",isbn:"978-1-83969-506-3",printIsbn:"978-1-83969-505-6",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83969-507-0",doi:null,price:0,priceEur:0,priceUsd:0,slug:null,numberOfPages:0,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"0e5d67464d929fda6d8c83ec20c4138a",bookSignature:"Dr. Endre Zima",publishedDate:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10704.jpg",keywords:"Anatomy, Physiology, Perioperative, Non-Cardiac Causes, Antiarrhythmic Drugs, Development, SARS-CoV2, Infection, Cardiac Arrest, Resuscitation, PPE, Arrhythmias",numberOfDownloads:null,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:null,numberOfDimensionsCitations:null,numberOfTotalCitations:null,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"February 11th 2021",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"March 11th 2021",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"May 10th 2021",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"July 29th 2021",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"September 27th 2021",remainingDaysToSecondStep:"6 days",secondStepPassed:!1,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:2,editedByType:null,kuFlag:!1,biosketch:"Prof. Dr. Endre Zima works as the chief of Cardiac ICU at Semmelweis University Heart and Vascular Center. His fields of interest are intensive cardiac care, CPR, post-cardiac arrest care, device therapy of arrhythmias, defibrillator waveform, and AED development.",coeditorOneBiosketch:null,coeditorTwoBiosketch:null,coeditorThreeBiosketch:null,coeditorFourBiosketch:null,coeditorFiveBiosketch:null,editors:[{id:"201263",title:"Dr.",name:"Endre",middleName:null,surname:"Zima",slug:"endre-zima",fullName:"Endre Zima",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/201263/images/system/201263.jpg",biography:"Prof. Dr. Endre Zima works as the chief of Cardiac ICU at Semmelweis University Heart and Vascular Center. Dr. Zima is specialized in anesthesiology-intensive care and cardiology. He has authored 13 book chapters and more than 130 journal papers, achieved a Hirsch-index of 14, g-index of 22, and more than 650 independent citations. \nHe has been holding graduate and postraduate lectures and practices in anesthesiology since 2006, and in cardiology since 2008. He is a PhD Lecturer in Semmelweis University since 2010. He obtains an accreditation of EHRA on Cardiac Pacing and Implantable Cardioverter Defibrillators, he is accredited AALS Instructor of European Resuscitation Council. \nHe is a Fellow of the European Society of Cardiology, member of the European Heart Rhythm Association and Acute Cardiovascular Care Association, board member of the Hungarian Society of Cardiology (HSC), president of Working Group (WG) on Cardiac Pacing of HSC , board member of WG of Heart Failure. Dr. Zima is also a member the Hungarian Society of Resuscitation, Hungarian Society of Anesthesiology. His fields of interest are acute and intensive cardiac care, CPR and post-cardiac arrest intensive care, heart failure and cardiogenic shock, device therapy of arrhythmias, defibrillator waveform and AED development.",institutionString:"Semmelweis University",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"Semmelweis University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Hungary"}}}],coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"16",title:"Medicine",slug:"medicine"}],chapters:null,productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},personalPublishingAssistant:{id:"345821",firstName:"Darko",lastName:"Hrvojic",middleName:null,title:"Mr.",imageUrl:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",email:"darko@intechopen.com",biography:null}},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"6550",title:"Cohort Studies in Health Sciences",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"01df5aba4fff1a84b37a2fdafa809660",slug:"cohort-studies-in-health-sciences",bookSignature:"R. Mauricio Barría",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6550.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"88861",title:"Dr.",name:"R. Mauricio",surname:"Barría",slug:"r.-mauricio-barria",fullName:"R. Mauricio Barría"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1591",title:"Infrared Spectroscopy",subtitle:"Materials Science, Engineering and Technology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"99b4b7b71a8caeb693ed762b40b017f4",slug:"infrared-spectroscopy-materials-science-engineering-and-technology",bookSignature:"Theophile Theophanides",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1591.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"37194",title:"Dr.",name:"Theophanides",surname:"Theophile",slug:"theophanides-theophile",fullName:"Theophanides Theophile"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3092",title:"Anopheles mosquitoes",subtitle:"New insights into malaria vectors",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c9e622485316d5e296288bf24d2b0d64",slug:"anopheles-mosquitoes-new-insights-into-malaria-vectors",bookSignature:"Sylvie Manguin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3092.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"50017",title:"Prof.",name:"Sylvie",surname:"Manguin",slug:"sylvie-manguin",fullName:"Sylvie Manguin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3161",title:"Frontiers in Guided Wave Optics and Optoelectronics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"deb44e9c99f82bbce1083abea743146c",slug:"frontiers-in-guided-wave-optics-and-optoelectronics",bookSignature:"Bishnu Pal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3161.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"4782",title:"Prof.",name:"Bishnu",surname:"Pal",slug:"bishnu-pal",fullName:"Bishnu Pal"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"72",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Theory, Properties, New Approaches",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d94ffa3cfa10505e3b1d676d46fcd3f5",slug:"ionic-liquids-theory-properties-new-approaches",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/72.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1373",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Applications and Perspectives",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5e9ae5ae9167cde4b344e499a792c41c",slug:"ionic-liquids-applications-and-perspectives",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1373.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"57",title:"Physics and Applications of Graphene",subtitle:"Experiments",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"0e6622a71cf4f02f45bfdd5691e1189a",slug:"physics-and-applications-of-graphene-experiments",bookSignature:"Sergey Mikhailov",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/57.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"16042",title:"Dr.",name:"Sergey",surname:"Mikhailov",slug:"sergey-mikhailov",fullName:"Sergey Mikhailov"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"371",title:"Abiotic Stress in Plants",subtitle:"Mechanisms and Adaptations",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"588466f487e307619849d72389178a74",slug:"abiotic-stress-in-plants-mechanisms-and-adaptations",bookSignature:"Arun Shanker and B. Venkateswarlu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/371.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"58592",title:"Dr.",name:"Arun",surname:"Shanker",slug:"arun-shanker",fullName:"Arun Shanker"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"878",title:"Phytochemicals",subtitle:"A Global Perspective of Their Role in Nutrition and Health",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ec77671f63975ef2d16192897deb6835",slug:"phytochemicals-a-global-perspective-of-their-role-in-nutrition-and-health",bookSignature:"Venketeshwer Rao",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/878.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"82663",title:"Dr.",name:"Venketeshwer",surname:"Rao",slug:"venketeshwer-rao",fullName:"Venketeshwer Rao"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"4816",title:"Face Recognition",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"146063b5359146b7718ea86bad47c8eb",slug:"face_recognition",bookSignature:"Kresimir Delac and Mislav Grgic",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/4816.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"528",title:"Dr.",name:"Kresimir",surname:"Delac",slug:"kresimir-delac",fullName:"Kresimir Delac"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},chapter:{item:{type:"chapter",id:"31498",title:"Effects of Irrigation-Water Pricing on the Profitability of Mediterranean Woody Crops",doi:"10.5772/31436",slug:"effects-of-irrigation-water-pricing-on-the-profitability-of-mediterranean-tree-and-woody-crops",body:null,keywords:null,chapterPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/31498.pdf",chapterXML:null,downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/31498",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/31498",totalDownloads:1383,totalViews:97,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,dateSubmitted:"March 30th 2011",dateReviewed:"September 14th 2011",datePrePublished:null,datePublished:"March 9th 2012",dateFinished:null,readingETA:"0",abstract:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/31498",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/31498",book:{slug:"problems-perspectives-and-challenges-of-agricultural-water-management"},signatures:"M. A. Fernández-Zamudio, F. Alcon and M. D. De-Miguel",authors:[{id:"87106",title:"Dr.",name:"Maria-Angeles",middleName:null,surname:"Fernandez-Zamudio",fullName:"Maria-Angeles Fernandez-Zamudio",slug:"maria-angeles-fernandez-zamudio",email:"fernandez_marzam@gva.es",position:null,institution:{name:"Instituto Valenciano de Investigaciones Agrarias",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"87108",title:"Dr.",name:"Francisco",middleName:null,surname:"Alcon",fullName:"Francisco Alcon",slug:"francisco-alcon",email:"francisco.alcon@upct.es",position:null,institution:{name:"Polytechnic University of Cartagena",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"87109",title:"Dr.",name:"Maria-Dolores",middleName:null,surname:"De-Miguel",fullName:"Maria-Dolores De-Miguel",slug:"maria-dolores-de-miguel",email:"MD.Miguel@upct.es",position:null,institution:{name:"Polytechnic University of Cartagena",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}}],sections:null,chapterReferences:null,footnotes:null,contributors:null,corrections:null},book:{id:"2079",title:"Problems, Perspectives and Challenges of Agricultural Water Management",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Problems, Perspectives and Challenges of Agricultural Water Management",slug:"problems-perspectives-and-challenges-of-agricultural-water-management",publishedDate:"March 9th 2012",bookSignature:"Manish Kumar",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2079.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"102967",title:"Dr.",name:"Manish",middleName:null,surname:"Kumar",slug:"manish-kumar",fullName:"Manish Kumar"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},chapters:[{id:"31494",title:"Equity in Access to Irrigation Water: A Comparative Analysis of Tube-Well Irrigation System and Conjunctive Irrigation System",slug:"equity-in-access-to-irrigation-water-a-comparative-analysis-of-tube-well-irrigation-system-and-conju",totalDownloads:2313,totalCrossrefCites:2,signatures:"Anindita Sarkar",authors:[{id:"87717",title:"Dr.",name:"Anindita",middleName:null,surname:"Sarkar",fullName:"Anindita Sarkar",slug:"anindita-sarkar"}]},{id:"31495",title:"Irrigation Water: Alternative Pricing Schemes Under Uncertain Climatic Conditions",slug:"irrigation-water-alternative-pricing-schemes-under-uncertain-climatic-conditions",totalDownloads:1553,totalCrossrefCites:2,signatures:"Gabriele Dono and Luca Giraldo",authors:[{id:"79067",title:"Dr.",name:"Luca",middleName:null,surname:"Giraldo",fullName:"Luca Giraldo",slug:"luca-giraldo"},{id:"79072",title:"Prof.",name:"Gabriele",middleName:null,surname:"Dono",fullName:"Gabriele Dono",slug:"gabriele-dono"}]},{id:"31496",title:"Irrigation Development: A Food Security and Household Income Perspective",slug:"irrigation-development-food-security-and-household-income-perspective",totalDownloads:3698,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Kenneth Nhundu and Abbyssinia Mushunje",authors:[{id:"84562",title:"Dr.",name:"Abbyssinia",middleName:null,surname:"Mushunje",fullName:"Abbyssinia Mushunje",slug:"abbyssinia-mushunje"}]},{id:"31497",title:"Water Rights Allocation, Management and Trading in an Irrigation District - A Case Study of Northwestern China",slug:"water-rights-allocation-management-and-trading-in-an-irrigation-district-a-case-study-of-northwester",totalDownloads:2220,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Hang Zheng, Zhongjing Wang, Roger Calow and Yongping Wei",authors:[{id:"85947",title:"Dr.",name:"Hang",middleName:null,surname:"Zheng",fullName:"Hang Zheng",slug:"hang-zheng"}]},{id:"31498",title:"Effects of Irrigation-Water Pricing on the Profitability of Mediterranean Woody Crops",slug:"effects-of-irrigation-water-pricing-on-the-profitability-of-mediterranean-tree-and-woody-crops",totalDownloads:1383,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"M. A. Fernández-Zamudio, F. Alcon and M. D. De-Miguel",authors:[{id:"87106",title:"Dr.",name:"Maria-Angeles",middleName:null,surname:"Fernandez-Zamudio",fullName:"Maria-Angeles Fernandez-Zamudio",slug:"maria-angeles-fernandez-zamudio"},{id:"87108",title:"Dr.",name:"Francisco",middleName:null,surname:"Alcon",fullName:"Francisco Alcon",slug:"francisco-alcon"},{id:"87109",title:"Dr.",name:"Maria-Dolores",middleName:null,surname:"De-Miguel",fullName:"Maria-Dolores De-Miguel",slug:"maria-dolores-de-miguel"}]},{id:"31499",title:"Irrigation Institutions of Bangladesh: Some Lessons",slug:"irrigation-institutions-of-bangladesh-some-lessons",totalDownloads:4482,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Nasima Tanveer Chowdhury",authors:[{id:"76122",title:"Ms.",name:"Nasima",middleName:null,surname:"Chowdhury",fullName:"Nasima Chowdhury",slug:"nasima-chowdhury"}]},{id:"31500",title:"Modelling Current and Future Pan-European Irrigation Water Demands and Their Impact on Water Resources",slug:"modelling-future-pan-european-irrigation-water-demands-and-their-impact-on-water-availability",totalDownloads:1873,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Tim Aus der Beek, Ellen Kynast and Martina Flörke",authors:[{id:"76531",title:"Dr",name:"Tim",middleName:null,surname:"Aus Der Beek",fullName:"Tim Aus Der Beek",slug:"tim-aus-der-beek"}]},{id:"31501",title:"Basics and Application of Ground-Penetrating Radar as a Tool for Monitoring Irrigation Process",slug:"basics-and-application-of-ground-penetrating-radar-as-a-tool-for-monitoring-irrigation-process",totalDownloads:10700,totalCrossrefCites:11,signatures:"Kazunori Takahashi, Jan Igel, Holger Preetz and Seiichiro Kuroda",authors:[{id:"77296",title:"Dr.",name:"Kazunori",middleName:null,surname:"Takahashi",fullName:"Kazunori Takahashi",slug:"kazunori-takahashi"},{id:"77738",title:"Dr.",name:"Seiichiro",middleName:null,surname:"Kuroda",fullName:"Seiichiro Kuroda",slug:"seiichiro-kuroda"},{id:"77739",title:"Dr.",name:"Jan",middleName:null,surname:"Igel",fullName:"Jan Igel",slug:"jan-igel"},{id:"77740",title:"Dr.",name:"Holger",middleName:null,surname:"Preetz",fullName:"Holger Preetz",slug:"holger-preetz"}]},{id:"31502",title:"A Low Cost Remote Monitoring Method for Determining Farmer Irrigation Practices and Water Use",slug:"a-low-cost-remote-monitoring-method-for-determining-farmer-irrigation-practices",totalDownloads:1719,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Kristoph-Dietrich Kinzli",authors:[{id:"26575",title:"Dr.",name:"Kristoph-Dietrich",middleName:null,surname:"Kinzli",fullName:"Kristoph-Dietrich Kinzli",slug:"kristoph-dietrich-kinzli"}]},{id:"31503",title:"Critical Evaluation of Different Techniques for Determining Soil Water Content",slug:"critical-evaluation-of-different-techniques-for-determining-soil-water-content",totalDownloads:3763,totalCrossrefCites:2,signatures:"Alejandro Zermeño-González, Juan Munguia-López, Martín Cadena-Zapata, Santos Gabriel Campos-Magaña, Luis Ibarra-Jiménez and Raúl Rodríguez-García",authors:[{id:"83447",title:"PhD.",name:"Alejandro",middleName:null,surname:"Zermeno-Gonzalez",fullName:"Alejandro Zermeno-Gonzalez",slug:"alejandro-zermeno-gonzalez"}]},{id:"31504",title:"Precision Irrigation: Sensor Network Based Irrigation",slug:"precision-irrigation-sensor-network-based-irrigation-to-improve-water-use-efficiency-in-agriculture",totalDownloads:5567,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"N. G. Shah ancd Ipsita Das",authors:[{id:"89255",title:"Dr",name:"Narendra G.",middleName:null,surname:"Shah",fullName:"Narendra G. Shah",slug:"narendra-g.-shah"},{id:"109328",title:"Dr.",name:"Ipsita",middleName:null,surname:"Das",fullName:"Ipsita Das",slug:"ipsita-das"}]},{id:"31505",title:"Using Wireless Sensor Networks for Precision Irrigation Scheduling",slug:"using-sensor-networks-for-precision-irrigation-control",totalDownloads:2421,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"John D. Lea-Cox",authors:[{id:"86163",title:"Prof.",name:"John",middleName:"Derek",surname:"Lea-Cox",fullName:"John Lea-Cox",slug:"john-lea-cox"}]},{id:"31506",title:"Comparison of Different Irrigation Methods Based on the Parametric Evaluation Approach in West North Ahwaz Plain",slug:"comparison-of-different-irrigation-methods-based-on-the-parametric-evaluation-approach-in-west-north",totalDownloads:3664,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Mohammad Albaji, Saeed Boroomand Nasab and Jabbar Hemadi",authors:[{id:"76813",title:"Dr.",name:"Mohammad",middleName:null,surname:"Albaji",fullName:"Mohammad Albaji",slug:"mohammad-albaji"}]},{id:"31507",title:"Guideline for Groundwater Resource Management Using the GIS Tools in Arid to Semi Arid Climate Regions",slug:"guideline-for-groundwater-resource-management-using-the-gis-tools-in-arid-to-semi-arid-climate-regio",totalDownloads:3113,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Salwa Saidi, Salem Bouri, Brice Anselme and Hamed Ben Dhia",authors:[{id:"81180",title:"Dr.",name:"Salwa",middleName:null,surname:"Saidi",fullName:"Salwa Saidi",slug:"salwa-saidi"},{id:"81294",title:"Prof.",name:"Salem",middleName:null,surname:"Bouri",fullName:"Salem Bouri",slug:"salem-bouri"},{id:"81295",title:"Prof.",name:"Hamed",middleName:null,surname:"Ben Dhia",fullName:"Hamed Ben Dhia",slug:"hamed-ben-dhia"},{id:"81296",title:"Prof.",name:"Brice",middleName:null,surname:"Anselme",fullName:"Brice Anselme",slug:"brice-anselme"}]},{id:"31508",title:"Soil, Water and Crop Management for Agricultural Profitability and Natural Resources Protection in Salt-Threatened Irrigated Lands",slug:"soil-water-and-crop-management-for-agricultural-profitability-and-natural-resources-protection-in-sa",totalDownloads:1785,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Fernando Visconti and José Miguel de Paz",authors:[{id:"79081",title:"Dr.",name:"Fernando",middleName:null,surname:"Visconti",fullName:"Fernando Visconti",slug:"fernando-visconti"},{id:"87216",title:"Dr.",name:"José Miguel",middleName:null,surname:"De Paz",fullName:"José Miguel De Paz",slug:"jose-miguel-de-paz"}]},{id:"31509",title:"Criteria for Evaluation of Agricultural Land Suitability for Irrigation in Osijek County Croatia",slug:"criteria-for-evaluation-of-agricultural-land-suitability-for-irrigation",totalDownloads:2894,totalCrossrefCites:4,signatures:"Lidija Tadić",authors:[{id:"79316",title:"Dr.",name:"Lidija",middleName:null,surname:"Tadić",fullName:"Lidija Tadić",slug:"lidija-tadic"}]},{id:"31510",title:"Rationalisation of Established Irrigation Systems: Policy and Pitfalls",slug:"rationalization-of-established-irrigation-systems-policy-and-pitfalls",totalDownloads:1614,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Francine Rochford",authors:[{id:"79203",title:"Dr.",name:"Francine",middleName:null,surname:"Rochford",fullName:"Francine Rochford",slug:"francine-rochford"}]},{id:"31511",title:"Optimal Design or Rehabilitation of an Irrigation Project's Pipe Network",slug:"optimal-design-or-rehabilitation-of-the-irrigation-project-s-pipe-network",totalDownloads:3045,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Milan Cisty",authors:[{id:"76540",title:"Dr.",name:"Milan",middleName:null,surname:"Cisty",fullName:"Milan Cisty",slug:"milan-cisty"}]},{id:"31512",title:"An Algebraic Approach for Controlling Cascade of Reaches in Irrigation Canals",slug:"an-algebraic-approach-for-controlling-cascade-of-reaches-in-irrigation-canals",totalDownloads:1478,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Mouhamadou Samsidy Goudiaby, Abdou Sene and Gunilla Kreiss",authors:[{id:"83741",title:"Dr",name:"Abdou",middleName:null,surname:"Sene",fullName:"Abdou Sene",slug:"abdou-sene"},{id:"87652",title:"PhD.",name:"Mouhamadou Samsidy",middleName:null,surname:"Goudiaby",fullName:"Mouhamadou Samsidy Goudiaby",slug:"mouhamadou-samsidy-goudiaby"},{id:"123946",title:"Prof.",name:"Gunilla",middleName:null,surname:"Kreiss",fullName:"Gunilla Kreiss",slug:"gunilla-kreiss"}]},{id:"31513",title:"Spatial Variability of Field Microtopography and Its Influence on Irrigation Performance",slug:"spatial-variability-of-field-microtopography-and-its-influence-on-irrigation-performance",totalDownloads:1380,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Meijian Bai, Di Xu, Yinong Li and Shaohui Zhang",authors:[{id:"79223",title:"Dr.",name:"Meijian",middleName:null,surname:"Bai",fullName:"Meijian Bai",slug:"meijian-bai"},{id:"84712",title:"Prof.",name:"Di",middleName:null,surname:"Xu",fullName:"Di Xu",slug:"di-xu"},{id:"84713",title:"Prof.",name:"Yinong",middleName:null,surname:"Li",fullName:"Yinong Li",slug:"yinong-li"},{id:"125083",title:"Dr.",name:"Shaohui",middleName:null,surname:"Zhang",fullName:"Shaohui Zhang",slug:"shaohui-zhang"}]},{id:"31514",title:"Performance of Smallholder Irrigation Schemes in the Vhembe District of South Africa",slug:"performance-of-smallholder-irrigation-schemes-in-the-vhembe-district-of-south-africa",totalDownloads:4443,totalCrossrefCites:2,signatures:"Wim Van Averbeke",authors:[{id:"76788",title:"Prof.",name:"Wim",middleName:null,surname:"Van Averbeke",fullName:"Wim Van Averbeke",slug:"wim-van-averbeke"}]},{id:"31515",title:"Decision Strategies for Soil Water Estimations in Soybean Crops Subjected to No-Tillage and Conventional Systems, in Brazil",slug:"decision-strategies-of-soil-water-substitutio-in-soybean-subjected-to-no-tilleage-and-conventional-s",totalDownloads:1878,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Lucieta G. Martorano, Homero Bergamaschi, Rogério T. de Faria and Genei A. Dalmago",authors:[{id:"79055",title:"Dr.",name:"Lucieta",middleName:"Guerreiro",surname:"Martorano",fullName:"Lucieta Martorano",slug:"lucieta-martorano"},{id:"87316",title:"Dr.",name:"Homero",middleName:null,surname:"Bergamaschi",fullName:"Homero Bergamaschi",slug:"homero-bergamaschi"},{id:"87318",title:"Dr.",name:"Rogério",middleName:null,surname:"Faria",fullName:"Rogério Faria",slug:"rogerio-faria"},{id:"87320",title:"Dr.",name:"Genei",middleName:null,surname:"Dalmago",fullName:"Genei Dalmago",slug:"genei-dalmago"}]}]},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"3060",title:"Plant Breeding from Laboratories to Fields",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5b517f307caac739435f7fbaed5326ac",slug:"plant-breeding-from-laboratories-to-fields",bookSignature:"Sven Bode Andersen",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3060.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"79388",title:"Prof.",name:"Sven Bode",surname:"Andersen",slug:"sven-bode-andersen",fullName:"Sven Bode Andersen"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},chapters:[{id:"40396",title:"Genomic in situ Hybridization in Triticeae: A Methodological Approach",slug:"genomic-in-situ-hybridization-in-triticeae-a-methodological-approach",signatures:"Sandra Patussi Brammer, Santelmo Vasconcelos, Liane Balvedi\nPoersch, Ana Rafaela Oliveira and Ana Christina Brasileiro-Vidal",authors:[{id:"74308",title:"Dr.",name:"Santelmo",middleName:null,surname:"Vasconcelos",fullName:"Santelmo Vasconcelos",slug:"santelmo-vasconcelos"},{id:"160855",title:"Dr.",name:"Sandra",middleName:null,surname:"Brammer",fullName:"Sandra Brammer",slug:"sandra-brammer"},{id:"160856",title:"Dr.",name:"Ana Christina",middleName:null,surname:"Brasileiro-Vidal",fullName:"Ana Christina Brasileiro-Vidal",slug:"ana-christina-brasileiro-vidal"},{id:"160857",title:"BSc.",name:"Ana Rafaela",middleName:null,surname:"Oliveira",fullName:"Ana Rafaela Oliveira",slug:"ana-rafaela-oliveira"},{id:"160858",title:"MSc.",name:"Liane Balvedi",middleName:null,surname:"Poersch",fullName:"Liane Balvedi Poersch",slug:"liane-balvedi-poersch"},{id:"165999",title:"Dr.",name:"Sandra Patussi",middleName:null,surname:"Brammer",fullName:"Sandra Patussi Brammer",slug:"sandra-patussi-brammer"}]},{id:"44340",title:"SRAP Molecular Marker Technology in Plant Science",slug:"srap-molecular-marker-technology-in-plant-science",signatures:"Genyi Li, Peter B. E. McVetty and Carlos F. Quiros",authors:[{id:"160577",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Genyi",middleName:null,surname:"Li",fullName:"Genyi Li",slug:"genyi-li"}]},{id:"40178",title:"Molecular Markers and Marker-Assisted Breeding in Plants",slug:"molecular-markers-and-marker-assisted-breeding-in-plants",signatures:"Guo-Liang Jiang",authors:[{id:"158810",title:"Dr.",name:"Guo-Liang",middleName:null,surname:"Jiang",fullName:"Guo-Liang Jiang",slug:"guo-liang-jiang"}]},{id:"44012",title:"Genetic Dissection of Blackleg Resistance Loci in Rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)",slug:"genetic-dissection-of-blackleg-resistance-loci-in-rapeseed-brassica-napus-l-",signatures:"Harsh Raman, Rosy Raman and Nick Larkan",authors:[{id:"76347",title:"Dr.",name:"Harsh",middleName:null,surname:"Raman",fullName:"Harsh Raman",slug:"harsh-raman"},{id:"166451",title:"Dr.",name:"Rosy",middleName:null,surname:"Raman",fullName:"Rosy Raman",slug:"rosy-raman"},{id:"166452",title:"Dr.",name:"Nicholas",middleName:null,surname:"Larkan",fullName:"Nicholas Larkan",slug:"nicholas-larkan"}]},{id:"44502",title:"Marker Assisted Selection for Common Bean Diseases Improvements in Tanzania: Prospects and Future Needs",slug:"marker-assisted-selection-for-common-bean-diseases-improvements-in-tanzania-prospects-and-future-nee",signatures:"George Muhamba Tryphone, Luseko Amos Chilagane, Deogracious\nProtas, Paul Mbogo Kusolwa and Susan Nchimbi-Msolla",authors:[{id:"157660",title:"M.Sc.",name:"George",middleName:null,surname:"Tryphone",fullName:"George Tryphone",slug:"george-tryphone"},{id:"166366",title:"Dr.",name:"Deogracious",middleName:null,surname:"Protas",fullName:"Deogracious Protas",slug:"deogracious-protas"},{id:"166412",title:"Dr.",name:"Luseko",middleName:null,surname:"Chilagane",fullName:"Luseko Chilagane",slug:"luseko-chilagane"},{id:"166413",title:"Dr.",name:"Paul",middleName:null,surname:"Kusolwa",fullName:"Paul Kusolwa",slug:"paul-kusolwa"},{id:"166414",title:"Dr.",name:"Susan",middleName:null,surname:"Nchimbi-Msolla",fullName:"Susan Nchimbi-Msolla",slug:"susan-nchimbi-msolla"}]},{id:"44503",title:"Breeding for Drought Resistance Using Whole Plant Architecture — Conventional and Molecular Approach",slug:"breeding-for-drought-resistance-using-whole-plant-architecture-conventional-and-molecular-approach",signatures:"H.E. Shashidhar, Adnan Kanbar, Mahmoud Toorchi, G.M.\nRaveendra, Pavan Kundur, H.S. Vimarsha, Rakhi Soman, Naveen G.\nKumar, Berhanu Dagnaw Bekele and P. Bhavani",authors:[{id:"157332",title:"Dr.",name:"Halagappa",middleName:null,surname:"Shashidhar",fullName:"Halagappa Shashidhar",slug:"halagappa-shashidhar"}]},{id:"44529",title:"Breeding to Improve Symbiotic Effectiveness of Legumes",slug:"breeding-to-improve-symbiotic-effectiveness-of-legumes",signatures:"Vladimir A. Zhukov, Oksana Y. Shtark, Alexey Y. Borisov and Igor A.\nTikhonovich",authors:[{id:"73360",title:"Dr.",name:"Alexey",middleName:"Y.",surname:"Borisov",fullName:"Alexey Borisov",slug:"alexey-borisov"},{id:"81134",title:"Dr.",name:"Vladimir",middleName:null,surname:"Zhukov",fullName:"Vladimir Zhukov",slug:"vladimir-zhukov"},{id:"81139",title:"Dr.",name:"Oksana",middleName:"Yurievna",surname:"Shtark",fullName:"Oksana Shtark",slug:"oksana-shtark"},{id:"81142",title:"Prof.",name:"Igor",middleName:null,surname:"Tikhonovich",fullName:"Igor Tikhonovich",slug:"igor-tikhonovich"}]},{id:"44504",title:"Opium Poppy: Genetic Upgradation Through Intervention of Plant Breeding Techniques",slug:"opium-poppy-genetic-upgradation-through-intervention-of-plant-breeding-techniques",signatures:"Brij Kishore Mishra, Anu Rastogi, Ameena Siddiqui, Mrinalini\nSrivastava, Nidhi Verma, Rawli Pandey, Naresh Chandra Sharma and\nSudhir Shukla",authors:[{id:"156649",title:"Dr.",name:"Sudhir",middleName:null,surname:"Shukla",fullName:"Sudhir Shukla",slug:"sudhir-shukla"}]},{id:"44016",title:"Castor Breeding",slug:"castor-breeding",signatures:"Máira Milani and Márcia Barreto de Medeiros Nóbrega",authors:[{id:"74313",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Maira",middleName:null,surname:"Milani",fullName:"Maira Milani",slug:"maira-milani"},{id:"156611",title:"Dr.",name:"Márcia",middleName:null,surname:"Barreto De Medeiros Nóbrega",fullName:"Márcia Barreto De Medeiros Nóbrega",slug:"marcia-barreto-de-medeiros-nobrega"}]},{id:"41024",title:"Participatory Plant Quality Breeding: An Ancient Art Revisited by Knowledge Sharing. The Portuguese Experience",slug:"participatory-plant-quality-breeding-an-ancient-art-revisited-by-knowledge-sharing-the-portuguese-ex",signatures:"Maria Carlota Vaz Patto, Pedro Manuel Mendes-Moreira, Mara Lisa\nAlves, Elsa Mecha, Carla Brites, Maria do Rosário Bronze and Silas\nPego",authors:[{id:"70071",title:"Prof.",name:"Maria",middleName:null,surname:"Bronze",fullName:"Maria Bronze",slug:"maria-bronze"},{id:"160017",title:"Dr.",name:"Maria Carlota",middleName:null,surname:"Vaz Patto",fullName:"Maria Carlota Vaz Patto",slug:"maria-carlota-vaz-patto"},{id:"160020",title:"MSc.",name:"Pedro",middleName:null,surname:"Mendes-Moreira",fullName:"Pedro Mendes-Moreira",slug:"pedro-mendes-moreira"},{id:"160021",title:"Dr.",name:"Carla",middleName:null,surname:"Brites",fullName:"Carla Brites",slug:"carla-brites"},{id:"160022",title:"Dr.",name:"Silas",middleName:null,surname:"Pego",fullName:"Silas Pego",slug:"silas-pego"},{id:"166078",title:"MSc.",name:"Mara Lisa",middleName:null,surname:"Alves",fullName:"Mara Lisa Alves",slug:"mara-lisa-alves"},{id:"166079",title:"MSc.",name:"Elsa",middleName:null,surname:"Mecha",fullName:"Elsa Mecha",slug:"elsa-mecha"}]}]}]},onlineFirst:{chapter:{type:"chapter",id:"74453",title:"Perovskite Nanoparticles",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.94588",slug:"perovskite-nanoparticles",body:'
1. Introduction
Inorganic and/or hybrid perovskites have become prominent in solution-processed optoelectronics. Thousands of reports have been proposed about photovoltaics [1, 2, 3], light-emitting diodes (LEDs) [4, 5, 6], lasers [6, 7] and photodetectors [8, 9, 10, 11, 12] containing perovskite semiconductors per annum over the past decade. Halide perovskite nanostructures exhibit tremendous optic and electrical properties such as strong absorption and/or emission, higher photoluminescence quantum yields (PLQYs) [13, 14, 15], higher exciton binding energies and tuneable bandgaps than those of bulk perovskites and other nanomaterials. With these outstanding properties, they may offer many scopes for optoelectronics. Particularly, hybrid lead halide perovskite nanostructures (PNSs) offer unique opportunities for light-emitting diode (LED) applications. PNSs represent larger exciton binding energies and longer carrier decay times than those of bulk crystals. In addition to this, their narrow emission band makes them good candidates for LED [16] and laser [17]. Since Schmidt et al. reported the synthesis of first colloidal PNS by a simple procedure under ambient conditions in 2014 [18], many research groups have started working on these materials. In the synthesis of PNSs, it is possible to use organic ligands for capping to stop crystals` growth in the nanometer scale. Furthermore, capping ligands can reduce surface defects in the same way of the traditional NC preparation. Thus, size and shape of PNSs can be tune finely from a single perovskite layer or below the exciton Bohr radius for using the effect to quantum confinement to multilayers which exhibits bulk-like properties. With this method, it is possible to prepare nanostructures like quantum dots (QDs), nanoplatelets (NPLs), nanosheets (NSs), and nanowires (NWs) [19, 20].
In a simple PNS growth process, the methylammonium cations are embedded in the voids of the corner-sharing PbX6 octahedra, the long alkyl chain cations only at the periphery of the octahedra with their chains hanging it. Therefore, long alkyl-ammonium ions can be used as the capping agents to limit the growth of the PNSs in three-dimension (3D). There are five common methods proposed in the literature which exhibits good prospects for obtaining various uniform and defect free PNSs. These are named as solvent-induced precipitation, hot injection, template assisted, ligand assisted reprecipitation and emulsion methods [13, 14].
In order to determine the structural and optic properties of PNSs, some characterization techniques such as small angle x-ray scattering (SAXS), scanning electron microscope (SEM), absorption and emission spectroscopy have been used extensively. It is crucial to know the shape and optical response of the nanocrystals for the further opto-electronic application of them.
As it is mentioned above, well-defined PNSs were used in many applications such as optical lasing and LEDs. Some of those applications have been investigated intensively by many groups all around the world. Some milestone studies have been presented comparatively.
2. Synthesis of nano-crystalline perovskites
There are many proposed methods for synthesis of PNSs by many groups in the literatures. Here we would like to express five of most common and essential methods (Figure 1) [21, 22, 23].
Figure 1.
Common synthesis methods for perovskite nano-crystals.
2.1 Solvent-induced precipitation
The physical properties of perovskite cluster such as size of NPs can be arranged by using long alkyl chain amine derivatives while oleic acid ensures the colloid stability via preventing the aggregation. In order to initiate the solvent-induced precipitation, and obtain colloidal MAPbBr3 NPs, lead bromide (PbBr2) and methyl ammonium bromide (CH3NH3Br) were mixed with Octylammoniumbromide (OABr) in acetone with oleic acid (OAc) and octylamine and the solution were kept at 80°C. The PLQY of obtained NPSs was about 20% as well as stable over three months. After this first attempt, PLQY of NPSs was increased up to 83% by optimization of the molar ratios of starting materials [22, 24].
In this method, a polar solvent such as dimethylformamide (DMF) which dissolve all starting materials and capping ligands have been used to prepare the precursor solution [25, 26]. This solution is added dropwise into vigorously stirred toluene which is not a good solvent for starting materials and perovskite crystal. Zhang et al. has demonstrated the synthesis of colour- tuneable PNSs (average particle size of 3.3 ± 0.7 nm) with a PLQYs of 50–70% (Figure 2) [25]. It was claimed that a slight descending of PLQY was observed by the ascending of the size of the perovskite crystal (2–8 μm, PLQY < 0.1%). In the nanometer scales, surface defects of the crystals can easily be passivated by ligands. Thus, most of the photo-generated charges can recombine before there are trapped by defects on the surface. However, due to the less ligand passivation, the number of defects on the bulk perovskite structure`s surface, which increased the number of trapped charges, are significantly high, resulting very low PLQY. In another study, well-defined cubic and thermally stable FAPbX3 nanocrystals (about 10 m) has been prepared by LARP method. The reported PLQY for the NPS was 75% [27]. A new procedure, which was used to obtain a core-shell shape by using the LARP approach has been recently demonstrated. With this proposed method, a solution-processed, stable core–shell-type Methyl ammonium (MA+) + Octyl ammonium (OA+) lead bromide perovskite NPs (≈5–12 nm) with good PLQY was prepared. In addition to this, Core–shell-type NPs was accomplished by systematically changing the molar ratio of capping ligands, OABr, and MABr without altering total amount of alkylammonium bromide and synthesis conditions. The color tunability of NPs in the blue to green spectral region (438–521 nm), high PLQY, and reasonable stability under ambient condition are credited to the quantum confinement imparted by the crystal engineering associated with core–shell NP formation [28, 29, 30].
Figure 2.
(a) Schematic illustration of Set up for LARP; (b) starting materials and shape of perovskite nano-crystals; (c) image of typical solution containing CH3NH3PbBr3 nano-structures (reproduced with permission of Ref. [26]).
2.3 Hot injection method
The stability of inorganic perovskites is significantly higher than that of hybrid perovskite crystals. By changing the organic cation with an inorganic one (e.g., Cs), chemical and thermal stability of Perovskite material can be increased greatly (Figure 3) [31, 32]. It is possible to obtain various crystal phases by changing the temperature resulting a shifting in the optical responses. The hot injection method is a widespread method for synthesizing inorganic PNSs. In a typical synthesis procedure, a solution of PbX2 (X = I/Br/Cl), in octadecene (ODE) along with oleic acid and oleyl amine is prepared. During stirring, Cs-oleate is injected into that solution quickly under dry condition at 140–200°C [32]. To quench the reaction (after 5–10 sec), the reactor is cooled with an ice bath. With this method, it is easy to obtain uniform nano-cubes with the size of 4–15 nm edge length representing high PLQY, up to 50–90% and a very narrow emission band (12–42 nm) in the visible region (410–700 nm). As it was mentioned before, the optical properties of the NPSs are related to shape, size, and surface chemistry of them due to the significant changes in the band structures. Therefore, by the variation of the surfactants, ligands, reaction temperature and time, the perovskite precursor composition can be adjust [33] to realize the formation of nanowires, nanoplatelets, spherical dots, and nanorods (Figure 3) [33, 34, 35]. A critical point for the hot injection is the reaction temperature effecting the size of the NPSs. To overcome this disadvantage, new methods have been developed for hybrid perovskites.
Figure 3.
Schematic illustration of Hot-injection method (left-hand), image of Cs2SnI6 samples under UV-light (right-hand) and possible crystal shapes obtained by hot-injection method (reproduced with permission of Ref. [33]).
2.4 Template-assisted method
In this synthesis approach, NP formation is induced by a specific substrate such as mesoporous silica and aluminum oxide film as a template [36, 37, 38]. NPSs is obtained on the films which exhibits intensive light. This technique is suitable for formation of mono disperse NPSs with various narrow emissions (full wind of half maximum (FWHM) is less than 40 nm) bands from green (FWHM: 22 nm) to near infrared (FWHM: 36 nm) by template optimization [37, 38, 39]. In a recent study, perovskite nanocrystals have been prepared in a nano-porous structure. By this kind of strategies, it is possible to confine PNSs (<10 nm) without any capping agents (Figure 4). In other words, the emission wavelength of perovskite nanoparticles can be arranged precisely for sophisticated photonic applications such as lasers [36, 37].
Figure 4.
Schematic illustration of perovskite nano-crystal preparation by the template-assisted method (reproduced with permission of Ref. [36]).
2.5 Emulsion method
In order to control the crystallization of perovskite and obtain uniform NPs, emulsion synthesis method was modified [40]. By using this method, it is possible to tune the size of PNSs under 10 nm with an PLQY up to 92% [41]. In this method, an emulsion is prepared with two immiscible solvents. After that, a demulsifier is added into this for initiating solvent mixing and start crystallization (Figure 5). For this procedure, DMF and n-hexane are very good candidates as immiscible solvents while tert-butanol or acetone is used as demulsifier solvent [41]. This method is suitable to obtain PNSs in solid state which can be used in another solvent matrix for an application later. Furthermore, long alkyl ammonium halides are used as capping agent.
Figure 5.
(a) Schematic illustration of preparation of nano-crystals by emulsion method; (b) ternary phase diagram (DMF/OA/n-hexane); (c) image of a typical CH3NH3PbBr3 emulsion, colloidal NP solution and solid-state powder of CH3NH3PbBr3 NPs (reproduced with permission of Ref. [41]).
3. Form factor of perovskite nano-crystals
3.1 Crystal shape of perovskite nano structures
As it is well known, semiconductor perovskite crystalline structure has a general formula of ABX3 where A is an organic or inorganic cation, organic methylammonium (MA+), formamidinium (FA+) or inorganic cesium (Cs+); B is a metal cation typically lead (Pb2+) or tin cations (Sn2+); and X is a halide anion. Cation A is slightly larger than centred cation B having 6 co-ordination number. There is a significant relationship, which is called “Goldschimidt Tolerance Factor” between the size of the ions and the formation and the shape of the crystal structure:
t′=rA+rX2rB+rXE1
Where, rA and rB are cationic diameters of A and B respectively, and rX is the anionic diameter of halide in Å. When cation A is too big or cation B is too small (>1), hexagonal perovskite crystal is formed. If cation A and has the ideal size (0.9 < t < 1), cubic perovskite crystal is formed. Finally, if cation is too small to fit into the space between metal cations (B) (0.7 < t < 0.9), orthorhombic perovskite structure is formed [42].
3.2 Geometry of perovskite nano-crystals
A typical “bulk” perovskite structure is called three-dimensional (3D) which is usually comply to the ABX3 formula completely [43, 44, 45]. In this situation, “3D” refers to the growth in every dimension without any confinement. X anions are combined through corner sharing to form a 3D network. Beside this, the cation A occupies the site in the middle of eight octahedra, and each element needs to owe the proper valence state to keep a whole charge balance [43]. To obtain nano crystalline perovskites, crystal growth must be restricted with at least one dimension by a capping agent or a matrix. Thus, It is possible to prepare various dimensioned PNSs such as zero, one or two dimension (0D, 1D or 2D respectively) (Figure 6) [1, 46].
Figure 6.
Schematic illustration of low-dimensional perovskites and 3D perovskite crystal structures (reproduced with permission of Ref. [47]).
0D PNSs have been synthesized, by LARP [25], hot-injection [32] and template-assisted method [36] by different groups. Crystal growth is prevented in all dimensions by a ligand or a metal-oxide matrix to obtained quantum-dot-like NPs representing good Photoluminescence (PL). Prepared nanostructures have been used in many opto-electronic applications such as solar cells, LEDs and laser.
Perovskite nanowires or nanorods are basically 1D PNSs which represent outstanding anisotropic optical and electrochemical properties with very high PLQFs [41]. 1D PNSs have been proposed by Horvath et al. for the first time in the literature. Nanowires with 50–400 nm wide and 10 μm length has been prepared in DMF solution phase. Obtained NPSs have been used in Solar Cells [48], LED [4] and photodetector [8] applications.
Consequently, 2D PNSs are nano pellet or nano sheet shaped materials which consist of several unit cells leading larger binding energy for the exciton and more intense PL. These types of NPs have similar networks with corresponded 3D perovskite, however the general formula of ABX3 is changed when the NP is very thin. Number of sheets in a nano pellet NPS can be determine by using absorption and emission spectroscopy. Differences of Absorption and emission maximum of nanosheets (n = 1, 2, 3 and 4) are very significant. Maximum absorption peak is red shifted with the increasing of number of unit cell (nano- pellet) (Figure 7).
Figure 7.
(a) Schematic illustration of the perovskite nanopelets preparation. (b) Image of OA/MA perovskite suspensions in toluene under ambient light (reproduced with permission of Ref. [49]).
4. Applications of perovskite nanoparticles
4.1 Optical properties of perovskite nanoparticles
In recent years, perovskite is a very important milestone in solar cell research, thanks to its perfect exciton and charge carrier properties. This excellent performance has allowed perovskite to be used as outstanding light emitters in Light Emitting Diodes (LEDs) and other optoelectronic applications [4, 7, 25, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56]. One of the most attractive features of perovskites is their emissions, which can be easily adjusted in the visible range compared to traditional III–V and II–VI groups. All inorganic-perovskite ABX3 emissions, including quantum dots and nanoplatelets, can cover the entire visible area, even close to the infrared or ultraviolet region, by substituting halide elements from chloride to iodine [26, 34, 51, 57, 58]. Another way to adjust the emission is to insert other organic molecules into it or replace anions/cations.
4.2 High quantum efficiency
Perovskites are considered superior light emitters owing to their large absorption coefficients and high quantum yields [59, 60]. The high quantum yield generally indicates that most of the absorbed photons are transformed by radiative recombination processes. High quantum yields (90%) have been reported in inorganic ABX3 and organic-inorganic methyl-ammonium halide perovskite nanocrystals without further surface treatment [26, 34]. However, the main reason for reduced quantum efficiency in conventional III –V and II –VI groups is that these nanocrystalline structures are often affected by surface defects or donor-receptor levels. In perovskite, where there are very few electrical charge trapping conditions, high quantum efficiency is the result of the formation of a clear band gap that greatly supports exciton radial recombination efficiency [61].
4.3 Quantum confinement effect
Optical absorption and emission characteristics of a semiconductor can be adjusted by changing the size of the semiconductor. If the size of such materials is in the nanocrystal range, changes in band gaps can be observed. The reduction of the crystal size causes the quantum capture effect to be observed and the bandwidth to shift to blue. If the semiconductor size is too small to compare with the Bohr radius of excitons, quantum trapping can be seen in the optical properties of the semiconductors. For example, the quantum capture effect is quite evident in completely inorganic CsPbBr3 perovskite nanocrystals and in organic-inorganic methyl ammonium lead halide perovskite nanocrystals. This can usually be observed when the nanocrystalline size is comparable to the exciton Bohr radius. Figure 8a and b demonstrate that the emission of CsPbBr3 perovskite nanocrystals can actually be adjusted from 2.7 eV to 2.4 eV, with a size ranging from 4 nm to 12 nm, which is compatible with the theoretical calculation [34].
Figure 8.
(a) The emission spectra of CsPbBr3 NCs Quantum-size effects in the absorption and (b) experimental versus effective mass approximation size (theoretical technique) with respect to the band gap energy range (reproduced with permission of Ref. [34]).
4.4 Linear absorption and emission
Many groups have focused on improving the band spacing, excitonic characteristic and optical properties of photoluminescent quantum yields of halide perovskite nanocrystals for optoelectronic applications in recent years [18, 62]. The most interesting of these features is that bandwidth is adjustable. It is possible to adjust the bandwidth by changing the individual components of the metal halide perovskites (MHP). Optical properties of bulk perovskite thin films could be changed across the entire visible spectrum. Thus, it has been shown that the optical properties of MAPbBr3 nanocrystals, which have an emission of approximately 529 nm, can also be altered throughout the entire visible spectrum [63, 64]. For CsPb(X = Cl, Br or I)3 nanocrystals, using halide components, the emission wavelength is from 410 nm (X = Cl), (X = Br) to 512 nm, (X = I) It has been shown that it can be shifted to 685 nm (Figure 9).
Figure 9.
UV−vis and photoluminescence spectra shows that the band gap could be tuned by controlling of CsPbX3 NCs as a function of halide (reproduced with permission of Ref. [34]).
Adjustable optical features of perovskite nanocrystals are based on the electronic structure of these materials (Figure 10). The conduction band consists of external p orbitals of halid and antibonding orbitals of hybridization of Pb 6p orbitals. The valence band consists of antibonding of the hybridization of Pb 6s and the same halide p-orbitals. The conduction band is generally p-like owing to the high density energy bands lead density contribution [65]. However, as the opposite of this situation, the band gap of gallium arsenide occurs between bonding and antibonding orbitals. As the halide component changes, the valence energy band shifts at the limit value, while only small changes occur in the energy limit value of the transmission band [66]. The cation A does not contribute considerably to the conduction and valence orbitals, but has an important effect on the band gap of perovskite [67]. As a result, emission energies of MA-based perovskite nanocrystals have been demonstrated to range from halide to 407 to 734 nm. It is understood that the FA emissions of nanocrystalline FAs shifted to 408 nm with Cl, to 535 nm with Br and to I and 784 nm, that is, to red [68, 69, 70]. In addition, the B cation has a significant mission in changing the optical properties of metal halide perovskites nanocrystals. As is known, the lead is a harmful element for the nature, instead of using the band [71], the band gap and PL emissions of the metal halide perovskites nanocrystals shifted from Cl to 443 nm and from I to 953 nm. The reason is probably a result of the higher electronegativity of Sn2 than Pb2 [72]. But, the stability of Sn2+ and similarly Ge2+ based on perovskite compounds is too weak owing to the reduction of non-interacting electron pair effects corresponding to a decrease in the stability of the divalent oxidation state [73]. As a result, PL emissions or energy band gaps of nanocrystalline structures obtained by various methods depend only on stoichiometry [74]. Stokes shift is an important parameter at the absorption and emission spectra that LHP nanocrystals show typically small, ranging from 20 to 85 meV [75, 76, 77]. Stokes shift increases as nanocrystals decrease in size. This is clarified by the creation of a compatible hole state that can be delocalized across the whole nanocrystal [78]. PL line widths of metal halide perovskites are another important point, particularly for LED applications. In fact, the line widths are commonly in the range of 70-110 meV and have been found to vary significantly with respect to the halide content. In many articles, the halide component greatly varies the PL spectra in terms of wavelength, for instance for Cl-perovskites reaches to 10–12 nm and for I-perovskites 40 nm. In terms of photoluminescent quantum yields, LHP nanocrystals display high values with the more epitaxial shell range the more chalcogenide QDs without electronic passivation [69]. Some article abot MA based halide perovskites have been reached to 80 % to 95 % for photoluminescent quantum yields, bromide and iodides, respectively [79, 80, 81, 82]. The defect tolerance of halide perovskite gives new properties due to orbital structure and the bandgap that forms between two antibonding orbitals. FA-based nanocrystals also reach to 70–90% photoluminescent quantum yield. There is alternative method that doping with additional ions to handle the optical emission of LHP nanocrystals. The addition of Mn2+ ions leads to a strong Stokes shift emission by the band gap given by the perovskite matrix and the emission from the atomic states of the Mn2+ ions (Figure 11a) [83]. Mn2+ doping can result in a pair of controllable emissions from both localized Mn2+ states and band gap recombination [84, 85]. In contrary, CsPbBr3 nanocrystals have been shown to cause blue shift of doping, band boundary and PL emission with other divalent cations such as Sn2+, Cd2+ and Zn2+. In these cases, an important portion (0.2–0.7%) of the original Pb ions have been exchanged by new metal cations that produce alloy nanocrystals. CsPbBr3 alloy nanocrystals with 0.2% content of AI3+ ions have a blue shear PL emission with a centre of 456 nm and a relatively high 42% photoluminescence quantum yield [86]. In all these cases, perovskite nanocrystals act as an absorbent host that stimulates dopants through energy transfer. In addition, by selecting specific dopant atoms, the emission wavelengths of the nanocrystals obtained can be easily adjusted. When lanthanide ions are doped, the emission of CsPbCl3 nanocubes ranges from 400 nm to 1000 nm and their quantum yields are 15% and 35%, respectively (Figure 11b) [87].
Figure 10.
The energy bands forms in a lead iodide perovskite by the crossing of lead and iodide orbitals (reproduced with permission of Ref. [23]).
Figure 11.
(a) Photoluminescence emission & absorption of Mn-doped CsPbCl3 NCs, (b) photoluminescence curves of CsPbCl3 NCs doped with different lanthanide ions (reproduced with permission of Refs. [23, 87]).
5. Optoelectronics applications of perovskite
5.1 Optical lasing
High absorption coefficient and strong photoluminescence is the most powerful side of metal halide perovskite. It is possible to obtain a laser with a high quantum efficiency material and a suitable optical band spacing. With the understanding that amplified spontaneous emission can be obtained from perovskite material, research has focused on this subject. Especially, laser obtaining studies were carried out by using perovskite crystal. It has also been shown that perovskite nanowires in high crystalline feature can have a Fabry-Perot gap to obtain a laser in the material [88]. By manipulating the content of the halide in the composition of the perovskite lead to control the emission wavelength and obtain the laser in the entire visible spectrum (Figure 12a and b) [57]. Zhu et al. showed that laser exposure in CH3NH3 PbX3 with an exponentially low current threshold (220 nJ cm−2) and a corresponding carrier density as low as 1.5 × 1016 cm−3.
Figure 12.
(a) Photoluminescence spectra of CsPb (X = Cl, Br, I)3 nanoplatelets and (b) wavelength adjustment of perovskite lasing by controlling the content of halide in CsPbX3 perovskite [6, 7, 57]. There is really an extraordinary point about nanowires is that they have very little carrier capture area and the laser quantum efficiency reaches to 100% (reproduced with permission of Ref. [6]).
5.2 Light emitting diodes
Metal halide perovskite has great potential due to its easy preparation, low cost and high-performance light emitting diodes. Perovskites in LED applications show well a high colour purity, usually 15–25 nm full width half-colour purity for electroluminescence spectra. The point is here that the colour adjustment can cover the entire visible part of the spectrum by changing the content of different halides within the compounds. Therefore, many researchers have achieved high performance in perovskite quantum dot LED because of their quantum dots, strong luminescence, and high external quantum yields (Figure 13a) [25]. The stability problem of organic-inorganic hybrid perovskite can be eliminated by synthesizing the inorganic perovskites (ie CsPbX3) as quantum dots for LED applications (Figure 13b) [89]. The performance of perovskite nanoplatelets in LED applications was lower than the quantum dots (Figure 13c). As a result, perovskite has a great potential for lighting and display applications as a new generation LED material.
Figure 13.
In LED applications are generally used a low dimensional perovskite. (a) CH3NH3PbX3 quantum dots are applied to fabricate LED, (b) CsPbX3 quantum dots are used to form LED, (c) CH3NH3PbX3 nanoplatelets are performed to obtain LED (reproduced with permission of Refs. [25, 89, 91]).
5.3 Alternative applications
FETs, photodetectors, and single photon emitters are the other potential optoelectronic application devices. Liu et al. [90] used perovskite nanoplatelets to produce a FET on a Si/SiO2. For this device, the current-voltage curve showed ohmic contact between the perovskite nanoplatelets and electrodes, and a linear dependency was noted. In that study, they revealed a strong light-material interaction and broadband light harvesting capability of perovskite. Many photodetectors were fabricated based on a horizontal CH3NH3PbI3 nanowire array [49]. The response time compared to the obtained photodetectors bulk perovskite and other inorganic nanowire photodetectors is higher in terms of response time of 0.3 ms, 1.3 A W−1 response and a detectivity of 2.5 × 1012 Jones. Park et al. show a remarkable perovskite nanomaterials application that Quantum dots were used as a single photon emitter at standard conditions. CsPbX3 perovskite was used as the leading material to synthesize cubic shapes and quantum dots with an average size of 10 nm. Perovskite quantum dots displayed an excellent photon beam of emitted light and photoluminescence (PL) intensity fluctuations associated with PL life. It is defined that phenomenon as “A-type flashing” that is popular in the quantum dot system.
6. Conclusion
In this chapter, preparation methods and applications of 2D perovskite nanoparticles were reviewed. The most crucial points for synthesis method are uniformity and form factor of synthesised nanoparticles. Furthermore, structural, optic, and electrochemical properties of 2D perovskites have been introduced in detail. Due to the low ionic interaction in the crystal structures, organo-halide perovskites exhibit low stability under ambient conditions. However, 2D perovskite nanoparticles still offer a great potential due to the structure-dependent optic and electronic properties.
\n',keywords:"perovskite, nanoparticle, nanocrystal, opto-electronics, solar cells, OLEDs, fluorescence",chapterPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/74453.pdf",chapterXML:"https://mts.intechopen.com/source/xml/74453.xml",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/74453",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/74453",totalDownloads:146,totalViews:0,totalCrossrefCites:0,dateSubmitted:"November 14th 2019",dateReviewed:"October 21st 2020",datePrePublished:"December 16th 2020",datePublished:"January 27th 2021",dateFinished:"December 16th 2020",readingETA:"0",abstract:"2D perovskite nanoparticles have a great potential for using in optoelectronic devices such as Solar Cells and Light Emitting Diodes within their tuneable optic and structural properties. In this chapter, it is aimed to express “relation between chemical structures and photo-physical behaviours of perovskite nanoparticles and milestones for their electronic applications”. Initially, general synthesis methods of perovskite nanoparticles have been explained. Furthermore, advantages and disadvantages of the methods have been discussed. After the synthesis, formation of 2D perovskite crystal and effects on shape factor, particle size and uniformity of perovskite have been explained in detail. Beside these, optic properties of luminescent perovskite nanoparticles have been summarized a long with spectral band tuning via size and composition changes. In addition, since their different optical properties and relatively more stable chemical structure under ambient conditions, a comprehensive compilation of opto-electronic applications of 2D perovskite nanoparticles have been prepared.",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/74453",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/74453",signatures:"Burak Gultekin, Ali Kemal Havare, Shirin Siyahjani, Halil Ibrahim Ciftci and Mustafa Can",book:{id:"9881",title:"Perovskite and Piezoelectric Materials",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Perovskite and Piezoelectric Materials",slug:"perovskite-and-piezoelectric-materials",publishedDate:"January 27th 2021",bookSignature:"Someshwar Pola, Neeraj Panwar and Indrani Coondoo",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9881.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"177037",title:"Dr.",name:"Someshwar",middleName:null,surname:"Pola",slug:"someshwar-pola",fullName:"Someshwar Pola"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:[{id:"176024",title:"Dr.",name:"Mustafa",middleName:null,surname:"Can",fullName:"Mustafa Can",slug:"mustafa-can",email:"mustafacan80@yahoo.com",position:null,institution:null},{id:"205447",title:"Dr.",name:"Ali Kemal",middleName:null,surname:"Havare",fullName:"Ali Kemal Havare",slug:"ali-kemal-havare",email:"alikemal.havare@gmail.com",position:null,institution:{name:"Toros University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"323709",title:"Dr.",name:"Burak",middleName:null,surname:"Gültekin",fullName:"Burak Gültekin",slug:"burak-gultekin",email:"burakgultekin@gmail.com",position:null,institution:{name:"Ege University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"323944",title:"Mrs.",name:"Shirin",middleName:null,surname:"Siyahjani",fullName:"Shirin Siyahjani",slug:"shirin-siyahjani",email:"s_siahjani@yahoo.com",position:null,institution:{name:"Ege University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"323946",title:"Dr.",name:"Halilibrahim",middleName:null,surname:"Çiftçi",fullName:"Halilibrahim Çiftçi",slug:"halilibrahim-ciftci",email:"hiciftci@kumamoto-u.ac.jp",position:null,institution:{name:"Kumamoto University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}}],sections:[{id:"sec_1",title:"1. Introduction",level:"1"},{id:"sec_2",title:"2. Synthesis of nano-crystalline perovskites",level:"1"},{id:"sec_2_2",title:"2.1 Solvent-induced precipitation",level:"2"},{id:"sec_3_2",title:"2.2 Ligand assisted reprecipitation (LARP) technique",level:"2"},{id:"sec_4_2",title:"2.3 Hot injection method",level:"2"},{id:"sec_5_2",title:"2.4 Template-assisted method",level:"2"},{id:"sec_6_2",title:"2.5 Emulsion method",level:"2"},{id:"sec_8",title:"3. Form factor of perovskite nano-crystals",level:"1"},{id:"sec_8_2",title:"3.1 Crystal shape of perovskite nano structures",level:"2"},{id:"sec_9_2",title:"3.2 Geometry of perovskite nano-crystals",level:"2"},{id:"sec_11",title:"4. Applications of perovskite nanoparticles",level:"1"},{id:"sec_11_2",title:"4.1 Optical properties of perovskite nanoparticles",level:"2"},{id:"sec_12_2",title:"4.2 High quantum efficiency",level:"2"},{id:"sec_13_2",title:"4.3 Quantum confinement effect",level:"2"},{id:"sec_14_2",title:"4.4 Linear absorption and emission",level:"2"},{id:"sec_16",title:"5. Optoelectronics applications of perovskite",level:"1"},{id:"sec_16_2",title:"5.1 Optical lasing",level:"2"},{id:"sec_17_2",title:"5.2 Light emitting diodes",level:"2"},{id:"sec_18_2",title:"5.3 Alternative applications",level:"2"},{id:"sec_20",title:"6. Conclusion",level:"1"}],chapterReferences:[{id:"B1",body:'Tsai H et al. High-efficiency two-dimensional Ruddlesden–Popper perovskite solar cells. Nature. 2016;536(7616):312-316'},{id:"B2",body:'Liu M, Johnston MB, Snaith HJ. Efficient planar heterojunction perovskite solar cells by vapour deposition. Nature. 2013;501(7467):395-398'},{id:"B3",body:'Burschka J et al. Sequential deposition as a route to high-performance perovskite-sensitized solar cells. Nature. 2013;499(7458):316-319'},{id:"B4",body:'Yuan M et al. Perovskite energy funnels for efficient light-emitting diodes. Nature nanotechnology. 2016;11(10):872-877'},{id:"B5",body:'Tan Z-K et al. Bright light-emitting diodes based on organometal halide perovskite. Nature nanotechnology. 2014;9(9):687-692'},{id:"B6",body:'Zhu H et al. Lead halide perovskite nanowire lasers with low lasing thresholds and high quality factors. Nature materials. 2015;14(6):636-642'},{id:"B7",body:'Zhang Q et al. Room-temperature near-infrared high-Q perovskite whispering-gallery planar nanolasers. Nano letters. 2014;14(10):5995-6001'},{id:"B8",body:'Miao J et al. Highly Sensitive Organic Photodetectors with Tunable Spectral Response under Bi-Directional Bias. Advanced Optical Materials. 2016;4(11):1711-1717'},{id:"B9",body:'Miao J, Zhang F. Recent progress on highly sensitive perovskite photodetectors. Journal of Materials Chemistry C. 2019;7(7):1741-1791'},{id:"B10",body:'Miao J et al. Photomultiplication type organic photodetectors with broadband and narrowband response ability. Advanced Optical Materials. 2018;6(8):1800001'},{id:"B11",body:'Li L et al. Achieving EQE of 16,700% in P3HT: PC 71 BM based photodetectors by trap-assisted photomultiplication. Scientific reports. 2015;5(1):1-7'},{id:"B12",body:'Li L et al. Revealing the working mechanism of polymer photodetectors with ultra-high external quantum efficiency. Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics. 2015;17(45):30712-30720'},{id:"B13",body:'Jung S et al. Enhancement of Photoluminescence Quantum Yield and Stability in CsPbBr3 Perovskite Quantum Dots by Trivalent Doping. Nanomaterials. 2020;10(4):710'},{id:"B14",body:'Zhang D et al. Increasing Photoluminescence Quantum Yield by Nanophotonic Design of Quantum-Confined Halide Perovskite Nanowire Arrays. Nano letters. 2019;19(5):2850-2857'},{id:"B15",body:'Khan Y et al. Waterproof perovskites: high fluorescence quantum yield and stability from a methylammonium lead bromide/formate mixture in water. Journal of Materials Chemistry C. 2020'},{id:"B16",body:'Dong, Q., et al., Operational stability of perovskite light emitting diodes. Journal of Physics: Materials, 2020. 3(1): p. 012002'},{id:"B17",body:'Stylianakis MM et al. Inorganic and hybrid perovskite based laser devices: a review. Materials. 2019;12(6):859'},{id:"B18",body:'Schmidt LC et al. Nontemplate synthesis of CH3NH3PbBr3 perovskite nanoparticles. Journal of the American Chemical Society. 2014;136(3):850-853'},{id:"B19",body:'Chen D, Chen X. Luminescent perovskite quantum dots: synthesis, microstructures, optical properties and applications. Journal of Materials Chemistry C. 2019;7(6):1413-1446'},{id:"B20",body:'Zhang C, Kuang DB, Wu WQ. A Review of Diverse Halide Perovskite Morphologies for Efficient Optoelectronic Applications. Small Methods. 2020;4(2):1900662'},{id:"B21",body:'Ha S-T et al. Metal halide perovskite nanomaterials: synthesis and applications. Chemical science. 2017;8(4):2522-2536'},{id:"B22",body:'Gopinathan N et al. Solvents driven structural, morphological, optical and dielectric properties of lead free perovskite CH 3 NH 3 SnCl 3 for optoelectronic applications: Experimental and DFT study. Materials Research Express. 2020'},{id:"B23",body:'Shamsi J et al. Metal halide perovskite nanocrystals: synthesis, post-synthesis modifications, and their optical properties. Chemical reviews. 2019;119(5):3296-3348'},{id:"B24",body:'Shen D et al. Understanding the solvent-assisted crystallization mechanism inherent in efficient organic–inorganic halide perovskite solar cells. Journal of Materials Chemistry A. 2014;2(48):20454-20461'},{id:"B25",body:'Xing J et al. High-efficiency light-emitting diodes of organometal halide perovskite amorphous nanoparticles. ACS nano. 2016;10(7):6623-6630'},{id:"B26",body:'Zhang F et al. Brightly luminescent and color-tunable colloidal CH3NH3PbX3 (X= Br, I, Cl) quantum dots: potential alternatives for display technology. ACS nano. 2015;9(4):4533-4542'},{id:"B27",body:'Pathak S et al. Perovskite crystals for tunable white light emission. Chemistry of Materials. 2015;27(23):8066-8075'},{id:"B28",body:'Tyagi P, Arveson SM, Tisdale WA. Colloidal organohalide perovskite nanoplatelets exhibiting quantum confinement. The journal of physical chemistry letters. 2015;6(10):1911-1916'},{id:"B29",body:'Hassan Y et al. Structure-Tuned Lead Halide Perovskite Nanocrystals. Advanced materials. 2016;28(3):566-573'},{id:"B30",body:'Luo B et al. Synthesis, optical properties, and exciton dynamics of organolead bromide perovskite nanocrystals. The Journal of Physical Chemistry C. 2015;119(47):26672-26682'},{id:"B31",body:'Wang Y et al. Thermodynamically stabilized β-CsPbI3–based perovskite solar cells with efficiencies> 18%. Science. 2019;365(6453):591-595'},{id:"B32",body:'Shi J et al. Efficient and stable CsPbI 3 perovskite quantum dots enabled by in situ ytterbium doping for photovoltaic applications. Journal of Materials Chemistry A. 2019;7(36):20936-20944'},{id:"B33",body:'Wang A et al. Controlled synthesis of lead-free and stable perovskite derivative Cs2SnI6 nanocrystals via a facile hot-injection process. Chemistry of Materials. 2016;28(22):8132-8140'},{id:"B34",body:'Protesescu L et al. Nanocrystals of cesium lead halide perovskites (CsPbX3, X= Cl, Br, and I): novel optoelectronic materials showing bright emission with wide color gamut. Nano letters. 2015;15(6):3692-3696'},{id:"B35",body:'Lim S-C et al. Binary halide, ternary perovskite-like, and perovskite-derivative nanostructures: hot injection synthesis and optical and photocatalytic properties. Nanoscale. 2017;9(11):3747-3751'},{id:"B36",body:'Shi, P., et al., Template-Assisted Formation of High-Quality α-Phase HC (NH2) 2PbI3 Perovskite Solar Cells. Advanced Science, 2019. 6(21): p. 1901591'},{id:"B37",body:'Ashley MJ et al. Templated synthesis of uniform perovskite nanowire arrays. Journal of the American Chemical Society. 2016;138(32):10096-10099'},{id:"B38",body:'Malgras V et al. Hybrid methylammonium lead halide perovskite nanocrystals confined in gyroidal silica templates. Chemical Communications. 2017;53(15):2359-2362'},{id:"B39",body:'Ananthakumar S, Babu SM. Progress on synthesis and applications of hybrid perovskite semiconductor nanomaterials—A review. Synthetic Metals. 2018;246:64-95'},{id:"B40",body:'Pileni M-P. The role of soft colloidal templates in controlling the size and shape of inorganic nanocrystals. Nature materials. 2003;2(3):145-150'},{id:"B41",body:'Huang H et al. Emulsion synthesis of size-tunable CH3NH3PbBr3 quantum dots: an alternative route toward efficient light-emitting diodes. ACS applied materials & interfaces. 2015;7(51):28128-28133'},{id:"B42",body:'Wali Q et al. Advances in stability of perovskite solar cells. Organic Electronics. 2020;78:105590'},{id:"B43",body:'Wang, R., et al., A review of perovskites solar cell stability. Advanced Functional Materials, 2019. 29(47): p. 1808843'},{id:"B44",body:'Heo JH et al. Efficient inorganic–organic hybrid heterojunction solar cells containing perovskite compound and polymeric hole conductors. Nature photonics. 2013;7(6):486'},{id:"B45",body:'Etgar L. The merit of perovskite\'s dimensionality; can this replace the 3D halide perovskite? Energy & Environmental Science. 2018;11(2):234-242'},{id:"B46",body:'Ma C et al. High performance low-dimensional perovskite solar cells based on a one dimensional lead iodide perovskite. Journal of Materials Chemistry A. 2019;7(15):8811-8817'},{id:"B47",body:'Zhu P, Zhu J. Low-dimensional metal halide perovskites and related optoelectronic applications. InfoMat. 2020;2(2):341-378'},{id:"B48",body:'Kulkarni SA et al. Perovskite Nanoparticles: Synthesis, Properties, and Novel Applications in Photovoltaics and LEDs. Small Methods. 2019;3(1):1800231'},{id:"B49",body:'Sichert JA et al. Quantum size effect in organometal halide perovskite nanoplatelets. Nano letters. 2015;15(10):6521-6527'},{id:"B50",body:'Wang J et al. Interfacial control toward efficient and low-voltage perovskite light-emitting diodes. Advanced Materials. 2015;27(14):2311-2316'},{id:"B51",body:'Hong WL et al. Efficient low-temperature solution-processed lead-free perovskite infrared light-emitting diodes. Advanced Materials. 2016;28(36):8029-8036'},{id:"B52",body:'Bade SGR et al. Fully printed halide perovskite light-emitting diodes with silver nanowire electrodes. ACS nano. 2016;10(2):1795-1801'},{id:"B53",body:'Li G et al. Highly efficient perovskite nanocrystal light-emitting diodes enabled by a universal crosslinking method. Advanced Materials. 2016;28(18):3528-3534'},{id:"B54",body:'Veldhuis SA et al. Perovskite materials for light-emitting diodes and lasers. Advanced Materials. 2016;28(32):6804-6834'},{id:"B55",body:'Liang D et al. Color-pure violet-light-emitting diodes based on layered lead halide perovskite nanoplates. ACS nano. 2016;10(7):6897-6904'},{id:"B56",body:'Yantara N et al. Inorganic halide perovskites for efficient light-emitting diodes. The journal of physical chemistry letters. 2015;6(21):4360-4364'},{id:"B57",body:'Zhang Q et al. High-quality whispering-gallery-mode lasing from cesium lead halide perovskite nanoplatelets. Advanced Functional Materials. 2016;26(34):6238-6245'},{id:"B58",body:'Fu Y et al. Nanowire lasers of formamidinium lead halide perovskites and their stabilized alloys with improved stability. Nano letters. 2016;16(2):1000-1008'},{id:"B59",body:'Nedelcu G et al. Fast anion-exchange in highly luminescent nanocrystals of cesium lead halide perovskites (CsPbX3, X= Cl, Br, I). Nano letters. 2015;15(8):5635-5640'},{id:"B60",body:'Akkerman QA et al. Tuning the optical properties of cesium lead halide perovskite nanocrystals by anion exchange reactions. Journal of the American Chemical Society. 2015;137(32):10276-10281'},{id:"B61",body:'Wu K et al. Ultrafast interfacial electron and hole transfer from CsPbBr3 perovskite quantum dots. Journal of the American Chemical Society. 2015;137(40):12792-12795'},{id:"B62",body:'Huang H et al. Colloidal lead halide perovskite nanocrystals: synthesis, optical properties and applications. NPG Asia Materials. 2016;8(11):e328-e328'},{id:"B63",body:'Noh JH et al. Chemical management for colorful, efficient, and stable inorganic–organic hybrid nanostructured solar cells. Nano letters. 2013;13(4):1764-1769'},{id:"B64",body:'Tanaka K et al. Comparative study on the excitons in lead-halide-based perovskite-type crystals CH3NH3PbBr3 CH3NH3PbI3. Solid state communications. 2003;127(9-10):619-623'},{id:"B65",body:'Umebayashi T et al. Electronic structures of lead iodide based low-dimensional crystals. Physical Review B. 2003;67(15):155405'},{id:"B66",body:'Schulz P et al. Interface energetics in organo-metal halide perovskite-based photovoltaic cells. Energy & Environmental Science. 2014;7(4):1377-1381'},{id:"B67",body:'Eperon GE et al. Formamidinium lead trihalide: a broadly tunable perovskite for efficient planar heterojunction solar cells. Energy & Environmental Science. 2014;7(3):982-988'},{id:"B68",body:'Protesescu L et al. Monodisperse formamidinium lead bromide nanocrystals with bright and stable green photoluminescence. Journal of the American Chemical Society. 2016;138(43):14202-14205'},{id:"B69",body:'Lignos I et al. Unveiling the shape evolution and halide-ion-segregation in blue-emitting formamidinium lead halide perovskite nanocrystals using an automated microfluidic platform. Nano letters. 2018;18(2):1246-1252'},{id:"B70",body:'Minh DN et al. Room-temperature synthesis of widely tunable formamidinium lead halide perovskite nanocrystals. Chemistry of Materials. 2017;29(13):5713-5719'},{id:"B71",body:'Hao F et al. Lead-free solid-state organic–inorganic halide perovskite solar cells. Nature photonics. 2014;8(6):489'},{id:"B72",body:'Jellicoe TC et al. Synthesis and optical properties of lead-free cesium tin halide perovskite nanocrystals. Journal of the American Chemical Society. 2016;138(9):2941-2944'},{id:"B73",body:'Chen Q et al. Under the spotlight: The organic–inorganic hybrid halide perovskite for optoelectronic applications. Nano Today. 2015;10(3):355-396'},{id:"B74",body:'Zhang D et al. Synthesis of composition tunable and highly luminescent cesium lead halide nanowires through anion-exchange reactions. Journal of the American Chemical Society. 2016;138(23):7236-7239'},{id:"B75",body:'Tong Y et al. From precursor powders to CsPbX3 perovskite nanowires: one-pot synthesis, growth mechanism, and oriented self-assembly. Angewandte Chemie International Edition. 2017;56(44):13887-13892'},{id:"B76",body:'Brennan MC et al. Origin of the size-dependent stokes shift in CsPbBr3 perovskite nanocrystals. Journal of the American Chemical Society. 2017;139(35):12201-12208'},{id:"B77",body:'Brennan MC, Zinna J, Kuno M. Existence of a size-dependent Stokes shift in CsPbBr3 perovskite nanocrystals. ACS Energy Letters. 2017;2(7):1487-1488'},{id:"B78",body:'Huang G et al. Postsynthetic Doping of MnCl2 Molecules into Preformed CsPbBr3 Perovskite Nanocrystals via a Halide Exchange-Driven Cation Exchange. Advanced materials. 2017;29(29):1700095'},{id:"B79",body:'Gonzalez-Carrero S et al. The luminescence of CH3NH3PbBr3 perovskite nanoparticles crests the summit and their photostability under wet conditions is enhanced. Small. 2016;12(38):5245-5250'},{id:"B80",body:'Liu F et al. Highly luminescent phase-stable CsPbI3 perovskite quantum dots achieving near 100% absolute photoluminescence quantum yield. ACS nano. 2017;11(10):10373-10383'},{id:"B81",body:'Tong Y et al. Highly luminescent cesium lead halide perovskite nanocrystals with tunable composition and thickness by ultrasonication. Angewandte Chemie International Edition. 2016;55(44):13887-13892'},{id:"B82",body:'Koscher BA et al. Essentially trap-free CsPbBr3 colloidal nanocrystals by postsynthetic thiocyanate surface treatment. Journal of the American Chemical Society. 2017;139(19):6566-6569'},{id:"B83",body:'Meinardi F et al. Doped halide perovskite nanocrystals for reabsorption-free luminescent solar concentrators. ACS Energy Letters. 2017;2(10):2368-2377'},{id:"B84",body:'Giansante C, Infante I. Surface traps in colloidal quantum dots: a combined experimental and theoretical perspective. The journal of physical chemistry letters. 2017;8(20):5209-5215'},{id:"B85",body:'He M et al. Mn-Doped cesium lead halide perovskite nanocrystals with dual-color emission for WLED. Dyes and Pigments. 2018;152:146-154'},{id:"B86",body:'Liu M et al. Aluminum-Doped Cesium Lead Bromide Perovskite Nanocrystals with Stable Blue Photoluminescence Used for Display Backlight. Advanced Science. 2017;4(11):1700335'},{id:"B87",body:'Pan G et al. Doping lanthanide into perovskite nanocrystals: highly improved and expanded optical properties. Nano letters. 2017;17(12):8005-8011'},{id:"B88",body:'Xing J et al. Vapor phase synthesis of organometal halide perovskite nanowires for tunable room-temperature nanolasers. Nano letters. 2015;15(7):4571-4577'},{id:"B89",body:'Song J et al. Quantum dot light-emitting diodes based on inorganic perovskite cesium lead halides (CsPbX3). Advanced materials. 2015;27(44):7162-7167'},{id:"B90",body:'Liu J et al. Two-dimensional CH3NH3PbI3 perovskite: Synthesis and optoelectronic application. ACS nano. 2016;10(3):3536-3542'},{id:"B91",body:'Ling Y et al. Bright light-emitting diodes based on organometal halide perovskite nanoplatelets. Advanced materials. 2016;28(2):305-311'}],footnotes:[],contributors:[{corresp:"yes",contributorFullName:"Burak Gultekin",address:"burakgultekin@gmail.com",affiliation:'
Ege University, Solar Energy Institute, Turkey
'},{corresp:null,contributorFullName:"Ali Kemal Havare",address:null,affiliation:'
Faculty of Engineering, Electric and Electronics Engineering, Photoelectronic Lab. (PEL), Toros University, Turkey
Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, Izmir Katip Celebi University, Turkey
'}],corrections:null},book:{id:"9881",title:"Perovskite and Piezoelectric Materials",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Perovskite and Piezoelectric Materials",slug:"perovskite-and-piezoelectric-materials",publishedDate:"January 27th 2021",bookSignature:"Someshwar Pola, Neeraj Panwar and Indrani Coondoo",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9881.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"177037",title:"Dr.",name:"Someshwar",middleName:null,surname:"Pola",slug:"someshwar-pola",fullName:"Someshwar Pola"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}},profile:{item:{id:"59905",title:"Dr.",name:"Masahumi",middleName:null,surname:"Sakaguchi",email:"99041ms@jichi.ac.jp",fullName:"Masahumi Sakaguchi",slug:"masahumi-sakaguchi",position:null,biography:null,institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",totalCites:0,totalChapterViews:"0",outsideEditionCount:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalEditedBooks:"0",personalWebsiteURL:null,twitterURL:null,linkedinURL:null,institution:null},booksEdited:[],chaptersAuthored:[{title:"Endoscopic Submucosal Dissection, a New Technique for en Bloc Resection of Large Superficial Tumor in the Esophagus",slug:"endoscopic-submucosal-dissection-a-new-technique-for-en-bloc-resection-of-large-superficial-tumor-in",abstract:null,signatures:"Makoto Nishimura, Masafumi Sakaguchi, Hideki Kitada, Michio Hifumi and Hiroto Kita",authors:[{id:"47003",title:"Prof.",name:"Hiroto",surname:"Kita",fullName:"Hiroto Kita",slug:"hiroto-kita",email:"hkita@saitama-med.ac.jp"},{id:"47008",title:"Dr.",name:"Makoto",surname:"Nishimura",fullName:"Makoto Nishimura",slug:"makoto-nishimura",email:"nimakoto@gmail.com"},{id:"59905",title:"Dr.",name:"Masahumi",surname:"Sakaguchi",fullName:"Masahumi Sakaguchi",slug:"masahumi-sakaguchi",email:"99041ms@jichi.ac.jp"},{id:"59906",title:"Dr.",name:"Hideki",surname:"Kitada",fullName:"Hideki Kitada",slug:"hideki-kitada",email:"h-kitada@kumamoto-med.jrc.or.jp"},{id:"59907",title:"Dr.",name:"Michio",surname:"Hihumi",fullName:"Michio Hihumi",slug:"michio-hihumi",email:"mihifumi@kumamoto-med.jrc.or.jp"}],book:{title:"Therapeutic Gastrointestinal Endoscopy",slug:"therapeutic-gastrointestinal-endoscopy",productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume"}}}],collaborators:[{id:"46256",title:"Dr",name:"Yorimasa",surname:"Yamamoto",slug:"yorimasa-yamamoto",fullName:"Yorimasa Yamamoto",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"47003",title:"Prof.",name:"Hiroto",surname:"Kita",slug:"hiroto-kita",fullName:"Hiroto Kita",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Saitama Medical University Hospital",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"47008",title:"Dr.",name:"Makoto",surname:"Nishimura",slug:"makoto-nishimura",fullName:"Makoto Nishimura",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Saitama International Medical Center",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"47606",title:"Prof.",name:"Jin Hong",surname:"Kim",slug:"jin-hong-kim",fullName:"Jin Hong Kim",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"50654",title:"Prof.",name:"Pablo",surname:"Palma",slug:"pablo-palma",fullName:"Pablo Palma",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/50654/images/4280_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"58504",title:"Prof.",name:"Sang Gyun",surname:"Kim",slug:"sang-gyun-kim",fullName:"Sang Gyun Kim",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"59874",title:"Prof.",name:"Ki Myung",surname:"Lee",slug:"ki-myung-lee",fullName:"Ki Myung Lee",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"59906",title:"Dr.",name:"Hideki",surname:"Kitada",slug:"hideki-kitada",fullName:"Hideki Kitada",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"59907",title:"Dr.",name:"Michio",surname:"Hihumi",slug:"michio-hihumi",fullName:"Michio Hihumi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"136051",title:"Dr.",name:"Kee",surname:"Myung Lee",slug:"kee-myung-lee",fullName:"Kee Myung Lee",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ajou University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Korea, South"}}}]},generic:{page:{slug:"OA-publishing-fees",title:"Open Access Publishing Fees",intro:"
The Open Access model is applied to all of our publications and is designed to eliminate subscriptions and pay-per-view fees. This approach ensures free, immediate access to full text versions of your research.
As a gold Open Access publisher, an Open Access Publishing Fee is payable on acceptance following peer review of the manuscript. In return, we provide high quality publishing services and exclusive benefits for all contributors. IntechOpen is the trusted publishing partner of over 118,000 international scientists and researchers.
\\n\\n
The Open Access Publishing Fee (OAPF) is payable only after your full chapter, monograph or Compacts monograph is accepted for publication.
\\n\\n
OAPF Publishing Options
\\n\\n
\\n\\t
1,400 GBP Chapter - Edited Volume
\\n\\t
10,000 GBP Monograph - Long Form
\\n\\t
4,000 GBP Compacts Monograph - Short Form
\\n
\\n\\n
*These prices do not include Value-Added Tax (VAT). Residents of European Union countries need to add VAT based on the specific rate in their country of residence. Institutions and companies registered as VAT taxable entities in their own EU member state will not pay VAT as long as provision of the VAT registration number is made during the application process. This is made possible by the EU reverse charge method.
\\n\\n
Services included are:
\\n\\n
\\n\\t
An online manuscript tracking system to facilitate your work
\\n\\t
Personal contact and support throughout the publishing process from your dedicated Author Service Manager
\\n\\t
Assurance that your manuscript meets the highest publishing standards
\\n\\t
English language copyediting and proofreading, including the correction of grammatical, spelling, and other common errors
\\n\\t
XML Typesetting and pagination - web (PDF, HTML) and print files preparation
\\n\\t
Discoverability - electronic citation and linking via DOI
\\n\\t
Permanent and unrestricted online access to your work
What isn't covered by the Open Access Publishing Fee?
\\n\\n
If your manuscript:
\\n\\n
\\n\\t
Exceeds 20 pages (for chapters in Edited Volumes), an additional fee of 40 GBP per page will be required
\\n\\t
If a manuscript requires Heavy Editing or Language Polishing, this will incur additional fees.
\\n
\\n\\n
Your Author Service Manager will inform you of any items not covered by the OAPF and provide exact information regarding those additional costs before proceeding.
\\n\\n
Open Access Funding
\\n\\n
To explore funding opportunities and learn more about how you can finance your IntechOpen publication, go to our Open Access Funding page. IntechOpen offers expert assistance to all of its Authors. We can support you in approaching funding bodies and institutions in relation to publishing fees by providing information about compliance with the Open Access policies of your funder or institution. We can also assist with communicating the benefits of Open Access in order to support and strengthen your funding request and provide personal guidance through your application process. You can contact us at oapf@intechopen.com for further details or assistance.
\\n\\n
For Authors who are still unable to obtain funding from their institutions or research funding bodies for individual projects, IntechOpen does offer the possibility of applying for a Waiver to offset some or all processing feed. Details regarding our Waiver Policy can be found here.
\\n\\n
Added Value of Publishing with IntechOpen
\\n\\n
Choosing to publish with IntechOpen ensures the following benefits:
\\n\\n
\\n\\t
Indexing and listing across major repositories, see details ...
\\n\\t
Long-term archiving
\\n\\t
Visibility on the world's strongest OA platform
\\n\\t
Live Performance Metrics to track readership and the impact of your chapter
\\n\\t
Dissemination and Promotion
\\n
\\n\\n
Benefits of Publishing with IntechOpen
\\n\\n
\\n\\t
Proven world leader in Open Access book publishing with over 10 years experience
\\n\\t
+4,800 OA books published
\\n\\t
Most competitive prices in the market
\\n\\t
Fully compliant with OA funding requirements
\\n\\t
Optimized processes, enabling publication between 8 and 12 months
\\n\\t
Personal support during every step of the publication process
\\n\\t
+146,150 citations in Web of Science databases
\\n\\t
Currently strongest OA platform with over 130 million downloads
As a gold Open Access publisher, an Open Access Publishing Fee is payable on acceptance following peer review of the manuscript. In return, we provide high quality publishing services and exclusive benefits for all contributors. IntechOpen is the trusted publishing partner of over 118,000 international scientists and researchers.
\n\n
The Open Access Publishing Fee (OAPF) is payable only after your full chapter, monograph or Compacts monograph is accepted for publication.
\n\n
OAPF Publishing Options
\n\n
\n\t
1,400 GBP Chapter - Edited Volume
\n\t
10,000 GBP Monograph - Long Form
\n\t
4,000 GBP Compacts Monograph - Short Form
\n
\n\n
*These prices do not include Value-Added Tax (VAT). Residents of European Union countries need to add VAT based on the specific rate in their country of residence. Institutions and companies registered as VAT taxable entities in their own EU member state will not pay VAT as long as provision of the VAT registration number is made during the application process. This is made possible by the EU reverse charge method.
\n\n
Services included are:
\n\n
\n\t
An online manuscript tracking system to facilitate your work
\n\t
Personal contact and support throughout the publishing process from your dedicated Author Service Manager
\n\t
Assurance that your manuscript meets the highest publishing standards
\n\t
English language copyediting and proofreading, including the correction of grammatical, spelling, and other common errors
\n\t
XML Typesetting and pagination - web (PDF, HTML) and print files preparation
\n\t
Discoverability - electronic citation and linking via DOI
\n\t
Permanent and unrestricted online access to your work
What isn't covered by the Open Access Publishing Fee?
\n\n
If your manuscript:
\n\n
\n\t
Exceeds 20 pages (for chapters in Edited Volumes), an additional fee of 40 GBP per page will be required
\n\t
If a manuscript requires Heavy Editing or Language Polishing, this will incur additional fees.
\n
\n\n
Your Author Service Manager will inform you of any items not covered by the OAPF and provide exact information regarding those additional costs before proceeding.
\n\n
Open Access Funding
\n\n
To explore funding opportunities and learn more about how you can finance your IntechOpen publication, go to our Open Access Funding page. IntechOpen offers expert assistance to all of its Authors. We can support you in approaching funding bodies and institutions in relation to publishing fees by providing information about compliance with the Open Access policies of your funder or institution. We can also assist with communicating the benefits of Open Access in order to support and strengthen your funding request and provide personal guidance through your application process. You can contact us at oapf@intechopen.com for further details or assistance.
\n\n
For Authors who are still unable to obtain funding from their institutions or research funding bodies for individual projects, IntechOpen does offer the possibility of applying for a Waiver to offset some or all processing feed. Details regarding our Waiver Policy can be found here.
\n\n
Added Value of Publishing with IntechOpen
\n\n
Choosing to publish with IntechOpen ensures the following benefits:
\n\n
\n\t
Indexing and listing across major repositories, see details ...
\n\t
Long-term archiving
\n\t
Visibility on the world's strongest OA platform
\n\t
Live Performance Metrics to track readership and the impact of your chapter
\n\t
Dissemination and Promotion
\n
\n\n
Benefits of Publishing with IntechOpen
\n\n
\n\t
Proven world leader in Open Access book publishing with over 10 years experience
\n\t
+4,800 OA books published
\n\t
Most competitive prices in the market
\n\t
Fully compliant with OA funding requirements
\n\t
Optimized processes, enabling publication between 8 and 12 months
\n\t
Personal support during every step of the publication process
\n\t
+146,150 citations in Web of Science databases
\n\t
Currently strongest OA platform with over 130 million downloads
\n
\n'}]},successStories:{items:[]},authorsAndEditors:{filterParams:{sort:"featured,name"},profiles:[{id:"6700",title:"Dr.",name:"Abbass A.",middleName:null,surname:"Hashim",slug:"abbass-a.-hashim",fullName:"Abbass A. Hashim",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/6700/images/1864_n.jpg",biography:"Currently I am carrying out research in several areas of interest, mainly covering work on chemical and bio-sensors, semiconductor thin film device fabrication and characterisation.\nAt the moment I have very strong interest in radiation environmental pollution and bacteriology treatment. The teams of researchers are working very hard to bring novel results in this field. I am also a member of the team in charge for the supervision of Ph.D. students in the fields of development of silicon based planar waveguide sensor devices, study of inelastic electron tunnelling in planar tunnelling nanostructures for sensing applications and development of organotellurium(IV) compounds for semiconductor applications. I am a specialist in data analysis techniques and nanosurface structure. I have served as the editor for many books, been a member of the editorial board in science journals, have published many papers and hold many patents.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sheffield Hallam University",country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}},{id:"54525",title:"Prof.",name:"Abdul Latif",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmad",slug:"abdul-latif-ahmad",fullName:"Abdul Latif Ahmad",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"20567",title:"Prof.",name:"Ado",middleName:null,surname:"Jorio",slug:"ado-jorio",fullName:"Ado Jorio",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"47940",title:"Dr.",name:"Alberto",middleName:null,surname:"Mantovani",slug:"alberto-mantovani",fullName:"Alberto Mantovani",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"12392",title:"Mr.",name:"Alex",middleName:null,surname:"Lazinica",slug:"alex-lazinica",fullName:"Alex Lazinica",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/12392/images/7282_n.png",biography:"Alex Lazinica is the founder and CEO of IntechOpen. After obtaining a Master's degree in Mechanical Engineering, he continued his PhD studies in Robotics at the Vienna University of Technology. Here he worked as a robotic researcher with the university's Intelligent Manufacturing Systems Group as well as a guest researcher at various European universities, including the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL). During this time he published more than 20 scientific papers, gave presentations, served as a reviewer for major robotic journals and conferences and most importantly he co-founded and built the International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems- world's first Open Access journal in the field of robotics. Starting this journal was a pivotal point in his career, since it was a pathway to founding IntechOpen - Open Access publisher focused on addressing academic researchers needs. Alex is a personification of IntechOpen key values being trusted, open and entrepreneurial. Today his focus is on defining the growth and development strategy for the company.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"TU Wien",country:{name:"Austria"}}},{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",middleName:null,surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/19816/images/1607_n.jpg",biography:"Alexander I. Kokorin: born: 1947, Moscow; DSc., PhD; Principal Research Fellow (Research Professor) of Department of Kinetics and Catalysis, N. Semenov Institute of Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow.\r\nArea of research interests: physical chemistry of complex-organized molecular and nanosized systems, including polymer-metal complexes; the surface of doped oxide semiconductors. He is an expert in structural, absorptive, catalytic and photocatalytic properties, in structural organization and dynamic features of ionic liquids, in magnetic interactions between paramagnetic centers. The author or co-author of 3 books, over 200 articles and reviews in scientific journals and books. He is an actual member of the International EPR/ESR Society, European Society on Quantum Solar Energy Conversion, Moscow House of Scientists, of the Board of Moscow Physical Society.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Semenov Institute of Chemical Physics",country:{name:"Russia"}}},{id:"62389",title:"PhD.",name:"Ali Demir",middleName:null,surname:"Sezer",slug:"ali-demir-sezer",fullName:"Ali Demir Sezer",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/62389/images/3413_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Ali Demir Sezer has a Ph.D. from Pharmaceutical Biotechnology at the Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Marmara (Turkey). He is the member of many Pharmaceutical Associations and acts as a reviewer of scientific journals and European projects under different research areas such as: drug delivery systems, nanotechnology and pharmaceutical biotechnology. Dr. Sezer is the author of many scientific publications in peer-reviewed journals and poster communications. Focus of his research activity is drug delivery, physico-chemical characterization and biological evaluation of biopolymers micro and nanoparticles as modified drug delivery system, and colloidal drug carriers (liposomes, nanoparticles etc.).",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Marmara University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"61051",title:"Prof.",name:"Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Natale",slug:"andrea-natale",fullName:"Andrea Natale",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"100762",title:"Prof.",name:"Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Natale",slug:"andrea-natale",fullName:"Andrea Natale",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"St David's Medical Center",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"107416",title:"Dr.",name:"Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Natale",slug:"andrea-natale",fullName:"Andrea Natale",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Texas Cardiac Arrhythmia",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"64434",title:"Dr.",name:"Angkoon",middleName:null,surname:"Phinyomark",slug:"angkoon-phinyomark",fullName:"Angkoon Phinyomark",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/64434/images/2619_n.jpg",biography:"My name is Angkoon Phinyomark. I received a B.Eng. degree in Computer Engineering with First Class Honors in 2008 from Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla, Thailand, where I received a Ph.D. degree in Electrical Engineering. My research interests are primarily in the area of biomedical signal processing and classification notably EMG (electromyography signal), EOG (electrooculography signal), and EEG (electroencephalography signal), image analysis notably breast cancer analysis and optical coherence tomography, and rehabilitation engineering. I became a student member of IEEE in 2008. During October 2011-March 2012, I had worked at School of Computer Science and Electronic Engineering, University of Essex, Colchester, Essex, United Kingdom. In addition, during a B.Eng. I had been a visiting research student at Faculty of Computer Science, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain for three months.\n\nI have published over 40 papers during 5 years in refereed journals, books, and conference proceedings in the areas of electro-physiological signals processing and classification, notably EMG and EOG signals, fractal analysis, wavelet analysis, texture analysis, feature extraction and machine learning algorithms, and assistive and rehabilitative devices. I have several computer programming language certificates, i.e. Sun Certified Programmer for the Java 2 Platform 1.4 (SCJP), Microsoft Certified Professional Developer, Web Developer (MCPD), Microsoft Certified Technology Specialist, .NET Framework 2.0 Web (MCTS). I am a Reviewer for several refereed journals and international conferences, such as IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, Optic Letters, Measurement Science Review, and also a member of the International Advisory Committee for 2012 IEEE Business Engineering and Industrial Applications and 2012 IEEE Symposium on Business, Engineering and Industrial Applications.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Joseph Fourier University",country:{name:"France"}}},{id:"55578",title:"Dr.",name:"Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Jurado-Navas",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",fullName:"Antonio Jurado-Navas",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/55578/images/4574_n.png",biography:"Antonio Jurado-Navas received the M.S. degree (2002) and the Ph.D. degree (2009) in Telecommunication Engineering, both from the University of Málaga (Spain). He first worked as a consultant at Vodafone-Spain. From 2004 to 2011, he was a Research Assistant with the Communications Engineering Department at the University of Málaga. In 2011, he became an Assistant Professor in the same department. From 2012 to 2015, he was with Ericsson Spain, where he was working on geo-location\ntools for third generation mobile networks. Since 2015, he is a Marie-Curie fellow at the Denmark Technical University. His current research interests include the areas of mobile communication systems and channel modeling in addition to atmospheric optical communications, adaptive optics and statistics",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Malaga",country:{name:"Spain"}}}],filtersByRegion:[{group:"region",caption:"North America",value:1,count:5775},{group:"region",caption:"Middle and South America",value:2,count:5238},{group:"region",caption:"Africa",value:3,count:1721},{group:"region",caption:"Asia",value:4,count:10409},{group:"region",caption:"Australia and Oceania",value:5,count:897},{group:"region",caption:"Europe",value:6,count:15805}],offset:12,limit:12,total:118374},chapterEmbeded:{data:{}},editorApplication:{success:null,errors:{}},ofsBooks:{filterParams:{hasNoEditors:"0",sort:"ebgfFaeGuveeFgfcChcyvfu"},books:[],filtersByTopic:[{group:"topic",caption:"Agricultural and Biological Sciences",value:5,count:18},{group:"topic",caption:"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology",value:6,count:5},{group:"topic",caption:"Business, Management and Economics",value:7,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Chemistry",value:8,count:8},{group:"topic",caption:"Computer and Information Science",value:9,count:6},{group:"topic",caption:"Earth and Planetary Sciences",value:10,count:7},{group:"topic",caption:"Engineering",value:11,count:20},{group:"topic",caption:"Environmental Sciences",value:12,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Immunology and Microbiology",value:13,count:4},{group:"topic",caption:"Materials Science",value:14,count:5},{group:"topic",caption:"Mathematics",value:15,count:1},{group:"topic",caption:"Medicine",value:16,count:26},{group:"topic",caption:"Neuroscience",value:18,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutical Science",value:19,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Physics",value:20,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Psychology",value:21,count:4},{group:"topic",caption:"Robotics",value:22,count:1},{group:"topic",caption:"Social Sciences",value:23,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Technology",value:24,count:1},{group:"topic",caption:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",value:25,count:1}],offset:0,limit:12,total:null},popularBooks:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"9521",title:"Antimicrobial Resistance",subtitle:"A One Health Perspective",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"30949e78832e1afba5606634b52056ab",slug:"antimicrobial-resistance-a-one-health-perspective",bookSignature:"Mihai Mareș, Swee Hua Erin Lim, Kok-Song Lai and Romeo-Teodor Cristina",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9521.jpg",editors:[{id:"88785",title:"Prof.",name:"Mihai",middleName:null,surname:"Mares",slug:"mihai-mares",fullName:"Mihai Mares"}],equalEditorOne:{id:"190224",title:"Dr.",name:"Swee Hua Erin",middleName:null,surname:"Lim",slug:"swee-hua-erin-lim",fullName:"Swee Hua Erin Lim",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/190224/images/system/190224.png",biography:"Dr. Erin Lim is presently working as an Assistant Professor in the Division of Health Sciences, Abu Dhabi Women\\'s College, Higher Colleges of Technology in Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates and is affiliated as an Associate Professor to Perdana University-Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Selangor, Malaysia. She obtained her Ph.D. from Universiti Putra Malaysia in 2010 with a National Science Fellowship awarded from the Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovation Malaysia and has been actively involved in research ever since. Her main research interests include analysis of carriage and transmission of multidrug resistant bacteria in non-conventional settings, besides an interest in natural products for antimicrobial testing. She is heavily involved in the elucidation of mechanisms of reversal of resistance in bacteria in addition to investigating the immunological analyses of diseases, development of vaccination and treatment models in animals. She hopes her work will support the discovery of therapeutics in the clinical setting and assist in the combat against the burden of antibiotic resistance.",institutionString:"Abu Dhabi Women’s College",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"3",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"Perdana University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Malaysia"}}},equalEditorTwo:{id:"221544",title:"Dr.",name:"Kok-Song",middleName:null,surname:"Lai",slug:"kok-song-lai",fullName:"Kok-Song Lai",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/221544/images/system/221544.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Lai Kok Song is an Assistant Professor in the Division of Health Sciences, Abu Dhabi Women\\'s College, Higher Colleges of Technology in Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates. He obtained his Ph.D. in Biological Sciences from Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Japan in 2012. Prior to his academic appointment, Dr. Lai worked as a Senior Scientist at the Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovation, Malaysia. His current research areas include antimicrobial resistance and plant-pathogen interaction. His particular interest lies in the study of the antimicrobial mechanism via membrane disruption of essential oils against multi-drug resistance bacteria through various biochemical, molecular and proteomic approaches. Ultimately, he hopes to uncover and determine novel biomarkers related to antibiotic resistance that can be developed into new therapeutic strategies.",institutionString:"Higher Colleges of Technology",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"8",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"Higher Colleges of Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United Arab Emirates"}}},equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10020",title:"Operations Management",subtitle:"Emerging Trend in the Digital Era",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"526f0dbdc7e4d85b82ce8383ab894b4c",slug:"operations-management-emerging-trend-in-the-digital-era",bookSignature:"Antonella Petrillo, Fabio De Felice, Germano Lambert-Torres and Erik Bonaldi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10020.jpg",editors:[{id:"181603",title:"Dr.",name:"Antonella",middleName:null,surname:"Petrillo",slug:"antonella-petrillo",fullName:"Antonella Petrillo"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9560",title:"Creativity",subtitle:"A Force to Innovation",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"58f740bc17807d5d88d647c525857b11",slug:"creativity-a-force-to-innovation",bookSignature:"Pooja Jain",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9560.jpg",editors:[{id:"316765",title:"Dr.",name:"Pooja",middleName:null,surname:"Jain",slug:"pooja-jain",fullName:"Pooja Jain"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10192",title:"Background and Management of Muscular Atrophy",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"eca24028d89912b5efea56e179dff089",slug:"background-and-management-of-muscular-atrophy",bookSignature:"Julianna Cseri",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10192.jpg",editors:[{id:"135579",title:"Dr.",name:"Julianna",middleName:null,surname:"Cseri",slug:"julianna-cseri",fullName:"Julianna Cseri"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9243",title:"Coastal Environments",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8e05e5f631e935eef366980f2e28295d",slug:"coastal-environments",bookSignature:"Yuanzhi Zhang and X. San Liang",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9243.jpg",editors:[{id:"77597",title:"Prof.",name:"Yuanzhi",middleName:null,surname:"Zhang",slug:"yuanzhi-zhang",fullName:"Yuanzhi Zhang"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9385",title:"Renewable Energy",subtitle:"Technologies and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a6b446d19166f17f313008e6c056f3d8",slug:"renewable-energy-technologies-and-applications",bookSignature:"Tolga Taner, Archana Tiwari and Taha Selim Ustun",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9385.jpg",editors:[{id:"197240",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Tolga",middleName:null,surname:"Taner",slug:"tolga-taner",fullName:"Tolga Taner"}],equalEditorOne:{id:"186791",title:"Dr.",name:"Archana",middleName:null,surname:"Tiwari",slug:"archana-tiwari",fullName:"Archana Tiwari",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/186791/images/system/186791.jpg",biography:"Dr. Archana Tiwari is Associate Professor at Amity University, India. Her research interests include renewable sources of energy from microalgae and further utilizing the residual biomass for the generation of value-added products, bioremediation through microalgae and microbial consortium, antioxidative enzymes and stress, and nutraceuticals from microalgae. She has been working on algal biotechnology for the last two decades. She has published her research in many international journals and has authored many books and chapters with renowned publishing houses. She has also delivered talks as an invited speaker at many national and international conferences. Dr. Tiwari is the recipient of several awards including Researcher of the Year and Distinguished Scientist.",institutionString:"Amity University",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"3",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"1",institution:{name:"Amity University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}},equalEditorTwo:{id:"197609",title:"Prof.",name:"Taha Selim",middleName:null,surname:"Ustun",slug:"taha-selim-ustun",fullName:"Taha Selim Ustun",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/197609/images/system/197609.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Taha Selim Ustun received a Ph.D. in Electrical Engineering from Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia. He is a researcher with the Fukushima Renewable Energy Institute, AIST (FREA), where he leads the Smart Grid Cybersecurity Laboratory. Prior to that, he was a faculty member with the School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA. His current research interests include power systems protection, communication in power networks, distributed generation, microgrids, electric vehicle integration, and cybersecurity in smart grids. He serves on the editorial boards of IEEE Access, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics, Energies, Electronics, Electricity, World Electric Vehicle and Information journals. Dr. Ustun is a member of the IEEE 2004 and 2800, IEC Renewable Energy Management WG 8, and IEC TC 57 WG17. He has been invited to run specialist courses in Africa, India, and China. He has delivered talks for the Qatar Foundation, the World Energy Council, the Waterloo Global Science Initiative, and the European Union Energy Initiative (EUEI). His research has attracted funding from prestigious programs in Japan, Australia, the European Union, and North America.",institutionString:"Fukushima Renewable Energy Institute, AIST (FREA)",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}},equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8985",title:"Natural Resources Management and Biological Sciences",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5c2e219a6c021a40b5a20c041dea88c4",slug:"natural-resources-management-and-biological-sciences",bookSignature:"Edward R. Rhodes and Humood Naser",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8985.jpg",editors:[{id:"280886",title:"Prof.",name:"Edward R",middleName:null,surname:"Rhodes",slug:"edward-r-rhodes",fullName:"Edward R Rhodes"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10065",title:"Wavelet Theory",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d8868e332169597ba2182d9b004d60de",slug:"wavelet-theory",bookSignature:"Somayeh Mohammady",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10065.jpg",editors:[{id:"109280",title:"Dr.",name:"Somayeh",middleName:null,surname:"Mohammady",slug:"somayeh-mohammady",fullName:"Somayeh Mohammady"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9644",title:"Glaciers and the Polar Environment",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e8cfdc161794e3753ced54e6ff30873b",slug:"glaciers-and-the-polar-environment",bookSignature:"Masaki Kanao, Danilo Godone and Niccolò Dematteis",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9644.jpg",editors:[{id:"51959",title:"Dr.",name:"Masaki",middleName:null,surname:"Kanao",slug:"masaki-kanao",fullName:"Masaki Kanao"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9550",title:"Entrepreneurship",subtitle:"Contemporary Issues",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9b4ac1ee5b743abf6f88495452b1e5e7",slug:"entrepreneurship-contemporary-issues",bookSignature:"Mladen Turuk",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9550.jpg",editors:[{id:"319755",title:"Prof.",name:"Mladen",middleName:null,surname:"Turuk",slug:"mladen-turuk",fullName:"Mladen Turuk"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9027",title:"Human Blood Group Systems and Haemoglobinopathies",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d00d8e40b11cfb2547d1122866531c7e",slug:"human-blood-group-systems-and-haemoglobinopathies",bookSignature:"Osaro Erhabor and Anjana Munshi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9027.jpg",editors:[{id:"35140",title:null,name:"Osaro",middleName:null,surname:"Erhabor",slug:"osaro-erhabor",fullName:"Osaro Erhabor"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8558",title:"Aerodynamics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"db7263fc198dfb539073ba0260a7f1aa",slug:"aerodynamics",bookSignature:"Mofid Gorji-Bandpy and Aly-Mousaad Aly",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8558.jpg",editors:[{id:"35542",title:"Prof.",name:"Mofid",middleName:null,surname:"Gorji-Bandpy",slug:"mofid-gorji-bandpy",fullName:"Mofid Gorji-Bandpy"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],offset:12,limit:12,total:5247},hotBookTopics:{hotBooks:[],offset:0,limit:12,total:null},publish:{},publishingProposal:{success:null,errors:{}},books:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"9521",title:"Antimicrobial Resistance",subtitle:"A One Health Perspective",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"30949e78832e1afba5606634b52056ab",slug:"antimicrobial-resistance-a-one-health-perspective",bookSignature:"Mihai Mareș, Swee Hua Erin Lim, Kok-Song Lai and Romeo-Teodor Cristina",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9521.jpg",editors:[{id:"88785",title:"Prof.",name:"Mihai",middleName:null,surname:"Mares",slug:"mihai-mares",fullName:"Mihai Mares"}],equalEditorOne:{id:"190224",title:"Dr.",name:"Swee Hua Erin",middleName:null,surname:"Lim",slug:"swee-hua-erin-lim",fullName:"Swee Hua Erin Lim",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/190224/images/system/190224.png",biography:"Dr. Erin Lim is presently working as an Assistant Professor in the Division of Health Sciences, Abu Dhabi Women\\'s College, Higher Colleges of Technology in Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates and is affiliated as an Associate Professor to Perdana University-Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Selangor, Malaysia. She obtained her Ph.D. from Universiti Putra Malaysia in 2010 with a National Science Fellowship awarded from the Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovation Malaysia and has been actively involved in research ever since. Her main research interests include analysis of carriage and transmission of multidrug resistant bacteria in non-conventional settings, besides an interest in natural products for antimicrobial testing. She is heavily involved in the elucidation of mechanisms of reversal of resistance in bacteria in addition to investigating the immunological analyses of diseases, development of vaccination and treatment models in animals. She hopes her work will support the discovery of therapeutics in the clinical setting and assist in the combat against the burden of antibiotic resistance.",institutionString:"Abu Dhabi Women’s College",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"3",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"Perdana University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Malaysia"}}},equalEditorTwo:{id:"221544",title:"Dr.",name:"Kok-Song",middleName:null,surname:"Lai",slug:"kok-song-lai",fullName:"Kok-Song Lai",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/221544/images/system/221544.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Lai Kok Song is an Assistant Professor in the Division of Health Sciences, Abu Dhabi Women\\'s College, Higher Colleges of Technology in Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates. He obtained his Ph.D. in Biological Sciences from Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Japan in 2012. Prior to his academic appointment, Dr. Lai worked as a Senior Scientist at the Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovation, Malaysia. His current research areas include antimicrobial resistance and plant-pathogen interaction. His particular interest lies in the study of the antimicrobial mechanism via membrane disruption of essential oils against multi-drug resistance bacteria through various biochemical, molecular and proteomic approaches. Ultimately, he hopes to uncover and determine novel biomarkers related to antibiotic resistance that can be developed into new therapeutic strategies.",institutionString:"Higher Colleges of Technology",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"8",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"Higher Colleges of Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United Arab Emirates"}}},equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10020",title:"Operations Management",subtitle:"Emerging Trend in the Digital Era",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"526f0dbdc7e4d85b82ce8383ab894b4c",slug:"operations-management-emerging-trend-in-the-digital-era",bookSignature:"Antonella Petrillo, Fabio De Felice, Germano Lambert-Torres and Erik Bonaldi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10020.jpg",editors:[{id:"181603",title:"Dr.",name:"Antonella",middleName:null,surname:"Petrillo",slug:"antonella-petrillo",fullName:"Antonella Petrillo"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9560",title:"Creativity",subtitle:"A Force to Innovation",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"58f740bc17807d5d88d647c525857b11",slug:"creativity-a-force-to-innovation",bookSignature:"Pooja Jain",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9560.jpg",editors:[{id:"316765",title:"Dr.",name:"Pooja",middleName:null,surname:"Jain",slug:"pooja-jain",fullName:"Pooja Jain"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10192",title:"Background and Management of Muscular Atrophy",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"eca24028d89912b5efea56e179dff089",slug:"background-and-management-of-muscular-atrophy",bookSignature:"Julianna Cseri",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10192.jpg",editors:[{id:"135579",title:"Dr.",name:"Julianna",middleName:null,surname:"Cseri",slug:"julianna-cseri",fullName:"Julianna Cseri"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9243",title:"Coastal Environments",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8e05e5f631e935eef366980f2e28295d",slug:"coastal-environments",bookSignature:"Yuanzhi Zhang and X. San Liang",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9243.jpg",editors:[{id:"77597",title:"Prof.",name:"Yuanzhi",middleName:null,surname:"Zhang",slug:"yuanzhi-zhang",fullName:"Yuanzhi Zhang"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9385",title:"Renewable Energy",subtitle:"Technologies and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a6b446d19166f17f313008e6c056f3d8",slug:"renewable-energy-technologies-and-applications",bookSignature:"Tolga Taner, Archana Tiwari and Taha Selim Ustun",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9385.jpg",editors:[{id:"197240",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Tolga",middleName:null,surname:"Taner",slug:"tolga-taner",fullName:"Tolga Taner"}],equalEditorOne:{id:"186791",title:"Dr.",name:"Archana",middleName:null,surname:"Tiwari",slug:"archana-tiwari",fullName:"Archana Tiwari",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/186791/images/system/186791.jpg",biography:"Dr. Archana Tiwari is Associate Professor at Amity University, India. Her research interests include renewable sources of energy from microalgae and further utilizing the residual biomass for the generation of value-added products, bioremediation through microalgae and microbial consortium, antioxidative enzymes and stress, and nutraceuticals from microalgae. She has been working on algal biotechnology for the last two decades. She has published her research in many international journals and has authored many books and chapters with renowned publishing houses. She has also delivered talks as an invited speaker at many national and international conferences. Dr. Tiwari is the recipient of several awards including Researcher of the Year and Distinguished Scientist.",institutionString:"Amity University",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"3",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"1",institution:{name:"Amity University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}},equalEditorTwo:{id:"197609",title:"Prof.",name:"Taha Selim",middleName:null,surname:"Ustun",slug:"taha-selim-ustun",fullName:"Taha Selim Ustun",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/197609/images/system/197609.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Taha Selim Ustun received a Ph.D. in Electrical Engineering from Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia. He is a researcher with the Fukushima Renewable Energy Institute, AIST (FREA), where he leads the Smart Grid Cybersecurity Laboratory. Prior to that, he was a faculty member with the School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA. His current research interests include power systems protection, communication in power networks, distributed generation, microgrids, electric vehicle integration, and cybersecurity in smart grids. He serves on the editorial boards of IEEE Access, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics, Energies, Electronics, Electricity, World Electric Vehicle and Information journals. Dr. Ustun is a member of the IEEE 2004 and 2800, IEC Renewable Energy Management WG 8, and IEC TC 57 WG17. He has been invited to run specialist courses in Africa, India, and China. He has delivered talks for the Qatar Foundation, the World Energy Council, the Waterloo Global Science Initiative, and the European Union Energy Initiative (EUEI). His research has attracted funding from prestigious programs in Japan, Australia, the European Union, and North America.",institutionString:"Fukushima Renewable Energy Institute, AIST (FREA)",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}},equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8985",title:"Natural Resources Management and Biological Sciences",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5c2e219a6c021a40b5a20c041dea88c4",slug:"natural-resources-management-and-biological-sciences",bookSignature:"Edward R. Rhodes and Humood Naser",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8985.jpg",editors:[{id:"280886",title:"Prof.",name:"Edward R",middleName:null,surname:"Rhodes",slug:"edward-r-rhodes",fullName:"Edward R Rhodes"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10065",title:"Wavelet Theory",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d8868e332169597ba2182d9b004d60de",slug:"wavelet-theory",bookSignature:"Somayeh Mohammady",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10065.jpg",editors:[{id:"109280",title:"Dr.",name:"Somayeh",middleName:null,surname:"Mohammady",slug:"somayeh-mohammady",fullName:"Somayeh Mohammady"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9644",title:"Glaciers and the Polar Environment",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e8cfdc161794e3753ced54e6ff30873b",slug:"glaciers-and-the-polar-environment",bookSignature:"Masaki Kanao, Danilo Godone and Niccolò Dematteis",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9644.jpg",editors:[{id:"51959",title:"Dr.",name:"Masaki",middleName:null,surname:"Kanao",slug:"masaki-kanao",fullName:"Masaki Kanao"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9550",title:"Entrepreneurship",subtitle:"Contemporary Issues",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9b4ac1ee5b743abf6f88495452b1e5e7",slug:"entrepreneurship-contemporary-issues",bookSignature:"Mladen Turuk",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9550.jpg",editors:[{id:"319755",title:"Prof.",name:"Mladen",middleName:null,surname:"Turuk",slug:"mladen-turuk",fullName:"Mladen Turuk"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],latestBooks:[{type:"book",id:"9243",title:"Coastal Environments",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8e05e5f631e935eef366980f2e28295d",slug:"coastal-environments",bookSignature:"Yuanzhi Zhang and X. San Liang",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9243.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"77597",title:"Prof.",name:"Yuanzhi",middleName:null,surname:"Zhang",slug:"yuanzhi-zhang",fullName:"Yuanzhi Zhang"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10020",title:"Operations Management",subtitle:"Emerging Trend in the Digital Era",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"526f0dbdc7e4d85b82ce8383ab894b4c",slug:"operations-management-emerging-trend-in-the-digital-era",bookSignature:"Antonella Petrillo, Fabio De Felice, Germano Lambert-Torres and Erik Bonaldi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10020.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"181603",title:"Dr.",name:"Antonella",middleName:null,surname:"Petrillo",slug:"antonella-petrillo",fullName:"Antonella Petrillo"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9521",title:"Antimicrobial Resistance",subtitle:"A One Health Perspective",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"30949e78832e1afba5606634b52056ab",slug:"antimicrobial-resistance-a-one-health-perspective",bookSignature:"Mihai Mareș, Swee Hua Erin Lim, Kok-Song Lai and Romeo-Teodor Cristina",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9521.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"88785",title:"Prof.",name:"Mihai",middleName:null,surname:"Mares",slug:"mihai-mares",fullName:"Mihai Mares"}],equalEditorOne:{id:"190224",title:"Dr.",name:"Swee Hua Erin",middleName:null,surname:"Lim",slug:"swee-hua-erin-lim",fullName:"Swee Hua Erin Lim",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/190224/images/system/190224.png",biography:"Dr. Erin Lim is presently working as an Assistant Professor in the Division of Health Sciences, Abu Dhabi Women\\'s College, Higher Colleges of Technology in Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates and is affiliated as an Associate Professor to Perdana University-Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Selangor, Malaysia. She obtained her Ph.D. from Universiti Putra Malaysia in 2010 with a National Science Fellowship awarded from the Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovation Malaysia and has been actively involved in research ever since. Her main research interests include analysis of carriage and transmission of multidrug resistant bacteria in non-conventional settings, besides an interest in natural products for antimicrobial testing. She is heavily involved in the elucidation of mechanisms of reversal of resistance in bacteria in addition to investigating the immunological analyses of diseases, development of vaccination and treatment models in animals. She hopes her work will support the discovery of therapeutics in the clinical setting and assist in the combat against the burden of antibiotic resistance.",institutionString:"Abu Dhabi Women’s College",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"3",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"Perdana University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Malaysia"}}},equalEditorTwo:{id:"221544",title:"Dr.",name:"Kok-Song",middleName:null,surname:"Lai",slug:"kok-song-lai",fullName:"Kok-Song Lai",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/221544/images/system/221544.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Lai Kok Song is an Assistant Professor in the Division of Health Sciences, Abu Dhabi Women\\'s College, Higher Colleges of Technology in Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates. He obtained his Ph.D. in Biological Sciences from Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Japan in 2012. Prior to his academic appointment, Dr. Lai worked as a Senior Scientist at the Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovation, Malaysia. His current research areas include antimicrobial resistance and plant-pathogen interaction. His particular interest lies in the study of the antimicrobial mechanism via membrane disruption of essential oils against multi-drug resistance bacteria through various biochemical, molecular and proteomic approaches. Ultimately, he hopes to uncover and determine novel biomarkers related to antibiotic resistance that can be developed into new therapeutic strategies.",institutionString:"Higher Colleges of Technology",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"8",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"Higher Colleges of Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United Arab Emirates"}}},equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9560",title:"Creativity",subtitle:"A Force to Innovation",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"58f740bc17807d5d88d647c525857b11",slug:"creativity-a-force-to-innovation",bookSignature:"Pooja Jain",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9560.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"316765",title:"Dr.",name:"Pooja",middleName:null,surname:"Jain",slug:"pooja-jain",fullName:"Pooja Jain"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9669",title:"Recent Advances in Rice Research",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"12b06cc73e89af1e104399321cc16a75",slug:"recent-advances-in-rice-research",bookSignature:"Mahmood-ur- Rahman Ansari",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9669.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"185476",title:"Dr.",name:"Mahmood-Ur-",middleName:null,surname:"Rahman Ansari",slug:"mahmood-ur-rahman-ansari",fullName:"Mahmood-Ur- Rahman Ansari"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10192",title:"Background and Management of Muscular Atrophy",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"eca24028d89912b5efea56e179dff089",slug:"background-and-management-of-muscular-atrophy",bookSignature:"Julianna Cseri",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10192.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"135579",title:"Dr.",name:"Julianna",middleName:null,surname:"Cseri",slug:"julianna-cseri",fullName:"Julianna Cseri"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9550",title:"Entrepreneurship",subtitle:"Contemporary Issues",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9b4ac1ee5b743abf6f88495452b1e5e7",slug:"entrepreneurship-contemporary-issues",bookSignature:"Mladen Turuk",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9550.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"319755",title:"Prof.",name:"Mladen",middleName:null,surname:"Turuk",slug:"mladen-turuk",fullName:"Mladen Turuk"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10065",title:"Wavelet Theory",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d8868e332169597ba2182d9b004d60de",slug:"wavelet-theory",bookSignature:"Somayeh Mohammady",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10065.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"109280",title:"Dr.",name:"Somayeh",middleName:null,surname:"Mohammady",slug:"somayeh-mohammady",fullName:"Somayeh Mohammady"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9313",title:"Clay Science and Technology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6fa7e70396ff10620e032bb6cfa6fb72",slug:"clay-science-and-technology",bookSignature:"Gustavo Morari Do Nascimento",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9313.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"7153",title:"Prof.",name:"Gustavo",middleName:null,surname:"Morari Do Nascimento",slug:"gustavo-morari-do-nascimento",fullName:"Gustavo Morari Do Nascimento"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9888",title:"Nuclear Power Plants",subtitle:"The Processes from the Cradle to the Grave",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c2c8773e586f62155ab8221ebb72a849",slug:"nuclear-power-plants-the-processes-from-the-cradle-to-the-grave",bookSignature:"Nasser Awwad",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9888.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"145209",title:"Prof.",name:"Nasser",middleName:"S",surname:"Awwad",slug:"nasser-awwad",fullName:"Nasser Awwad"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},subject:{topic:{id:"815",title:"Industrial Engineering",slug:"mechanical-engineering-industrial-engineering",parent:{title:"Mechanical Engineering",slug:"mechanical-engineering"},numberOfBooks:1,numberOfAuthorsAndEditors:33,numberOfWosCitations:52,numberOfCrossrefCitations:26,numberOfDimensionsCitations:64,videoUrl:null,fallbackUrl:null,description:null},booksByTopicFilter:{topicSlug:"mechanical-engineering-industrial-engineering",sort:"-publishedDate",limit:12,offset:0},booksByTopicCollection:[{type:"book",id:"2504",title:"Welding Processes",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ab740651ddc16633b0ad4fbc88869f50",slug:"welding-processes",bookSignature:"Radovan Kovacevic",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2504.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"48637",title:"Dr.",name:"Radovan",middleName:null,surname:"Kovacevic",slug:"radovan-kovacevic",fullName:"Radovan Kovacevic"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],booksByTopicTotal:1,mostCitedChapters:[{id:"40989",doi:"10.5772/48242",title:"Dissimilar Metal Joining of Zinc Coated Steel and Aluminum Alloy by Laser Roll Welding",slug:"dissimilar-metal-joining-of-zinc-coated-steel-and-aluminum-alloy-by-laser-roll-welding",totalDownloads:4556,totalCrossrefCites:5,totalDimensionsCites:11,book:{slug:"welding-processes",title:"Welding Processes",fullTitle:"Welding Processes"},signatures:"Hitoshi Ozaki and Muneharu Kutsuna",authors:[{id:"140955",title:"Dr.",name:"Hitoshi",middleName:null,surname:"Ozaki",slug:"hitoshi-ozaki",fullName:"Hitoshi Ozaki"},{id:"155104",title:"Dr.",name:"Muneharu",middleName:null,surname:"Kutsuna",slug:"muneharu-kutsuna",fullName:"Muneharu Kutsuna"}]},{id:"40995",doi:"10.5772/47745",title:"Numerical Simulation of Residual Stress and Strain Behavior After Temperature Modification",slug:"numerical-simulation-of-residual-stress-and-strain-behavior-after-temperature-modification",totalDownloads:8117,totalCrossrefCites:7,totalDimensionsCites:11,book:{slug:"welding-processes",title:"Welding Processes",fullTitle:"Welding Processes"},signatures:"Farag Soul and Nada Hamdy",authors:[{id:"142397",title:"Dr.",name:"Farag",middleName:"A.",surname:"Soul",slug:"farag-soul",fullName:"Farag Soul"},{id:"157147",title:"Dr.",name:"Hamdy",middleName:null,surname:"Nada",slug:"hamdy-nada",fullName:"Hamdy Nada"}]},{id:"41000",doi:"10.5772/53563",title:"Analytical Model for Estimating the Amount of Heat Generated During Friction Stir Welding: Application on Plates Made of Aluminium Alloy 2024 T351",slug:"analytical-model-for-estimating-the-amount-of-heat-generated-during-friction-stir-welding-applicatio",totalDownloads:5250,totalCrossrefCites:5,totalDimensionsCites:7,book:{slug:"welding-processes",title:"Welding Processes",fullTitle:"Welding Processes"},signatures:"Miroslav Mijajlović and Dragan Milčic",authors:[{id:"163845",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Miroslav",middleName:"M",surname:"Mijajlovic",slug:"miroslav-mijajlovic",fullName:"Miroslav Mijajlovic"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"40991",title:"Laser Beam Welding of Austenitic Stainless Steels – Similar Butt and Dissimilar Lap Joints",slug:"laser-beam-welding-of-austenitic-stainless-steels-similar-butt-and-dissimilar-lap-joints",totalDownloads:11222,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,book:{slug:"welding-processes",title:"Welding Processes",fullTitle:"Welding Processes"},signatures:"Abdel-Monem El-Batahgy",authors:[{id:"149254",title:"Prof.",name:"Abdel-Monem",middleName:null,surname:"El-Batahgy",slug:"abdel-monem-el-batahgy",fullName:"Abdel-Monem El-Batahgy"}]},{id:"40993",title:"Optimized Stud Arc Welding Process Control Factors by Taguchi Experimental Design Technique",slug:"optimized-stud-arc-welding-process-control-factors-by-taguchi-experimental-design-technique",totalDownloads:2753,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,book:{slug:"welding-processes",title:"Welding Processes",fullTitle:"Welding Processes"},signatures:"Riyadh Mohammed Ali Hamza",authors:[{id:"139892",title:"Dr.",name:"Riyadh",middleName:null,surname:"Hamza",slug:"riyadh-hamza",fullName:"Riyadh Hamza"}]},{id:"40989",title:"Dissimilar Metal Joining of Zinc Coated Steel and Aluminum Alloy by Laser Roll Welding",slug:"dissimilar-metal-joining-of-zinc-coated-steel-and-aluminum-alloy-by-laser-roll-welding",totalDownloads:4552,totalCrossrefCites:5,totalDimensionsCites:11,book:{slug:"welding-processes",title:"Welding Processes",fullTitle:"Welding Processes"},signatures:"Hitoshi Ozaki and Muneharu Kutsuna",authors:[{id:"140955",title:"Dr.",name:"Hitoshi",middleName:null,surname:"Ozaki",slug:"hitoshi-ozaki",fullName:"Hitoshi Ozaki"},{id:"155104",title:"Dr.",name:"Muneharu",middleName:null,surname:"Kutsuna",slug:"muneharu-kutsuna",fullName:"Muneharu Kutsuna"}]},{id:"40995",title:"Numerical Simulation of Residual Stress and Strain Behavior After Temperature Modification",slug:"numerical-simulation-of-residual-stress-and-strain-behavior-after-temperature-modification",totalDownloads:8116,totalCrossrefCites:7,totalDimensionsCites:11,book:{slug:"welding-processes",title:"Welding Processes",fullTitle:"Welding Processes"},signatures:"Farag Soul and Nada Hamdy",authors:[{id:"142397",title:"Dr.",name:"Farag",middleName:"A.",surname:"Soul",slug:"farag-soul",fullName:"Farag Soul"},{id:"157147",title:"Dr.",name:"Hamdy",middleName:null,surname:"Nada",slug:"hamdy-nada",fullName:"Hamdy Nada"}]},{id:"40996",title:"Nd:YAG Laser Welding for Photonics Devices Packaging",slug:"nd-yag-laser-welding-for-photonics-devices-packaging",totalDownloads:3686,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,book:{slug:"welding-processes",title:"Welding Processes",fullTitle:"Welding Processes"},signatures:"Ikhwan Naim Md Nawi, Jalil Ali, Mohamed Fadhali and Preecha P. Yupapin",authors:[{id:"63187",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Mohamed",middleName:null,surname:"Fadhali",slug:"mohamed-fadhali",fullName:"Mohamed Fadhali"},{id:"82992",title:"Prof.",name:"Preecha",middleName:null,surname:"Yupapin",slug:"preecha-yupapin",fullName:"Preecha Yupapin"},{id:"144928",title:"Dr.",name:"Ikhwan Naim",middleName:null,surname:"Md Nawi",slug:"ikhwan-naim-md-nawi",fullName:"Ikhwan Naim Md Nawi"},{id:"149313",title:"Prof.",name:"Jalil",middleName:null,surname:"Ali",slug:"jalil-ali",fullName:"Jalil Ali"}]},{id:"41001",title:"Welding Techniques in Dentistry",slug:"welding-techniques-in-dentistry",totalDownloads:6631,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:4,book:{slug:"welding-processes",title:"Welding Processes",fullTitle:"Welding Processes"},signatures:"Clébio Domingues da Silveira-Júnior, Morgana Guilherme de Castro, Letícia Resende Davi, Flávio Domingues das Neves, Verediana Resende Novais and Paulo Cézar Simamoto-Júnior",authors:[{id:"146534",title:"PhD.",name:"Clébio",middleName:null,surname:"Da Silveira-Júnior",slug:"clebio-da-silveira-junior",fullName:"Clébio Da Silveira-Júnior"},{id:"148989",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Paulo",middleName:"Cézar",surname:"Simamoto-Júnior",slug:"paulo-simamoto-junior",fullName:"Paulo Simamoto-Júnior"},{id:"148990",title:"Prof.",name:"Letícia Resende",middleName:null,surname:"Davi",slug:"leticia-resende-davi",fullName:"Letícia Resende Davi"},{id:"148991",title:"Prof.",name:"Morgana Guilherme De",middleName:null,surname:"Castro",slug:"morgana-guilherme-de-castro",fullName:"Morgana Guilherme De Castro"},{id:"148992",title:"Prof.",name:"Flávio Domingues Das",middleName:null,surname:"Neves",slug:"flavio-domingues-das-neves",fullName:"Flávio Domingues Das Neves"},{id:"166971",title:"Prof.",name:"Veridiana Resende Novais",middleName:null,surname:"Simamoto",slug:"veridiana-resende-novais-simamoto",fullName:"Veridiana Resende Novais Simamoto"}]},{id:"40987",title:"In situ Reaction During Pulsed Nd:YAG Laser Welding SiCp/A356 with Ti as Filler Metal",slug:"in-situ-reaction-during-pulsed-nd-yag-laser-welding-sicp-a356-with-ti-as-filler-metal",totalDownloads:2992,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,book:{slug:"welding-processes",title:"Welding Processes",fullTitle:"Welding Processes"},signatures:"Kelvii Wei Guo",authors:[{id:"144895",title:"Prof.",name:"Kw",middleName:null,surname:"Guo",slug:"kw-guo",fullName:"Kw Guo"}]},{id:"40990",title:"Numerical Modelling to Understand Cracking Phenomena During Laser-GMA Hybrid Welding Nickel-Base Superalloys",slug:"numerical-modelling-to-understand-cracking-phenomena-during-laser-gma-hybrid-welding-nickel-base-sup",totalDownloads:3773,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,book:{slug:"welding-processes",title:"Welding Processes",fullTitle:"Welding Processes"},signatures:"Zhiguo Gao",authors:[{id:"139165",title:"Dr.",name:"Zhiguo",middleName:null,surname:"Gao",slug:"zhiguo-gao",fullName:"Zhiguo Gao"}]},{id:"40994",title:"Hrbrid Laser-Arc Welding",slug:"hrbrid-laser-arc-welding",totalDownloads:7426,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:2,book:{slug:"welding-processes",title:"Welding Processes",fullTitle:"Welding Processes"},signatures:"J. Zhou and H.L. Tsai",authors:[{id:"139926",title:"Dr.",name:"Jun",middleName:null,surname:"Zhou",slug:"jun-zhou",fullName:"Jun Zhou"},{id:"142865",title:"Prof.",name:"Hai-Lung",middleName:null,surname:"Tsai",slug:"hai-lung-tsai",fullName:"Hai-Lung Tsai"}]},{id:"40998",title:"Visual Analysis of Welding Processes",slug:"visual-analysis-of-welding-processes",totalDownloads:4261,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,book:{slug:"welding-processes",title:"Welding Processes",fullTitle:"Welding Processes"},signatures:"Yoji Ogawa",authors:[{id:"119514",title:"Dr",name:"Yoji",middleName:null,surname:"Ogawa",slug:"yoji-ogawa",fullName:"Yoji Ogawa"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicSlug:"mechanical-engineering-industrial-engineering",limit:3,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:0},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[{type:"book",id:"10176",title:"Microgrids and Local Energy Systems",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"c32b4a5351a88f263074b0d0ca813a9c",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Nick Jenkins",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10176.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"55219",title:"Prof.",name:"Nick",middleName:null,surname:"Jenkins",slug:"nick-jenkins",fullName:"Nick Jenkins"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],offset:8,limit:8,total:1},route:{name:"profile.detail",path:"/profiles/59905/masahumi-sakaguchi",hash:"",query:{},params:{id:"59905",slug:"masahumi-sakaguchi"},fullPath:"/profiles/59905/masahumi-sakaguchi",meta:{},from:{name:null,path:"/",hash:"",query:{},params:{},fullPath:"/",meta:{}}}},function(){var e;(e=document.currentScript||document.scripts[document.scripts.length-1]).parentNode.removeChild(e)}()