–700 MMSCMD by 2030 to reach 15% of primary energy consumption. Given the fact that domestic production may not go beyond 100 MMCMD from the current levels of 75 MMSCMD, the gap shall have to be filled with the import of LNG for which adequate regasification terminals should be created. At end of 2020, India had six operational LNG terminals with a cumulative capacity of 42.5 MMTPA (Table 4). Petronet LNG Limited operated the largest LNG terminal at Dahej, Gujarat with a capacity of 17.5 MMTPA. The Petronet LNG Limited was the largest operator with 54% of the total commissioned LNG terminal capacity. The Dahej and Kochi terminals handled 254 and 14 LNG cargoes respectively in the financial year 2020–2021. Utilization of Kochi terminal improved due to commissioning of Mangalore section of GAIL’s Kochi Mangalore pipeline in 2020–2021.
Sl. no. | Place | State | Developer(s) | Year of commissioning | Annual capacity (MMTPA) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Commissioned | |||||
1 | Dahej | Gujarat | Petronet LNG Limited (PLL) | 2004 | 17.5 |
2 | Hazira | Gujarat | Shell Energy India | 2005 | 5 |
3 | Dabhol | Maharashtra | GAIL (India) Limited | 2013 | 5 |
4 | Kochi | Kerala | PLL | 2013 | 5 |
5 | Ennore | Tamil Nadu | Indian Oil Corporation | 2019 | 5 |
6 | Mundra | Gujarat | GSPC LNG | 2020 | 5 |
Total commissioned | 42.5 | ||||
Under construction | |||||
7 | Jaigarh | Maharashtra | Western Concessions Private Limited | 2021* | 5 |
8 | Dhamra | Odisha | Adani-Total | 2022* | 5 |
9 | Jafrabad | Gujarat | Swan LNG | 2022* | 5 |
10 | Chhara | Gujarat | HPCL & Shapoorji Pallonji Group | 2022* | 5 |
Total under construction | 20 | ||||
Grand total | 62.5 |
Upcoming LNG terminals in Jaigarh (Floating Storage and Regasification Unit), Dhamra, Jafrabad (Floating Storage Regasification Unit), and Chhara will strengthen India’s LNG infrastructure. Especially, the LNG terminal in Dhamra, Odisha will augment natural gas supply in eastern India and enhance natural gas penetration in the underpenetrated demand centers. Dhamra LNG terminal can expand its capacity up to 10 MMTPA. Dhamra will bolster the CGD network development in Odisha, West Bengal, and Bihar. LNG infrastructure development now spreads across the coastal states in the country, which was not the case earlier. Even then the share of LNG infrastructure is still concentrated in the west coast of India. Well-developed ports, natural gas pipeline connectivity, and early adoption of natural gas in Gujarat, and Maharashtra supported LNG infrastructure in the west coast. On the contrary, despite the strong coastal presence, the eastern and southern states like Odisha, West Bengal, Andhra Pradesh, and Tamil Nadu remained less attractive for developing LNG terminals.
In the coming years, LNG will have greater use, especially LNG as a transport fuel, which will create a market for LNG. Considering the emerging market scenario, LNG has significant growth potential. The new and upcoming consumption centers will create additional demand for LNG.
The existing capacity of LNG regasification terminals will not meet the rising demand. Therefore, the existing LNG infrastructure requires much-needed augmentation to address the supply concerns. So, there is an urgent requirement of creating additional LNG regasification capacity to the tune of 75–80 MMTPA.
Apart from the anchor customers like the power/fertilizer/petrochemical plants, and the refineries, the City Gas Distribution would remain the other most important sector. The government wanted to boost clean fuel adoption in the transport, domestic, and transport sectors, so PNGRB granted 136 authorizations to CGD entities under the 9th and 10th rounds of bidding. This has the potential to cover 53% of the geographical area (GA) of the country and 70% of the population. The number of compressed natural gas (CNG) stations will increase from existing 1838 to over 10,000. In the same way, the number of domestic PNG connections is proposed to be increased from 5.5 million to 40 million. The CGD sector will need investment in the range of Rs. 900–1200 billion by 2030.
The CGD networks growth has taken off only in the last 5–6 years. The historical progress of the award of CGD networks is given in Table 5.
Category | Year | Category-wise % area of India | Cumulative | Category-wise population coverage (%) | Cumulative population coverage (%) | Category-wise GA | Cumulative GA | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Pre-PNGRB | 3.02 | 3.02 | 9.67 | 9.67 | 31 | 31 | |
2 | Round 1 | 2008 | 0.03 | 3.05 | 0.33 | 10.00 | 6 | 37 |
3 | Round 2 | 2009 | 0.03 | 3.08 | 0.23 | 10.23 | 3 | 40 |
4 | Round 3 | 2010 | 1.21 | 4.29 | 0.77 | 11.00 | 6 | 46 |
5 | Round 4 | 2013 | 1.29 | 5.58 | 2.27 | 13.27 | 9 | 55 |
6 | Round 5 | 2015 | 1.82 | 7.40 | 2.04 | 15.31 | 8 | 63 |
7 | Round 6 | 2015 | 2.02 | 9.42 | 2.07 | 17.38 | 18 | 81 |
8 | Round 7 | 2016 | 0.46 | 9.88 | 0.36 | 17.74 | 1 | 82 |
9 | Round 8 | 2016 | 0.57 | 10.45 | 0.94 | 18.68 | 6 | 88 |
10 | Section 42 | 0.61 | 11.06 | 1.57 | 20.25 | 6 | 94 | |
11 | Round 9 | 2018 | 23.82 | 34.88 | 26.38 | 46.63 | 86 | 180 |
12 | Round 10 | 2018 | 19.92 | 52.8 | 24.32 | 70.86 | 50 | 230 |
In addition to the above, PNGRB has already announced the 11th round of bidding under which an additional 65 geographical areas could get a CGD network. The government and the PNGRB are constantly striving to expand the CGD network in the country. The government offers the necessary push to build up CGD infrastructure across the country. However, the shift from competing fuels to natural gas will take place only when it becomes cost-competitive. Customers are primarily concerned about the economics of natural gas vs. the competing fuels [16, 17], therefore availability of domestic natural gas or imported LNG at a competitive price will improve the adoption of natural gas.
In addition to the domestic, transport, and industrial segments, there are multiple areas where natural gas could find users. Room heating and cooling offer opportunities for use of natural gas. Higher penetration of the CGD network will facilitate the adoption of CNG for intra-city transport, especially public transport. Despite the economic advantage of CNG over competing fuel, CNG refueling stations remained a major hurdle for inter-city travel. Within the city, mobile refueling units (MRUs) could address refueling concerns as the customers can refuel at their doorstep. MRUs have been working successfully in countries like Mexico, Colombia, Peru, Indonesia, Vietnam, Russia, Korea, etc. India introduced its first MRU (CNG) in June 2021. Due to its flexibility, cost efficiency, and convenience, it has the potential to expand across the country.
The telecom service tower could shift to natural gas/LNG-based generators from diesel generators. There are over 5,20,000 such towers on a pan-India basis and growing. These generators use diesel in case of power outages. The use of natural gas/LNG will be economical as well as environment friendly. LNG use for long-distance transport, inland waterways, LNG bunkering in fishing/marine vessels offers considerable opportunities for adoption as a cleaner fuel.
In addition to the above, the CGD sector will throw open ample opportunities for equipment and spare suppliers in the areas like mechanical meters, smart meters, PNG regulators, PE pipes, online compressor, booster compressor, dispenser, and cascade, etc.
Expansion of the natural gas market will bring along several benefits like socio-economic empowerment, import-substitution, emission reduction, and green energy solutions at affordable prices. Further, natural gas shall address India’s energy security concerns to a greater extent.
The government and regulators have created a conducive environment for investment in gas market development. Consequently, large private players are involved in the entire natural gas value chain. Domestic natural gas allocation policy prioritized gas allocation to the CGD sector, which catalyzes market expansion.
The domestic gas price trends (Figure 6) suggest that the market-based pricing mechanism augurs well for the market development. The domestic natural gas price was fixed at $2.90 per million British thermal units (mbtu) for October 2021–March 2022. The ceiling price for natural gas was fixed at $6.13 per mBtu for October 2021–March 2022.
Domestic natural gas price trend in India. Source: prepared by the authors using PPAC data [
The government’s decision to develop a pan-India natural gas grid will be one of the biggest enablers for gas market growth. Less penetrated regional markets in north-east, east, and south India will get access to natural gas. The availability of natural gas will boost industrial, economic, and social progress in those regions.
For a long period impediments like insufficient infrastructure for the import of natural gas, low cross-country pipeline penetration, and lack of cost-competitiveness of natural gas hampered market growth in India. Despite rising environmental concerns and lower emphasis on polluting fuel, natural gas faces continued challenges from coal. Further, falling renewable electricity price challenges natural gas’s cost competitiveness. The high cost of imported LNG becomes a dampener for power plants to use natural gas. Insufficient availability of domestic natural gas does not offer any hope for the stranded power plants. The Standing Committee on Energy (2020–2021) in its eleventh report pointed out that change in domestic gas allocation policy adversely impacted the stranded power plants. This committee observed that the gas-based power plants which developed based on assured domestic gas supply are unviable on imported R-LNG [19]. High R-LNG price, which is at times twice the price of domestic gas is not sustainable for power plants. Therefore, most of the natural gas-stranded power plants are stressed assets.
The ministry of power stated that the unit cost of power produced from imported R-LNG was around Rs.7/kWh [19], which was expensive compared to coal and renewable power. Solar-based power cost has declined to a record low of Rs 2/kWh, which is comparable to coal-based electricity cost.
Natural gas has been kept outside the purview of goods & services tax (GST), which is an impediment for growth of the sector. Various industry bodies including the Federation of Indian Petroleum Industry recommend bringing natural gas under the ambit of GST [20]. The current tax regime allows states to levy varying amounts of value-added tax, which goes against “one nation one tax” philosophy. Further, buyers of natural gas do not get input credit, consequently, it adds up to the production cost of the industrial customer.
Lack of sufficient cross-country pipeline network remains a major impediment for natural gas market development. The pipeline network has better connectivity in the west coast compared to eastern and north-eastern India. However, the government has taken several steps to build pan-India natural gas pipeline network.
The government has been pushing for expansion of the natural gas market with a heightened focus on increasing city gas distribution network penetration including CNG at retail outlets across the country. Further, the government emphasizes building cross country pipeline networks to remove the supply bottleneck. The government offers viability gap funding for the infrastructure build-up. For instance, the government committed 60% viability gap funding for Northeast Gas Grid with an estimated project cost of Rs 92.65 billion [21]. The Indradhanush Gas Grid Limited shall connect eight north-eastern states with a 1656 km natural gas pipeline. The government encourages investors to develop LNG terminals for import of LNG and regasification of LNG. In addition, it aspires for developing 1000 LNG refueling stations across all the major “highways, industrial corridors, and mining areas”. LNG refueling stations development would attract investment of Rs. 100 billion soon. The first 50 LNG refueling outlets shall be along the golden quadrilateral and major national highways [22]. Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas must strongly push for including natural gas in the GST regime. Such a move will bring tax rationality and benefit customers across the country.
The presence of an active and independent regulator in the form Petroleum and Natural Gas Regulatory Board serves as an enabler for faster progress of the natural gas market in India [4]. The regulator brings transparency and establishes fair competition.
India’s under-penetrated natural gas market will expand till it saturates. There are plenty of scopes for expansion in the north-east, eastern, and southern India. City gas distribution will be a prime driver for natural gas market growth. The existing infrastructure including LNG importing terminals, pipelines, and refueling stations needs a boost. Despite the emergence of multiple green energy options, the share of natural gas will increase. The government’s progressive policies including viability gap funding for cross-country pipeline and promotion of LNG/hydrogen-CNG as transport fuels will spur natural gas market developments. Additionally, the government is committed to removing the bottlenecks to enhance penetration of natural in the country. Natural gas will play a critical role in developing India’s green economy.
Authors are thankful to the editors and anonymous reviewers for their comments and observations.
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
Btu | British thermal unit |
BCM | billion cubic meter |
CGD | city gas distribution |
CNG | compressed natural gas |
LNG | liquefied petroleum gas |
MMTPA | million tons per annum |
MMSCMD | million standard cubic meter per day |
PNGRB | Petroleum and Natural Gas Regulatory Board |
Rs. | Indian rupee |
TCM | trillion cubic meter |
CARE | Credit Analysis & Research Ltd |
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Radiotherapy and Nuclear Medicine Technology has always been my aspiration and my life. As years passed I accumulated a tremendous amount of skills and knowledge in Radiotherapy and Nuclear Medicine, Conventional Radiology, Radiation Protection, Bioinformatics Technology, PACS, Image processing, clinically and lecturing that will enable me to provide a valuable service to the community as a Researcher and Consultant in this field. My method of translating this into day to day in clinical practice is non-exhaustible and my habit of exchanging knowledge and expertise with others in those fields is the code and secret of success.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Majmaah University",country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}},{id:"313277",title:"Dr.",name:"Bartłomiej",middleName:null,surname:"Płaczek",slug:"bartlomiej-placzek",fullName:"Bartłomiej Płaczek",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/313277/images/system/313277.jpg",biography:"Bartłomiej Płaczek, MSc (2002), Ph.D. (2005), Habilitation (2016), is a professor at the University of Silesia, Institute of Computer Science, Poland, and an expert from the National Centre for Research and Development. His research interests include sensor networks, smart sensors, intelligent systems, and image processing with applications in healthcare and medicine. He is the author or co-author of more than seventy papers in peer-reviewed journals and conferences as well as the co-author of several books. He serves as a reviewer for many scientific journals, international conferences, and research foundations. Since 2010, Dr. Placzek has been a reviewer of grants and projects (including EU projects) in the field of information technologies.",institutionString:"University of Silesia",institution:{name:"University of Silesia",country:{name:"Poland"}}},{id:"35000",title:"Prof.",name:"Ulrich H.P",middleName:"H.P.",surname:"Fischer",slug:"ulrich-h.p-fischer",fullName:"Ulrich H.P Fischer",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/35000/images/3052_n.jpg",biography:"Academic and Professional Background\nUlrich H. P. has Diploma and PhD degrees in Physics from the Free University Berlin, Germany. He has been working on research positions in the Heinrich-Hertz-Institute in Germany. Several international research projects has been performed with European partners from France, Netherlands, Norway and the UK. He is currently Professor of Communications Systems at the Harz University of Applied Sciences, Germany.\n\nPublications and Publishing\nHe has edited one book, a special interest book about ‘Optoelectronic Packaging’ (VDE, Berlin, Germany), and has published over 100 papers and is owner of several international patents for WDM over POF key elements.\n\nKey Research and Consulting Interests\nUlrich’s research activity has always been related to Spectroscopy and Optical Communications Technology. Specific current interests include the validation of complex instruments, and the application of VR technology to the development and testing of measurement systems. He has been reviewer for several publications of the Optical Society of America\\'s including Photonics Technology Letters and Applied Optics.\n\nPersonal Interests\nThese include motor cycling in a very relaxed manner and performing martial arts.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Charité",country:{name:"Germany"}}},{id:"341622",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Eduardo",middleName:null,surname:"Rojas Alvarez",slug:"eduardo-rojas-alvarez",fullName:"Eduardo Rojas Alvarez",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/341622/images/15892_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Cuenca",country:{name:"Ecuador"}}},{id:"215610",title:"Prof.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Sarfraz",slug:"muhammad-sarfraz",fullName:"Muhammad Sarfraz",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/215610/images/system/215610.jpeg",biography:"Muhammad Sarfraz is a professor in the Department of Information Science, Kuwait University. His research interests include computer graphics, computer vision, image processing, machine learning, pattern recognition, soft computing, data science, intelligent systems, information technology, and information systems. Prof. Sarfraz has been a keynote/invited speaker on various platforms around the globe. He has advised various students for their MSc and Ph.D. theses. He has published more than 400 publications as books, journal articles, and conference papers. He is a member of various professional societies and a chair and member of the International Advisory Committees and Organizing Committees of various international conferences. Prof. Sarfraz is also an editor-in-chief and editor of various international journals.",institutionString:"Kuwait University",institution:{name:"Kuwait University",country:{name:"Kuwait"}}},{id:"32650",title:"Prof.",name:"Lukas",middleName:"Willem",surname:"Snyman",slug:"lukas-snyman",fullName:"Lukas Snyman",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/32650/images/4136_n.jpg",biography:"Lukas Willem Snyman received his basic education at primary and high schools in South Africa, Eastern Cape. He enrolled at today's Nelson Metropolitan University and graduated from this university with a BSc in Physics and Mathematics, B.Sc Honors in Physics, MSc in Semiconductor Physics, and a Ph.D. in Semiconductor Physics in 1987. After his studies, he chose an academic career and devoted his energy to the teaching of physics to first, second, and third-year students. After positions as a lecturer at the University of Port Elizabeth, he accepted a position as Associate Professor at the University of Pretoria, South Africa.\r\n\r\nIn 1992, he motivates the concept of 'television and computer-based education” as means to reach large student numbers with only the best of teaching expertise and publishes an article on the concept in the SA Journal of Higher Education of 1993 (and later in 2003). The University of Pretoria subsequently approved a series of test projects on the concept with outreach to Mamelodi and Eerste Rust in 1993. In 1994, the University established a 'Unit for Telematic Education ' as a support section for multiple faculties at the University of Pretoria. In subsequent years, the concept of 'telematic education” subsequently becomes well established in academic circles in South Africa, grew in popularity, and is adopted by many universities and colleges throughout South Africa as a medium of enhancing education and training, as a method to reaching out to far out communities, and as a means to enhance study from the home environment.\r\n\r\nProfessor Snyman in subsequent years pursued research in semiconductor physics, semiconductor devices, microelectronics, and optoelectronics.\r\n\r\nIn 2000 he joined the TUT as a full professor. Here served for a period as head of the Department of Electronic Engineering. Here he makes contributions to solar energy development, microwave and optoelectronic device development, silicon photonics, as well as contributions to new mobile telecommunication systems and network planning in SA.\r\n\r\nCurrently, he teaches electronics and telecommunications at the TUT to audiences ranging from first-year students to Ph.D. level.\r\n\r\nFor his research in the field of 'Silicon Photonics” since 1990, he has published (as author and co-author) about thirty internationally reviewed articles in scientific journals, contributed to more than forty international conferences, about 25 South African provisional patents (as inventor and co-inventor), 8 PCT international patent applications until now. Of these, two USA patents applications, two European Patents, two Korean patents, and ten SA patents have been granted. A further 4 USA patents, 5 European patents, 3 Korean patents, 3 Chinese patents, and 3 Japanese patents are currently under consideration.\r\n\r\nRecently he has also published an extensive scholarly chapter in an internet open access book on 'Integrating Microphotonic Systems and MOEMS into standard Silicon CMOS Integrated circuitry”.\r\n\r\nFurthermore, Professor Snyman recently steered a new initiative at the TUT by introducing a 'Laboratory for Innovative Electronic Systems ' at the Department of Electrical Engineering. The model of this laboratory or center is to primarily combine outputs as achieved by high-level research with lower-level system development and entrepreneurship in a technical university environment. Students are allocated to projects at different levels with PhDs and Master students allocated to the generation of new knowledge and new technologies, while students at the diploma and Baccalaureus level are allocated to electronic systems development with a direct and a near application for application in industry or the commercial and public sectors in South Africa.\r\n\r\nProfessor Snyman received the WIRSAM Award of 1983 and the WIRSAM Award in 1985 in South Africa for best research papers by a young scientist at two international conferences on electron microscopy in South Africa. He subsequently received the SA Microelectronics Award for the best dissertation emanating from studies executed at a South African university in the field of Physics and Microelectronics in South Africa in 1987. In October of 2011, Professor Snyman received the prestigious Institutional Award for 'Innovator of the Year” for 2010 at the Tshwane University of Technology, South Africa. This award was based on the number of patents recognized and granted by local and international institutions as well as for his contributions concerning innovation at the TUT.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of South Africa",country:{name:"South Africa"}}},{id:"317279",title:"Mr.",name:"Ali",middleName:"Usama",surname:"Syed",slug:"ali-syed",fullName:"Ali Syed",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/317279/images/16024_n.png",biography:"A creative, talented, and innovative young professional who is dedicated, well organized, and capable research fellow with two years of experience in graduate-level research, published in engineering journals and book, with related expertise in Bio-robotics, equally passionate about the aesthetics of the mechanical and electronic system, obtained expertise in the use of MS Office, MATLAB, SolidWorks, LabVIEW, Proteus, Fusion 360, having a grasp on python, C++ and assembly language, possess proven ability in acquiring research grants, previous appointments with social and educational societies with experience in administration, current affiliations with IEEE and Web of Science, a confident presenter at conferences and teacher in classrooms, able to explain complex information to audiences of all levels.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Air University",country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"75526",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Zihni Onur",middleName:null,surname:"Uygun",slug:"zihni-onur-uygun",fullName:"Zihni Onur Uygun",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/75526/images/12_n.jpg",biography:"My undergraduate education and my Master of Science educations at Ege University and at Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University have given me a firm foundation in Biochemistry, Analytical Chemistry, Biosensors, Bioelectronics, Physical Chemistry and Medicine. After obtaining my degree as a MSc in analytical chemistry, I started working as a research assistant in Ege University Medical Faculty in 2014. In parallel, I enrolled to the MSc program at the Department of Medical Biochemistry at Ege University to gain deeper knowledge on medical and biochemical sciences as well as clinical chemistry in 2014. In my PhD I deeply researched on biosensors and bioelectronics and finished in 2020. Now I have eleven SCI-Expanded Index published papers, 6 international book chapters, referee assignments for different SCIE journals, one international patent pending, several international awards, projects and bursaries. In parallel to my research assistant position at Ege University Medical Faculty, Department of Medical Biochemistry, in April 2016, I also founded a Start-Up Company (Denosens Biotechnology LTD) by the support of The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey. Currently, I am also working as a CEO in Denosens Biotechnology. The main purposes of the company, which carries out R&D as a research center, are to develop new generation biosensors and sensors for both point-of-care diagnostics; such as glucose, lactate, cholesterol and cancer biomarker detections. My specific experimental and instrumental skills are Biochemistry, Biosensor, Analytical Chemistry, Electrochemistry, Mobile phone based point-of-care diagnostic device, POCTs and Patient interface designs, HPLC, Tandem Mass Spectrometry, Spectrophotometry, ELISA.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ege University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"267434",title:"Dr.",name:"Rohit",middleName:null,surname:"Raja",slug:"rohit-raja",fullName:"Rohit Raja",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/267434/images/system/267434.jpg",biography:"Dr. Rohit Raja received Ph.D. in Computer Science and Engineering from Dr. CVRAMAN University in 2016. His main research interest includes Face recognition and Identification, Digital Image Processing, Signal Processing, and Networking. Presently he is working as Associate Professor in IT Department, Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya (A Central University), Bilaspur (CG), India. He has authored several Journal and Conference Papers. He has good Academics & Research experience in various areas of CSE and IT. He has filed and successfully published 27 Patents. He has received many time invitations to be a Guest at IEEE Conferences. He has published 100 research papers in various International/National Journals (including IEEE, Springer, etc.) and Proceedings of the reputed International/ National Conferences (including Springer and IEEE). He has been nominated to the board of editors/reviewers of many peer-reviewed and refereed Journals (including IEEE, Springer).",institutionString:"Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya",institution:{name:"Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"246502",title:"Dr.",name:"Jaya T.",middleName:"T",surname:"Varkey",slug:"jaya-t.-varkey",fullName:"Jaya T. Varkey",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/246502/images/11160_n.jpg",biography:"Jaya T. Varkey, PhD, graduated with a degree in Chemistry from Cochin University of Science and Technology, Kerala, India. She obtained a PhD in Chemistry from the School of Chemical Sciences, Mahatma Gandhi University, Kerala, India, and completed a post-doctoral fellowship at the University of Minnesota, USA. She is a research guide at Mahatma Gandhi University and Associate Professor in Chemistry, St. Teresa’s College, Kochi, Kerala, India.\nDr. Varkey received a National Young Scientist award from the Indian Science Congress (1995), a UGC Research award (2016–2018), an Indian National Science Academy (INSA) Visiting Scientist award (2018–2019), and a Best Innovative Faculty award from the All India Association for Christian Higher Education (AIACHE) (2019). She Hashas received the Sr. Mary Cecil prize for best research paper three times. She was also awarded a start-up to develop a tea bag water filter. \nDr. Varkey has published two international books and twenty-seven international journal publications. She is an editorial board member for five international journals.",institutionString:"St. Teresa’s College",institution:null},{id:"250668",title:"Dr.",name:"Ali",middleName:null,surname:"Nabipour Chakoli",slug:"ali-nabipour-chakoli",fullName:"Ali Nabipour Chakoli",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/250668/images/system/250668.jpg",biography:"Academic Qualification:\r\n•\tPhD in Materials Physics and Chemistry, From: Sep. 2006, to: Sep. 2010, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Thesis: Structure and Shape Memory Effect of Functionalized MWCNTs/poly (L-lactide-co-ε-caprolactone) Nanocomposites. Supervisor: Prof. Wei Cai,\r\n•\tM.Sc in Applied Physics, From: 1996, to: 1998, Faculty of Physics & Nuclear Science, Amirkabir Uni. of Technology, Tehran, Iran, Thesis: Determination of Boron in Micro alloy Steels with solid state nuclear track detectors by neutron induced auto radiography, Supervisors: Dr. M. Hosseini Ashrafi and Dr. A. Hosseini.\r\n•\tB.Sc. in Applied Physics, From: 1991, to: 1996, Faculty of Physics & Nuclear Science, Amirkabir Uni. of Technology, Tehran, Iran, Thesis: Design of shielding for Am-Be neutron sources for In Vivo neutron activation analysis, Supervisor: Dr. M. Hosseini Ashrafi.\r\n\r\nResearch Experiences:\r\n1.\tNanomaterials, Carbon Nanotubes, Graphene: Synthesis, Functionalization and Characterization,\r\n2.\tMWCNTs/Polymer Composites: Fabrication and Characterization, \r\n3.\tShape Memory Polymers, Biodegradable Polymers, ORC, Collagen,\r\n4.\tMaterials Analysis and Characterizations: TEM, SEM, XPS, FT-IR, Raman, DSC, DMA, TGA, XRD, GPC, Fluoroscopy, \r\n5.\tInteraction of Radiation with Mater, Nuclear Safety and Security, NDT(RT),\r\n6.\tRadiation Detectors, Calibration (SSDL),\r\n7.\tCompleted IAEA e-learning Courses:\r\nNuclear Security (15 Modules),\r\nNuclear Safety:\r\nTSA 2: Regulatory Protection in Occupational Exposure,\r\nTips & Tricks: Radiation Protection in Radiography,\r\nSafety and Quality in Radiotherapy,\r\nCourse on Sealed Radioactive Sources,\r\nCourse on Fundamentals of Environmental Remediation,\r\nCourse on Planning for Environmental Remediation,\r\nKnowledge Management Orientation Course,\r\nFood Irradiation - Technology, Applications and Good Practices,\r\nEmployment:\r\nFrom 2010 to now: Academic staff, Nuclear Science and Technology Research Institute, Kargar Shomali, Tehran, Iran, P.O. Box: 14395-836.\r\nFrom 1997 to 2006: Expert of Materials Analysis and Characterization. Research Center of Agriculture and Medicine. Rajaeeshahr, Karaj, Iran, P. O. Box: 31585-498.",institutionString:"Atomic Energy Organization of Iran",institution:{name:"Atomic Energy Organization of Iran",country:{name:"Iran"}}},{id:"248279",title:"Dr.",name:"Monika",middleName:"Elzbieta",surname:"Machoy",slug:"monika-machoy",fullName:"Monika Machoy",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/248279/images/system/248279.jpeg",biography:"Monika Elżbieta Machoy, MD, graduated with distinction from the Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry at the Pomeranian Medical University in 2009, defended her PhD thesis with summa cum laude in 2016 and is currently employed as a researcher at the Department of Orthodontics of the Pomeranian Medical University. She expanded her professional knowledge during a one-year scholarship program at the Ernst Moritz Arndt University in Greifswald, Germany and during a three-year internship at the Technical University in Dresden, Germany. She has been a speaker at numerous orthodontic conferences, among others, American Association of Orthodontics, European Orthodontic Symposium and numerous conferences of the Polish Orthodontic Society. She conducts research focusing on the effect of orthodontic treatment on dental and periodontal tissues and the causes of pain in orthodontic patients.",institutionString:"Pomeranian Medical University",institution:{name:"Pomeranian Medical University",country:{name:"Poland"}}},{id:"252743",title:"Prof.",name:"Aswini",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Kar",slug:"aswini-kar",fullName:"Aswini Kar",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/252743/images/10381_n.jpg",biography:"uploaded in cv",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"KIIT University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"204256",title:"Dr.",name:"Anil",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Kumar Sahu",slug:"anil-kumar-sahu",fullName:"Anil Kumar Sahu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/204256/images/14201_n.jpg",biography:"I have nearly 11 years of research and teaching experience. I have done my master degree from University Institute of Pharmacy, Pt. Ravi Shankar Shukla University, Raipur, Chhattisgarh India. I have published 16 review and research articles in international and national journals and published 4 chapters in IntechOpen, the world’s leading publisher of Open access books. I have presented many papers at national and international conferences. I have received research award from Indian Drug Manufacturers Association in year 2015. My research interest extends from novel lymphatic drug delivery systems, oral delivery system for herbal bioactive to formulation optimization.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Chhattisgarh Swami Vivekanand Technical University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"253468",title:"Dr.",name:"Mariusz",middleName:null,surname:"Marzec",slug:"mariusz-marzec",fullName:"Mariusz Marzec",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/253468/images/system/253468.png",biography:"An assistant professor at Department of Biomedical Computer Systems, at Institute of Computer Science, Silesian University in Katowice. Scientific interests: computer analysis and processing of images, biomedical images, databases and programming languages. He is an author and co-author of scientific publications covering analysis and processing of biomedical images and development of database systems.",institutionString:"University of Silesia",institution:null},{id:"212432",title:"Prof.",name:"Hadi",middleName:null,surname:"Mohammadi",slug:"hadi-mohammadi",fullName:"Hadi Mohammadi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/212432/images/system/212432.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Hadi Mohammadi is a biomedical engineer with hands-on experience in the design and development of many engineering structures and medical devices through various projects that he has been involved in over the past twenty years. Dr. Mohammadi received his BSc. and MSc. degrees in Mechanical Engineering from Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran, and his PhD. degree in Biomedical Engineering (biomaterials) from the University of Western Ontario. He was a postdoctoral trainee for almost four years at University of Calgary and Harvard Medical School. He is an industry innovator having created the technology to produce lifelike synthetic platforms that can be used for the simulation of almost all cardiovascular reconstructive surgeries. He’s been heavily involved in the design and development of cardiovascular devices and technology for the past 10 years. He is currently an Assistant Professor with the University of British Colombia, Canada.",institutionString:"University of British Columbia",institution:{name:"University of British Columbia",country:{name:"Canada"}}},{id:"254463",title:"Prof.",name:"Haisheng",middleName:null,surname:"Yang",slug:"haisheng-yang",fullName:"Haisheng Yang",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/254463/images/system/254463.jpeg",biography:"Haisheng Yang, Ph.D., Professor and Director of the Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Life Science and Bioengineering, Beijing University of Technology. He received his Ph.D. degree in Mechanics/Biomechanics from Harbin Institute of Technology (jointly with University of California, Berkeley). Afterwards, he worked as a Postdoctoral Research Associate in the Purdue Musculoskeletal Biology and Mechanics Lab at the Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Purdue University, USA. He also conducted research in the Research Centre of Shriners Hospitals for Children-Canada at McGill University, Canada. Dr. Yang has over 10 years research experience in orthopaedic biomechanics and mechanobiology of bone adaptation and regeneration. He earned an award from Beijing Overseas Talents Aggregation program in 2017 and serves as Beijing Distinguished Professor.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Beijing University of Technology",country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"89721",title:"Dr.",name:"Mehmet",middleName:"Cuneyt",surname:"Ozmen",slug:"mehmet-ozmen",fullName:"Mehmet Ozmen",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/89721/images/7289_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Gazi University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"243698",title:"M.D.",name:"Xiaogang",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",slug:"xiaogang-wang",fullName:"Xiaogang Wang",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/243698/images/system/243698.png",biography:"Dr. Xiaogang Wang, a faculty member of Shanxi Eye Hospital specializing in the treatment of cataract and retinal disease and a tutor for postgraduate students of Shanxi Medical University, worked in the COOL Lab as an international visiting scholar under the supervision of Dr. David Huang and Yali Jia from October 2012 through November 2013. Dr. Wang earned an MD from Shanxi Medical University and a Ph.D. from Shanghai Jiao Tong University. Dr. Wang was awarded two research project grants focused on multimodal optical coherence tomography imaging and deep learning in cataract and retinal disease, from the National Natural Science Foundation of China. He has published around 30 peer-reviewed journal papers and four book chapters and co-edited one book.",institutionString:"Shanxi Eye Hospital",institution:{name:"Shanxi Eye Hospital",country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"242893",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Joaquim",middleName:null,surname:"De Moura",slug:"joaquim-de-moura",fullName:"Joaquim De Moura",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/242893/images/7133_n.jpg",biography:"Joaquim de Moura received his degree in Computer Engineering in 2014 from the University of A Coruña (Spain). In 2016, he received his M.Sc degree in Computer Engineering from the same university. He is currently pursuing his Ph.D degree in Computer Science in a collaborative project between ophthalmology centers in Galicia and the University of A Coruña. His research interests include computer vision, machine learning algorithms and analysis and medical imaging processing of various kinds.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of A Coruña",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"294334",title:"B.Sc.",name:"Marc",middleName:null,surname:"Bruggeman",slug:"marc-bruggeman",fullName:"Marc Bruggeman",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/294334/images/8242_n.jpg",biography:"Chemical engineer graduate, with a passion for material science and specific interest in polymers - their near infinite applications intrigue me. \n\nI plan to continue my scientific career in the field of polymeric biomaterials as I am fascinated by intelligent, bioactive and biomimetic materials for use in both consumer and medical applications.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"255757",title:"Dr.",name:"Igor",middleName:"Victorovich",surname:"Lakhno",slug:"igor-lakhno",fullName:"Igor Lakhno",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/255757/images/system/255757.jpg",biography:"Igor Victorovich Lakhno was born in 1971 in Kharkiv (Ukraine). \nMD – 1994, Kharkiv National Medical Univesity.\nOb&Gyn; – 1997, master courses in Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education.\nPh.D. – 1999, Kharkiv National Medical Univesity.\nDSC – 2019, PL Shupik National Academy of Postgraduate Education \nProfessor – 2021, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology of VN Karazin Kharkiv National University\nHead of Department – 2021, Department of Perinatology, Obstetrics and gynecology of Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education\nIgor Lakhno has been graduated from international training courses on reproductive medicine and family planning held at Debrecen University (Hungary) in 1997. Since 1998 Lakhno Igor has worked as an associate professor in the department of obstetrics and gynecology of VN Karazin National University and an associate professor of the perinatology, obstetrics, and gynecology department of Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education. Since June 2019 he’s been a professor in the department of obstetrics and gynecology of VN Karazin National University and a professor of the perinatology, obstetrics, and gynecology department. He’s affiliated with Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education as a Head of Department from November 2021. Igor Lakhno has participated in several international projects on fetal non-invasive electrocardiography (with Dr. J. A. Behar (Technion), Prof. D. Hoyer (Jena University), and José Alejandro Díaz Méndez (National Institute of Astrophysics, Optics, and Electronics, Mexico). He’s an author of about 200 printed works and there are 31 of them in Scopus or Web of Science databases. Igor Lakhno is a member of the Editorial Board of Reproductive Health of Woman, Emergency Medicine, and Technology Transfer Innovative Solutions in Medicine (Estonia). He is a medical Editor of “Z turbotoyu pro zhinku”. Igor Lakhno is a reviewer of the Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology (Taylor and Francis), British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology (Wiley), Informatics in Medicine Unlocked (Elsevier), The Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology Research (Wiley), Endocrine, Metabolic & Immune Disorders-Drug Targets (Bentham Open), The Open Biomedical Engineering Journal (Bentham Open), etc. He’s defended a dissertation for a DSc degree “Pre-eclampsia: prediction, prevention, and treatment”. Three years ago Igor Lakhno has participated in a training course on innovative technologies in medical education at Lublin Medical University (Poland). Lakhno Igor has participated as a speaker in several international conferences and congresses (International Conference on Biological Oscillations April 10th-14th 2016, Lancaster, UK, The 9th conference of the European Study Group on Cardiovascular Oscillations). His main scientific interests: are obstetrics, women’s health, fetal medicine, and cardiovascular medicine. \nIgor Lakhno is a consultant at Kharkiv municipal perinatal center. He’s graduated from training courses on endoscopy in gynecology. He has 28 years of practical experience in the field.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"244950",title:"Dr.",name:"Salvatore",middleName:null,surname:"Di Lauro",slug:"salvatore-di-lauro",fullName:"Salvatore Di Lauro",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://intech-files.s3.amazonaws.com/0030O00002bSF1HQAW/ProfilePicture%202021-12-20%2014%3A54%3A14.482",biography:"Name:\n\tSALVATORE DI LAURO\nAddress:\n\tHospital Clínico Universitario Valladolid\nAvda Ramón y Cajal 3\n47005, Valladolid\nSpain\nPhone number: \nFax\nE-mail:\n\t+34 983420000 ext 292\n+34 983420084\nsadilauro@live.it\nDate and place of Birth:\nID Number\nMedical Licence \nLanguages\t09-05-1985. Villaricca (Italy)\n\nY1281863H\n474707061\nItalian (native language)\nSpanish (read, written, spoken)\nEnglish (read, written, spoken)\nPortuguese (read, spoken)\nFrench (read)\n\t\t\nCurrent position (title and company)\tDate (Year)\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid. Sacyl. National Health System.\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Instituto Oftalmologico Recoletas. Red Hospitalaria Recoletas. Private practise.\t2017-today\n\n2019-today\n\t\n\t\nEducation (High school, university and postgraduate training > 3 months)\tDate (Year)\nDegree in Medicine and Surgery. University of Neaples 'Federico II”\nResident in Opthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid\nMaster in Vitreo-Retina. IOBA. University of Valladolid\nFellow of the European Board of Ophthalmology. Paris\nMaster in Research in Ophthalmology. University of Valladolid\t2003-2009\n2012-2016\n2016-2017\n2016\n2012-2013\n\t\nEmployments (company and positions)\tDate (Year)\nResident in Ophthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid. Sacyl.\nFellow in Vitreo-Retina. IOBA. University of Valladolid\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid. Sacyl. National Health System.\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Instituto Oftalmologico Recoletas. Red Hospitalaria Recoletas. \n\t2012-2016\n2016-2017\n2017-today\n\n2019-Today\n\n\n\t\nClinical Research Experience (tasks and role)\tDate (Year)\nAssociated investigator\n\n' FIS PI20/00740: DESARROLLO DE UNA CALCULADORA DE RIESGO DE\nAPARICION DE RETINOPATIA DIABETICA BASADA EN TECNICAS DE IMAGEN MULTIMODAL EN PACIENTES DIABETICOS TIPO 1. Grant by: Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovacion \n\n' (BIO/VA23/14) Estudio clínico multicéntrico y prospectivo para validar dos\nbiomarcadores ubicados en los genes p53 y MDM2 en la predicción de los resultados funcionales de la cirugía del desprendimiento de retina regmatógeno. Grant by: Gerencia Regional de Salud de la Junta de Castilla y León.\n' Estudio multicéntrico, aleatorizado, con enmascaramiento doble, en 2 grupos\nparalelos y de 52 semanas de duración para comparar la eficacia, seguridad e inmunogenicidad de SOK583A1 respecto a Eylea® en pacientes con degeneración macular neovascular asociada a la edad' (CSOK583A12301; N.EUDRA: 2019-004838-41; FASE III). Grant by Hexal AG\n\n' Estudio de fase III, aleatorizado, doble ciego, con grupos paralelos, multicéntrico para comparar la eficacia y la seguridad de QL1205 frente a Lucentis® en pacientes con degeneración macular neovascular asociada a la edad. (EUDRACT: 2018-004486-13). Grant by Qilu Pharmaceutical Co\n\n' Estudio NEUTON: Ensayo clinico en fase IV para evaluar la eficacia de aflibercept en pacientes Naive con Edema MacUlar secundario a Oclusion de Vena CenTral de la Retina (OVCR) en regimen de tratamientO iNdividualizado Treat and Extend (TAE)”, (2014-000975-21). Grant by Fundacion Retinaplus\n\n' Evaluación de la seguridad y bioactividad de anillos de tensión capsular en conejo. Proyecto Procusens. Grant by AJL, S.A.\n\n'Estudio epidemiológico, prospectivo, multicéntrico y abierto\\npara valorar la frecuencia de la conjuntivitis adenovírica diagnosticada mediante el test AdenoPlus®\\nTest en pacientes enfermos de conjuntivitis aguda”\\n. National, multicenter study. Grant by: NICOX.\n\nEuropean multicentric trial: 'Evaluation of clinical outcomes following the use of Systane Hydration in patients with dry eye”. Study Phase 4. Grant by: Alcon Labs'\n\nVLPs Injection and Activation in a Rabbit Model of Uveal Melanoma. Grant by Aura Bioscience\n\nUpdating and characterization of a rabbit model of uveal melanoma. Grant by Aura Bioscience\n\nEnsayo clínico en fase IV para evaluar las variantes genéticas de la vía del VEGF como biomarcadores de eficacia del tratamiento con aflibercept en pacientes con degeneración macular asociada a la edad (DMAE) neovascular. Estudio BIOIMAGE. IMO-AFLI-2013-01\n\nEstudio In-Eye:Ensayo clínico en fase IV, abierto, aleatorizado, de 2 brazos,\nmulticçentrico y de 12 meses de duración, para evaluar la eficacia y seguridad de un régimen de PRN flexible individualizado de 'esperar y extender' versus un régimen PRN según criterios de estabilización mediante evaluaciones mensuales de inyecciones intravítreas de ranibizumab 0,5 mg en pacientes naive con neovascularización coriodea secunaria a la degeneración macular relacionada con la edad. CP: CRFB002AES03T\n\nTREND: Estudio Fase IIIb multicéntrico, randomizado, de 12 meses de\nseguimiento con evaluador de la agudeza visual enmascarado, para evaluar la eficacia y la seguridad de ranibizumab 0.5mg en un régimen de tratar y extender comparado con un régimen mensual, en pacientes con degeneración macular neovascular asociada a la edad. CP: CRFB002A2411 Código Eudra CT:\n2013-002626-23\n\n\n\nPublications\t\n\n2021\n\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n\n\n2021\n\n\n\n\n\n2021\n\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n2014\n\n\n\n\n2015-16\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n2014\n\n\n2014\n\n\n\n\n2014\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n2014\n\nJose Carlos Pastor; Jimena Rojas; Salvador Pastor-Idoate; Salvatore Di Lauro; Lucia Gonzalez-Buendia; Santiago Delgado-Tirado. Proliferative vitreoretinopathy: A new concept of disease pathogenesis and practical\nconsequences. Progress in Retinal and Eye Research. 51, pp. 125 - 155. 03/2016. DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2015.07.005\n\n\nLabrador-Velandia S; Alonso-Alonso ML; Di Lauro S; García-Gutierrez MT; Srivastava GK; Pastor JC; Fernandez-Bueno I. Mesenchymal stem cells provide paracrine neuroprotective resources that delay degeneration of co-cultured organotypic neuroretinal cultures.Experimental Eye Research. 185, 17/05/2019. DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2019.05.011\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro; Maria Teresa Garcia Gutierrez; Ivan Fernandez Bueno. Quantification of pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF) in an ex vivo coculture of retinal pigment epithelium cells and neuroretina.\nJournal of Allbiosolution. 2019. ISSN 2605-3535\n\nSonia Labrador Velandia; Salvatore Di Lauro; Alonso-Alonso ML; Tabera Bartolomé S; Srivastava GK; Pastor JC; Fernandez-Bueno I. Biocompatibility of intravitreal injection of human mesenchymal stem cells in immunocompetent rabbits. Graefe's archive for clinical and experimental ophthalmology. 256 - 1, pp. 125 - 134. 01/2018. DOI: 10.1007/s00417-017-3842-3\n\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro, David Rodriguez-Crespo, Manuel J Gayoso, Maria T Garcia-Gutierrez, J Carlos Pastor, Girish K Srivastava, Ivan Fernandez-Bueno. A novel coculture model of porcine central neuroretina explants and retinal pigment epithelium cells. Molecular Vision. 2016 - 22, pp. 243 - 253. 01/2016.\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro. Classifications for Proliferative Vitreoretinopathy ({PVR}): An Analysis of Their Use in Publications over the Last 15 Years. Journal of Ophthalmology. 2016, pp. 1 - 6. 01/2016. DOI: 10.1155/2016/7807596\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro; Rosa Maria Coco; Rosa Maria Sanabria; Enrique Rodriguez de la Rua; Jose Carlos Pastor. Loss of Visual Acuity after Successful Surgery for Macula-On Rhegmatogenous Retinal Detachment in a Prospective Multicentre Study. Journal of Ophthalmology. 2015:821864, 2015. DOI: 10.1155/2015/821864\n\nIvan Fernandez-Bueno; Salvatore Di Lauro; Ivan Alvarez; Jose Carlos Lopez; Maria Teresa Garcia-Gutierrez; Itziar Fernandez; Eva Larra; Jose Carlos Pastor. Safety and Biocompatibility of a New High-Density Polyethylene-Based\nSpherical Integrated Porous Orbital Implant: An Experimental Study in Rabbits. Journal of Ophthalmology. 2015:904096, 2015. DOI: 10.1155/2015/904096\n\nPastor JC; Pastor-Idoate S; Rodríguez-Hernandez I; Rojas J; Fernandez I; Gonzalez-Buendia L; Di Lauro S; Gonzalez-Sarmiento R. Genetics of PVR and RD. Ophthalmologica. 232 - Suppl 1, pp. 28 - 29. 2014\n\nRodriguez-Crespo D; Di Lauro S; Singh AK; Garcia-Gutierrez MT; Garrosa M; Pastor JC; Fernandez-Bueno I; Srivastava GK. Triple-layered mixed co-culture model of RPE cells with neuroretina for evaluating the neuroprotective effects of adipose-MSCs. Cell Tissue Res. 358 - 3, pp. 705 - 716. 2014.\nDOI: 10.1007/s00441-014-1987-5\n\nCarlo De Werra; Salvatore Condurro; Salvatore Tramontano; Mario Perone; Ivana Donzelli; Salvatore Di Lauro; Massimo Di Giuseppe; Rosa Di Micco; Annalisa Pascariello; Antonio Pastore; Giorgio Diamantis; Giuseppe Galloro. Hydatid disease of the liver: thirty years of surgical experience.Chirurgia italiana. 59 - 5, pp. 611 - 636.\n(Italia): 2007. ISSN 0009-4773\n\nChapters in books\n\t\n' Salvador Pastor Idoate; Salvatore Di Lauro; Jose Carlos Pastor Jimeno. PVR: Pathogenesis, Histopathology and Classification. Proliferative Vitreoretinopathy with Small Gauge Vitrectomy. Springer, 2018. ISBN 978-3-319-78445-8\nDOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-78446-5_2. \n\n' Salvatore Di Lauro; Maria Isabel Lopez Galvez. Quistes vítreos en una mujer joven. Problemas diagnósticos en patología retinocoroidea. Sociedad Española de Retina-Vitreo. 2018.\n\n' Salvatore Di Lauro; Salvador Pastor Idoate; Jose Carlos Pastor Jimeno. iOCT in PVR management. OCT Applications in Opthalmology. pp. 1 - 8. INTECH, 2018. DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.78774.\n\n' Rosa Coco Martin; Salvatore Di Lauro; Salvador Pastor Idoate; Jose Carlos Pastor. amponadores, manipuladores y tinciones en la cirugía del traumatismo ocular.Trauma Ocular. Ponencia de la SEO 2018..\n\n' LOPEZ GALVEZ; DI LAURO; CRESPO. OCT angiografia y complicaciones retinianas de la diabetes. PONENCIA SEO 2021, CAPITULO 20. (España): 2021.\n\n' Múltiples desprendimientos neurosensoriales bilaterales en paciente joven. Enfermedades Degenerativas De Retina Y Coroides. SERV 04/2016. \n' González-Buendía L; Di Lauro S; Pastor-Idoate S; Pastor Jimeno JC. Vitreorretinopatía proliferante (VRP) e inflamación: LA INFLAMACIÓN in «INMUNOMODULADORES Y ANTIINFLAMATORIOS: MÁS ALLÁ DE LOS CORTICOIDES. 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