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Barely three months into the new year and we are happy to announce a monumental milestone reached - 150 million downloads.
\n\nThis achievement solidifies IntechOpen’s place as a pioneer in Open Access publishing and the home to some of the most relevant scientific research available through Open Access.
\n\nWe are so proud to have worked with so many bright minds throughout the years who have helped us spread knowledge through the power of Open Access and we look forward to continuing to support some of the greatest thinkers of our day.
\n\nThank you for making IntechOpen your place of learning, sharing, and discovery, and here’s to 150 million more!
\n\n\n\n\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"intechopen-supports-asapbio-s-new-initiative-publish-your-reviews-20220729",title:"IntechOpen Supports ASAPbio’s New Initiative Publish Your Reviews"},{slug:"webinar-introduction-to-open-science-wednesday-18-may-1-pm-cest-20220518",title:"Webinar: Introduction to Open Science | Wednesday 18 May, 1 PM CEST"},{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"3054",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Approaches to Disaster Management - Examining the Implications of Hazards, Emergencies and Disasters",title:"Approaches to Disaster Management",subtitle:"Examining the Implications of Hazards, Emergencies and Disasters",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"Approaches to Disaster Management regards critical disaster management issues. 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Earthquake is defined as a sudden and rapid shaking of the earth caused by the breaking and shifting of rock beneath the Earth’s surface and it creates seismic waves, which can result in damages and failures on man-made structures constructed on the crust of earth [18]. Dams and large reservoirs constructed on the area with high seismicity, pose a high-risk potential for downstream life and property. It is clear that active faults, which are located close to dam sites, can induce to damaging deformation of the embankment as based on instability of the dam and strength loss of foundation materials. Scientists have realized so many researches for explaining the behavior of earth structures under seismic forces.
Earthquake effects on dams mainly depend on dam types. [28] stated that safety concerns for embankment dams subjected to earthquakes involve either the loss of stability due to a loss of strength of the embankment and foundation materials or excessive deformations such as slumping, settlement, cracking and planer or rotational slope failures. According to [9], safety requirements for concrete dams subjected to dynamic loadings should involve evaluation of the overall stability of the structure, such as verifying its ability to resist induced lateral forces and moments and preventing excessive cracking of the concrete.
Earthquakes can result in damages or failures for dam structures, while dams with large reservoirs can induce to earthquakes. Case studies about the seismic performance of dams under large earthquakes are available in the literature. [31] state that earthquake safety of dams is an important phenomenon in dam engineering and requires more comprehensive seismic studies for understanding the seismic behavior of dams subjected to severe earthquakes. It is a well-known phenomenon that earthquakes can result damages and failures for dams and their appurtenant structures. There is another fact that dams with large reservoirs also trigger earthquake.
Ground shaking from earthquakes can collapse dams. There are some important cases, which subjected to damages and failures after earthquake. Lower San Fernando Dam in USA is first example failed as a result of liquefaction phenomenon under the earthquake loading conditions. In case of the May 12, 2008 Wenchuan earthquake in China many dams and reservoirs had been subjected to strong ground shaking. So many dams and hydropower plants were damaged. During the 2001 Bhuj earthquake in Gujarat, India, 245 dams had been affected and rehabilitated or strengthened after the earthquake. Also, in the case of the March 11, 2011 Tohoku earthquake in Japan, damages were observed about 400 dams and the 18 m high embankment dam failed and 8 people lost their live.
Large reservoirs can trigger earthquake. According to recent surveys, Reservoir Triggering Seismicity (RTS) has been observed at over 100 locations worldwide [4, 19, 20]. The largest and most damaging earthquake triggered by a man-made reservoir may be the 7.9-magnitude Sichuan earthquake in May 12, 2008. One of the most serious cases was in 1967 in Koyna, India. The magnitude of this earthquake was 6.3. Also significant effects have been observed Hsingfengkiang dam in China, Kariba dam in Zimbabwe and Kremasta dam in Greece. The effect of reservoir loading on the existing stress field has been investigated by several studies [1, 5, 13, 14, 15, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23]. The field studies indicates that the main factors acting reservoir seismicity are in-situ stress conditions, availability of fractures and faults, geology of the regional area, dimensions of the reservoir and the nature of reservoir level fluctuations.
The paper gives an overview on the dams, which are under the effects of strong ground motions. It investigates the effects of earthquake on dams, also effects of dam on earthquake occurrence. Some cases are given to explain both phenomena and clarify the total risk of large dam structures when considered earthquake effects. The subjects presented in the paper were addressed by the international committees and recent surveys. It mentions main requirements for large dams on view of earthquake engineering to find rational design solutions. The purpose of this paper is to sketch the state of the art in dam engineering, as based on lessons learnt from seismic events.
[8] states that damages to dams and their appurtenant facilities may result from (1) direct fault movement across the dam foundation or (2) from ground motion induced at the dam site by an earthquake located at some distance from the dam. The second one is commonly seen, however first one results to more serious problems for dams and their appurtenant structures. A good example to damages resulted by ground shaking vibrations in dams is Sefid buttress dam, which was damaged near crest due to ground shaking the 1990 Manjil earthquake with a magnitude of 7.5 in Iran. In this dam, damages have been observed near crest due to ground vibration. For fault movements in dam site, the Shih-Kang weir can be considered as good case study. In this dam, two openings were failed due to large movements of Chelungpu fault during the magnitude of 7.3 in Chi-Chi earthquake of September 1999 in Tawian. After severe damages observed on this dam, dam engineers more seriously considered active or seismogenic faults on dam sites. Because dams located on active faults pose significant risk for total stability of project and public safety.
Liquefaction is defined as a phenomena in which the strength and stiffness of a saturated soil is reduced earthquake shaking. It generally means the state change from solid to liquid. Lower San Fernando Dam in USA is first known dam failed as a result of liquefaction phenomenon under the earthquake loading conditions. During the 1972 San Fernando Earthquake, Lower San Fernando Dam failed a result of liquefaction phenomena [12, 17, 24]. Its embankment with the structures on crest slid into the reservoir. In other words, approximately 3.0 million cubic meter of dam embankment was displaced into the reservoir. The 1994 Northridge earthquake, some ground movement with minor cracking seems to have occurred at the sites of Los Angeles Dam, which was constructed to replace the San Fernando Reservoir. There was significant differential settlement of the ground of about 5 cm in the northern section, and 20 cm in the southwestern section of the site [24].
During the 2001 Bhuj earthquake in Gujarat, India, 245 dams had been affected and rehabilitated or strengthened after the earthquake [34]. Due to Mid Niigata Prefecture Earthquake in 2004, Japan, several embankment dams and some off-stream impounding facilities for power generation and irrigation system suffered damages such as cracks on dam bodies [10].
In case of the May 12, 2008 Wenchuan earthquake in China many structures about 1803 dams and 403 hydropower plants having a total installed capacity of 3.3 GW were damaged due to strong ground shaking. Most of dams were small earth dams with exception of four large dams having a height greater than 100 m. According to Chinese officials the earthquake occurred along the Longmenshan fault, which is a thrust structure along the border of the Indo-Australian Plate and Eurasian Plate, the rupture lasted 120 sec, the rupture propagated at an average speed of 3.1 km/s toward northeast. The rupture length and focus depth is about 300 km and 10 km, respectively. The maximum displacement was recorded as 9.0 m [6]. As a result of this earthquakes so many elements of dam such as dam body, spillways, powerhouses, penstocks, switchyards, hydro-mechanical and electro-mechanical equipments, temporary structures were damaged, other disasters such as rockfalls, landslides and landslide dams were observed. No dams were failed during this earthquake, although there were so many damaged dams. [8] states that dams must be designed to withstand strong earthquakes, which can seriously result multiple hazards.
In the case of the March 11, 2011 Tohoku earthquake in Japan, damages were observed about 400 dams and the 18 m high embankment dam failed and 8 people lost their live [34].
The dams, which are located on shear zones, have high risk potential when they are subjected to strong ground motion. There are some examples in India for structures located at the northern India. One of the Namada Valley dam, which is built at the triple junction of the fault zones, tectonically and geologically a disturbed area. Terhi dam in India has also similar position under dynamic loading conditions. Researchers states that Terhi dam might release energy along the fault segment between Nepal and Tibet and also trigger an earthquake which has a magnitude close to or greater than 8.0.
In Turkey, there is a sheared zone which is close the triple junction of the famous strike slip faults in east of Turkey. [28] stated that Surgu dam, which damaged on the Dogansehir earthquake with Ms of 5.8 in 1986, Polat dam and Cat dam have the PGA values of 0.256g, 0.170g and 0.211g, respectively. The geology of dam sites are very complicated and frequently jointed, fractured and faulted. The author points out the fact that these dams are under the influence of local near-source zone and have high-risk potential for earthquake conditions. The author’s thought was absolutely confirmed by damage on the Dogansehir earthquake with Ms of 5.8 on Surgu dam.
In general, strong ground shaking can result in the instability of the embankment and loss of strength at the foundations [2, 9, 16, 17]. Most of dam engineers have thought that embankment dams are suitable types when well compacted according to the specification, However, it is not an acceptable thought that embankment dams can be induced to damages and failures even if well compacted, while they are under near source effect.
There is no one major problem in seismic safety of embankment dams. Whereas near source effect seems the most serious problem for embankment dams. [28] reveals the fact that active faults, which are very close to the foundation of dams, have the potential to cause damaging displacement of the structure. Especially Concrete Faced Rockfill Dams (CFRD’s) have high risk potential when considered near source effect (earthquake epicenter to dam axis is less than 10 km). This phenomenon is dealed with the fact that the transferred energy by rockfill is not absorbed by concrete face during earthquake. Wieland (2010) state that until the Wenchuan earthquake of 12 May 2008 no large concrete face rockfill dam (CFRD) was subjected to strong ground shaking. He questioned that faced concrete of CFRD’s can have a behavior as the river embankment which was subjected the 21 September 1999 Chi-Chi earthquake in Taiwan [32 and 33]. Figure 1 shows buckling of river embankment lining after the earthquake.
Large reservoirs can trigger earthquake. This phenomenon is defined as Reservoir-induced Seismicity that is mainly depended to excessive water pressure created in the micro-cracks and fissures in the foundation units under and near the reservoir. Water within the rock masses under huge hydrostatic pressure acts to lubricate faults, which are already under tectonic strain, however are prevented from slipping by friction of rock planes. It is clearly known that it mainly depends on nature of structural geology and lithology of surrounding rocks. However, it is very difficult to accurately predict when and where reservoir induced earthquake will occur. ICOLD recommends that Reservoir Triggered Seismicity (RTS) should be considered for reservoirs having a depth more than 100 m. USCOLD has reported that Reservoir Induced Seismicity (RIS) should be taken into account for reservoirs deeper than 80-100m.
Buckling of river embankment lining after the 1999 Chi-Chi earthquake [
It is clear that number of seismic events increases near reservoir areas of large dams after impounding sequence. The earthquake seismicity was firstly observed in 1929 for Marathon dam having 60 m height, Greece. Increase in seismicity was also seen in 1935 after the impounding of Hoover dam, which is a concrete arch dam with a height of 220 m. Up to now, RTS has been observed on over 100 dams in the world. The earthquake intensity has increased after impounding of Keban Dam, which is the second largest dam of Turkey with a storage capacity of 31000 hm3.and 207 m height from foundation [30]. Recently scientists believe the fact that the over one percent of reservoirs resulted to earthquake which can damage or fail the main structure. It is not a negligible value that this mechanism should be considered by engineers in design stage.
Damages due to RTS have been in two dams: (1) Koyna dam, which is gravity dam having 103 m height in India. It was subjected to an earthquake with magnitude of 6.3 in 1967. (2) Hsinfengkiang dam, which a buttress dam having a height of 105 m in China. It was subjected to earthquake with magnitude of 6.1 in 1962. Researchers state that earthquakes were caused in their reservoirs by RTS. The substantial longitudial cracks were developed near crest for both dams. Both dams are still in operation after strengthened.
The reservoir capacity is an important factor in triggering earthquakes as well as reservoir depth. Phenomenon about Reservoir Induced Seismicity (RIS) mainly conforms for the reservoir filling periods. It can also be seen for a reservoir after a certain time lag [5].
There are some important cases that strong earthquakes may affect a large area. Recent surveys indicate that there are at least 100 cases of earthquakes, which were triggered by reservoirs. The most serious case may be the 7.9-magnitude Sichuan earthquake in May 12, 2008, which killed an estimated 90,000 people. This earthquake has been related to the construction of the Zipingpu Dam, which is a 156 m high concrete faced rockfill dam with a reservoir of 1 120 hm3. [7] classified two types of earthquakes associated with reservoirs while explaining the complicated mechanisms of RTS after the 12 May 2008 Wenchuan earthquake in China: (1) The small magnitude earthquakes, which occur immediately after reservoir impounding or following sudden reservoir water level fluctuations are mainly related to stress adjustments in the foundation rock, collapse of karst caves and mining pits and mass movements, (2) Earthquakes, which are caused by seismicgenic faults passing through or adjacent to the reservoir area, are referred to as RTS. [7] states that the initial stress state must already be close to failure so that a minor change in strength properties in a fault plane caused by water in the reservoir could trigger seismic events and the magnitude of RTS events may gradually increase until the main shock occurs. Authors have explained the mechanism of Wenchuan earthquake by the earthquake of tectonic nature.
Turkey is one of the most seismically active regions in the world. There are so many dams, which are under the effect of near-source zones in Turkey. There are some examples of embankment dam in Turkey, which were damaged during the earthquakes occurred in past. There is no any concrete dam, which was damaged as a result of earthquake in Turkey [25, 26].
Ataturk dam, which is a 169 m height zoned rockfill dam on the Euphrates River in Turkey with an 84 000 hm3 of water reservoir, poses high risk about triggering phenomena by reservoir. It has the largest reservoir of Turkey with 48 700 hm3 (Figure 2). Its crest length is 1 670 m and base width is approximately 900 m. It is located 35 km north of the Birecik dam reservoir and 120 km south of Karakaya dam body.
Its main embankment construction was started in 1985 and completed in 1990. The reservoir level has maximally reached to 537 m up to now. Its level fluctuates from 526 to 535 m as based on climate change and energy demand. It was designed a multi-purpose structure for irrigating lands, producing electricity and providing flood control. It generates electricity of 8100 GWh per year with an installed capacity of 2400 MW.
A general view from Ataturk dam
It is a rockfill dam with central core. There is a transition section of sand, gravel and small sized crushed rock between the core and rockfill materials. It has also a coarse grained soil zone obtained from river deposits and a random zone, which is composed of laminated limestone. The upstream and downstream shells are composed of large-sized crushed rocks. The alluvium on river bed, which is composed of sand, gravel, clay and silt mixtures, was removed before beginning the construction of the main embankment. The basement of Ataturk dam is formed by karstic limestone, regarded as problematic rock for dam foundation. An intensive grouting program was applied to prevent water leakage from the reservoir [28].
Author has completed a study from seismic hazard analysis to 2-D finite element analysis to assess its static and dynamic stability for Ataturk dam [31]. For the seismic hazard analyses of the dam site, first all possible seismic sources were identified as based on the new seismic zonation map of Turkey by means of a software, which was developed at the Earthquake Research Center in Eskisehir Osmangazi University [29]. As a result of detailed evaluation, the dam site and vicinity were separated into four seismic zones. Figure 3 shows these zones including faults and earthquakes occurred in the basin along last 100 years.
At the first design stage, it was considered only Eastern Anatolian Fault System (DAF) for seismic hazard analysis. As a result of this study, the value of Peak Ground Acceleration (PGA) was low for MDE. Recent study conducted by author indicates that the PGA value is considerable level and Bozova fault has a significant potential for reservoir triggering seismicity for Ataturk dam. It was located 3.0 m far away from the dam body and has a parallel position to the dam crest. This fault can produce an earthquake with a magnitude of 6.5 to 7.0. The seismic hazard analysis was performed for the dam by means of two separate methods. The deterministic seismic hazard analysis shows that the PGA value ranges from 0.284 to 0.536. These PGA values are high. Because the fault is very close to the dam site. The results of probabilistic seismic hazard analysis indicate that peak ground acceleration (PGA) changes within a wide range (0.057g and 0.203g) for OBE. For MDE and SEE, the PGA value averages to 0.197g and 0.408, respectively [31].
The seismic hazard analyses performed throughout this study indicates that Ataturk dam is one of the most critical dams within the basin. As based on the author’s recent studies, Total Risk Factor (TRF) value is 146.5 and it is identified as risk class of III. It means that it has high risk potential for downstream life and structures. [31] states that the 25-years old rockfill dam also has some problems in static condition and it cannot meet current seismic design standards. The earthquake intensity in dam site and reservoir area has been increased after reservoir impounding or following sudden reservoir water level fluctuations. The Bozova fault, which is very close to dam body, can be a source of earthquake triggered by the reservoir of Ataturk dam. Also, Terbela dam with a reservoir of 13 690 hm3 in Pakistan can be classified as high risk dam when considered this phenomena.
Location of dam site on seismo-tectonic map and earthquakes
The seismic activity of dam sites is generally analyzed by two methods: (1) The deterministic seismic hazard analysis and (2) The probabilistic seismic hazard analysis. The deterministic seismic hazard analysis is a very simple procedure and gives rational solutions for large dams. Due to the unavailability of strong motion records, various attenuation relationships were adopted to calculate the peak ground acceleration (PGA) acting on dam sites. The probabilistic seismic hazard analysis considers uncertainties in size, location and recurrence rate of earthquakes. The probabilistic seismic hazard analysis provides a framework in which uncertainties can be identified and combined in a rational manner to provide a more complete picture of the seismic hazard [11].
The computer program used for seismic analysis should be available for the probabilistic and deterministic assessment of seismic hazard. The seismic sources should be identified and the recurrence interval of earthquakes should be estimated. As a result of an extensive survey and a search of available literature [28, 29, 31]. Several sources have been identified to help analyzing the seismic hazard of dams in Turkey and surrounding countries. The earthquakes that occurred within the last 100 years should be used for estimating seismic parameters. Seismic zones and earthquakes within the area having a radius of 100 km around the dam site should be considered.
For beginning to a seismic hazard analysis, primary factors such as regional geological setting, seismic history and local geological setting should be studied, and then earthquake definitions should be executed. Figure 4 summarizes the methods of analysis for a dam site and dam body. After selection of earthquakes, static, pseudo-static and dynamic analyses should be performed and liquefaction phenomenon and near source effect should be evaluated. In Turkey, a design engineer should conform to diagram given in Figure 4.
Earthquake definitions are given below:
The Operating Basis Earthquake (OBE) was defined by means of the probabilistic methods. It is known as the earthquake that produces the ground motions at the site that can reasonably be expected to occur within the service life of the project [3]. It will be appropriate to choose a minimum return period of 145 years. It means a 50 percent probability of not being exceeded in 100 years.
Maximum Credible Earthquake (MCE), which is the largest earthquake magnitude that could occur along a recognized fault or within a particular seismo-tectonic province, was obtained for each zone and the most critical framework for the dam site was selected as Controlling Maximum Credible Earthquake (CMCE). The Maximum Design Earthquake (MDE) was then defined. It generally represents the ground motion with 475 years of return period [28]. It means a 10 percent probability of not being exceeded in 50 years.
According to [3], MDE is normally characterized by a level of motion equal to that expected at the dam site from the occurrence of deterministically evaluated MCE and Safety Evaluation Earthquake (SEE) should be used for critical structures located in very active seismic area. Most of large dams in Turkey were analyzed by using these definitions [28].
Terminology used for seismic analysis of dams varies between countries. In the last publication of [8], new earthquake definitions have been made. In this bulletin the Safety Evaluation Earthquake (SEE) is newly defined as the level of shaking for which damage can be accepted but for which there should be no uncontrolled release of water from the reservoir. In Turkey, it is defined as a level of ground motion having 2 percent probability of not being exceeded in 50 years. [8] states that SEE may be chosen to have a lower return period depending on the consequences of dam failure.
Methods of analysis for a dam located on active seismic area in Turkey
The total risk for dam structures mainly depends on the seismic hazard rating of dam site and the risk rating of the completed structure. This paper gives an overview on the effects of earthquake on dams and effects of dam on earthquake occurrence, and points out the necessity of special design and construction measures for the dams, which are under the effects of strong ground motions. It is clear that the main requirement in earthquake-resistant design for dams is to protect public safety, downstream life and property. Therefore, some important factors listed below should be taken into account in design stage:
Large dams must be designed with a capability of resisting severe earthquake motion or fault movement at the dam site without uncontrolled release of water stored in reservoir.
For large dams located on non active seismic area, Reservoir Triggering Seismicity (RTS) can be more critical. Therefore, RTS should be defined sensitively as based on local geologic units and tectonic structures by means a detail seismic hazard analysis.
Damages to dams and their appurtenant facilities may be resulted from (1) direct fault movement across the dam foundation or (2) ground motion induced at the dam site by an earthquake located at some distance from the dam. The second one is commonly seen, however first one results to more serious problems for dams and their appurtenant structures.
Active faults pose the potential to cause damaging displacement of the structure when they are located very close to dam site. There are some examples of dams, which were damaged during the earthquakes that occurred in the past. Especially Concrete Faced Rockfill Dams (CFRD’s) have high risk potential when considered near source effect with strong ground motion. This phenomenon is dealed with the fact that the transferred energy by rockfill is not absorbed by concrete face during earthquake. Near source effect should be considered with more attention for large dams in design stage.
For the dams, which are under near source effect, embankment type with clay core seems more appropriate type because of being self-repairing properties of clay material when this type is technically and economically feasible for the selected dam site.
The author expresses his gratitude to the authorities of State Hydraulics Works for providing some technical data during completion of this study.
The depletion of vascular accesses for haemodialysis is seen in some patients who reach this situation due to multiple causes [1, 2] such as procoagulant factors, lack of good management of their accesses, lack of resources, etc.
In these cases, the skills of the surgical team to respond must be technically sharpened.
When a patient is without vascular access and cannot dialyze, it is an extreme situation.
It is understood that a patient does not have vascular access when not even a catheter can be implanted to be able to dialyze.
That is, there is occlusion or inability to progress a catheter through the following veins:
Internal jugulars
External jugulars
Subclavian
Femoral
Where do wrong decisions bring bad results? The following options are the most common ones for implanting a permanent catheter. In some cases, this catheter can be connected to a prosthesis to make a fistula.
There are not many options to do this; some of the possible options are listed below:
Direct puncture of the superior vena cava [5]
Transliver puncture [6],
Sternotomy or thoracotomy for direct access to the right atrium.
All of these options are not the subject of this chapter.
I recommend that these practices be done by a surgeon who often performs haemodialysis accesses, or by an operator in conjunction with a surgeon, so that if a complication occurs he/she can resolve it or use a different tactic.
There must be an operating room equipped with an echo doppler equipment, good quality fluoroscopy, specialised human resources, a variety of guide wires, catheters, dilators, and a complete set of cardiovascular surgery [7] (Figure 1).
Operating room, equipped with doppler echo, fluoroscopy, surgical fields, surgeon’s assistants, complete surgical instruments.
Given this situation and the fact that the patient is young, I implant catheters through any of the veins mentioned above, either because they have a central occlusion or because they are directly thrombosed throughout their entire course. Often I have been able to implant catheters in those with recent occlusion (Figures 2–4).
Occluded vein, with long stenosis, dissected for the repair of an arteriovenous fistula for haemodialysis.
Old occlusion of the superior vena cava with a stent also occluded, a guidewire, catheter and stent can be seen; it was not possible to pass; in this case, the femoral vein with recent occlusion is accessed.
This case of recent occlusion of the innominate vein and left subclavian could be passed. The right side shows abundant collateral venous circulation for a long-time occlusion.
Occluded veins with a long time of evolution is usually fibrosed and it is difficult or impossible to cross with the guide wire.
These patients, usually in the superior veins, have had a stent placed, Figure 3, or an angioplasty done previously, which makes it even more difficult.
Less frequent in the lower limbs, which is reserved as a last option.
The rationale is that veins, especially those recently occluded and therefore thrombosed, at some point have loose tissues, enough to pass with a wire guide, which can be helped with catheters or dilators.
The recent occlusion of the vein in arteriovenous fistulas in repair surgeries is shown. Through the small hole or loose tissue, seen in the images, the passage can be opened to advance a guide wire and then a catheter when a thrombosed vein is punctured (Figures 5–8).
Recently occluded basilica vein; in AVF repair; you can see that there is a small hole.
Recently occluded femoral vein; in AVF repair; you can see that there is a small hole.
Recently occluded axillary vein; in AVF repair; you can see that there is a small hole.
Recently occluded axillary vein; in AVF repair; you can see that there is a small hole.
All manoeuvres must be done carefully.
In order to move forward, you have to take the time that is necessary.
It is recommended that surgeons do this procedure, because if there is any complication at the moment that requires surgery, it can be solved by the operator himself.
Or in case you need open surgery to pass the catheter, a surgeon’s help is required.
Perform antisepsis, and surgical fields are placed as for any surgery in the areas that the surgeon considers (Figure 9).
All set to start, surgical drapes, fluoroscopy, and doppler ultrasound.
Puncture of the occluded vein guided by doppler ultrasound and positioning of the guide wire (Figure 10).
Doppler photo showing occlusion of the jugular above and orange carotid arterial flow below.
I prefer to puncture the vein in a place where it is as straight as possible to be able to pass the guide.
That is to say, I prefer to puncture the vein in the right internal jugular vein and both femoral veins, the left subclavian and jugular vein, we have the innominate vein curve, and for the right subcalvia a curve of almost 90 degrees to enter the cava.
Introduce the needle guided by ultrasound, until it is certain that it is inside the vessel in the middle of the thrombosis. Then introduce a guide wire. Also this has to be verified by ultrasound (Figure 11).
Photo without doppler shows the needle inside the thrombosed jugular.
Continue the progression of the guidewire under fluoroscopic control, testing the different types of guidewires, depending on the experience of the operator. In this step, it always helps to advance the guidewire with fine dilators.
It also helped me by injecting contrast to see that anatomically we are in the.
correct direction inside the thrombosed vessel (Figures 12–14).
Looking at the guidewire by doppler ultrasound and fluoroscopy at the same time.
The guidewire inside superior cava, arrows.
Guidewire advances through the thrombosed iliac vein.
Once the guidewire is sent into the superior or inferior vena cava, and there are no more obstacles, gradually thicker dilators are advanced (Figure 15).
A Once the guidewire is in the inferior vena cava, in this case, progressively thicker dilators are advanced B Sheath where 2 guide wires were passed.
The dilator is inserted with the sheath that corresponds to each catheter. Depending on the case, a double lumen catheter or two catheters are used.
It can happen that the catheters do not progress through the sheaths, because the strictures are very rigid.
In that case I used thinner catheters inside the haemodialysis catheter. This step can be very cumbersome; so you also have to take it easy and use all your resources and skills to get the catheter where it needs to go (Figures 16 and 17).
Double lumen catheter in inferior cava.
Double lumen catheter in right atrium by superior cava.
Some brands of catheter brings thinner semi-rigid catheters for these cases, and they are inserted with 2 guide wires and 2 semi-rigid catheters, one for each lumen (Figure 18).
Catheter model with 2 semi-rigid catheters, which guide wires are passed inside, all this inside the 14 French double lumen catheter.
The catheter is positioned and the corresponding tests are performed to obtain adequate flow; tunnelling is performed (Figures 19–21).
Tunnelling a double lumen catheter.
Tunnelling a double lumen catheter.
In this case, we passed the kit of two catheters through the right jugular.
More adequate tunnelling, either with a tunneller that comes with the kit, or with an incision of the necessary size, since some catheters must first be tunnelled and then inserted; this is not possible in these cases because you have to push directly and not through a tunnel.
In this way, we can continue with dialysis on these patients, and it gives us time to perform an arteriovenous fistula somewhere.
It is not a quick procedure; it requires a lot of patience, previous planning, especially, questioning the patient about his history of vascular access, a meticulous physical examination, and rigorous examination with echo doppler.
Currently, we have several patients operated in this way; I consider it an acceptable technique to save lives with a procedure that until now has had no complications.
To my Family who support me many and many hours in the operating room.
To my colleagues who trust their patients in my hands.
To patients who trust their lives in our hands.
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
All images are my property.
IntechOpen - where academia and industry create content with global impact
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\n\nSara Uhac, COO
\n\nSara Uhac was appointed Managing Director of IntechOpen at the beginning of 2014. She directs and controls the company’s operations. Sara joined IntechOpen in 2010 as Head of Journal Publishing, a new strategically underdeveloped department at that time. After obtaining a Master's degree in Media Management, she completed her Ph.D. at the University of Lugano, Switzerland. She holds a BA in Financial Market Management from the Bocconi University in Milan, Italy, where she started her career in the American publishing house Condé Nast and further collaborated with the UK-based publishing company Time Out. Sara was awarded a professional degree in Publishing from Yale University (2012). She is a member of the professional branch association of "Publishers, Designers and Graphic Artists" at the Croatian Chamber of Commerce.
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\n\nDr Alex Lazinica
\n\nAlex Lazinica is co-founder and Board member of IntechOpen. After obtaining a Master's degree in Mechanical Engineering, he continued his Ph.D. in Robotics at the Vienna University of Technology. There, he worked as a robotics researcher with the university's Intelligent Manufacturing Systems Group, as well as a guest researcher at various European universities, including the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL). During this time he published more than 20 scientific papers, gave presentations, served as a reviewer for major robotic journals and conferences and, most importantly, co-founded and built the International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems, the world's first Open Access journal in the field of robotics. Starting this journal was a pivotal point in his career since it proved to be the pathway to the foundation of IntechOpen with its focus on addressing academic researchers’ needs. Alex personifies many of IntechOpen´s key values, including the commitment to developing mutual trust, openness, and a spirit of entrepreneurialism. Today, his focus is on defining the growth and development strategy for the company.
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Extreme weather conditions and changes in humidity rates significantly affect the concrete compressive strength development. Concrete as one of the substantial material used in residential buildings and infrastructures is subjected to a massive strength change under extreme weather conditions. For understanding, the different concrete’s behavioral aspects, various commercial cement types under different temperatures, and humidity rates are investigated in this chapter. The experiments are aimed to investigate the concrete strength development over time when the material is cast at lower to mild temperatures and different humidity index rates. Results show that reducing the curing temperature more than 15° could result in 20% reduction in total compressive strength, while decreasing humidity rates by 50% leads to less than 10% drop in ultimate strength. To understand the strength developing process, maturity tests are conducted. It is shown that concrete is not able to reach to the expected ultimate strength if the temperature is significantly low regardless of curing time. The effect of temperature change during the curing process is more tangible on strength development compared to cement type and humidity rate values.",book:{id:"8757",slug:"compressive-strength-of-concrete",title:"Compressive Strength of Concrete",fullTitle:"Compressive Strength of Concrete"},signatures:"Alireza Farzampour",authors:null},{id:"51720",doi:"10.5772/64574",title:"Microstructure of Concrete",slug:"microstructure-of-concrete",totalDownloads:4908,totalCrossrefCites:16,totalDimensionsCites:21,abstract:"Concrete is a composite material that consists of a binding medium and aggregate particles and can be formed in several types. It may be considered to consist of three phases: a cement paste, the aggregate, and the interfacial transition zone (ITZ) between them. In addition to ordinary Portland cement, the essential components of the base of concrete are aggregates and water. For practical requirements, additives and admixtures can be added to these raw materials to improve some desirable characteristics. The following requirements should be considered in producing high performance concrete (HPC): (i) low water/cement (w/c) ratio; (ii) fine aggregate; (iii) large quantity of mineral additives, silica fume, and fly ash; (iv) high dosage of superplasticizer; and (v) high-pressure steam curing. The microstructure of high performance concrete (HPC) is more homogenous than that of normal concrete (NC) due to the physical and chemical contribution of the additives (silica fume and fly ash) as well as it is less porous due to reduced w/c ratio with the addition of a superplasticizer. Inclusion of additives (individually or in combination) helped in improving the strength and durability of concrete mixes due to the additional reduction in porosity of cement paste and an improved interface between it and the aggregate.",book:{id:"5214",slug:"high-performance-concrete-technology-and-applications",title:"High Performance Concrete Technology and Applications",fullTitle:"High Performance Concrete Technology and Applications"},signatures:"Ameer A. Hilal",authors:[{id:"180518",title:"Dr.",name:"Ameer",middleName:null,surname:"Hilal",slug:"ameer-hilal",fullName:"Ameer Hilal"}]},{id:"51861",doi:"10.5772/64779",title:"Concretes with Photocatalytic Activity",slug:"concretes-with-photocatalytic-activity",totalDownloads:2860,totalCrossrefCites:8,totalDimensionsCites:15,abstract:"This chapter is a short review about the modified concretes with photocatalytic activity. In the beginning, the photocatalysis process is explained; the authors are focused on the mechanism of organic contamination and nitrogen oxide decomposition. Next the three main methods for concretes modification are presented: the first group is when the concrete is covered by thin layer of TiO2 materials, e.g., paints or TiO2 suspensions. The second group is the concretes with thick layer of photoactive concrete on the top. The third group constitutes concretes modified in mass with TiO2. The two main methods for photocatalytic activity of the modified concrete determination were shown: an air purification by a nitrogen oxide decomposition and the self-cleaning properties by dyes decomposition. Also in this chapter the mechanical properties of the modified concrete are presented. In the end, the examples of the buildings made of photocatalytic concretes are shown.",book:{id:"5214",slug:"high-performance-concrete-technology-and-applications",title:"High Performance Concrete Technology and Applications",fullTitle:"High Performance Concrete Technology and Applications"},signatures:"Magdalena Janus and Kamila Zając",authors:[{id:"180824",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Magdalena",middleName:null,surname:"Janus",slug:"magdalena-janus",fullName:"Magdalena Janus"}]},{id:"64801",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.82489",title:"Bitumen and Its Modifier for Use in Pavement Engineering",slug:"bitumen-and-its-modifier-for-use-in-pavement-engineering",totalDownloads:1572,totalCrossrefCites:5,totalDimensionsCites:12,abstract:"This chapter focuses on bitumen specifically. This chapter consists of several parts that can be mentioned, including the history of the appearance of bitumen and the types of constituent elements, as well as its mechanical properties and chemical structure and its thermal sensitivity. In all parts, the effects of bitumen on asphalt are discussed. In the following sections, the bitumen modification mechanism, polymer modifiers, and their behavior on the bitumen resistance to asphalt failures are also discussed. This chapter is very suitable for students and researchers interested in improving polymerization asphalt and bitumen and will help them to carry out research and concepts.",book:{id:"8412",slug:"sustainable-construction-and-building-materials",title:"Sustainable Construction and Building Materials",fullTitle:"Sustainable Construction and Building Materials"},signatures:"Mehrdad Honarmand, Javad Tanzadeh and Mohamad Beiranvand",authors:[{id:"268734",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Mehrdad",middleName:null,surname:"Honarmand",slug:"mehrdad-honarmand",fullName:"Mehrdad Honarmand"},{id:"271251",title:"Prof.",name:"Javad",middleName:null,surname:"Tanzadeh",slug:"javad-tanzadeh",fullName:"Javad Tanzadeh"}]},{id:"64787",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.82525",title:"A Decade of Research on Self-Healing Concrete",slug:"a-decade-of-research-on-self-healing-concrete",totalDownloads:1484,totalCrossrefCites:7,totalDimensionsCites:9,abstract:"The main findings of a decade of research on the design and development of the first self-healing concrete are summarized in this chapter. The autonomous healing concept is introduced, and plethora of design campaigns is enlisted. Healing agent encapsulation and agent tubes vascular networks are reported as the most efficient healing configurations for laboratory-scale and real-size applications, respectively. Crack formation, closure after healing and further damage are phenomena tracked by using advanced experimental monitoring methods and their performance is critically revised. The effect of self-healing technology on concrete mechanical response, durability and long-term response to damage are critically discussed. The study contributes to the open discussion in the scientific research community regarding self-healing concrete upscaling feasibility and finally it aims to contribute as a base for the future studies dealing with concrete design optimization.",book:{id:"8412",slug:"sustainable-construction-and-building-materials",title:"Sustainable Construction and Building Materials",fullTitle:"Sustainable Construction and Building Materials"},signatures:"Eleni Tsangouri",authors:[{id:"263163",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Eleni",middleName:null,surname:"Tsangouri",slug:"eleni-tsangouri",fullName:"Eleni Tsangouri"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"70605",title:"Designing a Tunnel",slug:"designing-a-tunnel",totalDownloads:2801,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:4,abstract:"Designing a tunnel is always a challenge. For shallow tunnels under cities due to the presence of buildings, bridges, important avenues, antiquities, etc. at the surface and other infrastructures in the vicinity of underground tunnels, parameters like vibrations and ground settlements must be tightly controlled. Urban tunnels are often made in soils with very low values of overburden. Risks of collapse and large deformations at the surface are high; thus negative impact on old buildings are likely to occur if appropriate measures are not taken in advance, when designing and constructing the tunnel. For deep tunnels with high overburden and low rock mass properties, squeezing conditions and excessive loads around the excavation can jeopardize the stability of the tunnel, leading to extensive collapse. The aim of the chapter is to give details on advance computational modelling and analytical methodologies, which can be used in order to design shallow and deep tunnels and to present real case studies from around the world, from very shallow tunnels in India with only 4.5 m overburden to a deep tunnel in Venezuela with extreme squeezing conditions under 1300 m overburden.",book:{id:"7690",slug:"tunnel-engineering-selected-topics",title:"Tunnel Engineering",fullTitle:"Tunnel Engineering - Selected Topics"},signatures:"Spiros Massinas",authors:[{id:"295762",title:"Dr.",name:"Spiros",middleName:null,surname:"Massinas",slug:"spiros-massinas",fullName:"Spiros Massinas"}]},{id:"70990",title:"Engineering Geology and Tunnels",slug:"engineering-geology-and-tunnels",totalDownloads:2001,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,abstract:"Currently, knowledge and understanding of the role of geological material and its implication in tunnel design is reinforced with advances in site investigation methods, the development of geotechnical classification systems and the consequent quantification of rock masses. However, the contribution of engineering geological information in tunnelling cannot be simply presented solely by a rock mass classification value. What is presented in this chapter is that the first step is not to start performing numerous calculations but to define the potential failure mechanisms. After defining the failure mechanism that is most critical, selection of the suitable design parameters is undertaken. This is then followed by the analysis and performance of the temporary support system based on a more realistic model. The specific failure mechanism is controlled and contained by the support system. A tunnel engineer must early assess all the critical engineering geological characteristics of the rock mass and the relevant mode of failure, for the specific factors of influence, and then decide either he or she will rely on a rock mass classification value to characterise all the site-specific conditions. Experiences from the tunnel behaviour of rock masses in different geological environments in Alpine mountain ridges are presented in this chapter.",book:{id:"7690",slug:"tunnel-engineering-selected-topics",title:"Tunnel Engineering",fullTitle:"Tunnel Engineering - Selected Topics"},signatures:"Vassilis Marinos",authors:[{id:"298713",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Vassilis",middleName:null,surname:"Marinos",slug:"vassilis-marinos",fullName:"Vassilis Marinos"}]},{id:"51720",title:"Microstructure of Concrete",slug:"microstructure-of-concrete",totalDownloads:4910,totalCrossrefCites:16,totalDimensionsCites:21,abstract:"Concrete is a composite material that consists of a binding medium and aggregate particles and can be formed in several types. It may be considered to consist of three phases: a cement paste, the aggregate, and the interfacial transition zone (ITZ) between them. In addition to ordinary Portland cement, the essential components of the base of concrete are aggregates and water. For practical requirements, additives and admixtures can be added to these raw materials to improve some desirable characteristics. The following requirements should be considered in producing high performance concrete (HPC): (i) low water/cement (w/c) ratio; (ii) fine aggregate; (iii) large quantity of mineral additives, silica fume, and fly ash; (iv) high dosage of superplasticizer; and (v) high-pressure steam curing. The microstructure of high performance concrete (HPC) is more homogenous than that of normal concrete (NC) due to the physical and chemical contribution of the additives (silica fume and fly ash) as well as it is less porous due to reduced w/c ratio with the addition of a superplasticizer. Inclusion of additives (individually or in combination) helped in improving the strength and durability of concrete mixes due to the additional reduction in porosity of cement paste and an improved interface between it and the aggregate.",book:{id:"5214",slug:"high-performance-concrete-technology-and-applications",title:"High Performance Concrete Technology and Applications",fullTitle:"High Performance Concrete Technology and Applications"},signatures:"Ameer A. Hilal",authors:[{id:"180518",title:"Dr.",name:"Ameer",middleName:null,surname:"Hilal",slug:"ameer-hilal",fullName:"Ameer Hilal"}]},{id:"77899",title:"Review of Existing Methods for Evaluating Adhesive Bonds in Timber Products",slug:"review-of-existing-methods-for-evaluating-adhesive-bonds-in-timber-products",totalDownloads:252,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,abstract:"Gluing is an integral part of the majority of production processes in the timber industry. The effectiveness of adhesive application, glue bond development and glue penetration into the wood structure is becoming more and more important as more structural glued timber products are used in construction and other applications. The continued increase in utilisation of mass timber products (MTPs) such as CLT, glulam and LVL in tall timber buildings requires an accurate and in-depth understanding of adhesive roles and their performance effectiveness during the life span of any of those products in relation to the type of loading applied, environmental effects (e.g. RH and temperature) and in-service condition of elements (e.g. exposure to major wet events and degradation from decay). This review aims to provide a comprehensive summary of existing imaging and other visualisation methods used to assess the glue line properties and examine the performance of glue lines in relation to factors such as species, product type and environmental conditions during manufacture and in-service life.",book:{id:"10584",slug:"engineered-wood-products-for-construction",title:"Engineered Wood Products for Construction",fullTitle:"Engineered Wood Products for Construction"},signatures:"Maryam Shirmohammadi and William Leggate",authors:[{id:"346973",title:"Dr.",name:"Maryam",middleName:null,surname:"Shirmohammadi",slug:"maryam-shirmohammadi",fullName:"Maryam Shirmohammadi"},{id:"426650",title:"Dr.",name:"William",middleName:null,surname:"Leggate",slug:"william-leggate",fullName:"William Leggate"}]},{id:"78315",title:"Engineered Wood Products as a Sustainable Construction Material: A Review",slug:"engineered-wood-products-as-a-sustainable-construction-material-a-review",totalDownloads:445,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,abstract:"Engineered wood products are considered as best building materials due to environmentally friendly. Huge change to the way in which wood has been utilized in primary application of construction in the course of the most recent 25 years are in light of decreased admittance to high strength timber from growth forests, and the turn of events and creation of various new design of manufactured wood products. Engineered wood products are available in different variety of sizes and measurements like laminated veneer lumber, glued laminated timber, finger jointed lumber, oriental strand board etc. It is utilized for rooftop and floor sheathing, solid structure, beams and the hull of boats. This review objectively explores not only the environmental aspects of the use of different engineered wood composites as a building material, but also their economic aspects, to understand their effect on sustainability.",book:{id:"10584",slug:"engineered-wood-products-for-construction",title:"Engineered Wood Products for Construction",fullTitle:"Engineered Wood Products for Construction"},signatures:"Ranjana Yadav and Jitendra Kumar",authors:[{id:"335083",title:"Dr.",name:"Jitendra",middleName:null,surname:"Kumar",slug:"jitendra-kumar",fullName:"Jitendra Kumar"},{id:"354856",title:"Dr.",name:"Dr Ranjana",middleName:null,surname:"Yadav",slug:"dr-ranjana-yadav",fullName:"Dr Ranjana Yadav"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"284",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[{id:"81503",title:"The Data Representations of a Building Project: BIM Model, and IFC or IFCXML Data Standard",slug:"the-data-representations-of-a-building-project-bim-model-and-ifc-or-ifcxml-data-standard",totalDownloads:28,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104580",abstract:"Building regulations in the construction industry are legal documents written in human language. These are interpreted and implemented by people and generally controlled by local governments. Traditional building regulation control and supervision methods emerge as a time-consuming and error-prone process for architects, engineers, and public authorities. Therefore, BIM\\'s effective building regulation control is considered a promising field of study in the construction industry. Automated Code Compliance Checking (ACCC) method is a rule-based method that provides simultaneous control of the computer’s building regulations. ACCC takes into account the characteristics of the building elements and related building regulations. BIM is recognized as the most effective platform for information exchange of building projects in the construction industry. It supports the development of various software. It facilitates automated or semi-automated ACCC of the building projects for compliance with building regulations and standards for the participants involved in the building production process. The data of the building project are represented in two ways in the ACCC. These are BIM Model, and IFC or IFCXML Data Standard. In this study, the BIM, IFC, and IFCXML representations of the building project data were explained over the sample housing project in the ACCC process.",book:{id:"11186",title:"Sand in Construction",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11186.jpg"},signatures:"Murat Aydın"},{id:"81506",title:"Bentonite Clay Modified Concrete",slug:"bentonite-clay-modified-concrete",totalDownloads:28,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.103803",abstract:"Replacing cement with pozzolanic materials to some extent in construction is found to be one of the sustainable approaches in the construction industry. Pozzolanic materials of industrial origin like fly ash and Ground Granulated Blast furnace Slag will have to be replaced with natural pozzolanic materials once the world moves towards renewable energy sources. Bentonite is one such pozzolanic clay material that is rich in SiO2 content. A little research was made to assess the performance of bentonite modified concrete. Based on those, an improvement in the fresh, hardened, durability properties was reported. This chapter presents the current scenario on the development of bentonite modified concrete. It also reviews the literature about the physical & chemical properties of bentonite, bentonite blended cement mortar, bentonite modified cement concrete, and reinforced concrete. The history and development of Bentonite modified concrete were also briefly presented in this chapter.",book:{id:"11186",title:"Sand in Construction",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11186.jpg"},signatures:"Metta Achyutha Kumar Reddy and Veerendrakumar C. Khed"},{id:"81381",title:"Oil Contaminated Sand: Sources, Properties, Remediation, and Engineering Applications",slug:"oil-contaminated-sand-sources-properties-remediation-and-engineering-applications",totalDownloads:32,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.103802",abstract:"Oil leakage during the exploration, production, and transportation of crude oil is a significant issue worldwide because crude oil spills severely impact the physical and chemical properties of the surrounding soil. A range of remediation methods for oil-contaminated soil is recommended, consisting of sand washing, bioremediation, electro-kinetic sand remediation, and thermal desorption; however, none are cost-effective. To find a suitable alternative remediation method, oil-contaminated sand utilisation in construction was considered. Several researchers found that oil contamination generally has an adverse effect on the mechanical properties of sand, but certain levels of contamination have beneficial effects on some of the important properties of the sand and its produced concrete. This chapter reviews the main sources of oil contamination and the existing remediation methods for this waste material. It analyses the different factors that affect the properties of oil-contaminated sand and concrete, including the type of crude oil and permeability of sand, like its properties, absorption, chemical composition, and spillage quantity. Furthermore, the intensive evaluation results of light crude oil effects on the geotechnical properties of fine sand, cement mortar and concrete were presented. Potential applications for oil-contaminated sand were also identified for the re-use of this material in engineering and construction.",book:{id:"11186",title:"Sand in Construction",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11186.jpg"},signatures:"Rajab Abousnina and Rochstad Lim Allister"},{id:"81175",title:"Thermal Conductivity and Mechanical Properties of Organo-Clay-Wood Fiber in Cement-Based Mortar",slug:"thermal-conductivity-and-mechanical-properties-of-organo-clay-wood-fiber-in-cement-based-mortar",totalDownloads:25,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.102321",abstract:"This paper orientated to study the compressive resistance and thermal conductivity of compressed and stabilized clay blocks in the cement matrix. The effect of the content of wood fiber (WF) became studied as a reinforcement material in cement mortars. The porosity, compressive energy, thermal conductivity and composite of cement hydration had been investigated. The addition of NFC suggests a very good pore reduction, and the fine result becomes acquired with the emulsion of a combination incorporating 2%wt of WF inside the presence of an anionic surfactant (SDBS). The results revealed that used in this study were a mix of water with ordinary portland cement and organo-clay (OC) modified with Cetyltrimethylammonium bromide at water-to-solid ratios 1%. The effect depending on w/s ratio of OC used samples with cement substitution for organoclay showed from 2% higher compressive strength results than that of the plain cement paste and a decrease of the thermal conductivity by addition of 2%wt of WF from 2.26 to 0.8 W/m °C. It was also observed that with increasing w/s ratio higher amount of cement can be replaced by OC. These analyses have revealed that the presence of WF promoted the hydration, by producing more portlandite and calcium silicate gel.",book:{id:"11186",title:"Sand in Construction",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11186.jpg"},signatures:"Fadhel Aloulou and Habib Sammouda"},{id:"80651",title:"The Effects of Mill Conditions on Breakage Parameters of Quartz Sand in the District of Şile on the Black Sea Coast of İstanbul",slug:"the-effects-of-mill-conditions-on-breakage-parameters-of-quartz-sand-in-the-district-of-ile-on-the-b",totalDownloads:55,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.102554",abstract:"Casting, glass, ceramic, construction, plastic, dyeing, and abrasive industries are the main consumption areas of quartz sand, which are formed as a result of the weathering of igneous metamorphic rocks. In such industries, it is very important to select the correct ball size in order to grind the raw material to the desired particle size in optimum time. In this study, the changes in the specific rate of breakage of the quartz sand sample were investigated by using alloy steel balls of five different sizes. For this purpose, three different mono-size samples were prepared according to 4√2 series in the range of 0.090–0.053 mm. The quartz sand prepared in these three intervals was ground with 6.35, 7.94, 9.52, 12.70, and 19.05 mm alloy steel balls for different durations. The specific rate of breakage values was obtained from the particle size distributions acquired after various grinding periods. As a result of grinding tests, an increase in the rate of breakage is observed due to the increase in ball diameter.",book:{id:"11186",title:"Sand in Construction",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11186.jpg"},signatures:"Serhan Haner"},{id:"80288",title:"The Role of Sand in Mortar’s Properties",slug:"the-role-of-sand-in-mortar-s-properties",totalDownloads:61,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.102489",abstract:"Mortars are diachronic composite materials used in masonry construction to serve multiple roles. Their durability and esthetic harmonization in constructions of the different eras were the reasons why numerous research works have been realized over recent decades. Each time, the role of the mortars’ components revealed significant pieces of information on the technology used. Despite the indisputable role of the binders on the mortar’s quality, aggregates of different characteristics had a significant role in the behavior of mortars. The addition of aggregates to a binding system in mortars technology has proved to confer technical advantages as they contribute to volume stability, durability, and structural performance. Apart from the different types of aggregates, as their mineralogy and origin are concerned, the volume content in the mixture, the maximum size, and their gradation influences the structure of a binder—aggregate mixture and the performance of mortars overall. In the present article, the diachronic presence of mortars is presented. The role of aggregates is emphasized to understand their impact on the longevity and durability of the mortars.",book:{id:"11186",title:"Sand in Construction",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11186.jpg"},signatures:"Maria Stefanidou and Parthena Koltsou"}],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:6},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:8,limit:8,total:0},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:91,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:108,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:33,numberOfPublishedChapters:333,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:14,numberOfPublishedChapters:145,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:144,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:126,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:113,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:23,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:13,numberOfOpenTopics:1,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:5,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-6580",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. The whole process of submitting an article and editing of the submitted article goes extremely smooth and fast, the number of reads and downloads of chapters is high, and the contributions are also frequently cited.",author:{id:"55578",name:"Antonio",surname:"Jurado-Navas",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRisIQAS/Profile_Picture_1626166543950",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",institution:{id:"720",name:"University of Malaga",country:{id:null,name:"Spain"}}}},{id:"6",text:"It is great to work with the IntechOpen to produce a worthwhile collection of research that also becomes a great educational resource and guide for future research endeavors.",author:{id:"259298",name:"Edward",surname:"Narayan",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",slug:"edward-narayan",institution:{id:"3",name:"University of Queensland",country:{id:null,name:"Australia"}}}}]},series:{item:{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",issn:"2631-6188",scope:"This series will provide a comprehensive overview of recent research trends in various Infectious Diseases (as per the most recent Baltimore classification). Topics will include general overviews of infections, immunopathology, diagnosis, treatment, epidemiology, etiology, and current clinical recommendations for managing infectious diseases. Ongoing issues, recent advances, and future diagnostic approaches and therapeutic strategies will also be discussed. This book series will focus on various aspects and properties of infectious diseases whose deep understanding is essential for safeguarding the human race from losing resources and economies due to pathogens.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/6.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"August 18th, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfPublishedBooks:13,editor:{id:"131400",title:"Prof.",name:"Alfonso J.",middleName:null,surname:"Rodriguez-Morales",slug:"alfonso-j.-rodriguez-morales",fullName:"Alfonso J. Rodriguez-Morales",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/131400/images/system/131400.png",biography:"Dr. Rodriguez-Morales is an expert in tropical and emerging diseases, particularly zoonotic and vector-borne diseases (especially arboviral diseases). He is the president of the Travel Medicine Committee of the Pan-American Infectious Diseases Association (API), as well as the president of the Colombian Association of Infectious Diseases (ACIN). He is a member of the Committee on Tropical Medicine, Zoonoses, and Travel Medicine of ACIN. He is a vice-president of the Latin American Society for Travel Medicine (SLAMVI) and a Member of the Council of the International Society for Infectious Diseases (ISID). Since 2014, he has been recognized as a Senior Researcher, at the Ministry of Science of Colombia. He is a professor at the Faculty of Medicine of the Fundacion Universitaria Autonoma de las Americas, in Pereira, Risaralda, Colombia. He is an External Professor, Master in Research on Tropical Medicine and International Health, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain. He is also a professor at the Master in Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Universidad Científica del Sur, Lima, Peru. In 2021 he has been awarded the “Raul Isturiz Award” Medal of the API. Also, in 2021, he was awarded with the “Jose Felix Patiño” Asclepius Staff Medal of the Colombian Medical College, due to his scientific contributions to COVID-19 during the pandemic. He is currently the Editor in Chief of the journal Travel Medicine and Infectious Diseases. His Scopus H index is 47 (Google Scholar H index, 68).",institutionString:"Institución Universitaria Visión de las Américas, Colombia",institution:null},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},subseries:{paginationCount:4,paginationItems:[{id:"3",title:"Bacterial Infectious Diseases",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/3.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"205604",title:"Dr.",name:"Tomas",middleName:null,surname:"Jarzembowski",slug:"tomas-jarzembowski",fullName:"Tomas Jarzembowski",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRKriQAG/Profile_Picture_2022-06-16T11:01:31.jpg",biography:"Tomasz Jarzembowski was born in 1968 in Gdansk, Poland. He obtained his Ph.D. degree in 2000 from the Medical University of Gdańsk (UG). After specialization in clinical microbiology in 2003, he started studying biofilm formation and antibiotic resistance at the single-cell level. In 2015, he obtained his D.Sc. degree. His later study in cooperation with experts in nephrology and immunology resulted in the designation of the new diagnostic method of UTI, patented in 2017. He is currently working at the Department of Microbiology, Medical University of Gdańsk (GUMed), Poland. Since many years, he is a member of steering committee of Gdańsk branch of Polish Society of Microbiologists, a member of ESCMID. He is also a reviewer and a member of editorial boards of a number of international journals.",institutionString:"Medical University of Gdańsk, Poland",institution:null},editorTwo:{id:"484980",title:"Dr.",name:"Katarzyna",middleName:null,surname:"Garbacz",slug:"katarzyna-garbacz",fullName:"Katarzyna Garbacz",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00003St8TAQAZ/Profile_Picture_2022-07-07T09:45:16.jpg",biography:"Katarzyna Maria Garbacz, MD, is an Associate Professor at the Medical University of Gdańsk, Poland and she is head of the Department of Oral Microbiology of the Medical University of Gdańsk. She has published more than 50 scientific publications in peer-reviewed journals. She has been a project leader funded by the National Science Centre of Poland. Prof. Garbacz is a microbiologist working on applied and fundamental questions in microbial epidemiology and pathogenesis. Her research interest is in antibiotic resistance, host-pathogen interaction, and therapeutics development for staphylococcal pathogens, mainly Staphylococcus aureus, which causes hospital-acquired infections. Currently, her research is mostly focused on the study of oral pathogens, particularly Staphylococcus spp.",institutionString:"Medical University of Gdańsk, Poland",institution:null},editorThree:null},{id:"4",title:"Fungal Infectious Diseases",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/4.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"174134",title:"Dr.",name:"Yuping",middleName:null,surname:"Ran",slug:"yuping-ran",fullName:"Yuping Ran",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bS9d6QAC/Profile_Picture_1630330675373",biography:"Dr. Yuping Ran, Professor, Department of Dermatology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China. Completed the Course Medical Mycology, the Centraalbureau voor Schimmelcultures (CBS), Fungal Biodiversity Centre, Netherlands (2006). International Union of Microbiological Societies (IUMS) Fellow, and International Emerging Infectious Diseases (IEID) Fellow, Centers for Diseases Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, USA. Diploma of Dermatological Scientist, Japanese Society for Investigative Dermatology. Ph.D. of Juntendo University, Japan. Bachelor’s and Master’s degree, Medicine, West China University of Medical Sciences. Chair of Sichuan Medical Association Dermatology Committee. General Secretary of The 19th Annual Meeting of Chinese Society of Dermatology and the Asia Pacific Society for Medical Mycology (2013). In charge of the Annual Medical Mycology Course over 20-years authorized by National Continue Medical Education Committee of China. Member of the board of directors of the Asia-Pacific Society for Medical Mycology (APSMM). Associate editor of Mycopathologia. Vice-chief of the editorial board of Chinses Journal of Mycology, China. Board Member and Chair of Mycology Group of Chinese Society of Dermatology.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sichuan University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"China"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"5",title:"Parasitic Infectious Diseases",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/5.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"67907",title:"Dr.",name:"Amidou",middleName:null,surname:"Samie",slug:"amidou-samie",fullName:"Amidou Samie",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/67907/images/system/67907.jpg",biography:"Dr. Amidou Samie is an Associate Professor of Microbiology at the University of Venda, in South Africa, where he graduated for his PhD in May 2008. He joined the Department of Microbiology the same year and has been giving lectures on topics covering parasitology, immunology, molecular biology and industrial microbiology. He is currently a rated researcher by the National Research Foundation of South Africa at category C2. He has published widely in the field of infectious diseases and has overseen several MSc’s and PhDs. His research activities mostly cover topics on infectious diseases from epidemiology to control. His particular interest lies in the study of intestinal protozoan parasites and opportunistic infections among HIV patients as well as the potential impact of childhood diarrhoea on growth and child development. He also conducts research on water-borne diseases and water quality and is involved in the evaluation of point-of-use water treatment technologies using silver and copper nanoparticles in collaboration with the University of Virginia, USA. He also studies the use of medicinal plants for the control of infectious diseases as well as antimicrobial drug resistance.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Venda",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"South Africa"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"6",title:"Viral Infectious Diseases",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/6.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"158026",title:"Prof.",name:"Shailendra K.",middleName:null,surname:"Saxena",slug:"shailendra-k.-saxena",fullName:"Shailendra K. Saxena",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRET3QAO/Profile_Picture_2022-05-10T10:10:26.jpeg",biography:"Professor Dr. Shailendra K. Saxena is a vice dean and professor at King George's Medical University, Lucknow, India. His research interests involve understanding the molecular mechanisms of host defense during human viral infections and developing new predictive, preventive, and therapeutic strategies for them using Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), HIV, and emerging viruses as a model via stem cell and cell culture technologies. His research work has been published in various high-impact factor journals (Science, PNAS, Nature Medicine) with a high number of citations. He has received many awards and honors in India and abroad including various Young Scientist Awards, BBSRC India Partnering Award, and Dr. JC Bose National Award of Department of Biotechnology, Min. of Science and Technology, Govt. of India. Dr. Saxena is a fellow of various international societies/academies including the Royal College of Pathologists, United Kingdom; Royal Society of Medicine, London; Royal Society of Biology, United Kingdom; Royal Society of Chemistry, London; and Academy of Translational Medicine Professionals, Austria. He was named a Global Leader in Science by The Scientist. He is also an international opinion leader/expert in vaccination for Japanese encephalitis by IPIC (UK).",institutionString:"King George's Medical University",institution:{name:"King George's Medical University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null}]},overviewPageOFChapters:{paginationCount:23,paginationItems:[{id:"83129",title:"Airborne Transmission and Control of Influenza and Other Respiratory Pathogens",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.106446",signatures:"Jacob Bueno de Mesquita",slug:"airborne-transmission-and-control-of-influenza-and-other-respiratory-pathogens",totalDownloads:1,totalCrossrefCites:null,totalDimensionsCites:null,authors:null,book:{title:"Influenza - New Approaches",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11570.jpg",subseries:{id:"6",title:"Viral Infectious Diseases"}}},{id:"83150",title:"Perspective Chapter: Tracking Trails of SARS CoV-2 - Variants to Therapy",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.106472",signatures:"Ankur Kumar, Manju O Pai, Gaurav Badoni, Arpana Singh, Ankit Agrawal and Balram Ji Omar",slug:"perspective-chapter-tracking-trails-of-sars-cov-2-variants-to-therapy",totalDownloads:0,totalCrossrefCites:null,totalDimensionsCites:null,authors:null,book:{title:"SARS-CoV-2 Variants - Two Years After",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11573.jpg",subseries:{id:"6",title:"Viral Infectious Diseases"}}},{id:"83000",title:"Purine and Pyrimidine Pathways as Antimalarial Targets",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.106468",signatures:"Yacoba V.T. 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Saxena",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRET3QAO/Profile_Picture_2022-05-10T10:10:26.jpeg",institutionString:"King George's Medical University",institution:{name:"King George's Medical University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}]},subseriesFiltersForPublishedBooks:[{group:"subseries",caption:"Bacterial Infectious Diseases",value:3,count:2},{group:"subseries",caption:"Parasitic Infectious Diseases",value:5,count:4},{group:"subseries",caption:"Viral Infectious Diseases",value:6,count:7}],publicationYearFilters:[{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2022",value:2022,count:2},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2021",value:2021,count:4},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2020",value:2020,count:3},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2019",value:2019,count:3},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2018",value:2018,count:1}],authors:{paginationCount:303,paginationItems:[{id:"280338",title:"Dr.",name:"Yutaka",middleName:null,surname:"Tsutsumi",slug:"yutaka-tsutsumi",fullName:"Yutaka Tsutsumi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/280338/images/7961_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Fujita Health University",country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"116250",title:"Dr.",name:"Nima",middleName:null,surname:"Rezaei",slug:"nima-rezaei",fullName:"Nima Rezaei",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/116250/images/system/116250.jpg",biography:"Professor Nima Rezaei obtained an MD from Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Iran. He also obtained an MSc in Molecular and Genetic Medicine, and a Ph.D. in Clinical Immunology and Human Genetics from the University of Sheffield, UK. He also completed a short-term fellowship in Pediatric Clinical Immunology and Bone Marrow Transplantation at Newcastle General Hospital, England. Dr. Rezaei is a Full Professor of Immunology and Vice Dean of International Affairs and Research, at the School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, and the co-founder and head of the Research Center for Immunodeficiencies. He is also the founding president of the Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN). Dr. Rezaei has directed more than 100 research projects and has designed and participated in several international collaborative projects. He is an editor, editorial assistant, or editorial board member of more than forty international journals. He has edited more than 50 international books, presented more than 500 lectures/posters in congresses/meetings, and published more than 1,100 scientific papers in international journals.",institutionString:"Tehran University of Medical Sciences",institution:{name:"Tehran University of Medical Sciences",country:{name:"Iran"}}},{id:"180733",title:"Dr.",name:"Jean",middleName:null,surname:"Engohang-Ndong",slug:"jean-engohang-ndong",fullName:"Jean Engohang-Ndong",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/180733/images/system/180733.png",biography:"Dr. Jean Engohang-Ndong was born and raised in Gabon. After obtaining his Associate Degree of Science at the University of Science and Technology of Masuku, Gabon, he continued his education in France where he obtained his BS, MS, and Ph.D. in Medical Microbiology. He worked as a post-doctoral fellow at the Public Health Research Institute (PHRI), Newark, NJ for four years before accepting a three-year faculty position at Brigham Young University-Hawaii. Dr. Engohang-Ndong is a tenured faculty member with the academic rank of Full Professor at Kent State University, Ohio, where he teaches a wide range of biological science courses and pursues his research in medical and environmental microbiology. Recently, he expanded his research interest to epidemiology and biostatistics of chronic diseases in Gabon.",institutionString:"Kent State University",institution:{name:"Kent State University",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"188773",title:"Prof.",name:"Emmanuel",middleName:null,surname:"Drouet",slug:"emmanuel-drouet",fullName:"Emmanuel Drouet",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/188773/images/system/188773.png",biography:"Emmanuel Drouet, PharmD, is a Professor of Virology at the Faculty of Pharmacy, the University Grenoble-Alpes, France. As a head scientist at the Institute of Structural Biology in Grenoble, Dr. Drouet’s research investigates persisting viruses in humans (RNA and DNA viruses) and the balance with our host immune system. He focuses on these viruses’ effects on humans (both their impact on pathology and their symbiotic relationships in humans). He has an excellent track record in the herpesvirus field, and his group is engaged in clinical research in the field of Epstein-Barr virus diseases. He is the editor of the online Encyclopedia of Environment and he coordinates the Universal Health Coverage education program for the BioHealth Computing Schools of the European Institute of Science.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Grenoble Alpes University",country:{name:"France"}}},{id:"131400",title:"Prof.",name:"Alfonso J.",middleName:null,surname:"Rodriguez-Morales",slug:"alfonso-j.-rodriguez-morales",fullName:"Alfonso J. Rodriguez-Morales",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/131400/images/system/131400.png",biography:"Dr. Rodriguez-Morales is an expert in tropical and emerging diseases, particularly zoonotic and vector-borne diseases (especially arboviral diseases). He is the president of the Travel Medicine Committee of the Pan-American Infectious Diseases Association (API), as well as the president of the Colombian Association of Infectious Diseases (ACIN). He is a member of the Committee on Tropical Medicine, Zoonoses, and Travel Medicine of ACIN. He is a vice-president of the Latin American Society for Travel Medicine (SLAMVI) and a Member of the Council of the International Society for Infectious Diseases (ISID). Since 2014, he has been recognized as a Senior Researcher, at the Ministry of Science of Colombia. He is a professor at the Faculty of Medicine of the Fundacion Universitaria Autonoma de las Americas, in Pereira, Risaralda, Colombia. He is an External Professor, Master in Research on Tropical Medicine and International Health, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain. He is also a professor at the Master in Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Universidad Científica del Sur, Lima, Peru. In 2021 he has been awarded the “Raul Isturiz Award” Medal of the API. Also, in 2021, he was awarded with the “Jose Felix Patiño” Asclepius Staff Medal of the Colombian Medical College, due to his scientific contributions to COVID-19 during the pandemic. He is currently the Editor in Chief of the journal Travel Medicine and Infectious Diseases. His Scopus H index is 47 (Google Scholar H index, 68).",institutionString:"Institución Universitaria Visión de las Américas, Colombia",institution:null},{id:"332819",title:"Dr.",name:"Chukwudi Michael",middleName:"Michael",surname:"Egbuche",slug:"chukwudi-michael-egbuche",fullName:"Chukwudi Michael Egbuche",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/332819/images/14624_n.jpg",biography:"I an Dr. Chukwudi Michael Egbuche. I am a Senior Lecturer in the Department of Parasitology and Entomology, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Nnamdi Azikiwe University",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"284232",title:"Mr.",name:"Nikunj",middleName:"U",surname:"Tandel",slug:"nikunj-tandel",fullName:"Nikunj Tandel",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/284232/images/8275_n.jpg",biography:'Mr. Nikunj Tandel has completed his Master\'s degree in Biotechnology from VIT University, India in the year of 2012. He is having 8 years of research experience especially in the field of malaria epidemiology, immunology, and nanoparticle-based drug delivery system against the infectious diseases, autoimmune disorders and cancer. He has worked for the NIH funded-International Center of Excellence in Malaria Research project "Center for the study of complex malaria in India (CSCMi)" in collaboration with New York University. The preliminary objectives of the study are to understand and develop the evidence-based tools and interventions for the control and prevention of malaria in different sites of the INDIA. Alongside, with the help of next-generation genomics study, the team has studied the antimalarial drug resistance in India. Further, he has extended his research in the development of Humanized mice for the study of liver-stage malaria and identification of molecular marker(s) for the Artemisinin resistance. At present, his research focuses on understanding the role of B cells in the activation of CD8+ T cells in malaria. Received the CSIR-SRF (Senior Research Fellow) award-2018, FIMSA (Federation of Immunological Societies of Asia-Oceania) Travel Bursary award to attend the IUIS-IIS-FIMSA Immunology course-2019',institutionString:"Nirma University",institution:{name:"Nirma University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"334383",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Simone",middleName:"Ulrich",surname:"Ulrich Picoli",slug:"simone-ulrich-picoli",fullName:"Simone Ulrich Picoli",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/334383/images/15919_n.jpg",biography:"Graduated in Pharmacy from Universidade Luterana do Brasil (1999), Master in Agricultural and Environmental Microbiology from Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (2002), Specialization in Clinical Microbiology from Universidade de São Paulo, USP (2007) and PhD in Sciences in Gastroenterology and Hepatology (2012). She is currently an Adjunct Professor at Feevale University in Medicine and Biomedicine courses and a permanent professor of the Academic Master\\'s Degree in Virology. She has experience in the field of Microbiology, with an emphasis on Bacteriology, working mainly on the following topics: bacteriophages, bacterial resistance, clinical microbiology and food microbiology.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Feevale",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"229220",title:"Dr.",name:"Amjad",middleName:"Islam",surname:"Aqib",slug:"amjad-aqib",fullName:"Amjad Aqib",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/229220/images/system/229220.png",biography:"Dr. Amjad Islam Aqib obtained a DVM and MSc (Hons) from University of Agriculture Faisalabad (UAF), Pakistan, and a PhD from the University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences Lahore, Pakistan. Dr. Aqib joined the Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery at UAF for one year as an assistant professor where he developed a research laboratory designated for pathogenic bacteria. Since 2018, he has been Assistant Professor/Officer in-charge, Department of Medicine, Manager Research Operations and Development-ORIC, and President One Health Club at Cholistan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Bahawalpur, Pakistan. He has nearly 100 publications to his credit. His research interests include epidemiological patterns and molecular analysis of antimicrobial resistance and modulation and vaccine development against animal pathogens of public health concern.",institutionString:"Cholistan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences",institution:{name:"University of Agriculture Faisalabad",country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"333753",title:"Dr.",name:"Rais",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmed",slug:"rais-ahmed",fullName:"Rais Ahmed",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/333753/images/20168_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Agriculture Faisalabad",country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"62900",title:"Prof.",name:"Fethi",middleName:null,surname:"Derbel",slug:"fethi-derbel",fullName:"Fethi Derbel",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/62900/images/system/62900.jpeg",biography:"Professor Fethi Derbel was born in 1960 in Tunisia. He received his medical degree from the Sousse Faculty of Medicine at Sousse, University of Sousse, Tunisia. He completed his surgical residency in General Surgery at the University Hospital Farhat Hached of Sousse and was a member of the Unit of Liver Transplantation in the University of Rennes, France. He then worked in the Department of Surgery at the Sahloul University Hospital in Sousse. Professor Derbel is presently working at the Clinique les Oliviers, Sousse, Tunisia. His hospital activities are mostly concerned with laparoscopic, colorectal, pancreatic, hepatobiliary, and gastric surgery. He is also very interested in hernia surgery and performs ventral hernia repairs and inguinal hernia repairs. He has been a member of the GREPA and Tunisian Hernia Society (THS). During his residency, he managed patients suffering from diabetic foot, and he was very interested in this pathology. For this reason, he decided to coordinate a book project dealing with the diabetic foot. Professor Derbel has published many articles in journals and collaborates intensively with IntechOpen Access Publisher as an editor.",institutionString:"Clinique les Oliviers",institution:null},{id:"300144",title:"Dr.",name:"Meriem",middleName:null,surname:"Braiki",slug:"meriem-braiki",fullName:"Meriem Braiki",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/300144/images/system/300144.jpg",biography:"Dr. Meriem Braiki is a specialist in pediatric surgeon from Tunisia. She was born in 1985. She received her medical degree from the University of Medicine at Sousse, Tunisia. She achieved her surgical residency training periods in Pediatric Surgery departments at University Hospitals in Monastir, Tunis and France.\r\nShe is currently working at the Pediatric surgery department, Sidi Bouzid Hospital, Tunisia. Her hospital activities are mostly concerned with laparoscopic, parietal, urological and digestive surgery. She has published several articles in diffrent journals.",institutionString:"Sidi Bouzid Regional Hospital",institution:null},{id:"229481",title:"Dr.",name:"Erika M.",middleName:"Martins",surname:"de Carvalho",slug:"erika-m.-de-carvalho",fullName:"Erika M. de Carvalho",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/229481/images/6397_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Oswaldo Cruz Foundation",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"186537",title:"Prof.",name:"Tonay",middleName:null,surname:"Inceboz",slug:"tonay-inceboz",fullName:"Tonay Inceboz",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/186537/images/system/186537.jfif",biography:"I was graduated from Ege University of Medical Faculty (Turkey) in 1988 and completed his Med. PhD degree in Medical Parasitology at the same university. I became an Associate Professor in 2008 and Professor in 2014. I am currently working as a Professor at the Department of Medical Parasitology at Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey.\n\nI have given many lectures, presentations in different academic meetings. I have more than 60 articles in peer-reviewed journals, 18 book chapters, 1 book editorship.\n\nMy research interests are Echinococcus granulosus, Echinococcus multilocularis (diagnosis, life cycle, in vitro and in vivo cultivation), and Trichomonas vaginalis (diagnosis, PCR, and in vitro cultivation).",institutionString:"Dokuz Eylül University",institution:{name:"Dokuz Eylül University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"71812",title:"Prof.",name:"Hanem Fathy",middleName:"Fathy",surname:"Khater",slug:"hanem-fathy-khater",fullName:"Hanem Fathy Khater",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/71812/images/1167_n.jpg",biography:"Prof. Khater is a Professor of Parasitology at Benha University, Egypt. She studied for her doctoral degree, at the Department of Entomology, College of Agriculture, Food and Natural Resources, University of Missouri, Columbia, USA. She has completed her Ph.D. degrees in Parasitology in Egypt, from where she got the award for “the best scientific Ph.D. dissertation”. She worked at the School of Biological Sciences, Bristol, England, the UK in controlling insects of medical and veterinary importance as a grant from Newton Mosharafa, the British Council. Her research is focused on searching of pesticides against mosquitoes, house flies, lice, green bottle fly, camel nasal botfly, soft and hard ticks, mites, and the diamondback moth as well as control of several parasites using safe and natural materials to avoid drug resistances and environmental contamination.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Banha University",country:{name:"Egypt"}}},{id:"99780",title:"Prof.",name:"Omolade",middleName:"Olayinka",surname:"Okwa",slug:"omolade-okwa",fullName:"Omolade Okwa",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/99780/images/system/99780.jpg",biography:"Omolade Olayinka Okwa is presently a Professor of Parasitology at Lagos State University, Nigeria. She has a PhD in Parasitology (1997), an MSc in Cellular Parasitology (1992), and a BSc (Hons) Zoology (1990) all from the University of Ibadan, Nigeria. She teaches parasitology at the undergraduate and postgraduate levels. She was a recipient of a Commonwealth fellowship supported by British Council tenable at the Centre for Entomology and Parasitology (CAEP), Keele University, United Kingdom between 2004 and 2005. She was awarded an Honorary Visiting Research Fellow at the same university from 2005 to 2007. \nShe has been an external examiner to the Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Ibadan, MSc programme between 2010 and 2012. She is a member of the Nigerian Society of Experimental Biology (NISEB), Parasitology and Public Health Society of Nigeria (PPSN), Science Association of Nigeria (SAN), Zoological Society of Nigeria (ZSN), and is Vice Chairperson of the Organisation of Women in Science (OWSG), LASU chapter. She served as Head of Department of Zoology and Environmental Biology, Lagos State University from 2007 to 2010 and 2014 to 2016. She is a reviewer for several local and international journals such as Unilag Journal of Science, Libyan Journal of Medicine, Journal of Medicine and Medical Sciences, and Annual Research and Review in Science. \nShe has authored 45 scientific research publications in local and international journals, 8 scientific reviews, 4 books, and 3 book chapters, which includes the books “Malaria Parasites” and “Malaria” which are IntechOpen access publications.",institutionString:"Lagos State University",institution:{name:"Lagos State University",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"273100",title:"Dr.",name:"Vijay",middleName:null,surname:"Gayam",slug:"vijay-gayam",fullName:"Vijay Gayam",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/273100/images/system/273100.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Vijay Bhaskar Reddy Gayam is currently practicing as an internist at Interfaith Medical Center in Brooklyn, New York, USA. He is also a Clinical Assistant Professor at the SUNY Downstate University Hospital and Adjunct Professor of Medicine at the American University of Antigua. He is a holder of an M.B.B.S. degree bestowed to him by Osmania Medical College and received his M.D. at Interfaith Medical Center. His career goals thus far have heavily focused on direct patient care, medical education, and clinical research. He currently serves in two leadership capacities; Assistant Program Director of Medicine at Interfaith Medical Center and as a Councilor for the American\r\nFederation for Medical Research. As a true academician and researcher, he has more than 50 papers indexed in international peer-reviewed journals. He has also presented numerous papers in multiple national and international scientific conferences. His areas of research interest include general internal medicine, gastroenterology and hepatology. He serves as an editor, editorial board member and reviewer for multiple international journals. His research on Hepatitis C has been very successful and has led to multiple research awards, including the 'Equity in Prevention and Treatment Award” from the New York Department of Health Viral Hepatitis Symposium (2018) and the 'Presidential Poster Award” awarded to him by the American College of Gastroenterology (2018). He was also awarded 'Outstanding Clinician in General Medicine” by Venus International Foundation for his extensive research expertise and services, perform over and above the standard expected in the advancement of healthcare, patient safety and quality of care.",institutionString:"Interfaith Medical Center",institution:{name:"Interfaith Medical Center",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"93517",title:"Dr.",name:"Clement",middleName:"Adebajo",surname:"Meseko",slug:"clement-meseko",fullName:"Clement Meseko",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/93517/images/system/93517.jpg",biography:"Dr. Clement Meseko obtained DVM and PhD degree in Veterinary Medicine and Virology respectively. He has worked for over 20 years in both private and public sectors including the academia, contributing to knowledge and control of infectious disease. Through the application of epidemiological skill, classical and molecular virological skills, he investigates viruses of economic and public health importance for the mitigation of the negative impact on people, animal and the environment in the context of Onehealth. \r\nDr. Meseko’s field experience on animal and zoonotic diseases and pathogen dynamics at the human-animal interface over the years shaped his carrier in research and scientific inquiries. He has been part of the investigation of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza incursions in sub Saharan Africa and monitors swine Influenza (Pandemic influenza Virus) agro-ecology and potential for interspecies transmission. He has authored and reviewed a number of journal articles and book chapters.",institutionString:"National Veterinary Research Institute",institution:{name:"National Veterinary Research Institute",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"158026",title:"Prof.",name:"Shailendra K.",middleName:null,surname:"Saxena",slug:"shailendra-k.-saxena",fullName:"Shailendra K. Saxena",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRET3QAO/Profile_Picture_2022-05-10T10:10:26.jpeg",biography:"Professor Dr. Shailendra K. Saxena is a vice dean and professor at King George's Medical University, Lucknow, India. His research interests involve understanding the molecular mechanisms of host defense during human viral infections and developing new predictive, preventive, and therapeutic strategies for them using Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), HIV, and emerging viruses as a model via stem cell and cell culture technologies. His research work has been published in various high-impact factor journals (Science, PNAS, Nature Medicine) with a high number of citations. He has received many awards and honors in India and abroad including various Young Scientist Awards, BBSRC India Partnering Award, and Dr. JC Bose National Award of Department of Biotechnology, Min. of Science and Technology, Govt. of India. Dr. Saxena is a fellow of various international societies/academies including the Royal College of Pathologists, United Kingdom; Royal Society of Medicine, London; Royal Society of Biology, United Kingdom; Royal Society of Chemistry, London; and Academy of Translational Medicine Professionals, Austria. He was named a Global Leader in Science by The Scientist. He is also an international opinion leader/expert in vaccination for Japanese encephalitis by IPIC (UK).",institutionString:"King George's Medical University",institution:{name:"King George's Medical University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"94928",title:"Dr.",name:"Takuo",middleName:null,surname:"Mizukami",slug:"takuo-mizukami",fullName:"Takuo Mizukami",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/94928/images/6402_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"National Institute of Infectious Diseases",country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"233433",title:"Dr.",name:"Yulia",middleName:null,surname:"Desheva",slug:"yulia-desheva",fullName:"Yulia Desheva",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/233433/images/system/233433.png",biography:"Dr. Yulia Desheva is a leading researcher at the Institute of Experimental Medicine, St. Petersburg, Russia. She is a professor in the Stomatology Faculty, St. Petersburg State University. She has expertise in the development and evaluation of a wide range of live mucosal vaccines against influenza and bacterial complications. Her research interests include immunity against influenza and COVID-19 and the development of immunization schemes for high-risk individuals.",institutionString:'Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution "Institute of Experimental Medicine"',institution:null},{id:"238958",title:"Mr.",name:"Atamjit",middleName:null,surname:"Singh",slug:"atamjit-singh",fullName:"Atamjit Singh",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/238958/images/6575_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"252058",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Juan",middleName:null,surname:"Sulca",slug:"juan-sulca",fullName:"Juan Sulca",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/252058/images/12834_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"191392",title:"Dr.",name:"Marimuthu",middleName:null,surname:"Govindarajan",slug:"marimuthu-govindarajan",fullName:"Marimuthu Govindarajan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/191392/images/5828_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. M. Govindarajan completed his BSc degree in Zoology at Government Arts College (Autonomous), Kumbakonam, and MSc, MPhil, and PhD degrees at Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar, Tamil Nadu, India. He is serving as an assistant professor at the Department of Zoology, Annamalai University. His research interests include isolation, identification, and characterization of biologically active molecules from plants and microbes. He has identified more than 20 pure compounds with high mosquitocidal activity and also conducted high-quality research on photochemistry and nanosynthesis. He has published more than 150 studies in journals with impact factor and 2 books in Lambert Academic Publishing, Germany. He serves as an editorial board member in various national and international scientific journals.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"274660",title:"Dr.",name:"Damodar",middleName:null,surname:"Paudel",slug:"damodar-paudel",fullName:"Damodar Paudel",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/274660/images/8176_n.jpg",biography:"I am DrDamodar Paudel,currently working as consultant Physician in Nepal police Hospital.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"241562",title:"Dr.",name:"Melvin",middleName:null,surname:"Sanicas",slug:"melvin-sanicas",fullName:"Melvin Sanicas",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/241562/images/6699_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"117248",title:"Dr.",name:"Andrew",middleName:null,surname:"Macnab",slug:"andrew-macnab",fullName:"Andrew Macnab",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of British Columbia",country:{name:"Canada"}}},{id:"322007",title:"Dr.",name:"Maria Elizbeth",middleName:null,surname:"Alvarez-Sánchez",slug:"maria-elizbeth-alvarez-sanchez",fullName:"Maria Elizbeth Alvarez-Sánchez",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidad Autónoma de la Ciudad de México",country:{name:"Mexico"}}},{id:"337443",title:"Dr.",name:"Juan",middleName:null,surname:"A. 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Recently, bioinspired systems have been successfully employing biomechanics to develop and improve assistive technology and rehabilitation devices. The research topic "Bioinspired Technology and Biomechanics" welcomes studies reporting recent advances in bioinspired technologies that contribute to individuals\' health, inclusion, and rehabilitation. Possible contributions can address (but are not limited to) the following research topics: Bioinspired design and control of exoskeletons, orthoses, and prostheses; Experimental evaluation of the effect of assistive devices (e.g., influence on gait, balance, and neuromuscular system); Bioinspired technologies for rehabilitation, including clinical studies reporting evaluations; Application of neuromuscular and biomechanical models to the development of bioinspired technology.',coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/8.jpg",hasOnlineFirst:!0,hasPublishedBooks:!0,annualVolume:11404,editor:{id:"144937",title:"Prof.",name:"Adriano",middleName:"De Oliveira",surname:"Andrade",slug:"adriano-andrade",fullName:"Adriano Andrade",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRC8QQAW/Profile_Picture_1625219101815",biography:"Dr. Adriano de Oliveira Andrade graduated in Electrical Engineering at the Federal University of Goiás (Brazil) in 1997. 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