These books synthesize perspectives of renowned scientists from the world’s most prestigious institutions - from Fukushima Renewable Energy Institute in Japan to Stanford University in the United States, including Columbia University (US), University of Sidney (AU), University of Miami (USA), Cardiff University (UK), and many others.
\\n\\n
This collaboration embodied the true essence of Open Access by simplifying the approach to OA publishing for Academic editors and authors who contributed their research and allowed the new research to be made available free and open to anyone anywhere in the world.
\\n\\n
To celebrate the 50 books published, we have gathered them at one location - just one click away, so that you can easily browse the subjects of your interest, download the content directly, share it or read online.
IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched formed a partnership to support researchers working in engineering sciences by enabling an easier approach to publishing Open Access content. Using the Knowledge Unlatched crowdfunding model to raise the publishing costs through libraries around the world, Open Access Publishing Fee (OAPF) was not required from the authors.
\n\n
Initially, the partnership supported engineering research, but it soon grew to include physical and life sciences, attracting more researchers to the advantages of Open Access publishing.
\n\n\n\n
These books synthesize perspectives of renowned scientists from the world’s most prestigious institutions - from Fukushima Renewable Energy Institute in Japan to Stanford University in the United States, including Columbia University (US), University of Sidney (AU), University of Miami (USA), Cardiff University (UK), and many others.
\n\n
This collaboration embodied the true essence of Open Access by simplifying the approach to OA publishing for Academic editors and authors who contributed their research and allowed the new research to be made available free and open to anyone anywhere in the world.
\n\n
To celebrate the 50 books published, we have gathered them at one location - just one click away, so that you can easily browse the subjects of your interest, download the content directly, share it or read online.
\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"webinar-introduction-to-open-science-wednesday-18-may-1-pm-cest-20220518",title:"Webinar: Introduction to Open Science | Wednesday 18 May, 1 PM CEST"},{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"},{slug:"introducing-intechopen-book-series-a-new-publishing-format-for-oa-books-20210915",title:"Introducing IntechOpen Book Series - A New Publishing Format for OA Books"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"5428",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Designing Strategies for Cleft Lip and Palate Care",title:"Designing Strategies for Cleft Lip and Palate Care",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"In Designing Strategies for Cleft Lip and Palate Care it was aimed to link the epidemiology from different areas in the world with the interspecialty surgical care and the future genetic research projects. The objective is to concisely discuss the methodology of interspecialty care and stimulate future ideas for prophylactically managing or preventing such deformities. I am confident that one day the surgical interventions that bombard the patients from the day of newborn delivery and throughout the years of youth should be significantly decreased based on the genetic prophylactic intervention, probably.",isbn:"978-953-51-3028-4",printIsbn:"978-953-51-3027-7",pdfIsbn:"978-953-51-7353-3",doi:"10.5772/62857",price:119,priceEur:129,priceUsd:155,slug:"designing-strategies-for-cleft-lip-and-palate-care",numberOfPages:176,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:null,isInBkci:!1,hash:"20bcf2aa877c04447d31d6e0db2e437e",bookSignature:"Mazen Ahmad Almasri",publishedDate:"March 22nd 2017",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5428.jpg",numberOfDownloads:23315,numberOfWosCitations:9,numberOfCrossrefCitations:14,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:0,numberOfDimensionsCitations:23,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:0,hasAltmetrics:1,numberOfTotalCitations:46,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"April 5th 2016",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"April 26th 2016",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"July 31st 2016",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"October 29th 2016",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"November 28th 2016",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"150413",title:"Dr.",name:"Mazen Ahmad",middleName:null,surname:"Almasri",slug:"mazen-ahmad-almasri",fullName:"Mazen Ahmad Almasri",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/150413/images/system/150413.jpeg",biography:"Dr Mazen AJ Almasri is an Associate Professor of Oral Maxillofacial Surgery at the King Abdulaiz University, Faculty of Dentistry, Saudi Arabia. He graduated from KAU in 2002 with an honors degree, then pursued his clinical training of OMFS at McGill University, (Montreal, Quebec, Canada) where he became an active fellow of the Royal College of Canada in 2009, achieved his Masters degree (2010), the Implantology and Reconstruction Fellowship (2010), and was an active diplomate of the American Board of OMFS (2011). Dr Almasri\\'s passion toward advancing the health care and medical education continued through teaching undergraduate and postgraduate trainees, and pursuing publication of papers and text books.",institutionString:"King Abdulaziz University",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"4",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"4",institution:{name:"King Abdulaziz University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"1152",title:"Reconstructive Surgery",slug:"reconstructive-surgery"}],chapters:[{id:"53918",title:"Epidemiology of Cleft Lip and Palate",doi:"10.5772/67165",slug:"epidemiology-of-cleft-lip-and-palate",totalDownloads:2870,totalCrossrefCites:5,totalDimensionsCites:9,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Orofacial cleft (OFC) anomalies are amongst the most common congenital anomalies and the most common craniofacial anomalies. Despite their poorly characterized etiologies, cases of OFC are usually grouped by epidemiological studies as cleft lip, with or without cleft palate (CL/P), and cleft palate alone (CPO). Incidence of CL/P and CPO differs according to gender and ancestry and may vary widely across studies. Cases of OFC are characterized as either “syndromic” or “nonsyndromic,” with further classification of nonsyndromic cases into isolated cases and cases that present with additional malformations. The genetic bases for many syndromic cases of OFC have been previously elucidated. Genetic associations have been described for nonsyndromic OFC as well. Importantly, etiology of OFC is known to involve interaction between genetic and environmental factors, including maternal nutrition and exposure to teratogenic agents. Furthermore, evidence points toward epigenetic as well as genetic factors influencing OFC etiology. Recent studies have begun to explore the association between CL/P and cancer. These studies report higher incidence of cancer among patients with CL/P and their family members as well as identification of common genetic markers mediating this increased risk, although much remains unknown about this link.",signatures:"Mairaj K. Ahmed, Anthony H. Bui and Emanuela Taioli",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/53918",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/53918",authors:[{id:"188212",title:"Dr.",name:"Mairaj K.",surname:"Ahmed",slug:"mairaj-k.-ahmed",fullName:"Mairaj K. Ahmed"},{id:"194367",title:"Dr.",name:"Emanuela",surname:"Taioli",slug:"emanuela-taioli",fullName:"Emanuela Taioli"},{id:"203416",title:"Dr.",name:"Anthony",surname:"Bui",slug:"anthony-bui",fullName:"Anthony Bui"}],corrections:null},{id:"54055",title:"Cleft Lip and Palate Patients: Diagnosis and Treatment",doi:"10.5772/67328",slug:"cleft-lip-and-palate-patients-diagnosis-and-treatment",totalDownloads:2516,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:2,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Cleft lip or palate is one of the most common types of craniomaxillofacial birth anomalies. Midface deficiency is a common feature of cleft lip and palate patients due to scar tissue of the lip and palate closure. Cleft lip and palate patients should be carefully evaluated by the craniofacial team in order to detect potentially serious deformities. Craniofacial team is involved with diagnosis of facial morphology, feeding problems, guidance of the growth and development of the face, occlusion, dentition, hearing and speech problems, and psychosocial issues and jaw discrepancy of the patients with cleft lip and palate or craniofacial syndromes. Treatment for cleft children requires a multidisciplinary approach including facial surgery in the first months of life, preventive and interceptive treatment in primary dentition, speech therapy, orthodontics in the mixed dentition phase, oromaxillofacial surgery, and implant and prosthetics in adults. Treatment plan from orthodontic perspective can be divided into the following stages based on the dentition stages: (1) presurgical orthopedics, (2) primary dentition, (3) mixed dentition, and (4) permanent dentition. The aim of this chapter is to assess a rational team work approach in the management of the patient with cleft lip and/or palate from birth to adulthood.",signatures:"Letizia Perillo, Fabrizia d’Apuzzo, Sara Eslami and Abdolreza\nJamilian",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/54055",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/54055",authors:[{id:"171777",title:"Prof.",name:"Abdolreza",surname:"Jamilian",slug:"abdolreza-jamilian",fullName:"Abdolreza Jamilian"},{id:"173044",title:"Prof.",name:"Letizia",surname:"Perillo",slug:"letizia-perillo",fullName:"Letizia Perillo"},{id:"197679",title:"Dr.",name:"Sara",surname:"Eslami",slug:"sara-eslami",fullName:"Sara Eslami"},{id:"198961",title:"MSc.",name:"Fabrizia",surname:"D'Apuzzo",slug:"fabrizia-d'apuzzo",fullName:"Fabrizia D'Apuzzo"}],corrections:null},{id:"53986",title:"Strategies to Optimize Global Cleft Care",doi:"10.5772/67186",slug:"strategies-to-optimize-global-cleft-care",totalDownloads:1583,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Orofacial clefts represent the most common congenital craniofacial anomaly worldwide. This condition is best managed by an interdisciplinary team of specialists, often with gratifying results for both the patient and the care providers. Despite recent advances in the management, it remains a challenge today to provide cleft care in low- and middle-income countries (LMIC) due to the lack of basic health care infrastructure and long-term follow-up. International cleft mission trips have traditionally been successful in providing reconstructive plastic surgery to communities with limited resources. More recently, there has been a global effort in the cleft care community to facilitate development of sustainable local cleft care centers that are capable of providing longitudinal, comprehensive care to the indigenous population. This chapter focuses on the elements that are necessary for running a successful international cleft mission and a local cleft care facility, which include the essential personnel, operational protocols, equipment, logistics, patient selection, and follow-up. The challenges and future directions of providing cleft care in LMIC are also discussed.",signatures:"Mairaj Ahmed, Yunfeng Xue and Ayisha Ayub",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/53986",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/53986",authors:[{id:"188212",title:"Dr.",name:"Mairaj K.",surname:"Ahmed",slug:"mairaj-k.-ahmed",fullName:"Mairaj K. Ahmed"},{id:"203543",title:"Dr.",name:"Yunfeng",surname:"Xue",slug:"yunfeng-xue",fullName:"Yunfeng Xue"},{id:"203544",title:"Dr.",name:"Ayisha",surname:"Ayub",slug:"ayisha-ayub",fullName:"Ayisha Ayub"}],corrections:null},{id:"53858",title:"Surgical Strategy of Cleft Palate Repair and Nasometric Results",doi:"10.5772/67093",slug:"surgical-strategy-of-cleft-palate-repair-and-nasometric-results",totalDownloads:1781,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The goal of cleft palate (CP) repair is to achieve normal speech. Despite the recent development of surgical repair of cleft palate, there is no standard procedure that ensures patients' speech to the same level as that in noncleft children. In this chapter, we describe our surgical strategy of cleft palate repair that approaches each anatomical and pathological abnormality of cleft palate and the postoperative speech outcomes using the subjective and objective manners. After palate repair based on our surgical strategy, patients' speech was significantly improved, and the nasalance scores were recovered to almost the same levels as those of Japanese children without cleft palate.",signatures:"Norifumi Nakamura and Masahiro Tezuka",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/53858",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/53858",authors:[{id:"72560",title:"Prof.",name:"Norifumi",surname:"Nakamura",slug:"norifumi-nakamura",fullName:"Norifumi Nakamura"},{id:"189479",title:"Dr.",name:"Masahiro",surname:"Tezuka",slug:"masahiro-tezuka",fullName:"Masahiro Tezuka"}],corrections:null},{id:"53788",title:"Surgical Techniques for Treatment of Unilateral Cleft Lip",doi:"10.5772/67124",slug:"surgical-techniques-for-treatment-of-unilateral-cleft-lip",totalDownloads:4060,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"A surgeon intending habilitation of a child with cleft lip should be familiar with the normal anatomy of the lip and nose, the distortions introduced by the cleft deformity, and the many techniques available to employ those best suited to correction of that child’s deformity.",signatures:"Mustafa Chopan, Lohrasb Sayadi and Donald R. Laub",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/53788",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/53788",authors:[{id:"67264",title:"Dr.",name:"Donald",surname:"Laub Jr.",slug:"donald-laub-jr.",fullName:"Donald Laub Jr."},{id:"189368",title:"Mr.",name:"Mustafa",surname:"Chopan",slug:"mustafa-chopan",fullName:"Mustafa Chopan"},{id:"189370",title:"Mr.",name:"Lorasb",surname:"Sayadi",slug:"lorasb-sayadi",fullName:"Lorasb Sayadi"}],corrections:null},{id:"53846",title:"Tympanostomy Tube Placement for Otitis Media with Effusion in Children with Cleft Lip and Palate",doi:"10.5772/67122",slug:"tympanostomy-tube-placement-for-otitis-media-with-effusion-in-children-with-cleft-lip-and-palate",totalDownloads:1726,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The condition of cleft lip/palate (CLP) in children is psychologically stressful for family members and debilitating for the patients themselves. These children must undergo a series of major invasive surgeries following birth, including cleft lip repair surgery, cleft palate repair surgery, bone grafting surgery, and dental implant surgery. Unfortunately, the clinical significance of otitis media with effusion (OME), a complication associated with CLP, is often overlooked, and very few studies have explored this condition in depth. This chapter reviews pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, consequences, examination, and diagnosis related to OME in children with CLP. Controversies surrounding the treatment of OME in CLP children are also discussed. We also provide a flowchart for management guidance in OME in children with CLP.",signatures:"Chin‐Lung Kuo and An‐Suey Shiao",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/53846",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/53846",authors:[{id:"188400",title:"Dr.",name:"An-Suey",surname:"Shiao",slug:"an-suey-shiao",fullName:"An-Suey Shiao"},{id:"188401",title:"Dr.",name:"Chin-Lung",surname:"Kuo",slug:"chin-lung-kuo",fullName:"Chin-Lung Kuo"}],corrections:null},{id:"53696",title:"A Review of Orofacial Clefting and Current Genetic Mouse Models",doi:"10.5772/67052",slug:"a-review-of-orofacial-clefting-and-current-genetic-mouse-models",totalDownloads:1410,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The prevalence of orofacial clefts (OFCs) is nearly 10.2 per 10,000 births in the United States and 9.9 per 10,000 births worldwide. OFCs occur as a result of a break (nonfusion) of orofacial structures during development. This can occur due to a variety of reasons;prenatal exposure to many drugs and environmental factors as well as genetic factors which are implicated in the development of OFCs. While approximately 15 types of clefts have been identified, there are at least four distinct classifications of OFCs. These include complete cleft palate with cleft lip; cleft of the anterior palate, which may/may not involve cleft lip; cleft of the posterior palate; and submucosal cleft. A number of candidate genes have been identified, including transforming growth factor beta (TGFβ) and homeobox genes (e.g., MSX1), among many others. What follows is a review of mouse models currently used in research and the classification of their overall contribution to known OFCs.",signatures:"Aram J. Keteyian and Yuji Mishina",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/53696",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/53696",authors:[{id:"189803",title:"Mr.",name:"Aram",surname:"Keteyian",slug:"aram-keteyian",fullName:"Aram Keteyian"},{id:"190011",title:"Dr.",name:"Yuji",surname:"Mishina",slug:"yuji-mishina",fullName:"Yuji Mishina"}],corrections:null},{id:"53715",title:"Cleft Lip and Palate in the Dog: Medical and Genetic Aspects",doi:"10.5772/67049",slug:"cleft-lip-and-palate-in-the-dog-medical-and-genetic-aspects",totalDownloads:7371,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:7,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"The same types of cleft lip and/or cleft palate (CL/P) that affects humans also naturally affect dogs. Therefore, the dog has become an important spontaneous animal model for the study of human oral clefts. In order to provide an overview of CL/P in dogs to people with an interest in this area, we present in this chapter the main medical aspects, ranging from the etiology to the prevention, and also the main genetic aspects, including inheritance mechanisms and highlighting the homology between the two species, and the most recent molecular findings.",signatures:"Enio Moura and Cláudia Turra Pimpão",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/53715",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/53715",authors:[{id:"91097",title:"Prof.",name:"Enio",surname:"Moura",slug:"enio-moura",fullName:"Enio Moura"},{id:"194711",title:"Dr.",name:"Cláudia",surname:"Pimpão",slug:"claudia-pimpao",fullName:"Cláudia Pimpão"}],corrections:null}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},subseries:null,tags:null},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"5185",title:"Dental Implantology and Biomaterial",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9b6bdd65b23207e491dd8a3c1edc41dc",slug:"dental-implantology-and-biomaterial",bookSignature:"Mazen Ahmad Jawad Amin Almasri",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5185.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"150413",title:"Dr.",name:"Mazen Ahmad",surname:"Almasri",slug:"mazen-ahmad-almasri",fullName:"Mazen Ahmad Almasri"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7056",title:"An Update of Dental Implantology and Biomaterial",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"fab27916553ca6427ec1be823a6d81f2",slug:"an-update-of-dental-implantology-and-biomaterial",bookSignature:"Mazen Ahmad Almasri",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7056.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"150413",title:"Dr.",name:"Mazen Ahmad",surname:"Almasri",slug:"mazen-ahmad-almasri",fullName:"Mazen Ahmad Almasri"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7928",title:"Maxillofacial Surgery and Craniofacial Deformity",subtitle:"Practices and Updates",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"734c4a37da9817d5c3aa68c8f15a0d93",slug:"maxillofacial-surgery-and-craniofacial-deformity-practices-and-updates",bookSignature:"Mazen Ahmad Almasri and Raja Kummoona",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7928.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"150413",title:"Dr.",name:"Mazen Ahmad",surname:"Almasri",slug:"mazen-ahmad-almasri",fullName:"Mazen Ahmad Almasri"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1305",title:"Advances in Endoscopic Surgery",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"84236c28c671a83f6cd1cd8bb84d873f",slug:"advances-in-endoscopic-surgery",bookSignature:"Cornel Iancu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1305.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"33183",title:"Prof.",name:"Cornel",surname:"Iancu",slug:"cornel-iancu",fullName:"Cornel Iancu"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"943",title:"Bone Grafting",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9afab8beeb4879b2751907783a3de842",slug:"bone-grafting",bookSignature:"Alessandro Zorzi and Joao Batista de Miranda",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/943.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"80871",title:"M.D.",name:"Alessandro Rozim",surname:"Zorzi",slug:"alessandro-rozim-zorzi",fullName:"Alessandro Rozim Zorzi"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1007",title:"Xenotransplantation",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"45fde91777f91583197a5b5dfecb207a",slug:"xenotransplantation",bookSignature:"Shuji Miyagawa",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1007.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"73965",title:"Prof.",name:"Shuji",surname:"Miyagawa",slug:"shuji-miyagawa",fullName:"Shuji Miyagawa"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"984",title:"Current Concepts in Plastic Surgery",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"46fb663adfdfb9ceeb2df2013b08038f",slug:"current-concepts-in-plastic-surgery",bookSignature:"Francisco J. Agullo",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/984.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"49319",title:"Dr.",name:"Frank",surname:"Agullo",slug:"frank-agullo",fullName:"Frank Agullo"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3283",title:"Skin Grafts",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"51201608d5c5d7ff6f47e5afd2abdb9f",slug:"skin-grafts",bookSignature:"Madhuri Gore",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3283.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"157243",title:"Dr.",name:"Madhuri",surname:"Gore",slug:"madhuri-gore",fullName:"Madhuri Gore"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8853",title:"Breast Cancer and Breast Reconstruction",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5947d4ba7ac1e9c39c9083e89201275c",slug:"breast-cancer-and-breast-reconstruction",bookSignature:"Luis Tejedor, Susana Gómez Modet, Lachezar Manchev and Arli Aditya Parikesit",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8853.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"81170",title:"Dr.",name:"Luis",surname:"Tejedor",slug:"luis-tejedor",fullName:"Luis Tejedor"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1591",title:"Infrared Spectroscopy",subtitle:"Materials Science, Engineering and Technology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"99b4b7b71a8caeb693ed762b40b017f4",slug:"infrared-spectroscopy-materials-science-engineering-and-technology",bookSignature:"Theophile Theophanides",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1591.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"37194",title:"Dr.",name:"Theophile",surname:"Theophanides",slug:"theophile-theophanides",fullName:"Theophile Theophanides"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],ofsBooks:[]},correction:{item:{id:"71744",slug:"corrigendum-to-technical-advances-in-chloroplast-biotechnology",title:"Corrigendum to: Technical Advances in Chloroplast Biotechnology",doi:null,correctionPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/71744.pdf",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/71744",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/71744",totalDownloads:null,totalCrossrefCites:null,bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/71744",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/71744",chapter:{id:"65358",slug:"technical-advances-in-chloroplast-biotechnology",signatures:"Muhammad Sarwar Khan, Ghulam Mustafa and Faiz Ahmad Joyia",dateSubmitted:"June 12th 2018",dateReviewed:"August 31st 2018",datePrePublished:"January 25th 2019",datePublished:"October 23rd 2019",book:{id:"6976",title:"Transgenic Crops",subtitle:"Emerging Trends and Future Perspectives",fullTitle:"Transgenic Crops - Emerging Trends and Future Perspectives",slug:"transgenic-crops-emerging-trends-and-future-perspectives",publishedDate:"October 23rd 2019",bookSignature:"Muhammad Sarwar Khan and Kauser Abdulla Malik",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6976.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"212511",title:"Prof.",name:"Muhammad Sarwar",middleName:null,surname:"Khan",slug:"muhammad-sarwar-khan",fullName:"Muhammad Sarwar Khan"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:[{id:"211046",title:"Dr.",name:"Ghulam",middleName:null,surname:"Mustafa",fullName:"Ghulam Mustafa",slug:"ghulam-mustafa",email:"drmustafa8@gmail.com",position:null,institution:{name:"University of Agriculture Faisalabad",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"212508",title:"Dr.",name:"Faiz",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmad",fullName:"Faiz Ahmad",slug:"faiz-ahmad",email:"faizahmad1980@gmail.com",position:null,institution:null},{id:"212511",title:"Prof.",name:"Muhammad Sarwar",middleName:null,surname:"Khan",fullName:"Muhammad Sarwar Khan",slug:"muhammad-sarwar-khan",email:"sarwarkhan_40@hotmail.com",position:null,institution:{name:"University of Agriculture Faisalabad",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Pakistan"}}}]}},chapter:{id:"65358",slug:"technical-advances-in-chloroplast-biotechnology",signatures:"Muhammad Sarwar Khan, Ghulam Mustafa and Faiz Ahmad Joyia",dateSubmitted:"June 12th 2018",dateReviewed:"August 31st 2018",datePrePublished:"January 25th 2019",datePublished:"October 23rd 2019",book:{id:"6976",title:"Transgenic Crops",subtitle:"Emerging Trends and Future Perspectives",fullTitle:"Transgenic Crops - Emerging Trends and Future Perspectives",slug:"transgenic-crops-emerging-trends-and-future-perspectives",publishedDate:"October 23rd 2019",bookSignature:"Muhammad Sarwar Khan and Kauser Abdulla Malik",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6976.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"212511",title:"Prof.",name:"Muhammad Sarwar",middleName:null,surname:"Khan",slug:"muhammad-sarwar-khan",fullName:"Muhammad Sarwar Khan"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:[{id:"211046",title:"Dr.",name:"Ghulam",middleName:null,surname:"Mustafa",fullName:"Ghulam Mustafa",slug:"ghulam-mustafa",email:"drmustafa8@gmail.com",position:null,institution:{name:"University of Agriculture Faisalabad",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"212508",title:"Dr.",name:"Faiz",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmad",fullName:"Faiz Ahmad",slug:"faiz-ahmad",email:"faizahmad1980@gmail.com",position:null,institution:null},{id:"212511",title:"Prof.",name:"Muhammad Sarwar",middleName:null,surname:"Khan",fullName:"Muhammad Sarwar Khan",slug:"muhammad-sarwar-khan",email:"sarwarkhan_40@hotmail.com",position:null,institution:{name:"University of Agriculture Faisalabad",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Pakistan"}}}]},book:{id:"6976",title:"Transgenic Crops",subtitle:"Emerging Trends and Future Perspectives",fullTitle:"Transgenic Crops - Emerging Trends and Future Perspectives",slug:"transgenic-crops-emerging-trends-and-future-perspectives",publishedDate:"October 23rd 2019",bookSignature:"Muhammad Sarwar Khan and Kauser Abdulla Malik",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6976.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"212511",title:"Prof.",name:"Muhammad Sarwar",middleName:null,surname:"Khan",slug:"muhammad-sarwar-khan",fullName:"Muhammad Sarwar Khan"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}},ofsBook:{item:{type:"book",id:"9940",leadTitle:null,title:"Diels-Alder Reactions - Application in Polymers and Materials Science",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"
\r\n\tThe Diels-Alder reaction aroused as one of the most important reactions due to its high tolerance to different functional groups and its stereoselectivity gathering large application in many fields. The Diels-Alder (DA) reaction generally involves the coupling of a ?diene? with a ?dienophile? which could allow the reverse reaction when exposed to the appropriate temperatures. The application in polymers and generally in material science is receiving great attention for the synthesis of the next generation of smart materials.
\r\n
\r\n\tThe incorporation into the polymer backbone of functionalities, able to combine in reversible bonds, enables manipulation of network connectivity. Molecular design with a high concentration of D-A functionalities in small monomer units can allow behavior analogous to melting, molding, and dissolution through depolymerization to low molecular weight species. Polymers that contain reversible bonds will enable stimulus-responsive materials that display innovative features such as shape memory, crack healing, and stress relief.
\r\n
\r\n\t \r\n\tThe aim of this book is to provide a comprehensive outlook on the application of Diels-Alder reaction for the synthesis of thermo-reversible polymers and their application in material science.
",isbn:null,printIsbn:"979-953-307-X-X",pdfIsbn:null,doi:null,price:0,priceEur:0,priceUsd:0,slug:null,numberOfPages:0,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isSalesforceBook:!1,isNomenclature:!1,hash:"c8440454614c578d980f7895468ea7e4",bookSignature:"Dr. Alfonso Martone and Mrs. Stefania Dello Iacono",publishedDate:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9940.jpg",keywords:"Diels-Alder Adducts, Anthracene, Selective Chemical Functionalization, Stereoselectivity, Thermo-Reversible Polymers, Shape Memory, Self-Healing Composites, Delamination, Self-Healing Coatings, Corrosion, Biomaterials, Drug Delivery",numberOfDownloads:null,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:null,numberOfDimensionsCitations:null,numberOfTotalCitations:null,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"October 15th 2019",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"March 24th 2020",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"May 23rd 2020",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"August 11th 2020",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"October 10th 2020",dateConfirmationOfParticipation:null,remainingDaysToSecondStep:"2 years",secondStepPassed:!0,areRegistrationsClosed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,editedByType:null,kuFlag:!1,biosketch:null,coeditorOneBiosketch:null,coeditorTwoBiosketch:null,coeditorThreeBiosketch:null,coeditorFourBiosketch:null,coeditorFiveBiosketch:null,editors:[{id:"234302",title:"Dr.",name:"Alfonso",middleName:null,surname:"Martone",slug:"alfonso-martone",fullName:"Alfonso Martone",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/234302/images/system/234302.jpg",biography:"Dr. Alfonso Martone graduated in aerospace engineering at the University of Naples Federico II, Italy (2005), where he also received his Ph.D. degree in materials and structures engineering, in 2009. From 2006 to 2010, he worked at CNR-IMCB as a research fellow involved in the national grant ARCA, where an innovative material architecture was developed in order to enhance the passive damping features of advanced composite materials. From 2012-2013 he worked at CNR-IMCB as post-doc and was involved in several EU and national projects within the area of composite characterization and modeling. In 2015 he won the grant “CNR-Short Time Mobility 2015”, he worked in the laboratory of professor Pezzotti at Kyoto Institute of Technology on a research project on shelf healing composites. During this period he acquired experience on Raman piezo-spectroscopy of polymers.\r\nHe is currently working as a researcher at the Institute for Polymers, Composites and Biomaterials (IPCB) of the National Research Council (CNR), Italy. His current research interests include the study of carbon nanotube composites, hybrid advanced composites, viscoelasticity of polymers and composites, advanced composites manufacturing and thermos-mechanical characterization, structural health monitoring. His has published more than 20 scientific contributions on international journal and books.",institutionString:"Institute of Polymers, Composites and Biomaterials",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"Institute of Polymers, Composites and Biomaterials",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}}],coeditorOne:{id:"235224",title:"Mrs.",name:"Stefania",middleName:null,surname:"Dello Iacono",slug:"stefania-dello-iacono",fullName:"Stefania Dello Iacono",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/235224/images/system/235224.png",biography:"Dr. Stefania Dello Iacono graduated in Industrial Chemistry from the University of Naples and has worked as a research fellow at IPCB-CNR since 2010. Her primary research interests are the synthesis, and study of functional polymers, including self-healing materials and molecular spectroscopic methods. Her current work involves developing self-healing thermosets based on Diels-Alder chemistry.",institutionString:"Institute of Polymers, Composites and Biomaterials",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"Institute of Polymers, Composites and Biomaterials",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"8",title:"Chemistry",slug:"chemistry"}],chapters:null,productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},personalPublishingAssistant:{id:"304289",firstName:"Rebekah",lastName:"Pribetic",middleName:null,title:"Ms.",imageUrl:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/304289/images/13255_n.png",email:"rebekah@intechopen.com",biography:null}},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"1591",title:"Infrared Spectroscopy",subtitle:"Materials Science, Engineering and Technology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"99b4b7b71a8caeb693ed762b40b017f4",slug:"infrared-spectroscopy-materials-science-engineering-and-technology",bookSignature:"Theophile Theophanides",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1591.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"37194",title:"Dr.",name:"Theophile",surname:"Theophanides",slug:"theophile-theophanides",fullName:"Theophile Theophanides"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3161",title:"Frontiers in Guided Wave Optics and Optoelectronics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"deb44e9c99f82bbce1083abea743146c",slug:"frontiers-in-guided-wave-optics-and-optoelectronics",bookSignature:"Bishnu Pal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3161.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"4782",title:"Prof.",name:"Bishnu",surname:"Pal",slug:"bishnu-pal",fullName:"Bishnu Pal"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3092",title:"Anopheles mosquitoes",subtitle:"New insights into malaria vectors",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c9e622485316d5e296288bf24d2b0d64",slug:"anopheles-mosquitoes-new-insights-into-malaria-vectors",bookSignature:"Sylvie Manguin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3092.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"50017",title:"Prof.",name:"Sylvie",surname:"Manguin",slug:"sylvie-manguin",fullName:"Sylvie Manguin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"371",title:"Abiotic Stress in Plants",subtitle:"Mechanisms and Adaptations",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"588466f487e307619849d72389178a74",slug:"abiotic-stress-in-plants-mechanisms-and-adaptations",bookSignature:"Arun Shanker and B. Venkateswarlu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/371.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"58592",title:"Dr.",name:"Arun",surname:"Shanker",slug:"arun-shanker",fullName:"Arun Shanker"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"72",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Theory, Properties, New Approaches",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d94ffa3cfa10505e3b1d676d46fcd3f5",slug:"ionic-liquids-theory-properties-new-approaches",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/72.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"314",title:"Regenerative Medicine and Tissue Engineering",subtitle:"Cells and Biomaterials",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"bb67e80e480c86bb8315458012d65686",slug:"regenerative-medicine-and-tissue-engineering-cells-and-biomaterials",bookSignature:"Daniel Eberli",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/314.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"6495",title:"Dr.",name:"Daniel",surname:"Eberli",slug:"daniel-eberli",fullName:"Daniel Eberli"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"57",title:"Physics and Applications of Graphene",subtitle:"Experiments",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"0e6622a71cf4f02f45bfdd5691e1189a",slug:"physics-and-applications-of-graphene-experiments",bookSignature:"Sergey Mikhailov",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/57.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"16042",title:"Dr.",name:"Sergey",surname:"Mikhailov",slug:"sergey-mikhailov",fullName:"Sergey Mikhailov"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1373",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Applications and Perspectives",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5e9ae5ae9167cde4b344e499a792c41c",slug:"ionic-liquids-applications-and-perspectives",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1373.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"2270",title:"Fourier Transform",subtitle:"Materials Analysis",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5e094b066da527193e878e160b4772af",slug:"fourier-transform-materials-analysis",bookSignature:"Salih Mohammed Salih",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2270.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"111691",title:"Dr.Ing.",name:"Salih",surname:"Salih",slug:"salih-salih",fullName:"Salih Salih"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"872",title:"Organic Pollutants Ten Years After the Stockholm Convention",subtitle:"Environmental and Analytical Update",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f01dc7077e1d23f3d8f5454985cafa0a",slug:"organic-pollutants-ten-years-after-the-stockholm-convention-environmental-and-analytical-update",bookSignature:"Tomasz Puzyn and Aleksandra Mostrag-Szlichtyng",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/872.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"84887",title:"Dr.",name:"Tomasz",surname:"Puzyn",slug:"tomasz-puzyn",fullName:"Tomasz Puzyn"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},chapter:{item:{type:"chapter",id:"39477",title:"Effects of Environmental Factors on Milk Yield, Lactation Length and Dry Period in Tunisian Holstein Cows",doi:"10.5772/50803",slug:"effects-of-environmental-factors-on-milk-yield-lactation-length-and-dry-period-in-tunisian-holstein-",body:'
1. Introduction
Management, nutrition, lactation turn or the age, year and season in which lactation started are the leading environmental factors affecting lactation performance in cattle. Beside these factors, the persistency level of the highest milk production period reached on lactation is a significant factor [1]. Also, lactation performance in dairy cattle depends upon genetic and environmental factors. Genetic background, climate, diseases, feeding, year and season of calving have been reported to affect milk production, lactation length and dry period [2, 3]. Breed, age, stage of lactation, parity and milking frequency also influence performance production [2, 3]. Holstein cows were considered the most dairy cows in the World. As number of Holstein cows in Tunisia is more than other breeds, breeding of Holstein cows is very important. Milk yield and duration of lactation have marked effects on dairy economy [4, 5]. The persistency level of lactation milk production can be defined as the ability of keeping a high daily milk flow during lactation, in the milk productivity of lactation’s first period’s persistency level or the rest of the lactation as a measure of lactation curve diagram, the highest period productivity of the continuation level during lactation, continuation level of the highest productivity and after reaching the highest productivity the rate of decreasing seen on milk production in time. Milk yield is the most important single determinant of profit for the dairy cow. Moreover, effects of lactation number, age, and season and year of calving on milk yield and lactation length are well known. In addition, in breeding of dairy cows, the most important aims are to obtain a calf in a year and high milk yield from cows. To obtain a calf in a year from cows depends on some parameters of ideal limits (60 days dry period, 305 days lactation duration etc.). However, profitable breeding could be achieved by keeping lactation duration, dry period and service period between optimal limits [6, 7]. The yields of farm animals are the result of the combined effects of genotype and environmental conditions. In order to increase the yield level, it is necessary to optimize the environmental conditions and to improve the genetic structure of the animals. In order to enhance productivity of a dairy animal, it is necessary to develop an understanding of the factors affecting its milk production. Environmental factors can be classified as factors with measurable effects (age, year, season, milking frequency, etc.) and factors with immeasurable effects (infectious diseases, parasitic infestations, etc.). The measurable effects can be determined and used in the management of the farm [8]. Environmental factors affecting variability in daily milk yield are widely documented in dairy cattle [9- 11]. The 305 days milk yield of Holstein cows was 5905 kg in Tunisia [12], 5353 kg in Morocco [13], and between 4597 and 6464 kg in Turkey [14- 16]. Environmental factors such as year of calving, season of calving and age at calving affect productivity [17]. Many researchers [6, 14] reported that the effect of calving season on 305 days milk yield was as significant and indicated that milk yield was higher in autumn and winter. Unlike, Bilgiç and Aliç [16] and Pelister et al. [18] reported that effect of calving season on 305 days milk yield was non-significant. Although, effect of lactation number on 305-days milk yield was reported [14, 15, 19] as significant. Opposing, Koçak et al. [6] and Bilgiç and Aliç [16] reported a non-significant effect of lactation number on 305 days milk yield. Effects of calving age on 305 days milk yield have been reported as significant [18, 20]. The lactation duration of Holstein cows was between 284.7 and 333.9 days in previous studies [14, 16, 21, 22]. The effect of calving season on lactation duration was reported as non-significant [6, 16, 18]. The effect of lactation number on lactation duration was reported as non-significant [14, 16, 19]. However, the effect of calving age on lactation duration was reported as significant [15, 18]. Zambrano et al. [23] reported that the effect of calving year on lactation duration was significant. The dry period of Holstein cows was between 73.34 and 82.1 days [14, 15, 22]. Koçak et al. [6] and Pelister et al. [18] reported a non-significant effect of calving season on dry period. However, Erdem et al. [14] stated a significant effect of age at calving on lactation duration. Similarly, the effect of lactation number on dry period was reported as non-significant [14, 15]. On the other hand, the effect of calving age on lactation duration was stated as significant [19]. Effects of age at calving on dry period have been reported as significant [18]. Many researchers [14, 15, 23] were found that effect of calving year on all milk yield traits (305 days milk yield, lactation duration, dry period) was significant. Inci et al. [15] reported that effects of calving year on 305 days milk yield and lactation duration were significant but non-significant on dry period. The present research work was designed to investigate non-genetics factors affecting milk yield, lactation length and dry period of Holstein cows raised under Tunisian conditions.
2. Materials and methods
The data used in the present study were taken from the Tunisian Livestock and Pasture Office (OEP). 260.241 test-day records of 5649 Holstein cows from Tunisian milk control data were analysed. Data from lactations records of cows having their first calving between 1996 and 2003 were used. To evaluate the significant effects of calving year, season of calving, lactation number, and age at calving on different milk yield traits, eight groups for calving year were formed, between 1996 and 2003, three age groups of calving age (1) 2–4, (2) 5–6, and (3) 7 or older, four calving seasons were established; winter (December, January and February), spring (March, April and May), summer (June, July, August), and autumn (September, October and November) and five groups for parity. The 305 days milk yield was estimated from test milk yields collected once a month during all lactation periods [8, 24]. Lactations with less than five tests were not used in calculation. Milk yields were standardized to 305 days by using adjustment factors estimated by Çilek [25]. Environmental factors, which influenced lactation milk yield, lactation duration and dry period were investigated. Simple means and standard errors for the traits studied were estimated using SAS 9.13. The General Linear Model (GLM) was utilized for variance analyses of milk yield traits. Duncan’s multiple range test (DMRT) was used for multiple comparisons of each trait.
The statistical model was as follows:
Yijkl=µ+ Li+Sj+CYk+ACl+eijklmE1
Where,
Yijkl = Observed trait at lactation number i, calving season j, calving year k and group of age l
µ = Population mean for each trait,
Li = Effects of lactation number (i = 1, 2, 3, 4, 5),
CYk= Effect of calving year (k = years between 1996 and 2003),
ACl = Effect of group of age at calving (l= 1, 2 and 3),
eijklm = Random sampling error
3. Results
The lactation performance of dairy cattle is usually measured by determining the total milk yield per lactation or per year, average daily milk yield, lactation length, lactation persistency, and milk composition. The least squares means along with their standard errors for different traits analysed are presented in table 1. The overall average 305-days milk yield was 5807.83±78.27 kg, ranging between 2271 and 7013. Average lactation length and dry period were estimated to be as 309.60±7.01 and 97.17±3.28 days, respectively when minimums were forced to be at least 127 and 11 days and when 356 and 213 days as maximums values. Average age at first calving was 1092.3 ± 196.8 days (range, 646–1588 days). The effect of year and season of calving and parity was significant (P<0.01) on milk traits. Effects of all factors (calving year, calving age, parity and calving season) on 305-days milk yield were significant (P<0.001).
Trait
Records
Means
SD
Minima
Maxima
305-days Milk yield (kg)
2147
5807.83
78.27
2271.53
7013.80
Lactation length (days)
1789
309.60
7.01
127.56
356.53
Dry period (days)
1789
97.17
3.28
11
213.71
Table 1.
Records, means, standard deviations, minima and maxima of variation for milk yield, lactation length and dry period of Holstein cows
3.1. Sources of variation
The major sources of variation in milk production, lactation length and dry period are genotype, environment and the interaction between the two. The influence of environmental factors on dairy production has been well documented.
3.1.1. Effect of calving year
Year of calving significantly influenced MY (P<0.001). The variation in milk yield from one year to other (Table 2) could be attributed to changes in herd size, age of the animals and good management practices introduced from year to another. The lowest 305 days milk yield (4879±117.89) was seen in 1998 years, the highest milk yield (6251±185.72 kg) was seen in 2003. Furthermore, the effects of calving year on lactation duration were statistically significant (P<0.05). Effects calving year on dry period were statistically significant (P<0.001). The dry period was lowest (96.57±5.57 days) in 2002 and highest (113.29±3.78 days) in 1996. Year wise means indicated that there was an increasing trend in lactation length from 1996 to 2003.
Calving year
305 days milk yield (kg)
Lactation length (day)
Dry period (day)
n
Mean±SE
n
Mean±SE
n
Mean±SE
1996
1147
5223±118.74b
1147
269.9±7.56a
1086
113.29±3.78a
1997
1158
5396±127.43a
1158
273.3±9.78a
978
110.37±4.56a
1998
2151
4879±117.89c
2151
277.6±7.67ab
1113
107.43±4.28ab
1999
3146
5352±123.91ab
3146
281.5±7.23b
1275
103.73±5.36bc
2000
4183
5609±127.83ad
4183
288.3±6.47b
1256
101.85±5.78c
2001
4728
6051±156.25d
4728
292.6±8.46bc
1317
99.47±6.32dc
2002
4689
6125±158.36d
4689
312.7±5.13c
1328
96.57±5.57d
2003
3879
6251±185.72d
3879
322.78±6.44c
1278
98.23±4.86d
Table 2.
-d: differences between groups with same letter in the same column are non-significant, differences with different letter are significant (p<0.05).
Least square means of milk yield traits by calving year
3.1.2. Effect of calving season
The least squares analysis revealed that 305 days milk yield was significantly (P<0.001) affected by season of calving (table 3). The present results suggested that milk yield was sensitive to seasonal variation. The effect of calving season on milk yield was significant and milk yield was high (5827±69.23) in cows calving in winter. However, the effect of calving season on lactation duration was significant (P<0.001), but non-significant (P>0.05) on dry period. Then, season of calving affected both the lactation length and milk yield. As shown in table 3, least squares mean was higher for automn calvers (307.6±4.57 days) as compared to spring calvers (296.7±3.99 days). Although, summer and winter calvers have similar lactation length (301.4±4.12 and 303.7±4.28 days) but winter calvers have the highest milk yield (5827±63.17 kg). Milk yield on the other hand had the opposite trend. Summer calvers produced 614 kg less milk (5213 vs. 5827 kg) as compared to winter calvers.
Calving season
305- days milk yield (kg)
Lactation length (day)
Dry period (day)
n
Mean±SE
n
Mean±SE
n
Mean±SE
Spring
1235
5608±62.36ab
1235
296.7±3.99b
978
104.29±2.78a
Summer
1117
5213±73.17b
1117
301.4±4.12ab
1109
98.23±3.12a
Autumn
1227
5713±69.23ab
1227
307.6±4.57a
1089
96.48±3.28a
Winter
1347
5827±63.17a
1347
303.7±4.28ab
1117
87.56±2.97a
Table 3.
Least square means of milk yield traits by calving season
3.1.3. Effect of age at calving
Total 305 days milk yields were lowest in 2-4 years of age at 5312 kg and highest in 7 years of age at 5611 kg. However, the effects of age at calving on lactation length were non-significant (P>0.05). Dry period increased with increase of age at calving. The lowest dry period was found in 2-4 years old age at 83.37 days and highest in 7 years old age at 99.71 days. The dry period was above the ideal value in all years. In order to make animals more profitable, it is essential they were made pregnant as soon as possible during the service period in order to shorten the dry period (Table 4).
Age at calving
305 days milk yield (kg)
Lactation length (day)
Dry period (day)
n
Mean±SE
n
Mean±SE
n
Mean±SE
1
1256
5312.54±78.95a
1256
307.56±4.78a
1127
83.37±3.27a
2
1147
5517.23±72.36ab
1147
303.47±5.12a
1217
87.12±3.54ab
3
1378
5611.17±79.27b
1378
299.78±4.56a
1236
99.71±3.31b
Table 4.
Least square means of milk yield traits by group of calving age
3.1.4. Effect of parity
The effects of parity on lactation duration were statistically significant (P<0.001). Lactation duration was shortest in lactation 5 at 297.8±3.04 days and longest in lactation 4 at 317.5±4.17 days. Lactation duration decreased with increase of lactation number. Effects of parity on dry period were statistically significant (P<0.001). Dry period was longest in 5th lactation at 113.28±3.25 days and shortest in 3rd lactation at 87.23±2.17 days (Table 5).
Lactation number
305 days milk yield (kg)
Lactation length (day)
Dry period (day)
n
Mean±SE
n
Mean±SE
n
Mean±SE
1
1457
5412.27±52.41a
1457
311.7±3.12a
1123
93.14±2.34a
2
1353
5721.35±54.74b
1353
307.1±2.78ab
1099
89.27±2.41b
3
1246
5614.23±47.13bc
1246
303.3±3.27c
987
87.23±2.17b
4
1127
5417.58±46.51a
1127
317.5±4.17b
956
95.16±3.04a
5
978
5123.47±48.45c
978
297.8±3.04ac
979
113.28±3.25c
Table 5.
Least square means of milk yield traits by parity
4. Discussion
In this study, means of 305 days milk yield was 5807.83±78.27 kg. The findings of present study were in accordance with those of Ajili et al. [12], Boujenane [13], Erdem et al. [14], Inci et al. [15], Bilgiç & Aliç [16], Duru & Tuncel [21] and Kaya et al. [22]. As reported previously [7, 20, 26], the effect of calving season on milk yield was significant and milk yield was the highest in cows calving in winter. Similar finding have been reported by Javed et al. [27] and Tekerli et al. [28] in Holstein Friesian cows. Thorpe et al. [29] showed the effects of season of calving on production performance of dairy cattle in Kenya. Cows calving in winter have high milk yields, due probably to good feeding levels in the first 3 or 4 months of lactation. On the other hand, cows calving in summer have low milk yields due to their being subject to high environmental temperatures in the first 3 or 4 months of lactation. On the contrary many workers [30 - 32] observed that the season of calving had a non-significant effect on lactation milk yield in Holstein Friesian cows.
Analysis of variance revealed that 305-days milk yield is significantly (P<0.05) affected by age at calving. The result is closely in accordance with the results of Kaya et al. [22] and Catillo et al. [33]. The lowest milk yield was obtained from cows calving at 2 years of age and the highest from those calving at 7 years of age. The negative effect of early calving on milk yield could have been due to different factors, such as higher body weight gain before puberty. Milk yield decreased after 7 years of age. As reported in the literature [7, 20], this confirms that milk yield increases with age up to maturity and decreases thereafter.
305-days milk yield differed significantly (P<0.05) with calving year (Table 2). The lowest milk yield was obtained in 1998. After 1998, milk yield increased up to 2003. The reasons for this increase could be the use of bulls with high genetic capacity, selection for milk yield and culling in the herd and especially improvement in management and feeding conditions. The variation in milk yield observed in different years reflected the level of management as well as environmental effects. Between 1996 and 2001, short lactation duration and consequently low milk yield may result from the deficiency of attention and feeding conditions. The significant effect of year of calving productive performance of dairy cows could be attributed to the changes in feeding and managerial systems and environmental conditions which occurred from year to another as well as to differences between years in the quantity and quality of forage available. 305-days milk yield differed significantly (P<0.05) with lactation order (Table 5). The 305-days milk yield in second lactation was significantly higher than in first lactation. This result is consistent with Munim et al. [34] who found significant (P<0.05) effect of parity on milk yield. Nevertheless, the result differed from that of Habib et al. [35] who found non-significant (P>0.05) effect of lactation number on milk yield. The significant effect of parity on productive performance may be due to the changes in managerial systems and environmental conditions among parties. The average lactation length calculated in this study was 309.6 days. This was very close to the ideal value (305 days). This length of lactation was longer than results reported by Sattar et al. [36] and Alim [37] who reported a lactation length of 293 ± 3 and 291.86 ± 6.55 days in Friesian cows in Libya and Pakistan, respectively. The lactation duration of Holstein cows was between 284.7 and 333.9 days in previous studies [14-16, 18, 21, 22]. The shorter lactation duration is 127.56 days it may be related to incomplete lactations when data were collected. Lactation duration decreased with increase of lactation number. Short lactation duration in the oldest cows (5th lactation number) may be related to incomplete lactations because of culling.
The average dry period was 97.7±2.25 days. Dry period was higher than the ideal value (80 days) but shorter than funding of Sattar et al. [36] who reported a longer (224.99 days) dry period. However, the dry period increased with calving age, as a result of increase of milk yield level with age in the herd. It can be said that if milk yield increases with calving age, dry period would decrease. Effect of calving year on all milk yield traits was significant. Differences among years may be related to management. It can be said that differences of management among years was the most important factor affecting milk yield traits.
Dairy cows are usually dried-off for two months prior to the next calving. This rest period is necessary to maximize milk production in subsequent lactation. It was reported that the dry period is required for the renewal of the udder glandular tissue [38, 39]. Nevertheless, the optimal dry period was established as 60 days. A significant increase in milk yield of the dairy cows caused a new attention in creating the optimum dry period [40]. Two months were accepted as a sufficient dry period for high-productive cows [41]. A research done in Poland by Borkowska et al. [42] and Winnicki et al. [43] indicated that in practice the dry period is extended or excessively shortened, which leads to a reduction in milk production as compared to the recommended optimum. Milk yield is usually reduced when the dry period is less than 40-60 days (25-40% less milk). Dry period longer than 60 days in length does not result in a significant increase in milk production. Long dry periods decrease the average annual production of the cow by extending the calving interval beyond the normal 13-14 month interval and causing a decrease in the lifetime production of the dairy cow.
5. Conclusion
In this study, there was increase of milk yield level according to previous research [16]. This may result from improvement in breeding, feeding and management conditions (selection for milk yield and culling in the herd etc.). Although, lactation duration was found almost at ideal value, dry period was estimated as higher than the ideal value. In order to make animals more profitable, it is essential to make them be pregnant as soon as possible during the service period in order to shorten the dry period. It can be concluded that Holstein cattle is raised successfully for milk yield under Tunisian environmental conditions. It is concluded that milk yield and lactation length are affected by year and season of calving. Adjusted milk yield (adjusted for lactation length) and lactation length are affected by year into season of calving interaction but actual milk yield is not affected by year by season of calving interaction. Age within parity, also, affected lactation length and milk yield. Negative phenotypic trend in milk yield is alarming and needs further investigations.
Acknowledgement
The authors thank Professors Olfa Frouja Sayadi and Zeineb Dkhili for the language revision and for prompting this research. The authors also thank OEP for making the data available.
\n',keywords:null,chapterPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/39477.pdf",chapterXML:"https://mts.intechopen.com/source/xml/39477.xml",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/39477",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/39477",totalDownloads:5637,totalViews:1738,totalCrossrefCites:5,totalDimensionsCites:9,totalAltmetricsMentions:0,impactScore:3,impactScorePercentile:85,impactScoreQuartile:4,hasAltmetrics:0,dateSubmitted:"February 25th 2011",dateReviewed:"June 25th 2012",datePrePublished:null,datePublished:"September 26th 2012",dateFinished:"September 26th 2012",readingETA:"0",abstract:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/39477",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/39477",book:{id:"1018",slug:"milk-production-an-up-to-date-overview-of-animal-nutrition-management-and-health"},signatures:"Naceur M’hamdi, Mahdi Bouallegue, Saoussen Frouja, Yosra Ressaissi, Satinder Kaur Brar and Mohamed Ben Hamouda",authors:[{id:"73376",title:"Dr.",name:"Naceur",middleName:null,surname:"M'Hamdi",fullName:"Naceur M'Hamdi",slug:"naceur-m'hamdi",email:"naceur_mhamdi@yahoo.fr",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/73376/images/system/73376.jpg",institution:null}],sections:[{id:"sec_1",title:"1. Introduction",level:"1"},{id:"sec_2",title:"2. Materials and methods",level:"1"},{id:"sec_3",title:"3. Results",level:"1"},{id:"sec_3_2",title:"3.1. Sources of variation ",level:"2"},{id:"sec_3_3",title:"Table 2.",level:"3"},{id:"sec_4_3",title:"Table 3.",level:"3"},{id:"sec_5_3",title:"Table 4.",level:"3"},{id:"sec_6_3",title:"Table 5.",level:"3"},{id:"sec_9",title:"4. Discussion",level:"1"},{id:"sec_10",title:"5. Conclusion",level:"1"},{id:"sec_11",title:"Acknowledgement",level:"1"}],chapterReferences:[{id:"B1",body:'JohanssonI.Genetic Aspects of Dairy Cattle BreedingUniversity of Illinois 196;. Press, Urbana, USA.\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B2",body:'MsangaY. N.MJBryantRutam. I. B.MinjaF. N.ZylstraL.Effect of environmental factors and of the proportion of Holstein blood on the milk yield and lactation length of crossbred dairy cattle on smallholder farms in north-east TanzaniaTrop. Anim. Health Prod. 200023 EOF31 EOF\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B3",body:'EpaphrasA.KarimuriboE. D.MsellemS. N.Effect of season and parity on lactation of crossbred Ayrshire cows reared under coastal tropical climate in Tanzania. Livestock Research for Rural Development. 2004Online: URL: http://www.cipav.org.co/lrrd/lrrd16/6/epap16042.htmconsulted on 22 June 2012.'},{id:"B4",body:'TekerliM.KucukkebabciM.AkalinN. H.KocakS.Effects of environmental factors on some milk production traits, persistency and calving interval of Anatolian buffaloesLivestock Production Science2001275281\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B5",body:'KandasamyN.LagaiathanV. U.KrishnanA. R.Non-genetic factors affecting calving interval and dry period of Murrah buffaloes. Buffalo Bull. 1993'},{id:"B6",body:'KocakS.YuceerB.UgurluM.OzbeyazC.Some production traits of Holstein cows reared in Bala state farmLalahan Hay. Arast. Enst. Derg. 200747914'},{id:"B7",body:'CilekS.METekinThe environmental factors effecting milk yield and fertility traits of Simmental cattle raised at kazova state farm and phenotypic correlations between these traits. Turk. J. Vet. Anim. Sci. 200529987993\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B8",body:'CilekS.METekinEstimation of factors for standardizing lactations to mature equivalent and 305 days basis for brown Swiss cattle reared at Ulas state farm. Ind. J. Anim. Sci., 2006b76621624\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B9",body:'DědkováL.NěmcováE.Factors affecting the shape of lactation curves of Holstein cows in the Czech Republic. Czech J. Anim. Sci. 200348395402'},{id:"B10",body:'RekikB.BenGara.BenHamouda. M.HammamiH.Fitting lactation curves of dairy cattle in different types of herds in TunisiaLivest. Prod. Sci., 200383309315'},{id:"B11",body:'Schutz MM, Hansen LB, Steuernagel GR, Kuck AL. Variation of milk, fat, protein, and somatic cells for dairy cattle.J. Dairy Sci., 199067484493'},{id:"B12",body:'AjiliN.RekikB.BenGara. A. B.BouraouiR.Relationships among milk production, reproductive traits and herd life for Tunisian Holstein-Friesian cows. Afr. J. Agric. Res., 200724751'},{id:"B13",body:'BoujenaneI.Estimates of genetic and phenotypic parameters for milk production in Moroccan Holstein-Friesian cowsRevue Elev. Med. Vet. Pays Trop., 2002556367'},{id:"B14",body:'ErdemH.AtaseverS.KulE.Milk yield and fertility traits of holstein cows raised at gokhoyuk state farm milk yield traits. J. Fac. Agric., 2007224146'},{id:"B15",body:'InciS.KaygisizA.EfeE.BasS.Milk yield and reproductive traits in brown swiss cattle raised at altinova state farm. Ankara Univ. Tarim Bilimleri Derg., 200713203212'},{id:"B16",body:'BilgicN.AlicD.Milk yield traits of Holstein Friesian cows raised in Polatli state farm. Ziraat Fakultesi, S.U. Dergisi, 200519116119'},{id:"B17",body:'HansenJ. V.FriggensN. C.HøjsgaardS.The influence of breed and parity on milk yield and milk yield acceleration curves.Livestock Sci., 20061045362\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B18",body:'PelisterB.AltinelA.GunesH.An investigation on the milk yield characteristics of black pied cattle of different origin in commercial farm conditions. Istanbul Univ. Vet. Fak. Derg., 200026201214\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B19",body:'OzelikM.ArpacikR.The effect of lactation number on milk production and reproduction in holstein cows. Turk. J. Vet. Anim. Sci., 2000243944'},{id:"B20",body:'CilekS.Estimation of factors for standardizing lactations to mature age and 305 days and heritability and repeatability of milk yield for brown Swiss cattle reared at Ulas State farm. Ph.D. Thesis, Selcuk University the Institute for Health Sciences, Konya, Turkey, 2002557'},{id:"B21",body:'DuruS.METuncelThe correlations between dry period, service period and age at first calving with some milk yield traits in Holstein Friesian cattle. Uludag Univ. Ziraat Fak. Derg., 2004186979'},{id:"B22",body:'KayaI.UzmayC.KayaA.AkbasY.Comparative analysis of milk yield and reproductive traits of Holstein-Friesian cows born in turkey or imported from Italy and kept on farms under the Turkish-ANAFI projectItal. J. Anim. Sci., 20032141150'},{id:"B23",body:'ZambranoS. Z.GloriaC.ManuelP.HomeroC.TimO.Antonio-HernándezLandaeta.Milk yield and reproductive performance of crossbred Holstein × Criollo Limonero cowsRevista Científica, 2006162155 EOF164 EOF'},{id:"B24",body:'CilekS.METekinCalculation of adjustment factors for standardizing lactations to mature age and 305 days and estimation of heritability and repeatability of standardized milk yield of Simmental cattle reared on Kazova State Farm. Turk. J. Vet. Anim. Sci., 2006a30283289'},{id:"B25",body:'CilekS.Estimation of adjustment factors for standardizing lactations to mature age and 305 days of milk yield of Holstein cattle reared at Polatli state farm in Turkey. J. Vet. Anim. Adv. 2008710561060'},{id:"B26",body:'BormannJ.WiggansG. R.DruetT.GenglerN.Within-herd effects of age at test-day and lactation stage on test-day yields.J. Dairy Sci., 20038637653774'},{id:"B27",body:'JavedK.AfzalM.SattarA.MirzaR. H.Environmental factors affecting milk yield in Friesian cows in Punjab, PakistanPakistan Vet. J. 2004'},{id:"B28",body:'TekerliM.AkinciZ.DoganI.AkcanA.Factors affecting the shape of lactation curves of Holstein cows from the Balikesir province of Turkey.J. Dairy Sci. 20008313811386\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B29",body:'ThorpeW.Kang’etheP.RegeJ.E.0MosiR.0.MwandotoB. A. J.Njugunaf.CrossbreedingAyrshire.FriesianSahiwalcattle.formilk.yieldpreweaningtraits.ofprogeny.inthe.semiaridtropics.ofKenya.J.E.0., Mosi R.0., Mwandoto B A.J, Njuguna f. Crossbreeding Ayrshire, Friesian and Sahiwal cattle for milk yield and preweaning traits of progeny in the semiarid tropics of Kenya.J. Dairy Sci. 19937620012012\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B30",body:'Bilal.Productive and reproductive profile of Holsteins kept in Balochistan province. M.Sc. thesis, 1996Dept. of Livestock Management, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan.'},{id:"B31",body:'Ray DE, Halbach TJ, Armstrong DV.Season and Lactation Number Effects on Milk Production and Reproduction of Dairy Cattle in Arizona.J. Dairy Sci. 19927529762983'},{id:"B32",body:'Rege JEO, Lomole MA, Wakhungu JW.An evaluation of a long-term breeding programme in a closed Sahiwal herd in KenyaI. Effects of non-genetic factors on performance and genetic parameter estimates. Journal of Animal Breeding Genetics, 1992109364373\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B33",body:'CatilloG.MacciottaN. P. P.CarrettaA.Cappio-BorlinoA.Effects of Age and Calving Season on Lactation Curves of Milk Production Traits in Italian Water Buffaloes.J. Dairy Sci. 20028512981306\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B34",body:'MunimT.HussainS. S.MAHoqueKhandoker.MamyGenetic and non-genetic effects on productive and reproductive traits of different genetic groups of cows. Bangladesh Journal of Animal Science. 2006351'},{id:"B35",body:'Habib MA, Bhuiyan AKFH, Bhuiyan MSA, Khan AA..Performance of Red Chittagong Cattle in Bangladesh Agricultural University Dairy Farm. Bangladesh Journal of Animal Science. 20033; 2101\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B36",body:'SattarA.MirzaR. H.NiaziA. A. K.LatifM.Productive and reproductive performance of Holstein-Friesian cows in PakistanPakistan Vet. J., 2527581Alim, KA. (1985). Aspects of animal production in Libya. World Rev. Anim. Prod., 2005'},{id:"B37",body:'AlimK. A.Aspects of animal production in Libya. World Rev. Anim. Prod., 1985213338'},{id:"B38",body:'Annen EL, collier RJ, Mcguire MA, Vicini JL.Effect of dry period length on milk yield and mammary epithelial cells. Journal of Diary Science, 2004E. Suppl., 6676'},{id:"B39",body:'Capuco AV, Awers RM, Smith JJ.Mammary growth in Holstein cows during the dry period: qualification of nucleic acids and histology. Journal of Dairy Science, 199780477487'},{id:"B40",body:'SzarekJ.Perspektywiczny cykl produkcji u krów mlecznych (Perspective production cycle in dairy cows). Zeszyty Naukowe Przegląd Hodowlany i PTZ, Warszawa, Zeszyt, 1998384565'},{id:"B41",body:'MSGullayhaydn. M.Bachmank. C.BellosoT.LiboniM.HeadH. H.Milk production and feed intake of Holstein cows given short (30-d) or normal (60-d) dry periods. Journal of Diary Science, 20038620302038\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B42",body:'BorkowskaD.JanuśE.MalinowskaK.Zależność pomiędzy długością okresu zasuszenia krów a ich produkcyjnością w następnej laktacji (Relation between the dry period length and productivity of cows in subsequent lactation). Roczniki Naukowe PTZ, 2006'},{id:"B43",body:'WinnickiS.Głowicka-WołoszynR.HelakB.DolskaM.JugowaJ. L.Wpływ długości okresu zasuszenia krów na wydajność i jakość mleka w następnej laktacji (Effect of a dry period length on milk production and quality in next lactation). Prace i materiały Zootechniczne. 2008'}],footnotes:[],contributors:[{corresp:null,contributorFullName:"Naceur M’hamdi",address:null,affiliation:'
Departement of Animal Sciences. Higher Institute of Agronomy of Chott-Mariem, Sousse, Tunisia
We consider the inverse problem of deriving the original image x∈RN from an observation y∈RN, expressed as
y=Hx+n,E1
where H is an N×N matrix and n∼N0N×1σIN×N is a vector of independent and identically distributed (i.i.d.) Gaussian random variables with standard deviation σ. We further assume that the point spread function H is known. By imposing prior information on the desired image, given as
x̂=argminx1σ2∥y−Hx∥2+penaltyx,E2
where the first term is the data fidelity term for the Gaussian observation model and the second term is the regularization term, measuring the penalty of a solution that deviated away from the prior knowledge of the desired image. The modeling of the desired image is at the core of the approach [1, 2, 3, 4]. The primary challenge of solving the problem is to recover the local high-frequency information of edges and texture in the original images that are not present in the observation.
If H is the identity matrix, problem (1) is called the noise reduction problem. The solutions vary with what type of noise is contaminated in the observation [5]. If the noise is white Gaussian noise, the state-of-the-art algorithms for the problem are BM3D [6], WBN [7], and DRUNet [8]. BM3D utilizes the tight frame representation of an image, where atoms of the frame are derived from image patches. WBN is a graphical probabilistic model of a weighted directed acyclic graph (DAG) in the wavelet domain. Different from BM3D and WBN, DRUNet is a deep learning method. It is a flexible and powerful deep CNN denoiser and the architecture is the combination of U-Net [9] and ResNet [10]. It not only outperforms the state-of-the-art deep Gaussian denoising models but also is suitable to solve plug-and-play image restoration.
If H is a blur singular matrix, problem (1) is called the image restoration problem. In the optimization-based method, the best image restoration performance both subjectively and objectively was derived from the algorithm IDD-BM3D [11]. It utilizes sparse synthetic and analytic models and de-couples the problem into blur inverse and noise reduction sub-problems, each of which is solved by a variational optimization approach. In deep learning, DPIR [8] replaces the denoising sub-problem of model-based optimization with a learning-based CNN denoiser prior which is DRUNet. By iteratively solving the data sub-problem and a prior sub-problem to restore the image.
In this chapter, we also present a restoration algorithm that combines the noise reduction algorithm with the proximal point method [12]. The primary technical contributions of our methods are the context-dependent graphical representations and the algorithms to derive the optimal graphs of each representation. Finding the optimal graph in a combinatorial way is extremely difficult and likely an NP-hard problem [13, 14]. Unlike the combinatorial approach, we impose constraints on edges and include edges in the optimal graph only when the constraints on the edges are active. This renders a computationally solvable optimization problem and the solution is a graph with only a small number of active edges.
Based on local content in an image, the context-dependent representation divides the image into singular and smooth areas. Singular areas, consisting of edges or texture, are represented and processed differently from the smooth areas. The graphs of singular areas are constructed based on the persistence and sparsity of wavelet coefficients of the image. The persistence is imposed on the inter-scale edges so that the solution at one scale can be used to confine that in adjacent scales. Meanwhile, the sparsity is imposed on the intra-scale edges that preserve the edges in which end nodes have similar intensity. In contrast, a graph of a smooth area is in the image domain and has only sparse intra-scale edges.
The algorithm to derive the optimal graphs, called graphical ADMM, is based on the alternating direction method of multipliers (ADMM) method [15, 16]. It is an efficient and robust algorithm since it breaks a complicated problem into smaller pieces, each of which is easier to handle. In our case, the node update is separated from the edge update in the optimization. In addition, for wavelet graphs, graphical ADMM approximates the multi-scale optimization problem into a sequence of sub-problems; each can be efficiently solved by convex optimization methods.
The chapter is organized as follows. In Section 2, we present the models and the construction for the context-dependent graphs. In Section 3, we formulate the noise reduction problem as a graph optimization model and present the graphical ADMM method to derive optimal graphs. In Section 4, the image restoration problem is formulated as the proximal point method that reduces the problem into a sequence of noise reduction problems, each being solved by the method in Section 3. In Section 5, experimental results and the principal differences between our and the compared methods are also discussed. Section 6 contains concluding marks.
2. Context-dependent graphical models
An image is comprised of features of edges, texture, and smooth areas. A common approach to obtain a good image processing result is to treat different features with different approaches [17, 18]. Following this approach, an image is partitioned into two types of blocks. A block containing an edge point or texture is a singular block, while the others are smooth blocks. To keep the flow, we delay the partitioning method of an image, which is described in part A of Section 5, but this is not necessary to accurately partition an image to achieve the performance demonstrated in this chapter. The singular and smooth blocks were handled with different graph optimization approaches: a singular block is in the wavelet domain, while a smooth block is in the image domain. In the wavelet domain, a singular block is represented by several weighted graphs, one corresponding to an orientation. If the wavelet transform has three orientations, LH, HL, and HH, then one graph is for LH sub-bands, another for HL sub-bands, and the third for HH sub-bands. The graph for one orientation is constructed as follows.
Each wavelet coefficient is associated with a node. Edges are comprised of inter-scale and intra-scale edges. An inter-scale edge connecting nodes in adjacent scales can direct either from a coarse scale to a finer scale or vice versa. The inter-scale edges are built-in and data-independent; they are constructed based on the wavelet persistence. In contrast, an intra-scale edge connecting nodes of the same scale is un-directed, data-dependent, and determined based on the sparseness from the graph optimization algorithm. Regularizations have been imposed on inter-scale edges to preserve the persistence of wavelet coefficients across scales and on intra-scale edges to preserve the similarity of wavelet coefficients on nodes at the two ends of an edge.
2.1 Inter-scale edges
Since wavelets can characterize singularities, representing singularities with wavelets can facilitate the restoration of edges and texture in an image. The persistence property of wavelets means that the wavelet coefficients dependency and correlations across scales. Thus, inter-scale edges were constructed to link the wavelet coefficients of the same orientation and locations at adjacent scales. Moreover, the correlations of wavelet coefficients from a coarser scale to a finer scale are different from that from a finer scale to a coarser scale. There are two types of inter-scale edges—coarse-to-fine and fine-to-coarse. The coarse-to-fine inter-scale correlation is derived based on the statistical result by Simoncelli [19], who analyzed the correlation between the dyadic wavelet coefficients in a coarse scale to those at the same location and orientation at the immediate finer scale in a natural image. The coarse-to-fine inter-scale correlation of wavelet coefficient wpi at a coarse scale and wavelet coefficient wc at the immediate finer scale can be represented in terms of minus log-probability as
k1wi2wpi2,E3
where k1 is a parameter. Thus, given the wavelet coefficients wpi at the coarse scale, Eq. (3) gives the minus log probability of the wavelet coefficient wi at the same location and orientation at the immediate fine scale.
On the other hand, the fine-to-coarse inter-scale correlation is derived from the theoretical result of wavelet singularity, analyzed by Mallat and Hwang [20]. Let wi and wci be wavelet coefficients corresponding to the same singularity at different scales. Then, wi and wci have the same sign and the correlation, in terms of the ratio of the modulus of wavelet coefficients, from wci at a fine scale to wi at the immediate coarser scale can be expressed as
∣wi∣∣wci∣=wiwci=2α+12,E4
where α is the Lipschitz of the singularity. If the singularity is a step edge, then α is 0. The exponent α+12 in Eq. (4) depends on how a wavelet is normalized. Here, the wavelet is normalized to have unit 2-norm.1Eq. (4) can also be expressed in terms of minus log-probability as
k2wi−2α+12wci2,E5
where k2 is a parameter. If the type α of the singularity is known, given the wavelet coefficient at the finer scale, wci, Eq. (5) gives the minus log-probability of the wavelet coefficient wi at the coarse scale. Since step edges are the most salient features to be recovered from an image, in this chapter, we set α to 0.
2.2 Intra-scale edges
A coherent or similar structure can be used to leverage the quality of the restoration [2, 21]. This is the principle behind the success of BM3D and the example-based approach in image processing [22]. Many similarity metrics have been proposed to derive the coherent structure, such as the mutual information, the kernel functions, and the Pearson’s correlation coefficient. In this chapter, the Pearson’s correlation coefficient is modified for some technical concern to derive the intra-scale correlation of random variables X and Y:
dXY=max0EX−μXY−μYσXσY+q,E6
where μXσX and μYσY are the mean and the standard deviation of X and Y, respectively, and q>0 is the offset, introduced to avoid dXY=0 in inequality constraints in Eq. (8). The value of dXY lies in q1+q, measuring the similarity of X and Y. The smaller dXY is, the more the independence of X and Y and the less likely X and Y have coherence structure. As shown in Figure 1, the coherence structure in an image is measured on all the coefficients of intra-scale edges in which endpoints take the same locations within a block in a sub-band.
Figure 1.
An illustrative example of how the metric dh,l is measured. There are 12 blocks in a sub-band. All the intra-scale edges between the h-th and the l-th nodes are collected. The coefficients on the h-nodes form the random variable X and those on the l-th nodes form the random variable Y. dh,l is then measured based on Eq. (6).
The intra-scale edges are determined based on the sparsity constraint aiming to preserve the edges in which end nodes have similar values. The number of the edges is determined by the parameter:
dyhyl∣xh−xl∣≤r,E7
where dyhyl is defined in Eq. (6) and obtained from the observation image, and xh and xl are the coefficients at the h-th and l-th nodes, respectively. If the observed values yh and yl are similar, the value of dyhyl is large, then ∣xh−xl∣ would be small to satisfy the constraint. This preserves the intensities between xh and xh. Only the edges satisfying Eq. (7) are retained in the optimal graph. In the following, dh,l is used to simplify the notion dyhyl in Eq. (7).
2.3 Graph construction
The aforementioned are integrated and summarized for our context-dependent representation of an image. An image is divided into blocks. Each block is classified as either a singular block or a smooth block. A singular block is then represented with the dyadic wavelet transform, where the scale is sampled following a geometrical sequence of the ratio of 2 and the spatial domain is not down-sampled. The dyadic wavelet transform of an image is comprised of four sub-bands, LL, LH, HL, and HH, with the last three being the orientation sub-bands. A singular block is associated with three graphs—one for each orientation sub-bands. Since smooth blocks can be well restored in the image domain, the wavelet transform is not applied to the blocks and a smooth block is associated with a graph in the image domain. Each graph, associated with a singular block or a smooth block, is constructed independently of other graphs. Figure 2 illustrates an example of graph representation for a block of four pixels.
Figure 2.
A block of four pixels can be a smooth block (top) or a singular block (bottom). A smooth block is processed in the image domain. A singular block is in the wavelet domain, where a multi-scale graph is associated with each orientation. The blue and green are built-in directed inter-scale edges and the red are un-directed intra-scale edges. The inter-scale edge connects nodes at the same locations and orientation but at scales next to each other. The green edge is coarse-to-fine, linking a node to its parent, while the blue edge is fine-to-coarse, linking a node to its child. The intra-scale edges are determined by graphical ADMM, which decomposes the node update and edge update in the optimization.
3. Optimal graphs for noise reduction
The noise reduction problem corresponds to problem (1), where H is the identity matrix. Since each graph is solved independently of the other graphs, the following discussion is focused on one graph. A graph can be associated with a singular block or a smooth block.
3.1 Singular blocks
Let yi and xi be the wavelet coefficients associated to the i-th node in a sub-band of the observation image and the original image, respectively. Its parent node is denoted as pi and child node is ci. Let zh,l be the variable defined on the intra-scale edge that connects the h-th and l-th nodes, which are at the same scale and orientation. The optimal wavelet graph can be derived by solving
where r, σ, k1, and k2 are non-negative parameters and the constraints are designed as explained under Eq. (7), where r controls the number of edges in the optimal graph. If a node is at the coarsest scale 2J, where J is the number of decomposition of the wavelet transform, it does not have a parent node and the second term in the object of Eq. (8) is zero; the third term is set to zero for a node at the finest scale 21 as it does not have a child node.
Problem (8) has a convenient matrix representation. Let x=xi and z=zh,l be the vectors of variables on nodes and intra-scale edges, respectively. Then, the linear constraints between zh,l and xh and xl in Eq. (8) can be expressed as
AxTzTT=0,E9
where A is a matrix with elements either −1, 1, or 0. Let A=AxAz. If follows that
AxTzTT=Axx+Azz.E10
Each row of Ax has one element which value is 1 and another element which value is −1 and the rest of value 0. Meanwhile, each row of has one element of values and the rest of value . Let λ=λh,l≥02 and μ be the vectors of Lagrangian variables associated to inequality constraints and the equality constraints in Eq. (8), respectively. The augmented Lagrangian of Eq. (8) is
where 1 is a vector with all members being 1; and ρ>0 are fixed parameters.
The ADMM algorithm intends to blend the decomposability of dual ascent with the superior convergence properties of the method of multipliers. Here, ADMM is used to derive the optimal graph by separating the node and edge update. Graphical ADMM derives the saddle points of
where Q and P≥0 are the orthogonal projections to satisfy constraints dj,lzh,l1≤r and λh,l≥0, respectively; and ε>0 is the stepping size for the dual ascent of Lagrangian variables λ. The first and second updates in Eq. (13) update the node variables and edge variables, respectively. The update of the dual variables λ is derived based on the necessary conditions at an optimum of Eq. (8) that
λh,l≥0;λh,lr−dh,lzh,lk+1=0.E14
The third update in Eq. (13) has the following interpretation. If r−dh,lzh,lk+1>0, then λh,lk will decrease and keep its value to be non-negative by P. The value of λh,l can be repeatedly decreased by increasing the iteration number k until either λh,l=0 or r−dh,lzh,lk+1=0, where the edge is active, and the optimal conditions (14) satisfy. At optimum, either the Lagrangian associated with an edge is zero or the constraint on the edge is active. Only the active edges are retained in the graph. Since the number of active edges is sparse, the edges in the optimal graph are sparse. The solutions for the updates rules for primal variables are derived in Sections 3.1 and 3.2, respectively.
3.2 Smooth blocks
A smooth block is processed in the image domain, where each pixel is associated with a node in a graph. Problem (8) becomes finding the optimal graph by solving
minxi,zh,l∑iyi−xi22σ2dh,l∣zh,l∣≤r,zh,l=xh−xl.E15
The optimal graph can be derived by a method similar to that for a singular block.
3.3 Update edges
The update rule for edge variables z is to solve, with fixed x,λ, and μ,
minzLρxzλμdh,l∣zh,l∣≤r.E16
If only the terms in Eq. (3) relevant to the optimization variables, zh,l, are concerned, Eq. (16) becomes
It is then followed by orthogonally projecting uh,l to satisfy the constraint by solving
minzh,l12zh,l−uh,l2∣zh,l∣≤rdh,l.E20
Eq. (20) can be solved by a sequence of soft-thresholding operations. The algorithm is sketched as follows. First, we check whether ∣uh,l∣≤rdh,l. If it is, uh,l is the solution. Otherwise, we begin with a small γ and solve
zh,l+=argminzh,l12zh,l−uh,l2+γ∣zh,l∣.E21
The solution is the soft-thresholding as
zh,l+=0,if∣uh,l∣≤γ;1−γ∣uh,li∣uh,l,otherwise.E22
If ∣zh,l+∣≤rdh,l, zh,l is updated to zh,l+, the algorithm stops. Otherwise, γ is increased and Eq. (22) is solved again. Since increasing γ decreases ∣zh,l+∣, this algorithm always stops and updates the edge variable zh,l to meet the constraint.
The complexity to update edge variables is analyzed. If the number of pixels of a block is n and if the dyadic wavelet transform takes J scales, then the number of edge constraints on a singular block is OJn2 and the number of edge constraints on a smooth block is On2. Let K1 be the maximum number of iterations to derive the solution for Eq. (20) for all graphs. The complexity of one edge update is OK1n2JF+3JWJ, where 3 is the number of orientations, ∣JF∣ and ∣JW∣ are numbers of singular blocks and smooth blocks, respectively.
3.4 Update nodes
The node update for a singular block is more complicated than that for a smooth block because a graph for a singular block has a multi-scale structure, where adjacent scales are linked by inter-scale edges.
3.5 Singular blocks
To update the nodes x in a singular block is to solve the augmented Lagrangian function (3) via
argminxLρxzλμ,E23
for given z,λ, and μ. This is not a convex problem because the second term in Eq. (3) is non-convex.
Our approach is to decompose the problem based on the scale parameter into a sequence of sub-problems. Each scale is associated with two convex sub-problems: one is a coarse-to-fine sub-problem and the other is a fine-to-coarse sub-problem. The coarse-to-fine sub-problem assumes the parent nodes at scale 2s+1 were updated earlier, while the fine-to-coarse sub-problem assumes the child nodes at scale 2s+1 were updated earlier. Let k be the current iteration number. The course-to-fine sub-problem updates the nodes at scale 2s by minimizing3
The node update problem (23) can then be approximated by repeatedly solving the coarse-to-fine iteration followed by the fine-to-coarse iteration. The coarse-to-fine iteration solves a sequence of the coarse-to-fine sub-problems beginning at the coarsest scale. In contrast, the fine-to-coarse iteration solves a sequence of the fine-to-coarse sub-problems beginning at the finest scale.
Problems (24) and (25) can be efficiently solved. The objectives in the sub-problems are strictly convex functions because their Hessian matrices are positive definite (as can be observed from the inverse matrix of Eqs. (26) and (27)) and, thus, the optimal solution of each is unique. The closed-form solutions of the sub-problems can be derived as follows.
For convenience, we omit all the superscript index in Eqs. (24) and (25) and let Axs and Azs denote the sub-matrices of Ax and Ax, respectively. Axs and Azs retain only the rows and columns in Ax and Ax corresponding to the nodes and edges at scale 2s, respectively. We also let xs, zs, and μs denote the vectors of nodes, edges, and Lagrangian variables at scale 2s. The closed-form solution of xs of the coarse-to-fine sub-problem is
where Cs+1 is a diagonal matrix which diagonal element at ii is k12∥xpi∥ and 2J is the coarsest scale. On the other hand, the closed-form solution of xs for the fine-to-coarse sub-problem is
The complexity of the matrix inversion in Eqs. (26) and (27) is low since Axs is a sparse matrix and each row of Axs has at most one 1 and one −1 and the rest are zero. The complexity of the sparse matrix inversion in Matlab is proportional to the number of non-zero elements in the matrix. Thus, one iteration of either coarse-to-fine or fine-to-coarse of a graph takes the complexity OJn, where J is the number of decomposition and n is the number of pixels at a scale.
3.6 Smooth blocks
The node update for a smooth block can be analytically derived from the problem (15) at the condition that zh,l is given. If the superscript index is omitted, the closed-form solution is
1σ2I+ρAxTAx−11σ2y−AxsTμ−ρAzz,E28
where Ax and Az are defined in Eq. (10). The complexity of the inversion of the sparse matrix 1σ2I+ρAxTAx is propositional to the non-zero elements in the matrix, which is On, where n is number of pixels in a block.
If an image has ∣JW∣ singular blocks and ∣JF∣ smooth blocks, and if J is the number of wavelet decompositions, the total complexity of node updates of the image is On3K2JJW+JF, where K2 is the maximum number of iterations of coarse-to-fine and fine-to-coarse node update for a singular block.
Graphical ADMM consists of a sequence of updating the primal and dual variables and the complexity of the algorithm is dominated by the primal variable updates. Our analysis of one iteration of Eq. (13) for node updates and edge updates indicates that the costs are On3K2JJW+JF and OK1n23JWJ+JF, respectively, where n is the number of pixels in a block.
4. Optimal graphs for image restoration
There are various image restoration methods [23]. Here, we use the proximal approach proposed in [24] and [12]. The method smartly reduces the image restoration problem into a sequence of noise reduction problems. Since graphical ADMM for noise reduction is efficient, it can be adopted to derive the optimal graphs for image restoration. Like for noise reduction, a graph is handled independently of the other graphs. The following discussion is focused on deriving the optimal graph for a block.
Let hx be the objective function
12∥y−Hx∥2,E29
with a known blur kernel H; x0 is the vector of the current restored image. The proximity function is defined as
dHxx0=β2∥x−x0∥2−12∥Hx−Hx0∥2.E30
The parameter β is chosen so that dHxx0 is strictly convex with respect to x. This implies that its Hessian βI−HTH is a positive definite matrix, which can be achieved by choosing β>λmaxHTH (the maximal eigenvalue of the matrix HTH). The proximal objective is defined as
h˜xx0=hx+dHxx0.E31
Simplifying the above objective, we have the following simpler form by removing ∥Hx∥ from the proximal objective as
h˜xx0=β2∥x−x0+1qHTy−Hx0∥2+KE32
where K contains terms unrelated to x. Since x0,q,H,y are given, the proximal objective can be regarded as a noise reduction problem with the observation vector, x0+1qHTy−Hx0. Thus, h˜xx0 can be the first term in noise reduction problem (8) and the algorithm for noise reduction can be used to derive the optimal graph via separating the node and edge updates following Eq. (13) and procedures in Section 3.
5. Experiments and comparisons
We consider several image denoising and deblurring scenarios used as the benchmarks in state-of-the-art algorithms for performance evaluations and comparisons. The setting of experiments is given as follows. The experiments were conducted on images in Sets I and II in Figure 3. Set I contains six gray-scaled natural images, Einstein, Boat, Barbara, Lena, Cameraman, and House. The size of each image is 512×512 or 256×256, downloaded from the USC-SIPI image database [25]; and Set II contains six gray-scaled textures. Some of them were taken from the Brodatz texture set. Through all experiments, each image is divided into 16 equal-sized blocks. A singular block is decomposed into four scales dyadic wavelet transform with the CDF 9/7 wavelet filters. Since the CDF 9/7 filters are close to orthogonal wavelet filters, the noise variance at any sub-band can be set to σ2, the variance of noise in the image domain [7].
Figure 3.
The images in set I (first row) and set II (second row). Set I contains six gray-scaled natural images and set II contains six gray-scaled textures.
5.1 Noise reduction performance
Our noise reduction performance was compared against that of BM3D, WBN, and DRUNet. The perceptual quality of the methods is shown in Figure 4. The Lena image of BM3D over-smooths the highlighted area of hat, which is rich in edges and textures. Similarly, textures in the highlighted area of hat in DRUNet are smooth. The image of WBN, on the contrary, under-smooths the highlighted smooth area around the chin and shoulder of Lena. These artifacts have been amended by graphical ADMM, as shown in Figure 4f.
Figure 4.
Comparisons of the denoised Lena images derived by BM3D, WBN, DRUNet, and graphical ADMM. The noise standard deviation is set at σ=25: (a) the original 512×512 Lena image; (b) the noised image; (c) the result of BM3D; (d) the result of WBN; (e) the result of DRUNet; and (f) the result of graphical ADMM. Graphical ADMM preserves both the smooth and edged areas in the original image, as shown in the highlighted areas.
The quantity comparisons, measured by the peak-signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR), of Set I and Set II are shown in Tables 1 and 2, respectively. The testing environments were images contaminated with the noise of variances, σ2. As shown, the deep learning-based method (DRUNet) achieves the highest score in almost all environments. However, in the optimization-based methods (BM3D, WBN, proposed), graphical ADMM achieves unanimously the highest score in all environments.
Image
Method
PSNR
σ=10
σ=15
σ=20
σ=25
σ=30
σ=35
Einstein
BM3D
34.4392
33.0331
32.1694
31.4186
30.8709
30.3777
WBN
34.4848
33.0821
32.3429
31.4728
30.9178
30.4109
512×512
Proposed
34.5013
33.1005
32.3544
31.4862
30.9306
30.4255
DRUNet
34.9948
33.6019
32.7411
32.1092
31.5952
31.1622
BM3D
33.8883
32.1067
30.8554
29.8356
29.0954
28.2992
Boat
WBN
33.9095
32.1369
30.8874
29.8561
29.1273
28.3285
512×512
Proposed
33.9241
32.1504
30.9063
29.8772
29.1416
28.3410
DRUNet
34.4264
32.7123
31.5194
30.5768
29.8391
29.1826
BM3D
34.9567
33.0666
31.7376
30.7176
29.7049
28.8879
Barbara
WBN
34.9643
33.0831
31.7515
30.7332
29.7233
28.4571
512×512
Proposed
34.9704
33.1012
31.7735
30.7468
29.7458
28.4675
DRUNet
35.2115
33.4389
32.1951
31.2341
30.4275
29.7520
BM3D
36.6367
34.8782
33.0567
32.5501
31.6531
31.0301
Lena
WBN
36.6354
34.8886
33.3048
32.4488
31.5617
30.9148
512×512
Proposed
36.6447
34.8960
33.3065
32.5632
31.6744
31.1022
DRUNet
36.4431
34.9269
33.8363
32.9669
32.2285
31.6072
BM3D
34.1355
31.8449
30.3797
29.4118
28.5516
27.8758
Cameraman
WBN
34.1637
31.8675
30.5629
29.5723
28.7274
28.0487
256×256
Proposed
34.1668
31.8776
30.5732
29.5804
28.7335
28.0614
DRUNet
34.9927
32.9133
31.5788
30.6079
29.8462
29.2131
BM3D
36.6638
34.9028
33.7349
32.9084
32.1240
31.5103
House
WBN
36.8538
34.9302
33.7620
32.9363
32.1571
31.5390
256×256
Proposed
36.8665
34.9367
33.7742
32.9420
32.1643
31.5404
DRUNet
37.4420
35.8267
34.7084
33.9251
33.2517
32.6733
Table 1.
Comparisons of the PSNRs of the noise reduction methods on noisy images with the noise of standard deviation σ in set I.
Image
Method
PSNR
σ=10
σ=15
σ=20
σ=25
σ=30
σ=35
F0
BM3D
32.5200
30.3213
28.8595
27.7279
26.7751
25.9243
WBN
32.6212
30.4143
28.9314
27.8087
26.8644
26.0136
512×512
Proposed
32.6338
30.4365
28.9572
27.8276
26.8867
26.0345
DRUNet
33.7186
31.7164
30.2770
29.1838
28.3420
27.6675
BM3D
29.3575
26.3832
24.3540
22.8154
21.6195
20.6102
F3
WBN
29.5361
26.5738
24.5363
23.0236
21.8514
20.9144
512×512
Proposed
29.5464
26.5896
24.5554
23.0467
21.8722
20.9364
DRUNet
30.0832
27.2371
25.3141
23.8812
22.7516
21.8235
BM3D
29.8987
27.3043
25.6216
24.3522
23.4010
22.5878
F7
WBN
30.1253
27.3765
25.6782
24.4186
23.4862
22.6574
512×512
Proposed
30.1470
27.3932
25.6914
24.4375
23.5002
22.6786
DRUNet
30.8467
28.2704
26.5578
25.3201
24.3751
23.6274
BM3D
34.0075
32.4024
31.2442
30.311
29.5213
28.7919
g3
WBN
34.0384
32.4566
31.2517
30.3472
29.5506
28.8064
512×512
Proposed
34.0415
32.4734
31.2570
30.3613
29.5712
28.8115
DRUNet
34.2632
32.7016
31.6367
30.7665
30.0146
29.3556
BM3D
31.3155
29.0087
27.4678
26.3278
25.4362
24.7034
p3
WBN
31.3385
29.0274
27.4936
26.3414
25.4535
24.7153
512×512
Proposed
31.3520
29.0475
27.5102
26.3588
25.4763
24.7274
DRUNet
31.9992
29.7159
28.1847
27.0464
26.1412
25.3947
BM3D
31.5652
29.5789
28.3481
27.4696
26.7822
26.2039
r3
WBN
31.6362
29.6675
28.4277
27.5486
26.8774
26.2745
512×512
Proposed
31.6521
29.6836
28.4672
27.5665
26.9013
26.3020
DRUNet
31.8651
29.9371
28.7082
27.8162
27.1131
26.5323
Table 2.
Comparisons of the PSNRs of the noise reduction methods on set II texture images.
5.2 Image restoration performance
Table 3 presents five-point spread functions (PSFs) used for image restoration in literature [11]. Each PSF was normalized to have unit 1-norm before it was used to blur an image. The performance was compared with the state-of-the-art methods, IDD-BM3D and DPIR. To have fair comparisons, both methods used the same initial images in each experiment. The visual quality of the restored images is shown in Figure 5 and the blue and red boxes are magnifications of the highlighted areas in the image. Compared with the original images, the overall perceptual quality of the images of IDD-BM3D and DPIR appear over-smoothed, whereas graphical ADMM preserves more image details, leading to better perceptual quality. Graphical ADMM can preserve more details because it uses the multi-scale approach in treating the texture and edge regions. The wavelet persistence property allows information at coarse scales to pass to fine scales and vice versa. As a result, graphical ADMM yields shaper results in recovering singular points in images.
Blur Kernel
Formulation
size
h1
11+dx2+dy2
15×15
h2
Uniform
9×9
h3
14641×1,4,6,4,1
5×5
h4
Gaussian (σ=1.6)
25×25
h5
Gaussian (σ=0.4)
25×25
Table 3.
Blur kernels for experiments. The dx and dy in h1 are, respectively, the horizontal and vertical distances of a pixel to the center of the blur kernel.
Figure 5.
Comparisons of the deblurred images. The blue and red boxes are the magnified areas in the image. (a) the original 512×512 boat image; (b) the blurred image with blur kernel h4; (c) the image of IDD-BM3D; (d) the image of DPIR; and (e) the image of graphical ADMM. The overall perceptual quality of our image is better since that of IDD-BM3D and DPIR are over-smoothed.
The quantity comparison is shown in Figure 6, where the performance improvement of graphical ADMM over IDD-BM3D was measured by the ISNR (increased signal-to-noise ratio) [26]. The ISNR quantitatively assesses the restored images with known ground truths. Let y, x, and x0 be the vector representations of the observation, the restored image, and the ground truth, respectively; the ISNR is defined as
Figure 6.
Average and standard deviation of the ISNR gain of DPIR over IDD-BM3D and graphical ADMM over IDD-BM3D. Each image is blurred and then added to white noise of standard deviation indicated by the noise level. The image was then deblurred. An ISNR gain was calculated from the de-blurred images. The circled point and bar of a measurement at a noise level are the average and standard deviation, respectively, of thirty ISNR gains of natural images from set I ((a) DPIR over IDD-BM3D and (b) graphical ADMM over IDD-BM3D) and texture images from set II ((c) DPIR over IDD-BM3D and (d) graphical ADMM over IDD-BM3D). As shown, the curves of ISNR gain increase steadily and progressively when the noise level increases.
10log10∥y−x0∥2∥x−x0∥2.E33
The higher the ISNR value of a restored image, the better the restoration quality of the image. The ISNR gain of graphical ADMM over that of IDD-BM3D is defined as
ISNRgraphical ADMM‐ISNRIDD‐BM3D,E34
and the ISNR gain of DPIR over that of IDD-BM3D is defined as
ISNRDPIR‐ISNRIDD‐BM3D.E35
Figure 6a and c show the ISNR gain of DPIR over IDD-BM3D in Set I and Set II, respectively. Figure 6b and d show the ISNR gain of graphical ADMM over IDD-BM3D in Set I and Set II, respectively. Let us take Figure 6b as an example. At a noise level, each image in Set I was first blurred by a kernel in Table 3. The result was added to white noise to obtain a noisy blurred image. This procedure generated thirty noisy blurred images since Set I contains six images and Table 3 has five blur kernels. Each noisy blurred image was deblurred. The ISNR gain of the image obtained by graphical ADMM and that by IDD-BM3D was calculated. The thirty ISNR gains were then used to calculate the mean and standard derivation, as shown in Figure 6. The mean ISNR gain of graphical ADMM increases steadily and progressively over IDD-BM3D, as the noise level increases.
5.3 Discussions
DRUNet and DPIR are deep learning methods and the training data with a noise level of σ ranges from 0 to 50. In the experiments, they have the best performance in quantity comparisons but graphical ADMM is the best in visual quality. For learning-based methods, the training data is important and related to the performance. The inferred results are data-driven and not interpretable. If the training data is less or the distribution of the testing data is not similar to training, the performance will be worse. If the artifacts occurred in the results, we do not know how it happened because the network is just composed of many coefficients trained from the training data. At the same time, the time cost for training is very high. These are all the drawbacks of learning-based methods. However, the optimization-based methods are not limited to the training data. The results are derived from the objective function and interpretable. In addition, they are more stable in practical applications. So, there is a trade-off between learning and optimization-based methods.
For the optimization-based methods, the experiments have demonstrated the advantages of graphical ADMM in both the noise reduction and image restoration tasks over the compared methods. Recall that BM3D and IDD-BM3D adopt the image-dependent tight frame representations. IDD-BM3D also combines the analytic and synthetic optimization methods by de-coupling the noise reduction problem and the image restoration problem. This yields a game-theoretical approach that two formulations are used to minimize a single objective function. The solution adopted by IDD-BM3D is a Nash equilibrium point. The WBN represents an image as a multi-scale probabilistic DAG and adopts the belief propagation to derive the MAP solution.
The advantages of graphical ADMM lie in the context-dependent decompositions of an image horizontally in space and vertically along the scales in handling the image details. The spatial decomposition allows our method to overcome the cons of under-smoothing the smooth areas in WBN and keeps the pros of WBN that preserves sharp edges. Meanwhile, graphical ADMM is much more efficient than the time-consuming belief propagation adopted in WBN.
The mixture of data-dependent and data-independent edges in wavelet graph construction is a significant feature of our method. The intra-scale edges are determined by a data-dependent adaptive process, which imposes sparseness by keeping the edges which end nodes have similar coefficients in the optimal graph. The inter-scale edges are data-independent, built-in to leverage the wavelet persistence property. The inter-scale edges, passing information of singularities from finer scales to coarser scales and vice versa, can preserve more texture and edges in original images. This distinguishes our algorithm from BM3D and IDD-BM3D, which encode structure in atoms of a dictionary and select a few atoms for image representation.
6. Conclusions
We present a novel approach by combining spatial decomposition, vertical (multi-scale) decomposition, and ADMM optimization in a graphical framework for image noise reduction and restoration tasks. The graphical ADMM method has demonstrated that its results are superior to those of state-of-the-art algorithms. We also demonstrated that mixing data-dependent and data-independent structures in a graph representation can leverage the sparseness and persistence of a wavelet representation. Rather than adopting a combinatorial approach to derive an optimal graph, we showed that the graph can be derived by a numerically tractable optimization approach. In addition, we showed that the optimization problem is well coupled with our graph representation, and can be decomposed into a sequence of convex sub-problems, with each having an efficient closed-form solution. This opens a new perspective of combining a mixture of data-adaptive and data-independent structures, hierarchical decomposition, and optimization algorithms in modeling, representing, and solving more image processing tasks.
\n',keywords:"image restoration, image denoising, graph, ADMM, wavelet",chapterPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/80628.pdf",chapterXML:"https://mts.intechopen.com/source/xml/80628.xml",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/80628",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/80628",totalDownloads:38,totalViews:0,totalCrossrefCites:0,dateSubmitted:null,dateReviewed:"January 14th 2022",datePrePublished:"February 27th 2022",datePublished:null,dateFinished:"February 26th 2022",readingETA:"0",abstract:"We represent the image noise reduction and restoration problems as context-dependent graphs and propose algorithms to derive the optimal graphs by the alternating direction method of multipliers (ADMM) method. An image is spatially decomposed into smooth regions and singular regions, consisting of edges and textures. The graph representing a smooth region is defined in the image domain, while that representing a singular region is defined in the wavelet domain. The optimal graphs are formulated as the solutions of constrained optimization problems over sparse graphs, where the sparseness is imposed on the edges. The graphs on the wavelet domain are solved in a hierarchical layer structure. The convergence and complexity of the algorithms have been studied. Simulation experiments demonstrate that the results of our algorithms are superior to the state-of-the-art algorithms for image noise reduction and restoration.",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/80628",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/80628",signatures:"Jinn Ho, Shih-Shuo Tung and Wen-Liang Hwang",book:{id:"11150",type:"book",title:"Recent Advances of Wavelet Transform and Their Applications",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Recent Advances of Wavelet Transform and Their Applications",slug:null,publishedDate:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Francisco Bulnes",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11150.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:null,isbn:"978-1-80355-739-7",printIsbn:"978-1-80355-738-0",pdfIsbn:"978-1-80355-740-3",isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,editors:[{id:"92918",title:"Dr.",name:"Francisco",middleName:null,surname:"Bulnes",slug:"francisco-bulnes",fullName:"Francisco Bulnes"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:null,sections:[{id:"sec_1",title:"1. Introduction",level:"1"},{id:"sec_2",title:"2. Context-dependent graphical models",level:"1"},{id:"sec_2_2",title:"2.1 Inter-scale edges",level:"2"},{id:"sec_3_2",title:"2.2 Intra-scale edges",level:"2"},{id:"sec_4_2",title:"2.3 Graph construction",level:"2"},{id:"sec_6",title:"3. Optimal graphs for noise reduction",level:"1"},{id:"sec_6_2",title:"3.1 Singular blocks",level:"2"},{id:"sec_7_2",title:"3.2 Smooth blocks",level:"2"},{id:"sec_8_2",title:"3.3 Update edges",level:"2"},{id:"sec_9_2",title:"3.4 Update nodes",level:"2"},{id:"sec_10_2",title:"3.5 Singular blocks",level:"2"},{id:"sec_11_2",title:"3.6 Smooth blocks",level:"2"},{id:"sec_13",title:"4. Optimal graphs for image restoration",level:"1"},{id:"sec_14",title:"5. Experiments and comparisons",level:"1"},{id:"sec_14_2",title:"5.1 Noise reduction performance",level:"2"},{id:"sec_15_2",title:"5.2 Image restoration performance",level:"2"},{id:"sec_16_2",title:"5.3 Discussions",level:"2"},{id:"sec_18",title:"6. Conclusions",level:"1"}],chapterReferences:[{id:"B1",body:'Rudin L, Osher S, Fatemi E. Nonlinear total variation based noise removal algorithms. Physica D: Nonlinear Phenomena. 1992;60(1–4):259-268. DOI: 10.1016/0167-2789(92)90242-F'},{id:"B2",body:'Buades A, Coll B, Morel J. A review of image denoising algorithms, with a new one. Multiscale Modeling & Simulation. 2005;4(2):490-530. DOI: 10.1137/040616024'},{id:"B3",body:'Elad M, Aharon M. Image denoising via sparse and redundant representations over learned dictionaries. IEEE Transactions on Image Processing. 2006;15(12):3736-3745. DOI: 10.1109/TIP.2006.881969'},{id:"B4",body:'Chatterjee P, Milanfar P. Is denoising dead? IEEE Transactions on Image Processing. 2010;19(4):895-911. DOI: 10.1109/TIP.2009.2037087'},{id:"B5",body:'Li J, Shen Z, Yin R, Zhang X. A reweighted l2 method for image restoration with poisson and mixed poisson-gaussian noise. Inverse Problem and Imaging. 2015;9(3):875-894. DOI: 10.3934/ipi.2015.9.875'},{id:"B6",body:'Dabov K, Foi A, Katkovnik V, Egiazarian K. Image denoising by sparse 3-D transform-domain collaborative filtering. IEEE Transactions on Image Processing. 2007;16(8):2080-2095. DOI: 10.1109/TIP.2007.901238'},{id:"B7",body:'Ho J, Hwang W. Wavelet Bayesian network image denoising. IEEE Transactions on Image Processing. 2013;22(4):1277-1290. DOI: 10.1109/TIP.2012.2220150'},{id:"B8",body:'Zhang K, Li Y, Zuo W, Zhang L, Gool L, Timofte R. Plug-and-play image restoration with deep denoiser prior. IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence. 2021. DOI: 10.1109/TPAMI.2021.3088914'},{id:"B9",body:'Ronneberger O, Fischer P, Brox T. U-net: Convolutional networks for biomedical image segmentation. International Conference on Medical Image Computing and Computer-Assisted Intervention. 2015:234-241. DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-24574-4_28'},{id:"B10",body:'He K, Zhang X, Ren S, Sun J. Deep residual learning for image recognition. IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition. 2016:770-778. DOI: 10.1109/CVPR.2016.90'},{id:"B11",body:'Danielyan A, Katkovnik V, Egiazarian K. BM3D frames and variational image deblurring. IEEE Transactions on Image Processing. 2012;21(4):1715-1728. DOI: 10.1109/TIP.2011.2176954'},{id:"B12",body:'Zibulevsky M, Elad M. L1-L2 optimization in signal and image processing. IEEE Signal Processing Magazine. 2010;27(3):76-88. DOI: 10.1109/MSP.2010.936023'},{id:"B13",body:'Heckerman D. A Tutorial on learning bayesian networks. In: Innovations in Bayesian Networks. Berlin/Heidelberg: Springer; 2008. pp. 33-82. DOI: 10.1007/978-3-540-85066-3_3'},{id:"B14",body:'Chickering D, Heckerman D, Meek C. A Bayesian approach to learning Bayesian networks with local structure. In Proceedings of Thirteenth Conference on Uncertainty in Artificial Intelligence. 1997:80-89. Available from: https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.5555/2074226.2074236'},{id:"B15",body:'Cai J, Osher S, Shen Z. Split Bregman methods and frame based image restoration. Multiscale Modeling & Simulation. 2009;8(2):337-369. DOI: 10.1137/090753504'},{id:"B16",body:'Boyd S, Parikh N, Chu E, Peleato B, Eckstein J. Distributed optimization and statistical learning via the alternating direction method of multipliers. Foundations and Trends in Machine Learning. 2011;3(1):1-122. DOI: 10.1561/2200000016'},{id:"B17",body:'Hoiem D, Efros A, Hebert M. Geometric context from a single image. IEEE International Conference on Computer Vision. 2005;1:654-661. DOI: 10.1109/ICCV.2005.107'},{id:"B18",body:'Ji H, Luo Y, Shen Z. Image recovery via geometrically structured approximation. Applied and Computational Harmonic Analysis. 2016;41(1):75-93. DOI: 10.1016/j.acha.2015.08.012'},{id:"B19",body:'Simoncelli E. Bayesian denoising of visual images in the wavelet domain. Bayesian Inference in Wavelet Based Models. 1999;141:291-308. DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4612-0567-8_18'},{id:"B20",body:'Mallat S, Hwang W. Singularity detection and processing with wavelets. IEEE Transactions on Information Processing. 1992;38(2):617-643. DOI: 10.1109/18.119727'},{id:"B21",body:'Milanfar P. A tour of modern image filtering: New insights and methods, both practical and theoretical. IEEE Signal Processing Magazine. 2013;30(1):106-128. DOI: 10.1109/MSP.2011.2179329'},{id:"B22",body:'Sreedevi P, Hwang W, Lei S. An examplar-based approach for texture compaction synthesis and retrieval. IEEE Transactions on Image Processing. 2010;19(5):1307-1318. DOI: 10.1109/TIP.2009.2039665'},{id:"B23",body:'Mairal J, Elad M, Sapiro G. Sparse representation for color image restoration. IEEE Transactions on Image Processing. 2008;17(1):53-69. DOI: 10.1109/TIP.2007.911828'},{id:"B24",body:'Daubechies I, Defrise M, De-Mol C. An iterative thresholding algorithm for linear inverse problems with a sparsity constraint. Communications on Pure and Applied Mathematics. 2004;57(11):1413-1457. DOI: 10.1002/cpa.20042'},{id:"B25",body:'The USC-SIPI Image Database, Signal and Image Processing Institute, University of Southern California. Available from: https://sipi.usc.edu/database/'},{id:"B26",body:'Hanif M, Seghouane A. Blind image deblurring using non-negative sparse approximation. IEEE International Conference on Image Processing. 2014. DOI: 10.1109/ICIP.2014.7025821'}],footnotes:[{id:"fn1",explanation:"If the wavelet is normalized to have unit 1-norm, then the exponent of Eq. (4) should be α."},{id:"fn2",explanation:"Let λ=λh,l. Then, λ≥0 if and only if λh,l≥0 for all h and l."},{id:"fn3",explanation:"The second term at below is zero, when 2s is the coarsest scale."},{id:"fn4",explanation:"The second term below is zero when nodes are at the finest scale."}],contributors:[{corresp:null,contributorFullName:"Jinn Ho",address:null,affiliation:'
Institute of Information Science, Academia Sinica, Taiwan
Institute of Information Science, Academia Sinica, Taiwan
'}],corrections:null},book:{id:"11150",type:"book",title:"Recent Advances of Wavelet Transform and Their Applications",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Recent Advances of Wavelet Transform and Their Applications",slug:null,publishedDate:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Francisco Bulnes",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11150.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:null,isbn:"978-1-80355-739-7",printIsbn:"978-1-80355-738-0",pdfIsbn:"978-1-80355-740-3",isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,editors:[{id:"92918",title:"Dr.",name:"Francisco",middleName:null,surname:"Bulnes",slug:"francisco-bulnes",fullName:"Francisco Bulnes"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}},profile:{item:{id:"6104",title:"Dr.",name:"Diana",middleName:null,surname:"Tsankova",email:"dtsankova@yahoo.com",fullName:"Diana Tsankova",slug:"diana-tsankova",position:null,biography:null,institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",totalCites:0,totalChapterViews:"0",outsideEditionCount:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalEditedBooks:"0",personalWebsiteURL:null,twitterURL:null,linkedinURL:null,institution:{name:"Technical University of Sofia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Bulgaria"}}},booksEdited:[],chaptersAuthored:[{id:"6801",title:"Soft Computing Techniques in Modelling the Influence of pH and Temperature on Dopamine Biosensor",slug:"soft-computing-techniques-in-modelling-the-influence-of-ph-and-temperature-on-dopamine-biosensor",abstract:null,signatures:"Vania Rangelova, Diana Tsankova and Nina Dimcheva",authors:[{id:"6104",title:"Dr.",name:"Diana",surname:"Tsankova",fullName:"Diana Tsankova",slug:"diana-tsankova",email:"dtsankova@yahoo.com"},{id:"6386",title:"Assoc. Prof.",name:"Vania",surname:"Rangelova",fullName:"Vania Rangelova",slug:"vania-rangelova",email:"vaioran@abv.bg"},{id:"134454",title:"Dr.",name:"Nina",surname:"Dimcheva",fullName:"Nina Dimcheva",slug:"nina-dimcheva",email:"ninadd@uni-plovdiv.bg"}],book:{id:"3187",title:"Intelligent and Biosensors",slug:"intelligent-and-biosensors",productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume"}}}],collaborators:[{id:"6340",title:"Dr.",name:"Wei",surname:"Chen",slug:"wei-chen",fullName:"Wei Chen",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"6393",title:"Dr.",name:"Tarik",surname:"Al-Ani",slug:"tarik-al-ani",fullName:"Tarik Al-Ani",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"6662",title:"Doctor",name:"Izabela-Cristina",surname:"Stancu",slug:"izabela-cristina-stancu",fullName:"Izabela-Cristina Stancu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Polytechnic University of Bucharest",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Romania"}}},{id:"6983",title:"Dr.",name:"Akio",surname:"Sashima",slug:"akio-sashima",fullName:"Akio Sashima",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Association for Iron & Steel Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"11970",title:"Title *",name:"Dalila",surname:"Trad",slug:"dalila-trad",fullName:"Dalila Trad",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"12030",title:"MSc",name:"Sibrecht",surname:"Bouwstra",slug:"sibrecht-bouwstra",fullName:"Sibrecht Bouwstra",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"12031",title:"Prof.",name:"Sidarto",surname:"Bambang Oetomo",slug:"sidarto-bambang-oetomo",fullName:"Sidarto Bambang Oetomo",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"12032",title:"Prof.",name:"Loe",surname:"Feijs",slug:"loe-feijs",fullName:"Loe Feijs",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"134452",title:"Prof.",name:"Takeshi",surname:"Ikeda",slug:"takeshi-ikeda",fullName:"Takeshi Ikeda",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"134453",title:"Prof.",name:"Koichi",surname:"Kurumatani",slug:"koichi-kurumatani",fullName:"Koichi Kurumatani",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}}]},generic:{page:{slug:"publish-a-whole-book",title:"Publish a Whole Book",intro:"
At IntechOpen, we not only specialize in the publication of Book Chapters as part of our Edited Volumes, but also the publication and dissemination of longer manuscripts, known as Long Form Monographs. Monographs allow Authors to focus on presenting a single subject or a specific aspect of that subject and publish their research in detail.
\n\n
Even if you have an area of research that does not at first sight fit within a previously defined IntechOpen project, we can still offer support and help you in publishing your individual research. Publishing your IntechOpen book in the form of a Long Form Monograph is a viable alternative.
",metaTitle:"Publish a Whole Book",metaDescription:"At IntechOpen, we not only specialize in the publication of book chapters as part of our Edited Volumes, but also the publication and dissemination of long form manuscripts, known as monographs. Monographs allow authors to focus on presenting a single subject or a specific aspect of that subject and publish their research at length.\n\nPerhaps you have an area of research that does not fit within a previously defined IntechOpen project, but rather need help in publishing your individual research? Publishing your IntechOpen book in the form of a long form monograph is a great alternative.",metaKeywords:null,canonicalURL:"/page/publish-a-whole-book",contentRaw:'[{"type":"htmlEditorComponent","content":"
MONOGRAPH - LONG FORM MANUSCRIPT
\\n\\n
\\n\\t
130 - 500 pages
\\n\\t
A self-contained work on a particular subject, or an aspect of it, written by one or more authors
\\n\\t
Primary research and original scholarship presented in detail
\\n
\\n\\n
FORMATS
\\n\\n
\\n\\t
Single or multiple author manuscript
\\n\\t
Edited Book - an edited collection of chapters contributed by various authors
\\n\\t
Conference Proceedings - collection of papers presented at a conference published in book format
\\n
\\n\\n
COST
\\n\\n
10,000 GBP Monograph - Long Form
\\n\\n
The final price includes project management, editorial and peer-review services, technical editing, language copyediting, cover design, book layout, book promotion and ISBN assignment.
\\n\\n
*The price does not include Value-Added Tax (VAT). Residents of European Union countries need to add VAT based on the specific rate applied in their country of residence. Institutions and companies registered as VAT taxable entities in their own EU member state will not pay VAT by providing us with their VAT registration number. This is made possible by the EU reverse charge method.
\\n\\n
Optional Services
\\n\\n
IntechOpen has collaborated with Enago, through its sister brand, Ulatus, which is one of the world’s leading providers of book translation services. The services are designed to convey the essence of your work to readers from across the globe in a language they understand. Enago’s expert translators incorporate cultural nuances in translations to make the content relevant for local audiences while retaining the original meaning and style. Enago translators are equipped to handle all complex and multiple overlapping themes encompassed in a single book and their high degree of linguistic and subject expertise enables them to deliver a superior quality output.
\\n\\n
IntechOpen Authors that wish to use this service will receive a 20% discount on all translation services. To find out more information or obtain a quote, please visit: https://www.enago.com/intech.
\\n\\n
FUNDING
\\n\\n
We feel that financial barriers should never prevent researchers from publishing their work. Please consult our Open Access Funding page to explore funding opportunities and learn more about how you can finance your IntechOpen publication.
\\n\\n
BENEFITS
\\n\\n
\\n\\t
Your published content is immediately available to read, share and download for free
\\n\\t
+3.3 million unique visitors per month
\\n\\t
+184,650 Web Of Science citations
\\n\\t
You retain copyright to your work
\\n\\t
Chapter and book statistics performance reports allowing you to examine the reach of your content
\\n\\t
Full PDF version of your book available to download
\\n\\t
Rapid publishing process with personal support
\\n\\t
Competitive pricing for publishing services and print products
A self-contained work on a particular subject, or an aspect of it, written by one or more authors
\n\t
Primary research and original scholarship presented in detail
\n
\n\n
FORMATS
\n\n
\n\t
Single or multiple author manuscript
\n\t
Edited Book - an edited collection of chapters contributed by various authors
\n\t
Conference Proceedings - collection of papers presented at a conference published in book format
\n
\n\n
COST
\n\n
10,000 GBP Monograph - Long Form
\n\n
The final price includes project management, editorial and peer-review services, technical editing, language copyediting, cover design, book layout, book promotion and ISBN assignment.
\n\n
*The price does not include Value-Added Tax (VAT). Residents of European Union countries need to add VAT based on the specific rate applied in their country of residence. Institutions and companies registered as VAT taxable entities in their own EU member state will not pay VAT by providing us with their VAT registration number. This is made possible by the EU reverse charge method.
\n\n
Optional Services
\n\n
IntechOpen has collaborated with Enago, through its sister brand, Ulatus, which is one of the world’s leading providers of book translation services. The services are designed to convey the essence of your work to readers from across the globe in a language they understand. Enago’s expert translators incorporate cultural nuances in translations to make the content relevant for local audiences while retaining the original meaning and style. Enago translators are equipped to handle all complex and multiple overlapping themes encompassed in a single book and their high degree of linguistic and subject expertise enables them to deliver a superior quality output.
\n\n
IntechOpen Authors that wish to use this service will receive a 20% discount on all translation services. To find out more information or obtain a quote, please visit: https://www.enago.com/intech.
\n\n
FUNDING
\n\n
We feel that financial barriers should never prevent researchers from publishing their work. Please consult our Open Access Funding page to explore funding opportunities and learn more about how you can finance your IntechOpen publication.
\n\n
BENEFITS
\n\n
\n\t
Your published content is immediately available to read, share and download for free
\n\t
+3.3 million unique visitors per month
\n\t
+184,650 Web Of Science citations
\n\t
You retain copyright to your work
\n\t
Chapter and book statistics performance reports allowing you to examine the reach of your content
\n\t
Full PDF version of your book available to download
\n\t
Rapid publishing process with personal support
\n\t
Competitive pricing for publishing services and print products
\n'}]},successStories:{items:[]},authorsAndEditors:{filterParams:{sort:"featured,name"},profiles:[],filtersByRegion:[],offset:0,limit:12,total:null},chapterEmbeded:{data:{}},editorApplication:{success:null,errors:{}},ofsBooks:{filterParams:{hasNoEditors:"1",sort:"dateEndThirdStepPublish"},books:[{type:"book",id:"11254",title:"Optical Coherence Tomography",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"a958c09ceaab1fc44c1dd0a817f48c92",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11254.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11616",title:"Foraging",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"955b60bb658c8d1a09dd4efc9bf6674b",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11616.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11632",title:"Updated Research on Bacteriophages",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"d34dfa0d5d10511184f97ddaeef9936b",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11632.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11697",title:"Scoliosis",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"fa052443744b8f6ba5a87091e373bafe",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11697.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11699",title:"Neonatal Surgery",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"e52adaee8e54f51c2ba4972daeb410f7",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11699.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11730",title:"Midwifery",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"95389fcd878d0e929234c441744ba398",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11730.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11837",title:"Ecology and Geography of the Mediterranean",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"bbb25987a982d61da4f47fb13614ba3c",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11837.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11843",title:"Abortion Access",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"e07ed1706ed2bf6ad56aa7399d9edf1a",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11843.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11850",title:"Systemic Sclerosis",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"df3f380c5949c8d8c977631cac330f67",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11850.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11858",title:"Terahertz Radiation",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"f08ee0bf20cd8b5fa772b4752081f2fe",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11858.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11770",title:"Feminism",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"008be465c708a6fde48c8468757a40af",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11770.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11773",title:"Archaeology - Challenges and Updates",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"17d91462fa926279f65164ac0d5641cd",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11773.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],filtersByTopic:[{group:"topic",caption:"Agricultural and Biological Sciences",value:5,count:30},{group:"topic",caption:"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology",value:6,count:7},{group:"topic",caption:"Business, Management and Economics",value:7,count:4},{group:"topic",caption:"Chemistry",value:8,count:14},{group:"topic",caption:"Computer and Information Science",value:9,count:8},{group:"topic",caption:"Earth and Planetary Sciences",value:10,count:10},{group:"topic",caption:"Engineering",value:11,count:24},{group:"topic",caption:"Environmental Sciences",value:12,count:5},{group:"topic",caption:"Immunology and Microbiology",value:13,count:7},{group:"topic",caption:"Materials Science",value:14,count:9},{group:"topic",caption:"Mathematics",value:15,count:5},{group:"topic",caption:"Medicine",value:16,count:83},{group:"topic",caption:"Neuroscience",value:18,count:5},{group:"topic",caption:"Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutical Science",value:19,count:6},{group:"topic",caption:"Physics",value:20,count:1},{group:"topic",caption:"Psychology",value:21,count:4},{group:"topic",caption:"Robotics",value:22,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Social Sciences",value:23,count:25},{group:"topic",caption:"Technology",value:24,count:1}],offset:12,limit:12,total:250},popularBooks:{featuredBooks:[],offset:0,limit:12,total:null},hotBookTopics:{hotBooks:[],offset:0,limit:12,total:null},publish:{},publishingProposal:{success:null,errors:{}},books:{featuredBooks:[],latestBooks:[]},subject:{topic:{id:"224",title:"Fluid Mechanics",slug:"physics-fluid-mechanics",parent:{id:"20",title:"Physics",slug:"physics"},numberOfBooks:13,numberOfSeries:0,numberOfAuthorsAndEditors:241,numberOfWosCitations:169,numberOfCrossrefCitations:132,numberOfDimensionsCitations:273,videoUrl:null,fallbackUrl:null,description:null},booksByTopicFilter:{topicId:"224",sort:"-publishedDate",limit:12,offset:0},booksByTopicCollection:[{type:"book",id:"9276",title:"Computational Fluid Dynamics Simulations",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"03a2501c6fc0ac90a8b328850b712da7",slug:"computational-fluid-dynamics-simulations",bookSignature:"Guozhao Ji and Jiujiang Zhu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9276.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"190139",title:"Dr.",name:"Guozhao",middleName:null,surname:"Ji",slug:"guozhao-ji",fullName:"Guozhao Ji"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10162",title:"A Diffusion Hydrodynamic Model",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a8c90b653db4fa7a59132d39cca185d8",slug:"a-diffusion-hydrodynamic-model",bookSignature:"Theodore V. Hromadka II, Chung-Cheng Yen and Prasada Rao",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10162.jpg",editedByType:"Authored by",editors:[{id:"181008",title:"Dr.",name:"Theodore V.",middleName:"V.",surname:"Hromadka II",slug:"theodore-v.-hromadka-ii",fullName:"Theodore V. Hromadka II"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"4",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Authored by"}},{type:"book",id:"7516",title:"Pattern Formation and Stability in Magnetic Colloids",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"21a8698d0563982b2648f1e1a32425b9",slug:"pattern-formation-and-stability-in-magnetic-colloids",bookSignature:"Nicola?s O. Rojas",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7516.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"208723",title:"Dr.",name:"Nicolás O.",middleName:null,surname:"Rojas",slug:"nicolas-o.-rojas",fullName:"Nicolás O. Rojas"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7409",title:"Swirling Flows and Flames",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5f1e759937aadaba14ea6082931a121a",slug:"swirling-flows-and-flames",bookSignature:"Toufik Boushaki",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7409.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"101545",title:"Dr.",name:"Toufik",middleName:null,surname:"Boushaki",slug:"toufik-boushaki",fullName:"Toufik Boushaki"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7490",title:"Fluid Flow Problems",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"27aa4a0406389276c800603b916db9a3",slug:"fluid-flow-problems",bookSignature:"Farhad Ali",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7490.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"225906",title:"Dr.",name:"Farhad",middleName:null,surname:"Ali",slug:"farhad-ali",fullName:"Farhad Ali"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8825",title:"Novel, Integrated and Revolutionary Well Test Interpretation and Analysis",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6f79f457e509e77d107763010a6d0655",slug:"novel-integrated-and-revolutionary-well-test-interpretation-and-analysis",bookSignature:"Freddy Humberto Escobar Macualo",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8825.jpg",editedByType:"Authored by",editors:[{id:"142270",title:"Dr.",name:"Freddy",middleName:"Humberto",surname:"Escobar",slug:"freddy-escobar",fullName:"Freddy Escobar"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"3",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Authored by"}},{type:"book",id:"6514",title:"Microfluidics and Nanofluidics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4ec06fd827f4dc0d3d7653eda88662de",slug:"microfluidics-and-nanofluidics",bookSignature:"Mohsen Sheikholeslami Kandelousi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6514.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"185811",title:"Dr.",name:"Mohsen",middleName:null,surname:"Sheikholeslami Kandelousi",slug:"mohsen-sheikholeslami-kandelousi",fullName:"Mohsen Sheikholeslami Kandelousi"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6126",title:"Colorimetry and Image Processing",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f74525de04361957bd947a45b0e64378",slug:"colorimetry-and-image-processing",bookSignature:"Carlos M. Travieso-Gonzalez",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6126.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"27170",title:"Prof.",name:"Carlos",middleName:"M.",surname:"Travieso-Gonzalez",slug:"carlos-travieso-gonzalez",fullName:"Carlos Travieso-Gonzalez"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"5915",title:"Granular Materials",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4d72e38daa75721701686e2007b9defc",slug:"granular-materials",bookSignature:"Michael Sakellariou",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5915.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"16550",title:"Dr.",name:"Michael",middleName:null,surname:"Sakellariou",slug:"michael-sakellariou",fullName:"Michael Sakellariou"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"5370",title:"Vortex Dynamics and Optical Vortices",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"bf45ea3936725da5f92207f7709d24ab",slug:"vortex-dynamics-and-optical-vortices",bookSignature:"Hector Perez-de-Tejada",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5370.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"79235",title:"Dr.",name:"Hector",middleName:null,surname:"Perez-De-Tejada",slug:"hector-perez-de-tejada",fullName:"Hector Perez-De-Tejada"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6028",title:"Vortex Structures in Fluid Dynamic Problems",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"3e6874ea59cb10b653cd2190b941c7f5",slug:"vortex-structures-in-fluid-dynamic-problems",bookSignature:"Hector Perez-de-Tejada",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6028.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"79235",title:"Dr.",name:"Hector",middleName:null,surname:"Perez-De-Tejada",slug:"hector-perez-de-tejada",fullName:"Hector Perez-De-Tejada"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1654",title:"Hydrodynamics",subtitle:"Theory and Model",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6f35be6d05e82cf5777223a86ff6e4ca",slug:"hydrodynamics-theory-and-model",bookSignature:"Jinhai Zheng",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1654.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"105318",title:"Dr.",name:"Jin - Hai",middleName:null,surname:"Zheng",slug:"jin-hai-zheng",fullName:"Jin - Hai Zheng"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],booksByTopicTotal:13,seriesByTopicCollection:[],seriesByTopicTotal:0,mostCitedChapters:[{id:"31572",doi:"10.5772/26045",title:"Fuel Jet in Cross Flow - Experimental Study of Spray Characteristics",slug:"fuel-jet-in-cross-flow-experimental-study-of-spray-characteristics",totalDownloads:4782,totalCrossrefCites:13,totalDimensionsCites:36,abstract:null,book:{id:"1013",slug:"advanced-fluid-dynamics",title:"Advanced Fluid Dynamics",fullTitle:"Advanced Fluid Dynamics"},signatures:"E. Lubarsky, D. Shcherbik, O. Bibik, Y. Gopala and B. T. Zinn",authors:[{id:"65353",title:"Dr.",name:"Eugene",middleName:null,surname:"Lubarsky",slug:"eugene-lubarsky",fullName:"Eugene Lubarsky"}]},{id:"61632",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.74967",title:"Application of Nanofluids for Thermal Management of Photovoltaic Modules: A Review",slug:"application-of-nanofluids-for-thermal-management-of-photovoltaic-modules-a-review",totalDownloads:1570,totalCrossrefCites:10,totalDimensionsCites:18,abstract:"Mounting temperature impedes the conversion efficiency of photovoltaic systems. Studies have shown drastic efficiency escalation of PV modules, if cooled by nanofluids. Ability of nanofluids to supplement the efficiency improvement of PV cells has sought attention of researchers. This chapter presents the magnitude of improved efficiency found by different researchers due to the cooling via nanofluids. The effect of factors (such as, nanoparticle size, nanofluid concentration, flowrate of nanofluid and geometry of channel containing nanofluid) influencing the efficiency of PV systems has been discussed. Collective results of different researchers indicate that the efficiency of the PV/T systems (using nanofluids as coolant) increases with increasing flowrate. Efficiency of these systems increases with increasing concentration of nanofluid up to a certain amount, but as the concentration gets above this certain value, the efficiency tends to decline due to agglomeration/clustering of nanoparticles. Pertaining to the most recent studies, stability of nanoparticles is still the major unresolved issue, hindering the commercial scale application of nanofluids for the cooling of PV panels. Eventually, the environmental and economic advantages of these systems are presented.",book:{id:"6514",slug:"microfluidics-and-nanofluidics",title:"Microfluidics and Nanofluidics",fullTitle:"Microfluidics and Nanofluidics"},signatures:"Hafiz Muhammad Ali, Tayyab Raza Shah, Hamza Babar and\nZargham Ahmad Khan",authors:[{id:"187624",title:"Dr.",name:"Hafiz Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Ali",slug:"hafiz-muhammad-ali",fullName:"Hafiz Muhammad Ali"},{id:"229676",title:"Mr.",name:"Hamza",middleName:null,surname:"Babar",slug:"hamza-babar",fullName:"Hamza Babar"},{id:"241251",title:"Mr.",name:"Tayyab",middleName:"Raza",surname:"Raza Shah",slug:"tayyab-raza-shah",fullName:"Tayyab Raza Shah"},{id:"241252",title:"Mr.",name:"Zargham Ahmad",middleName:null,surname:"Khan",slug:"zargham-ahmad-khan",fullName:"Zargham Ahmad Khan"}]},{id:"59009",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72505",title:"Thermal Transport and Challenges on Nanofluids Performance",slug:"thermal-transport-and-challenges-on-nanofluids-performance",totalDownloads:1721,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:15,abstract:"Progress in technology and industrial developments demands the efficient and successful energy utilization and its management in a greater extent. Conventional heat-transfer fluids (HTFs) such as water, ethylene glycol, oils and other fluids are typically low-efficiency heat dissipation fluids. Thermal management is a key factor in diverse applications where these fluids can be used, such as in automotive, microelectronics, energy storage, medical, and nuclear cooling among others. Furthermore, the miniaturization and high efficiency of devices in these fields demand successful heat management and energy-efficient materials. The advent of nanofluids could successfully address the low thermal efficiency of HTFs since nanofluids have shown many interesting properties, and the distinctive features offering extraordinary potential for many applications. Nanofluids are engineered by homogeneously suspending nanostructures with average sizes below 100 nm within conventional fluids. This chapter aims to focus on a detail description of the thermal transport behavior, challenges and implications that involve the development and use of HTFs under the influence of atomistic-scale structures and industrial applications. Multifunctional characteristics of these nanofluids, nanostructures variables and features are discussed in this chapter; the mechanisms that promote these effects on the improvement of nanofluids thermal transport performance and the broad range of current and future applications will be included.",book:{id:"6514",slug:"microfluidics-and-nanofluidics",title:"Microfluidics and Nanofluidics",fullTitle:"Microfluidics and Nanofluidics"},signatures:"José Jaime Taha-Tijerina",authors:[{id:"182402",title:"Dr.",name:"Jose",middleName:"Jaime",surname:"Taha-Tijerina",slug:"jose-taha-tijerina",fullName:"Jose Taha-Tijerina"}]},{id:"57228",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71002",title:"Thresholding Algorithm Optimization for Change Detection to Satellite Imagery",slug:"thresholding-algorithm-optimization-for-change-detection-to-satellite-imagery",totalDownloads:1639,totalCrossrefCites:6,totalDimensionsCites:11,abstract:"To detect changes in satellite imagery, a supervised change detection technique was applied to Landsat images from an area in the south of México. At first, the linear regression (LR) method using the first principal component (1-PC) data, the Chi-square transformation (CST) method using first three principal component (PC-3), and tasseled cap (TC) images were applied to obtain the continuous images of change. Then, the threshold was defined by statistical parameters, and histogram secant techniques to categorize as change or unchanged the pixels. A threshold optimization iterative algorithm is proposed, based on the ground truth data and assessing the accuracy of a range of threshold values through the corresponding Kappa coefficient of concordance. Finally, to evaluate the change detection accuracy of conventional methods and the threshold optimization algorithm, 90 polygons (15,543 pixels) were sampled, categorized as real change/unchanged zones, and defined as ground truth, from the interpretation of color aerial photo slides aided by the land cover maps to obtain the omission/commission errors and the Kappa coefficient of agreement. The results show that the threshold optimization is a suitable approach that can be applied for change detection analysis.",book:{id:"6126",slug:"colorimetry-and-image-processing",title:"Colorimetry and Image Processing",fullTitle:"Colorimetry and Image Processing"},signatures:"René Vázquez-Jiménez, Rocío N. Ramos-Bernal, Raúl Romero-\nCalcerrada, Patricia Arrogante-Funes, Sulpicio Sanchez Tizapa and\nCarlos J. Novillo",authors:[{id:"213505",title:"Dr.",name:"René",middleName:null,surname:"Vázquez-Jiménez",slug:"rene-vazquez-jimenez",fullName:"René Vázquez-Jiménez"},{id:"213527",title:"Dr.",name:"Raúl",middleName:null,surname:"Romero-Calcerrada",slug:"raul-romero-calcerrada",fullName:"Raúl Romero-Calcerrada"},{id:"213529",title:"Dr.",name:"Rocío N.",middleName:null,surname:"Ramos-Bernal",slug:"rocio-n.-ramos-bernal",fullName:"Rocío N. Ramos-Bernal"},{id:"213530",title:"MSc.",name:"Patricia",middleName:null,surname:"Arrogante-Funes",slug:"patricia-arrogante-funes",fullName:"Patricia Arrogante-Funes"},{id:"213531",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos J.",middleName:null,surname:"Novillo",slug:"carlos-j.-novillo",fullName:"Carlos J. Novillo"},{id:"221412",title:"Dr.",name:"Sulpicio",middleName:null,surname:"Sánchez-Tizapa",slug:"sulpicio-sanchez-tizapa",fullName:"Sulpicio Sánchez-Tizapa"}]},{id:"61556",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.74426",title:"Microfluidics and Nanofluidics: Science, Fabrication Technology (From Cleanrooms to 3D Printing) and Their Application to Chemical Analysis by Battery-Operated Microplasmas-On-Chips",slug:"microfluidics-and-nanofluidics-science-fabrication-technology-from-cleanrooms-to-3d-printing-and-the",totalDownloads:1850,totalCrossrefCites:6,totalDimensionsCites:10,abstract:"The science and phenomena that become important when fluid-flow is confined in microfluidic channels are initially discussed. Then, technologies for channel fabrication (ranging from photolithography and chemical etching, to imprinting, and to 3D-printing) are reviewed. The reference list is extensive and (within each topic) it is arranged chronologically. Examples (with emphasis on those from the authors’ laboratory) are highlighted. Among them, they involve plasma miniaturization via microplasma formation inside micro-fluidic (and in some cases millifluidic) channels fabricated on 2D and 3D-chips. Questions addressed include: How small plasmas can be made? What defines their fundamental size-limit? How small analytical plasmas should be made? And what is their ignition voltage? The discussion then continues with the science, technology and applications of nanofluidics. The conclusions include predictions on potential future development of portable instruments employing either micro or nanofluidic channels. Such portable (or mobile) instruments are expected to be controlled by a smartphone; to have (some) energy autonomy; to employ Artificial Intelligence and Deep Learning, and to have wireless connectivity for their inclusion in the Internet-of-Things (IoT). In essence, those that can be used for chemical analysis in the field for “bringing part of the lab to the sample” types of applications.",book:{id:"6514",slug:"microfluidics-and-nanofluidics",title:"Microfluidics and Nanofluidics",fullTitle:"Microfluidics and Nanofluidics"},signatures:"Vassili Karanassios",authors:[{id:"60925",title:"Prof.",name:"Vassili",middleName:null,surname:"Karanassios",slug:"vassili-karanassios",fullName:"Vassili Karanassios"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"53106",title:"Dynamical Particle Motions in Vortex Flows",slug:"dynamical-particle-motions-in-vortex-flows",totalDownloads:2264,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,abstract:"Circular vortex flows generate interesting self-organizing phenomena of particle motions, that is, particle clustering and classification phenomena. These phenomena result from interaction between vortex dynamics and relaxation of particle velocity due to drag. This chapter introduces particle clustering in stirred vessels and particle classification in Taylor vortex flow based on our previous research works. The first part of this chapter demonstrates and explains a third category of solid-liquid separation physics whereby particles spontaneously localize or cluster into small regions of fluids by taking the clustering phenomena in stirred vessels as an example. The second part of this chapter discusses particle classification phenomena due to shear-induced migration. Finally, this chapter discusses about process intensification utilizing these self-organizing phenomena of particle motions in vortex flows.",book:{id:"5370",slug:"vortex-dynamics-and-optical-vortices",title:"Vortex Dynamics and Optical Vortices",fullTitle:"Vortex Dynamics and Optical Vortices"},signatures:"Steven Wang and Naoto Ohmura",authors:[{id:"186403",title:"Prof.",name:"Naoto",middleName:null,surname:"Ohmura",slug:"naoto-ohmura",fullName:"Naoto Ohmura"},{id:"187311",title:"Dr.",name:"Steven",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",slug:"steven-wang",fullName:"Steven Wang"}]},{id:"67203",title:"Introductory Chapter: Swirling Flows and Flames",slug:"introductory-chapter-swirling-flows-and-flames",totalDownloads:1643,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:2,abstract:null,book:{id:"7409",slug:"swirling-flows-and-flames",title:"Swirling Flows and Flames",fullTitle:"Swirling Flows and Flames"},signatures:"Toufik Boushaki",authors:[{id:"101545",title:"Dr.",name:"Toufik",middleName:null,surname:"Boushaki",slug:"toufik-boushaki",fullName:"Toufik Boushaki"}]},{id:"53651",title:"Vortex Spinning System and Vortex Yarn Structure",slug:"vortex-spinning-system-and-vortex-yarn-structure",totalDownloads:5014,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:5,abstract:"Studying the yarn formation with the swirling air concept arouse of interest of the researchers for a long time because it appears to be easy to understand as a spinning principle. These kinds of systems are known as the vortex yarn spinning systems. The air-jet spinning methods have been developed since it is possible to eliminate the movable elements as the spindle and the traveler in ring spinning or the centrifuge in rotor spinning. The success of Murata vortex spinning (MVS) system which is the newest system after all studies of air-jet systems has been much acceptable especially for the spinning ability of 100% cotton in high speeds (500 m/min) and the yarn structure resembling ring yarn structure rather than rotor yarns. This study summarizes the historical background of vortex spinning, the spinning principle and the structure of the yarn spun on this system, as well as the factors influencing the yarn quality and finally the developments in vortex spinning technology.",book:{id:"6028",slug:"vortex-structures-in-fluid-dynamic-problems",title:"Vortex Structures in Fluid Dynamic Problems",fullTitle:"Vortex Structures in Fluid Dynamic Problems"},signatures:"Gizem Karakan Günaydin and Ali Serkan Soydan",authors:[{id:"186277",title:"Dr.",name:"Gizem",middleName:null,surname:"Karakan Günaydin",slug:"gizem-karakan-gunaydin",fullName:"Gizem Karakan Günaydin"},{id:"186607",title:"Dr.",name:"Ali",middleName:null,surname:"Serkan Soydan",slug:"ali-serkan-soydan",fullName:"Ali Serkan Soydan"}]},{id:"59009",title:"Thermal Transport and Challenges on Nanofluids Performance",slug:"thermal-transport-and-challenges-on-nanofluids-performance",totalDownloads:1724,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:15,abstract:"Progress in technology and industrial developments demands the efficient and successful energy utilization and its management in a greater extent. Conventional heat-transfer fluids (HTFs) such as water, ethylene glycol, oils and other fluids are typically low-efficiency heat dissipation fluids. Thermal management is a key factor in diverse applications where these fluids can be used, such as in automotive, microelectronics, energy storage, medical, and nuclear cooling among others. Furthermore, the miniaturization and high efficiency of devices in these fields demand successful heat management and energy-efficient materials. The advent of nanofluids could successfully address the low thermal efficiency of HTFs since nanofluids have shown many interesting properties, and the distinctive features offering extraordinary potential for many applications. Nanofluids are engineered by homogeneously suspending nanostructures with average sizes below 100 nm within conventional fluids. This chapter aims to focus on a detail description of the thermal transport behavior, challenges and implications that involve the development and use of HTFs under the influence of atomistic-scale structures and industrial applications. Multifunctional characteristics of these nanofluids, nanostructures variables and features are discussed in this chapter; the mechanisms that promote these effects on the improvement of nanofluids thermal transport performance and the broad range of current and future applications will be included.",book:{id:"6514",slug:"microfluidics-and-nanofluidics",title:"Microfluidics and Nanofluidics",fullTitle:"Microfluidics and Nanofluidics"},signatures:"José Jaime Taha-Tijerina",authors:[{id:"182402",title:"Dr.",name:"Jose",middleName:"Jaime",surname:"Taha-Tijerina",slug:"jose-taha-tijerina",fullName:"Jose Taha-Tijerina"}]},{id:"61556",title:"Microfluidics and Nanofluidics: Science, Fabrication Technology (From Cleanrooms to 3D Printing) and Their Application to Chemical Analysis by Battery-Operated Microplasmas-On-Chips",slug:"microfluidics-and-nanofluidics-science-fabrication-technology-from-cleanrooms-to-3d-printing-and-the",totalDownloads:1850,totalCrossrefCites:6,totalDimensionsCites:10,abstract:"The science and phenomena that become important when fluid-flow is confined in microfluidic channels are initially discussed. Then, technologies for channel fabrication (ranging from photolithography and chemical etching, to imprinting, and to 3D-printing) are reviewed. The reference list is extensive and (within each topic) it is arranged chronologically. Examples (with emphasis on those from the authors’ laboratory) are highlighted. Among them, they involve plasma miniaturization via microplasma formation inside micro-fluidic (and in some cases millifluidic) channels fabricated on 2D and 3D-chips. Questions addressed include: How small plasmas can be made? What defines their fundamental size-limit? How small analytical plasmas should be made? And what is their ignition voltage? The discussion then continues with the science, technology and applications of nanofluidics. The conclusions include predictions on potential future development of portable instruments employing either micro or nanofluidic channels. Such portable (or mobile) instruments are expected to be controlled by a smartphone; to have (some) energy autonomy; to employ Artificial Intelligence and Deep Learning, and to have wireless connectivity for their inclusion in the Internet-of-Things (IoT). In essence, those that can be used for chemical analysis in the field for “bringing part of the lab to the sample” types of applications.",book:{id:"6514",slug:"microfluidics-and-nanofluidics",title:"Microfluidics and Nanofluidics",fullTitle:"Microfluidics and Nanofluidics"},signatures:"Vassili Karanassios",authors:[{id:"60925",title:"Prof.",name:"Vassili",middleName:null,surname:"Karanassios",slug:"vassili-karanassios",fullName:"Vassili Karanassios"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"224",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:0},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:0,limit:8,total:null},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[],lsSeriesList:[],hsSeriesList:[],sshSeriesList:[],testimonialsList:[]},series:{item:{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",issn:null,scope:"
\r\n\tTransforming our World: the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development endorsed by United Nations and 193 Member States, came into effect on Jan 1, 2016, to guide decision making and actions to the year 2030 and beyond. Central to this Agenda are 17 Goals, 169 associated targets and over 230 indicators that are reviewed annually. The vision envisaged in the implementation of the SDGs is centered on the five Ps: People, Planet, Prosperity, Peace and Partnership. This call for renewed focused efforts ensure we have a safe and healthy planet for current and future generations.
\r\n
\r\n\t
\r\n
\r\n\tThis Series focuses on covering research and applied research involving the five Ps through the following topics:
\r\n
\r\n\t
\r\n
\r\n\t1. Sustainable Economy and Fair Society that relates to SDG 1 on No Poverty, SDG 2 on Zero Hunger, SDG 8 on Decent Work and Economic Growth, SDG 10 on Reduced Inequalities, SDG 12 on Responsible Consumption and Production, and SDG 17 Partnership for the Goals
\r\n
\r\n\t
\r\n
\r\n\t2. Health and Wellbeing focusing on SDG 3 on Good Health and Wellbeing and SDG 6 on Clean Water and Sanitation
\r\n
\r\n\t
\r\n
\r\n\t3. Inclusivity and Social Equality involving SDG 4 on Quality Education, SDG 5 on Gender Equality, and SDG 16 on Peace, Justice and Strong Institutions
\r\n
\r\n\t
\r\n
\r\n\t4. Climate Change and Environmental Sustainability comprising SDG 13 on Climate Action, SDG 14 on Life Below Water, and SDG 15 on Life on Land
\r\n
\r\n\t
\r\n
\r\n\t5. Urban Planning and Environmental Management embracing SDG 7 on Affordable Clean Energy, SDG 9 on Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure, and SDG 11 on Sustainable Cities and Communities.
\r\n
\r\n\t
\r\n
\r\n\tThe series also seeks to support the use of cross cutting SDGs, as many of the goals listed above, targets and indicators are all interconnected to impact our lives and the decisions we make on a daily basis, making them impossible to tie to a single topic.
",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/24.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"June 28th, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfPublishedBooks:0,editor:{id:"262440",title:"Prof.",name:"Usha",middleName:null,surname:"Iyer-Raniga",slug:"usha-iyer-raniga",fullName:"Usha Iyer-Raniga",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRYSXQA4/Profile_Picture_2022-02-28T13:55:36.jpeg",biography:"Usha Iyer-Raniga is a professor in the School of Property and Construction Management at RMIT University. Usha co-leads the One Planet Network’s Sustainable Buildings and Construction Programme (SBC), a United Nations 10 Year Framework of Programmes on Sustainable Consumption and Production (UN 10FYP SCP) aligned with Sustainable Development Goal 12. The work also directly impacts SDG 11 on Sustainable Cities and Communities. She completed her undergraduate degree as an architect before obtaining her Masters degree from Canada and her Doctorate in Australia. Usha has been a keynote speaker as well as an invited speaker at national and international conferences, seminars and workshops. Her teaching experience includes teaching in Asian countries. She has advised Austrade, APEC, national, state and local governments. She serves as a reviewer and a member of the scientific committee for national and international refereed journals and refereed conferences. She is on the editorial board for refereed journals and has worked on Special Issues. Usha has served and continues to serve on the Boards of several not-for-profit organisations and she has also served as panel judge for a number of awards including the Premiers Sustainability Award in Victoria and the International Green Gown Awards. Usha has published over 100 publications, including research and consulting reports. Her publications cover a wide range of scientific and technical research publications that include edited books, book chapters, refereed journals, refereed conference papers and reports for local, state and federal government clients. She has also produced podcasts for various organisations and participated in media interviews. She has received state, national and international funding worth over USD $25 million. Usha has been awarded the Quarterly Franklin Membership by London Journals Press (UK). Her biography has been included in the Marquis Who's Who in the World® 2018, 2016 (33rd Edition), along with approximately 55,000 of the most accomplished men and women from around the world, including luminaries as U.N. Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon. In 2017, Usha was awarded the Marquis Who’s Who Lifetime Achiever Award.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"RMIT University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Australia"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},subseries:{paginationCount:5,paginationItems:[{id:"91",title:"Sustainable Economy and Fair Society",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/91.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"181603",title:"Dr.",name:"Antonella",middleName:null,surname:"Petrillo",slug:"antonella-petrillo",fullName:"Antonella Petrillo",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/181603/images/system/181603.jpg",biography:"Antonella Petrillo is a Professor at the Department of Engineering of the University of Naples “Parthenope”, Italy. She received her Ph.D. in Mechanical Engineering from the University of Cassino. Her research interests include multi-criteria decision analysis, industrial plant, logistics, manufacturing and safety. She serves as an Associate Editor for the International Journal of the Analytic Hierarchy Process. She is a member of AHP Academy and a member of several editorial boards. She has over 160 Scientific Publications in International Journals and Conferences and she is the author of 5 books on Innovation and Decision Making in Industrial Applications and Engineering.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Parthenope University of Naples",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"92",title:"Health and Wellbeing",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/92.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"348225",title:"Prof.",name:"Ann",middleName:null,surname:"Hemingway",slug:"ann-hemingway",fullName:"Ann Hemingway",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000035LZFoQAO/Profile_Picture_2022-04-11T14:55:40.jpg",biography:"Professor Hemingway is a public health researcher, Bournemouth University, undertaking international and UK research focused on reducing inequalities in health outcomes for marginalised and excluded populations and more recently focused on equine assisted interventions.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Bournemouth University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"93",title:"Inclusivity and Social Equity",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/93.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"210060",title:"Prof. Dr.",name:"Ebba",middleName:null,surname:"Ossiannilsson",slug:"ebba-ossiannilsson",fullName:"Ebba Ossiannilsson",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002g6LkBQAU/Profile_Picture_2022-02-28T13:31:48.png",biography:"Professor Dr. Ebba Ossiannilsson is an independent researcher, expert, consultant, quality auditor and influencer in the fields of open, flexible online and distance learning (OFDL) and the 'new normal'. Her focus is on quality, innovation, leadership, and personalised learning. She works primarily at the strategic and policy levels, both nationally and internationally, and with key international organisations. She is committed to promoting and improving OFDL in the context of SDG4 and the future of education. Ossiannilsson has more than 20 years of experience in her current field, but more than 40 years in the education sector. She works as a reviewer and expert for the European Commission and collaborates with the Joint Research Centre for Quality in Open Education. Ossiannilsson also collaborates with ITCILO and ICoBC (International Council on Badges and Credentials). She is a member of the ICDE Board of Directors and has previously served on the boards of EDEN and EUCEN. Ossiannilsson is a quality expert and reviewer for ICDE, EDEN and the EADTU. She chairs the ICDE OER Advocacy Committee and is a member of the ICDE Quality Network. She is regularly invited as a keynote speaker at conferences. She is a guest editor for several special issues and a member of the editorial board of several scientific journals. She has published more than 200 articles and is currently working on book projects in the field of OFDL. Ossiannilsson is a visiting professor at several international universities and was recently appointed Professor and Research Fellow at Victoria University of Wellington, NZ. Ossiannilsson has been awarded the following fellowships: EDEN Fellows, EDEN Council of Fellows, and Open Education Europe. She is a ICDE OER Ambassador, Open Education Europe Ambassador, GIZ Ambassador for Quality in Digital Learning, and part of the Globe-Community of Digital Learning and Champion of SPARC Europe. On a national level, she is a quality developer at the Swedish Institute for Standards (SIS) and for ISO. She is a member of the Digital Skills and Jobs Coalition Sweden and Vice President of the Swedish Association for Distance Education. She is currently working on a government initiative on quality in distance education at the National Council for Higher Education. She holds a Ph.D. from the University of Oulu, Finland.",institutionString:"Swedish Association for Distance Education, Sweden",institution:null},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"94",title:"Climate Change and Environmental Sustainability",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/94.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"61855",title:"Dr.",name:"Yixin",middleName:null,surname:"Zhang",slug:"yixin-zhang",fullName:"Yixin Zhang",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYWJgQAO/Profile_Picture_2022-06-09T11:36:35.jpg",biography:"Professor Yixin Zhang is an aquatic ecologist with over 30 years of research and teaching experience in three continents (Asia, Europe, and North America) in Stream Ecology, Riparian Ecology, Urban Ecology, and Ecosystem Restoration and Aquatic Conservation, Human-Nature Interactions and Sustainability, Urbanization Impact on Aquatic Ecosystems. He got his Ph.D. in Animal Ecology at Umeå University in Sweden in 1998. He conducted postdoc research in stream ecology at the University of California at Santa Barbara in the USA. After that, he was a postdoc research fellow at the University of British Columbia in Canada to do research on large-scale stream experimental manipulation and watershed ecological survey in temperate rainforests of BC. He was a faculty member at the University of Hong Kong to run ecological research projects on aquatic insects, fishes, and newts in Tropical Asian streams. He also conducted research in streams, rivers, and caves in Texas, USA, to study the ecology of macroinvertebrates, big-claw river shrimp, fish, turtles, and bats. Current research interests include trophic flows across ecosystems; watershed impacts of land-use change on biodiversity and ecosystem functioning; ecological civilization and water resource management; urban ecology and urban/rural sustainable development.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Soochow University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"China"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"95",title:"Urban Planning and Environmental Management",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/95.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"181079",title:"Dr.",name:"Christoph",middleName:null,surname:"Lüthi",slug:"christoph-luthi",fullName:"Christoph Lüthi",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRHSqQAO/Profile_Picture_2022-04-12T15:51:33.png",biography:"Dr. Christoph Lüthi is an urban infrastructure planner with over 25 years of experience in planning and design of urban infrastructure in middle and low-income countries. He holds a Master’s Degree in Urban Development Planning from the University College of London (UCL), and a Ph.D. in Urban Planning & Engineering from TU Berlin. He has conducted applied research on urban planning and infrastructure issues in over 20 countries in Africa and Asia. In 2005 he joined Eawag-Sandec as Leader of the Strategic Environmental Sanitation Planning Group. Since 2015 he heads the research department Sanitation, Water and Solid Waste for Development (Sandec) at the Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Research and Technology (Eawag).",institutionString:"Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Switzerland",institution:null},editorTwo:{id:"290571",title:"Dr.",name:"Rui Alexandre",middleName:null,surname:"Castanho",slug:"rui-alexandre-castanho",fullName:"Rui Alexandre Castanho",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/290571/images/system/290571.jpg",biography:"Rui Alexandre Castanho has a master\\'s degree in Planning, Audit, and Control in Urban Green Spaces and an international Ph.D. in Sustainable Planning in Borderlands. Currently, he is a professor at WSB University, Poland, and a visiting professor at the University of Johannesburg, South Africa. Dr. Castanho is a post-doc researcher on the GREAT Project, University of Azores, Ponta Delgada, Portugal. He collaborates with the Environmental Resources Analysis Research Group (ARAM), University of Extremadura (UEx), Spain; VALORIZA - Research Center for the Enhancement of Endogenous Resources, Polytechnic Institute of Portalegre (IPP), Portugal; Centre for Tourism Research, Development and Innovation (CITUR), Madeira, Portugal; and AQUAGEO Research Group, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Brazil.",institutionString:"University of Johannesburg, South Africa and WSB University, Poland",institution:{name:"University of Johannesburg",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"South Africa"}}},editorThree:null}]},overviewPageOFChapters:{paginationCount:15,paginationItems:[{id:"82427",title:"Our Globalization Era among Success, Obstacles and Doubts",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105545",signatures:"Arnaldo Canziani, Annalisa Baldissera and Ahmad Kahwaji",slug:"our-globalization-era-among-success-obstacles-and-doubts",totalDownloads:5,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Globalization and Sustainability - Recent Advances, New Perspectives and Emerging Issues",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11476.jpg",subseries:{id:"91",title:"Sustainable Economy and Fair Society"}}},{id:"82248",title:"Sustainability and Excellence: Pillars for Business Survival",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105420",signatures:"Irina Severin, Maria Cristina Dijmarescu and Mihai Caramihai",slug:"sustainability-and-excellence-pillars-for-business-survival",totalDownloads:5,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Globalization and Sustainability - Recent Advances, New Perspectives and Emerging Issues",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11476.jpg",subseries:{id:"91",title:"Sustainable Economy and Fair Society"}}},{id:"82124",title:"Assessment of Diversity, Growth Characteristics and Aboveground Biomass of Tree Species in Selected Urban Green Areas of Osogbo, Osun State",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104982",signatures:"Omolara Aremu, Olusola O. Adetoro and Olusegun Awotoye",slug:"assessment-of-diversity-growth-characteristics-and-aboveground-biomass-of-tree-species-in-selected-u",totalDownloads:5,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Forest Degradation Under Global Change",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11457.jpg",subseries:{id:"94",title:"Climate Change and Environmental Sustainability"}}},{id:"81975",title:"Self-Sustained Communities: Food Security in Times of Crisis",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104425",signatures:"Kriengsak Chareonwongsak",slug:"self-sustained-communities-food-security-in-times-of-crisis",totalDownloads:11,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Food Systems Resilience",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10897.jpg",subseries:{id:"91",title:"Sustainable Economy and Fair Society"}}}]},overviewPagePublishedBooks:{paginationCount:0,paginationItems:[]},openForSubmissionBooks:{},onlineFirstChapters:{paginationCount:23,paginationItems:[{id:"82392",title:"Nanomaterials as Novel Biomarkers for Cancer Nanotheranostics: State of the Art",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105700",signatures:"Hao Yu, Zhihai Han, Cunrong Chen and Leisheng Zhang",slug:"nanomaterials-as-novel-biomarkers-for-cancer-nanotheranostics-state-of-the-art",totalDownloads:2,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Biotechnology - Biosensors, Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering - Annual Volume 2022",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11405.jpg",subseries:{id:"9",title:"Biotechnology - Biosensors, Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering"}}},{id:"82184",title:"Biological Sensing Using Infrared SPR Devices Based on ZnO",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104562",signatures:"Hiroaki Matsui",slug:"biological-sensing-using-infrared-spr-devices-based-on-zno",totalDownloads:4,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:[{name:"Hiroaki",surname:"Matsui"}],book:{title:"Biosignal Processing",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11153.jpg",subseries:{id:"7",title:"Bioinformatics and Medical Informatics"}}},{id:"82122",title:"Recent Advances in Biosensing in Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104922",signatures:"Alma T. Banigo, Chigozie A. Nnadiekwe and Emmanuel M. Beasi",slug:"recent-advances-in-biosensing-in-tissue-engineering-and-regenerative-medicine",totalDownloads:13,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Biosignal Processing",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11153.jpg",subseries:{id:"7",title:"Bioinformatics and Medical Informatics"}}},{id:"82080",title:"The Clinical Usefulness of Prostate Cancer Biomarkers: Current and Future Directions",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.103172",signatures:"Donovan McGrowder, Lennox Anderson-Jackson, Lowell Dilworth, Shada Mohansingh, Melisa Anderson Cross, Sophia Bryan, Fabian Miller, Cameil Wilson-Clarke, Chukwuemeka Nwokocha, Ruby Alexander-Lindo and Shelly McFarlane",slug:"the-clinical-usefulness-of-prostate-cancer-biomarkers-current-and-future-directions",totalDownloads:14,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Cancer Bioinformatics",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10661.jpg",subseries:{id:"7",title:"Bioinformatics and Medical Informatics"}}},{id:"82005",title:"Non-Invasive Approach for Glucose Detection in Urine Quality using Its Image Analysis",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104791",signatures:"Anton Yudhana, Liya Yusrina Sabila, Arsyad Cahya Subrata, Hendriana Helda Pratama and Muhammad Syahrul Akbar",slug:"non-invasive-approach-for-glucose-detection-in-urine-quality-using-its-image-analysis",totalDownloads:4,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Biosignal Processing",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11153.jpg",subseries:{id:"7",title:"Bioinformatics and Medical Informatics"}}},{id:"81778",title:"Influence of Mechanical Properties of Biomaterials on the Reconstruction of Biomedical Parts via Additive Manufacturing Techniques: An Overview",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104465",signatures:"Babatunde Olamide Omiyale, Akeem Abiodun Rasheed, Robinson Omoboyode Akinnusi and Temitope Olumide Olugbade",slug:"influence-of-mechanical-properties-of-biomaterials-on-the-reconstruction-of-biomedical-parts-via-add",totalDownloads:9,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Biotechnology - Biosensors, Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering - Annual Volume 2022",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11405.jpg",subseries:{id:"9",title:"Biotechnology - Biosensors, Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering"}}},{id:"81751",title:"NanoBioSensors: From Electrochemical Sensors Improvement to Theranostic Applications",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.102552",signatures:"Anielle C.A. Silva, Eliete A. Alvin, Lais S. de Jesus, Caio C.L. de França, Marílya P.G. da Silva, Samaysa L. Lins, Diógenes Meneses, Marcela R. Lemes, Rhanoica O. Guerra, Marcos V. da Silva, Carlo J.F. de Oliveira, Virmondes Rodrigues Junior, Renata M. Etchebehere, Fabiane C. de Abreu, Bruno G. Lucca, Sanívia A.L. Pereira, Rodrigo C. Rosa and Noelio O. Dantas",slug:"nanobiosensors-from-electrochemical-sensors-improvement-to-theranostic-applications",totalDownloads:12,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Biosignal Processing",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11153.jpg",subseries:{id:"7",title:"Bioinformatics and Medical Informatics"}}},{id:"81766",title:"Evolution of Organoids in Oncology",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104251",signatures:"Allen Thayakumar Basanthakumar, Janitha Chandrasekhar Darlybai and Jyothsna Ganesh",slug:"evolution-of-organoids-in-oncology",totalDownloads:14,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Organoids",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11430.jpg",subseries:null}},{id:"81678",title:"Developmental Studies on Practical Enzymatic Phosphate Ion Biosensors and Microbial BOD Biosensors, and New Insights into the Future Perspectives of These Biosensor Fields",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104377",signatures:"Hideaki Nakamura",slug:"developmental-studies-on-practical-enzymatic-phosphate-ion-biosensors-and-microbial-bod-biosensors-a",totalDownloads:5,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:[{name:"Hideaki",surname:"Nakamura"}],book:{title:"Biosignal Processing",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11153.jpg",subseries:{id:"7",title:"Bioinformatics and Medical Informatics"}}},{id:"81547",title:"Organoids and Commercialization",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104706",signatures:"Anubhab Mukherjee, Aprajita Sinha, Maheshree Maibam, Bharti Bisht and Manash K. Paul",slug:"organoids-and-commercialization",totalDownloads:51,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Organoids",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11430.jpg",subseries:null}}]},subseriesFiltersForOFChapters:[{caption:"Biotechnology - Biosensors, Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering",value:9,count:2,group:"subseries"},{caption:"Bioinformatics and Medical Informatics",value:7,count:17,group:"subseries"}],publishedBooks:{paginationCount:13,paginationItems:[{type:"book",id:"7102",title:"Pneumonia",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7102.jpg",slug:"pneumonia",publishedDate:"May 11th 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Nima Rezaei",hash:"9fd70142814192dcec58a176749f1b60",volumeInSeries:13,fullTitle:"Pneumonia",editors:[{id:"116250",title:"Dr.",name:"Nima",middleName:null,surname:"Rezaei",slug:"nima-rezaei",fullName:"Nima Rezaei",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/116250/images/system/116250.jpg",institutionString:"Tehran University of Medical Sciences",institution:{name:"Tehran University of Medical Sciences",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Iran"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9615",title:"Chikungunya Virus",subtitle:"A Growing Global Public Health Threat",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9615.jpg",slug:"chikungunya-virus-a-growing-global-public-health-threat",publishedDate:"February 9th 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Jean Engohang-Ndong",hash:"c960d94a63867dd12a8ab15176a3ff06",volumeInSeries:12,fullTitle:"Chikungunya Virus - A Growing Global Public Health Threat",editors:[{id:"180733",title:"Dr.",name:"Jean",middleName:null,surname:"Engohang-Ndong",slug:"jean-engohang-ndong",fullName:"Jean Engohang-Ndong",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/180733/images/system/180733.png",institutionString:"Kent State University",institution:{name:"Kent State University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9619",title:"Epstein-Barr Virus",subtitle:"New Trends",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9619.jpg",slug:"epstein-barr-virus-new-trends",publishedDate:"December 22nd 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Emmanuel Drouet",hash:"a2128c53becb6064589570cbe8d976f8",volumeInSeries:11,fullTitle:"Epstein-Barr Virus - New Trends",editors:[{id:"188773",title:"Prof.",name:"Emmanuel",middleName:null,surname:"Drouet",slug:"emmanuel-drouet",fullName:"Emmanuel Drouet",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/188773/images/system/188773.png",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Grenoble Alpes University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"France"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9525",title:"Insights Into Drug Resistance in Staphylococcus aureus",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9525.jpg",slug:"insights-into-drug-resistance-in-staphylococcus-aureus",publishedDate:"December 8th 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Amjad Aqib",hash:"98bb6c1ddb067da67185c272f81c0a27",volumeInSeries:10,fullTitle:"Insights Into Drug Resistance in Staphylococcus aureus",editors:[{id:"229220",title:"Dr.",name:"Amjad",middleName:"Islam",surname:"Aqib",slug:"amjad-aqib",fullName:"Amjad Aqib",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/229220/images/system/229220.png",institutionString:"Cholistan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences",institution:null}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9614",title:"Advances in Candida albicans",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9614.jpg",slug:"advances-in-candida-albicans",publishedDate:"November 17th 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Xinhui Wang",hash:"31d6882518ca749b12715266eed0a018",volumeInSeries:9,fullTitle:"Advances in Candida albicans",editors:[{id:"296531",title:"Dr.",name:"Xinhui",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",slug:"xinhui-wang",fullName:"Xinhui Wang",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/296531/images/system/296531.jpg",institutionString:"Qinghai Normal University",institution:{name:"University of Luxembourg",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Luxembourg"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9528",title:"Current Topics and Emerging Issues in Malaria Elimination",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9528.jpg",slug:"current-topics-and-emerging-issues-in-malaria-elimination",publishedDate:"July 21st 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Alfonso J. Rodriguez-Morales",hash:"7f178329cc42e691efe226b32f14e2ea",volumeInSeries:8,fullTitle:"Current Topics and Emerging Issues in Malaria Elimination",editors:[{id:"131400",title:"Prof.",name:"Alfonso J.",middleName:null,surname:"Rodriguez-Morales",slug:"alfonso-j.-rodriguez-morales",fullName:"Alfonso J. Rodriguez-Morales",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/131400/images/system/131400.png",institutionString:"Institución Universitaria Visión de las Américas, Colombia",institution:null}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9613",title:"Dengue Fever in a One Health Perspective",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9613.jpg",slug:"dengue-fever-in-a-one-health-perspective",publishedDate:"October 28th 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Márcia Aparecida Sperança",hash:"77ecce8195c11092230b4156df6d83ff",volumeInSeries:7,fullTitle:"Dengue Fever in a One Health Perspective",editors:[{id:"176579",title:"Dr.",name:"Márcia Aparecida",middleName:null,surname:"Sperança",slug:"marcia-aparecida-speranca",fullName:"Márcia Aparecida Sperança",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/176579/images/system/176579.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Federal do ABC",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"7981",title:"Overview on Echinococcosis",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7981.jpg",slug:"overview-on-echinococcosis",publishedDate:"April 22nd 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Fethi Derbel and Meriem Braiki",hash:"24dee9209f3fd6b7cd28f042da0076f0",volumeInSeries:6,fullTitle:"Overview on Echinococcosis",editors:[{id:"62900",title:"Prof.",name:"Fethi",middleName:null,surname:"Derbel",slug:"fethi-derbel",fullName:"Fethi Derbel",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/62900/images/system/62900.jpeg",institutionString:"Clinique les Oliviers",institution:null}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"7887",title:"Hepatitis B and C",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7887.jpg",slug:"hepatitis-b-and-c",publishedDate:"April 8th 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Luis Rodrigo",hash:"8dd6dab483cf505d83caddaeaf497f2c",volumeInSeries:5,fullTitle:"Hepatitis B and C",editors:[{id:"73208",title:"Prof.",name:"Luis",middleName:null,surname:"Rodrigo",slug:"luis-rodrigo",fullName:"Luis Rodrigo",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/73208/images/system/73208.jpg",institutionString:"University of Oviedo",institution:{name:"University of Oviedo",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"7839",title:"Malaria",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7839.jpg",slug:"malaria",publishedDate:"December 11th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Fyson H. Kasenga",hash:"91cde4582ead884cb0f355a19b67cd56",volumeInSeries:4,fullTitle:"Malaria",editors:[{id:"86725",title:"Dr.",name:"Fyson",middleName:"Hanania",surname:"Kasenga",slug:"fyson-kasenga",fullName:"Fyson Kasenga",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/86725/images/system/86725.jpg",institutionString:"Malawi Adventist University",institution:{name:"Malawi Adventist University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Malawi"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"7123",title:"Current Topics in Neglected Tropical Diseases",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7123.jpg",slug:"current-topics-in-neglected-tropical-diseases",publishedDate:"December 4th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Alfonso J. Rodriguez-Morales",hash:"61c627da05b2ace83056d11357bdf361",volumeInSeries:3,fullTitle:"Current Topics in Neglected Tropical Diseases",editors:[{id:"131400",title:"Prof.",name:"Alfonso J.",middleName:null,surname:"Rodriguez-Morales",slug:"alfonso-j.-rodriguez-morales",fullName:"Alfonso J. Rodriguez-Morales",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/131400/images/system/131400.png",institutionString:"Institución Universitaria Visión de las Américas, Colombia",institution:null}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"7064",title:"Current Perspectives in Human Papillomavirus",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7064.jpg",slug:"current-perspectives-in-human-papillomavirus",publishedDate:"May 2nd 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Shailendra K. Saxena",hash:"d92a4085627bab25ddc7942fbf44cf05",volumeInSeries:2,fullTitle:"Current Perspectives in Human Papillomavirus",editors:[{id:"158026",title:"Prof.",name:"Shailendra K.",middleName:null,surname:"Saxena",slug:"shailendra-k.-saxena",fullName:"Shailendra K. Saxena",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRET3QAO/Profile_Picture_2022-05-10T10:10:26.jpeg",institutionString:"King George's Medical University",institution:{name:"King George's Medical University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}]},subseriesFiltersForPublishedBooks:[{group:"subseries",caption:"Bacterial Infectious Diseases",value:3,count:2},{group:"subseries",caption:"Parasitic Infectious Diseases",value:5,count:4},{group:"subseries",caption:"Viral Infectious Diseases",value:6,count:7}],publicationYearFilters:[{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2022",value:2022,count:2},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2021",value:2021,count:4},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2020",value:2020,count:3},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2019",value:2019,count:3},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2018",value:2018,count:1}],authors:{paginationCount:229,paginationItems:[{id:"318170",title:"Dr.",name:"Aneesa",middleName:null,surname:"Moolla",slug:"aneesa-moolla",fullName:"Aneesa Moolla",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/318170/images/system/318170.png",biography:"Dr. Aneesa Moolla has extensive experience in the diverse fields of health care having previously worked in dental private practice, at the Red Cross Flying Doctors association, and in healthcare corporate settings. She is now a lecturer at the University of Witwatersrand, South Africa, and a principal researcher at the Health Economics and Epidemiology Research Office (HE2RO), South Africa. Dr. Moolla holds a Ph.D. in Psychology with her research being focused on mental health and resilience. In her professional work capacity, her research has further expanded into the fields of early childhood development, mental health, the HIV and TB care cascades, as well as COVID. She is also a UNESCO-trained International Bioethics Facilitator.",institutionString:"University of the Witwatersrand",institution:{name:"University of the Witwatersrand",country:{name:"South Africa"}}},{id:"419588",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Sergio",middleName:"Alexandre",surname:"Gehrke",slug:"sergio-gehrke",fullName:"Sergio Gehrke",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000038WgMKQA0/Profile_Picture_2022-06-02T11:44:20.jpg",biography:"Dr. Sergio Alexandre Gehrke is a doctorate holder in two fields. The first is a Ph.D. in Cellular and Molecular Biology from the Pontificia Catholic University, Porto Alegre, Brazil, in 2010 and the other is an International Ph.D. in Bioengineering from the Universidad Miguel Hernandez, Elche/Alicante, Spain, obtained in 2020. In 2018, he completed a postdoctoral fellowship in Materials Engineering in the NUCLEMAT of the Pontificia Catholic University, Porto Alegre, Brazil. He is currently the Director of the Postgraduate Program in Implantology of the Bioface/UCAM/PgO (Montevideo, Uruguay), Director of the Cathedra of Biotechnology of the Catholic University of Murcia (Murcia, Spain), an Extraordinary Full Professor of the Catholic University of Murcia (Murcia, Spain) as well as the Director of the private center of research Biotecnos – Technology and Science (Montevideo, Uruguay). Applied biomaterials, cellular and molecular biology, and dental implants are among his research interests. He has published several original papers in renowned journals. In addition, he is also a Collaborating Professor in several Postgraduate programs at different universities all over the world.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidad Católica San Antonio de Murcia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"342152",title:"Dr.",name:"Santo",middleName:null,surname:"Grace Umesh",slug:"santo-grace-umesh",fullName:"Santo Grace Umesh",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/342152/images/16311_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"SRM Dental College",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"333647",title:"Dr.",name:"Shreya",middleName:null,surname:"Kishore",slug:"shreya-kishore",fullName:"Shreya Kishore",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/333647/images/14701_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Shreya Kishore completed her Bachelor in Dental Surgery in Chettinad Dental College and Research Institute, Chennai, and her Master of Dental Surgery (Orthodontics) in Saveetha Dental College, Chennai. She is also Invisalign certified. She’s working as a Senior Lecturer in the Department of Orthodontics, SRM Dental College since November 2019. She is actively involved in teaching orthodontics to the undergraduates and the postgraduates. Her clinical research topics include new orthodontic brackets, fixed appliances and TADs. She’s published 4 articles in well renowned indexed journals and has a published patency of her own. Her private practice is currently limited to orthodontics and works as a consultant in various clinics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"SRM Dental College",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"323731",title:"Prof.",name:"Deepak M.",middleName:"Macchindra",surname:"Vikhe",slug:"deepak-m.-vikhe",fullName:"Deepak M. Vikhe",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/323731/images/13613_n.jpg",biography:"Dr Deepak M.Vikhe .\n\n\t\n\tDr Deepak M.Vikhe , completed his Masters & PhD in Prosthodontics from Rural Dental College, Loni securing third rank in the Pravara Institute of Medical Sciences Deemed University. He was awarded Dr.G.C.DAS Memorial Award for Research on Implants at 39th IPS conference Dubai (U A E).He has two patents under his name. He has received Dr.Saraswati medal award for best research for implant study in 2017.He has received Fully funded scholarship to Spain ,university of Santiago de Compostela. He has completed fellowship in Implantlogy from Noble Biocare. \nHe has attended various conferences and CDE programmes and has national publications to his credit. His field of interest is in Implant supported prosthesis. Presently he is working as a associate professor in the Dept of Prosthodontics, Rural Dental College, Loni and maintains a successful private practice specialising in Implantology at Rahata.\n\nEmail: drdeepak_mvikhe@yahoo.com..................",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Pravara Institute of Medical Sciences",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"204110",title:"Dr.",name:"Ahmed A.",middleName:null,surname:"Madfa",slug:"ahmed-a.-madfa",fullName:"Ahmed A. Madfa",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/204110/images/system/204110.jpg",biography:"Dr. Madfa is currently Associate Professor of Endodontics at Thamar University and a visiting lecturer at Sana'a University and University of Sciences and Technology. He has more than 6 years of experience in teaching. His research interests include root canal morphology, functionally graded concept, dental biomaterials, epidemiology and dental education, biomimetic restoration, finite element analysis and endodontic regeneration. Dr. Madfa has numerous international publications, full articles, two patents, a book and a book chapter. Furthermore, he won 14 international scientific awards. Furthermore, he is involved in many academic activities ranging from editorial board member, reviewer for many international journals and postgraduate students' supervisor. Besides, I deliver many courses and training workshops at various scientific events. Dr. Madfa also regularly attends international conferences and holds administrative positions (Deputy Dean of the Faculty for Students’ & Academic Affairs and Deputy Head of Research Unit).",institutionString:"Thamar University",institution:null},{id:"210472",title:"Dr.",name:"Nermin",middleName:"Mohammed Ahmed",surname:"Yussif",slug:"nermin-yussif",fullName:"Nermin Yussif",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/210472/images/system/210472.jpg",biography:"Dr. Nermin Mohammed Ahmed Yussif is working at the Faculty of dentistry, University for October university for modern sciences and arts (MSA). Her areas of expertise include: periodontology, dental laserology, oral implantology, periodontal plastic surgeries, oral mesotherapy, nutrition, dental pharmacology. She is an editor and reviewer in numerous international journals.",institutionString:"MSA University",institution:null},{id:"204606",title:"Dr.",name:"Serdar",middleName:null,surname:"Gözler",slug:"serdar-gozler",fullName:"Serdar Gözler",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/204606/images/system/204606.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Serdar Gözler has completed his undergraduate studies at the Marmara University Faculty of Dentistry in 1978, followed by an assistantship in the Prosthesis Department of Dicle University Faculty of Dentistry. Starting his PhD work on non-resilient overdentures with Assoc. Prof. Hüsnü Yavuzyılmaz, he continued his studies with Prof. Dr. Gürbüz Öztürk of Istanbul University Faculty of Dentistry Department of Prosthodontics, this time on Gnatology. He attended training programs on occlusion, neurology, neurophysiology, EMG, radiology and biostatistics. In 1982, he presented his PhD thesis \\Gerber and Lauritzen Occlusion Analysis Techniques: Diagnosis Values,\\ at Istanbul University School of Dentistry, Department of Prosthodontics. As he was also working with Prof. Senih Çalıkkocaoğlu on The Physiology of Chewing at the same time, Gözler has written a chapter in Çalıkkocaoğlu\\'s book \\Complete Prostheses\\ entitled \\The Place of Neuromuscular Mechanism in Prosthetic Dentistry.\\ The book was published five times since by the Istanbul University Publications. Having presented in various conferences about occlusion analysis until 1998, Dr. Gözler has also decided to use the T-Scan II occlusion analysis method. Having been personally trained by Dr. Robert Kerstein on this method, Dr. Gözler has been lecturing on the T-Scan Occlusion Analysis Method in conferences both in Turkey and abroad. Dr. Gözler has various articles and presentations on Digital Occlusion Analysis methods. He is now Head of the TMD Clinic at Prosthodontic Department of Faculty of Dentistry , Istanbul Aydın University , Turkey.",institutionString:"Istanbul Aydin University",institution:{name:"Istanbul Aydın University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"240870",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Alaa Eddin Omar",middleName:null,surname:"Al Ostwani",slug:"alaa-eddin-omar-al-ostwani",fullName:"Alaa Eddin Omar Al Ostwani",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/240870/images/system/240870.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Al Ostwani Alaa Eddin Omar received his Master in dentistry from Damascus University in 2010, and his Ph.D. in Pediatric Dentistry from Damascus University in 2014. Dr. Al Ostwani is an assistant professor and faculty member at IUST University since 2014. \nDuring his academic experience, he has received several awards including the scientific research award from the Union of Arab Universities, the Syrian gold medal and the international gold medal for invention and creativity. Dr. Al Ostwani is a Member of the International Association of Dental Traumatology and the Syrian Society for Research and Preventive Dentistry since 2017. He is also a Member of the Reviewer Board of International Journal of Dental Medicine (IJDM), and the Indian Journal of Conservative and Endodontics since 2016.",institutionString:"International University for Science and Technology.",institution:{name:"Islamic University of Science and Technology",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"42847",title:"Dr.",name:"Belma",middleName:null,surname:"Işik Aslan",slug:"belma-isik-aslan",fullName:"Belma Işik Aslan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/42847/images/system/42847.jpg",biography:"Dr. Belma IşIk Aslan was born in 1976 in Ankara-TURKEY. After graduating from TED Ankara College in 1994, she attended to Gazi University, Faculty of Dentistry in Ankara. She completed her PhD in orthodontic education at Gazi University between 1999-2005. Dr. Işık Aslan stayed at the Providence Hospital Craniofacial Institude and Reconstructive Surgery in Michigan, USA for three months as an observer. She worked as a specialist doctor at Gazi University, Dentistry Faculty, Department of Orthodontics between 2005-2014. She was appointed as associate professor in January, 2014 and as professor in 2021. Dr. Işık Aslan still works as an instructor at the same faculty. She has published a total of 35 articles, 10 book chapters, 39 conference proceedings both internationally and nationally. Also she was the academic editor of the international book 'Current Advances in Orthodontics'. She is a member of the Turkish Orthodontic Society and Turkish Cleft Lip and Palate Society. She is married and has 2 children. Her knowledge of English is at an advanced level.",institutionString:"Gazi University Dentistry Faculty Department of Orthodontics",institution:null},{id:"178412",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Guhan",middleName:null,surname:"Dergin",slug:"guhan-dergin",fullName:"Guhan Dergin",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/178412/images/6954_n.jpg",biography:"Assoc. Prof. Dr. Gühan Dergin was born in 1973 in Izmit. He graduated from Marmara University Faculty of Dentistry in 1999. He completed his specialty of OMFS surgery in Marmara University Faculty of Dentistry and obtained his PhD degree in 2006. In 2005, he was invited as a visiting doctor in the Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Department of the University of North Carolina, USA, where he went on a scholarship. Dr. Dergin still continues his academic career as an associate professor in Marmara University Faculty of Dentistry. He has many articles in international and national scientific journals and chapters in books.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Marmara University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"178414",title:"Prof.",name:"Yusuf",middleName:null,surname:"Emes",slug:"yusuf-emes",fullName:"Yusuf Emes",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/178414/images/6953_n.jpg",biography:"Born in Istanbul in 1974, Dr. Emes graduated from Istanbul University Faculty of Dentistry in 1997 and completed his PhD degree in Istanbul University faculty of Dentistry Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery in 2005. He has papers published in international and national scientific journals, including research articles on implantology, oroantral fistulas, odontogenic cysts, and temporomandibular disorders. Dr. Emes is currently working as a full-time academic staff in Istanbul University faculty of Dentistry Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Istanbul University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"192229",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Ana Luiza",middleName:null,surname:"De Carvalho Felippini",slug:"ana-luiza-de-carvalho-felippini",fullName:"Ana Luiza De Carvalho Felippini",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/192229/images/system/192229.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:"University of São Paulo",institution:{name:"University of Sao Paulo",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"256851",title:"Prof.",name:"Ayşe",middleName:null,surname:"Gülşen",slug:"ayse-gulsen",fullName:"Ayşe Gülşen",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/256851/images/9696_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Ayşe Gülşen graduated in 1990 from Faculty of Dentistry, University of Ankara and did a postgraduate program at University of Gazi. \nShe worked as an observer and research assistant in Craniofacial Surgery Departments in New York, Providence Hospital in Michigan and Chang Gung Memorial Hospital in Taiwan. \nShe works as Craniofacial Orthodontist in Department of Aesthetic, Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Gazi, Ankara Turkey since 2004.",institutionString:"Univeristy of Gazi",institution:null},{id:"255366",title:"Prof.",name:"Tosun",middleName:null,surname:"Tosun",slug:"tosun-tosun",fullName:"Tosun Tosun",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/255366/images/7347_n.jpg",biography:"Graduated at the Faculty of Dentistry, University of Istanbul, Turkey in 1989;\nVisitor Assistant at the University of Padua, Italy and Branemark Osseointegration Center of Treviso, Italy between 1993-94;\nPhD thesis on oral implantology in University of Istanbul and was awarded the academic title “Dr.med.dent.”, 1997;\nHe was awarded the academic title “Doç.Dr.” (Associated Professor) in 2003;\nProficiency in Botulinum Toxin Applications, Reading-UK in 2009;\nMastership, RWTH Certificate in Laser Therapy in Dentistry, AALZ-Aachen University, Germany 2009-11;\nMaster of Science (MSc) in Laser Dentistry, University of Genoa, Italy 2013-14.\n\nDr.Tosun worked as Research Assistant in the Department of Oral Implantology, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Istanbul between 1990-2002. \nHe worked part-time as Consultant surgeon in Harvard Medical International Hospitals and John Hopkins Medicine, Istanbul between years 2007-09.\u2028He was contract Professor in the Department of Surgical and Diagnostic Sciences (DI.S.C.), Medical School, University of Genova, Italy between years 2011-16. \nSince 2015 he is visiting Professor at Medical School, University of Plovdiv, Bulgaria. \nCurrently he is Associated Prof.Dr. at the Dental School, Oral Surgery Dept., Istanbul Aydin University and since 2003 he works in his own private clinic in Istanbul, Turkey.\u2028\nDr.Tosun is reviewer in journal ‘Laser in Medical Sciences’, reviewer in journal ‘Folia Medica\\', a Fellow of the International Team for Implantology, Clinical Lecturer of DGZI German Association of Oral Implantology, Expert Lecturer of Laser&Health Academy, Country Representative of World Federation for Laser Dentistry, member of European Federation of Periodontology, member of Academy of Laser Dentistry. Dr.Tosun presents papers in international and national congresses and has scientific publications in international and national journals. He speaks english, spanish, italian and french.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Istanbul Aydın University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"171887",title:"Prof.",name:"Zühre",middleName:null,surname:"Akarslan",slug:"zuhre-akarslan",fullName:"Zühre Akarslan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/171887/images/system/171887.jpg",biography:"Zühre Akarslan was born in 1977 in Cyprus. She graduated from Gazi University Faculty of Dentistry, Ankara, Turkey in 2000. \r\nLater she received her Ph.D. degree from the Oral Diagnosis and Radiology Department; which was recently renamed as Oral and Dentomaxillofacial Radiology, from the same university. \r\nShe is working as a full-time Associate Professor and is a lecturer and an academic researcher. \r\nHer expertise areas are dental caries, cancer, dental fear and anxiety, gag reflex in dentistry, oral medicine, and dentomaxillofacial radiology.",institutionString:"Gazi University",institution:{name:"Gazi University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"256417",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Sanaz",middleName:null,surname:"Sadry",slug:"sanaz-sadry",fullName:"Sanaz Sadry",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/256417/images/8106_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"272237",title:"Dr.",name:"Pinar",middleName:"Kiymet",surname:"Karataban",slug:"pinar-karataban",fullName:"Pinar Karataban",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/272237/images/8911_n.png",biography:"Assist.Prof.Dr.Pınar Kıymet Karataban, DDS PhD \n\nDr.Pınar Kıymet Karataban was born in Istanbul in 1975. After her graduation from Marmara University Faculty of Dentistry in 1998 she started her PhD in Paediatric Dentistry focused on children with special needs; mainly children with Cerebral Palsy. She finished her pHD thesis entitled \\'Investigation of occlusion via cast analysis and evaluation of dental caries prevalance, periodontal status and muscle dysfunctions in children with cerebral palsy” in 2008. She got her Assist. Proffessor degree in Istanbul Aydın University Paediatric Dentistry Department in 2015-2018. ın 2019 she started her new career in Bahcesehir University, Istanbul as Head of Department of Pediatric Dentistry. In 2020 she was accepted to BAU International University, Batumi as Professor of Pediatric Dentistry. She’s a lecturer in the same university meanwhile working part-time in private practice in Ege Dental Studio (https://www.egedisklinigi.com/) a multidisciplinary dental clinic in Istanbul. Her main interests are paleodontology, ancient and contemporary dentistry, oral microbiology, cerebral palsy and special care dentistry. She has national and international publications, scientific reports and is a member of IAPO (International Association for Paleodontology), IADH (International Association of Disability and Oral Health) and EAPD (European Association of Pediatric Dentistry).",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"202198",title:"Dr.",name:"Buket",middleName:null,surname:"Aybar",slug:"buket-aybar",fullName:"Buket Aybar",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/202198/images/6955_n.jpg",biography:"Buket Aybar, DDS, PhD, was born in 1971. She graduated from Istanbul University, Faculty of Dentistry, in 1992 and completed her PhD degree on Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery in Istanbul University in 1997.\nDr. Aybar is currently a full-time professor in Istanbul University, Faculty of Dentistry Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery. She has teaching responsibilities in graduate and postgraduate programs. Her clinical practice includes mainly dentoalveolar surgery.\nHer topics of interest are biomaterials science and cell culture studies. She has many articles in international and national scientific journals and chapters in books; she also has participated in several scientific projects supported by Istanbul University Research fund.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"260116",title:"Dr.",name:"Mehmet",middleName:null,surname:"Yaltirik",slug:"mehmet-yaltirik",fullName:"Mehmet Yaltirik",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/260116/images/7413_n.jpg",biography:"Birth Date 25.09.1965\r\nBirth Place Adana- Turkey\r\nSex Male\r\nMarrial Status Bachelor\r\nDriving License Acquired\r\nMother Tongue Turkish\r\n\r\nAddress:\r\nWork:University of Istanbul,Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Oral Surgery and Oral Medicine 34093 Capa,Istanbul- TURKIYE",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"172009",title:"Dr.",name:"Fatma Deniz",middleName:null,surname:"Uzuner",slug:"fatma-deniz-uzuner",fullName:"Fatma Deniz Uzuner",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/172009/images/7122_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Deniz Uzuner was born in 1969 in Kocaeli-TURKEY. After graduating from TED Ankara College in 1986, she attended the Hacettepe University, Faculty of Dentistry in Ankara. \nIn 1993 she attended the Gazi University, Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Orthodontics for her PhD education. After finishing the PhD education, she worked as orthodontist in Ankara Dental Hospital under the Turkish Government, Ministry of Health and in a special Orthodontic Clinic till 2011. Between 2011 and 2016, Dr. Deniz Uzuner worked as a specialist in the Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Gazi University in Ankara/Turkey. In 2016, she was appointed associate professor. Dr. Deniz Uzuner has authored 23 Journal Papers, 3 Book Chapters and has had 39 oral/poster presentations. She is a member of the Turkish Orthodontic Society. Her knowledge of English is at an advanced level.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"332914",title:"Dr.",name:"Muhammad Saad",middleName:null,surname:"Shaikh",slug:"muhammad-saad-shaikh",fullName:"Muhammad Saad Shaikh",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Jinnah Sindh Medical University",country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"315775",title:"Dr.",name:"Feng",middleName:null,surname:"Luo",slug:"feng-luo",fullName:"Feng Luo",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sichuan University",country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"423519",title:"Dr.",name:"Sizakele",middleName:null,surname:"Ngwenya",slug:"sizakele-ngwenya",fullName:"Sizakele Ngwenya",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of the Witwatersrand",country:{name:"South Africa"}}},{id:"419270",title:"Dr.",name:"Ann",middleName:null,surname:"Chianchitlert",slug:"ann-chianchitlert",fullName:"Ann Chianchitlert",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Walailak University",country:{name:"Thailand"}}},{id:"419271",title:"Dr.",name:"Diane",middleName:null,surname:"Selvido",slug:"diane-selvido",fullName:"Diane Selvido",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Walailak University",country:{name:"Thailand"}}},{id:"419272",title:"Dr.",name:"Irin",middleName:null,surname:"Sirisoontorn",slug:"irin-sirisoontorn",fullName:"Irin Sirisoontorn",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Walailak University",country:{name:"Thailand"}}},{id:"355660",title:"Dr.",name:"Anitha",middleName:null,surname:"Mani",slug:"anitha-mani",fullName:"Anitha Mani",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"SRM Dental College",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"355612",title:"Dr.",name:"Janani",middleName:null,surname:"Karthikeyan",slug:"janani-karthikeyan",fullName:"Janani Karthikeyan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"SRM Dental College",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"334400",title:"Dr.",name:"Suvetha",middleName:null,surname:"Siva",slug:"suvetha-siva",fullName:"Suvetha Siva",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"SRM Dental College",country:{name:"India"}}}]}},subseries:{item:{id:"10",type:"subseries",title:"Animal Physiology",keywords:"Physiology, Comparative, Evolution, Biomolecules, Organ, Homeostasis, Anatomy, Pathology, Medical, Cell Division, Cell Signaling, Cell Growth, Cell Metabolism, Endocrine, Neuroscience, Cardiovascular, Development, Aging, Development",scope:"Physiology, the scientific study of functions and mechanisms of living systems, is an essential area of research in its own right, but also in relation to medicine and health sciences. The scope of this topic will range from molecular, biochemical, cellular, and physiological processes in all animal species. Work pertaining to the whole organism, organ systems, individual organs and tissues, cells, and biomolecules will be included. Medical, animal, cell, and comparative physiology and allied fields such as anatomy, histology, and pathology with physiology links will be covered in this topic. Physiology research may be linked to development, aging, environment, regular and pathological processes, adaptation and evolution, exercise, or several other factors affecting, or involved with, animal physiology.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/10.jpg",hasOnlineFirst:!1,hasPublishedBooks:!1,annualVolume:11406,editor:{id:"202192",title:"Dr.",name:"Catrin",middleName:null,surname:"Rutland",slug:"catrin-rutland",fullName:"Catrin Rutland",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/202192/images/system/202192.png",biography:"Catrin Rutland is an Associate Professor of Anatomy and Developmental Genetics at the University of Nottingham, UK. She obtained a BSc from the University of Derby, England, a master’s degree from Technische Universität München, Germany, and a Ph.D. from the University of Nottingham. She undertook a post-doctoral research fellowship in the School of Medicine before accepting tenure in Veterinary Medicine and Science. Dr. Rutland also obtained an MMedSci (Medical Education) and a Postgraduate Certificate in Higher Education (PGCHE). She is the author of more than sixty peer-reviewed journal articles, twelve books/book chapters, and more than 100 research abstracts in cardiovascular biology and oncology. She is a board member of the European Association of Veterinary Anatomists, Fellow of the Anatomical Society, and Senior Fellow of the Higher Education Academy. Dr. Rutland has also written popular science books for the public. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2009-4898. www.nottingham.ac.uk/vet/people/catrin.rutland",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Nottingham",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,series:{id:"10",title:"Physiology",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",issn:"2631-8261"},editorialBoard:[{id:"306970",title:"Mr.",name:"Amin",middleName:null,surname:"Tamadon",slug:"amin-tamadon",fullName:"Amin Tamadon",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002oHR5wQAG/Profile_Picture_1623910304139",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Bushehr University of Medical Sciences",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Iran"}}},{id:"251314",title:"Dr.",name:"Juan Carlos",middleName:null,surname:"Gardón",slug:"juan-carlos-gardon",fullName:"Juan Carlos Gardón",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/251314/images/system/251314.jpeg",institutionString:"Catholic University of Valencia San Vicente Mártir, Spain",institution:null},{id:"245306",title:"Dr.",name:"María Luz",middleName:null,surname:"Garcia Pardo",slug:"maria-luz-garcia-pardo",fullName:"María Luz Garcia Pardo",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/245306/images/system/245306.png",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Miguel Hernandez University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"283315",title:"Prof.",name:"Samir",middleName:null,surname:"El-Gendy",slug:"samir-el-gendy",fullName:"Samir El-Gendy",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRduYQAS/Profile_Picture_1606215849748",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Alexandria University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Egypt"}}}]},onlineFirstChapters:{},publishedBooks:{},testimonialsList:[{id:"27",text:"The opportunity to work with a prestigious publisher allows for the possibility to collaborate with more research groups interested in animal nutrition, leading to the development of new feeding strategies and food valuation while being more sustainable with the environment, allowing more readers to learn about the subject.",author:{id:"175967",name:"Manuel",surname:"Gonzalez Ronquillo",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/175967/images/system/175967.png",slug:"manuel-gonzalez-ronquillo",institution:{id:"6221",name:"Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México",country:{id:null,name:"Mexico"}}}},{id:"18",text:"It was great publishing with IntechOpen, the process was straightforward and I had support all along.",author:{id:"71579",name:"Berend",surname:"Olivier",institutionString:"Utrecht University",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/71579/images/system/71579.png",slug:"berend-olivier",institution:{id:"253",name:"Utrecht University",country:{id:null,name:"Netherlands"}}}},{id:"8",text:"I work with IntechOpen for a number of reasons: their professionalism, their mission in support of Open Access publishing, and the quality of their peer-reviewed publications, but also because they believe in equality.",author:{id:"202192",name:"Catrin",surname:"Rutland",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/202192/images/system/202192.png",slug:"catrin-rutland",institution:{id:"134",name:"University of Nottingham",country:{id:null,name:"United Kingdom"}}}}]},submityourwork:{pteSeriesList:[],lsSeriesList:[],hsSeriesList:[],sshSeriesList:[],subseriesList:[],annualVolumeBook:{},thematicCollection:[],selectedSeries:null,selectedSubseries:null},seriesLanding:{item:null},libraryRecommendation:{success:null,errors:{},institutions:[]},route:{name:"profile.detail",path:"/profiles/6104",hash:"",query:{},params:{id:"6104"},fullPath:"/profiles/6104",meta:{},from:{name:null,path:"/",hash:"",query:{},params:{},fullPath:"/",meta:{}}}},function(){var m;(m=document.currentScript||document.scripts[document.scripts.length-1]).parentNode.removeChild(m)}()