List of indigenous browse trees in the SEL.
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Released this past November, the list is based on data collected from the Web of Science and highlights some of the world’s most influential scientific minds by naming the researchers whose publications over the previous decade have included a high number of Highly Cited Papers placing them among the top 1% most-cited.
\\n\\nWe wish to congratulate all of the researchers named and especially our authors on this amazing accomplishment! We are happy and proud to share in their success!
Note: Edited in March 2021
\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:{caption:"Highly Cited",originalUrl:"/media/original/117"}},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'IntechOpen is proud to announce that 191 of our authors have made the Clarivate™ Highly Cited Researchers List for 2020, ranking them among the top 1% most-cited.
\n\nThroughout the years, the list has named a total of 261 IntechOpen authors as Highly Cited. Of those researchers, 69 have been featured on the list multiple times.
\n\n\n\nReleased this past November, the list is based on data collected from the Web of Science and highlights some of the world’s most influential scientific minds by naming the researchers whose publications over the previous decade have included a high number of Highly Cited Papers placing them among the top 1% most-cited.
\n\nWe wish to congratulate all of the researchers named and especially our authors on this amazing accomplishment! We are happy and proud to share in their success!
Note: Edited in March 2021
\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"intechopen-supports-asapbio-s-new-initiative-publish-your-reviews-20220729",title:"IntechOpen Supports ASAPbio’s New Initiative Publish Your Reviews"},{slug:"webinar-introduction-to-open-science-wednesday-18-may-1-pm-cest-20220518",title:"Webinar: Introduction to Open Science | Wednesday 18 May, 1 PM CEST"},{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"5722",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Graphene Materials - Structure, Properties and Modifications",title:"Graphene Materials",subtitle:"Structure, Properties and Modifications",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"Graphene is, basically, a single atomic layer of graphite, an abundant mineral that is an allotrope of carbon that is made up of very tightly bonded carbon atoms organized into a hexagonal lattice. What makes graphene so special is its sp2 hybridization and very thin atomic thickness (of 0.345 Nm). These properties are what enable graphene to break so many records in terms of strength, electricity, and heat conduction (as well as many others). This book gathers valuable information about the surface chemistry of graphene, some of its properties (electrical, mechanical, etc.), and many of its modifications that can be taken into account.",isbn:"978-953-51-3140-3",printIsbn:"978-953-51-3139-7",pdfIsbn:"978-953-51-4834-0",doi:"10.5772/65151",price:119,priceEur:129,priceUsd:155,slug:"graphene-materials-structure-properties-and-modifications",numberOfPages:258,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:null,isInBkci:!1,hash:"6ebc42323146bb1d453a4f2785ce8029",bookSignature:"George Z. Kyzas and Athanasios Ch. Mitropoulos",publishedDate:"May 17th 2017",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5722.jpg",numberOfDownloads:18659,numberOfWosCitations:16,numberOfCrossrefCitations:9,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:1,numberOfDimensionsCitations:20,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:1,hasAltmetrics:1,numberOfTotalCitations:45,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"September 6th 2016",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"September 27th 2016",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"December 24th 2016",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"March 24th 2017",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"May 23rd 2017",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6,7",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"152296",title:"Prof.",name:"George",middleName:"Z.",surname:"Kyzas",slug:"george-kyzas",fullName:"George Kyzas",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/152296/images/system/152296.jpg",biography:"Dr. George Z. Kyzas is a professor in the Department of Chemistry, International Hellenic University (IHU), Greece. He studied Chemistry at the Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki (AUTh), Greece. He obtained his BSc, MSc, and Ph.D. in Chemical Technology from the same university where he also worked as a postdoctoral researcher. He is now working at the Department of Chemistry, International Hellenic University, Kavala, Greece, where he has been the head of the department since 2019. He is also the Director/Chair of the MSc in Cosmetic Chemistry. His research interests are the synthesis and characterization of various (majorly adsorbent) materials (inorganic, aluminates, polymers, graphenes, activated carbons, agro-food residues, nanomaterials, carbon nanotubes, etc.) for environmental applications (wastewaters treatment). Dr. Kyzas has published more than 220 scientific papers in international journals, 8 books, and 38 book chapters. He also holds three patents. He has been a guest editor for special journal issues and is the editor of Environmental Science and Pollution Research and is a reviewer for more than 200 other scientific journals. He has more than 120 announcements (invited) at international conferences. He was named in Stanford University’s list of the World’s Top 2% Scientists for 2019 and 2020. He has been awarded scholarships from the Research Committee of the Aristotle University of Thessaloniki (2009, 2013), the Greek State Scholarship Foundation (2013), and the Stavros Niarchos Foundation (2016). He has also participated in about twenty-five research projects.",institutionString:"International Hellenic University",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"4",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"6",institution:{name:"International Hellenic University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Greece"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:{id:"152889",title:"Dr.",name:"Athanasios",middleName:null,surname:"Mitropoulos",slug:"athanasios-mitropoulos",fullName:"Athanasios Mitropoulos",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/152889/images/5607_n.jpg",biography:"Prof. A. Ch. Mitropoulos was born in Athens in 1957. He studied Chemistry at the University of Thessaloniki (BSc) and Physical Chemistry at the University of Bristol (MSc, PhD). In 1998, he was appointed as professor in the Department of Petroleum Engineering at the Eastern Macedonia and Thrace Institute of Technology. Since 2008, Prof. Mitropoulos is the president of the same institute. He specializes on the characterization of porous media, nanoporous materials and membranes with in situ techniques of adsorption, and small-angle X-ray scattering. He has more than 100 journal papers, book chapters, and patents. Prof. Mitropoulos is a member of the Society of Petroleum Engineers.",institutionString:null,position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"0",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:null},coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"950",title:"Solid-State Chemistry",slug:"metals-and-nonmetals-solid-state-chemistry"}],chapters:[{id:"54214",title:"A Novel Grafting of Polymers onto the Surface of Graphene Oxide",doi:"10.5772/67477",slug:"a-novel-grafting-of-polymers-onto-the-surface-of-graphene-oxide",totalDownloads:1671,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"A simple grafting of polymers onto graphene oxide (GO) was achieved by polymer radical trapping, ligand-exchange reaction, and surface initiated cationic and anionic graft polymerization. Grafting of poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) onto GO was successfully achieved by trapping of PEG radicals formed by thermal decomposition of PEG macroazo initiator to give PEG-grafted GO. The grafting of copolymers containing vinyl ferrocene moieties onto GO surfaces was also successfully achieved by the ligand-exchange reaction between ferrocene moieties of these copolymers and GO. Carboxyl groups on GO have an ability to initiate the cationic polymerizations of vinyl monomers, such as N-vinylcarbazole and isobutyl vinyl ether. The corresponding vinyl polymers were grafted onto GO, during the cationic polymerization, based on the termination of growing polymer cation by counter anion (carboxylate) groups on GO. It was found that the anionic ring-opening alternating copolymerization of epoxides with cyclic acid anhydrides was successfully initiated by potassium carboxylate groups on GO, introduced by neutralization of carboxyl groups with KOH, to give the corresponding polyester-grafted GO. The dispersibility of GO in organic solvents was remarkably improved by the grafting of the above polymers onto GO. In addition, easy preparation of reduced GO-based conducting polyaniline composite organogel will be discussed.",signatures:"Norio Tsubokawa, Takeshi Yamauchi, Kazuhiro Fujiki and Shingo\nTamesue",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/54214",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/54214",authors:[{id:"51351",title:"Prof.",name:"Norio",surname:"Tsubokawa",slug:"norio-tsubokawa",fullName:"Norio Tsubokawa"}],corrections:null},{id:"54372",title:"Photoinduced Pseudospin Dynamical Effects in Graphene-Like Systems",doi:"10.5772/67618",slug:"photoinduced-pseudospin-dynamical-effects-in-graphene-like-systems",totalDownloads:1692,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"In this chapter, we describe some of our recent results on the laser-induced manipulation of the energy band structure of graphene-like systems. We present numerical results on the quasi-energy spectrum as well as detailed calculations of semi-analytical approximations to other physical quantities of interest. The main message we would like to convey to the interested reader of the chapter is that by properly tuning the perturbation parameters of the radiation field one can control the size and shape of the photoinduced gaps. These in turn would allow the realization of new electronic phases on graphene and its related materials such as silicene.",signatures:"Alexander López and Benjamin Santos",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/54372",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/54372",authors:[{id:"195536",title:"Dr.",name:"Alexander",surname:"López",slug:"alexander-lopez",fullName:"Alexander López"},{id:"204551",title:"MSc.",name:"Benjamin",surname:"Santos",slug:"benjamin-santos",fullName:"Benjamin Santos"}],corrections:null},{id:"54358",title:"Bilayer Graphene as the Material for Study of the Unconventional Fractional Quantum Hall Effect",doi:"10.5772/67550",slug:"bilayer-graphene-as-the-material-for-study-of-the-unconventional-fractional-quantum-hall-effect",totalDownloads:1489,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Fractional quantum Hall effect (FQHE) discovered experimentally in 1982 is still mysterious, not fully understood phenomenon. It fundaments are linked with a nontrivial topological effects in 2D space going beyond the standard description of FQHE with local quantum mechanics. The study of integer and fractional QHE in graphene might be helpful in resolution of this fundamental problem in many body quantum physics. FQHE has been observed both in monolayer and bilayer graphene with an exceptional accuracy due to advances in experimental techniques and purity of graphene samples. Recent experimental observations of FQHE in the bilayer graphene reveal different FQHE behavior than in the monolayer samples or in conventional semiconductor 2D materials. This unexpected phenomena related to Hall physics in the bilayer systems allows to better understand more than 30 years old puzzle of FQHE. In the chapter we will summarize the recent and controversial experimental observations of FQHE in bilayer graphene and describe the topology foundations which may explain the oddness of correlated multiparticle states in the bilayer system. These topological arguments shed also a new light on understanding of heuristic CF concept for FQHE and deeper the topological sense of the famous Laughlin function describing this strongly correlated state.",signatures:"Janusz Edward Jacak",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/54358",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/54358",authors:[{id:"195443",title:"Dr.",name:"Janusz",surname:"Jacak",slug:"janusz-jacak",fullName:"Janusz Jacak"}],corrections:null},{id:"54404",title:"Graphene Derivatives: Controlled Properties, Nanocomposites, and Energy Harvesting Applications",doi:"10.5772/67474",slug:"graphene-derivatives-controlled-properties-nanocomposites-and-energy-harvesting-applications",totalDownloads:2795,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:9,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Graphene is a ground‐breaking two‐dimensional (2D) material that possesses outstanding electrical, optical, thermal, and mechanical properties and that promises a new generation of devices. Despite all these, some applications require graphene‐based materials with different characteristics, such as good solubility in organic solvents and a specific band gap to be dispersible in polymer nanocomposite matrix and applied as active layer, electron transport layer (ETL) or hole transport layer (HTL) in organic photovoltaics. Chemically modified graphene derivatives are studied, searching for better dispersions and even more properties for different applications. Most of the attention has been drawn to dispersions of graphene oxides or highly reduced graphene oxides. Therefore, this allows an opportunity to study the characteristics of materials with intermediate oxidation degrees and its applications.",signatures:"Ulises Antonio Méndez Romero, Miguel Ángel Velasco Soto, Liliana\nLicea Jiménez, Jaime Álvarez Quintana and Sergio Alfonso Pérez\nGarcía",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/54404",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/54404",authors:[{id:"163153",title:"Dr.",name:"Liliana",surname:"Licea Jiménez",slug:"liliana-licea-jimenez",fullName:"Liliana Licea Jiménez"},{id:"163154",title:"Dr.",name:"Sergio Alfonso",surname:"Pérez García",slug:"sergio-alfonso-perez-garcia",fullName:"Sergio Alfonso Pérez García"},{id:"163155",title:"Dr.",name:"Jaime",surname:"Álvarez Quintana",slug:"jaime-alvarez-quintana",fullName:"Jaime Álvarez Quintana"},{id:"196575",title:"Dr.",name:"Miguel Angel",surname:"Velasco Soto",slug:"miguel-angel-velasco-soto",fullName:"Miguel Angel Velasco Soto"},{id:"196576",title:"BSc.",name:"Ulises",surname:"Méndez Romero",slug:"ulises-mendez-romero",fullName:"Ulises Méndez Romero"}],corrections:null},{id:"54139",title:"Growth Study and Characterization of Single-Layer Graphene Structures Deposited on Copper Substrate by Chemical Vapour Deposition",doi:"10.5772/67439",slug:"growth-study-and-characterization-of-single-layer-graphene-structures-deposited-on-copper-substrate-",totalDownloads:1735,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Currently, the graphene industry is moving forward to the import of graphene in a number of novel applications. To take full advantage of the excellent properties of the material, the standardization of the growth process is an emergency. The suitable growth technique should ensure the high yield, accompanied by high quality of single-layer graphene sheets. Chemical vapour deposition is the technology that fulfils the above requirements, promoting the growth of largescale graphene films through automatized processes. In the present chapter, we present the latest advances in this field, summarizing the most recent publication activity of the authors. The results outline how the control in the growth process over parameters like the gases flow, growth temperature and pressure can affect the nucleation density of graphene domains, the growth rate and percent coverage. Growth of graphene domains with different morphologies depends on the crystallographic orientation of the copper lattice. At the same time, the formation of ripples occurs in the graphene surface as a result of the copper foil compression during the cooling step. These ripples are responsible for the appearance of a compressive stress in the graphene sheets. We demonstrate the control over such stress through the variation in the hydrogen flow during the growth.",signatures:"Stefanos Chaitoglou, Enric Bertran and Jose Luis Andujar",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/54139",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/54139",authors:[{id:"22835",title:"Prof.",name:"Enric",surname:"Bertran",slug:"enric-bertran",fullName:"Enric Bertran"},{id:"38322",title:"Dr.",name:"José-Luís",surname:"Andújar",slug:"jose-luis-andujar",fullName:"José-Luís Andújar"},{id:"195457",title:"Dr.",name:"Stefanos",surname:"Chaitoglou",slug:"stefanos-chaitoglou",fullName:"Stefanos Chaitoglou"}],corrections:null},{id:"54318",title:"Green Routes for Graphene Oxide Reduction and Self- Assembled Graphene Oxide Micro- and Nanostructures Production",doi:"10.5772/67403",slug:"green-routes-for-graphene-oxide-reduction-and-self-assembled-graphene-oxide-micro-and-nanostructures",totalDownloads:2366,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:2,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Graphene-derived materials are currently studied because of their actual and projected applications. Among them, graphene oxide (GO) promises for outstanding applications as it can be prepared at large scale by simple, scalable, and low-cost techniques. The existent chemical methods based on the graphite exfoliation (phase solution and Hummers based) produce highly functionalized graphene, i.e., GO-like materials that converts into reduced GO (rGO) after a reduction treatment. The present work presents the current scenario on the GO green reduction methods, on the development of hierarchical carbon-based structures by the self-assembly of GO sheets at interfaces, and on rGO-based hybrid nanocomposites. It is worth noting that, to date, the production and application of graphene-related materials are the fastest-growing research areas.",signatures:"Rebeca Ortega-Amaya, Yasuhiro Matsumoto, Esteban Díaz-Torres,\nClaudio Davet Gutierrez-Lazos, Manuel Alejandro Pérez-Guzmán\nand Mauricio Ortega-López",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/54318",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/54318",authors:[{id:"196782",title:"Dr.",name:"Rebeca",surname:"Ortega-Amaya",slug:"rebeca-ortega-amaya",fullName:"Rebeca Ortega-Amaya"},{id:"196872",title:"Prof.",name:"Yasuhiro",surname:"Matsumoto",slug:"yasuhiro-matsumoto",fullName:"Yasuhiro Matsumoto"},{id:"196873",title:"Dr.",name:"Esteban",surname:"Diaz-Torres",slug:"esteban-diaz-torres",fullName:"Esteban Diaz-Torres"},{id:"196874",title:"Dr.",name:"Claudio",surname:"Gutierrez-Lazos",slug:"claudio-gutierrez-lazos",fullName:"Claudio Gutierrez-Lazos"},{id:"196875",title:"MSc.",name:"Manuel Alejandro",surname:"Perez-Guzman",slug:"manuel-alejandro-perez-guzman",fullName:"Manuel Alejandro Perez-Guzman"},{id:"196876",title:"Prof.",name:"Mauricio",surname:"Ortega-Lopez",slug:"mauricio-ortega-lopez",fullName:"Mauricio Ortega-Lopez"}],corrections:null},{id:"54209",title:"Tribological Aspects of Graphene-Aluminum Nanocomposites",doi:"10.5772/67475",slug:"tribological-aspects-of-graphene-aluminum-nanocomposites",totalDownloads:1961,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:5,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Graphene is a new class of material in carbon group with strong sp2—hybridized 2D-sheet like nanomaterial. In order to make an effective utilization of their astounding properties, they are currently used in the form of reinforcements in various proportions in metals and its alloys to fabricate the nanocomposites. Graphene is incorporated in oil and grease at nano range that results in higher load-carrying capacity compared with that of raw grease and oils without additives, which shows that graphene possesses self-lubricating capacity. Graphene is a planar sheet-like structure (2D), with more contact surface area in the developed composites that can make them suitable for industrial applications with well-established tribological performance. The novelty of this work focuses on the role of graphene addition in enhancing the wear performance aluminum composites to replace the conventional materials by graphene composite combinations. The current chapter explains the processing and tribological performance of graphene-aluminum composites and its effect with various hybrid combinations of MWCNT/SiC/Al2O3. Dispersion of graphene is carried out through ultrasonic liquid processor followed by ball-milling aluminum powder. Thus prepared precursors are vacuum-pressed and microwave-sintered. Graphene in the nanocomposites has resulted in significantly improving the tribological properties, where it gives the wear resistance by creating a solid, lubricant layer between the sliding surfaces.",signatures:"Prashantha Kumar H.G. and Anthony Xavior M.",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/54209",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/54209",authors:[{id:"195555",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Prashantha",surname:"Kumar H G",slug:"prashantha-kumar-h-g",fullName:"Prashantha Kumar H G"},{id:"204437",title:"Prof.",name:"Anthony Xavior",surname:"M",slug:"anthony-xavior-m",fullName:"Anthony Xavior M"}],corrections:null},{id:"54448",title:"Controlled Functionalization of Graphene Layers",doi:"10.5772/67630",slug:"controlled-functionalization-of-graphene-layers",totalDownloads:1769,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Controlled functionalization of graphene layers is one of the most important research objectives in the material chemistry. A well established procedure is the oxidation with strong acids and oxidizing agents often in harsh and dangerous reaction conditions giving products of unknown precise structure. In this chapter, the controlled functionalization of graphene layers with a derivative of serinol is presented, avoiding toxic reagents and dangerous reaction conditions. The derivative is the bio‐based serinol pyrrole, obtained through the neat reaction of serinol with 2,5‐hexanedione; the graphitic substrate was high surface area graphite (HSAG) with high‐shape anisotropy. The functionalization reaction, characterized by a 85% atomic efficiency (water is the only by‐product), evolved with high yields leading to functionalized graphene layers through the controlled introduction of oxygen and nitrogen‐containing functional groups. Sustainable processes were adopted, such as ball milling and heating. The mechanism pathway, the characterization of HSAG and reaction products through a wide range of analytical methods, some successful applications of the adducts are discussed in this chapter. The functionalization left the bulk crystalline structure of the layers substantially unaltered. Stable dispersions in water and eco‐friendly solvents were prepared.",signatures:"Maurizio Galimberti, Vincenzina Barbera and Annalisa Sironi",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/54448",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/54448",authors:[{id:"142073",title:"Prof.",name:"Maurizio",surname:"Galimberti",slug:"maurizio-galimberti",fullName:"Maurizio Galimberti"},{id:"197539",title:"Dr.",name:"Vincenzina",surname:"Barbera",slug:"vincenzina-barbera",fullName:"Vincenzina Barbera"},{id:"204646",title:"Dr.",name:"Annalisa",surname:"Sironi",slug:"annalisa-sironi",fullName:"Annalisa Sironi"}],corrections:null},{id:"54219",title:"Synthesis of Graphene on Metal/SiC Structure",doi:"10.5772/67465",slug:"synthesis-of-graphene-on-metal-sic-structure",totalDownloads:1686,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The chapter deals with the synthesis of graphene on metal/SiC substrates. The graphene synthesis is pursued at a relatively low temperature. The method can be used for the graphene transfer from SiC to dielectric materials. Annealing of the structure results in a chemical reaction of a metal with SiC forming silicides and carbon-rich products at the boundary between metal and silicon carbide. Carbon atoms segregate at the top of metal/metal silicide layer during the cooling period of the process. The chapter is divided into the following sections: Introduction, Structure preparation, Graphene preparation from the structure Ni/SiC, Graphene preparation from the structure Co/SiC, Application of other metals, Influence of additive materials, and Conclusion.",signatures:"Petr Machac",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/54219",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/54219",authors:[{id:"195460",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Petr",surname:"Machac",slug:"petr-machac",fullName:"Petr Machac"}],corrections:null},{id:"54138",title:"Self-Assembly of Graphene Nanoribbons Induced by the Carbon Nanotube",doi:"10.5772/67413",slug:"self-assembly-of-graphene-nanoribbons-induced-by-the-carbon-nanotube",totalDownloads:1495,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"In this chapter, a series of molecular dynamics simulations have been carried out to explore the self‐assembly of graphene nanoribbons (GNRs) induced by the single‐walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs). Simulation results show that GNRs can insert and wrap SWCNTs spontaneously, forming helical configurations and maximizing the π‐π stacking area between graphene and SWCNT. The helical configuration takes the least amount of energy and achieves the maximum occupancy. The size and function group of GNR and SWCNT should meet the required conditions to guarantee the self‐assembly in insertion and wrapping processes. Several GNRs can spiral in an SWCNT simultaneously, and two formulas have come up in this study to estimate the quantity threshold for multiple GNR spiralling. The rolled GNRs can also spontaneously insert into SWCNTs, forming a DNA‐like double helix, or collapsing to a linked double graphitic nanoribbon and wrapping in a helical manner around the tube.",signatures:"Hui Li, Yifan Li and Wei Chen",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/54138",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/54138",authors:[{id:"6986",title:"Prof.",name:"Hui",surname:"Li",slug:"hui-li",fullName:"Hui Li"},{id:"180274",title:"Dr.",name:"Yifan",surname:"Li",slug:"yifan-li",fullName:"Yifan Li"},{id:"180275",title:"Dr.",name:"Wei",surname:"Chen",slug:"wei-chen",fullName:"Wei Chen"}],corrections:null}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},subseries:null,tags:null},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"6215",title:"Graphene Materials",subtitle:"Advanced Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"3a921aba41351ab84fd7a9b4ea63914d",slug:"graphene-materials-advanced-applications",bookSignature:"George Z. Kyzas and Athanasios Ch. 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The operators may be presented abstractly by their characteristics, such as bounded linear operators or closed operators and consideration may be given to nonlinear operators. The study, which depends heavily on the topology of function spaces, is a branch of functional analysis. If a collection of operators forms an algebra over a field, then it is an operator algebra. The description of operator algebras is part of operator theory. Single operator theory deals with the properties and classification of operators, considered one at a time. For example, the classification of normal operators in terms of their spectra falls into this category.
\r\n\r\n\tThe theory of operator algebras brings algebras of operators such as C*-algebras to the fore. Many operators that are studied are operators on Hilbert spaces of holomorphic functions, and the study of the operator is intimately linked to questions in function theory. For example, Beurling's theorem describes the invariant subspaces of the unilateral shift in terms of inner functions, which are bounded holomorphic functions on the unit disk with unimodular boundary values almost everywhere on the circle. Beurling interpreted the unilateral shift as multiplication by the independent variable on the Hardy space. The success in studying multiplication operators, and more generally Toeplitz operators (which are multiplication, followed by projection onto the Hardy space) has inspired the study of similar questions in other spaces, such as the Bergman space. Hence, operator theory has a connection with complex analysis. Additionally, this book will be intended to be an illustration of the use of operator theory when applied to solve specific problems in pure and applied mathematics, engineering, physics, or science in general.
\r\n\t
Wireless sensor network (WSN), as shown in Figure 1, is a wireless interconnected network which consists of independently setup devices that monitor the conditions of its environment using sensors. WSNs are employed in a wide range of applications such as security surveillance, environmental monitoring, target tracking, military defense, intrusion detection, etc. Security in wireless sensor network is at a growing stage mainly not because of nonavailability of efficient security schemes, but most of the existing schemes are not suitable due to the peculiarity of WSNs. That is, WSNs’ nodes have low computational capacity and energy constraint. In WSNs, sensor nodes have the ability to communicate with one another, but their primary task is to sense, gather, and compute data. These data are forwarded, via multiple hops, to a sink which may use it or relay it to other networks. To achieve an effective communication, WSNs need efficient routing protocols [2, 3, 4, 5, 6]. They facilitate communication in WSNs by discovering the appropriate routes for transmitting data and maintain the routes for subsequent transmissions. As a result of heterogeneity of WSNs’ nodes, different protocols had been developed for different WSNs depending on the nature of the nodes and application. For instance, there are dedicated protocols for MWSNs and dedicated protocols for SWSNs.
\nA typical wireless sensor networks (WSN) [
There are two modes of transmission in WSN; single hop involves the source node sending its data packets to the destination within a hop. Meanwhile, WSNs’ sensor nodes may rely on one another in order to relay packets to remote destinations. This mode of transmission is called multi-hop. Multi-hop is a routing phenomenon that involves the transfer of data between source and destination nodes with the cooperation of intermediary nodes. It enhances the performance of WSNs by allowing energy-depleted node to transfer data through its neighboring nodes along the routing path to the destination node. There are several security and privacy issues associated with multi-hop routing. Some of these issues like snooping, sinkhole, tampering Sybil, clone, wormhole, spoofing, etc. affect the integrity, availability, and data confidentiality of the WSNs.
\nSeveral security solutions had been proposed for WSNs; however, resource constraint of sensors makes some of these security solutions unfit for WSNs. This, therefore, makes their adoption in WSNs impossible. This is as a result of instability of the topology of most WSNs. Some of the WSNs, unlike some other networks, consist of mobile nodes that intermittently change the topology of the networks, therefore making it impossible for such mobile network to use existing protocol developed for static nodes. Also, large volume of data is transferred on the WSNs; this increases the traffic on the wireless communication infrastructure of WSN. All these show that security and privacy solutions of WSN must not only be lightweight in terms of the computational, communication, and energy overheads but also support aggregation and multi-hop in order to reduce the traffics and extend the life span of the networks. Meanwhile, most of the existing security solutions do not have these performance requirements [1, 7, 8, 9, 10].
\nRouting protocols can be classified into:
Data-centric routing protocol
Hierarchical routing protocol
Multipath-based routing protocol
Location-based routing protocol
QoS-based routing protocol
Mobility-based routing protocol
Data-centric routing protocol combines data arriving from various sensor nodes at a specific route. This eliminates redundancies and minimizes the total amount of data transmission before forwarding it to the base station. Directed diffusion, rumor routing, and sensor protocol for information via negotiation (SPIN) protocol are examples of data-centric routing protocol [11, 12].
\nSPIN is a negotiation-based data-centric protocol for WSNs. Each node uses metadata to name its data, and negotiation is performed by a sensor node using its metadata. Hence, each node is able to negotiate whether to deliver data or not, in order to eliminate redundant data transmission throughout the network. After the negotiation, the sender transmits its data as shown in Figure 2; node A starts by broadcasting its hop request to its neighboring node B. Once the request is accepted, node A sends its data to B who then repeats this procedure. This is to find its neighboring node and hops the data to the neighboring node until the data reaches the destination. SPIN protocol saves energy due to the fact that each node only performs single hop. SPIN’s hop request and acceptance packets prevent flooding attack on WSNs. Although SPIN protocol is good for lossless networks, it can also be used for lossy or mobile networks.
\nSPIN protocol.
Hierarchical routing protocol classifies network nodes into hierarchical clusters. For each of the clusters, the protocol selects a node with high residual energy as the cluster head. The sensed data of each node in the cluster are transferred through the cluster heads of the clusters in the network [11]. The cluster node aggregates the sensed data of all the nodes in the cluster before sending it to the sink. Hierarchical routing protocol reduces the energy consumption through multi-hop transmission mode [13]. Also, data aggregation performed by the cluster head reduces traffic on the network. Low-energy adaptive clustering hierarchy (LEACH), threshold-sensitive energy-efficient sensor network protocol (TEEN) and adaptive threshold-sensitive energy-efficient sensor network protocol (APTEEN), and secure hierarchical energy-efficient routing (SHEER) are examples of hierarchical routing protocol. TEEN gives a very good performance since it reduces the number of transmissions [14]. Patil et al. presented SHEER in [15]. It uses adaptive probabilistic transmission mechanism for determining the optimal route in WSN. SHEER also adopts hierarchical key establishment scheme (HIKES) for key distribution, authentication, and confidentiality. SHEER involves four phases as described below:
\n\n
The base station (BS), computes key \n
BS broadcasts the initiation call as \n
On receiving the initiation message, the sensor node extracts and decrypts \n
During the neighbor discovery phase, the sensor nodes establish their hopping link with their neighboring node. Each node switches from listening mode to transmission mode. In listening mode, node sends a HELLO message containing its identity, a nonce, and an encrypted header with the sensor key until it gets a reply from its neighboring nodes.
\nIn this phase, cluster consisting of certain number of nodes with a cluster head is selected based on some parameters.
\nEach sensor sends its data to the base station through the cluster heads. This centralize data transmission reduces collision within clusters.
\nFor an effective data delivery, multipath routing protocol generates a multipath (primary and secondary paths) from the source node to the destination node. It uses secondary path in case the primary path fails. With this, fault tolerance is achieved. However, this increases the cost of routing through the cost of maintaining multiple paths between source and destination [10, 16]. There are different types of multipath-based routing protocols.
\nIn a disjoint path routing protocol, every source node finds the shortest disjointed multipath to the sink node. It evenly shares its data load among these disjointed paths. All the paths in this multipath share no sensor node. The protocol is reliable with extra overhead but at a low energy.
\nTo construct braided multipath, the protocol first selects the primary path; then for every sensor, the best path is chosen from source to sink node, but this path does not include the primary node. The best alternative paths that are not necessarily disjoint from the primary path are called idealized braided multipath. These alternative paths are located either on the primary path or very close to it which means that the energy consumption on both the primary path and an alternative path is almost equal [17].
\nN to 1 multipath discovery protocol is a protocol based on flooding. Example of N to 1 multipath-based routing protocol is multipath-based segment-by-segment routing (MSSR) protocol proposed by Lu et al. in [18]. MSSR protocol divides a single path into multiple segments, where multiple node-disjoint paths are discovered and independently maintained. N to 1 multipath discovery routing protocol reduces congestion, and effectively manages.
\nLocation-based routing protocol routes data based on the distance of the source and destination nodes. It calculates the distance between source and destination nodes in order to determine estimated routing energy. Shruti [19] proposed a location-based routing protocol. The protocol uses the signal strength of the incoming signal to determine their distance. In their protocol, all the non-active nodes are put in sleeping mode in order to save energy. In location-based, the knowledge of the position of sensor nodes is exploited to route the query from the base station to the event. Location information enables the network to select the best route.
\nAnother example of the location-based protocol is the geographic adaptive fidelity (GAF) protocol for mobile adhoc networks (MANETs). GAF conserves energy, and reduces routing overhead, which makes suitable for WSNs. Other examples of location-based protocols are location-aided routing (LAR), energy-efficient location-aided routing (EELAR), greedy location-aided routing protocol (GLAR), etc.
\nQoS-based routing protocol balances effective data delivery of the data to the sink node with some predetermined QoS metrics [17, 20]. Some of the existing QoS-based routing protocols are described below:
\nSAR protocol uses energy, QoS on each path, and the priority level of each packet as the QoS metrics to achieve effective data delivery. SAR protocol discovers and uses multiple paths from the sink node to sensor nodes for effective data delivery. SAR protocol considers energy efficiency and fault tolerance and also focuses on minimizing the average weighted QoS metric during data transfer [21].
\nSPEED is also an example of QoS-based routing protocol. In SPEED, every sensor node keeps its neighboring node information in order to increase the performance of the protocol. For example, SPEED protocol has congestion avoidance mechanism that is used to avoid congestion. The mechanism relies on the node information. Routing module in SPEED is called stateless geographic nondeterministic forwarding (SGNF) and works together with four modules at the network layer. In this protocol, the total energy used for transmission is incomparable to the performance of the routing algorithm.
\nIt is an energy-efficient routing protocol used by heterogeneous WSNs for delay-sensitive, bandwidth-hungry, time-critical, and QoS-aware applications. The QHCR protocol provides dedicated paths for real-time applications as well as delay-sensitive applications at a lower energy. The QHCR protocol consists of information gathering, cluster head selection, and intra-cluster communication phases.
\nMobility-based routing protocol is a lightweight protocol that ensures data delivery from source to destination nodes. Tree-based efficient data dissemination protocol (TEDD), scalable energy-efficient asynchronous dissemination (SEAD), two-tier data dissemination (TTDD), and data MULES are some of the examples of mobility-based routing protocol. These routing protocols deal with the dynamism of the topology of the network. The closest node to the sink node tends to transmit more than others, which reduces its lifetime faster than other nodes [22]. Another example of the mobility-based routing protocol was the protocol proposed by Kim et al. [23]. The authors proposed a temperature-aware mobility algorithm for wireless sensor networks. Their algorithm employs store-and-carry mechanism to overcome the challenges posed by human postural mobility. In their store-and-carry-based routing protocol, routing packets are stored in a temporary memory called buffer. The buffer reroutes lost data to any intermediary node that temporarily lost connection with the source node. Their protocol also uses temperature to determine the intermediary node.
\nAnother example of mobility protocol is the routing protocol proposed by Kumar et al. in [24]. They use ant colony optimization (ACO) and endocrine cooperative particle swarm optimization (ECPSO) algorithms to enhance the performance of the WSNs.
\nMost of the existing WSN routing protocols and existing security solutions are unsuitable for WSNs. This is due to resources constraint associated with WSNs [25]. These constraints majorly determine the kind of security approaches that can be adopted for WSNs. Various security issues and their solutions are described in this section.
\nThe increase in demand for a real-time information has made WSN become more expedient. WSNs most of the time employs multi-hop transmission mode to overcome their constraints. The major problem of multi-hop transmission is attacks on the source data and nodes’ identities during hopping. For a resource-constraint WSN with source node sending data to the destination through several intermediary nodes, there is a possibility of intrusion, identity tracing by an adversary, gleaning, and modification of source data by the intermediary nodes. WSNs, most times, operate in hostile environments and can be subjected to side channel attacks, such as differential power analysis. In these attacks, the adversary monitors the system, repeats the same operation, and takes careful measurements of power consumed in a cycle-by-cycle basis in order to either recover the secret key or perturb used in the perturbation. To prevent this, a scalar blinding is usually engaged in cryptographic-based security solutions. The scalar multiplication is blinded using integer
Another issue in WSNs is how to preserve the identities of the source and destination nodes from the privy of intermediary nodes and adversaries during multi-hop. That is, there must be a form of lightweight authentication feature(s) inherent in the data packet between a source and destination nodes. Some other attacks on WSNs are discussed below.
\nThis attack targets the routing information between two sensor nodes. It can be launched through spoofing or replaying the routing information. This can be done by adversaries who have the capability of creating routing loops, attracting or repelling network traffic, and extending or shortening source routes. This attack is a passive attack which is not only easy to launch but elusive to detection. However, a unique identity can be created for the selected path (using key-based hash function of the pseudonyms or identity of all the selected intermediate nodes and embellishes in the message, any attempt to record data packet from a location and re-tunnel it at another location will be detected by the base station when comparing the embellished path identity with hash of all the appended pseudonyms or identities of all the nodes involved in the multi-hop).
\nIn this attack, adversary compromises the WSN by creating fake identities to disrupt the network protocols. Sybil attack can lead to denial of services. It may also affect mapping during routing, since a Sybil node creates illegal identities in a bid to break down the one-to-one mapping between each node. Sybil is common in P2P networks and also extends to wireless sensor networks [8]. Moreover, detection and defense against Sybil attack is more challenging; this is due to the limited energy and computational capabilities of WSNs. Different efforts had been developed to thwart Sybil attack in WSN. An example is the use of a pair-wise key-based detection scheme which sets a threshold for the number of the identity that a node can use [21]. However, this requires pre-assignment of keys to sensor node.
\nAnother way to thwart Sybil attack is to validate identity of every node involved in routing. This can be reactively or proactively done. Reactively means prior to routing, a node must provide enough identification parameters to differentiate it from all other sensor nodes. The most common method is a resource test. Another way is to increase the cost against the benefit in identity generation [8]. That is, increasing cost of creating an identity and reducing the possible of having multiple identities will thwart Sybil attack, since the goal of a Sybil attacker is to acquire more identities. Also, traceable pseudonym and network-node identity generated by base station can be used to prevent a Sybil attack [9, 26].
\nThis attack prevents the sink node (base station) from obtaining the complete and correct data from the sensors, thus posing a threat to higher layer applications. In this attack, an adversary makes itself receptively attractive to its neighboring nodes in order to direct more traffics to itself [27, 28]. This results in adversary attracting all the traffics that is meant for the sink node. The adversary can then launch a more severe attack on the network, like selective forwarding, modifying, or dropping the packets. WSN is more vulnerable to this attack because its nodes most of the time send data to the base station [29].
\nMeanwhile, a point-to-point authentication between source node, identifiable intermediate nodes, and end-to-end symmetric encryption between source and destination nodes can be used prevent sinkhole, Sybil, and sinkhole attacks. The attack is foiled once the adversary could not decrypt end-to-end symmetric encrypted data even if it successfully impersonates the node and receives its data packet [9].
\nIn a clone attack, the attacker first attacks and captures the legitimate sensor nodes from the WSNs, collects all their information from their memories, copies them on multiple sensor nodes to create clone nodes, and finally deploys them to the network. Once a node is clone, adversary can then launch any other attacks. There are two different ways of detecting this attack: centralized and distributed approaches. Centralized uses sink node to detect and foil the activities of clone nodes, while distributed approach uses selected nodes to detect clone nodes and foil their activities in the network. Distributed approach is suitable for static WSNs because distributed techniques use nodes’ location information to detect clones and sensor nodes with the same identity, but different addresses are taken as clone nodes. Meanwhile, in mobile WSNs, it is a different thing entirely, sensor nodes keep changing their position, and these nodes keep joining and leaving the network. Hence, node location information is not considered as the best technique for detecting clone nodes. Clone node can launch the following attacks:
\nMulti-hop-based WSN routing protocols assumed that all the neighboring nodes must re-hop their received data packets. Malicious nodes selectively forward some packets while dropping the others. Selective forwarding attacks are most effective when the adversary is actively involved in the data flow.
\nThis attack utilizes the connection between nodes. Most routing protocols require sensor nodes to broadcast HELLO packets to announce themselves to their neighboring nodes. An adversary may exploit this to deceive sensor nodes receiving the HELLO packet that they are within the radio range of the source node. In [30], the authors proposed a new method for detecting the HELLO flood attack based on distance. Here, nodes not only compare the RSS of the received HELLO packet but also compare the node’s distance to the selected cluster head (CH) with the threshold distance. Only those nodes whose RSS as well as distance falls within the threshold limits are allowed to join the network. For example, in the setup phase of LEACH protocol [31], CH sends its own location coordinates. The nodes receiving HELLO packets from CH calculate the distance \n
Here, (x1; y1) are the coordinates of the sensor node receiving the packet, and (x2; y2) are the coordinates of CH. Each sensor node calculate the radio signal strength value (\n
This type of attack exploits the weaknesses in the sensor network, by attempting to disrupt the sensor network. Denial of service (DoS) attack denies services to valid users [32]. In a safety-critical network, this kind of attack can be disastrous to the functionality of the network. One of the methods engaged by adversary to launch DoS is by flooding the network with messages in order to increase traffics on the network. The DOS attack can be detected through proper filtration of incoming messages based on the contents and identifying nodes with high number of faulty messages. Faulty messages are detected by checking for the contradiction between messages sent by neighboring nodes [33].
\nRecently, application of WSN has gained massive attention leading to new security challenges and design issues [34]. In this section, we discussed relevant research efforts on the development of security schemes for WSN using different approaches such as effective key management, public key infrastructure (PKI), multiclass nodes, as well as grouping of nodes to improve the security of routing protocols in WSNs.
\nDu et al. presented a scheme with an example of an effective key management. Their scheme takes advantage of the high-end sensors in the heterogeneous networks. The performance evaluation and security analysis of their scheme show that the key management scheme provides better security with less complexity than the existing key management schemes [35]. The protocol pre-assigns a few keys in the L-sensor and a few keys to every H-sensor. This is because H-sensor is tamper-proof and has a larger memory than L-sensor. Their scheme uses asymmetric pre-distribution (AP) key management scheme since the number of pre-distributed keys in an H-sensor and in an L-sensor is different [12].
\nYu in [36] solved the security problem in WSN using the public key cryptography as a tool to ensure the authenticity of the sink node or base station. The approach consists of two phases; the first phase is node to sink handshake phase, where sink and sensor nodes set up session keys for secure data exchange. In the second phase, the session keys are used to encrypt data. Their scheme is very easy to implement, and requires a low computational power. The only limitation of their scheme is that all the participating nodes in the network have to agree on a common key prior to the exchange of data. However, any scheme based on a single key is vulnerable to the key compromise. That is, a compromised sensor node will not only compromise the shared key but also the whole network.
\nAlso, Chen et al. [37] presented a PKI-based approach to ensure secure keys exchange in the WSNs. Their scheme provides key management mechanism for wireless sensor network applications that can handle sink mobility and deliver data to neighboring nodes and sinks without failure. They also presented a method for detecting and thwarting DoS attack and data authentication encryption.
\nDu et al. [38] presents a new secure routing protocol for heterogeneous sensor networks (HSNs), which is a two-tier secure routing (TTSR) protocol. The TTSR protocol consists of both intra-cluster routing and inter-cluster routing schemes. The intra-cluster routing forms a minimum spanning tree (shortest path tree) among L-sensors in a cluster for data forwarding. In case of inter-cluster routing, data packets are sent by H-sensors in the relay cells along the direction from the source node to the sink node. The tree-based routing and relay via relay cells of TTSR make it resistant to spoofing, selective forwarding, and sinkhole and wormhole attacks.
\nDu [39] also proposed a novel QoS routing protocol that includes bandwidth calculation and slot reservation for mobile ad hoc networks (MANETS). Their QoS routing protocol takes advantage of the numerous transmission ability of multi-class nodes. Their protocol used three encryption keys:
A public key known by the sink and all other nodes
Node private key shared by two neighbor nodes and refreshed in the route discovery phase
A share primary key between node and sink node
The QoS routing protocol divides transmission data into different data slices. Each slice is route through a unique route of the discovered multipath.
\nIn group-based WSN security scheme, the dominating node processes the sensed information locally and prepares the authenticated report for the destination node [40]. In this category, sensor nodes are grouped into smaller clusters wherein each cell assigns a special sensor node to carry out all the burden of relaying multi-hop packets. Hence division of labor is possible in the network, which makes the scheme to consume low power. Zhang et al. in [41] presented a group-based security scheme for distributed wireless sensor networks; their scheme involves three entities: one or more sink nodes, Y number of group dominator nodes, and N number of ordinary sensor nodes.
\nPoint-to-point security solution involves secure routing between every two nodes along the multi-hop path. To show the design and efficacy of point-to-point solution, we fully describe a typical point to point security solution for multi-hop based WSNs proposed in [9]. Olakanmi and Dada [9] proposed an effective point-to-point security scheme that engages point-to-point (PoP) mutual authentication scheme, perturbation, and pseudonym to overcome security and privacy issues in WSNs. To reduce computational cost and energy consumption, they used elliptic curve cryptography, hash function, and exclusive OR operations to evolve an efficient security solution for a decentralized WSNs. The network model, as shown in Figure 3, consists of base station (BS), immediate node (IN), source node (SN) or (sn), and destination node (DS) or (ds). The SNs and DSs are capable of multi-hop transmission; therefore any SN can become DS and vice versa.
\nWireless sensor network system model.
The PoP security scheme consists of the following phases: registration and key management, secure data exchange, perturbs generation, signature and obfuscation, authentication, and verification and decryption phases.
\nThe serial number ψ of each node is sent to BS. BS then generates unique pseudonym and network-node identity as follows:
BS randomly generates \n
Each node
BS then computes \n
On the receipt of its encrypted pseudonym, each node then generates its corresponding node-base station shared key as
To send data M, the primary SN signs M and generates perturb to secure M. It then encrypts the obfuscated message packet as
The perturbation enforces first level of security on the data. It is used to remove semantic pattern caused by wide variation in the transmitted data. The perturbation uses a novel additive noise generation method to perturb the data M. Primary source and destination nodes independently generate a set of perturb \n
The SN and its destination node generate their perturbation parameters \n
Using the destination perturbation parameter \n
For session, SN generates the perturbation chain as \n
Primary SN computes new perturb for every new data transmission of the same session by repeating step c using the previously used perturb \n
Primary source node signs and perturbs the data packet through the following process:
Both the SN and destination nodes compute the source-destination shared session key
SN and destination nodes uniquely generate κ1 and κ2, respectively.
SN extracts the two-way distribution parameter of destination node βds to compute
Sign its data M using its source-destination shared session key ϕsn → ds as
SN finally generates its message packet as
SN then performs PoP authentication with its IN, as described in the next section, before hopping \n
After the signature and perturbation phase, the source node initiates the PoP authentication with the IN as follows:
SN generates an authentication token \n
SN and IN randomly generate υ ∈ \n
SN then encrypts the concatenated authentication token ω, pseudonym of source, pseudonym of IN, and time stamp as
On the receipt of
Destination node extracts and authenticates the received data M by following this procedure:
Destination node extracts the two-way distribution parameter of SN and
Destination node regenerates the used perturb \n
Destination node verifies the signature by re-signing the unblinded message \n
This chapter shows overview of wireless sensor networks with its security and privacy framework. The chapter proffers to readers an in-depth understanding of security and privacy issues as related to WSNs. Some existing research in WSN routing protocols are discussed. This chapter also helps researchers to understand the current trends in WSNs routing protocols and security schemes.
\nIn the semi-arid areas of Southern Africa, livestock production underpins the socio-economic and political lives of the people. Meat and milk from livestock are important dietary protein sources. Livestock production also creates employment opportunities and provides household income. Furthermore, it promotes viability of small-scale cropping systems through provision of draught power and organic manure. Cattle, in specific, are socioculturally important as a measure of wealth. Actually, Zimbabwean small-scale farmers generally own 89% of the national cattle herd, with the livestock sector contributing 35% of the agricultural gross domestic product [1]. However, constraints to the increasing livestock productivity in semi-arid areas include water and feed shortages, diseases, and lack of research and markets. Of these, nutrition is the major factor in extensive livestock production systems, contributing more than 75% of the total variable costs of production [2, 3]. Thus, a comprehensive inventory of animal feeds and feeding systems in semi-arid areas will inform sustainable livestock production.
Rangeland productivity, i.e. the amount of available grazing and browse per square area per unit time, is a proxy indicator of sustainability of livestock-based rural livelihoods. In recent years, climate change and variability, among other factors, has resulted in the declines in the quality and quantity of the rangelands in semi-arid areas such as the South East Lowveld (SEL) of Zimbabwe [4, 5, 6, 7]. Additionally, in these areas, while Transfrontier Conservation Areas (TFCAs) have been established mainly to facilitate sustainable livelihoods, global biodiversity conservation, regional peace, and sustainable socio-economic development of African communities through the cooperation at local and international levels [8], they are also likely to increase interaction between wildlife, livestock, and humans with adverse consequences. For instance, due to increased human and livestock populations in surrounding agricultural areas, cattle are likely to encroach more into wildlife areas in search of feed [9]. Therefore, a deeper comprehension of animal feeds and feeding will improve livestock production and consequently transform rural livelihoods.
Innovations in livestock husbandry are the activities and processes associated with the generation, production, dissemination, adaptation, and use of existing or new technical, institutional, and organisational knowledge [10, 11]. Although there are different innovations in livestock feeds and feeding, most of them have not been adopted by farmers [12]. For instance, [12] showed that discontinuance of urea treatment of maize stover for livestock supplementation was attributed to high labour requirements of preparing the stover, lack of monitoring by extension services, and inaccessibility of urea fertiliser. It is thus important for the policy to consider such factors as the economic environment, availability of local material, and social and human capital when promoting livestock production systems. In this chapter, we explore and explain different livestock feeds and feeding strategies that are mostly adopted in semi-arid areas. We also recommend other alternatives that have a potential of adaption for increased livestock production.
The study was carried out in the semi-arid South East Lowveld (SEL) of Zimbabwe. The area is found at an altitude of 300–600 m above mean sea level [11]. It experiences mean maximum and minimum temperatures of 21.8°C in October and 13.3°C in June, respectively, and mean annual rainfall of 300–600 mm between November and March and is characterised by high interannual variability (coefficient of variation ≈ 4045%) [13]. The major soil types are basalt-derived vertisols. Other soil types include eutric fluvisols, leptosols, and chromic luvisols [14]. The two main land uses in the area are agricultural production in the communal areas and wildlife conservation in Gonarezhou National Park and Malipati Safari Area, both of which form part of the Great Limpopo TFCA that contains a wide range of wildlife species such as
Individual structured questionnaires were administered to 150 respondents randomly selected, representing approximately 12% of the total households in the study area. The questionnaire was designed to capture socio-demography and livestock production characteristics, specifically feed resources and farmer innovations in livestock feeding and management. The questionnaire was pretested before final administration. We also conducted two focus group discussions (FGD) with seven key informants each, representative of the pastoral, agro-pastoral, and crop-livestock production systems in the area. For the woody species, we carried out veld assessment. Using the point-centred quarter method [16], we established 53 30 m × 30 m plots at each sampling point along 9 transects randomly established, measuring between 10 and 15 km each. The plant species were identified with the help of the locals in addition to using field identification guides [17, 18, 19]. Canopy structure, tree height, growth habit, leaf, bark, and other tree structures were used to differentiate closely related trees. Trees rooted within the plot, or along plot margins with at least half of the rooted system inside the plot, were considered [20]. We also recorded altitude and location of each individual tree using a Global Positioning System (GPS) Unit. Samples of the species not identified in the field, as well as all the other species, were collected for verification at the National Herbarium in Harare, Zimbabwe.
The veld of the SEL is described as “
The grazing resource during dry seasons in the South East Lowveld of Zimbabwe.
In the SEL, poor-quality cereal crop residues (less than 4% crude protein) form the bulk of livestock supplementary feed in the dry season, which normally extends from May/June to October/November. The predominant crops are sorghum, millet, and maize. However, they are deficient in essential nutrients such as protein, phosphorus, calcium, and, to some extent, energy [22]. Such supplements have low feed intake resulting from low degradability and low digestibility. Therefore, they do not provide for optimum microbial growth in the rumen. As a result, animals raised on these low nutritive feeds exhibit poor condition and reduced reproductive performance [23]. Crop residues are managed in many ways for livestock feeding. Cereal stovers are either grazed in situ or stored in stacks for supplementation during the dry season (Figure 2). During prolonged dry seasons, the first preference is for maintenance of productive animals such as lactating cows or the sick. Haulms from leguminous crops such as cowpea and groundnuts are also used in stall-feeding. Despite being of higher nutritive value than cereal stovers, they have limited availability as leguminous crops are not commonly cultivated at large scale. Recently, conservation agriculture has presented conflict of interest in utilisation of crop residues. Conservation agriculture is a farming method that utilises crop residues to retain moisture and enrich the soil [24]. Increased adoption of conservation agriculture creates limitations in the availability of crop residues for livestock feeding.
Maize stover forms part of the bulk of cereal stover supplements in the dry season.
Indigenous browse species are an important source of animal feed in livestock-based rural livelihoods of semi-arid areas (Figure 3) [25, 26]. The natural vegetation of the SEL is predominantly
Scientific name | Vernacular/English name |
---|---|
Shokoshoko/winter thorn | |
Muunga/sweet thorn | |
Sesani/umsasane/umbrella thorn | |
Kelenga/fever tree | |
Mabuwu/baobab/muwu | |
Mhangani/aloe | |
Munyii/bird plum | |
Shukutsu/shepherd’s tree | |
Musasa | |
Murumanyama/long-tail cassia | |
Chiololo/chiololoti/muvengahonye | |
Mopane/xanatsi/turpentine tree | |
Chikukutsi/red bushwillow | |
Mutsviri/mondo/monzo/leadwood | |
Mupangara/ndenge/sickle bush | |
Musuma/tithoma/jackalberry | |
Muonde/mikuwa/sycamore fig | |
Sengeti/valley paddle pod | |
Makwangwala/Ilala/real fan palm | |
Mutondo | |
Pfungu/mumvewa/sausage tree | |
Mupanda/umchitamuzi/rain tree | |
Hlatsva/Chechete/red milkwood | |
Zhombwe | |
Shanga/reed grass | |
Dhungulu pokwe/mustard tree | |
Mupfura/marula/mufura | |
Muhlaru/Musharo/Nyala berry |
Browse trees provide feed during the dry season when both the grazing resource and cereal stovers become limiting.
Fodder refers to any plants grown specifically as animal feed. They include a variety of pasture grasses like
There are different food industry by-products and agricultural wastes that are alternative dry season livestock feed supplements. These can be of animal and plant origin or of the fermentation industry. Animal by-products include blood, bones, meat and bone offals, fat, intestine and rumen contents, whey, tannery by-products, and poultry manure [1]. By-products of plant origin consist those of the milling industry (e.g. bran, waste flour), oil industry (e.g. soya bean and sunflower cakes), sugar industry (molasses), and citrus and horticulture waste. The fermentation industry produces grain, molasses, and brewer’s waste, among a large array of other by-products. By-products of plant origin are the commonly used. For instance, in the SEL, molasses is readily available as the main sugarcane processing factories in Zimbabwe are located in that area. However, high cost of transportation makes the product often quite expensive. Additionally, those of plant origin are also mostly based on staple food crops such as maize and soya bean, creating competition in use between humans and livestock.
Straw ammoniation is the process of addition of urea, liquid ammonia, or ammonium bicarbonate to poor-quality cereal crop stovers in order to improve their palatability, nutritive value, and digestibility. Of these three, urea is the most readily available and easiest to handle ammonia source. Nevertheless, in the SEL, as in most rural areas, urea treatment still is not a commonly used method improvement of the feeding value of cereal stovers due to lack of expertise in carrying out the procedure, as well as unaffordability for most rural resource-poor farmers. Additionally, if not done properly, urea-treated straw can be toxic to animals and cause air pollution.
Silage is forage produced from the fermentation process of chopped fresh green material under anaerobic conditions. These materials include fodder or forage grasses. Ensiling maize has been shown to improve feed digestibility and reduce methane gas production by 30% compared to feeding dry maize [37]. However, despite silages being advantageous in areas of water shortages, as well as reducing tannins due to the heat produced during the incubation period, silage production is not common among farmers.
Other potential technologies include intercropping cereals with ley (dual-purpose) legumes [38]. Ley legumes provide protein-rich fodder, improve the productivity of cereal crops by increasing the amount of nitrogen available for uptake, as well as offer a possible lower-cost alternative to nitrogen fertilisers [39, 40]. In addition to cut and carry systems for feeding fresh plant material, leaf meals can also be produced by drying harvested leaf material under shed. The commonly grown multipurpose trees include
There are generally four fundamental principles of rangeland management which are important in order to improve condition and stability of the veld and consequently increase feed. They are rest, removal of top hamper, period of stay, and stocking density. Rest facilitates replenishment of plant growth reserves and also sets seed after defoliation. Top hamper is dead plant material accumulation which causes shading out of new shoots as they develop. It represents a nutrient bottleneck by preventing plant material from recycling back into the soil. It should therefore be removed. Another principle of rangeland management is control of period of utilisation by animals. This is important as too long periods result in overgrazing, while too short periods cause underutilisation which leads to top hamper and consequently reduced plant vigour. Stocking density refers to the number of animals that is kept on a given unit of area [41]. This has a direct relationship to the carrying capacity of the range. For instance, understocking causes selective grazing, which depletes palatable grass species. On the other hand, overstocking may degrade the range. For high stocks of reserve biomass, and for farmers with a relatively low degree of risk aversion, an “opportunistic” strategy is optimal, which matches the stocking rate with the available forage in every year [42]. On the other hand, the “resting in rainy years” grazing management strategies are recommended in which a lower stocking rate is applied in years in which current rainfall exceeds some threshold, and in years with current rainfall below this threshold, full stocking is optimal [39, 42, 43, 44].
Veld reinforcement is the introduction, to the rangeland, of new grass or legume species in order to improve both the quantity and quality of the natural vegetation. Legume forages such as
Rangeland fertilisation is the application of fertilisers such as ammonium nitrates on the rangelands in order to increase the quality and quantity of forage. However, this method is not highly recommended as fertilisers are expensive and at times not readily available.
Undesirable plants are not readily utilised by animals and may cause rangeland degradation. They include invasive species (e.g.
Range rehabilitation is the restoration of the veld using such methods as gulley filling and planting grass lines. However, it is more feasible at small scale. Both communal and private enclosures have also been successfully used to rehabilitate rangelands [45, 46].
In the SEL, deterioration of rangeland productivity during prolonged dry season characteristic of the area is worsened by deliberate increases in cattle numbers by farmers who use the high cattle numbers as a hedge against losses during drought [6]. Therefore, it is recommended that farmers should adopt strategic destocking programmes that promote fattening of animals during periods of feed abundance and disposal while they are in good enough body condition to fetch high prices.
Livestock production in semi-arid areas is hampered by shortages of feed, especially in the dry season when the grazing resource becomes limiting. During this time, browse species play an important role as the most abundant and nutritious feed. Although crop residues are also a likely supplementary feed, they are of poor nutritive value. Potential technologies to improve such feedstuffs include urea treatment and ensilage. However, they are also not readily adopted by farmers due to lack of knowledge among other factors. It is therefore important to promote such innovations with the view to improve livestock production and hence rural livelihoods.
The authors would like to express great appreciation to Malipati traditional leadership in the SEL for the permission to conduct questionnaires and focus group discussions in their area, as well as collect test material.
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
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His studies in robotics lead him not only to a PhD degree but also inspired him to co-found and build the International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems - world's first Open Access journal in the field of robotics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"TU Wien",country:{name:"Austria"}}},{id:"441",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Jaekyu",middleName:null,surname:"Park",slug:"jaekyu-park",fullName:"Jaekyu Park",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/441/images/1881_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"LG Corporation (South Korea)",country:{name:"Korea, South"}}},{id:"465",title:"Dr.",name:"Christian",middleName:null,surname:"Martens",slug:"christian-martens",fullName:"Christian Martens",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Rheinmetall (Germany)",country:{name:"Germany"}}},{id:"479",title:"Dr.",name:"Valentina",middleName:null,surname:"Colla",slug:"valentina-colla",fullName:"Valentina Colla",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/479/images/358_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sant'Anna School of Advanced Studies",country:{name:"Italy"}}},{id:"494",title:"PhD",name:"Loris",middleName:null,surname:"Nanni",slug:"loris-nanni",fullName:"Loris Nanni",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/494/images/system/494.jpg",biography:"Loris Nanni received his Master Degree cum laude on June-2002 from the University of Bologna, and the April 26th 2006 he received his Ph.D. in Computer Engineering at DEIS, University of Bologna. On September, 29th 2006 he has won a post PhD fellowship from the university of Bologna (from October 2006 to October 2008), at the competitive examination he was ranked first in the industrial engineering area. He extensively served as referee for several international journals. He is author/coauthor of more than 100 research papers. He has been involved in some projects supported by MURST and European Community. His research interests include pattern recognition, bioinformatics, and biometric systems (fingerprint classification and recognition, signature verification, face recognition).",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"496",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos",middleName:null,surname:"Leon",slug:"carlos-leon",fullName:"Carlos Leon",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Seville",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"512",title:"Dr.",name:"Dayang",middleName:null,surname:"Jawawi",slug:"dayang-jawawi",fullName:"Dayang Jawawi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Technology Malaysia",country:{name:"Malaysia"}}},{id:"528",title:"Dr.",name:"Kresimir",middleName:null,surname:"Delac",slug:"kresimir-delac",fullName:"Kresimir Delac",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/528/images/system/528.jpg",biography:"K. Delac received his B.Sc.E.E. degree in 2003 and is currentlypursuing a Ph.D. degree at the University of Zagreb, Faculty of Electrical Engineering andComputing. His current research interests are digital image analysis, pattern recognition andbiometrics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Zagreb",country:{name:"Croatia"}}},{id:"557",title:"Dr.",name:"Andon",middleName:"Venelinov",surname:"Topalov",slug:"andon-topalov",fullName:"Andon Topalov",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/557/images/1927_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Andon V. Topalov received the MSc degree in Control Engineering from the Faculty of Information Systems, Technologies, and Automation at Moscow State University of Civil Engineering (MGGU) in 1979. He then received his PhD degree in Control Engineering from the Department of Automation and Remote Control at Moscow State Mining University (MGSU), Moscow, in 1984. From 1985 to 1986, he was a Research Fellow in the Research Institute for Electronic Equipment, ZZU AD, Plovdiv, Bulgaria. In 1986, he joined the Department of Control Systems, Technical University of Sofia at the Plovdiv campus, where he is presently a Full Professor. He has held long-term visiting Professor/Scholar positions at various institutions in South Korea, Turkey, Mexico, Greece, Belgium, UK, and Germany. And he has coauthored one book and authored or coauthored more than 80 research papers in conference proceedings and journals. His current research interests are in the fields of intelligent control and robotics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Technical University of Sofia",country:{name:"Bulgaria"}}},{id:"585",title:"Prof.",name:"Munir",middleName:null,surname:"Merdan",slug:"munir-merdan",fullName:"Munir Merdan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/585/images/system/585.jpg",biography:"Munir Merdan received the M.Sc. degree in mechanical engineering from the Technical University of Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina, in 2001, and the Ph.D. degree in electrical engineering from the Vienna University of Technology, Vienna, Austria, in 2009.Since 2005, he has been at the Automation and Control Institute, Vienna University of Technology, where he is currently a Senior Researcher. His research interests include the application of agent technology for achieving agile control in the manufacturing environment.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"605",title:"Prof",name:"Dil",middleName:null,surname:"Hussain",slug:"dil-hussain",fullName:"Dil Hussain",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/605/images/system/605.jpg",biography:"Dr. Dil Muhammad Akbar Hussain is a professor of Electronics Engineering & Computer Science at the Department of Energy Technology, Aalborg University Denmark. Professor Akbar has a Master degree in Digital Electronics from Govt. College University, Lahore Pakistan and a P-hD degree in Control Engineering from the School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of Sussex United Kingdom. Aalborg University has Two Satellite Campuses, one in Copenhagen (Aalborg University Copenhagen) and the other in Esbjerg (Aalborg University Esbjerg).\n· He is a member of prestigious IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers), and IAENG (International Association of Engineers) organizations. \n· He is the chief Editor of the Journal of Software Engineering.\n· He is the member of the Editorial Board of International Journal of Computer Science and Software Technology (IJCSST) and International Journal of Computer Engineering and Information Technology. \n· He is also the Editor of Communication in Computer and Information Science CCIS-20 by Springer.\n· Reviewer For Many Conferences\nHe is the lead person in making collaboration agreements between Aalborg University and many universities of Pakistan, for which the MOU’s (Memorandum of Understanding) have been signed.\nProfessor Akbar is working in Academia since 1990, he started his career as a Lab demonstrator/TA at the University of Sussex. After finishing his P. hD degree in 1992, he served in the Industry as a Scientific Officer and continued his academic career as a visiting scholar for a number of educational institutions. In 1996 he joined National University of Science & Technology Pakistan (NUST) as an Associate Professor; NUST is one of the top few universities in Pakistan. In 1999 he joined an International Company Lineo Inc, Canada as Manager Compiler Group, where he headed the group for developing Compiler Tool Chain and Porting of Operating Systems for the BLACKfin processor. The processor development was a joint venture by Intel and Analog Devices. In 2002 Lineo Inc., was taken over by another company, so he joined Aalborg University Denmark as an Assistant Professor.\nProfessor Akbar has truly a multi-disciplined career and he continued his legacy and making progress in many areas of his interests both in teaching and research. 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Radiotherapy and Nuclear Medicine Technology has always been my aspiration and my life. As years passed I accumulated a tremendous amount of skills and knowledge in Radiotherapy and Nuclear Medicine, Conventional Radiology, Radiation Protection, Bioinformatics Technology, PACS, Image processing, clinically and lecturing that will enable me to provide a valuable service to the community as a Researcher and Consultant in this field. My method of translating this into day to day in clinical practice is non-exhaustible and my habit of exchanging knowledge and expertise with others in those fields is the code and secret of success.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Majmaah University",country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}},{id:"313277",title:"Dr.",name:"Bartłomiej",middleName:null,surname:"Płaczek",slug:"bartlomiej-placzek",fullName:"Bartłomiej Płaczek",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/313277/images/system/313277.jpg",biography:"Bartłomiej Płaczek, MSc (2002), Ph.D. (2005), Habilitation (2016), is a professor at the University of Silesia, Institute of Computer Science, Poland, and an expert from the National Centre for Research and Development. His research interests include sensor networks, smart sensors, intelligent systems, and image processing with applications in healthcare and medicine. He is the author or co-author of more than seventy papers in peer-reviewed journals and conferences as well as the co-author of several books. He serves as a reviewer for many scientific journals, international conferences, and research foundations. Since 2010, Dr. Placzek has been a reviewer of grants and projects (including EU projects) in the field of information technologies.",institutionString:"University of Silesia",institution:{name:"University of Silesia",country:{name:"Poland"}}},{id:"35000",title:"Prof.",name:"Ulrich H.P",middleName:"H.P.",surname:"Fischer",slug:"ulrich-h.p-fischer",fullName:"Ulrich H.P Fischer",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/35000/images/3052_n.jpg",biography:"Academic and Professional Background\nUlrich H. P. has Diploma and PhD degrees in Physics from the Free University Berlin, Germany. He has been working on research positions in the Heinrich-Hertz-Institute in Germany. Several international research projects has been performed with European partners from France, Netherlands, Norway and the UK. He is currently Professor of Communications Systems at the Harz University of Applied Sciences, Germany.\n\nPublications and Publishing\nHe has edited one book, a special interest book about ‘Optoelectronic Packaging’ (VDE, Berlin, Germany), and has published over 100 papers and is owner of several international patents for WDM over POF key elements.\n\nKey Research and Consulting Interests\nUlrich’s research activity has always been related to Spectroscopy and Optical Communications Technology. Specific current interests include the validation of complex instruments, and the application of VR technology to the development and testing of measurement systems. He has been reviewer for several publications of the Optical Society of America\\'s including Photonics Technology Letters and Applied Optics.\n\nPersonal Interests\nThese include motor cycling in a very relaxed manner and performing martial arts.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Charité",country:{name:"Germany"}}},{id:"341622",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Eduardo",middleName:null,surname:"Rojas Alvarez",slug:"eduardo-rojas-alvarez",fullName:"Eduardo Rojas Alvarez",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/341622/images/15892_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Cuenca",country:{name:"Ecuador"}}},{id:"215610",title:"Prof.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Sarfraz",slug:"muhammad-sarfraz",fullName:"Muhammad Sarfraz",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/215610/images/system/215610.jpeg",biography:"Muhammad Sarfraz is a professor in the Department of Information Science, Kuwait University. His research interests include computer graphics, computer vision, image processing, machine learning, pattern recognition, soft computing, data science, intelligent systems, information technology, and information systems. Prof. Sarfraz has been a keynote/invited speaker on various platforms around the globe. He has advised various students for their MSc and Ph.D. theses. He has published more than 400 publications as books, journal articles, and conference papers. He is a member of various professional societies and a chair and member of the International Advisory Committees and Organizing Committees of various international conferences. Prof. Sarfraz is also an editor-in-chief and editor of various international journals.",institutionString:"Kuwait University",institution:{name:"Kuwait University",country:{name:"Kuwait"}}},{id:"32650",title:"Prof.",name:"Lukas",middleName:"Willem",surname:"Snyman",slug:"lukas-snyman",fullName:"Lukas Snyman",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/32650/images/4136_n.jpg",biography:"Lukas Willem Snyman received his basic education at primary and high schools in South Africa, Eastern Cape. He enrolled at today's Nelson Metropolitan University and graduated from this university with a BSc in Physics and Mathematics, B.Sc Honors in Physics, MSc in Semiconductor Physics, and a Ph.D. in Semiconductor Physics in 1987. After his studies, he chose an academic career and devoted his energy to the teaching of physics to first, second, and third-year students. After positions as a lecturer at the University of Port Elizabeth, he accepted a position as Associate Professor at the University of Pretoria, South Africa.\r\n\r\nIn 1992, he motivates the concept of 'television and computer-based education” as means to reach large student numbers with only the best of teaching expertise and publishes an article on the concept in the SA Journal of Higher Education of 1993 (and later in 2003). The University of Pretoria subsequently approved a series of test projects on the concept with outreach to Mamelodi and Eerste Rust in 1993. In 1994, the University established a 'Unit for Telematic Education ' as a support section for multiple faculties at the University of Pretoria. In subsequent years, the concept of 'telematic education” subsequently becomes well established in academic circles in South Africa, grew in popularity, and is adopted by many universities and colleges throughout South Africa as a medium of enhancing education and training, as a method to reaching out to far out communities, and as a means to enhance study from the home environment.\r\n\r\nProfessor Snyman in subsequent years pursued research in semiconductor physics, semiconductor devices, microelectronics, and optoelectronics.\r\n\r\nIn 2000 he joined the TUT as a full professor. Here served for a period as head of the Department of Electronic Engineering. Here he makes contributions to solar energy development, microwave and optoelectronic device development, silicon photonics, as well as contributions to new mobile telecommunication systems and network planning in SA.\r\n\r\nCurrently, he teaches electronics and telecommunications at the TUT to audiences ranging from first-year students to Ph.D. level.\r\n\r\nFor his research in the field of 'Silicon Photonics” since 1990, he has published (as author and co-author) about thirty internationally reviewed articles in scientific journals, contributed to more than forty international conferences, about 25 South African provisional patents (as inventor and co-inventor), 8 PCT international patent applications until now. Of these, two USA patents applications, two European Patents, two Korean patents, and ten SA patents have been granted. A further 4 USA patents, 5 European patents, 3 Korean patents, 3 Chinese patents, and 3 Japanese patents are currently under consideration.\r\n\r\nRecently he has also published an extensive scholarly chapter in an internet open access book on 'Integrating Microphotonic Systems and MOEMS into standard Silicon CMOS Integrated circuitry”.\r\n\r\nFurthermore, Professor Snyman recently steered a new initiative at the TUT by introducing a 'Laboratory for Innovative Electronic Systems ' at the Department of Electrical Engineering. The model of this laboratory or center is to primarily combine outputs as achieved by high-level research with lower-level system development and entrepreneurship in a technical university environment. Students are allocated to projects at different levels with PhDs and Master students allocated to the generation of new knowledge and new technologies, while students at the diploma and Baccalaureus level are allocated to electronic systems development with a direct and a near application for application in industry or the commercial and public sectors in South Africa.\r\n\r\nProfessor Snyman received the WIRSAM Award of 1983 and the WIRSAM Award in 1985 in South Africa for best research papers by a young scientist at two international conferences on electron microscopy in South Africa. He subsequently received the SA Microelectronics Award for the best dissertation emanating from studies executed at a South African university in the field of Physics and Microelectronics in South Africa in 1987. In October of 2011, Professor Snyman received the prestigious Institutional Award for 'Innovator of the Year” for 2010 at the Tshwane University of Technology, South Africa. This award was based on the number of patents recognized and granted by local and international institutions as well as for his contributions concerning innovation at the TUT.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of South Africa",country:{name:"South Africa"}}},{id:"317279",title:"Mr.",name:"Ali",middleName:"Usama",surname:"Syed",slug:"ali-syed",fullName:"Ali Syed",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/317279/images/16024_n.png",biography:"A creative, talented, and innovative young professional who is dedicated, well organized, and capable research fellow with two years of experience in graduate-level research, published in engineering journals and book, with related expertise in Bio-robotics, equally passionate about the aesthetics of the mechanical and electronic system, obtained expertise in the use of MS Office, MATLAB, SolidWorks, LabVIEW, Proteus, Fusion 360, having a grasp on python, C++ and assembly language, possess proven ability in acquiring research grants, previous appointments with social and educational societies with experience in administration, current affiliations with IEEE and Web of Science, a confident presenter at conferences and teacher in classrooms, able to explain complex information to audiences of all levels.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Air University",country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"75526",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Zihni Onur",middleName:null,surname:"Uygun",slug:"zihni-onur-uygun",fullName:"Zihni Onur Uygun",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/75526/images/12_n.jpg",biography:"My undergraduate education and my Master of Science educations at Ege University and at Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University have given me a firm foundation in Biochemistry, Analytical Chemistry, Biosensors, Bioelectronics, Physical Chemistry and Medicine. After obtaining my degree as a MSc in analytical chemistry, I started working as a research assistant in Ege University Medical Faculty in 2014. In parallel, I enrolled to the MSc program at the Department of Medical Biochemistry at Ege University to gain deeper knowledge on medical and biochemical sciences as well as clinical chemistry in 2014. In my PhD I deeply researched on biosensors and bioelectronics and finished in 2020. Now I have eleven SCI-Expanded Index published papers, 6 international book chapters, referee assignments for different SCIE journals, one international patent pending, several international awards, projects and bursaries. In parallel to my research assistant position at Ege University Medical Faculty, Department of Medical Biochemistry, in April 2016, I also founded a Start-Up Company (Denosens Biotechnology LTD) by the support of The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey. Currently, I am also working as a CEO in Denosens Biotechnology. The main purposes of the company, which carries out R&D as a research center, are to develop new generation biosensors and sensors for both point-of-care diagnostics; such as glucose, lactate, cholesterol and cancer biomarker detections. My specific experimental and instrumental skills are Biochemistry, Biosensor, Analytical Chemistry, Electrochemistry, Mobile phone based point-of-care diagnostic device, POCTs and Patient interface designs, HPLC, Tandem Mass Spectrometry, Spectrophotometry, ELISA.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ege University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"267434",title:"Dr.",name:"Rohit",middleName:null,surname:"Raja",slug:"rohit-raja",fullName:"Rohit Raja",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/267434/images/system/267434.jpg",biography:"Dr. Rohit Raja received Ph.D. in Computer Science and Engineering from Dr. CVRAMAN University in 2016. His main research interest includes Face recognition and Identification, Digital Image Processing, Signal Processing, and Networking. Presently he is working as Associate Professor in IT Department, Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya (A Central University), Bilaspur (CG), India. He has authored several Journal and Conference Papers. He has good Academics & Research experience in various areas of CSE and IT. He has filed and successfully published 27 Patents. He has received many time invitations to be a Guest at IEEE Conferences. He has published 100 research papers in various International/National Journals (including IEEE, Springer, etc.) and Proceedings of the reputed International/ National Conferences (including Springer and IEEE). He has been nominated to the board of editors/reviewers of many peer-reviewed and refereed Journals (including IEEE, Springer).",institutionString:"Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya",institution:{name:"Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"246502",title:"Dr.",name:"Jaya T.",middleName:"T",surname:"Varkey",slug:"jaya-t.-varkey",fullName:"Jaya T. Varkey",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/246502/images/11160_n.jpg",biography:"Jaya T. Varkey, PhD, graduated with a degree in Chemistry from Cochin University of Science and Technology, Kerala, India. She obtained a PhD in Chemistry from the School of Chemical Sciences, Mahatma Gandhi University, Kerala, India, and completed a post-doctoral fellowship at the University of Minnesota, USA. She is a research guide at Mahatma Gandhi University and Associate Professor in Chemistry, St. Teresa’s College, Kochi, Kerala, India.\nDr. Varkey received a National Young Scientist award from the Indian Science Congress (1995), a UGC Research award (2016–2018), an Indian National Science Academy (INSA) Visiting Scientist award (2018–2019), and a Best Innovative Faculty award from the All India Association for Christian Higher Education (AIACHE) (2019). She Hashas received the Sr. Mary Cecil prize for best research paper three times. She was also awarded a start-up to develop a tea bag water filter. \nDr. Varkey has published two international books and twenty-seven international journal publications. She is an editorial board member for five international journals.",institutionString:"St. Teresa’s College",institution:null},{id:"250668",title:"Dr.",name:"Ali",middleName:null,surname:"Nabipour Chakoli",slug:"ali-nabipour-chakoli",fullName:"Ali Nabipour Chakoli",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/250668/images/system/250668.jpg",biography:"Academic Qualification:\r\n•\tPhD in Materials Physics and Chemistry, From: Sep. 2006, to: Sep. 2010, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Thesis: Structure and Shape Memory Effect of Functionalized MWCNTs/poly (L-lactide-co-ε-caprolactone) Nanocomposites. Supervisor: Prof. Wei Cai,\r\n•\tM.Sc in Applied Physics, From: 1996, to: 1998, Faculty of Physics & Nuclear Science, Amirkabir Uni. of Technology, Tehran, Iran, Thesis: Determination of Boron in Micro alloy Steels with solid state nuclear track detectors by neutron induced auto radiography, Supervisors: Dr. M. Hosseini Ashrafi and Dr. A. Hosseini.\r\n•\tB.Sc. in Applied Physics, From: 1991, to: 1996, Faculty of Physics & Nuclear Science, Amirkabir Uni. of Technology, Tehran, Iran, Thesis: Design of shielding for Am-Be neutron sources for In Vivo neutron activation analysis, Supervisor: Dr. M. Hosseini Ashrafi.\r\n\r\nResearch Experiences:\r\n1.\tNanomaterials, Carbon Nanotubes, Graphene: Synthesis, Functionalization and Characterization,\r\n2.\tMWCNTs/Polymer Composites: Fabrication and Characterization, \r\n3.\tShape Memory Polymers, Biodegradable Polymers, ORC, Collagen,\r\n4.\tMaterials Analysis and Characterizations: TEM, SEM, XPS, FT-IR, Raman, DSC, DMA, TGA, XRD, GPC, Fluoroscopy, \r\n5.\tInteraction of Radiation with Mater, Nuclear Safety and Security, NDT(RT),\r\n6.\tRadiation Detectors, Calibration (SSDL),\r\n7.\tCompleted IAEA e-learning Courses:\r\nNuclear Security (15 Modules),\r\nNuclear Safety:\r\nTSA 2: Regulatory Protection in Occupational Exposure,\r\nTips & Tricks: Radiation Protection in Radiography,\r\nSafety and Quality in Radiotherapy,\r\nCourse on Sealed Radioactive Sources,\r\nCourse on Fundamentals of Environmental Remediation,\r\nCourse on Planning for Environmental Remediation,\r\nKnowledge Management Orientation Course,\r\nFood Irradiation - Technology, Applications and Good Practices,\r\nEmployment:\r\nFrom 2010 to now: Academic staff, Nuclear Science and Technology Research Institute, Kargar Shomali, Tehran, Iran, P.O. Box: 14395-836.\r\nFrom 1997 to 2006: Expert of Materials Analysis and Characterization. Research Center of Agriculture and Medicine. Rajaeeshahr, Karaj, Iran, P. O. Box: 31585-498.",institutionString:"Atomic Energy Organization of Iran",institution:{name:"Atomic Energy Organization of Iran",country:{name:"Iran"}}},{id:"248279",title:"Dr.",name:"Monika",middleName:"Elzbieta",surname:"Machoy",slug:"monika-machoy",fullName:"Monika Machoy",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/248279/images/system/248279.jpeg",biography:"Monika Elżbieta Machoy, MD, graduated with distinction from the Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry at the Pomeranian Medical University in 2009, defended her PhD thesis with summa cum laude in 2016 and is currently employed as a researcher at the Department of Orthodontics of the Pomeranian Medical University. She expanded her professional knowledge during a one-year scholarship program at the Ernst Moritz Arndt University in Greifswald, Germany and during a three-year internship at the Technical University in Dresden, Germany. She has been a speaker at numerous orthodontic conferences, among others, American Association of Orthodontics, European Orthodontic Symposium and numerous conferences of the Polish Orthodontic Society. She conducts research focusing on the effect of orthodontic treatment on dental and periodontal tissues and the causes of pain in orthodontic patients.",institutionString:"Pomeranian Medical University",institution:{name:"Pomeranian Medical University",country:{name:"Poland"}}},{id:"252743",title:"Prof.",name:"Aswini",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Kar",slug:"aswini-kar",fullName:"Aswini Kar",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/252743/images/10381_n.jpg",biography:"uploaded in cv",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"KIIT University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"204256",title:"Dr.",name:"Anil",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Kumar Sahu",slug:"anil-kumar-sahu",fullName:"Anil Kumar Sahu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/204256/images/14201_n.jpg",biography:"I have nearly 11 years of research and teaching experience. I have done my master degree from University Institute of Pharmacy, Pt. Ravi Shankar Shukla University, Raipur, Chhattisgarh India. I have published 16 review and research articles in international and national journals and published 4 chapters in IntechOpen, the world’s leading publisher of Open access books. I have presented many papers at national and international conferences. I have received research award from Indian Drug Manufacturers Association in year 2015. My research interest extends from novel lymphatic drug delivery systems, oral delivery system for herbal bioactive to formulation optimization.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Chhattisgarh Swami Vivekanand Technical University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"253468",title:"Dr.",name:"Mariusz",middleName:null,surname:"Marzec",slug:"mariusz-marzec",fullName:"Mariusz Marzec",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/253468/images/system/253468.png",biography:"An assistant professor at Department of Biomedical Computer Systems, at Institute of Computer Science, Silesian University in Katowice. Scientific interests: computer analysis and processing of images, biomedical images, databases and programming languages. He is an author and co-author of scientific publications covering analysis and processing of biomedical images and development of database systems.",institutionString:"University of Silesia",institution:{name:"University of Silesia",country:{name:"Poland"}}},{id:"212432",title:"Prof.",name:"Hadi",middleName:null,surname:"Mohammadi",slug:"hadi-mohammadi",fullName:"Hadi Mohammadi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/212432/images/system/212432.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Hadi Mohammadi is a biomedical engineer with hands-on experience in the design and development of many engineering structures and medical devices through various projects that he has been involved in over the past twenty years. Dr. Mohammadi received his BSc. and MSc. degrees in Mechanical Engineering from Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran, and his PhD. degree in Biomedical Engineering (biomaterials) from the University of Western Ontario. He was a postdoctoral trainee for almost four years at University of Calgary and Harvard Medical School. He is an industry innovator having created the technology to produce lifelike synthetic platforms that can be used for the simulation of almost all cardiovascular reconstructive surgeries. He’s been heavily involved in the design and development of cardiovascular devices and technology for the past 10 years. He is currently an Assistant Professor with the University of British Colombia, Canada.",institutionString:"University of British Columbia",institution:{name:"University of British Columbia",country:{name:"Canada"}}},{id:"254463",title:"Prof.",name:"Haisheng",middleName:null,surname:"Yang",slug:"haisheng-yang",fullName:"Haisheng Yang",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/254463/images/system/254463.jpeg",biography:"Haisheng Yang, Ph.D., Professor and Director of the Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Life Science and Bioengineering, Beijing University of Technology. He received his Ph.D. degree in Mechanics/Biomechanics from Harbin Institute of Technology (jointly with University of California, Berkeley). Afterwards, he worked as a Postdoctoral Research Associate in the Purdue Musculoskeletal Biology and Mechanics Lab at the Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Purdue University, USA. He also conducted research in the Research Centre of Shriners Hospitals for Children-Canada at McGill University, Canada. Dr. Yang has over 10 years research experience in orthopaedic biomechanics and mechanobiology of bone adaptation and regeneration. He earned an award from Beijing Overseas Talents Aggregation program in 2017 and serves as Beijing Distinguished Professor.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Beijing University of Technology",country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"89721",title:"Dr.",name:"Mehmet",middleName:"Cuneyt",surname:"Ozmen",slug:"mehmet-ozmen",fullName:"Mehmet Ozmen",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/89721/images/7289_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Gazi University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"265335",title:"Mr.",name:"Stefan",middleName:"Radnev",surname:"Stefanov",slug:"stefan-stefanov",fullName:"Stefan Stefanov",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/265335/images/7562_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Medical University Plovdiv",country:{name:"Bulgaria"}}},{id:"242893",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Joaquim",middleName:null,surname:"De Moura",slug:"joaquim-de-moura",fullName:"Joaquim De Moura",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/242893/images/7133_n.jpg",biography:"Joaquim de Moura received his degree in Computer Engineering in 2014 from the University of A Coruña (Spain). In 2016, he received his M.Sc degree in Computer Engineering from the same university. He is currently pursuing his Ph.D degree in Computer Science in a collaborative project between ophthalmology centers in Galicia and the University of A Coruña. His research interests include computer vision, machine learning algorithms and analysis and medical imaging processing of various kinds.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of A Coruña",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"294334",title:"B.Sc.",name:"Marc",middleName:null,surname:"Bruggeman",slug:"marc-bruggeman",fullName:"Marc Bruggeman",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/294334/images/8242_n.jpg",biography:"Chemical engineer graduate, with a passion for material science and specific interest in polymers - their near infinite applications intrigue me. \n\nI plan to continue my scientific career in the field of polymeric biomaterials as I am fascinated by intelligent, bioactive and biomimetic materials for use in both consumer and medical applications.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"255757",title:"Dr.",name:"Igor",middleName:"Victorovich",surname:"Lakhno",slug:"igor-lakhno",fullName:"Igor Lakhno",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/255757/images/system/255757.jpg",biography:"Igor Victorovich Lakhno was born in 1971 in Kharkiv (Ukraine). \nMD – 1994, Kharkiv National Medical Univesity.\nOb&Gyn; – 1997, master courses in Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education.\nPh.D. – 1999, Kharkiv National Medical Univesity.\nDSC – 2019, PL Shupik National Academy of Postgraduate Education \nProfessor – 2021, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology of VN Karazin Kharkiv National University\nHead of Department – 2021, Department of Perinatology, Obstetrics and gynecology of Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education\nIgor Lakhno has been graduated from international training courses on reproductive medicine and family planning held at Debrecen University (Hungary) in 1997. Since 1998 Lakhno Igor has worked as an associate professor in the department of obstetrics and gynecology of VN Karazin National University and an associate professor of the perinatology, obstetrics, and gynecology department of Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education. Since June 2019 he’s been a professor in the department of obstetrics and gynecology of VN Karazin National University and a professor of the perinatology, obstetrics, and gynecology department. He’s affiliated with Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education as a Head of Department from November 2021. Igor Lakhno has participated in several international projects on fetal non-invasive electrocardiography (with Dr. J. A. Behar (Technion), Prof. D. Hoyer (Jena University), and José Alejandro Díaz Méndez (National Institute of Astrophysics, Optics, and Electronics, Mexico). He’s an author of about 200 printed works and there are 31 of them in Scopus or Web of Science databases. Igor Lakhno is a member of the Editorial Board of Reproductive Health of Woman, Emergency Medicine, and Technology Transfer Innovative Solutions in Medicine (Estonia). He is a medical Editor of “Z turbotoyu pro zhinku”. Igor Lakhno is a reviewer of the Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology (Taylor and Francis), British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology (Wiley), Informatics in Medicine Unlocked (Elsevier), The Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology Research (Wiley), Endocrine, Metabolic & Immune Disorders-Drug Targets (Bentham Open), The Open Biomedical Engineering Journal (Bentham Open), etc. He’s defended a dissertation for a DSc degree “Pre-eclampsia: prediction, prevention, and treatment”. Three years ago Igor Lakhno has participated in a training course on innovative technologies in medical education at Lublin Medical University (Poland). Lakhno Igor has participated as a speaker in several international conferences and congresses (International Conference on Biological Oscillations April 10th-14th 2016, Lancaster, UK, The 9th conference of the European Study Group on Cardiovascular Oscillations). His main scientific interests: are obstetrics, women’s health, fetal medicine, and cardiovascular medicine. \nIgor Lakhno is a consultant at Kharkiv municipal perinatal center. He’s graduated from training courses on endoscopy in gynecology. He has 28 years of practical experience in the field.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"244950",title:"Dr.",name:"Salvatore",middleName:null,surname:"Di Lauro",slug:"salvatore-di-lauro",fullName:"Salvatore Di Lauro",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://intech-files.s3.amazonaws.com/0030O00002bSF1HQAW/ProfilePicture%202021-12-20%2014%3A54%3A14.482",biography:"Name:\n\tSALVATORE DI LAURO\nAddress:\n\tHospital Clínico Universitario Valladolid\nAvda Ramón y Cajal 3\n47005, Valladolid\nSpain\nPhone number: \nFax\nE-mail:\n\t+34 983420000 ext 292\n+34 983420084\nsadilauro@live.it\nDate and place of Birth:\nID Number\nMedical Licence \nLanguages\t09-05-1985. Villaricca (Italy)\n\nY1281863H\n474707061\nItalian (native language)\nSpanish (read, written, spoken)\nEnglish (read, written, spoken)\nPortuguese (read, spoken)\nFrench (read)\n\t\t\nCurrent position (title and company)\tDate (Year)\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid. Sacyl. National Health System.\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Instituto Oftalmologico Recoletas. Red Hospitalaria Recoletas. Private practise.\t2017-today\n\n2019-today\n\t\n\t\nEducation (High school, university and postgraduate training > 3 months)\tDate (Year)\nDegree in Medicine and Surgery. University of Neaples 'Federico II”\nResident in Opthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid\nMaster in Vitreo-Retina. IOBA. University of Valladolid\nFellow of the European Board of Ophthalmology. Paris\nMaster in Research in Ophthalmology. University of Valladolid\t2003-2009\n2012-2016\n2016-2017\n2016\n2012-2013\n\t\nEmployments (company and positions)\tDate (Year)\nResident in Ophthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid. Sacyl.\nFellow in Vitreo-Retina. IOBA. University of Valladolid\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid. Sacyl. National Health System.\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Instituto Oftalmologico Recoletas. Red Hospitalaria Recoletas. \n\t2012-2016\n2016-2017\n2017-today\n\n2019-Today\n\n\n\t\nClinical Research Experience (tasks and role)\tDate (Year)\nAssociated investigator\n\n' FIS PI20/00740: DESARROLLO DE UNA CALCULADORA DE RIESGO DE\nAPARICION DE RETINOPATIA DIABETICA BASADA EN TECNICAS DE IMAGEN MULTIMODAL EN PACIENTES DIABETICOS TIPO 1. Grant by: Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovacion \n\n' (BIO/VA23/14) Estudio clínico multicéntrico y prospectivo para validar dos\nbiomarcadores ubicados en los genes p53 y MDM2 en la predicción de los resultados funcionales de la cirugía del desprendimiento de retina regmatógeno. Grant by: Gerencia Regional de Salud de la Junta de Castilla y León.\n' Estudio multicéntrico, aleatorizado, con enmascaramiento doble, en 2 grupos\nparalelos y de 52 semanas de duración para comparar la eficacia, seguridad e inmunogenicidad de SOK583A1 respecto a Eylea® en pacientes con degeneración macular neovascular asociada a la edad' (CSOK583A12301; N.EUDRA: 2019-004838-41; FASE III). Grant by Hexal AG\n\n' Estudio de fase III, aleatorizado, doble ciego, con grupos paralelos, multicéntrico para comparar la eficacia y la seguridad de QL1205 frente a Lucentis® en pacientes con degeneración macular neovascular asociada a la edad. (EUDRACT: 2018-004486-13). Grant by Qilu Pharmaceutical Co\n\n' Estudio NEUTON: Ensayo clinico en fase IV para evaluar la eficacia de aflibercept en pacientes Naive con Edema MacUlar secundario a Oclusion de Vena CenTral de la Retina (OVCR) en regimen de tratamientO iNdividualizado Treat and Extend (TAE)”, (2014-000975-21). Grant by Fundacion Retinaplus\n\n' Evaluación de la seguridad y bioactividad de anillos de tensión capsular en conejo. Proyecto Procusens. Grant by AJL, S.A.\n\n'Estudio epidemiológico, prospectivo, multicéntrico y abierto\\npara valorar la frecuencia de la conjuntivitis adenovírica diagnosticada mediante el test AdenoPlus®\\nTest en pacientes enfermos de conjuntivitis aguda”\\n. National, multicenter study. Grant by: NICOX.\n\nEuropean multicentric trial: 'Evaluation of clinical outcomes following the use of Systane Hydration in patients with dry eye”. Study Phase 4. Grant by: Alcon Labs'\n\nVLPs Injection and Activation in a Rabbit Model of Uveal Melanoma. Grant by Aura Bioscience\n\nUpdating and characterization of a rabbit model of uveal melanoma. Grant by Aura Bioscience\n\nEnsayo clínico en fase IV para evaluar las variantes genéticas de la vía del VEGF como biomarcadores de eficacia del tratamiento con aflibercept en pacientes con degeneración macular asociada a la edad (DMAE) neovascular. Estudio BIOIMAGE. IMO-AFLI-2013-01\n\nEstudio In-Eye:Ensayo clínico en fase IV, abierto, aleatorizado, de 2 brazos,\nmulticçentrico y de 12 meses de duración, para evaluar la eficacia y seguridad de un régimen de PRN flexible individualizado de 'esperar y extender' versus un régimen PRN según criterios de estabilización mediante evaluaciones mensuales de inyecciones intravítreas de ranibizumab 0,5 mg en pacientes naive con neovascularización coriodea secunaria a la degeneración macular relacionada con la edad. CP: CRFB002AES03T\n\nTREND: Estudio Fase IIIb multicéntrico, randomizado, de 12 meses de\nseguimiento con evaluador de la agudeza visual enmascarado, para evaluar la eficacia y la seguridad de ranibizumab 0.5mg en un régimen de tratar y extender comparado con un régimen mensual, en pacientes con degeneración macular neovascular asociada a la edad. CP: CRFB002A2411 Código Eudra CT:\n2013-002626-23\n\n\n\nPublications\t\n\n2021\n\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n\n\n2021\n\n\n\n\n\n2021\n\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n2014\n\n\n\n\n2015-16\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n2014\n\n\n2014\n\n\n\n\n2014\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n2014\n\nJose Carlos Pastor; Jimena Rojas; Salvador Pastor-Idoate; Salvatore Di Lauro; Lucia Gonzalez-Buendia; Santiago Delgado-Tirado. Proliferative vitreoretinopathy: A new concept of disease pathogenesis and practical\nconsequences. Progress in Retinal and Eye Research. 51, pp. 125 - 155. 03/2016. DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2015.07.005\n\n\nLabrador-Velandia S; Alonso-Alonso ML; Di Lauro S; García-Gutierrez MT; Srivastava GK; Pastor JC; Fernandez-Bueno I. Mesenchymal stem cells provide paracrine neuroprotective resources that delay degeneration of co-cultured organotypic neuroretinal cultures.Experimental Eye Research. 185, 17/05/2019. DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2019.05.011\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro; Maria Teresa Garcia Gutierrez; Ivan Fernandez Bueno. Quantification of pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF) in an ex vivo coculture of retinal pigment epithelium cells and neuroretina.\nJournal of Allbiosolution. 2019. ISSN 2605-3535\n\nSonia Labrador Velandia; Salvatore Di Lauro; Alonso-Alonso ML; Tabera Bartolomé S; Srivastava GK; Pastor JC; Fernandez-Bueno I. Biocompatibility of intravitreal injection of human mesenchymal stem cells in immunocompetent rabbits. Graefe's archive for clinical and experimental ophthalmology. 256 - 1, pp. 125 - 134. 01/2018. DOI: 10.1007/s00417-017-3842-3\n\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro, David Rodriguez-Crespo, Manuel J Gayoso, Maria T Garcia-Gutierrez, J Carlos Pastor, Girish K Srivastava, Ivan Fernandez-Bueno. A novel coculture model of porcine central neuroretina explants and retinal pigment epithelium cells. Molecular Vision. 2016 - 22, pp. 243 - 253. 01/2016.\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro. Classifications for Proliferative Vitreoretinopathy ({PVR}): An Analysis of Their Use in Publications over the Last 15 Years. Journal of Ophthalmology. 2016, pp. 1 - 6. 01/2016. DOI: 10.1155/2016/7807596\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro; Rosa Maria Coco; Rosa Maria Sanabria; Enrique Rodriguez de la Rua; Jose Carlos Pastor. Loss of Visual Acuity after Successful Surgery for Macula-On Rhegmatogenous Retinal Detachment in a Prospective Multicentre Study. Journal of Ophthalmology. 2015:821864, 2015. DOI: 10.1155/2015/821864\n\nIvan Fernandez-Bueno; Salvatore Di Lauro; Ivan Alvarez; Jose Carlos Lopez; Maria Teresa Garcia-Gutierrez; Itziar Fernandez; Eva Larra; Jose Carlos Pastor. Safety and Biocompatibility of a New High-Density Polyethylene-Based\nSpherical Integrated Porous Orbital Implant: An Experimental Study in Rabbits. Journal of Ophthalmology. 2015:904096, 2015. DOI: 10.1155/2015/904096\n\nPastor JC; Pastor-Idoate S; Rodríguez-Hernandez I; Rojas J; Fernandez I; Gonzalez-Buendia L; Di Lauro S; Gonzalez-Sarmiento R. Genetics of PVR and RD. Ophthalmologica. 232 - Suppl 1, pp. 28 - 29. 2014\n\nRodriguez-Crespo D; Di Lauro S; Singh AK; Garcia-Gutierrez MT; Garrosa M; Pastor JC; Fernandez-Bueno I; Srivastava GK. Triple-layered mixed co-culture model of RPE cells with neuroretina for evaluating the neuroprotective effects of adipose-MSCs. Cell Tissue Res. 358 - 3, pp. 705 - 716. 2014.\nDOI: 10.1007/s00441-014-1987-5\n\nCarlo De Werra; Salvatore Condurro; Salvatore Tramontano; Mario Perone; Ivana Donzelli; Salvatore Di Lauro; Massimo Di Giuseppe; Rosa Di Micco; Annalisa Pascariello; Antonio Pastore; Giorgio Diamantis; Giuseppe Galloro. Hydatid disease of the liver: thirty years of surgical experience.Chirurgia italiana. 59 - 5, pp. 611 - 636.\n(Italia): 2007. ISSN 0009-4773\n\nChapters in books\n\t\n' Salvador Pastor Idoate; Salvatore Di Lauro; Jose Carlos Pastor Jimeno. PVR: Pathogenesis, Histopathology and Classification. Proliferative Vitreoretinopathy with Small Gauge Vitrectomy. Springer, 2018. ISBN 978-3-319-78445-8\nDOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-78446-5_2. \n\n' Salvatore Di Lauro; Maria Isabel Lopez Galvez. Quistes vítreos en una mujer joven. Problemas diagnósticos en patología retinocoroidea. Sociedad Española de Retina-Vitreo. 2018.\n\n' Salvatore Di Lauro; Salvador Pastor Idoate; Jose Carlos Pastor Jimeno. iOCT in PVR management. OCT Applications in Opthalmology. pp. 1 - 8. INTECH, 2018. DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.78774.\n\n' Rosa Coco Martin; Salvatore Di Lauro; Salvador Pastor Idoate; Jose Carlos Pastor. amponadores, manipuladores y tinciones en la cirugía del traumatismo ocular.Trauma Ocular. Ponencia de la SEO 2018..\n\n' LOPEZ GALVEZ; DI LAURO; CRESPO. OCT angiografia y complicaciones retinianas de la diabetes. PONENCIA SEO 2021, CAPITULO 20. (España): 2021.\n\n' Múltiples desprendimientos neurosensoriales bilaterales en paciente joven. Enfermedades Degenerativas De Retina Y Coroides. SERV 04/2016. \n' González-Buendía L; Di Lauro S; Pastor-Idoate S; Pastor Jimeno JC. Vitreorretinopatía proliferante (VRP) e inflamación: LA INFLAMACIÓN in «INMUNOMODULADORES Y ANTIINFLAMATORIOS: MÁS ALLÁ DE LOS CORTICOIDES. 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