Requirements for the characteristics of objectives.
\\n\\n
Released this past November, the list is based on data collected from the Web of Science and highlights some of the world’s most influential scientific minds by naming the researchers whose publications over the previous decade have included a high number of Highly Cited Papers placing them among the top 1% most-cited.
\\n\\nWe wish to congratulate all of the researchers named and especially our authors on this amazing accomplishment! We are happy and proud to share in their success!
Note: Edited in March 2021
\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:{caption:"Highly Cited",originalUrl:"/media/original/117"}},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'IntechOpen is proud to announce that 191 of our authors have made the Clarivate™ Highly Cited Researchers List for 2020, ranking them among the top 1% most-cited.
\n\nThroughout the years, the list has named a total of 261 IntechOpen authors as Highly Cited. Of those researchers, 69 have been featured on the list multiple times.
\n\n\n\nReleased this past November, the list is based on data collected from the Web of Science and highlights some of the world’s most influential scientific minds by naming the researchers whose publications over the previous decade have included a high number of Highly Cited Papers placing them among the top 1% most-cited.
\n\nWe wish to congratulate all of the researchers named and especially our authors on this amazing accomplishment! We are happy and proud to share in their success!
Note: Edited in March 2021
\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"webinar-introduction-to-open-science-wednesday-18-may-1-pm-cest-20220518",title:"Webinar: Introduction to Open Science | Wednesday 18 May, 1 PM CEST"},{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"},{slug:"introducing-intechopen-book-series-a-new-publishing-format-for-oa-books-20210915",title:"Introducing IntechOpen Book Series - A New Publishing Format for OA Books"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"1845",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Prostate Cancer - Diagnostic and Therapeutic Advances",title:"Prostate Cancer",subtitle:"Diagnostic and Therapeutic Advances",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:'In this book entitled "Prostate Cancer - Diagnostic and Therapeutic Advances", we highlight many of the significant advances made in our treatment armamentarium of prostate cancer. The book is subdivided into four sections termed: 1) novel diagnostic approaches, 2) surgical treatments options, 3) radiation therapy and its potential sequelae, and 4) medical management and its treatment complications. After reading the present book , readers will be very familiar with the major clinical advances made in our multifaceted treatment approach to prostate cancer over the past decade.This book is a tribute to our pioneering urologists and allied healthcare professionals who have continually pushed forward our traditional therapeutic envelope.',isbn:null,printIsbn:"978-953-307-319-4",pdfIsbn:"978-953-51-6590-3",doi:"10.5772/2271",price:139,priceEur:155,priceUsd:179,slug:"prostate-cancer-diagnostic-and-therapeutic-advances",numberOfPages:392,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:null,isInBkci:!1,hash:"3be3f6b756cec080cfcacd2251b62a5c",bookSignature:"Philippe E. Spiess",publishedDate:"November 25th 2011",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1845.jpg",numberOfDownloads:41196,numberOfWosCitations:11,numberOfCrossrefCitations:4,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:1,numberOfDimensionsCitations:13,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:1,hasAltmetrics:0,numberOfTotalCitations:28,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"January 20th 2011",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"February 17th 2011",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"June 24th 2011",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"July 24th 2011",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"November 21st 2011",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"64476",title:"Dr.",name:"Philippe E.",middleName:null,surname:"Spiess",slug:"philippe-e.-spiess",fullName:"Philippe E. Spiess",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/64476/images/1906_n.jpg",biography:"Dr Philippe E. Spiess is an assistant professor with dual appointment in the department of Genitourinary Oncology at the Moffitt Cancer Center and the department of Urology at the University of South Florida in Tampa, Florida. Dr Spiess was born and raised in Montreal, Canada where he completed his urological training at McGill University. He subsequently completed his urologic oncologic training at the M. D. Anderson Cancer Center in Houston, Texas. Dr Spiess has published over 80 peer reviewed scientific papers in urologic oncology in addition to being a nationally and internationally recognized expert in the management of genitourinary malignancies. He has dedicated much of his research efforts to optimizing the surgical management of locally advanced and locally recurrent prostate cancer. He currently sits on the NCCN Panel for bladder and penile cancer in addition to being the video section editor of the International Brazilian Journal of Urology.",institutionString:null,position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"3",institution:{name:"Moffitt Cancer Center",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"1079",title:"Genitourinary Oncology",slug:"genitourinary-oncology"}],chapters:[{id:"24239",title:"Biomarkers of Aggressiveness in Prostate Cancer",doi:"10.5772/25310",slug:"biomarkers-of-aggressiveness-in-prostate-cancer",totalDownloads:2001,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:3,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Cuvillier Olivier and Malavaud Bernard",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/24239",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/24239",authors:[{id:"62957",title:"Dr.",name:"Olivier",surname:"Cuvillier",slug:"olivier-cuvillier",fullName:"Olivier Cuvillier"},{id:"68334",title:"Prof.",name:"Bernard",surname:"Malavaud",slug:"bernard-malavaud",fullName:"Bernard Malavaud"}],corrections:null},{id:"24240",title:"The Influence of Obesity on Prostate Cancer Diagnosis and Treatment",doi:"10.5772/25828",slug:"the-influence-of-obesity-on-prostate-cancer-diagnosis-and-treatment",totalDownloads:1261,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Piotr Bryniarski, Andrzej Paradysz and Mieczysław Fryczkowski",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/24240",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/24240",authors:[{id:"64693",title:"PhD.",name:"Piotr",surname:"Bryniarski",slug:"piotr-bryniarski",fullName:"Piotr Bryniarski"},{id:"64700",title:"Prof.",name:"Andrzej",surname:"Paradysz",slug:"andrzej-paradysz",fullName:"Andrzej Paradysz"},{id:"64701",title:"Prof.",name:"Mieczys?aw",surname:"Fryczkowski",slug:"mieczysaw-fryczkowski",fullName:"Mieczys?aw Fryczkowski"}],corrections:null},{id:"24241",title:"Renewing Perspectives on Men's Prostate Cancer Literacy and Engagement Along the Disease Continuum",doi:"10.5772/25822",slug:"renewing-perspectives-on-men-s-prostate-cancer-literacy-and-engagement-along-the-disease-continuum",totalDownloads:2242,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:2,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Margareth Santos Zanchetta, Margot Kaszap, Marko Monteiro, Franklin Gorospe IV and Roger Pilon",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/24241",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/24241",authors:[{id:"64667",title:"Dr.",name:"Margareth",surname:"Zanchetta",slug:"margareth-zanchetta",fullName:"Margareth Zanchetta"},{id:"70170",title:"Prof.",name:"Marko",surname:"Monteiro",slug:"marko-monteiro",fullName:"Marko Monteiro"},{id:"70171",title:"Dr.",name:"Margot",surname:"Kaszap",slug:"margot-kaszap",fullName:"Margot Kaszap"},{id:"70174",title:"Mr.",name:"Roger",surname:"Pilon",slug:"roger-pilon",fullName:"Roger Pilon"},{id:"70180",title:"Prof.",name:"Franklin",surname:"Gorospe",slug:"franklin-gorospe",fullName:"Franklin Gorospe"}],corrections:null},{id:"24242",title:"Prostate Specific Membrane Antigen as Biomarker and Therapeutic Target for Prostate Cancer",doi:"10.5772/26951",slug:"prostate-specific-membrane-antigen-as-biomarker-and-therapeutic-target-for-prostate-cancer",totalDownloads:3200,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:6,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Philipp Wolf",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/24242",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/24242",authors:[{id:"68380",title:"Dr.",name:"Philipp",surname:"Wolf",slug:"philipp-wolf",fullName:"Philipp Wolf"}],corrections:null},{id:"24243",title:"Future of Prostate Biopsy: Who Will Get It and How?",doi:"10.5772/25588",slug:"future-of-prostate-biopsy-who-will-get-it-and-how-",totalDownloads:2881,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Tine Hajdinjak",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/24243",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/24243",authors:[{id:"63835",title:"Dr.",name:"Tine",surname:"Hajdinjak",slug:"tine-hajdinjak",fullName:"Tine Hajdinjak"}],corrections:null},{id:"24244",title:"Radical Prostatectomy in High Risk Prostate Cancer",doi:"10.5772/25693",slug:"radical-prostatectomy-in-high-risk-prostate-cancer",totalDownloads:2750,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Jorge Rioja, Carlos Blanco and Jorge Aranda",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/24244",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/24244",authors:[{id:"64201",title:"Dr.",name:"Jorge",surname:"Rioja Zuazu",slug:"jorge-rioja-zuazu",fullName:"Jorge Rioja Zuazu"},{id:"70837",title:"Mr.",name:"Carlos",surname:"Blanco",slug:"carlos-blanco",fullName:"Carlos Blanco"},{id:"70838",title:"Mr.",name:"Jorge",surname:"Aranda",slug:"jorge-aranda",fullName:"Jorge Aranda"}],corrections:null},{id:"24245",title:"High-Intensity Focused Ultrasound (HIFU) - An Alternative Choice in Prostate Cancer Treatment",doi:"10.5772/25029",slug:"high-intensity-focused-ultrasound-hifu-an-alternative-choice-in-prostate-cancer-treatment",totalDownloads:2741,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Umberto Maestroni and Francesco Ziglioli",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/24245",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/24245",authors:[{id:"61181",title:"Dr.",name:"Umberto",surname:"Maestroni",slug:"umberto-maestroni",fullName:"Umberto Maestroni"},{id:"62240",title:"Dr.",name:"Francesco",surname:"Ziglioli",slug:"francesco-ziglioli",fullName:"Francesco Ziglioli"}],corrections:null},{id:"24246",title:"Radiotherapy in Prostate Cancer",doi:"10.5772/25784",slug:"radiotherapy-in-prostate-cancer",totalDownloads:4004,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Tatjana Arsenijević, Kata Dabić Stanković, Miodrag Aćimović and Ljiljana Radošević Jelić",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/24246",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/24246",authors:[{id:"64539",title:"Dr.",name:"Tatjana",surname:"Arsenijevic",slug:"tatjana-arsenijevic",fullName:"Tatjana Arsenijevic"},{id:"118162",title:"Dr.",name:"Kata",surname:"Dabic-Stankovic",slug:"kata-dabic-stankovic",fullName:"Kata Dabic-Stankovic"},{id:"118282",title:"Prof.",name:"Ljiljana",surname:"Radosevic-Jelic",slug:"ljiljana-radosevic-jelic",fullName:"Ljiljana Radosevic-Jelic"},{id:"118459",title:"Prof.",name:"Acimovic",surname:"Miodrag",slug:"acimovic-miodrag",fullName:"Acimovic Miodrag"}],corrections:null},{id:"24247",title:"Combination of Immunotherapy & Radiotherapy for the Treatment of Prostate Cancer",doi:"10.5772/27790",slug:"combination-of-immunotherapy-radiotherapy-for-the-treatment-of-prostate-cancer",totalDownloads:1935,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Zsuzsanna Tabi, Lisa K. Spary and John Staffurth",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/24247",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/24247",authors:[{id:"71544",title:"Dr.",name:"Zsuzsanna",surname:"Tabi",slug:"zsuzsanna-tabi",fullName:"Zsuzsanna Tabi"},{id:"71583",title:"Dr.",name:"John",surname:"Staffurth",slug:"john-staffurth",fullName:"John Staffurth"},{id:"71584",title:"Dr.",name:"Lisa",surname:"Spary",slug:"lisa-spary",fullName:"Lisa Spary"}],corrections:null},{id:"24248",title:"Bone Seeking Radiopharmaceuticals for Metastatic Bone Pain",doi:"10.5772/25874",slug:"bone-seeking-radiopharmaceuticals-for-metastatic-bone-pain",totalDownloads:2328,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Marnix G.E.H. Lam and Bernard A. Zonnenberg",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/24248",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/24248",authors:[{id:"64829",title:"Dr.",name:"Marnix G.E.H.",surname:"Lam",slug:"marnix-g.e.h.-lam",fullName:"Marnix G.E.H. Lam"}],corrections:null},{id:"24249",title:"Use of Radiobiological Modeling in Treatment Plan Evaluation and Optimization of Prostate Cancer Radiotherapy",doi:"10.5772/25634",slug:"use-of-radiobiological-modeling-in-treatment-plan-evaluation-and-optimization-of-prostate-cancer-rad",totalDownloads:2868,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Panayiotis Mavroidis, Dimos Baltas, Bengt K. Lind and Nikos Papanikolaou",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/24249",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/24249",authors:[{id:"63958",title:"Prof.",name:"Panayiotis",surname:"Mavroidis",slug:"panayiotis-mavroidis",fullName:"Panayiotis Mavroidis"},{id:"70854",title:"Prof.",name:"Bengt",surname:"Lind",slug:"bengt-lind",fullName:"Bengt Lind"},{id:"70855",title:"Prof.",name:"Nikos",surname:"Papanikolaou",slug:"nikos-papanikolaou",fullName:"Nikos Papanikolaou"},{id:"79882",title:"Prof.",name:"Dimos",surname:"Baltas",slug:"dimos-baltas",fullName:"Dimos Baltas"}],corrections:null},{id:"24250",title:"Current Options and Future Directions in Castrate Resistant Prostate (CRPC)",doi:"10.5772/26195",slug:"current-options-and-future-directions-in-castrate-resistant-prostate-crpc-",totalDownloads:1422,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Suzanne Richter and Srikala S. Sridhar",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/24250",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/24250",authors:[{id:"65820",title:"Dr.",name:"Kala",surname:"Sridhar",slug:"kala-sridhar",fullName:"Kala Sridhar"}],corrections:null},{id:"24251",title:"The Role of PDE-5 Inhibitors in Prostate Cancer",doi:"10.5772/25380",slug:"the-role-of-pde-5-inhibitors-in-prostate-cancer",totalDownloads:2676,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Anindita Das, Fadi N. Salloum and Rakesh C. Kukreja",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/24251",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/24251",authors:[{id:"63133",title:"Dr.",name:"Anindita",surname:"Das",slug:"anindita-das",fullName:"Anindita Das"},{id:"63137",title:"Dr.",name:"Fadi",surname:"Salloum",slug:"fadi-salloum",fullName:"Fadi Salloum"},{id:"63138",title:"Prof.",name:"Rakesh",surname:"Kukreja",slug:"rakesh-kukreja",fullName:"Rakesh Kukreja"}],corrections:null},{id:"24252",title:"Entering a New Era – Prostate Cancer Immuno-Therapy After the FDA Approval for Sipuleucel-T",doi:"10.5772/25553",slug:"entering-a-new-era-prostate-cancer-immuno-therapy-after-the-fda-approval-for-sipuleucel-t",totalDownloads:1502,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Thomas H. Brill",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/24252",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/24252",authors:[{id:"63709",title:"Dr.",name:"Thomas H.",surname:"Brill",slug:"thomas-h.-brill",fullName:"Thomas H. Brill"}],corrections:null},{id:"24253",title:"Skeletal Related Events in Prostate Cancer: Important Therapeutic Considerations",doi:"10.5772/25560",slug:"skeletal-related-events-in-prostate-cancer-important-therapeutic-considerations",totalDownloads:1841,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Miguel Álvarez Múgica, Jesús Ma Fernández Gómez, Antonio Jalón Monzón, Verónica Bulnes Vázquez, Erasmo Miguelez and Francisco Valle González",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/24253",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/24253",authors:[{id:"63733",title:"Dr.",name:"Miguel",surname:"Álvarez-Múgica",slug:"miguel-alvarez-mugica",fullName:"Miguel Álvarez-Múgica"},{id:"117909",title:"Prof.",name:"Jesus María",surname:"Fernández Gómez",slug:"jesus-maria-fernandez-gomez",fullName:"Jesus María Fernández Gómez"},{id:"117910",title:"Dr.",name:"Antonio",surname:"Jalón Monzón",slug:"antonio-jalon-monzon",fullName:"Antonio Jalón Monzón"},{id:"117912",title:"Dr.",name:"Verónica",surname:"Bulnes Vázquez",slug:"veronica-bulnes-vazquez",fullName:"Verónica Bulnes Vázquez"},{id:"122952",title:"Dr.",name:"Erasmo",surname:"Miguelez",slug:"erasmo-miguelez",fullName:"Erasmo Miguelez"},{id:"122953",title:"Dr.",name:"Francisco",surname:"Valle González",slug:"francisco-valle-gonzandatildeandiexcllez",fullName:"Francisco Valle González"}],corrections:null},{id:"24254",title:"Androgen Deprivation Therapy for Prostate Cancer",doi:"10.5772/28243",slug:"androgen-deprivation-therapy-for-prostate-cancer",totalDownloads:1940,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Stanislav Ziaran",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/24254",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/24254",authors:[{id:"73226",title:"Dr.",name:"Stanislav",surname:"Ziaran, PhD., Mph, Febu",slug:"stanislav-ziaran-phd.-mph-febu",fullName:"Stanislav Ziaran, PhD., Mph, Febu"}],corrections:null},{id:"24255",title:"A Review of Quality of Life Following Treatments for Localized Prostate Cancer",doi:"10.5772/25434",slug:"a-review-of-quality-of-life-following-treatments-for-localized-prostate-cancer",totalDownloads:1903,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Sunao Shoji",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/24255",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/24255",authors:[{id:"63316",title:"Dr.",name:"Sunao",surname:"Shoji",slug:"sunao-shoji",fullName:"Sunao Shoji"}],corrections:null},{id:"24256",title:"Intermittent Androgen Suppression Therapy for Prostate Cancer Patients: A Choice for Improved Quality of Life?",doi:"10.5772/26778",slug:"intermittent-androgen-suppression-therapy-for-prostate-cancer-patients-a-choice-for-improved-quality",totalDownloads:1702,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Gerhard Hamilton, Ulrike Olszewski-Hamilton and Gerhard Theyer",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/24256",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/24256",authors:[{id:"67794",title:"Prof.",name:"Gerhard",surname:"Hamilton",slug:"gerhard-hamilton",fullName:"Gerhard Hamilton"}],corrections:null}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},subseries:null,tags:null},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"1985",title:"Prostate Cancer",subtitle:"Original Scientific Reports and Case Studies",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"51d83bcaa97cb41331a0e6cc466f237f",slug:"prostate-cancer-original-scientific-reports-and-case-studies",bookSignature:"Philippe E. Spiess",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1985.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"64476",title:"Dr.",name:"Philippe E.",surname:"Spiess",slug:"philippe-e.-spiess",fullName:"Philippe E. Spiess"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"777",title:"Prostate Cancer",subtitle:"From Bench to Bedside",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d5a01877eb8f560e8aeee899be80f547",slug:"prostate-cancer-from-bench-to-bedside",bookSignature:"Philippe E. Spiess",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/777.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"64476",title:"Dr.",name:"Philippe E.",surname:"Spiess",slug:"philippe-e.-spiess",fullName:"Philippe E. Spiess"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3274",title:"Advances in Prostate Cancer",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"fb7257d982e3228ceb9320f595ae1c58",slug:"advances-in-prostate-cancer",bookSignature:"Gerhard Hamilton",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3274.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"67794",title:"Prof.",name:"Gerhard",surname:"Hamilton",slug:"gerhard-hamilton",fullName:"Gerhard Hamilton"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1312",title:"Advances in Cancer Management",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"dc1cad15f23e313cd067e7e7b4511005",slug:"advances-in-cancer-management",bookSignature:"Ravinder Mohan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1312.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"58197",title:"Prof.",name:"Ravinder",surname:"Mohan",slug:"ravinder-mohan",fullName:"Ravinder Mohan"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"559",title:"Bladder Cancer",subtitle:"From Basic Science to Robotic Surgery",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"117cbfaa858282ed2cdb9a81ce411def",slug:"bladder-cancer-from-basic-science-to-robotic-surgery",bookSignature:"Abdullah Erdem Canda",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/559.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"69657",title:"Prof.",name:"Abdullah Erdem",surname:"Canda",slug:"abdullah-erdem-canda",fullName:"Abdullah Erdem Canda"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"789",title:"Emerging Research and Treatments in Renal Cell Carcinoma",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"616688465519d2b5bcb1d867a3806714",slug:"emerging-research-and-treatments-in-renal-cell-carcinoma",bookSignature:"Robert J. Amato",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/789.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"73752",title:"Dr.",name:"Robert",surname:"Amato",slug:"robert-amato",fullName:"Robert Amato"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"5256",title:"Human Papillomavirus",subtitle:"Research in a Global Perspective",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8d66d3c0bc41a12be8217ca0cee52b60",slug:"human-papillomavirus-research-in-a-global-perspective",bookSignature:"Rajamanickam Rajkumar",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5256.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"120109",title:"Dr.",name:"Rajamanickam",surname:"Rajkumar",slug:"rajamanickam-rajkumar",fullName:"Rajamanickam Rajkumar"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"960",title:"Cancer of the Uterine Endometrium",subtitle:"Advances and Controversies",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e31a8846983568317bbe451b6e32b4c6",slug:"cancer-of-the-uterine-endometrium-advances-and-controversies",bookSignature:"J. Salvador Saldivar",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/960.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"71352",title:"Dr.",name:"J.S.",surname:"Saldivar",slug:"j.s.-saldivar",fullName:"J.S. Saldivar"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3441",title:"Renal Tumor",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8113c9de84f8da9eec92bea7f394e8ef",slug:"renal-tumor",bookSignature:"Jindong Chen",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3441.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"158564",title:"Prof.",name:"Jindong",surname:"Chen",slug:"jindong-chen",fullName:"Jindong Chen"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3395",title:"Human Papillomavirus and Related Diseases",subtitle:"From Bench to Bedside - A Diagnostic and Preventive Perspective",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c6c3820fb6deb675bd38fa1954ec4f56",slug:"human-papillomavirus-and-related-diseases-from-bench-to-bedside-a-diagnostic-and-preventive-perspective",bookSignature:"Davy Vanden Broeck",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3395.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"93213",title:"Dr.",name:"Davy",surname:"Vanden Broeck",slug:"davy-vanden-broeck",fullName:"Davy Vanden Broeck"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],ofsBooks:[]},correction:{item:{id:"79597",slug:"corrigendum-to-dry-hydrogen-peroxide-for-viral-inactivation",title:"Corrigendum to: Dry Hydrogen Peroxide for Viral Inactivation",doi:null,correctionPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/79597.pdf",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/79597",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/79597",totalDownloads:null,totalCrossrefCites:null,bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/79597",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/79597",chapter:{id:"78994",slug:"dry-hydrogen-peroxide-for-viral-inactivation",signatures:"Chris Lee and John R. Henneman",dateSubmitted:"August 18th 2021",dateReviewed:"September 14th 2021",datePrePublished:"October 21st 2021",datePublished:"May 18th 2022",book:{id:"11006",title:"Disinfection of Viruses",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Disinfection of Viruses",slug:"disinfection-of-viruses",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",bookSignature:"Raymond W. Nims and M. Khalid Ijaz",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11006.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"104702",title:"Dr.",name:"Raymond W.",middleName:null,surname:"Nims",slug:"raymond-w.-nims",fullName:"Raymond W. Nims"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:[{id:"414666",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Chris",middleName:null,surname:"Lee",fullName:"Chris Lee",slug:"chris-lee",email:"chris96lee@gmail.com",position:null,institution:null},{id:"415444",title:"MSc.",name:"John R.",middleName:null,surname:"Henneman",fullName:"John R. Henneman",slug:"john-r.-henneman",email:"jrh78@bri.ksu.edu",position:null,institution:{name:"Kansas State University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}]}},chapter:{id:"78994",slug:"dry-hydrogen-peroxide-for-viral-inactivation",signatures:"Chris Lee and John R. Henneman",dateSubmitted:"August 18th 2021",dateReviewed:"September 14th 2021",datePrePublished:"October 21st 2021",datePublished:"May 18th 2022",book:{id:"11006",title:"Disinfection of Viruses",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Disinfection of Viruses",slug:"disinfection-of-viruses",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",bookSignature:"Raymond W. Nims and M. Khalid Ijaz",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11006.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"104702",title:"Dr.",name:"Raymond W.",middleName:null,surname:"Nims",slug:"raymond-w.-nims",fullName:"Raymond W. Nims"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:[{id:"414666",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Chris",middleName:null,surname:"Lee",fullName:"Chris Lee",slug:"chris-lee",email:"chris96lee@gmail.com",position:null,institution:null},{id:"415444",title:"MSc.",name:"John R.",middleName:null,surname:"Henneman",fullName:"John R. Henneman",slug:"john-r.-henneman",email:"jrh78@bri.ksu.edu",position:null,institution:{name:"Kansas State University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}]},book:{id:"11006",title:"Disinfection of Viruses",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Disinfection of Viruses",slug:"disinfection-of-viruses",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",bookSignature:"Raymond W. Nims and M. Khalid Ijaz",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11006.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"104702",title:"Dr.",name:"Raymond W.",middleName:null,surname:"Nims",slug:"raymond-w.-nims",fullName:"Raymond W. Nims"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}},ofsBook:{item:{type:"book",id:"9598",leadTitle:null,title:"Aromatase - Normal Function in Human Body and Associated Disorders",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"\r\n\tAromatase is an enzyme coded by the CYP19 gene located on chromosome 15q21. The enzyme catalyzes the production of estrogen from androgen (ie testosterone and androstenedione) in the form of estrone and 17β-estradiol. Aromatase is normally located in the endoplasmic reticulum of the cells in adrenal glands, ovaries, testes, placenta, fatty tissues, skin, bone, blood vessels, and neurons. The aromatase deficiency and excess both are associated with disorders and diseases. In both conditions (ie deficiency or excess) the result will be androgen imbalance, whereby excess testosterone remains without conversion in case of deficiency and excess production of estrogen in case of the excessive aromatase enzyme. The enzyme has been in limelight due to the utilization of its inhibitors in controlling breast cancer. This book focuses on aromatase enzyme in the normal body and diseases caused by its abnormality. Following topics will be covered in greater detail in the book: Normal molecular structure and function of aromatase; Role of aromatase in embryonic development; Role of aromatase in the nervous system; Aromatase in Breast diseases; Aromatase in uterine diseases; Aromatase in prostate disorders; Medicinal use of aromatase inhibitors.
",isbn:null,printIsbn:"979-953-307-X-X",pdfIsbn:null,doi:null,price:0,priceEur:0,priceUsd:0,slug:null,numberOfPages:0,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isSalesforceBook:!1,isNomenclature:!1,hash:"17e8f041d9361eeab7b244d38f17ec5f",bookSignature:"Dr. Binafsha Manzoor Syed and Prof. Jawaid Naeem Qureshi",publishedDate:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9598.jpg",keywords:"Aromatase Enzyme, Normal Function, Embryonic Development, Aromatase Enzyme in Nervous System, Neuronal Protection, Aromatase Enzyme in Breast Cancer, Benign Breast Diseases, Aromatase Enzyme in Uterine Diseases, Uterine Fibroid, Aromatase Inhibitors, Bone Diseases",numberOfDownloads:null,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:null,numberOfDimensionsCitations:null,numberOfTotalCitations:null,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"October 15th 2019",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"November 5th 2019",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"January 4th 2020",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"March 24th 2020",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"May 23rd 2020",dateConfirmationOfParticipation:null,remainingDaysToSecondStep:"3 years",secondStepPassed:!0,areRegistrationsClosed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,editedByType:null,kuFlag:!1,biosketch:null,coeditorOneBiosketch:null,coeditorTwoBiosketch:null,coeditorThreeBiosketch:null,coeditorFourBiosketch:null,coeditorFiveBiosketch:null,editors:[{id:"295538",title:"Dr.",name:"Binafsha",middleName:"Manzoor",surname:"Syed",slug:"binafsha-syed",fullName:"Binafsha Syed",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/295538/images/system/295538.png",biography:"BINAFSHA MANZOOR SYED has earned her Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery in 2002 from Liaquat University of Medical & Health Sciences, Jamshoro, Pakistan. She got her PhD in Breast Surgery/Clinical Sciences in 2012 from School of Clinical Sciences, The University of Nottingham, England. She is currently serving as the Director ORIC & MRC, and Head of Clinical Research Division, Medical Research Centre, Liaquat University of Medical & Health Sciences, Jamshoro, Pakistan. \r\nDr. Syed’s research interest is mainly focuses on Cancer in particular therapeutic targets. She conducts regular workshops on research subjects. She is also Master trainer for PhD Supervisors training. \r\nShe is principal investigator and lead in two key projects to study: 1) Molecular pattern of Breast cancer in Pakistani population and 2) Biological characterization of colorectal cancers in correlation with clinical parameters and outcome; funded by Higher Education Commission of Pakistan. \r\nShe has published more than 21 papers in international peer-reviewed journals, she a many abstracts presented at International platforms. She is also author of three book chapters on different topics on breast cancer published by International Publishers.",institutionString:"Liaquat University of Medical & Health Sciences",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"0",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"Liaquat University of Medical & Health Sciences",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Pakistan"}}}],coeditorOne:{id:"295539",title:"Prof.",name:"Jawaid Naeem",middleName:null,surname:"Qureshi",slug:"jawaid-naeem-qureshi",fullName:"Jawaid Naeem Qureshi",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/295539/images/system/295539.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:"University of Modern Sciences, Tando Mohammad Khan",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"0",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:null},coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"16",title:"Medicine",slug:"medicine"}],chapters:null,productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},personalPublishingAssistant:{id:"270941",firstName:"Sandra",lastName:"Maljavac",middleName:null,title:"Ms.",imageUrl:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/270941/images/7824_n.jpg",email:"sandra.m@intechopen.com",biography:"As an Author Service Manager my responsibilities include monitoring and facilitating all publishing activities for authors and editors. From chapter submission and review, to approval and revision, copyediting and design, until final publication, I work closely with authors and editors to ensure a simple and easy publishing process. I maintain constant and effective communication with authors, editors and reviewers, which allows for a level of personal support that enables contributors to fully commit and concentrate on the chapters they are writing, editing, or reviewing. I assist authors in the preparation of their full chapter submissions and track important deadlines and ensure they are met. I help to coordinate internal processes such as linguistic review, and monitor the technical aspects of the process. As an ASM I am also involved in the acquisition of editors. Whether that be identifying an exceptional author and proposing an editorship collaboration, or contacting researchers who would like the opportunity to work with IntechOpen, I establish and help manage author and editor acquisition and contact."}},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"6550",title:"Cohort Studies in Health Sciences",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"01df5aba4fff1a84b37a2fdafa809660",slug:"cohort-studies-in-health-sciences",bookSignature:"R. Mauricio Barría",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6550.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"88861",title:"Dr.",name:"R. Mauricio",surname:"Barría",slug:"r.-mauricio-barria",fullName:"R. Mauricio Barría"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9500",title:"Recent Advances in Bone Tumours and Osteoarthritis",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ea4ec0d6ee01b88e264178886e3210ed",slug:"recent-advances-in-bone-tumours-and-osteoarthritis",bookSignature:"Hiran Amarasekera",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9500.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"67634",title:"Dr.",name:"Hiran",surname:"Amarasekera",slug:"hiran-amarasekera",fullName:"Hiran Amarasekera"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1591",title:"Infrared Spectroscopy",subtitle:"Materials Science, Engineering and Technology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"99b4b7b71a8caeb693ed762b40b017f4",slug:"infrared-spectroscopy-materials-science-engineering-and-technology",bookSignature:"Theophile Theophanides",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1591.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"37194",title:"Dr.",name:"Theophile",surname:"Theophanides",slug:"theophile-theophanides",fullName:"Theophile Theophanides"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3161",title:"Frontiers in Guided Wave Optics and Optoelectronics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"deb44e9c99f82bbce1083abea743146c",slug:"frontiers-in-guided-wave-optics-and-optoelectronics",bookSignature:"Bishnu Pal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3161.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"4782",title:"Prof.",name:"Bishnu",surname:"Pal",slug:"bishnu-pal",fullName:"Bishnu Pal"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"371",title:"Abiotic Stress in Plants",subtitle:"Mechanisms and Adaptations",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"588466f487e307619849d72389178a74",slug:"abiotic-stress-in-plants-mechanisms-and-adaptations",bookSignature:"Arun Shanker and B. Venkateswarlu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/371.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"58592",title:"Dr.",name:"Arun",surname:"Shanker",slug:"arun-shanker",fullName:"Arun Shanker"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3092",title:"Anopheles mosquitoes",subtitle:"New insights into malaria vectors",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c9e622485316d5e296288bf24d2b0d64",slug:"anopheles-mosquitoes-new-insights-into-malaria-vectors",bookSignature:"Sylvie Manguin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3092.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"50017",title:"Prof.",name:"Sylvie",surname:"Manguin",slug:"sylvie-manguin",fullName:"Sylvie Manguin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"72",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Theory, Properties, New Approaches",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d94ffa3cfa10505e3b1d676d46fcd3f5",slug:"ionic-liquids-theory-properties-new-approaches",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/72.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"2270",title:"Fourier Transform",subtitle:"Materials Analysis",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5e094b066da527193e878e160b4772af",slug:"fourier-transform-materials-analysis",bookSignature:"Salih Mohammed Salih",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2270.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"111691",title:"Dr.Ing.",name:"Salih",surname:"Salih",slug:"salih-salih",fullName:"Salih Salih"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"117",title:"Artificial Neural Networks",subtitle:"Methodological Advances and Biomedical Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:null,slug:"artificial-neural-networks-methodological-advances-and-biomedical-applications",bookSignature:"Kenji Suzuki",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/117.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"3095",title:"Prof.",name:"Kenji",surname:"Suzuki",slug:"kenji-suzuki",fullName:"Kenji Suzuki"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3828",title:"Application of Nanotechnology in Drug Delivery",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"51a27e7adbfafcfedb6e9683f209cba4",slug:"application-of-nanotechnology-in-drug-delivery",bookSignature:"Ali Demir Sezer",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3828.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"62389",title:"PhD.",name:"Ali Demir",surname:"Sezer",slug:"ali-demir-sezer",fullName:"Ali Demir Sezer"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},chapter:{item:{type:"chapter",id:"51974",title:"Procedure for the Award of Contracts and Contracting in Public Passenger Transport",doi:"10.5772/64820",slug:"procedure-for-the-award-of-contracts-and-contracting-in-public-passenger-transport",body:'\nProperly concluded contractual relationship allows the creation of a strong partnership through which the authorities can pursue their policy objectives. Such a partnership should prevent from neglecting fulfilment of the tasks or abusing position of one from parties. The key factor for providing public transport services is an adequate regulatory framework and contracting conditions that should be set to support the competitive behaviour of bidders—service providers.
\nThe regulatory framework consists of three levels [1]:\n
In the process of preparing and contracting, the attention must be paid to aspects such as [2]:\n
setting the rights and obligations of the parties,
addressing the issue of infrastructure ownership and ownership of service provider (transport means and depots),
risk allocation between the parties,
responsibility for planning and design of services to be provided (freedom which be given to the operator in designing and making changes in services),
scope of contract,
structure of payment (it should represent a balance between profit and reward for realised performance),
method of monitoring and controlling a fulfilment of public service obligations.
It should be noted that a proper adjustment of these aspects by authorities helps to operators improve efficiency of service provision and reduce costs.
\nThe provision of public transport services requires on the one hand the availability of particular assets (such as infrastructures and vehicles), and on the other hand the management of those assets in combination with personnel.
\nThere are several possibilities of ownership [3]:\n
public ownership,
private ownership.
Infrastructure ownership and ownership of service provider can be separated according to following ways (and the ownership can be organised differently for each part):\n
vertical integration (where operator owns infrastructure),
vertical separation (where operator does not own infrastructure).
In the case of vertical separation, it is necessary to address an issue of infrastructure management. The infrastructure can be managed by [3]:
\noperator or
authority organises infrastructure management separately from operator who provides passenger transport services.
In case that the transport operator manages infrastructure, a combination of ownership and usage may result in: [1, 4]:
\nDelegated management where the operator acts independently from the authority and uses the assets provided by the authority. These assets may be provided based on various arrangements, for example “for free” or based on a contract regarding publicly owned infrastructure or through a leasing company.
Public management where the assets are owned by the authority and transport services are provided by a public operator. Such provision of transport services may be ensured based on an in-house contract.
In the third case which represents operators who provide assets. they are also responsible for service operation by using these assets. The contract based on which services are provided may take various forms and scope ranged from simple bus service contracts (where operators provide bus services by using their own buses) to more complex contracts (e.g. DBOT contracts—Design, Build, Operate and Transfer). Other type of contracts may represent infrastructure-concession contracts where operators may decide to some extent about the design of the assets and service realisation or PPPs contracts (Public–Private Partnership).
The process of public service procurement is complex and consists of several procedural steps, which must be done from authorities’ position (see Figure 1) [3]. The basis of each process should be sufficient preparation. Good preparation can bring quality in services provided and effective use of public funds. Therefore, this part of the procurement process cannot be underestimated from the position of a public authority. In the first step, it is necessary to set the basic strategic objectives based on identified requirements of the public. Further, the services to be provided are characterised and designed. The services should be defined with respect to the criteria by which it will be possible to evaluate to what extent (range) a candidate (public service operator) is able to fulfil the provision of transport services. Last but not least, it is important to develop framework conditions of public service contract. Further step is related to award procedure, which can represent the direct award of contract or a competitive tendering. In the last step, a public authority implements the control procedures during contractual period whether a service operator meets its obligations.
\nProcedure of public authority while contracting [
The first essential step in the procurement is to determine the demand for public services—public passenger transport. Public service requirements can be found out by using different methods. One of the methods is an interview with passengers or potential passengers. The person responsible for obtaining information firstly selects a group of citizens who will be asked to answer simple questions. Ranking of requirements for public services in terms of quality and quantity is compiled at the end based on the answers [5].
\nAnother method of identifying requirements of passengers is a form of questionnaire. The first step in creating a questionnaire is to determine the existing problem in public services. Information about the problem can be obtained based on written complaints or verbal manifestations of citizens. Further, it is necessary to determine the objectives and indicators of questionnaire and to select a group of people to be queried. The advantage of questionnaires is fast obtaining the information in a short time and at relatively low costs. The questionnaires are sent directly to citizens or may be in the form of anonymous questionnaires.
\nBy gathering information on requirements for public services, the strategic objectives can be determined.
\nThe transport policy addresses public passenger transport and its objective is to ensure the sustainable development of mobility, coordination of public passenger transport with individual transport and improvement of road safety. Regarding the provision of public passenger transport, it is also necessary to take into account other policies such as social, environmental policy.
\nTypical strategic objectives within public transport are [3, 6]:\n
Transport policy:\n
enhance total transport situation,
reliability of services,
ensure mobility,
increase market share of public transport within the intermodal market: influence the modal split, for example also by parking policy,
traffic safety,
link individual with public transport.
Social policy—support for specific target groups:\n
people with low incomes,
people with limited mobility,
employees of the operator,
pupils, students and apprentices,
young and elderly,
accessibility for all layers/generations of the population.
Environmental policy:\n
efficient energy use,
quality of life in urban areas,
reduce emission of pollutants, for example reduction in global warming gas emissions,
noise reduction,
protection of vulnerable rural areas.
Structural and economic policy (regional development)—enhancing services within specific areas:\n
infrastructure policy—establishing capacities, regulations for use and financing the public transport infrastructure,
regional structure,
support for small- and medium-sized enterprises,
site-related factors,
location trends,
land-use policy.
Budgetary aspects.
Subsequently, the strategic objectives should be confronted with the local conditions.
\nTo be able to properly transform strategic objectives into tactical means (service concepts), the relevant local circumstances (constraints) have to be identified and taken into account. Numerous aspects, tasks and competencies can have an impact on public transport.
\nFirstly, it is appropriate to analyse the local organisation of a concerned territory and to gain a good overview of the current distribution of tasks, competencies and responsibilities between the operators and the public authorities. Some further aspects to analyse are legal and economic aspects and the existing market structure as well as the existing transport system and geographical aspects [3].
\nSignificant local circumstances (constraints) include [4, 6]:\n
Existing local organisation of public transport:\n
localisation of information and skills,
localisation of decision-making powers for policy-making (strategic level) service design (tactical level) and operational decisions (operational level),
identification of roles and duties of public authorities and service operators.
Legal restrictions:\n
existing contractual regulations,
existing awarding and contracting procedures,
right of initiative,
overcompensation,
national/local legal framework,
EU legal framework.
Economic restrictions:\n
financial/budgetary aspects,
ability to bear risk by the authority,
economic situation of the operator market (including ability to bear risk).
Market structure of service operators:\n
capabilities,
number and size,
efficiency,
ownership.
Existing transport system:\n
vehicles,
network design,
infrastructure, for example existing railways, existing depots,
existing databases, for example passenger data, modal split figures,
level of quality of public transport services.
Spatial/geographical restrictions.
The further step prior to the conclusion of public service contract is a characterisation of services and definition of requirements for services. It is also necessary to divide the tasks, competencies and responsibilities between the operators and the public authorities in order to ensure efficient provision of public service.
\nIn order to reach the decision on an adequate level of competence of service operator when designing services, it is recommended to answer the following preliminary questions first [5]:\n
Which interests are in conflict with each other?
Which interests need to be harmonised (and how)?
To what extent can a natural overlap between the commercial and other interests of the operator, the interests of the public as well as the interests of the authorities be expected?
It is necessary to note that the allocation of responsibilities determines the appropriate risk allocation between the operator and the authority. Whoever takes the opportunities and risk is the party most appropriate to influence the corresponding features.
\nDecision-making on service design (i.e. tactical decisions) can be organised in different ways. It should be distinguished between two basic periods:\n
The period during which the contractual relation between operator and authority is established.
The period during which the contract is realised.
For each of these two periods, fundamental organisational decisions have to be taken as to the allocation of initiative power and decision power to the authority and to the operator [3].
\nWithin the first period of establishment of the relation, service design can be determined [2]:\n
by the operator
in a negotiated way between the operator and the authority
by the authority
During the second period of contract realisation, service redesign can also be organised in different ways [1]:\n
It can be determined by the authority, or
It can be determined by the operator:\n
the operator may only have the possibility to suggest amendments to the network, whereas the authority remains in charge of deciding upon the implementation of those changes after conducting a check on the desirability and/or financial consequences of the change or
the operator may have the freedom to modify services autonomously as he wishes (indeed, within specific norms of network accessibility specified by the authority within the contract).
Technical specifications and conditions are understood to be the determination of characteristics and requirements, which must be fulfilled in the bids submitted by tenderers in order to obtain a contract. Technical conditions are part of the tender documentation. Technical conditions may be determined either by the form of references to the documents, standards, regulations and acts or by the form of requirements for parameters of expected utility, for example setting requirements for performance, capacity.
\nIndividual characteristics and requirements for services must be set so that none of the tenderers and candidates is discriminated and the principles of transparency, economy and efficiency must be applied.
\nThe objectives should not be specified too general. It is favourable if the concretisation of subject of the contract in the form of objectives is a part of tender documentation. This contributes to the improvement of evaluation process, award procedure as well as control process. Correct determination of objectives is an assumption for easier definition of evaluation criteria. Requirements for the characteristics of objectives are presented in Table 1.
Characteristic of objectives | \nDescription | \nExample | \n
---|---|---|
An objective can be verified | \nTechnical parameters | \n|
An objective can be measured | \nNumber of kilometres travelled, hours of operation | \n|
An objective relates directly to the purpose of contract | \nQuality of the carriage of passengers | \n|
Mutual continuity of objectives | \nReduction the transport impact on the environment by promoting public transport | \n
Requirements for the characteristics of objectives.
A public authority must determine evaluation criteria, which reflect the expectations that are to be achieved through public transport services. The evaluation criteria can be distinguished in terms of type and kind. Individual types and kinds of evaluation criteria with stated examples are presented in Table 2.
\n\n\nIn order to determine to what extent the feature of quality is fulfilled, it is necessary to find a way to measure particular feature of quality. Transformation of qualitative criteria into quantitative criteria is performed due to the measurability of quantitative criteria. The intensity of quality can be measured, for example, by using ten-point scale. Interval of scoring is compiled from the unsatisfactory quality up to the perfectly satisfactory quality [7].
\nTypes of evaluation criteria | \nKinds of evaluation criteria | \nExamples | \n
---|---|---|
The lowest offer price repairs and maintenance operating costs return on investment | \n||
\n | Technical level technical parameters environmental impact | \n|
\n | Interchanges continuity time of transport | \n|
Safety and comfort caring for passenger | \n
Types and kinds of evaluation criteria.
Basically, the forms of individual contracts differ in an allocation of risks between contractual parties and the resulting structure of payments.
\nThere is a methodology, not only in the SR, but also in other countries, on the basis of which the reasonable profit is determined as percentage of economically justified costs. But in this case, the operators are not motivated to save up the costs and it is also contrary to the policy of the European Union. The reasonable profit for services, which are provided in public interest, should be based on the risk assumed by operator. Therefore, an analysis of the risks existing in providing public transport services is needed.
\n\n\nThe risks existing in providing public transport services can be categorised [2]:\n
Existing risk can be also further divided into two groups—cost and revenue risks (see Figure 2).
\nClassification of the risks in public passenger transport.
The cost risks are associated with a cost calculation when contracting in public economic interest. In public service contract, it is necessary to agree on a price for realised performance, which consists of the costs and profits of public service operator. In the case that the operator assumes the cost risk, it is necessary to agree on a scope of realised performance for the contract period and economically justified costs per unit of the realised performance between operator and authority. The cost risks can be divided into two groups [5]:\n
Investment cost risks are related to the difference of the anticipated life of the fixed assets of the operator. While providing public passenger transport, it is primarily the means of transport and infrastructure (e.g. bus and tram stops, tram tracks). The reasonable profit must depend on which party assumes the risk of the difference of actual net book value of fixed assets at the end of a contract period compared with anticipated net book value.
The revenue risks are associated with the difference between expected revenues from operation of public passenger transport and actually achieved revenues at the end of contract period. These risks may be taken either by authority or operator and in this regard there must be appropriately set a profit level of the operator. When the authority assumes the revenue risk, a contractual relationship between the authority and the operator, which sets a compensation for realised performance, is based on the following formula [6]:\n
UC—costs per unit of realised performance,
RP—reasonable profit for the operator expressed per performance unit,
P—the realised performance,
R—revenue achieved when realising performance.
When there are agreed final costs per unit in public service contract, which cannot be changed during a contract period, the cost risks are fully borne by the operator. The revenue risks are borne by the authority. This means that if operator’s revenue is decreasing, the compensation from authority’s party is increasing.
\nWhen the operator assumes the revenue risk, in the contract there is determined in addition to realised performance also absolute amount of compensation, which cannot be changed during a contract period. The compensation is based on anticipated costs and revenue, while changes in costs and revenue pose a risk of the operator. A part of the compensation is a reasonable profit of the operator resulting from cost and revenue risk of realised performance.
\nThe cost risks are not usually related with interventions of public authorities (with an exception of changes in tax burden of the operator), and currently, they are usually transmitted to operators. In the case of revenue risks, it is possible to define influence of public authorities on revenue risks; the risks can be divided into two groups:\n
Decree of Office of Rail Regulation No 654/2005 lays down the scope of price regulation for railway transport and price quotations of self-governing regions which determine the maximum prices for national regular bus transport when the distance from origin to final bus stop exceeds 100 km
The authority has to decide upon how to allocate risks between contracting parties appropriately. Risk can have a negative effect on the outcome of contracting, especially when using competitive awarding [3]:\n
The higher the risk, the lower the number of bidders (high entry barriers).
A very high level of risk, resulting out of a high level of uncertainty, may result in a higher danger of insolvency for operators in case of a full realisation of the risk.
The higher the risk, the higher the risk premium the operator is calculating (increasing the subsidy to be paid by the authority).
Therefore, from a very schematic point of view, risk can be classified as follows [1]:\n
A contract form and payment structure is dependent on a way of the risk allocation. The contract forms are as follows:\n
The essential advantages and disadvantages of gross and net cost contracts are presented in Table 3.
\n | Advantages | \nDisadvantages | \n
---|---|---|
Gross cost contract | \n
| \n
| \n
Net cost contract | \n
| \n
| \n
Advantages and disadvantages of gross and net cost contracts.
Determination of reasonable profit as a percentage of costs is economically incorrect in a regulated sector. The reasonable profit must relate to the risk that is borne by operator in regard to realised performance. This means that the level of reasonable profit must be higher in case of the operator bearing cost and revenue risks in comparison with the operator bearing only cost risks while keeping the same range of performance.
\nBased on the previous analysis of risk allocation, the level of reasonable profit can be defined as follows [1]:\n
CO—capital invested by operator for providing transport services,
p—capital profitability.
RCi—risk of assumed value of i’s cost item in percentage expression from cost item value,
n—number of operator’s cost items,
i—i’s cost item of operator,
P—realised performance.
It is necessary to define the way of risk determination of estimated values of individual cost items in relation to reasonable profit. The risk can be calculated by using the relationship for determination of safety surcharge to net premiums.
m—number of passenger groups which are different by fare level,
Rj—assumed revenue of j’s passenger group in unit expression,
RTi—revenue risk of j’s passenger group expressed in percentages.
Determining revenue risk is done by an analogous method such as in case of determining cost risk. Revenue risk is possible to determine at standard deviation level of income change per individual groups of passengers in observed period.
\nIn terms of the scope of the contract, a public authority can decide on:\n
The contract size has an influence on efficiency. The contract size has an influence on efficiency. Related to matters of risk, this aspect mainly affects the market entry possibilities and might result in an overly elevated complexity level for the respective service operators.
\nNetwork contracts [3]:\n
increase the need to select long term contracts,
provide integrated public transport services delivered by one operator to passengers,
produce market entry barriers for small- and medium-sized companies,
account for a great operational complexity,
enable net cost contracts,
provide substantial optimising opportunities to the operator and therefore may increase efficiency levels,
might be more difficult to monitor.
Route contracts [3]:\n
low market or no market entry barriers exist for small- and medium-sized operators,
integration of public transport services needs to be realised through other organisations (authority or related body),
in case of dependency on the performance of other operators, net cost contracts are not recommended,
provide fewer optimising opportunities.
Sub-network contracts
\nSub-network contracts provide a compromise between network contracts and route contracts if required.
\nWhen designing the length of contract period, the public authority should take into account the level of revenue risk borne by the operator in order to allow him to develop market activities for increasing the number of passengers.
\nChanges in external factors, political aims or passenger needs can lead to a need for amendments to service design during contract period. Therefore, certain flexibility should be incorporated in contracts.
\nContracts should contain appropriate variations and termination clauses [3]:\n
Enable service redesign by the operator autonomously when using net cost contracts (with functionally designed minimal standards) while preventing negative financial impact to authority.
Enable the authority and the operator to terminate (or at least renegotiate) the contract in case of major unforeseen changes with major commercial influence.
Check whether there will be major changes during the contract time (e.g. a new bus lane within the centre during the contract period) and insert suitable agreement procedures on how to deal with these circumstances.
Enable service redesign by the operator after approval of the authority under all awarding models, based upon fixed price list and limitations (e.g. limited increase in vehicle-km) to reduce risk for the operator and the authority.
Insert arbitration clauses to avoid unproductive conflicts.
Enable service redesign by the authority in case of constructive design, based upon fixed price list and limitations (e.g. limited increase in vehicle-km) to reduce the risk for the operator (and the authority).
It is necessary to note that the longer the contract period, the more increases the need for flexibility of the contract. In case of high uncertainty about future developments (e.g. major changes within the coming years without any sufficient expectations on the influence on the contractual outcome), a short contract period is recommended (maybe including extension options) [1].
\nIn terms of decision-making on contract period, it can be recommended as follows [5]:\n
Decision based on trade-off between flexibility (short-term contract) and increasing incentive to make capital investments (long-term contract).
Use of short-term contracts in case of high uncertainty about future development (e.g. net cost contract with high uncertainty about development of the ridership).
Avoiding too short contract periods as this causes increasing uncertainty (which may result in lower interest of operators on that contract).
Use of long-term contracts in case of high specific investment needs with long amortisation periods, including review dates on the performance.
Avoiding too long contract periods in case of competitive awarding to secure competition within the market.
Use of longer-term contract when substantial market action is required from the operator (take account of longer lead times to develop measures and to reap the profit of their implementation).
Use of short-term contracts in case of the need for increased flexibility.
Avoiding too long contract periods to be able to recalibrate contract clauses according to market development.
Payments which are paid to operators in return for service provision may represent variable, fixed payments or their combination. However, it is important to determine a clear and verifiable payment structure in order to avoid misunderstandings and disputes between contracting parties during the contract period. It should be also noted that financing of infrastructure should be separated from operation financing due to transparency reasons [3].
\nPayments may flow not only from an authority to an operator but also in opposite direction from an operator to an authority. The situation is dependent on the market conditions. For example, the award of a very profitable service contract to the service operator through a competitive tendering may bring the situation of payments flowing from the operator to the authority. However, as many public transport services cannot be provided on a commercial basis, the payments which are paid to service operators from authorities are more usual in practice. The situation also depends on the structure of the additional incentives, which may be included in individual public service contracts.
\nThe amount of the payment to be paid depends on various factors. These factors relate to the type and scope of a particular public service contract, which is awarded to a particular operator [1].
\nTo reduce the risk level, it is recommended to include a lump sum payment. Inclusion of variable payments, which represent incentive-based payments into a public service contract, may motivate the operator to achieve the objective set by the authority.
\nAs previously mentioned, the structure of payments must be determined in a clear manner. It is recommended to reduce complexity as much as possible in favour of a simple payment structure. This may also reduce the level of risks and avoid the high entry barriers to the market.
\nIn general, the candidates (tenderers) are understood to be the entities who offer a solution of bids (public service contract). Transport services may be provided after the conclusion of public service contract between the successful tenderer and competent authority (public authority). The main objective of a tenderer is to gain a competitive advantage over the other tenderer and thus succeed in a competitive tendering.
\nProcedure of service providers in competitive tendering should consist of the following steps:\n
analysis of own position in competitive market,
analysis of the needs and requirements of the public,
analysis of technical conditions, the subject and criteria of the public contract,
compilation of the bid and its submission.
Success rate of a tenderer is dependent on the quality and quantity of services offered. The tenderer as an economical subject acts as a competitor in relation to other tenderers and towards the contracting authority as a potential provider of services. The tenderers, who wish to be involved in competitive tendering for public services for the first time, should perform an analysis of the competitive environment in a given sector of services. This analysis includes an analysis of strengths and weaknesses, and the opportunities and threats. Thanks to the analysis, the tenderers may find out their position in the market or look for ways to improve or retain that position.
\nIn the case that tenderer already participated in competitive tendering in previous periods, he may have plenty of information for predicting the capabilities and behaviour of the competitors. The tenderer should already be familiar with the evaluation criteria as well as their weights of importance. He should be able to create his own evaluation system, the results of which are depicted on the matrix of strengths and weaknesses. On this basis, it is then possible to evaluate own chances of tenderer or take action to improve existing conditions.
\nIn the case that tenderer is able to identify the exact needs of the public, he has an advantage over the competition. The first step is to identify deficiencies in area of public passenger service, for example number of joints, accessibility of stops, points of transfer, continuity. According to these findings, a tenderer is able to create the concepts and plans for increasing the number of passengers in the future, which may increase the likelihood of success in a competitive tendering.
\nIn terms of technical conditions of contract, a potential provider of transport services must examine in detail the technical conditions, characteristics and requirements for transport services.
\nTechnical conditions may be distinguished as follows [2]:\n
technical conditions in relation to expected fulfilment of public contract,
technical conditions promulgated by contracting authority.
Precise definition of the subject of public contract is a certain orientational point to obtain the public contract by a tenderer. Subject of fulfilling the public contract is defined in the tender documents. In the case that tender documents do not contain the subject of public contract, a contracting authority is obligated to send to a tenderer the subject of public contract in written or electronic form within the period stipulated by the Act.
\nContent of the bid should be drafted so that a tenderer is able to demonstrate:\n
financial position,
technical competency,
professional competency.
The tenderer is obliged to draw up a bid based on the instructions for compiling bids that are contained in tender documents. He is obligated to comply with all the requirements specified in those instructions in order to succeed in competitive tendering.
\nIt would be appropriate from tenderer’s position to nominate the person responsible for compilation and submission of bids.
\nFrom the position of public authorities that plan funds for providing public transport services, the net cost contracts appear to be the most advantageous. Under this contract form, all the risks, cost and revenue, are borne by the operator. The authority pays to operator a financial amount that is fixed determined at the beginning of a contract period and stated in the contract. In this case, the public transport services in a given area are provided only by selected operator through a license. Such an operator has the option to set the level of fares because he also assumes revenue risks.
\nThe gross cost contract is advantageous for operators because they do not bear the risk of revenue decreases, which is usually associated with the factors that cannot be influenced by operators.
\nBased on mathematical modelling of a price regulation and determination of business reasonable profit in network industries, Fendekova and Fendek [8], they mathematically model an approach of the enterprise in regulated sector and they define two approaches that can be applied in providing public transport services:\n
Approach of enterprise applying return on investment—the approach encourages an enterprise to use a high volume of capital in order to achieve the maximum permitted reasonable profit. The enterprise has no incentive to use more efficient combination of inputs, for example supporting employment in comparison with an end in itself investment in facilities.
Approach of enterprise applying increasing the volume of outputs—in this case, if the authority does not have the possibility or manpower for verifying effectiveness of providing public transport service, the operator will seek to realise also inefficient performance.
The operator assumes all cost risks under gross cost contracts in providing public transport services, whereas the authority bears revenue risks related to a decrease in the number of passengers. Documents for optimisation of public transport services are available for the operator and in case that the authority does not have sufficient access to the data about the number of passengers on particular bus routes, he is not able to optimise public transport services. It is necessary to continuously optimise providing public transport services when the number of passengers decreases. In terms of business interest, the operator who bears no revenue risk is willing to operate also the buses without any demand because the authority bears the risk that bus will not be used by passengers. For example, if there was abolition of a production plant into which the operator provides transport services for employees and the authority did not change a transport license, the operator would continue in providing transport services because a decrease in revenue (in this case to the zero level) would be compensate by the public authority assuming revenue risk.
\nThis approach assumes that a fare level is also determined in the public service contract. The deficiencies of such contracts may be addressed by contractual clause based on which the authorities have an access to the electronic data on the number of passengers in real time and thus they can obtain materials to optimise the transport services.
\nUnder these contracts, the operators assume not only cost risk but also revenue risk related to providing transport services. The authority grants a license for providing public transport services to the operator that is then entitled to provide public transport services in a given served area with an exclusion of other operators (during the license period). Following from the analysis processed by van de Velde [3], the net cost contracts are rarely awarded as route contracts because the operator determines a fare level and he becomes a monopoly for providing public transport services in a given served area during the licence period. The following mathematical model defines a procedure of such operator in relation to providing transport services.
\nAssume that the operator is a company that aims to make a profit. Based on a license and a public service contract—net cost contract, the operator provides a range of transport services bounded by demand of q. Start from a general assumption which is acceptable in any type of market structure, the consumption of a product offered in the market is described by a price-demand function that expresses willingness of consumer to buy q units of services provided at given price—p.\n
Technological conditions of the operator are expressed through the real cost function:\n
The equation presents the amount of minimum costs of n which are spent by producer in the production of q units of goods, while it is assumed that a price -demand function p(q) is continuous and twice differentiable real function. It is also envisaged that the price-demand function of consumer is constructed in order to clearly motivate the consumer to buy q units of services at market price—p—because the consumer feels the maximum rate of usefulness from consumer strategy realisation in this combination of price and demand. Analogously, the cost function describes a process of providing services by operator so that quantifies the minimum of total production cost—n for an optimal combination of production factors required to produce q units of provided services.
\nWhile optimal consumer behaviour is described by price—demand function p(q), the optimal operator behaviour is described by a profit function π(q), which is formulated as the difference between revenue and costs of company corresponding to a certain production volume of q:\nwhere a continuous and twice differentiable real function of company revenue r(q) is defined as the product of price and supply volume, that is:\n
A company operating in every type of market structure (a competitive company as well as a monopoly) seeks in a decision-making process such a combination of price and supply of its product that guarantees a maximum level of the profit. This means that the operator also provides transport services in such a way that ensures the maximum profit. Analytically, this approach can be expressed as follows:\n
For optimising profit function, it is necessary that the function would reach its maximum at certain point of supply—q, that is that the first derivative of the profit function at this point is zero:\n
In the Eq. (10), rm(q) is a marginal revenue function of the operator and nm(q) is a marginal cost function. Based on Eq. (10), it can be seen that a company generally achieves a maximum profit for a volume of q when the marginal revenue equal to marginal costs, that is a solution to the equation:\n
Then, it is possible to calculate such a price—pp that maximises profit of the operator at the optimal level of supply qp:\n
In the case of the operator who operates in non-regulated sector (e.g. long-distance transport), where the competition exists, the approach described in previous relationships (equations) cannot be applied. The operator accepts the price—pK at the level of his marginal costs—and he offers the production volume—qK at that price. This means that the following relationship applies:\n
On the other hand, a monopoly due to its dominant position in the market can influence the price of its product so that to achieve higher profit in comparison with competing companies. The monopoly determines an optimal price—pM based on the optimisation solution Eq. (9) and based on relationships Eqs. (11), (12), that is:\n
Based on above mentioned, the operator operating in a monopoly position can provide fewer services at a higher price compared to competitors. The approach is shown in Figure 1 based on which the following applies:\n
It can be concluded based on Figure 3 that the operator operating in a competitive market would provide services in a volume of qK at the price—pK. If the average unit costs per unit of provided services are defined as:\n
Monopoly and competitive company.
Then the price of provided services will not cover even the average costs of the operator because:\n
If the operator provides public transport services in such a case, the loss of operator will be at the level of (according to the Eq. (9)):\n
If the operator acted as a monopoly in the same market, he would provide public transport services at the level of qM at price—pM and he would achieve, under these conditions, a profit—πM at the level (Figure 3):\nbecause the following applies for the monopoly:\n
While providing public transport services, the operator in a monopoly position achieves higher profit in comparison with the operator who operates in the market of perfect competition. If the public authority decides on a net cost contract, according to which the providing transport services is in the competence of the operator, there will be the risk of lower quality or the risk of lower performance than in comparison with the case of gross cost contract.
\nThe public authorities tend to issue a license for one operator to provide public transport services for whole served area and consequently to conclude a net cost contract. Under this contract, the decision on an organisation of public transport service including pricing is in the competence of the operator. However, it is important to note that this procedure can lead to reducing quality of providing services.
\nDue to the digitalization of information, the use of several technologies has been introduced in people’s habits, which, consequently, signifies the prevalence of applications utilization, pertaining to many sectors [1]. The Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) may have different scopes and concepts based on the preferences and the aim of their developers. A variety of such technologies [2, 3] have been provided, aiming at educating users on specific topics, for example, by educational platforms for students and teachers, at endorsing products for marketing purposes, or other reasons, depending on the concept of each application.
\nSpecific techniques or methods have been developed in order to improve the provision of their concept, such as a more appealing and interactive environment [4]. By achieving to gain this benefit, a service will be more interesting, and its use will be increased. Consequently, the aim of its developer will be satisfied, as for instance in marketing domain, this will support the company’s profits. An example of such methods is gamification [4], the use of game elements in applications that are not games. Many game elements have been recorded in the literature and have been implemented in gamified services [5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11] in order to support several domains [7, 8, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16]. The benefits, provided by the implementation of the game elements, differ based on the concept of each service. The singularity of this method concerns on the increased engagement of users with gamified environments [4].
\nAccording to the above, it is clear that these technologies consist of a basic activity for users, and some of them may be helpful for their lives, for example, educational platforms. However, there are some issues that arise, namely security and privacy issues. While using all these ICTs, users’ information is stored, and their activities are recorded [17, 18, 19]. As a consequence, users’ personal information may be harmed. Thus, it is crucial to consider the protection of users’ security and privacy while designing services. Regarding the relation between gamification and these two important aspects, some studies have been published [13, 14, 20, 21], in which the harmful side of gamification, focusing on users’ security and privacy, is presented. Besides the importance of designing privacy-friendly and secure gamified services, it is also crucial for a user to be able to protect his/her own security and privacy. If a user becomes aware of this, then, several ethical and social issues will be addressed. So, on the one hand, it is important for developers to design security and privacy-friendly gamified services and on the other hand, users should be security- and privacy-aware. Adding to this point, in this work, the importance of users’ privacy awareness on protecting their privacy through gamification is discussed, and some preliminary results are presented.
\nThe rest of the chapter is organized as follows. In Section 2, gamification is described, providing its benefits and implementation on several sectors. In Section 3, the relation between gamification and privacy is presented. Additionally, the importance of security and privacy awareness regarding gamification is highlighted and the contribution of gamification on educating users on privacy is discussed. Finally, Section 4 concludes the work, providing steps for future work.
\nAround 2010, the method of gamification has been introduced in ICTs, aiming to engage users on using technologies and to increase their interest [22]. By implementing this method and especially by introducing game elements, the main principle of gamification, namely a more gameful interaction environment, can be developed [23]. The definition, which is highly cited in previous research, was published in 2011 by [4], who defined gamification as the use of game elements in nongame contexts. Many game elements have been presented in the literature and their choice depends on the developers’ scope, the concept, and the structure of the gamified service. Each study mentions and describes an amount of game elements [24, 25, 26]. In [27], all mentioned game elements have been presented by conducting a review that recorded all game elements and introduced them in the relevant literature. In Table 1, the amount of game elements is presented along with the explanation of their concept. Additionally, some examples of gamified applications in several sectors are given out with the respective elements that have been assigned to them. In this work [27], the connection among elements can be identified. For instance, in order for a user to win badges, levels have to be passed or points have to be collected [39]. So, with the intention of an application to be gamified, it is usual to include many game elements.
\nGame elements | \nExplanation | \nExamples of studies or gamified services | \n
---|---|---|
Alternative activities | \nMany provided choices and tasks to users | \n[28, 29] | \n
Achievements | \nThe accomplishment of a task | \n[29, 30, 31] | \n
Avatars | \nUsers’ representation through animated processes | \n[31, 32] | \n
Badges | \nAfter winning or accomplishing a task, badges are given | \n[12, 22, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38] | \n
Challenges | \nThe ability of a user to challenge a friend in order to compete | \n[5, 12, 22, 28, 31, 33, 39, 40, 41] | \n
Communication with other players | \nUsers’ communication through respective platforms | \n[12, 28, 30, 32] | \n
Competition | \nUsers’ competition on some steps | \n[12, 29, 31, 32, 34, 39, 42] | \n
Content unlocking | \nSteps that have to be passed in order to unlock the next phase | \n[31] | \n
Feedback and progressive information | \nProvided information to help users for their status and recommendations | \n[22, 28, 30, 31, 32, 33, 39, 42] | \n
Leaderboards | \nUsers’ status on the service regarding their points or level | \n[12, 22, 28, 29, 31, 33, 34, 35, 39, 42, 43] | \n
Levels | \nPhases that have to be passed | \n[12, 22, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 35, 39, 42] | \n
Location | \nThe connection with users’ location | \n[28, 32] | \n
Notification | \nUsers are notified to accomplish actions | \n[28, 32, 39, 40] | \n
Points | \nThe result of finishing a task can be illustrated by the collection of points | \n[5, 22, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 39, 40, 41, 42] | \n
Profiles | \nEach user has his own profile on the service | \n[28, 32, 39, 40, 42] | \n
Quiz | \nQuestions on a specific topic | \n[29, 32, 40, 42] | \n
Rewards | \nThe result for winning an opponent or effectively completing a task | \n[5, 12, 22, 29, 39, 40, 41, 42] | \n
Roles | \nThe character that a user wants to have | \n[28, 29] | \n
Rules | \nThe dos and don’ts that users have to follow | \n[28, 29, 31, 32, 39] | \n
Scoring systems | \nSystems which record users’ score and status | \n[12, 28] | \n
Team tournaments, group tasks and collaboration | \nTasks where users have to collaborate | \n[28, 29, 31, 32, 39, 40, 42] | \n
Time constraints | \nActions that have to be completed during a specific time period | \n[12, 28, 29] | \n
The recorded game elements.
The gamification method has been implemented in several sectors. Starting from the sector of education, many gamified services provide a more entertaining environment, which automatically gains users’ engagement. Therefore, users can be educated on different topics, without having in mind the literal sense of the education process. In some educational services, users can be either teachers or students, where teachers provide feedback and communicate with students. Communication can be also achieved among students, while having the opportunity to compete with each other [42]. In this way, apart from the knowledge benefits, it is also important that users’ sociability can be expanded. In marketing domain [10, 12, 44], the aim of this method is to raise each company’s selling. By providing applications, where users collect points after buying a product with the deal to win a gift card or a product, the application can be further used. Gamification in this domain is a smart idea so as to engage users and sell more products. Additionally, in some cases, the interaction among users is enhanced, either through competition or collaboration, leading to users’ amiability.
\nThe role of gamification in health domain is quite crucial [23, 45, 46, 47]. The aim of the most gamified healthcare services is to educate users and engage users on protecting their health. A variety of such services can be found either for children or for adults. Some of them provide the opportunity of interaction between doctors and consultants, where, as an example, doctors can monitor the patients’ progress on taking their medication [40]. Most of them notify users every time they have to take their prescription [40]. The gamified principle in such services can be the collection of points after responding to doctors’ advices and prescriptions, resulting, sometimes, in the win of gifts. Therefore, users can protect their health through a more entertaining process. Beyond the above sectors, gamified services have been developed for cultural [11, 25] or touristic purposes [10, 48] offering benefits, such as cultural education and tourism’s expansion, respectively. Furthermore, some studies tried to combine gamification with software engineering, indicating the state of the art on this field and the research gaps [49], while others elaborated research on gamification and education on software engineering in order to identify the discussed works [8].
\nTo a lesser extent, studies which concern on gamification and security have been recorded [13, 14], aiming to highlight the important role of security in services. Apart from the importance of gamification in security, it is also crucial to educate users on privacy issues, since by using these services, users’ information is often disclosed. However, few research attempts have been identified, which combine gamification and privacy [19]. A more detailed analysis regarding gamification and privacy has been provided by [17], who focused on the software aspect of gamified applications regarding users’ privacy. They identified that gamification is a method, whose principles may harm privacy requirements. Especially, in [26], a metamodel has been published, aiming to point out how privacy violation can be achieved by the core of gamification, in particular, the game elements. However, studies regarding the importance of users’ awareness on privacy issues, as in the security area, have not been recorded yet, which is a crucial research gap.
\nAccording to the literature [22, 26], gamifying a service is a useful process for many reasons, discussed above. Since it consists of a method that has been introduced in ICTs the last years, more research is needed to be conducted concerning its relationship with other sectors, such as privacy and security.
\nAlthough privacy is an aspect that should be considered during the design phase of each type of service, it has been identified that few researchers have been focused on its relation with gamification. According to the literature, privacy satisfaction is based on the analyzation and elicitation of privacy requirements on the systems [50]. Many relevant engineering methodologies have been published which describe these requirements and explain how they can be analyzed within the systems [13, 17, 18, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58]. In [58], all requirements that were mentioned and used in [27] for the conduction of the results are described. These requirements are presented in Table 2 along with their aim. An in-depth combination between gamification and this aspect, focusing on the peculiarity of gamified services related to the privacy requirements is provided in [27]. This relation has been examined, paying particular attention to the impact of gamification on privacy domain. Specifically, they recorded all game elements reported in the literature and identified which of them may harm users’ privacy. This identification was based on the concept and the scope of each game element. Based on their findings, specific elements are identified whose concept is harmful for privacy requirements. In Figure 1, the categorization among harmful and nonharmful game elements is presented. For instance, when using a service which records users’ personal information (HGE11), location (HGE6), and his/her interaction with other users (HGE2, HGE3, HGE4, and HGE10), then user’s privacy cannot be protected. On the other hand, the selection of points (nHGE8) in order to pass levels (nHGE7) or the rules (nHGE10) and time constraints (nHGE1) are not harmful game elements, as, for instance, user’s information or actions are not recorded due to the constraint of time.
\nPrivacy requirements | \nAim | \n
---|---|
Anonymity | \nThe identity cannot be compromised | \n
Pseudonymity | \nThe use of a pseudonymous to ensure identity’s anonymity | \n
Unlinkability | \nThe actions and identities cannot be linked | \n
Udetectability | \nThe existence of a component cannot be detected | \n
Unobservability | \nThe actions The actions between identities cannot be observed | \n
Privacy requirements.
Harmful and nonharmful game elements for privacy. HGE, harmful game element; nHGE, non-harmful game element.
Afterwards, a more detailed analysis has been published in [26], where authors presented their findings by designing a metamodel. In detail, after the first investigation of the relation between game elements and privacy requirements [27], authors selected some existent gamified services and recorded the used elements in order to examine their findings on real environments. According to the results [27], the game elements that have been implemented in these gamified services may harm users’ privacy by violating the privacy requirements. The findings are illustrated in a metamodel which presents how each element is in conflict with the privacy requirements [26]. This conflict arises from the identified disadvantages of the game elements in [27]. Expanding previous work and according to this way of examination, in Table 3, the relation between game elements and privacy requirements is presented. In particular, the game elements, presented in the metamodel have some advantages, which it is noted that at the same time are turned into disadvantages and consist the reason of their conflict with requirements. The disadvantages of the elements concern on the violation of (a) users’ anonymity and (b) pseudonymity, due to the record of personal characteristics, preferences, and information, (c) the unlinkability and (d) undetectability of actions and identities, as actions are recorded and monitored in parallel to the identities, and (d) the unobservability, since by recognizing the identity and the actions, a third party can monitor them. For instance, even if “avatars” is an element which provides an animated representation of the user, the technique which is implemented to achieve that is the one of the face recognitions. In case, users’ faces, that is, users’ characteristics, are recorded, their identity can be compromised, so their anonymity can be violated, as the actions can be linked to this identity.
\nGame elements | \nReason of violation | \nViolated privacy requirements | \n
---|---|---|
Avatar | \nRecognition and recording of user’s characteristics | \nR1, R2, R3, R4, R5 | \n
Challenge | \nRecognition of the opponent’s information and connection between identities | \nR1, R3 | \n
Communication with other players | \nRecognition of the user’s characteristics and interaction between identities | \nR1, R2, R3, R4, R5 | \n
Competition | \nRecognition of personal information and connection between identities | \nR1, R2, R3, R4, R5 | \n
Leaderboards | \nRecognition and recording of the opponent’s information | \nR1, R2, R3 | \n
Location | \nRecording of user’s location | \nR1, R2, R3, R4, R5 | \n
Notification | \nRecording user’s actions depending on his reaction | \nR1, R2, R3, R4, R5 | \n
Quiz | \nRecording of user’s awareness and information | \nR1, R2, R3 | \n
Roles | \nRecognition of the user’s preferences and behavioral characteristics | \nR1, R2, R3, R4, R5 | \n
Team tournaments, group tasks, collaboration | \nRecording and recognition of the user’s interaction and information | \nR1, R2, R3, R4, R5 | \n
Profiles | \nRecording of user’s personal information and connection with their actions and preferences | \nR1, R2, R3, R4, R5 | \n
The relation of game elements and privacy requirements.
R1, anonymity; R2, pseudonymity; R3, unlinkability; R4, undetectability; R5, unobservability.
Based on the results published in [26, 27], gamification is a method which should be considered in parallel with privacy issues during the design of systems, since several game elements are harmful for privacy requirements. Despite the adequate number of published privacy engineering methodologies, it would be useful to combine the concept of them with the principles of gamification, so that privacy is protected in gamified services. Thus, a more comprehensive analysis regarding the recommended steps of these methodologies in relation to the game elements would be useful, in order to identify if and how they can be implemented on gamification processes. In addition, focusing on the privacy aspect, in [59], privacy patterns have been published which present how privacy requirements can be protected when developing a system. Such software patterns are important to be developed in relation to game elements in order for the software developers to implement them during the design of gamified systems. The design of privacy-friendly gamified systems is crucial, likewise the education of users on privacy issues. By this way, users will be able to use systems which protect their privacy, while in parallel, users’ will be aware of how they can protect their privacy on their own.
\nAlthough it is important to provide gamified services which respect users’ security and privacy, the crucial role of privacy and security awareness is undisputed. Especially, under the GDPR regulation, it is very important for users to know in which processes and why they give their permissions while using all ICTs. Information control is recognized as a key element in the perception and assumption of privacy risks [60]. Since, during the last years, many users use several types of ICTs to support their habits, the need of their awareness in order to protect their safety and personal information is increased even more. In [61], authors have published processes for the development of security awareness and training programs (SAT programs). The aim of these programs is the comprehension of security rules and the acquisition of skills regarding security, so as users avoid security violations that harm both themselves and the systems. For the development of SAT programs, four phases are recommended in [61]. The “Design phase” is the first step, where the budget, the target group, the needs of this group, and the program schedule have to be identified. The “Development phase” includes the determination of the concept and the issues that users should be aware of, for example, the protection of users’ passwords and threats related to users’ vulnerabilities. The third phase is the “Implementation phase”, where the SAT program has to be implemented. In this step, it is important to explain the program to users in order for its purpose to be understandable. The “Post-Implementation phase” aims to record the use of the program for possible needed improvements, vulnerabilities, and advantages of it. Through a system, the results of its use should be recorded, so as the administrators of the program are able to monitor it during its implementation. Questionnaires, interviews, and other methods of evaluation are recommended for future improvement of the program.
\nLikewise, for the security issues, it is also important for users to be aware on privacy issues, so as to protect their personal information and actions. In order for a user to achieve his/her own protection, he/she has to be aware of some issues, such as if other users know their information, by whom, how, why, and which of the information can be distributed [62]. Users’ privacy protection is ethically, legally, technically, and socially very important, for the sake of addressing any social harmfulness, deriving from privacy violation. For instance, cyberbullying, related to the disclosure of personal information, is a social phenomenon observed mostly in young people and concerns on users’ harassment and unauthorized use of their personal information [63]. In accordance to this example, several respective phenomena arise by violating privacy, and therefore, privacy awareness is a crucial aspect in order to address them.
\nAccording to the findings of [26, 27], described above, there are game elements which harm privacy requirements. Thus, between privacy and gamification, the conflict concerns only the harmful game elements, as presented in Figure 2. By designing educational gamified systems, which provably [7, 12] engage users, with their concept to be on privacy issues, users will be able to protect their selves. In this figure, the major entities of privacy and gamification are illustrated, where on privacy domain the analyzation of privacy requirements in systems is needed to protect users’ privacy, while in gamification, the design of gameful environments is crucial for the engagement of users. The relationship among entities is indicated and represented by directional bows that lead on the educational role of gamification in order for users to be aware of privacy issues. By adopting the harmful relation of these two entities [26, 27], which concerns on the harmful elements for privacy requirements, users can be trained on this, so that they will be educated (a) on the importance of protecting the privacy requirements, (b) on recognizing the harmful game elements, (c) on how to protect their privacy while using these elements, and (d) on the consequences of their privacy violation if these elements carry on harming privacy requirements. The result of this process concerns the existence of awareness of users on privacy issues. Such educational programs, aiming to enhance users’ privacy awareness level, are therefore significant in achieving a balance between users’ need for the protection of their personal information during using gamified services and their need for using game elements within them that are harmful for their privacy.
\nPrivacy protection by harmful game elements.
Thus, in order to spread awareness to users through more entertaining processes, gamification can be considered, while developing privacy awareness services as well. Some examples have been recorded regarding security awareness [64, 65], but gamified attempts are also needed as far as privacy awareness concerns. The contribution of gamification in these services concerns on the engagement of users on using them, resulting on the effective education of users.
\nThe implementation of game elements in ICTs is undeniably an effective way to engage users on using them. Several domains utilize gamification for the achievement of their purposes and many users prefer them for their tasks. While using them, personal information and actions are recorded, and therefore, privacy is an aspect that should be considered during developing them. Several respective methods which analyze security and privacy requirements have been recorded, but few attempts which combines them with gamification have been published. In this work, the relation between privacy and gamification is discussed, where it was highlighted that privacy may be violated by gamification. However, it is equally important for users to have awareness on privacy and security, so as to be able to protect themselves. Related programs which educate users on these two aspects are needed. Their combination with gamification is important in order for the users to be trained through a more interesting way. Some attempts have been recorded. In this work, it was identified that privacy awareness can be achieved by designing gamified systems which educate users on how to protect their privacy by the harmful game elements and on the consequences of privacy requirement violation. Thus, while using gamified systems, users will be able to know as on which game elements should pay attention in order to protect their privacy as how to be protected by their harmful consequences. In future work, software patterns for designing security- and privacy-friendly software will be recommended. As far as of the users’ concern, privacy and security awareness will be studied in relation to gamification. In our purposes, the relation between gamification, security, and privacy is important to be examined as from the side of software developers as from the side of users.
\nThe research work was supported by the Hellenic Foundation for Research and Innovation (HFRI) under the HFRI PhD Fellowship grant (Fellowship Number: 671).
\n\n
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
In line with the Principles of Transparency and Best Practice in Scholarly Publishing, below is a more detailed description of IntechOpen's Advertising Policy.
",metaTitle:"Advertising Policy",metaDescription:"IntechOpen partners with third-party companies to serve ads and/or collect certain information when you visit our website. These companies may collect non-personally identifiable information (not including your name, address, email address or telephone number) during your visit to IntechOpen's website.",metaKeywords:null,canonicalURL:"/page/advertising-policy",contentRaw:'[{"type":"htmlEditorComponent","content":"1. IntechOpen partners with third-party companies to serve ads and/or collect certain information when you visit our website. These companies may collect non-personally identifiable information (not including your name, address, email address or telephone number) during your visit to IntechOpen's website.
\\n\\n2. All advertisements and commercially sponsored publications are independent from editorial decisions.
\\n\\n3. IntechOpen does not endorse any product or service marked as an advertisement on IntechOpen website.
\\n\\n4. IntechOpen has blocked all the inappropriate types of advertising.
\\n\\n5. IntechOpen has blocked advertisement of harmful products or services.
\\n\\n6. Advertisements and editorial content are clearly distinguishable.
\\n\\n7. Editorial decisions will not be influenced by current or potential advertisers and will not be influenced by marketing decisions.
\\n\\n8. Advertisers have no control or influence over the results of searches a user may conduct on the website by keyword or topic search.
\\n\\n9. Types of advertisments:
\\n\\n- Advertisements in the Physical Sciences, Engineering and Technology, and Social Sciences and Humanities sections of the IntechOpen website are programmatic (based on user behaviour such as web pages visited, content viewed, etc.)
\\n\\n- Advertisements in the Life Sciences and Health Sciences sections of the IntechOpen website are programmatic as well as contextual based on the content of the respective books and chapters. IntechOpen's third party partner eHealthcare Solutions (EHS) is a unique marketing platform that specializes in connecting niche audiences with healthcare brands.
\\n\\nYou may view their privacy policy here: https://ehealthcaresolutions.com/privacy-policy/
\\n\\n10. IntechOpen Advertising Sales department makes the decisions about the types of advertisements to include or exclude. Placement of advertising is at the discretion of IntechOpen. IntechOpen retains the right to reject and/or request modifications to the advertisement. An advertisement that is visible online, will be withdrawn from the site at any time if the Editor(s) or Author(s) request its removal.
\\n\\n11. Users can make decisions about accepting advertisements. Users can block all the advertisements by using ad blockers. Users can send all the complaints about advertising to: info@intechopen.com.
\\n\\nPolicy last updated: 2021-04-28
\\n"}]'},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'1. IntechOpen partners with third-party companies to serve ads and/or collect certain information when you visit our website. These companies may collect non-personally identifiable information (not including your name, address, email address or telephone number) during your visit to IntechOpen's website.
\n\n2. All advertisements and commercially sponsored publications are independent from editorial decisions.
\n\n3. IntechOpen does not endorse any product or service marked as an advertisement on IntechOpen website.
\n\n4. IntechOpen has blocked all the inappropriate types of advertising.
\n\n5. IntechOpen has blocked advertisement of harmful products or services.
\n\n6. Advertisements and editorial content are clearly distinguishable.
\n\n7. Editorial decisions will not be influenced by current or potential advertisers and will not be influenced by marketing decisions.
\n\n8. Advertisers have no control or influence over the results of searches a user may conduct on the website by keyword or topic search.
\n\n9. Types of advertisments:
\n\n- Advertisements in the Physical Sciences, Engineering and Technology, and Social Sciences and Humanities sections of the IntechOpen website are programmatic (based on user behaviour such as web pages visited, content viewed, etc.)
\n\n- Advertisements in the Life Sciences and Health Sciences sections of the IntechOpen website are programmatic as well as contextual based on the content of the respective books and chapters. IntechOpen's third party partner eHealthcare Solutions (EHS) is a unique marketing platform that specializes in connecting niche audiences with healthcare brands.
\n\nYou may view their privacy policy here: https://ehealthcaresolutions.com/privacy-policy/
\n\n10. IntechOpen Advertising Sales department makes the decisions about the types of advertisements to include or exclude. Placement of advertising is at the discretion of IntechOpen. IntechOpen retains the right to reject and/or request modifications to the advertisement. An advertisement that is visible online, will be withdrawn from the site at any time if the Editor(s) or Author(s) request its removal.
\n\n11. Users can make decisions about accepting advertisements. Users can block all the advertisements by using ad blockers. Users can send all the complaints about advertising to: info@intechopen.com.
\n\nPolicy last updated: 2021-04-28
\n'}]},successStories:{items:[]},authorsAndEditors:{filterParams:{sort:"featured,name"},profiles:[],filtersByRegion:[],offset:0,limit:12,total:null},chapterEmbeded:{data:{}},editorApplication:{success:null,errors:{}},ofsBooks:{filterParams:{sort:"dateEndThirdStepPublish"},books:[{type:"book",id:"11254",title:"Optical Coherence Tomography",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"a958c09ceaab1fc44c1dd0a817f48c92",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11254.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11632",title:"Updated Research on Bacteriophages",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"d34dfa0d5d10511184f97ddaeef9936b",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11632.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11616",title:"Foraging",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"955b60bb658c8d1a09dd4efc9bf6674b",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11616.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11730",title:"Midwifery",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"95389fcd878d0e929234c441744ba398",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11730.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11697",title:"Scoliosis",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"fa052443744b8f6ba5a87091e373bafe",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11697.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11699",title:"Neonatal Surgery",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"e52adaee8e54f51c2ba4972daeb410f7",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11699.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11369",title:"RNA Viruses",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"52f8a3a1486912beae40b34ac557fed3",slug:null,bookSignature:"Ph.D. Yogendra Shah",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11369.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"278914",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Yogendra",surname:"Shah",slug:"yogendra-shah",fullName:"Yogendra Shah"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11858",title:"Terahertz Radiation",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"f08ee0bf20cd8b5fa772b4752081f2fe",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11858.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11843",title:"Abortion Access",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"e07ed1706ed2bf6ad56aa7399d9edf1a",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11843.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11773",title:"Archaeology - Challenges and Updates",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"17d91462fa926279f65164ac0d5641cd",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11773.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11809",title:"Lagomorpha",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"1e8fd5779205c16e5797b05455dc5be0",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11809.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11776",title:"Fashion Industry",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"e8d53d1029a7bccf825aa55d43fecc68",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11776.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],filtersByTopic:[{group:"topic",caption:"Agricultural and Biological Sciences",value:5,count:38},{group:"topic",caption:"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology",value:6,count:13},{group:"topic",caption:"Business, Management and Economics",value:7,count:7},{group:"topic",caption:"Chemistry",value:8,count:23},{group:"topic",caption:"Computer and Information Science",value:9,count:24},{group:"topic",caption:"Earth and Planetary Sciences",value:10,count:15},{group:"topic",caption:"Engineering",value:11,count:65},{group:"topic",caption:"Environmental Sciences",value:12,count:10},{group:"topic",caption:"Immunology and Microbiology",value:13,count:16},{group:"topic",caption:"Materials Science",value:14,count:25},{group:"topic",caption:"Mathematics",value:15,count:11},{group:"topic",caption:"Medicine",value:16,count:116},{group:"topic",caption:"Nanotechnology and Nanomaterials",value:17,count:6},{group:"topic",caption:"Neuroscience",value:18,count:4},{group:"topic",caption:"Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutical Science",value:19,count:9},{group:"topic",caption:"Physics",value:20,count:9},{group:"topic",caption:"Psychology",value:21,count:10},{group:"topic",caption:"Robotics",value:22,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Social Sciences",value:23,count:9},{group:"topic",caption:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",value:25,count:4}],offset:12,limit:12,total:666},popularBooks:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"10858",title:"MOOC (Massive Open Online Courses)",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d32f86793bc72dde32532f509b1ec5b0",slug:"mooc-massive-open-online-courses-",bookSignature:"Dragan Cvetković",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10858.jpg",editors:[{id:"101330",title:"Dr.",name:"Dragan",middleName:"Mladen",surname:"Cvetković",slug:"dragan-cvetkovic",fullName:"Dragan Cvetković"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10195",title:"Serotonin and the CNS",subtitle:"New Developments in Pharmacology and Therapeutics",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"7ed9d96da98233a885bd2869a8056c36",slug:"serotonin-and-the-cns-new-developments-in-pharmacology-and-therapeutics",bookSignature:"Berend Olivier",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10195.jpg",editors:[{id:"71579",title:"Prof.",name:"Berend",middleName:null,surname:"Olivier",slug:"berend-olivier",fullName:"Berend Olivier"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10755",title:"Corporate Governance",subtitle:"Recent Advances and Perspectives",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ffe06d1d5c4bf0fc2e63511825fe1257",slug:"corporate-governance-recent-advances-and-perspectives",bookSignature:"Okechukwu Lawrence Emeagwali and Feyza Bhatti",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10755.jpg",editors:[{id:"196317",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Okechukwu Lawrence",middleName:null,surname:"Emeagwali",slug:"okechukwu-lawrence-emeagwali",fullName:"Okechukwu Lawrence Emeagwali"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11120",title:"Environmental Impact and Remediation of Heavy Metals",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9e77514288e7394f1e6cd13481af3509",slug:"environmental-impact-and-remediation-of-heavy-metals",bookSignature:"Hosam M. Saleh and Amal I. Hassan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11120.jpg",editors:[{id:"144691",title:"Prof.",name:"Hosam M.",middleName:null,surname:"Saleh",slug:"hosam-m.-saleh",fullName:"Hosam M. Saleh"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10901",title:"Grapes and Wine",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5d7f2aa74874444bc6986e613ccebd7c",slug:"grapes-and-wine",bookSignature:"Antonio Morata, Iris Loira and Carmen González",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10901.jpg",editors:[{id:"180952",title:"Prof.",name:"Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Morata",slug:"antonio-morata",fullName:"Antonio Morata"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11080",title:"Engineering Principles",subtitle:"Welding and Residual Stresses",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6c07a13a113bce94174b40096f30fb5e",slug:"engineering-principles-welding-and-residual-stresses",bookSignature:"Kavian Omar Cooke and Ronaldo Câmara Cozza",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11080.jpg",editors:[{id:"138778",title:"Dr.",name:"Kavian",middleName:"Omar",surname:"Cooke",slug:"kavian-cooke",fullName:"Kavian Cooke"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11332",title:"Essential Oils",subtitle:"Advances in Extractions and Biological Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"742e6cae3a35686f975edc8d7f9afa94",slug:"essential-oils-advances-in-extractions-and-biological-applications",bookSignature:"Mozaniel Santana de Oliveira and Eloisa Helena de Aguiar Andrade",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11332.jpg",editors:[{id:"195290",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Mozaniel",middleName:null,surname:"Santana De Oliveira",slug:"mozaniel-santana-de-oliveira",fullName:"Mozaniel Santana De Oliveira"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11029",title:"Hepatitis B",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"609701f502efc3538c112ff47a2c2119",slug:"hepatitis-b",bookSignature:"Luis Rodrigo",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11029.jpg",editors:[{id:"73208",title:"Prof.",name:"Luis",middleName:null,surname:"Rodrigo",slug:"luis-rodrigo",fullName:"Luis Rodrigo"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9537",title:"Human Rights in the Contemporary World",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"54f05b93812fd434f3962956d6413a6b",slug:"human-rights-in-the-contemporary-world",bookSignature:"Trudy Corrigan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9537.jpg",editors:[{id:"197557",title:"Dr.",name:"Trudy",middleName:null,surname:"Corrigan",slug:"trudy-corrigan",fullName:"Trudy Corrigan"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11371",title:"Cerebral Circulation",subtitle:"Updates on Models, Diagnostics and Treatments of Related Diseases",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e2d3335445d2852d0b906bb9750e939f",slug:"cerebral-circulation-updates-on-models-diagnostics-and-treatments-of-related-diseases",bookSignature:"Alba Scerrati, Luca Ricciardi and Flavia Dones",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11371.jpg",editors:[{id:"182614",title:"Dr.",name:"Alba",middleName:null,surname:"Scerrati",slug:"alba-scerrati",fullName:"Alba Scerrati"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11012",title:"Radiopharmaceuticals",subtitle:"Current Research for Better Diagnosis and Therapy",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f9046d6f96148b285e776f384991120d",slug:"radiopharmaceuticals-current-research-for-better-diagnosis-and-therapy",bookSignature:"Farid A. Badria",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11012.jpg",editors:[{id:"41865",title:"Prof.",name:"Farid A.",middleName:null,surname:"Badria",slug:"farid-a.-badria",fullName:"Farid A. Badria"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9974",title:"E-Learning and Digital Education in the Twenty-First Century",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"88b58d66e975df20425fc1dfd22d53aa",slug:"e-learning-and-digital-education-in-the-twenty-first-century",bookSignature:"M. Mahruf C. Shohel",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9974.jpg",editors:[{id:"94099",title:"Dr.",name:"M. Mahruf C.",middleName:null,surname:"Shohel",slug:"m.-mahruf-c.-shohel",fullName:"M. Mahruf C. Shohel"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],offset:12,limit:12,total:4428},hotBookTopics:{hotBooks:[],offset:0,limit:12,total:null},publish:{},publishingProposal:{success:null,errors:{}},books:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"10858",title:"MOOC (Massive Open Online Courses)",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d32f86793bc72dde32532f509b1ec5b0",slug:"mooc-massive-open-online-courses-",bookSignature:"Dragan Cvetković",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10858.jpg",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",numberOfDownloads:1677,editors:[{id:"101330",title:"Dr.",name:"Dragan",middleName:"Mladen",surname:"Cvetković",slug:"dragan-cvetkovic",fullName:"Dragan Cvetković"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10195",title:"Serotonin and the CNS",subtitle:"New Developments in Pharmacology and Therapeutics",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"7ed9d96da98233a885bd2869a8056c36",slug:"serotonin-and-the-cns-new-developments-in-pharmacology-and-therapeutics",bookSignature:"Berend Olivier",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10195.jpg",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",numberOfDownloads:1337,editors:[{id:"71579",title:"Prof.",name:"Berend",middleName:null,surname:"Olivier",slug:"berend-olivier",fullName:"Berend Olivier"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10755",title:"Corporate Governance",subtitle:"Recent Advances and Perspectives",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ffe06d1d5c4bf0fc2e63511825fe1257",slug:"corporate-governance-recent-advances-and-perspectives",bookSignature:"Okechukwu Lawrence Emeagwali and Feyza Bhatti",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10755.jpg",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",numberOfDownloads:1309,editors:[{id:"196317",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Okechukwu Lawrence",middleName:null,surname:"Emeagwali",slug:"okechukwu-lawrence-emeagwali",fullName:"Okechukwu Lawrence Emeagwali"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11120",title:"Environmental Impact and Remediation of Heavy Metals",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9e77514288e7394f1e6cd13481af3509",slug:"environmental-impact-and-remediation-of-heavy-metals",bookSignature:"Hosam M. Saleh and Amal I. Hassan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11120.jpg",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",numberOfDownloads:847,editors:[{id:"144691",title:"Prof.",name:"Hosam M.",middleName:null,surname:"Saleh",slug:"hosam-m.-saleh",fullName:"Hosam M. Saleh"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10901",title:"Grapes and Wine",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5d7f2aa74874444bc6986e613ccebd7c",slug:"grapes-and-wine",bookSignature:"Antonio Morata, Iris Loira and Carmen González",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10901.jpg",publishedDate:"June 15th 2022",numberOfDownloads:2273,editors:[{id:"180952",title:"Prof.",name:"Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Morata",slug:"antonio-morata",fullName:"Antonio Morata"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11080",title:"Engineering Principles",subtitle:"Welding and Residual Stresses",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6c07a13a113bce94174b40096f30fb5e",slug:"engineering-principles-welding-and-residual-stresses",bookSignature:"Kavian Omar Cooke and Ronaldo Câmara Cozza",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11080.jpg",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",numberOfDownloads:591,editors:[{id:"138778",title:"Dr.",name:"Kavian",middleName:"Omar",surname:"Cooke",slug:"kavian-cooke",fullName:"Kavian Cooke"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11332",title:"Essential Oils",subtitle:"Advances in Extractions and Biological Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"742e6cae3a35686f975edc8d7f9afa94",slug:"essential-oils-advances-in-extractions-and-biological-applications",bookSignature:"Mozaniel Santana de Oliveira and Eloisa Helena de Aguiar Andrade",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11332.jpg",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",numberOfDownloads:515,editors:[{id:"195290",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Mozaniel",middleName:null,surname:"Santana De Oliveira",slug:"mozaniel-santana-de-oliveira",fullName:"Mozaniel Santana De Oliveira"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11029",title:"Hepatitis B",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"609701f502efc3538c112ff47a2c2119",slug:"hepatitis-b",bookSignature:"Luis Rodrigo",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11029.jpg",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",numberOfDownloads:413,editors:[{id:"73208",title:"Prof.",name:"Luis",middleName:null,surname:"Rodrigo",slug:"luis-rodrigo",fullName:"Luis Rodrigo"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9537",title:"Human Rights in the Contemporary World",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"54f05b93812fd434f3962956d6413a6b",slug:"human-rights-in-the-contemporary-world",bookSignature:"Trudy Corrigan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9537.jpg",publishedDate:"June 8th 2022",numberOfDownloads:2194,editors:[{id:"197557",title:"Dr.",name:"Trudy",middleName:null,surname:"Corrigan",slug:"trudy-corrigan",fullName:"Trudy Corrigan"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11371",title:"Cerebral Circulation",subtitle:"Updates on Models, Diagnostics and Treatments of Related Diseases",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e2d3335445d2852d0b906bb9750e939f",slug:"cerebral-circulation-updates-on-models-diagnostics-and-treatments-of-related-diseases",bookSignature:"Alba Scerrati, Luca Ricciardi and Flavia Dones",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11371.jpg",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",numberOfDownloads:341,editors:[{id:"182614",title:"Dr.",name:"Alba",middleName:null,surname:"Scerrati",slug:"alba-scerrati",fullName:"Alba Scerrati"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],latestBooks:[{type:"book",id:"11043",title:"Endometriosis",subtitle:"Recent Advances, New Perspectives and Treatments",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"7baf1c70b11d41400bb9302ae9411ca4",slug:"endometriosis-recent-advances-new-perspectives-and-treatments",bookSignature:"Giovana Ap. Gonçalves",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11043.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 28th 2022",editors:[{id:"185930",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Giovana",middleName:null,surname:"Gonçalves",slug:"giovana-goncalves",fullName:"Giovana Gonçalves"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10536",title:"Campylobacter",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c4b132b741dd0a2ed539b824ab63965f",slug:"campylobacter",bookSignature:"Guillermo Tellez-Isaias and Saeed El-Ashram",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10536.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 28th 2022",editors:[{id:"73465",title:"Dr.",name:"Guillermo",middleName:null,surname:"Téllez",slug:"guillermo-tellez",fullName:"Guillermo Téllez"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10798",title:"Starch",subtitle:"Evolution and Recent Advances",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f197f6062c1574a9a90e50a369271bcf",slug:"starch-evolution-and-recent-advances",bookSignature:"Martins Ochubiojo Emeje",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10798.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 28th 2022",editors:[{id:"94311",title:"Prof.",name:"Martins",middleName:"Ochubiojo",surname:"Ochubiojo Emeje",slug:"martins-ochubiojo-emeje",fullName:"Martins Ochubiojo Emeje"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11083",title:"Hazardous Waste Management",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d553bd4f6f1c4b115ca69bd19faac7dc",slug:"hazardous-waste-management",bookSignature:"Rajesh Banu Jeyakumar, Kavitha Sankarapandian and Yukesh Kannah Ravi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11083.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 28th 2022",editors:[{id:"218539",title:"Dr.",name:"Rajesh Banu",middleName:null,surname:"Jeyakumar",slug:"rajesh-banu-jeyakumar",fullName:"Rajesh Banu Jeyakumar"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10848",title:"Tribology of Machine Elements",subtitle:"Fundamentals and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"3c4ca4c4692ca8d4fa749b4ae81ec1fa",slug:"tribology-of-machine-elements-fundamentals-and-applications",bookSignature:"Giuseppe Pintaude, Tiago Cousseau and Anna Rudawska",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10848.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 28th 2022",editors:[{id:"18347",title:"Prof.",name:"Giuseppe",middleName:null,surname:"Pintaude",slug:"giuseppe-pintaude",fullName:"Giuseppe Pintaude"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10856",title:"Crude Oil",subtitle:"New Technologies and Recent Approaches",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8d0a7ca35b3de95b295dc4eab39a087e",slug:"crude-oil-new-technologies-and-recent-approaches",bookSignature:"Manar Elsayed Abdel-Raouf and Mohamed Hasan El-Keshawy",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10856.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 28th 2022",editors:[{id:"102626",title:"Prof.",name:"Manar",middleName:null,surname:"Elsayed Abdel-Raouf",slug:"manar-elsayed-abdel-raouf",fullName:"Manar Elsayed Abdel-Raouf"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9625",title:"Spinocerebellar Ataxia",subtitle:"Concepts, Particularities and Generalities",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"365a7025fd46eb45de2549bdd9d50b98",slug:"spinocerebellar-ataxia-concepts-particularities-and-generalities",bookSignature:"Patricia Bozzetto Ambrosi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9625.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 28th 2022",editors:[{id:"221787",title:"Dr.",name:"Patricia",middleName:null,surname:"Bozzetto Ambrosi",slug:"patricia-bozzetto-ambrosi",fullName:"Patricia Bozzetto Ambrosi"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10905",title:"Plant Defense Mechanisms",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"84ad5b27dde5f01dc76087d0fd6fa834",slug:"plant-defense-mechanisms",bookSignature:"Josphert Ngui Kimatu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10905.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 28th 2022",editors:[{id:"224171",title:"Prof.",name:"Josphert N.",middleName:null,surname:"Kimatu",slug:"josphert-n.-kimatu",fullName:"Josphert N. Kimatu"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10686",title:"Natural Gas",subtitle:"New Perspectives and Future Developments",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"581763788a6a59e653a9d1d9b5a42d79",slug:"natural-gas-new-perspectives-and-future-developments",bookSignature:"Maryam Takht Ravanchi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10686.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 28th 2022",editors:[{id:"2416",title:"Dr.",name:"Maryam",middleName:null,surname:"Takht Ravanchi",slug:"maryam-takht-ravanchi",fullName:"Maryam Takht Ravanchi"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10988",title:"Railway Transport Planning and Manageme",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5cb54cc53caedad9ec78372563c82e2c",slug:"railway-transport-planning-and-management",bookSignature:"Stefano de Luca, Roberta Di Pace and Chiara Fiori",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10988.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 28th 2022",editors:[{id:"271061",title:"Prof.",name:"Stefano",middleName:null,surname:"de Luca",slug:"stefano-de-luca",fullName:"Stefano de Luca"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},subject:{topic:{id:"728",title:"Operations Research",slug:"engineering-control-engineering-operations-research",parent:{id:"115",title:"Control Engineering",slug:"engineering-control-engineering"},numberOfBooks:1,numberOfSeries:0,numberOfAuthorsAndEditors:1,numberOfWosCitations:106,numberOfCrossrefCitations:67,numberOfDimensionsCitations:118,videoUrl:null,fallbackUrl:null,description:null},booksByTopicFilter:{topicId:"728",sort:"-publishedDate",limit:12,offset:0},booksByTopicCollection:[{type:"book",id:"5332",title:"Vehicle Routing Problem",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5780edf835fe9d95d60ebbc6eb00b38a",slug:"vehicle_routing_problem",bookSignature:"Tonci Caric and Hrvoje Gold",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5332.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"20440",title:"Prof.",name:"Tonči",middleName:null,surname:"Carić",slug:"tonci-caric",fullName:"Tonči Carić"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],booksByTopicTotal:1,seriesByTopicCollection:[],seriesByTopicTotal:0,mostCitedChapters:[{id:"4579",doi:"10.5772/5812",title:"Cumulative Vehicle Routing Problems",slug:"cumulative_vehicle_routing_problems",totalDownloads:3402,totalCrossrefCites:24,totalDimensionsCites:46,abstract:null,book:{id:"5332",slug:"vehicle_routing_problem",title:"Vehicle Routing Problem",fullTitle:"Vehicle Routing Problem"},signatures:"İmdat Kara, Bahar Yetiş Kara and M. Kadri Yetiş",authors:null},{id:"4578",doi:"10.5772/5790",title:"A Modelling and Optimization Framework for Real-World Vehicle Routing Problems",slug:"a_modelling_and_optimization_framework_for_real-world_vehicle_routing_problems",totalDownloads:3486,totalCrossrefCites:13,totalDimensionsCites:23,abstract:null,book:{id:"5332",slug:"vehicle_routing_problem",title:"Vehicle Routing Problem",fullTitle:"Vehicle Routing Problem"},signatures:"Tonči Carić, Ante Galić, Juraj Fosin, Hrvoje Gold and Andreas Reinholz",authors:null},{id:"4584",doi:"10.5772/5641",title:"Dynamic Vehicle Routing for Relief Logistics in Natural Disasters",slug:"dynamic_vehicle_routing_for_relief_logistics_in_natural_disasters",totalDownloads:3044,totalCrossrefCites:11,totalDimensionsCites:19,abstract:null,book:{id:"5332",slug:"vehicle_routing_problem",title:"Vehicle Routing Problem",fullTitle:"Vehicle Routing Problem"},signatures:"Che-Fu Hsueh, Huey-Kuo Chen and Huey-Wen Chou",authors:null},{id:"4582",doi:"10.5772/5613",title:"Scatter Search for Vehicle Routing Problem with Time Windows and Split Deliveries",slug:"scatter_search_for_vehicle_routing_problem_with_time_windows_and_split_deliveries",totalDownloads:3010,totalCrossrefCites:5,totalDimensionsCites:8,abstract:null,book:{id:"5332",slug:"vehicle_routing_problem",title:"Vehicle Routing Problem",fullTitle:"Vehicle Routing Problem"},signatures:"Patrícia Belfiore, Hugo Tsugunobu and Yoshida Yoshizaki",authors:null},{id:"4581",doi:"10.5772/5619",title:"Enhancing Solution Similarity in Multi-Objective Vehicle Routing Problems with Different Demand Periods",slug:"enhancing_solution_similarity_in_multi-objective_vehicle_routing_problems_with_different_demand_peri",totalDownloads:2279,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:6,abstract:null,book:{id:"5332",slug:"vehicle_routing_problem",title:"Vehicle Routing Problem",fullTitle:"Vehicle Routing Problem"},signatures:"Tadahiko Murata and Ryota Itai",authors:null}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"4578",title:"A Modelling and Optimization Framework for Real-World Vehicle Routing Problems",slug:"a_modelling_and_optimization_framework_for_real-world_vehicle_routing_problems",totalDownloads:3486,totalCrossrefCites:13,totalDimensionsCites:23,abstract:null,book:{id:"5332",slug:"vehicle_routing_problem",title:"Vehicle Routing Problem",fullTitle:"Vehicle Routing Problem"},signatures:"Tonči Carić, Ante Galić, Juraj Fosin, Hrvoje Gold and Andreas Reinholz",authors:null},{id:"4579",title:"Cumulative Vehicle Routing Problems",slug:"cumulative_vehicle_routing_problems",totalDownloads:3402,totalCrossrefCites:24,totalDimensionsCites:46,abstract:null,book:{id:"5332",slug:"vehicle_routing_problem",title:"Vehicle Routing Problem",fullTitle:"Vehicle Routing Problem"},signatures:"İmdat Kara, Bahar Yetiş Kara and M. Kadri Yetiş",authors:null},{id:"4585",title:"A Hybrid Ant Colony System Approach for the Capacitated Vehicle Routing Problem and the Capacitated Vehicle Routing Problem with Time Windows",slug:"a_hybrid_ant_colony_system_approach_for_the_capacitated_vehicle_routing_problem_and_the_capacitated_",totalDownloads:3712,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:6,abstract:null,book:{id:"5332",slug:"vehicle_routing_problem",title:"Vehicle Routing Problem",fullTitle:"Vehicle Routing Problem"},signatures:"Amir Hajjam El Hassani, Lyamine Bouhafs and Abder Koukam",authors:null},{id:"4581",title:"Enhancing Solution Similarity in Multi-Objective Vehicle Routing Problems with Different Demand Periods",slug:"enhancing_solution_similarity_in_multi-objective_vehicle_routing_problems_with_different_demand_peri",totalDownloads:2279,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:6,abstract:null,book:{id:"5332",slug:"vehicle_routing_problem",title:"Vehicle Routing Problem",fullTitle:"Vehicle Routing Problem"},signatures:"Tadahiko Murata and Ryota Itai",authors:null},{id:"4584",title:"Dynamic Vehicle Routing for Relief Logistics in Natural Disasters",slug:"dynamic_vehicle_routing_for_relief_logistics_in_natural_disasters",totalDownloads:3044,totalCrossrefCites:11,totalDimensionsCites:19,abstract:null,book:{id:"5332",slug:"vehicle_routing_problem",title:"Vehicle Routing Problem",fullTitle:"Vehicle Routing Problem"},signatures:"Che-Fu Hsueh, Huey-Kuo Chen and Huey-Wen Chou",authors:null}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"728",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:0},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:0,limit:8,total:null},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:89,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:104,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:32,numberOfPublishedChapters:318,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:12,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:141,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:8,numberOfPublishedChapters:129,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:113,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:106,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:5,numberOfOpenTopics:1,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:15,numberOfOpenTopics:5,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. The whole process of submitting an article and editing of the submitted article goes extremely smooth and fast, the number of reads and downloads of chapters is high, and the contributions are also frequently cited.",author:{id:"55578",name:"Antonio",surname:"Jurado-Navas",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRisIQAS/Profile_Picture_1626166543950",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",institution:{id:"720",name:"University of Malaga",country:{id:null,name:"Spain"}}}},{id:"6",text:"It is great to work with the IntechOpen to produce a worthwhile collection of research that also becomes a great educational resource and guide for future research endeavors.",author:{id:"259298",name:"Edward",surname:"Narayan",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",slug:"edward-narayan",institution:{id:"3",name:"University of Queensland",country:{id:null,name:"Australia"}}}}]},series:{item:{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",issn:"2632-0983",scope:"Biochemistry, the study of chemical transformations occurring within living organisms, impacts all areas of life sciences, from molecular crystallography and genetics to ecology, medicine, and population biology. Biochemistry examines macromolecules - proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, and lipids – and their building blocks, structures, functions, and interactions. Much of biochemistry is devoted to enzymes, proteins that catalyze chemical reactions, enzyme structures, mechanisms of action and their roles within cells. Biochemistry also studies small signaling molecules, coenzymes, inhibitors, vitamins, and hormones, which play roles in life processes. Biochemical experimentation, besides coopting classical chemistry methods, e.g., chromatography, adopted new techniques, e.g., X-ray diffraction, electron microscopy, NMR, radioisotopes, and developed sophisticated microbial genetic tools, e.g., auxotroph mutants and their revertants, fermentation, etc. More recently, biochemistry embraced the ‘big data’ omics systems. Initial biochemical studies have been exclusively analytic: dissecting, purifying, and examining individual components of a biological system; in the apt words of Efraim Racker (1913 –1991), “Don’t waste clean thinking on dirty enzymes.” Today, however, biochemistry is becoming more agglomerative and comprehensive, setting out to integrate and describe entirely particular biological systems. The ‘big data’ metabolomics can define the complement of small molecules, e.g., in a soil or biofilm sample; proteomics can distinguish all the comprising proteins, e.g., serum; metagenomics can identify all the genes in a complex environment, e.g., the bovine rumen. This Biochemistry Series will address the current research on biomolecules and the emerging trends with great promise.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/11.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"June 29th, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfPublishedBooks:32,editor:{id:"31610",title:"Dr.",name:"Miroslav",middleName:null,surname:"Blumenberg",slug:"miroslav-blumenberg",fullName:"Miroslav Blumenberg",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/31610/images/system/31610.jpg",biography:"Miroslav Blumenberg, Ph.D., was born in Subotica and received his BSc in Belgrade, Yugoslavia. He completed his Ph.D. at MIT in Organic Chemistry; he followed up his Ph.D. with two postdoctoral study periods at Stanford University. Since 1983, he has been a faculty member of the RO Perelman Department of Dermatology, NYU School of Medicine, where he is codirector of a training grant in cutaneous biology. Dr. Blumenberg’s research is focused on the epidermis, expression of keratin genes, transcription profiling, keratinocyte differentiation, inflammatory diseases and cancers, and most recently the effects of the microbiome on the skin. He has published more than 100 peer-reviewed research articles and graduated numerous Ph.D. and postdoctoral students.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"New York University Langone Medical Center",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},subseries:{paginationCount:4,paginationItems:[{id:"14",title:"Cell and Molecular Biology",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/14.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"165627",title:"Dr.",name:"Rosa María",middleName:null,surname:"Martínez-Espinosa",slug:"rosa-maria-martinez-espinosa",fullName:"Rosa María Martínez-Espinosa",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/165627/images/system/165627.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Rosa María Martínez-Espinosa has been a Spanish Full Professor since 2020 (Biochemistry and Molecular Biology) and is currently Vice-President of International Relations and Cooperation development and leader of the research group 'Applied Biochemistry” (University of Alicante, Spain). Other positions she has held at the university include Vice-Dean of Master Programs, Vice-Dean of the Degree in Biology and Vice-Dean for Mobility and Enterprise and Engagement at the Faculty of Science (University of Alicante). She received her Bachelor in Biology in 1998 (University of Alicante) and her PhD in 2003 (Biochemistry, University of Alicante). She undertook post-doctoral research at the University of East Anglia (Norwich, U.K. 2004-2005; 2007-2008).\nHer multidisciplinary research focuses on investigating archaea and their potential applications in biotechnology. She has an H-index of 21. She has authored one patent and has published more than 70 indexed papers and around 60 book chapters.\nShe has contributed to more than 150 national and international meetings during the last 15 years. Her research interests include archaea metabolism, enzymes purification and characterization, gene regulation, carotenoids and bioplastics production, antioxidant\ncompounds, waste water treatments, and brines bioremediation.\nRosa María’s other roles include editorial board member for several journals related\nto biochemistry, reviewer for more than 60 journals (biochemistry, molecular biology, biotechnology, chemistry and microbiology) and president of several organizing committees in international meetings related to the N-cycle or respiratory processes.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Alicante",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"15",title:"Chemical Biology",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/15.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"441442",title:"Dr.",name:"Şükrü",middleName:null,surname:"Beydemir",slug:"sukru-beydemir",fullName:"Şükrü Beydemir",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00003GsUoIQAV/Profile_Picture_1634557147521",biography:"Dr. Şükrü Beydemir obtained a BSc in Chemistry in 1995 from Yüzüncü Yıl University, MSc in Biochemistry in 1998, and PhD in Biochemistry in 2002 from Atatürk University, Turkey. He performed post-doctoral studies at Max-Planck Institute, Germany, and University of Florence, Italy in addition to making several scientific visits abroad. He currently works as a Full Professor of Biochemistry in the Faculty of Pharmacy, Anadolu University, Turkey. Dr. Beydemir has published over a hundred scientific papers spanning protein biochemistry, enzymology and medicinal chemistry, reviews, book chapters and presented several conferences to scientists worldwide. He has received numerous publication awards from various international scientific councils. He serves in the Editorial Board of several international journals. Dr. Beydemir is also Rector of Bilecik Şeyh Edebali University, Turkey.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Anadolu University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},editorTwo:{id:"13652",title:"Prof.",name:"Deniz",middleName:null,surname:"Ekinci",slug:"deniz-ekinci",fullName:"Deniz Ekinci",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYLT1QAO/Profile_Picture_1634557223079",biography:"Dr. Deniz Ekinci obtained a BSc in Chemistry in 2004, MSc in Biochemistry in 2006, and PhD in Biochemistry in 2009 from Atatürk University, Turkey. He studied at Stetson University, USA, in 2007-2008 and at the Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Germany, in 2009-2010. Dr. Ekinci currently works as a Full Professor of Biochemistry in the Faculty of Agriculture and is the Head of the Enzyme and Microbial Biotechnology Division, Ondokuz Mayıs University, Turkey. He is a member of the Turkish Biochemical Society, American Chemical Society, and German Genetics society. Dr. Ekinci published around ninety scientific papers, reviews and book chapters, and presented several conferences to scientists. He has received numerous publication awards from several scientific councils. Dr. Ekinci serves as the Editor in Chief of four international books and is involved in the Editorial Board of several international journals.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ondokuz Mayıs University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},editorThree:null},{id:"17",title:"Metabolism",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/17.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"138626",title:"Dr.",name:"Yannis",middleName:null,surname:"Karamanos",slug:"yannis-karamanos",fullName:"Yannis Karamanos",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002g6Jv2QAE/Profile_Picture_1629356660984",biography:"Yannis Karamanos, born in Greece in 1953, completed his pre-graduate studies at the Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, then his Masters and Doctoral degree at the Université de Lille (1983). He was associate professor at the University of Limoges (1987) before becoming full professor of biochemistry at the Université d’Artois (1996). He worked on the structure-function relationships of glycoconjugates and his main project was the investigations on the biological roles of the de-N-glycosylation enzymes (Endo-N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase and peptide-N4-(N-acetyl-β-glucosaminyl) asparagine amidase). From 2002 he contributes to the understanding of the Blood-brain barrier functioning using proteomics approaches. He has published more than 70 papers. His teaching areas are energy metabolism and regulation, integration and organ specialization and metabolic adaptation.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Artois University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"France"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"18",title:"Proteomics",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/18.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"200689",title:"Prof.",name:"Paolo",middleName:null,surname:"Iadarola",slug:"paolo-iadarola",fullName:"Paolo Iadarola",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSCl8QAG/Profile_Picture_1623568118342",biography:"Paolo Iadarola graduated with a degree in Chemistry from the University of Pavia (Italy) in July 1972. He then worked as an Assistant Professor at the Faculty of Science of the same University until 1984. In 1985, Prof. Iadarola became Associate Professor at the Department of Biology and Biotechnologies of the University of Pavia and retired in October 2017. Since then, he has been working as an Adjunct Professor in the same Department at the University of Pavia. His research activity during the first years was primarily focused on the purification and structural characterization of enzymes from animal and plant sources. During this period, Prof. Iadarola familiarized himself with the conventional techniques used in column chromatography, spectrophotometry, manual Edman degradation, and electrophoresis). Since 1995, he has been working on: i) the determination in biological fluids (serum, urine, bronchoalveolar lavage, sputum) of proteolytic activities involved in the degradation processes of connective tissue matrix, and ii) on the identification of biological markers of lung diseases. In this context, he has developed and validated new methodologies (e.g., Capillary Electrophoresis coupled to Laser-Induced Fluorescence, CE-LIF) whose application enabled him to determine both the amounts of biochemical markers (Desmosines) in urine/serum of patients affected by Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) and the activity of proteolytic enzymes (Human Neutrophil Elastase, Cathepsin G, Pseudomonas aeruginosa elastase) in sputa of these patients. More recently, Prof. Iadarola was involved in developing techniques such as two-dimensional electrophoresis coupled to liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (2DE-LC/MS) for the proteomic analysis of biological fluids aimed at the identification of potential biomarkers of different lung diseases. He is the author of about 150 publications (According to Scopus: H-Index: 23; Total citations: 1568- According to WOS: H-Index: 20; Total Citations: 1296) of peer-reviewed international journals. He is a Consultant Reviewer for several journals, including the Journal of Chromatography A, Journal of Chromatography B, Plos ONE, Proteomes, International Journal of Molecular Science, Biotech, Electrophoresis, and others. He is also Associate Editor of Biotech.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Pavia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},editorTwo:{id:"201414",title:"Dr.",name:"Simona",middleName:null,surname:"Viglio",slug:"simona-viglio",fullName:"Simona Viglio",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRKDHQA4/Profile_Picture_1630402531487",biography:"Simona Viglio is an Associate Professor of Biochemistry at the Department of Molecular Medicine at the University of Pavia. She has been working since 1995 on the determination of proteolytic enzymes involved in the degradation process of connective tissue matrix and on the identification of biological markers of lung diseases. She gained considerable experience in developing and validating new methodologies whose applications allowed her to determine both the amount of biomarkers (Desmosine and Isodesmosine) in the urine of patients affected by COPD, and the activity of proteolytic enzymes (HNE, Cathepsin G, Pseudomonas aeruginosa elastase) in the sputa of these patients. Simona Viglio was also involved in research dealing with the supplementation of amino acids in patients with brain injury and chronic heart failure. She is presently engaged in the development of 2-DE and LC-MS techniques for the study of proteomics in biological fluids. The aim of this research is the identification of potential biomarkers of lung diseases. She is an author of about 90 publications (According to Scopus: H-Index: 23; According to WOS: H-Index: 20) on peer-reviewed journals, a member of the “Società Italiana di Biochimica e Biologia Molecolare,“ and a Consultant Reviewer for International Journal of Molecular Science, Journal of Chromatography A, COPD, Plos ONE and Nutritional Neuroscience.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Pavia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},editorThree:null}]},overviewPageOFChapters:{paginationCount:36,paginationItems:[{id:"82195",title:"Endoplasmic Reticulum: A Hub in Lipid Homeostasis",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105450",signatures:"Raúl Ventura and María Isabel Hernández-Alvarez",slug:"endoplasmic-reticulum-a-hub-in-lipid-homeostasis",totalDownloads:2,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Updates on Endoplasmic Reticulum",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11674.jpg",subseries:{id:"14",title:"Cell and Molecular Biology"}}},{id:"82409",title:"Purinergic Signaling in Covid-19 Disease",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105008",signatures:"Hailian Shen",slug:"purinergic-signaling-in-covid-19-disease",totalDownloads:3,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Purinergic System",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10801.jpg",subseries:{id:"17",title:"Metabolism"}}},{id:"82374",title:"The Potential of the Purinergic System as a Therapeutic Target of Natural Compounds in Cutaneous Melanoma",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105457",signatures:"Gilnei Bruno da Silva, Daiane Manica, Marcelo Moreno and Margarete Dulce Bagatini",slug:"the-potential-of-the-purinergic-system-as-a-therapeutic-target-of-natural-compounds-in-cutaneous-mel",totalDownloads:9,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Purinergic System",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10801.jpg",subseries:{id:"17",title:"Metabolism"}}},{id:"82103",title:"The Role of Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress and Its Regulation in the Progression of Neurological and Infectious Diseases",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105543",signatures:"Mary Dover, Michael Kishek, Miranda Eddins, Naneeta Desar, Ketema Paul and Milan Fiala",slug:"the-role-of-endoplasmic-reticulum-stress-and-its-regulation-in-the-progression-of-neurological-and-i",totalDownloads:6,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Updates on Endoplasmic Reticulum",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11674.jpg",subseries:{id:"14",title:"Cell and Molecular Biology"}}}]},overviewPagePublishedBooks:{paginationCount:32,paginationItems:[{type:"book",id:"7006",title:"Biochemistry and Health Benefits of Fatty Acids",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7006.jpg",slug:"biochemistry-and-health-benefits-of-fatty-acids",publishedDate:"December 19th 2018",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Viduranga Waisundara",hash:"c93a00abd68b5eba67e5e719f67fd20b",volumeInSeries:1,fullTitle:"Biochemistry and Health Benefits of Fatty Acids",editors:[{id:"194281",title:"Dr.",name:"Viduranga Y.",middleName:null,surname:"Waisundara",slug:"viduranga-y.-waisundara",fullName:"Viduranga Y. Waisundara",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/194281/images/system/194281.jpg",biography:"Dr. Viduranga Waisundara obtained her Ph.D. in Food Science\nand Technology from the Department of Chemistry, National\nUniversity of Singapore, in 2010. She was a lecturer at Temasek Polytechnic, Singapore from July 2009 to March 2013.\nShe relocated to her motherland of Sri Lanka and spearheaded the Functional Food Product Development Project at the\nNational Institute of Fundamental Studies from April 2013 to\nOctober 2016. She was a senior lecturer on a temporary basis at the Department of\nFood Technology, Faculty of Technology, Rajarata University of Sri Lanka. She is\ncurrently Deputy Principal of the Australian College of Business and Technology –\nKandy Campus, Sri Lanka. She is also the Global Harmonization Initiative (GHI)",institutionString:"Australian College of Business & Technology",institution:null}]},{type:"book",id:"6820",title:"Keratin",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6820.jpg",slug:"keratin",publishedDate:"December 19th 2018",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Miroslav Blumenberg",hash:"6def75cd4b6b5324a02b6dc0359896d0",volumeInSeries:2,fullTitle:"Keratin",editors:[{id:"31610",title:"Dr.",name:"Miroslav",middleName:null,surname:"Blumenberg",slug:"miroslav-blumenberg",fullName:"Miroslav Blumenberg",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/31610/images/system/31610.jpg",biography:"Miroslav Blumenberg, Ph.D., was born in Subotica and received his BSc in Belgrade, Yugoslavia. He completed his Ph.D. at MIT in Organic Chemistry; he followed up his Ph.D. with two postdoctoral study periods at Stanford University. Since 1983, he has been a faculty member of the RO Perelman Department of Dermatology, NYU School of Medicine, where he is codirector of a training grant in cutaneous biology. Dr. Blumenberg’s research is focused on the epidermis, expression of keratin genes, transcription profiling, keratinocyte differentiation, inflammatory diseases and cancers, and most recently the effects of the microbiome on the skin. He has published more than 100 peer-reviewed research articles and graduated numerous Ph.D. and postdoctoral students.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"New York University Langone Medical Center",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}]},{type:"book",id:"7978",title:"Vitamin A",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7978.jpg",slug:"vitamin-a",publishedDate:"May 15th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Leila Queiroz Zepka, Veridiana Vera de Rosso and Eduardo Jacob-Lopes",hash:"dad04a658ab9e3d851d23705980a688b",volumeInSeries:3,fullTitle:"Vitamin A",editors:[{id:"261969",title:"Dr.",name:"Leila",middleName:null,surname:"Queiroz Zepka",slug:"leila-queiroz-zepka",fullName:"Leila Queiroz Zepka",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/261969/images/system/261969.png",biography:"Prof. Dr. Leila Queiroz Zepka is currently an associate professor in the Department of Food Technology and Science, Federal University of Santa Maria, Brazil. She has more than fifteen years of teaching and research experience. She has published more than 550 scientific publications/communications, including 15 books, 50 book chapters, 100 original research papers, 380 research communications in national and international conferences, and 12 patents. She is a member of the editorial board of five journals and acts as a reviewer for several national and international journals. Her research interests include microalgal biotechnology with an emphasis on microalgae-based products.",institutionString:"Universidade Federal de Santa Maria",institution:{name:"Universidade Federal de Santa Maria",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}}]},{type:"book",id:"7953",title:"Bioluminescence",subtitle:"Analytical Applications and Basic Biology",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7953.jpg",slug:"bioluminescence-analytical-applications-and-basic-biology",publishedDate:"September 25th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Hirobumi Suzuki",hash:"3a8efa00b71abea11bf01973dc589979",volumeInSeries:4,fullTitle:"Bioluminescence - Analytical Applications and Basic Biology",editors:[{id:"185746",title:"Dr.",name:"Hirobumi",middleName:null,surname:"Suzuki",slug:"hirobumi-suzuki",fullName:"Hirobumi Suzuki",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/185746/images/system/185746.png",biography:"Dr. Hirobumi Suzuki received his Ph.D. in 1997 from Tokyo Metropolitan University, Japan, where he studied firefly phylogeny and the evolution of mating systems. He is especially interested in the genetic differentiation pattern and speciation process that correlate to the flashing pattern and mating behavior of some fireflies in Japan. He then worked for Olympus Corporation, a Japanese manufacturer of optics and imaging products, where he was involved in the development of luminescence technology and produced a bioluminescence microscope that is currently being used for gene expression analysis in chronobiology, neurobiology, and developmental biology. Dr. Suzuki currently serves as a visiting researcher at Kogakuin University, Japan, and also a vice president of the Japan Firefly Society.",institutionString:"Kogakuin University",institution:null}]}]},openForSubmissionBooks:{paginationCount:6,paginationItems:[{id:"11669",title:"Fatty Acids - Recent Advances",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11669.jpg",hash:"9117bd12dc904ced43404e3383b6591a",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:3,submissionDeadline:"May 3rd 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"415310",title:"Assistant Prof.",name:"Erik",surname:"Froyen",slug:"erik-froyen",fullName:"Erik Froyen"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{id:"11672",title:"Chemokines Updates",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11672.jpg",hash:"c00855833476a514d37abf7c846e16e9",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:3,submissionDeadline:"May 6th 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"14794",title:"Prof.",name:"Murat",surname:"Şentürk",slug:"murat-senturk",fullName:"Murat Şentürk"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{id:"11674",title:"Updates on Endoplasmic Reticulum",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11674.jpg",hash:"5d7d49bd80f53dad3761f78de4a862c6",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:3,submissionDeadline:"May 6th 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"238047",title:"Dr.",name:"Gaia",surname:"Favero",slug:"gaia-favero",fullName:"Gaia Favero"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{id:"11670",title:"Chitin-Chitosan - Isolation, Properties, and Applications",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11670.jpg",hash:"69f009be08998711eecfb200adc7deca",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:3,submissionDeadline:"May 26th 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"176093",title:"Dr.",name:"Brajesh",surname:"Kumar",slug:"brajesh-kumar",fullName:"Brajesh Kumar"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{id:"11673",title:"Stem Cell Research",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11673.jpg",hash:"13092df328080c762dd9157be18ca38c",secondStepPassed:!1,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:2,submissionDeadline:"July 13th 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"203598",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Diana",surname:"Kitala",slug:"diana-kitala",fullName:"Diana Kitala"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{id:"12215",title:"Cell Death and Disease",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/12215.jpg",hash:"dfd456a29478fccf4ebd3294137eb1e3",secondStepPassed:!1,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:2,submissionDeadline:"July 29th 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"59529",title:"Dr.",name:"Ke",surname:"Xu",slug:"ke-xu",fullName:"Ke Xu"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}]},onlineFirstChapters:{},subseriesFiltersForOFChapters:[],publishedBooks:{},subseriesFiltersForPublishedBooks:[],publicationYearFilters:[],authors:{}},subseries:{item:{id:"95",type:"subseries",title:"Urban Planning and Environmental Management",keywords:"Circular economy, Contingency planning and response to disasters, Ecosystem services, Integrated urban water management, Nature-based solutions, Sustainable urban development, Urban green spaces",scope:"