Heterogeneous hydrogenation of the aromatic ketones using Ru(II) catalyst
\\n\\n
IntechOpen was founded by scientists, for scientists, in order to make book publishing accessible around the globe. Over the last two decades, this has driven Open Access (OA) book publishing whilst levelling the playing field for global academics. Through our innovative publishing model and the support of the research community, we have now published over 5,700 Open Access books and are visited online by over three million academics every month. These researchers are increasingly working in broad technology-based subjects, driving multidisciplinary academic endeavours into human health, environment, and technology.
\\n\\nBy listening to our community, and in order to serve these rapidly growing areas which lie at the core of IntechOpen's expertise, we are launching a portfolio of Open Science journals:
\\n\\nAll three journals will publish under an Open Access model and embrace Open Science policies to help support the changing needs of academics in these fast-moving research areas. There will be direct links to preprint servers and data repositories, allowing full reproducibility and rapid dissemination of published papers to help accelerate the pace of research. Each journal has renowned Editors in Chief who will work alongside a global Editorial Board, delivering robust single-blind peer review. Supported by our internal editorial teams, this will ensure our authors will receive a quick, user-friendly, and personalised publishing experience.
\\n\\n"By launching our journals portfolio we are introducing new, dedicated homes for interdisciplinary technology-focused researchers to publish their work, whilst embracing Open Science and creating a unique global home for academics to disseminate their work. We are taking a leap toward Open Science continuing and expanding our fundamental commitment to openly sharing scientific research across the world, making it available for the benefit of all." Dr. Sara Uhac, IntechOpen CEO
\\n\\n"Our aim is to promote and create better science for a better world by increasing access to information and the latest scientific developments to all scientists, innovators, entrepreneurs and students and give them the opportunity to learn, observe and contribute to knowledge creation. Open Science promotes a swifter path from research to innovation to produce new products and services." Alex Lazinica, IntechOpen founder
\\n\\nIn conclusion, Natalia Reinic Babic, Head of Journal Publishing and Open Science at IntechOpen adds:
\\n\\n“On behalf of the journal team I’d like to thank all our Editors in Chief, Editorial Boards, internal supporting teams, and our scientific community for their continuous support in making this portfolio a reality - we couldn’t have done it without you! With your support in place, we are confident these journals will become as impactful and successful as our book publishing program and bring us closer to a more open (science) future.”
\\n\\nWe invite you to visit the journals homepage and learn more about the journal’s Editorial Boards, scope and vision as all three journals are now open for submissions.
\\n\\nFeel free to share this news on social media and help us mark this memorable moment!
\\n\\n\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:{caption:"",originalUrl:"/media/original/237"}},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'
After years of being acknowledged as the world's leading publisher of Open Access books, today, we are proud to announce we’ve successfully launched a portfolio of Open Science journals covering rapidly expanding areas of interdisciplinary research.
\n\n\n\nIntechOpen was founded by scientists, for scientists, in order to make book publishing accessible around the globe. Over the last two decades, this has driven Open Access (OA) book publishing whilst levelling the playing field for global academics. Through our innovative publishing model and the support of the research community, we have now published over 5,700 Open Access books and are visited online by over three million academics every month. These researchers are increasingly working in broad technology-based subjects, driving multidisciplinary academic endeavours into human health, environment, and technology.
\n\nBy listening to our community, and in order to serve these rapidly growing areas which lie at the core of IntechOpen's expertise, we are launching a portfolio of Open Science journals:
\n\nAll three journals will publish under an Open Access model and embrace Open Science policies to help support the changing needs of academics in these fast-moving research areas. There will be direct links to preprint servers and data repositories, allowing full reproducibility and rapid dissemination of published papers to help accelerate the pace of research. Each journal has renowned Editors in Chief who will work alongside a global Editorial Board, delivering robust single-blind peer review. Supported by our internal editorial teams, this will ensure our authors will receive a quick, user-friendly, and personalised publishing experience.
\n\n"By launching our journals portfolio we are introducing new, dedicated homes for interdisciplinary technology-focused researchers to publish their work, whilst embracing Open Science and creating a unique global home for academics to disseminate their work. We are taking a leap toward Open Science continuing and expanding our fundamental commitment to openly sharing scientific research across the world, making it available for the benefit of all." Dr. Sara Uhac, IntechOpen CEO
\n\n"Our aim is to promote and create better science for a better world by increasing access to information and the latest scientific developments to all scientists, innovators, entrepreneurs and students and give them the opportunity to learn, observe and contribute to knowledge creation. Open Science promotes a swifter path from research to innovation to produce new products and services." Alex Lazinica, IntechOpen founder
\n\nIn conclusion, Natalia Reinic Babic, Head of Journal Publishing and Open Science at IntechOpen adds:
\n\n“On behalf of the journal team I’d like to thank all our Editors in Chief, Editorial Boards, internal supporting teams, and our scientific community for their continuous support in making this portfolio a reality - we couldn’t have done it without you! With your support in place, we are confident these journals will become as impactful and successful as our book publishing program and bring us closer to a more open (science) future.”
\n\nWe invite you to visit the journals homepage and learn more about the journal’s Editorial Boards, scope and vision as all three journals are now open for submissions.
\n\nFeel free to share this news on social media and help us mark this memorable moment!
\n\n\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"intechopen-supports-asapbio-s-new-initiative-publish-your-reviews-20220729",title:"IntechOpen Supports ASAPbio’s New Initiative Publish Your Reviews"},{slug:"webinar-introduction-to-open-science-wednesday-18-may-1-pm-cest-20220518",title:"Webinar: Introduction to Open Science | Wednesday 18 May, 1 PM CEST"},{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"5495",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Lagrangian Mechanics",title:"Lagrangian Mechanics",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"Lagrangian mechanics is widely used in several areas of research and technology. It is simply a reformulation of the classical mechanics by the mathematician and astronomer Joseph-Louis Lagrange in 1788. Since then, this approach has been applied to various fields. In this book, the section authors provide state-of-the-art research studies on Lagrangian mechanics. Hopefully, the researchers will benefit from the book in conducting their studies.",isbn:"978-953-51-3132-8",printIsbn:"978-953-51-3131-1",pdfIsbn:"978-953-51-4856-2",doi:"10.5772/63168",price:119,priceEur:129,priceUsd:155,slug:"lagrangian-mechanics",numberOfPages:176,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:null,isInBkci:!1,hash:"cd340676a371f5e196f6e8089f5e8b28",bookSignature:"Hüseyin Canbolat",publishedDate:"May 3rd 2017",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5495.jpg",numberOfDownloads:11251,numberOfWosCitations:5,numberOfCrossrefCitations:5,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:0,numberOfDimensionsCitations:8,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:0,hasAltmetrics:0,numberOfTotalCitations:18,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"April 28th 2016",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"May 19th 2016",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"August 23rd 2016",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"November 21st 2016",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"December 21st 2016",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6,7",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"5887",title:"Dr.",name:"Hüseyin",middleName:null,surname:"Canbolat",slug:"huseyin-canbolat",fullName:"Hüseyin Canbolat",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/5887/images/2416_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Hüseyin Canbolat was born in Adana in 1966. He received his BS and MS degrees from the Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey, in 1989 and 1993, respectively, and PhD degree in Electrical Engineering from Clemson University, Clemson, SC, USA, in 1997. After his PhD studies, he joined the Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering at Mersin University in 1998. In 2012, he joined the Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Ankara Yildirim Beyazit University, Ankara, Turkey. His research interests include control systems with applications to robotic and mechatronic systems, MEMS, energy systems, signal processing, measurement, and instrumentation. He is a senior member of IEEE.",institutionString:null,position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"3",institution:{name:"Ankara Yıldırım Beyazıt University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"813",title:"Engineering Mechanics",slug:"mechanical-engineering-engineering-mechanics"}],chapters:[{id:"53746",title:"Singular Lagrangians and Its Corresponding Hamiltonian Structures",doi:"10.5772/66146",slug:"singular-lagrangians-and-its-corresponding-hamiltonian-structures",totalDownloads:1634,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:2,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"We present a general procedure to obtain the Lagrangian and associated Hamiltonian structure for integrable systems of the Helmholtz type. We present the analysis for coupled Korteweg‐de Vries systems that are extensions of the Korteweg‐de Vries equation. Starting with the system of partial differential equations it is possible to follow the Helmholtz approach to construct one or more Lagrangians whose stationary points coincide with the original system. All the Lagrangians are singular. Following the Dirac approach, we obtain all the constraints of the formulation and construct the Poisson bracket on the physical phase space via the Dirac bracket. We show compatibility of some of these Poisson structures. We obtain the Gardner ε‐deformation of these systems and construct a master Lagrangian which describe the coupled systems in the weak ε‐limit and its modified version in the strong ε‐limit.",signatures:"Alvaro Restuccia and Adrián Sotomayor",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/53746",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/53746",authors:[{id:"195252",title:"Dr.",name:"Alvaro",surname:"Restuccia Nuñez",slug:"alvaro-restuccia-nunez",fullName:"Alvaro Restuccia Nuñez"},{id:"202077",title:"Prof.",name:"Adrian",surname:"Sotomayor",slug:"adrian-sotomayor",fullName:"Adrian Sotomayor"}],corrections:null},{id:"54383",title:"Lagrangian Subspaces of Manifolds",doi:"10.5772/67290",slug:"lagrangian-subspaces-of-manifolds",totalDownloads:1504,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"In this chapter, we provide an overview on the Lagrangian subspaces of manifolds, including but not limited to, linear vector spaces, Riemannian manifolds, Finsler manifolds, and so on. There are also some new results developed in this chapter, such as finding the Lagrangians of complex spaces and providing new insights on the formula for measuring length, area, and volume in integral geometry. As an application, the symplectic structure determined by the Kähler form can be used to determine the symplectic form of the complex Holmes-Thompson volumes restricted on complex lines in integral geometry of complex Finsler space. Moreover, we show that the space of oriented lines and the tangent bundle of unit sphere in Minkowski space are symplectomorphic.",signatures:"Yang Liu",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/54383",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/54383",authors:[{id:"191485",title:"Prof.",name:"Yang",surname:"Liu",slug:"yang-liu",fullName:"Yang Liu"}],corrections:null},{id:"53110",title:"Topology and Integrability in Lagrangian Mechanics",doi:"10.5772/66147",slug:"topology-and-integrability-in-lagrangian-mechanics",totalDownloads:1581,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"This chapter reviews complete integrability in the setting of Lagrangian/Hamiltonian mechanics. It includes the construction of angle-action variables in illustrative examples, along with a proof of the Liouville-Arnol’d theorem. Results on the topology of the configuration space of a mechanical (or Tonelli) Hamiltonian are reviewed and several open problems are high-lighted.",signatures:"Leo T. Butler",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/53110",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/53110",authors:[{id:"191349",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Leo",surname:"Butler",slug:"leo-butler",fullName:"Leo Butler"}],corrections:null},{id:"53939",title:"Closure Models for Lagrangian Gas Dynamics and Elastoplasticity Equations in Multimaterial Cells",doi:"10.5772/66858",slug:"closure-models-for-lagrangian-gas-dynamics-and-elastoplasticity-equations-in-multimaterial-cells",totalDownloads:1558,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Mixed cells (multicomponent cells) emerging in the development of Lagrangian‐Eulerian (ALE) or Eulerian numerical techniques for solving the gas dynamics and elastoplasticity equations in multicomponent media contain either interfaces between materials or a mixture of materials. There is a problem of correctly approximation of the equations in such cells and the ALE code accuracy and performance depend on how the problem is resolved. Many approximation methods use the equation splitting into two stages, one of which consists in solving a given equation in Lagrangian variables. If mixed cells are simulated, the system of equations describing the gas dynamics and elastoplasticity is unclosed and there is a need to introduce additional closure relations that will allow determining the thermodynamic parameters of components using the available data for the mixture of components, as a whole. The chapter presents a review of the equation closure methods and results of the methods verification using several test problems having exact solutions.",signatures:"Yury Yanilkin",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/53939",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/53939",authors:[{id:"181004",title:"Prof.",name:"Yury",surname:"Yanilkin",slug:"yury-yanilkin",fullName:"Yury Yanilkin"}],corrections:null},{id:"54694",title:"Mechanics of Electric Rope Shovel Performance and Reliability in Formation Excavation",doi:"10.5772/65333",slug:"mechanics-of-electric-rope-shovel-performance-and-reliability-in-formation-excavation",totalDownloads:2257,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:3,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Large-capacity rope shovels are used as primary production equipment in many surface mining operations. Current rope shovels have payload capacities in excess of 100 tons per pass. The dynamic payload and formation resistive forces result in severe stress loading of the shovel front-end assembly. Material flaws, high stresses, and harsh excavation conditions can initiate cracks in the dipper-teeth assembly. These cracks, under high stresses, can propagate to critical lengths resulting in fatigue failure of front-end assembly. Dipper-related problems can significantly reduce shovel availability. There is no fundamental research for understanding dipper fatigue failure resulting from high stress intensity, crack initiation, and propagation, the subject matter of this study. The Newton-Euler algorithm is used to build kinematics and dynamic models of the cable shovel front-end assembly. The models incorporate the dynamic resistive forces on the dipper-teeth assembly. Numerical simulations are used to generate the dynamic payload force and its dynamic left. Virtual simulation, based on the P&H 4100XPC shovel prototype in ANSYS (R15), is run to generate stress loading of the dipper-teeth assembly and equivalent (von Mises) stresses. Stress intensity factors are computed for various crack lengths in the dipper-teeth assembly, and the crack-propagation lives are computed for these cracks. The results show that a 75-mm crack can propagate to the critical length in 16 days. This research study provides a pioneering effort toward understanding shovel dipper fatigue failure due to high stress intensity, crack initiation, and propagation for understanding shovel reliability and availability for production efficiency and bulk production economics.",signatures:"Muhammad Azeem Raza and Samuel Frimpong",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/54694",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/54694",authors:[{id:"55167",title:"Dr.",name:"Samuel",surname:"Frimpong",slug:"samuel-frimpong",fullName:"Samuel Frimpong"},{id:"195600",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Muhammad",surname:"Azeem Raza",slug:"muhammad-azeem-raza",fullName:"Muhammad Azeem Raza"}],corrections:null},{id:"54588",title:"Lagrangian Model‐Based Fault Diagnosis in a PVTOL",doi:"10.5772/66395",slug:"lagrangian-model-based-fault-diagnosis-in-a-pvtol",totalDownloads:1338,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"A Lagrangian formalism is used to model a PVTOL in order to obtain an aircraft model. The Euler‐Lagrange model of the PVTOL is used to develop an algorithm for fault diagnosis. Diagnosis implies the detection, isolation and identification of a fault. The considered approach is based on the knowledge of a system model as well as the model of the possible faults. The idea is to use non‐linear decoupling approach to derivate a set of subsystems, each related to a specific fault or a set of faults. An observer‐based residual generation is designed for each subsystem, this structure allows the fault detection and isolation stage, for fault identification a kind of approximated inversion algorithm to meet the different diagnostic levels. The results are obtained taking advantage of the structure given by the Euler‐Lagrange modelling of the PVTOL as well as from recent results related to observer design and fault identification.",signatures:"César Martínez Torres, Luis Humberto Rodríguez Alfaro, Efrain\nAlcorta Garcia, Gerardo Romero Galvan and David Lara",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/54588",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/54588",authors:[{id:"28376",title:"Dr.",name:"Gerardo",surname:"Romero",slug:"gerardo-romero",fullName:"Gerardo Romero"},{id:"163914",title:"Dr.",name:"David",surname:"Lara",slug:"david-lara",fullName:"David Lara"},{id:"191626",title:"Prof.",name:"Efrain",surname:"Alcorta-Garcia",slug:"efrain-alcorta-garcia",fullName:"Efrain Alcorta-Garcia"},{id:"191943",title:"Dr.",name:"Luis Humberto",surname:"Rodriguez Alfaro",slug:"luis-humberto-rodriguez-alfaro",fullName:"Luis Humberto Rodriguez Alfaro"},{id:"192063",title:"Dr.",name:"Cesar",surname:"Martinez Torres",slug:"cesar-martinez-torres",fullName:"Cesar Martinez Torres"}],corrections:null},{id:"53543",title:"Fuzzy Logic and S‐Lagrangian Dynamics of Living Systems: Theory of Homeostasis",doi:"10.5772/66473",slug:"fuzzy-logic-and-s-lagrangian-dynamics-of-living-systems-theory-of-homeostasis",totalDownloads:1380,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"A key peculiarity of living organisms is their ability to actively counteract degradation in a changing environment or being injured by using homeostatic protection. In this chapter, we propose a dynamic theory of homeostasis based on a recently proposed generalized Lagrangian approach (S‐Lagrangian). Following the discovery of homeostasis W. Cannon, we assume that homeostasis results from the tendency of the organisms to decrease the stress and avoid death. We show that the universality of homeostasis is a consequence of analytical properties of the S‐Lagrangian, while peculiarities of the biochemical and physiological mechanisms of homeostasis determine phenomenological parameters of the Lagrangian. We show that plausible assumptions about S‐Lagrangian features lead to good agreement between theoretical descriptions and observed homeostatic behavior.",signatures:"Uziel Sandler and Lev Tsitolovsky",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/53543",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/53543",authors:[{id:"171689",title:"Prof.",name:"Uziel",surname:"Sandler",slug:"uziel-sandler",fullName:"Uziel Sandler"},{id:"195024",title:"Prof.",name:"Lev",surname:"Tsitolovsky",slug:"lev-tsitolovsky",fullName:"Lev Tsitolovsky"}],corrections:null}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},subseries:null,tags:null},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"5905",title:"Robots Operating in Hazardous Environments",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a22b4e4b02af1dd0727231b0d974f121",slug:"robots-operating-in-hazardous-environments",bookSignature:"Hüseyin Canbolat",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5905.jpg",editedByType:"Edited 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Optically active alcohols are important building blocks in the synthesis of fine chemicals, pharmaceuticals, agrochemicals, flavors and fragrances as well as functional materials (Arai & Ohkuma, 2011; Klingler, 2007). Furthermore, molecular hydrogen is without doubt the cleanest reducing agent, with complete atom efficiency. Therefore, the catalytic, asymmetric hydrogenation (AH) of prochiral ketones is the most practical and simplest method to access enantiomerically enriched secondary alcohols, on both the laboratory and industrial scales. Asymmetric transfer hydrogenation (ATH), on the other hand, represents an attractive alternative or complement to hydrogenation because it is easy to execute and a number of cheap chemicals can be used as hydrogen donors. For practical use and to address environmental issues a high catalyst activity (low loadings) and selectivity is preferable, as well as the employment of ‘’greener’’ solvents, mild operating conditions and recyclable catalyst systems. High turnover numbers (TONs) and turnover frequencies (TOFs), and satisfactory stereo- and chemoselectivities are attainable only with a combination of well-defined metal catalysts and suitable reaction conditions. The reactivity and selectivity can be finely tuned by changing the bulkiness, chirality and electronic properties of the auxiliaries on the metal center of the catalyst.
Since the application of very efficient, chiral BINAP-derived ruthenium complexes in the AH of functionalized ketones (β-keto esters) at a high enantioselectivity level in the homogenous phase (Noyori et al., 1987), the development of more robust and reactive molecular catalysts is still highly desirable. Furthermore, because of the structural and functional diversity of organic substrates, no universal catalysts exist. Ruthenium complexes bearing chiral ligands are among the most commonly used catalysts for AH and ATH, following by rhodium and iridium, although in recent times other transition metals, like Fe, Cu, or Os have rapidly penetrated this field.
A major breakthrough in the wide-scope AHs of ketones was the discovery by Noyori and co-workers of the conceptually new and extremely efficient ruthenium bifunctional catalysts. They found that simple ketones like 1-5, which lack anchoring heteroatoms capable of interacting with a metal center, can be reduced enatioselectively with H2 (1-8 atm) in
Simple ketones in chemoselective AH catalyzed by bifunctional catalysts of type C1
The XylBINAP-complex C2 proved to be very effective for the stereoselective hydrogenation of heteroaromatic ketones (2-furyl, 2- and 3-thienyl, 2-thiazolyl, 2-pyrrolyl, 2-, 3- and 4-pyridinyl) as well as aromatic-heteroaromatic and bis-heteroaromatic ketones (phenyl-thiazolyl, phenyl-imidazolyl, phenyl-oxazolyl, phenyl-pyridinyl, pyridinyl-thiazolyl) thus providing a plethora of structurally interesting heterocyclic alcohols (C. Chen et al., 2003; Ohkuma et al., 2000). In fact, the complex C2 has been established as one of the most efficient and selective pre-catalysts for the AH of a variety of ketones (Ohkuma et al., 1998) until the discovery of novel ruthenabicyclic complexes (Matsumura et al., 2011). The hydrogenation of acetophenone catalyzed by the ruthenabicyclic complex C3 with a substrate-to-catalyst molar ratio (S/C) 10000 under 50 atm of H2 in a
Ruthenabicyclic
Since the Noyori’s standard Ru(II) complexes of the type C1 require the presence of a strong base as a co-catalyst to
The extremely high reactivity and enantio-selectivity of [TunesPhos-Ru(II)-(1,2-diamine)] complexes combined with
Highly active ruthenium catalysts
The discovery of new classes of hydrogenation catalysts that deviate from the Noyori-type C1 may represent a good opportunity to reduce every type of ketone substrate with high reactivity and selectivity. Indeed, while the conventional [BINAP-Ru-(1,2-diamine)] catalysts have shown poor reactivity and enantio-selectivity in the hydrogenation of sterically congested
Interestingly, a combined amine-benzimidazole ligand in the complex C7 influenced the reverse enantioselection from that typically observed in the AH of ring-substituted acetophenones and allowed the reduction to proceed in nonprotic solvents (toluene/
AH of sterically congested and poorly reactive ketones
AH using non-phosphine-based catalysts is attractive due to the toxicity of the catalyst precursors and the product contamination when Noyori-type catalysts are used. However, the efficiency of the π-allyl Ru precursor in combination with the phosphorous-free pyridyl-containing ligand L1 did not exceed that of the original [BINAP-Ru-diamine] complexes (Fig. 4) (Huang et al., 2006). Interestingly, this new catalyst system catalyzes the hydrogenation of 1-indanone only in the absence of a base.
The most efficient AH catalysts tend to mimic that of Noyori as its excellent enantioselectivity is proposed to be a result of the synergistic effect of chiral phosphane and chiral amine ligands. Nevertheless, commercially available achiral diphosphanes (DPPF, DPEphos) in conjunction with rigid chiral biisoindoline-based diamines have been applied in the Ru-catalyzed AH of (hetero)aromatic ketones, affording excellent enantioselectivities (up to 99%
Since ketones coordinate more weakly to metals than olefins, many Rh-phosphane complexes show no activity for hydrogenation of simple ketones. However, the highly enantioselective direct hydrogenation of simple ketones 19−24 using an
The complex prepared from [Rh(COD)OCOCF3)]2 and the amide-phosphine-phosphinite ligand L3 catalyzed the AH of trifluoromethyl ketones 25 giving almost quantitative yields of the corresponding alcohols in 83-97%
Rh-catalyzed AH of simple and fluorinated ketones
The hydrogenation of ketones catalyzed by chiral iridium complexes has been well studied and developed because iridium is less expensive than rhodium (Malacea et al., 2010). Generally, Ir(I) or Ir(III) complexes with chiral diamines, diphosphines or a combination of both, very similar to those in Ru-catalyzed hydrogenation, have been successfully employed in the AH of various aromatic ketones and β-keto esters. On the other hand, chiral Ir(I) complexes bearing N-heterocyclic carbenes as ligands proved to be far less efficient (Diez & Nagel, 2009). Although complexes of [Ir(COD)Cl]2 and planar-chiral ferrocenyl phosphine-thioethers (
Ir-catalyzed AH
With its origin in Meerwein-Pondorf-Verley reduction, and later developed in its asymmetric version, the transfer hydrogenation of ketones has emerged as an operationally simpler and significantly safer alternative to catalytic H2-hydrogenation as there is no need for special vessels and high pressures (Ikariya & Blacker, 2007; Palmer & Wills 1999). Moreover, chemo-, regio- and stereoselectivity can often be different from that of AH. In the ATH process, the transition-metal catalyst is able to abstract a hydride and a proton from the hydrogen donor and deliver them to the carbonyl moiety of the ketone. Suitable catalysts for ATH are typically complexes of homochiral ligands with Ru, Rh or Ir, whilst
In parallel with the discovery of efficient ruthenium catalysts for AH, Noyori and co-workers found a prototype of chiral (arene)Ru(II) catalysts of type C8 bearing
The stereochemically rigid β-amino alcohols L7 or L8 work very well as ligands for Ru-catalyzed ATH in basic
An
It was first disclosed by Noyori, that a N-H moiety is necessary for an efficient transfer of hydrogen from the metal hydride. However, the Ru complex with the oxazolyl-pyridyl-benzimidazole-based NNN ligand L10 featuring no N-H functionality exhibited a high catalytic activity in the ATH of different acetophenones (Fig. 7) (Ye et al., 2011).
Another type of ligands lacking a basic NH group like L11 are based on a combination of
The combination of [RuCl2(
Selected ligands for ATH
There is a continuing search for stable catalysts that would not degrade easily during the hydrogenation process, thus making it possible to execute as many as possible catalytic cycles. In this respect, the covalent linkage from the diamine to the
It has been shown that the Rh complex with the ‘’achiral’’ but tropos benzophenone-derived ligand L14 and a chiral diamine activator (
The unique phenomenon of an enhancement of the enantioselectivity by using the chiral bulky alcohol (
ATH catalyst systems
Although Ru(II) complexes have enzyme-like properties reaching high TONs and TOFs, many times near to room temperature, and deliver the secondary alcohols in near-quantitative
The first hydrogenation of ketones catalyzed by a well-defined iron catalyst was effected with an iron hydride Shvo-type complex C14 (Casey & Guan, 2007), while later on Morris and co-workers succeeded in the ATH of simple ketones catalyzed by iron complexes containing chiral PNNP tetradentate ligands, attaining
An asymmetric Shvo-type iron complex C17 was found to be a very poor catalyst for the transfer hydrogenation of acetophenone with FA/TEA, since after 48 hours only a 40% conversion and a 25%
Enantioselective, copper-catalyzed homogenous H2-hydrogenation was introduced by Shimizu and co-workers, who used a catalyst system based on [Cu(NO3){P(3,5-Xylyl)3}2], (
Selected iron catalysts
Owing to the stronger bonding of Os compared to Ru, robust and thermally stable complexes can be obtained, which is important for achieving highly productive catalysts. Os(II) CNN pincer complexes C18 exhibited a high catalytic activity and productivity in both the AH (5 atm H2/
Ligands for Cu-mediated hydrogenation and Os-complexes
As a consequence of the increasing demand for ‘’greener’’ laboratory and industrial applications, the development of water-operating catalytic systems for the asymmetric hydrogenation of ketones has been of great interest (Wu & Xiao, 2007). The main disadvantage, however, is the low solubility of the homogenous metal catalysts and most of the organic substrates when going from organic to aqueous media, which may be reflected in a reduced activity and selectivity. To circumvent this, either hydrophilic, often charged, functionalities can be introduced to ligands to render the catalysts water-soluble, or different surfactants can be added in order to solvate the reaction partners, although in some cases water-insoluble catalysts can deliver a superior activity and selectivity.
Water-soluble Ru, Ir or Rh catalysts were prepared
Selected ligands and complexes for aqueous hydrogenation
Surfactants are often added as co-solvents to obtain a sufficient solubility of the reactants, products and metal catalysts, thus retaining the activity and selectivity of the hydrogenation process. The ATH of ketones, particularly -bromomethyl aromatic ketones, was successfully performed with HCO2Na by employing the unmodified and hydrophobic Ru-, Rh- and Ir-TsDPEN complexes C22 and C23 in the presence of single-tailed, cationic and anionic surfactants and to form micelles and vesicles (Fig. 11) (Wang et al., 2005). It is notable that catalysts embedded in these micro-reactors can be separated from the organic phase and reused for at least six times without any loss of activity and enantioselectivity.
In recent years ionic liquids (ILs) have attracted an increasing interest because of their non-volatility, non-flammability and low toxicity. Additionally, ILs are capable of immobilizing homogenous catalysts and facilitating the recycling of catalysts. Ideally, organic products can be easily separated by extraction with a less polar solvent and the IL phase containing catalyst can be reused. Such an immobilization of catalysts also promises to prevent the leaching of toxic metals into the organic products, which is especially desirable in the production of pharmaceutical intermediates.
Various aromatic ketones were reduced with FA/TEA in an ionic liquid L25 at 40 °C, catalyzed by an
While for the AH of β-alkyl β-ketoesters high enantioselectivities can be attained by using the Ru-BINAP system, for the analogous β-aryl ketoesters much more inferior
Hydrogenation in ionic liquids
Homogenous hydrogenation and transfer hydrogenation may be mechanistically closely related because both reactions involve a metal hydride species under catalytic conditions, thus sharing a multistep pathway of hydride transfer to the ketone,
Noyori and co-workers proposed metal-ligand bifunctional catalysis for their Ru catalysts containing chiral phosphine-amine ligands and for (arene)Ru-diamine catalysts, which consequently resulted in a widely accepted mechanism to be responsible for the highly enantio-selective hydrogenation and transfer hydrogenation of prochiral ketones (Noyori et al., 2001, 2005). The actual catalysts, Ru-hydrides 31 or 34, are usually created in a basic alcoholic solution (under H2 or not) at the beginning of the catalytic reaction from the Ru precursors 30 or 33. Note that only the
Outer-sphere hydridic route for bifunctional catalysts
Depending on transition-metal catalysts, an ionic mechanism has also been proposed where the proton and hydride transfer occur in separate steps (Bullock, 2004).
The active species in catalytic cycles, Ru-hydride (31 or 34) and Ru-amido complexes (32 or 35), have not only been detected but also isolated in some cases (Abdur-Rashid et al., 2001, 2002; Haack et al 1997).
The absolute configuration of the alcohol product in AH is determined in the six-membered transition state resulting from the reaction of a chiral diphosphine-diamine-RuH2 complex with a prochiral ketone (Noyori et al., 2005). Because the enantiofaces of the ketone are differentiated on the molecular surface of the saturated RuH2 complex, a suitable combination of the catalyst and substrate is necessary for high efficiency. The prochiral ketone (
The stereoselectivity in the hydrogenation of prochiral aryl ketones catalyzed by (arene)Ru(II) complexes (mostly in ATH) has been ascribed not only to the chiral environment originating from the amine ligand, but also to the contribution of the arene ligand to the stabilization of the transition state through the CH/π interaction (Fig 14 (b)) (Yamakawa et al., 2001). This interaction as well as the NH/π interaction occurring in the transition states with diphosphine-Ru-(1,2-diamine) systems may explain why aryl ketones usually give better
Depending on the ligands attached to the metal center (M = transition metal) the inner-sphere mechanisms, in which monohydride or dihydride species are involved, can operate in H2-hydrogenation and transfer hydrogenation (Clapham et al., 2004, Samec et al., 2006; Wylie et al., 2011). In contrast to the outer-sphere mechanism, here the ketone and alcohol interact with the metal center.
Enantiodifferentiation in the bifunctional-catalyzed hydrogenation of acetophenone
For the heterogeneous, asymmetric, catalytic reduction of the C=O functionality, there are two types of heterogeneous catalysts. One is chirally modified supported metals, and the other is the immobilized homogeneous catalyst on a variety of organic and inorganic polymeric materials. There are also two major reasons for preparing and studying heterogeneous catalysts: firstly, and most importantly, the better and advanced separation and handling properties, and, secondly, the potential to create catalytic positions with an improved catalytic performance. The ultimate heterogeneous catalyst can easily be renewed, reused without of loss of activity and selectivity, which are at least as good or even better than those of the homogeneous analogue.
The immobilization of a homogeneous metal coordination complex is a useful strategy in the preparation of new hydrogenation catalysts. Much effort has been devoted to the preparation of such heterogenized complexes over the past decade due to their ease of separation from the reaction mixture and the desired minimal product contamination caused by metal leaching, as well as to their efficient recyclability without any significant loss of activity. Preferably, Rh, Ir, and Ru complexes have been employed in the hydrogenations of carbonyl functionality (Corma et al., 2006). Chemically different supports have been used for the immobilization of various homogeneous complexes, including polymeric organic and inorganic supports (Saluzzo et al., 2002; Bergbreiter, 2002; Fan et al., 2002). Due to their chemical nature, organic polymeric supports have some drawbacks concerning reduced stability that affects the reusability of the catalysts, mainly due to their swelling and deformation (Bräse et al., 2003; Dickerson et al., 2002). Supports of an inorganic nature are more suitable owing to their physical properties, chemical inertness and stability (with respect to swelling and deformation) in organic solvents. The above-mentioned properties of the inorganic supports will facilitate the applications of the materials in reactions carried at higher temperatures and their use in continuous-flow reactions. In the past decade a lot of research effort has been devoted to the development of adequate procedures to attach homogenous catalysts onto inorganic supports (Merckle & Blümel, 2005; Crosman et al., 2005; Corma et al., 2005; Jones et al., 2005; Melero et al., 2007). Immobilization via covalent bonds is undoubtedly the most convenient, but on the other hand, it is the most challenging method for immobilization to perform on such supports (Jones et al., 2005; Steiner et al., 2004; Pugin et al., 2002; Sandree et al., 2001). For example, micelle templated silicas (MTS) featuring a unique porous distribution and high thermal and mechanical stabilities can be easily functionalized by the direct grafting of the functional organo-silane groups on their surfaces (McMorn & Hutchings, 2004; Heckel & Seebach, 2002; Bigi et al., 2002, Clark & Macquarrie, 1998; Tada & Iwasawa, 2006). On the other hand, polar solvents such as water or alcohols and high temperatures during the catalytic procedure can promote the hydrolysis of the grafted moieties.
The heterogenized catalysts can potentially combine the advantages of both homogenous and heterogeneous systems. In 2003, Hu and coworkers developed a novel chiral porous solid catalyst based on zirconium phosphonates for the practically useful enantio-selective hydrogenation of unfunctionalized aromatic ketones (Fig. 15) (Hu et al., 2003a).
Schematic presentation of chiral porous Zr-phosphonate-Ru-(
With the built-in Ru-BINAP-DPEN moieties, porous solids of Ru-(
Substrate | Ru-( | Ru-( | MNP | MNP |
Ar = Ph, R = Me | 96.3 | 79.0 | 87.6 | 81.7 |
Ar = 2-naphtyl, R = Me | 97.1 | 82.1 | 87.6 | 82.0 |
Ar = 4- | 99.2 | 91.5 | 95.1 | 91.1 |
Ar = 4-MeO-Ph, R = Me | 96.0 | 79.9 | 87.6 | 77.7 |
Ar = 4-Cl-Ph, R = Me | 94.9 | 59.3 | 76.6 | 70.6 |
Ar = 4-Me-Ph, R = Me | 97.0 | 79.5 | 87.9 | 80.5 |
Ar = Ph, R = Et | 93.1 | 83.9 | 88.9 | 86.3 |
Ar = Ph, R = | 90.6 | – | – | – |
Ar = 1-naphtyl, R = Me | 99.2 | 95.8 | – | – |
Heterogeneous hydrogenation of the aromatic ketones using Ru(II) catalyst
Heterogeneous chiral Ru(II)-TsDPEN-derived catalysts based on Noyori’s (1
Heterogeneous RuII mesoporous silica-supported catalysts
Additionally, Li and coworkers (J. Li et al., 2009) developed a Ru(II)-TsDPEN-derived catalyst that was immobilized in a magnetic siliceous mesocellular foam material. The heterogeneous catalyst showed comparable activities and enantioselectivities (
Ir and Ru mesoporous silica-supported catalysts
Chiral Ru and Ir, mesoporous, silica-supported catalysts were introduced by Liu and coworkers (G. Liu et al., 2008a, 2008b). The Ir-C28-SBA-(
Two magnetic chiral Ir and Rh catalysts were prepared
Magnetic Ir and Rh chiral catalysts
The mesoporous SBA-15 anchored 9-amino
The chiral RuCl2-diphosphine-diamine complex with siloxy functionality was successfully immobilized on mesoporous silica nanospheres with three-dimensional channels (Fig. 19) (Mihalcik & Lin, 2008). Upon activation with
Chiral RuCl2-diphosphine-diamine complexes immobilized on mesoporous silica nanospheres
Differently substituted Rh complexes were anchored on an Al2O3 support and applied for the enantioselective C=O hydrogenation with reasonable activity and enantioselectivities with
The immobilization of the rhodium complexes [Rh((
Furthermore, a series of polystyrene-supported TsDPEN ligands were prepared in one step and converted to the corresponding Ru(II) complexes by a treatment with [RuCl2(
A series of dendrimers and hybrid dendrimers based on Noyori-Ikariya’s TsDPEN ligand were prepared and the application of their Ru(II) complexes in the ATH of acetophenones was studied. A high catalytic activity and completely maintained enantio-selectivity (acetophenone, 93.4-98.2%
Among various approaches for homogeneous catalyst immobilization, the “self-supported” strategy exhibits some relevant characteristics, such us easy preparation, good stability, high density of catalytically active sites, and high stereocontrol performance, as well as simple recovery (Dai, 2004; Ding et al., 2007). Self-supported Noyori-type catalysts C37-C40 for the AH of ketones by the programmed assembly of bridged diphosphine and diamine ligands with Ru(II) ions were developed (Fig. 20) (Liang et al., 2005; Liang et al., 2006). The enantioselectivity of the hydrogenation of the aromatic ketones under the catalysis of the self-supported catalyst C40 was in some cases significantly higher than the
A very interesting example is the asymmetric synthesis of the chiral alcohol function that makes use of the strength of ion pairing in ionic liquids (Schulz et al., 2007). The hydrogenation of substrate 46 using H2 (60 bar) at 60 oC in the presence of the heterogeneous, achiral catalyst Ru/C in an ethanolic solution, gave the corresponding hydroxyl-functionalized ionic liquid in a quantitative yield and up to 80%
Self-supported Noyori-type catalysts C37-C40 for the AH of ketones
Enantio-selective hydrogenation of a keto-functionalized ionic liquid
Importing chirality to a catalytic active metal surface by the adsorption of a chiral organic molecule (often referred to as a chiral modifier) seems to be one of the promising strategies to obtain new chiral heterogeneous catalytic systems. In the hydrogenation of C=O function, chirality-modified supported metal catalysts represent a promising approach with synthetic potential. Orito et al. introduced the strategy of a cinchona-alkaloid-modified platinum catalyst system in 1979 (Orito et al., 1979). Following the early work of Blaser et al. (Studer et al., 1999, 2000, 2003; Blaser et al., 2000), Baiker et al. (Heinz et al., 1995, von Arx et al., 2002), and others, the methodology developed in the sense of the substrate scope, and on the other hand, extensive efforts were carried out to get more insight into understanding the mechanistic aspects of the transformation. The method was found to have excellent performance in the hydrogenation of activated ketones (Fig. 22).
The modifiers derived from CD and quinine (QN) lead to an excess of (
A systematic structure-selectivity study of the hydrogenation of activated ketones catalyzed by a modified Pt-catalyst revealed a high substrate specificity of the catalytic system. Relatively small structural changes in the substrate or modifier can strongly affect the enantio-selectivity and often in the opposite manner, especially when comparing reactions in toluene and AcOH (Exner et al., 2003). Fluorinated β-diketones can be enantioselectively hydrogenated on cinchona-alkaloids-modified Pt/Al2O3 catalysts. Methyl, ethyl, and isopropyl 4,4,4-trifluoroacetoacetates were hydrogenated in the presence of MeOCD-modified Pt/Al2O3 catalysts, producing the corresponding alcohols in 93-96%
Synthetically obtained (
Enantio-selective hydrogenation of activated ketones.
A supported (SiO2) iridium catalyst, which is stabilized by PPh3 and modified by a chiral diamine, derived from cinchona alkaloids, exhibits a high activity and high enantioselectivity for the hydrogenation for the simple aromatic ketones (Fig. 23). The addition of different bases (
Enantioselective hydrogenation of activated ketones.
A series of silica (SiO2) supported iridium catalysts stabilized by cinchona alkaloids were also prepared and applied in the heterogeneous asymmetric hydrogenation of acetophenone. Cinchona alkaloids display a substantial capability to stabilize and disperse the Ir particles. A synergistic effect between the (
Besides improving the cinchonidine-platinum catalyst system, extensive efforts have been made in developing a reliable mechanistic interpretation. To understand the adsorption behavior of the modifier and reactant, their conformation, and their intra-molecular interactions at solid-liquid interface, an
Schematic representation of the adsorption mode of CD on the metal surface and interactions between the half-hydrogenated state of the activated ketone and the basic quinuclidine-N atom of the chiral modifier.
An inversion of the enantioselectivity occurs in the asymmetric hydrogenation of the activated ketones by changing the solvent composition, including water and acid additives (von Arx et al., 2001b; Bartók et al., 2002). Hydrogenation of the ethyl pyruvate over Pt/Al2O3 (Huck et al., 2003a) and 4-methoxy-6-methyl-2-pyrone over Pd/TiO2 (Huck et al., 2003b), an equimolar mixture of cinchona alkaloids CD and QD resulted in
This chapter discusses the transition-metal-catalyzed, asymmetric, homogenous and heterogeneous hydrogenation of prochiral ketones, not so much focusing on the reactions providing valuable chiral alcohols, but rather it gives prominent and interesting examples of the ketone substrates and catalyst systems that are found in the recent literature. Despite the tremendous effort being made in the catalytic, asymmetric hydrogenation of prochiral ketones, approaching the enzymatic performance in some cases, there is still much potential for the continued development of these reactions. Concerning the environmental and economic issues, the introduction of non-toxic, cheap, and at the same time efficient and universal catalyst systems, being able to operate under mild conditions in a highly selective manner and for a broad range of substrates, remains a challenge for future research. Additionally, more rational catalyst designs are possible with better mechanistic understandings of the catalytic cycles in catalytic AH and ATH reactions.
The Ministry of Higher Education, Science and Technology of the Republic of Slovenia, the Slovenian Research Agency (P1-0230-0103), EN→FIST Centre of Excellence, and Krka, Pharmaceutical company, d.d. are gratefully acknowledged for their financial support.
Banks are among the main sources of capital for the activities of companies. Their role in the development of modern economic systems is leading—they redistribute funds between individual economic entities. To a large extent, they are in charge of granting credit resources and determining the conditions for financing. That is why the policies that banks adopt in this area are extremely important when it comes to the transition from a linear to a circular model of the economy.
\nIn general, the following problem areas can be outlined for the banks that will be addressed in this paper:
Regulatory—like all for-profit organizations, banks will naturally continue to finance the linear economy in all possible forms when it is profitable for them. In order to start restricting access to finance for activities that run counter to the circular economy, banks must be subject to at least two types of “incentives”:
pressure from the regulatory authorities, i.e. by the state through the central bank;
pressure from the regulatory authorities on their customers (specific economic entities) to transform their activities. This pressure could take the form of various barriers to linear production, fines and other sanctions, which together increase the risk of losses for banks because they could not, for example, collect receivables from their customers whose products no longer have a market (due to a ban by the state on trading with the products they produce, for example, as they are the result of linear production);
Management—the need for bank management to realize the necessity for change. This is a prerequisite for the implementation of any policy, especially when it leads to a sharp turn from the traditional way of functioning. Also, some studies emphasize that good corporate governance can lead to improved investment yield for the customers [1]. However, this awareness will emerge naturally under the pressure of change from regulators. In the context of such awareness, bank management will be able to play its key role in identifying the new products and services that institutions will start offering to individuals in the context of the transformation to circular economy. Banking activity is also associated with a number of risks inherent to the economies as a whole [2] and banks will have to start acknowledging and actively managing the whole new array of risks that are emerging, in particular the environmental and climate ones. This will take place again under regulatory pressure;
Building and maintaining internal administrative capacity. Not only the management, but also the employees of the banks will have to acquire knowledge about the new features of circular production. This will be necessary because circular production has a different cycle and features in terms of its economic dimensions—costs, revenues, profits, life expectancy of products, etc. All these dimensions both individually and collectively affect the various characteristics of bank products—collateral values, exposure at default, probability of default, loss given default, expected losses and many others. Hence the necessity for having knowledge about them and deeper understanding about the way they interact among themselves, and when impacting bank ratios. It must be acknowledged that building such internal capacity requires time and has proven to be a lengthy process. It is challenging for banks since they need to find experts who are capable of presenting in a catchy way to bank employees the interdisciplinary matters related to circular economy and its impact on banks. It is not impossible, though, such experts to be identified, since the interest in the subject of circular economy has been growing in recent years.
Over the past hundred years, an interesting pattern has been observed. On the one hand, the consumption of resources worldwide has been increasing, but on the other hand, the way in which these resources are consumed is clearly proving its inefficiency. The inefficiency can be outlined in two spheres, which leads to two main defects of the linear model.
\nFirst, there is an uneven consumption of resources—most of them are consumed in highly developed countries at the expense of developing countries, and secondly, there is an accumulation of huge amounts of waste that are not used after being disposed of. The current economic model is linear and follows the pattern: extraction of natural resources, processing into finished products and the consumption of the products, which ends with their disposal. According to a number of studies, the current linear economic cannot ensure the achievement of economic development by all countries in the world, as the available natural resources are insufficient for the purpose.
\nThe circular model seeks to solve these two main defects of the linear model. The idea of this model draws inspiration from the way nature works, and in particular the individual biosystems. Just as each of them has its own cycle—birth, development, decline, death and rebirth, so do the individual systems within the economy.
\nTherefore, the life of a product should not end with its disposal in the form of waste that can no longer be used, but on the contrary—each product should be seen as an eternally existing set of materials, each of which, after the conditional end of the life of the given product, must be included in the creation of a new product. Thus, at some point in the future, society should reach a state where virtually no waste is disposed of, and all products are recycled or used in some way.
\nIn order to gradually come to this point, it is not enough just to find ways to recycle individual types of goods, but to reduce the total amount of waste disposed of. In support of efforts in this direction, ways should be sought to prolong the life of products, to encourage their longer use, as well as to share the use of certain categories of goods, which would lead to a smaller number of goods in circulation.
\nIt is difficult to determine exactly when and where the term “circular economy” itself has occurred. Today, “almost all international business operations are experiencing changes due to the pursuit of nature conservation” and efforts to make the transition from a linear to a circular model reflect this trend.
\nThe term “circular economy” began to gain popularity in the 1970s, and gained popularity mainly due to several names.
\nThe idea of circular material flows was first introduced in 1966 by Kenneth Bo-ulding in his study, “The Economics of the Coming Spaceship Earth”. Later, the idea of circular economy began to be seriously researched and developed by the Swiss architect Walter Stahel. In 1976, in a report to the European Commission entitled “The Potential for Substituting Manpower for Energy”, Walter Stahel and Genevieve Redey presented the concept of circular economy. In the report, they outline the main impacts that the transformation of the linear economy into a circular one will have on the creation of labor, conservation and optimization of the use of natural resources, control of nature pollution and economic efficiency. In 1982, the report was published as a book entitled “Jobs for Tomorrow: The Potential for Substituting Manpower for Energy” and its authors won the prestigious Mitchell Award.
\nStahel\'s ideas have been further developed by Ellen MacArthur, a former world yacht record holder who founded an independent charity foundation of the same name in 2010 [3]. At the beginning of its activity, the foundation was supported by several powerful companies such as Renault, British Telecommunications, Cisco, etc., which provided funds for the implementation of the planned large-scale activities. One of the main goals of this foundation is to provoke a wide debate on the circular economy among the various economic schools, and thus the idea to gain wide popularity and gradually be adopted by governments around the world.
\nTwo years after its establishment, in 2012, the foundation published a report, which outlined the prospects for the development of the world as a result of the transition from a linear model of the economy to a circular one. In the following year, 2013, this foundation, together with the consulting firm McKinsey, prepared and published a detailed report on circular economy and the opportunities that it offers to the consumer goods sector [4]. These reports has had a strong impact on public opinion, especially in Europe, and since 2015 the European Commission has launched an all-embracive agenda for the transition of the economy of the union from linear to a circular one, which already shows the presence of serious awareness among EU leaders on the issue. The concept of circular economy in EU has direct impact also on other financial institutions (insurers and pension funds) [5].
\nIn practice, circular economy has functioned naturally from the very beginning of human activity. Technological progress made possible the extraction of huge quantities of raw materials, the creation of synthetic materials and the production of large number of goods at low prices. However, the quantity of goods has been enormously increasing, and subsequently it has turned out that some of these goods cannot be decomposed or reused in one way or another. In the process of production a number of environmentally harmful substances are released, it is necessary to build huge landfills, which in turn take over the disposed waste. As a result of these processes, the pressure on the environment increases enormously. Man is part of the biosphere and cannot be isolated from the processes that take place in it. Solving environmental problems is becoming a primary imperative of modern times.
\nFrom the middle of the twentieth century, when the shortcomings of the linear model became apparent, separate studies began to appear, as well as social movements that sought to define problems and propose solutions. This is how the concepts of eco-efficiency, systems thinking, the blue economy, industrial ecology, swing to swing and others emerged. What these separate theoretical concepts have in common is the idea of the need for transformation of the linear economic model, using examples from nature. Economy is a form of human activity, and man is an integral part of nature. It is therefore not possible for the systems he creates to function effectively under laws other than natural ones. Failure to take into account the effects of human activity on the environment, even if in the short term no serious consequences of financial nature are observed, in the medium term proves to be ineffective from an economic point of view. These theoretical concepts articulate precisely this basic feature of the linear economic model. Gradually, more and more countries around the world, led by the most developed ones, accept the need to change the model and begin to build strategies and policies in this direction.
\nThe transition from a linear to a circular model of the economy requires a number of changes in the way banks operate. This transition creates both opportunities and risks for them. A recent ING Bank study on this topic outlined the main opportunities and challenges for banks. In general, they can be linked to five main business models [6].
\nThe first model aims at transforming production processes so that only raw materials from renewable sources or those that are subject to full recycling are used. In this way the waste will be eliminated and the depletion of natural resources will be stopped. Proponents of this model share the belief that this is the only way to move from a linear to a circular model of the economy.
\nThe second business model concerns the re-use of the materials from which products are made to make new goods.
\nAt the heart of the third model is the concept of extending the life cycle of products by repairing and improving them, as well as a result of additional efforts to advertise them on new markets. Extending the life of goods will not only delay their disposal in the form of waste, but will also generate profits from their sale, lease and use.
\nThe fourth business model offers the replacement of the individual use of different goods with a collective one. For example, sharing cars, various devices, etc. This will eliminate the low efficiency inherent in the use of such goods, which when used by single individuals are often depreciated without being actually used long enough.
\nThe fifth model offers a fundamental change in the way someone looks at goods: from an asset owned by its owner to a service that is used only when necessary. This will lead to a number of effects. On the one hand, the efficiency of the use of goods will increase. On the other hand, more people will have access to them. Third, as a result of more people using more goods, a number of ancillary markets will be created where other complementary goods and services will be offered.
\nAs there is significant public interest in introducing different variants of the five circular models, the market for products and services related to them is generally expected to reach a net growth of between 1% and 4% in the next ten years. This is an opportunity for banks to offer their products and services and expand their customer base and market share. In addition, such a policy resonates with the intentions announced by more and more banks to support sustainable development. Research shows that customers who work in the field of sustainable development in one way or another are more innovative, demonstrate better financial results and have better credit ratings, which means lower credit risk for banks and greater security of investments. This is another reason why organizations need to stimulate innovative practices at workplace [7].
\nAt the same time, financing of the circular economy poses a number of challenges for banks. First of all, due to the extension of the life of products, it is necessary to rethink the way of assessing the collaterals. This is naturally reflected in the risk assessment, especially the credit risk of the respective transaction and the client, and hence on all indicators relevant to the monitoring of credit risk, such as loss given default (LGD), exposure at default (EAD), probability of default (PD), and expected losses (EL).
\nAnother important principle of circular economy related to the exploitation of goods for a longer than usual time, means not only that they need to have the functional characteristics for a longer life, but also that they need to actually circulate on the market. An example is Philips\' policy to take medical equipment from its affluent customers after it has been exploited for some time and resell it on the secondary market, where there is demand from less solvent companies. Such actions are often undertaken after the equipment has been fully depreciated from an accounting point of view. This raises the question of depreciation rates for such equipment. If the company that buys it on the secondary market does so using loans where the equipment serves as collateral, the bank will have to evaluate it in some way.
\nSecond, the tendency to prefer leased instead of owned products affects banks at least in two ways. On the one hand, they no longer have the possibility to accept the leased product as collateral for the loans, it remains the property of the company from which the bank\'s customer takes it for use. Therefore, banks need to rethink the model in which they finance such customers. On the other hand, using a leased item instead of buying it, actually expands the market for it, as more people can afford it.
\nThe expansion of the market for the product in question theoretically leads to an expansion of the market for banks, but they will have to change their risk assessment schemes for this new category of customers. The expectations are that the customers who use leased goods in their main part will not be highly solvent. So banks will take additional risks when financing such clients. In addition, ownership of the commodity is unlikely to be transferred to the banks as collateral, and this will further increase the riskiness of such transactions.
\nTherefore, it can be said that the trend in the financing the circular model is characterized by a shift of focus from the importance of collateral to that of cash flows. Such a shift requires a complete change in the concept of banking and fundamental changes in banks\' credit policies.
\nThird, the importance of the leasing form of financing will increase. Banks can play the role of leasing goods on a much larger scale than at present. Demand for leased goods will increase, as already mentioned, and this is an additional opportunity for banks. The challenges arising from the expansion of leasing portfolios both in terms of the types of goods offered on lease and the types of customers are related to the need to know the specifics of these goods, as well as the characteristics of customer behavior. The extension of the useful life of the goods will have to be reflected in the calculation of the risk of the clients in the leasing portfolio. On the other hand, here, as well as in the loan portfolio, banks will have to redefine their leasing policies, taking into account the extended life of goods and the relatively lower solvency of customers.
\nFourth, due to changing consumer preferences on the one hand, and on the other hand, due to the growing number of regulatory requirements for business regarding its implications on the environment, banks will have to develop and integrate into their existing models for credit risk assessment, environmental risk assessment.
\nMonitoring the environmental risk in loan portfolios, including the leasing part, will gradually become imperative. The difficulties in this area are due to the lack of a uniform methodology for the assessment of environmental risk, which raises uncertainty that it can be correctly evaluated and unwillingness on the part of banks to start work in this direction.
\nEnvironmental risk management in real banking activities is key to banks\' contribution to the development of the circular economy. As long as lending to companies that maintain the linear model and lack strategy and vision for change continues, it will be very difficult to achieve transition to a circular economy. For their part, banks are profit-oriented and this is natural—the pursuit of financial success is part of the rational thinking of every economic entity. Therefore, if there are no incentives for banks to refuse financing to highly profitable but environmentally harmful companies, they will not do so. Nor will they fund many innovative, inherently excellent ideas that support the circular model, but which are characterized by questionable, at least in the short term, profitability. Banks should not be blamed for this course of action and no change can be expected on their part without good reason.
\nAt this stage, the picture from the point of view of banks looks as follows and this complicates the process of environmental risk management:
There are no regulatory requirements (Basel III, regulations of national banks) to impose on banks the obligation to monitor in detail the environmental risks associated with lending to companies. This immediately means that this activity remains in the sphere of the good will of the management of banks.
Banks wishing to implement an environmental risk management system face a lack of a unified methodology for doing so. At present, perhaps the most applied methodology is that of the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (EBRD). It is clear and well developed. However, even when applied, many additional methodological issues naturally arise, stemming from the need to adapt it on the one hand to the specificities of national laws and industry classifications, and on the other hand to the specific characteristics of portfolios of individual banks.
A third problem, which, however, can hardly be avoided, even if there was a standardized and globally accepted methodology, is the purely technological, software integration of environmental risk assessment into the credit risk assessment systems. This usually has to be the subject of a separate serious internal bank projects, which take a lot of resources and time, and which would be difficult to initiate, if there was no regulatory pressure to implement it.
Despite the declared desire of the countries (the European Union as a whole and each individual country as part of it, and this to a greater or lesser extent applies to all other countries in the world)—to change the model from linear to circular, at this point there are virtually no simplified and easy-to-apply tools to support this change.
The development of the five models related to the transition to circular economy, mentioned above, requires serious funding. In many cases, funding must take place before it is clear exactly what the market for a given product or service will be, whether there will be demand for it, whether consumers will want to change their habits and, if so, with what time lag in relation to the introduction of new products and services will this happen.
\nIf we look, for example, at a model that describes the shift pf consumer preferences from buying a product and paying for it to leasing it needed—when could that happen? Can the transition be made for all goods at the same time, or will it take place for some goods as soon as there is the possibility of leasing, and for others it will take years of changing consumer habits? Undoubtedly, contrary to the theory of rational thinking of economic entities, it will turn out that for some groups of goods, especially those in the luxury segment, possession will continue to be a matter of prestige and customers will keep on paying for owning them.
\nThese are important issues that require very serious consideration in order appropriate form of financing to be found for ventures aimed at implementing new business models. It would not be realistic to expect banks to readily take the risk of experimenting with financing activities for which they themselves cannot determine, at least to some extent, the future return. Without being able to determine the expected future return on a loan, it is difficult to calculate the most important parameters for credit risk management such as PD, EAD, LGD, and EL. Therefore, the governments must intervene at least at the initial stage of the transition to circular economy, standing behind the various new ventures.
\nThe government support can be realized in the form of state guarantees and participation in various activities. If the state creates a guarantee fund for initiatives aimed at implementing one of the five business models related to circular economy, banks would provide the necessary credit resources to entrepreneurs. Some years afterwards, when experience is gained in such projects, the answers to some of the above questions will have been established and the transition to circular economy will have gained momentum, governments will be able to withdraw.
\nTherefore, it can be said that banks expect governments to take the initiative to be actively involved in financing the circular economy. However, governments have no reason to expect banks to take the first step based on purely market considerations. The uncertainty in the beginning of transitional periods is too great, and it is necessary to remember that banks are conservative institutions.
\nEnvironmental risk management is not just a passive activity, consisting of the application of a procedure in which various documents of the clients are considered, or in the calculation of scoring for them on the basis of exposure parameters and other indicators. It has also a proactive part, which consists not only in assessing the customer in terms of whether he meets the existing conditions and matches the existing product range in the bank, but in developing such products and services which will meet his new needs reflect his profile.
\nHowever, in order to create such products, serious work is needed inside the banks. The necessary level of expertise must be built, which includes knowledge of the latest market trends, customers\' purchasing power, demand trends, and last but not least, the demographic characteristics of society. It should not be forgotten that young people are more likely to change their consumer habits. Middle-aged people, as well as retirees, are in most cases not among those ready to change their behavior. In order to create products that are aimed at protecting the environment in one way or another, and to find a market for these products, banks need to explore this whole range of problems, and perhaps many more, which at this stage cannot be foreseen.
\nIn order for banks to contribute to the transition to circular economy, they themselves must be oriented towards it. When we talk about the environmental aspects of circular economy, at the micro level, this should mean for banks that they should be “green”, in the sense that they should regard environmental protection as their philosophy and strategy. This coincides with the introduction of a comprehensive environmental risk management system in the banks—and this system not only covers internal resource consumption and monitoring of the level of environmental risk of loans after disbursement, but is proactive in the field of development of banking products and services aimed at preservation of the environment.
\nThere are four levels (levels) of environmental risk management in banks [8].
\nThe first level is related to the management of this part of environmental risk, which arises from the so-called direct effects of banking activity. These effects are the consequences of the day-to-day operations of the bank, for the needs of which it uses energy from various sources, paper, and water, generates waste, etc.
\nThe second level builds on the first and also involves the development of environmental risk management policy in the core business of the bank, in the case of European banks, mainly in the field of corporate lending (in this level we include leasing, factoring and other forms of trade finance).
\nThe third level covers the first two and extends environmental risk management through the development of appropriate products aimed at preservation of the environment, or, this is, as mentioned above, proactive risk management.
\nThe fourth, highest level builds on the third and presupposes the orientation of the deposit policy to sources of resources that have a proven positive attitude towards the environment.
\nWhile many banks have already reached the first and second levels, the third (especially in the area of creation of a comprehensive product policy aimed at preservation of the environment, and not just the sporadic appearance of some “exotic” banking products) and the fourth belong entirely to the future.
\nThe International Banking Community, represented by the United Nations Environmental Program Finance Initiative (UNEP FI), recognizes the need for a fundamental change in banks\' approach to the economy. In the context of this way of thinking is the Positive Impact Manifesto adopted by this organization in May 2016. It declares that banks must use their unique position as intermediaries between the real economy and capital markets and begin to reorient their business models to financing sustainable development, an integral part of which is environmental protection. The aim of this change must be the realization of an overall positive impact of their activities, which in turn is defined as “leading to a positive impact on the economy, society and the environment, after proper consideration and minimization of all negative impacts.”
\nA recent study, initiated by UNEP FI by the Institute for Sustainable Leadership at the University of Cambridge, outlines the main reasons why banks urgently need to take action to refocus from conventional e financing to supporting the circular model through environmental risk management at all levels [9].
\nFirst of all, it is pointed out that environmental risks are increasing both in number and intensity. As a result, there is an increasing interaction between them and other socio-economic trends, which already in their entirety affect the financial stability in various places.
\nSecondly, a number of indirect effects of increasing environmental risks also appear. Indirect effects are related to the public response to these risks, which is often transferred to certain regulatory initiatives. All this affects the environment in which banks operate and the success of their business models.
\nThird, environmental risks are beginning to manifest themselves in an increasingly complex way. This is due to several reasons:
the growing connection between the different types of environmental risks;
uncertainty about the time horizons in which these risks will manifest themselves, their frequency and intensity;
development of the manifestation of some of the environmental risks and the creation of various interdependencies between them over time.
A good example that illustrates these three features is the consequences observed in the United States in the 1930s as a result of the application of a number of unsuccessful agricultural practices over large areas over the previous 100 years. Dust storms, which are formed due to the disturbance of the ecological balance and the deterioration of the quality of the soils, practically ruin the economy of entire agricultural regions. Subsequently, an economic crisis ensued, leading to massive losses for farmers\' creditor banks.
\nThe importance of these risks increasingly necessitates serious regulatory action. In this direction is the study of the University of Cambridge in conjunction with UNEP FI, led by Prof. K. Alexander of the University of Zurich. The thesis defended in this study is that in all financial crises banks suffer serious losses from the underestimation of the various risks they face in their activities and urgently need to take measures to include the assessment of environmental risk in banking regulations such as those of the Basel III framework.
\nAt this stage, Basel III requires Pillar I banks to include an assessment of environmental risks in assessing the extent to which they are exposed to credit and operational risk. In particular, paragraph № 510 of Basel II and Basel III requires banks to monitor the risk of environmental liability for collateral. It is assumed that in order to be able to carry out such monitoring, banks must undertake to carry out (including hired consultants) thorough collateral checks of individual cases of transactions with a high environmental risk. However, the requirements for monitoring the environmental risk defined in this way remain desirable and no specific requirements and rules have been set in this regard. They mainly concern the environmental risk that would arise in individual transactions (lending), but do not consider its impact in a broader, macroprudential plan.
\nThe review of the state of regulations in relation to environmental risk management in the banking system, presented in the study of the University of Cambridge, shows that in some countries around the world national regulations in this direction are quite advanced. Of particular interest are the examples of China, Brazil and Peru.
\nIt can be said that the Chinese Banking Regulatory Commission acts to support the development of the third level of environmental risk management—proactive—by financing environmentally sustainable projects and requiring banks in their contracts with customers to set compliance clauses of certain environmental standards. This policy was launched in 2007 by the Banking Commission and the Ministry of the Environment in the form of a document entitled “Green Credit Policies”. In 2012, the publication of “Guidelines for Green Lending”, consisting of instructions to banks on how to implement the policy and compliance with credit requirements followed.
\nThe Commission oblige banks to collect and pass on statistics on the financing they provide to companies in the construction and transport sectors. Through these statistics, the Commission, together with the Ministry of Environment, monitors the country\'s progress in achieving national environmental goals. Another interesting feature of the requirements introduced in 2012 to banks is the obligation to monitor whether their customers comply with environmental standards and laws and to sanction them in case of violations by making changes to loan agreements. The main sanction that is applied is a requirement for early repayment of loans, in the event that after establishing the violation and subsequent warning, the client does not take corrective action within the period specified by the bank. In case of proven non-compliance with the environmental legislation, a client may be denied a loan at all. Another measure aimed at orienting companies to environmental projects is the granting of loans for non-environmentally friendly projects at higher interest rates, as well as generally difficult access to financing from banks.
\nThe Commission obliges banks to incorporate the assessment and monitoring of environmental risk in their overall activity, which includes auditing the data.
\nBrazil is the next example of proactive environmental risk management by banks as a result of regulatory requirements, but China is ahead in this regard. In 2014, the Central Bank of Brazil issued a guidance document on the application of the Basel III Pillar II requirements for asset reviews and process assessments in banks, requiring them to take into account the extent to which they are exposed to environmental and social risk. This document also requires banks to prepare and disclose environmental and social risk reporting in their portfolios, dressing it in the form of following the Basel III Pillar III regulations. Penalties are envisaged for non-compliance with this requirement.
\nThe approach of the Financial Regulator in Peru differs from that of the Chinese and Brazilian central banks. It definitely deserves to be defined as innovative and aimed at creating a lasting culture of assessment and management of environmental and social risk both among banks and the corporate world in the country. The Peruvian regulator requires from banks to prepare a report on the environmental and social risks associated with the project before funding is granted. Only after the report is considered together, of course, with the other documents of the company applying for a loan, and after the bank is convinced that the risks are acceptable, can the process of financing start. According to a 2014 report by the director of the Peruvian regulator, Dr. Daniel Szydlowski, this requirement has led to a significant improvement in the overall financial risk in Peru and the number of bad loans has decreased significantly [Ibidem].
\nUnlike China, Brazil and Peru, the most developed countries in the world have not created regulations to encourage proactive management of environmental risk and hence—lending to projects aimed at protecting the environment and thus encouraging the transition to circular economy.
\nIt is necessary to think not only about the manifestation of environmental risks at the transaction level or at individual client level, but also at macro level in order to be able to make a comprehensive assessment of how and in what way the banking system is exposed to them and therefore to what extent it contributes to the transformation of the linear model into circular one.
\nIn addition to regulations such as the Basel III rules, Prof. K. Alexander and his team propose to consider ways for the state to support projects aimed at protecting the environment with monetary policy instruments. Since the protection of the environment should be state priority, then it is natural for it to purposefully allocate money in this direction, with banks playing the role of intermediaries.
\nThis idea provoked mixed reactions from representatives of individual countries during its discussion in the framework of the study that UNEP FI issued. For some countries, such policy is appropriate, while for others it seems to have the potential for destabilization. For example, China has taken a similar approach, while Brazil and Peru fear that declaring some kind of quantitative easing to help the environment could be interpreted by capital market investors as a sign of volatile monetary policy. The world is already witnessing an experiment by the Lebanese Central Bank, which by Decree № 7835 decided to grant special liquidity to the country\'s banks to be used for disbursing lending to various green investment activities.
\nThe monetary policy approach to stimulate green lending is generally more complex and unlikely to be easily adopted by most central banks around the world, mainly because of the divergent market reactions that follow each market quantitative easing.
\nIn a nutshell, it can be said that in the field of assessment, monitoring and disclosure of information on environmental risk at this stage there is no standardization internationally, as well as mandatory requirements for banks to monitor this risk. The existing requirements in Basel III are vague and general. The way they are formulated allows banks to circumvent the monitoring of environmental risk, giving priority to clear financial benefits for themselves in financing various transactions.
\nTherefore, the current state of regulations in most of the world encourages the overlooking of environmental risks. This is due to the lack of sufficient understanding of the problem at macro level. Proof of this are the examples of China, Brazil and Peru. These countries have specific requirements for banks in terms of environmental risk management and the results of this policy, as shown by the practice in Peru, are encouraging. The Chinese authorities, on the other hand, have come to a profound understanding that the economy of this huge developing country would not have a sustainable future if the imperatives of the environment were ignored. This has pushed them from now on to set strict requirements for both banks and companies from all sectors of the economy to comply with environmental legislation. Serious sanctions, which are provided in cases of violations, are a good enough incentive for market participants to follow the laws. In this way, as in Peru and Brazil, China is working to build a holistic culture in a society centered on environmental protection.
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Aalborg University has Two Satellite Campuses, one in Copenhagen (Aalborg University Copenhagen) and the other in Esbjerg (Aalborg University Esbjerg).\n· He is a member of prestigious IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers), and IAENG (International Association of Engineers) organizations. \n· He is the chief Editor of the Journal of Software Engineering.\n· He is the member of the Editorial Board of International Journal of Computer Science and Software Technology (IJCSST) and International Journal of Computer Engineering and Information Technology. \n· He is also the Editor of Communication in Computer and Information Science CCIS-20 by Springer.\n· Reviewer For Many Conferences\nHe is the lead person in making collaboration agreements between Aalborg University and many universities of Pakistan, for which the MOU’s (Memorandum of Understanding) have been signed.\nProfessor Akbar is working in Academia since 1990, he started his career as a Lab demonstrator/TA at the University of Sussex. After finishing his P. hD degree in 1992, he served in the Industry as a Scientific Officer and continued his academic career as a visiting scholar for a number of educational institutions. In 1996 he joined National University of Science & Technology Pakistan (NUST) as an Associate Professor; NUST is one of the top few universities in Pakistan. In 1999 he joined an International Company Lineo Inc, Canada as Manager Compiler Group, where he headed the group for developing Compiler Tool Chain and Porting of Operating Systems for the BLACKfin processor. The processor development was a joint venture by Intel and Analog Devices. In 2002 Lineo Inc., was taken over by another company, so he joined Aalborg University Denmark as an Assistant Professor.\nProfessor Akbar has truly a multi-disciplined career and he continued his legacy and making progress in many areas of his interests both in teaching and research. He has contributed in stochastic estimation of control area especially, in the Multiple Target Tracking and Interactive Multiple Model (IMM) research, Ball & Beam Control Problem, Robotics, Levitation Control. He has contributed in developing Algorithms for Fingerprint Matching, Computer Vision and Face Recognition. He has been supervising Pattern Recognition, Formal Languages and Distributed Processing projects for several years. He has reviewed many books on Management, Computer Science. Currently, he is an active and permanent reviewer for many international conferences and symposia and the program committee member for many international conferences.\nIn teaching he has taught the core computer science subjects like, Digital Design, Real Time Embedded System Programming, Operating Systems, Software Engineering, Data Structures, Databases, Compiler Construction. 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She obtained her Ph.D. in Veterinary Sciences from the University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Portugal. After almost 32 years of teaching at the University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, she recently moved to the University of Évora, Department of Veterinary Medicine, where she teaches in the field of Animal Reproduction and Clinics. Her primary research areas include the molecular markers of the endometrial cycle and the embryo–maternal interaction, including oxidative stress and the reproductive physiology and disorders of sexual development, besides the molecular determinants of male and female fertility. She often supervises students preparing their master's or doctoral theses. 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She obtained a BSc from the University of Derby, England, a master’s degree from Technische Universität München, Germany, and a Ph.D. from the University of Nottingham. She undertook a post-doctoral research fellowship in the School of Medicine before accepting tenure in Veterinary Medicine and Science. Dr. Rutland also obtained an MMedSci (Medical Education) and a Postgraduate Certificate in Higher Education (PGCHE). She is the author of more than sixty peer-reviewed journal articles, twelve books/book chapters, and more than 100 research abstracts in cardiovascular biology and oncology. She is a board member of the European Association of Veterinary Anatomists, Fellow of the Anatomical Society, and Senior Fellow of the Higher Education Academy. 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In 1992, Dr. Babinszky obtained a Ph.D. in Animal Nutrition from the University of Wageningen. His main research areas are swine and poultry nutrition. He has authored more than 300 publications (papers, book chapters) and edited four books and fourteen international conference proceedings.",institutionString:"University of Debrecen",institution:{name:"University of Debrecen",country:{name:"Hungary"}}},{id:"201830",title:"Dr.",name:"Fernando",middleName:"Sanchez",surname:"Davila",slug:"fernando-davila",fullName:"Fernando Davila",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/201830/images/5017_n.jpg",biography:"I am a professor at UANL since 1988. My research lines are the development of reproductive techniques in small ruminants. We also conducted research on sexual and social behavior in males.\nI am Mexican and study my professional career as an engineer in agriculture and animal science at UANL. Then take a masters degree in science in Germany (Animal breeding). Take a doctorate in animal science at the UANL.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León",country:{name:"Mexico"}}},{id:"309250",title:"Dr.",name:"Miguel",middleName:null,surname:"Quaresma",slug:"miguel-quaresma",fullName:"Miguel Quaresma",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/309250/images/9059_n.jpg",biography:"Miguel Nuno Pinheiro Quaresma was born on May 26, 1974 in Dili, Timor Island. He is married with two children: a boy and a girl, and he is a resident in Vila Real, Portugal. He graduated in Veterinary Medicine in August 1998 and obtained his Ph.D. degree in Veterinary Sciences -Clinical Area in February 2015, both from the University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro. He is currently enrolled in the Alternative Residency of the European College of Animal Reproduction. He works as a Senior Clinician at the Veterinary Teaching Hospital of UTAD (HVUTAD) with a role in clinical activity in the area of livestock and equine species as well as to support teaching and research in related areas. He teaches as an Invited Professor in Reproduction Medicine I and II of the Master\\'s in Veterinary Medicine degree at UTAD. Currently, he holds the position of Chairman of the Portuguese Buiatrics Association. He is a member of the Consultive Group on Production Animals of the OMV. He has 19 publications in indexed international journals (ISIS), as well as over 60 publications and oral presentations in both Portuguese and international journals and congresses.",institutionString:"University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro",institution:{name:"University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro",country:{name:"Portugal"}}},{id:"38652",title:"Prof.",name:"Rita",middleName:null,surname:"Payan-Carreira",slug:"rita-payan-carreira",fullName:"Rita Payan-Carreira",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRiFPQA0/Profile_Picture_1614601496313",biography:"Rita Payan Carreira earned her Veterinary Degree from the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine in Lisbon, Portugal, in 1985. She obtained her Ph.D. in Veterinary Sciences from the University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Portugal. After almost 32 years of teaching at the University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, she recently moved to the University of Évora, Department of Veterinary Medicine, where she teaches in the field of Animal Reproduction and Clinics. Her primary research areas include the molecular markers of the endometrial cycle and the embryo–maternal interaction, including oxidative stress and the reproductive physiology and disorders of sexual development, besides the molecular determinants of male and female fertility. She often supervises students preparing their master's or doctoral theses. She is also a frequent referee for various journals.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Évora",country:{name:"Portugal"}}},{id:"283019",title:"Dr.",name:"Oudessa",middleName:null,surname:"Kerro Dego",slug:"oudessa-kerro-dego",fullName:"Oudessa Kerro Dego",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/283019/images/system/283019.png",biography:"Dr. Kerro Dego is a veterinary microbiologist with training in veterinary medicine, microbiology, and anatomic pathology. Dr. Kerro Dego is an assistant professor of dairy health in the department of animal science, the University of Tennessee, Institute of Agriculture, Knoxville, Tennessee. He received his D.V.M. (1997), M.S. (2002), and Ph.D. (2008) degrees in Veterinary Medicine, Animal Pathology and Veterinary Microbiology from College of Veterinary Medicine, Addis Ababa University, Ethiopia; College of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, the Netherlands and Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Canada respectively. He did his Postdoctoral training in microbial pathogenesis (2009 - 2015) in the Department of Animal Science, the University of Tennessee, Institute of Agriculture, Knoxville, Tennessee. Dr. Kerro Dego’s research focuses on the prevention and control of infectious diseases of farm animals, particularly mastitis, improving dairy food safety, and mitigation of antimicrobial resistance. Dr. Kerro Dego has extensive experience in studying the pathogenesis of bacterial infections, identification of virulence factors, and vaccine development and efficacy testing against major bacterial mastitis pathogens. Dr. Kerro Dego conducted numerous controlled experimental and field vaccine efficacy studies, vaccination, and evaluation of immunological responses in several species of animals, including rodents (mice) and large animals (bovine and ovine).",institutionString:"University of Tennessee at Knoxville",institution:{name:"University of Tennessee at Knoxville",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"251314",title:"Dr.",name:"Juan Carlos",middleName:null,surname:"Gardón Poggi",slug:"juan-carlos-gardon-poggi",fullName:"Juan Carlos Gardón Poggi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/251314/images/system/251314.jpeg",biography:"Juan Carlos Gardón Poggi received University degree from the Faculty of Agrarian Science in Argentina, in 1983. Also he received Masters Degree and PhD from Córdoba University, Spain. He is currently a Professor at the Catholic University of Valencia San Vicente Mártir, at the Department of Medicine and Animal Surgery. He teaches diverse courses in the field of Animal Reproduction and he is the Director of the Veterinary Farm. He also participates in academic postgraduate activities at the Veterinary Faculty of Murcia University, Spain. His research areas include animal physiology, physiology and biotechnology of reproduction either in males or females, the study of gametes under in vitro conditions and the use of ultrasound as a complement to physiological studies and development of applied biotechnologies. Routinely, he supervises students preparing their doctoral, master thesis or final degree projects.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Valencia Catholic University Saint Vincent Martyr",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"309529",title:"Dr.",name:"Albert",middleName:null,surname:"Rizvanov",slug:"albert-rizvanov",fullName:"Albert Rizvanov",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/309529/images/9189_n.jpg",biography:'Albert A. Rizvanov is a Professor and Director of the Center for Precision and Regenerative Medicine at the Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University (KFU), Russia. He is the Head of the Center of Excellence “Regenerative Medicine” and Vice-Director of Strategic Academic Unit \\"Translational 7P Medicine\\". Albert completed his Ph.D. at the University of Nevada, Reno, USA and Dr.Sci. at KFU. He is a corresponding member of the Tatarstan Academy of Sciences, Russian Federation. Albert is an author of more than 300 peer-reviewed journal articles and 22 patents. He has supervised 11 Ph.D. and 2 Dr.Sci. dissertations. Albert is the Head of the Dissertation Committee on Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Genetics at KFU.\nORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9427-5739\nWebsite https://kpfu.ru/Albert.Rizvanov?p_lang=2',institutionString:"Kazan Federal University",institution:{name:"Kazan Federal University",country:{name:"Russia"}}},{id:"210551",title:"Dr.",name:"Arbab",middleName:null,surname:"Sikandar",slug:"arbab-sikandar",fullName:"Arbab Sikandar",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/210551/images/system/210551.jpg",biography:"Dr. Arbab Sikandar, PhD, M. Phil, DVM was born on April 05, 1981. He is currently working at the College of Veterinary & Animal Sciences as an Assistant Professor. He previously worked as a lecturer at the same University. \nHe is a Member/Secretory of Ethics committee (No. CVAS-9377 dated 18-04-18), Member of the QEC committee CVAS, Jhang (Regr/Gen/69/873, dated 26-10-2017), Member, Board of studies of Department of Basic Sciences (No. CVAS. 2851 Dated. 12-04-13, and No. CVAS, 9024 dated 20/11/17), Member of Academic Committee, CVAS, Jhang (No. CVAS/2004, Dated, 25-08-12), Member of the technical committee (No. CVAS/ 4085, dated 20,03, 2010 till 2016).\n\nDr. Arbab Sikandar contributed in five days hands-on-training on Histopathology at the Department of Pathology, UVAS from 12-16 June 2017. He received a Certificate of appreciation for contributions for Popularization of Science and Technology in the Society on 17-11-15. He was the resource person in the lecture series- ‘scientific writing’ at the Department of Anatomy and Histology, UVAS, Lahore on 29th October 2015. He won a full fellowship as a principal candidate for the year 2015 in the field of Agriculture, EICA, Egypt with ref. to the Notification No. 12(11) ACS/Egypt/2014 from 10 July 2015 to 25th September 2015.; he received a grant of Rs. 55000/- as research incentives from Director, Advanced Studies and Research, UVAS, Lahore upon publications of research papers in IF Journals (DR/215, dated 19-5-2014.. He obtained his PhD by winning a HEC Pakistan indigenous Scholarship, ‘Ph.D. fellowship for 5000 scholars – Phase II’ (2av1-147), 17-6/HEC/HRD/IS-II/12, November 15, 2012. \n\nDr. Sikandar is a member of numerous societies: Registered Veterinary Medical Practitioner (life member) and Registered Veterinary Medical Faculty of Pakistan Veterinary Medical Council. The Registration code of PVMC is RVMP/4298 and RVMF/ 0102.; Life member of the University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Alumni Association with S# 664, dated: 6-4-12. ; Member 'Vets Care Organization Pakistan” with Reference No. VCO-605-149, dated 05-04-06. :Member 'Vet Crescent” (Society of Animal Health and Production), UVAS, Lahore.",institutionString:"University of Veterinary & Animal Science",institution:{name:"University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences",country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"311663",title:"Dr.",name:"Prasanna",middleName:null,surname:"Pal",slug:"prasanna-pal",fullName:"Prasanna Pal",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/311663/images/13261_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"National Dairy Research Institute",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"202192",title:"Dr.",name:"Catrin",middleName:null,surname:"Rutland",slug:"catrin-rutland",fullName:"Catrin Rutland",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/202192/images/system/202192.png",biography:"Catrin Rutland is an Associate Professor of Anatomy and Developmental Genetics at the University of Nottingham, UK. She obtained a BSc from the University of Derby, England, a master’s degree from Technische Universität München, Germany, and a Ph.D. from the University of Nottingham. She undertook a post-doctoral research fellowship in the School of Medicine before accepting tenure in Veterinary Medicine and Science. Dr. Rutland also obtained an MMedSci (Medical Education) and a Postgraduate Certificate in Higher Education (PGCHE). She is the author of more than sixty peer-reviewed journal articles, twelve books/book chapters, and more than 100 research abstracts in cardiovascular biology and oncology. She is a board member of the European Association of Veterinary Anatomists, Fellow of the Anatomical Society, and Senior Fellow of the Higher Education Academy. Dr. Rutland has also written popular science books for the public. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2009-4898. www.nottingham.ac.uk/vet/people/catrin.rutland",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Nottingham",country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}},{id:"283315",title:"Prof.",name:"Samir",middleName:null,surname:"El-Gendy",slug:"samir-el-gendy",fullName:"Samir El-Gendy",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRduYQAS/Profile_Picture_1606215849748",biography:"Samir El-Gendy is a Professor of anatomy and embryology at the faculty of veterinary medicine, Alexandria University, Egypt. Samir obtained his PhD in veterinary science in 2007 from the faculty of veterinary medicine, Alexandria University and has been a professor since 2017. Samir is an author on 24 articles at Scopus and 12 articles within local journals and 2 books/book chapters. His research focuses on applied anatomy, imaging techniques and computed tomography. Samir worked as a member of different local projects on E-learning and he is a board member of the African Association of Veterinary Anatomists and of anatomy societies and as an associated author at local and international journals. Orcid: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6180-389X",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Alexandria University",country:{name:"Egypt"}}},{id:"246149",title:"Dr.",name:"Valentina",middleName:null,surname:"Kubale",slug:"valentina-kubale",fullName:"Valentina Kubale",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/246149/images/system/246149.jpg",biography:"Valentina Kubale is Associate Professor of Veterinary Medicine at the Veterinary Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Slovenia. Since graduating from the Veterinary faculty she obtained her PhD in 2007, performed collaboration with the Department of Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Denmark. She continued as a post-doctoral fellow at the University of Copenhagen with a Lundbeck foundation fellowship. She is the editor of three books and author/coauthor of 23 articles in peer-reviewed scientific journals, 16 book chapters, and 68 communications at scientific congresses. Since 2008 she has been the Editor Assistant for the Slovenian Veterinary Research journal. She is a member of Slovenian Biochemical Society, The Endocrine Society, European Association of Veterinary Anatomists and Society for Laboratory Animals, where she is board member.",institutionString:"University of Ljubljana",institution:{name:"University of Ljubljana",country:{name:"Slovenia"}}},{id:"258334",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos Eduardo",middleName:null,surname:"Fonseca-Alves",slug:"carlos-eduardo-fonseca-alves",fullName:"Carlos Eduardo Fonseca-Alves",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/258334/images/system/258334.jpg",biography:"Dr. Fonseca-Alves earned his DVM from Federal University of Goias – UFG in 2008. He completed an internship in small animal internal medicine at UPIS university in 2011, earned his MSc in 2013 and PhD in 2015 both in Veterinary Medicine at Sao Paulo State University – UNESP. Dr. Fonseca-Alves currently serves as an Assistant Professor at Paulista University – UNIP teaching small animal internal medicine.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Paulista",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"245306",title:"Dr.",name:"María Luz",middleName:null,surname:"Garcia Pardo",slug:"maria-luz-garcia-pardo",fullName:"María Luz Garcia Pardo",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/245306/images/system/245306.png",biography:"María de la Luz García Pardo is an agricultural engineer from Universitat Politècnica de València, Spain. She has a Ph.D. in Animal Genetics. Currently, she is a lecturer at the Agrofood Technology Department of Miguel Hernández University, Spain. Her research is focused on genetics and reproduction in rabbits. The major goal of her research is the genetics of litter size through novel methods such as selection by the environmental sensibility of litter size, with forays into the field of animal welfare by analysing the impact on the susceptibility to diseases and stress of the does. Details of her publications can be found at https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9504-8290.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Miguel Hernandez University",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"350704",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Camila",middleName:"Silva Costa",surname:"Ferreira",slug:"camila-ferreira",fullName:"Camila Ferreira",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/350704/images/17280_n.jpg",biography:"Graduated in Veterinary Medicine at the Fluminense Federal University, specialist in Equine Reproduction at the Brazilian Veterinary Institute (IBVET) and Master in Clinical Veterinary Medicine and Animal Reproduction at the Fluminense Federal University. She has experience in analyzing zootechnical indices in dairy cattle and organizing events related to Veterinary Medicine through extension grants. I have experience in the field of diagnostic imaging and animal reproduction in veterinary medicine through monitoring and scientific initiation scholarships. I worked at the Equus Central Reproduction Equine located in Santo Antônio de Jesus – BA in the 2016/2017 breeding season. I am currently a doctoral student with a scholarship from CAPES of the Postgraduate Program in Veterinary Medicine (Pathology and Clinical Sciences) at the Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRRJ) with a research project with an emphasis on equine endometritis.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"41319",title:"Prof.",name:"Lung-Kwang",middleName:null,surname:"Pan",slug:"lung-kwang-pan",fullName:"Lung-Kwang Pan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/41319/images/84_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"125292",title:"Dr.",name:"Katy",middleName:null,surname:"Satué Ambrojo",slug:"katy-satue-ambrojo",fullName:"Katy Satué Ambrojo",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/125292/images/system/125292.jpeg",biography:"Katy Satué Ambrojo received her Veterinary Medicine degree, Master degree in Equine Technology and doctorate in Veterinary Medicine from the Faculty of Veterinary, CEU-Cardenal Herrera University in Valencia, Spain.Dr. Satué is accredited as a Private University Doctor Professor, Doctor Assistant, and Contracted Doctor by AVAP (Agència Valenciana d'Avaluació i Prospectiva) and currently, as a full professor by ANECA (since January 2022). To date, Katy has taught 22 years in the Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery at the CEU-Cardenal Herrera University in undergraduate courses in Veterinary Medicine (General Pathology, integrated into the Applied Basis of Veterinary Medicine module of the 2nd year, Clinical Equine I of 3rd year, and Equine Clinic II of 4th year). Dr. Satué research activity is in the field of Endocrinology, Hematology, Biochemistry, and Immunology in the Spanish Purebred mare. She has directed 5 Doctoral Theses and 5 Diplomas of Advanced Studies, and participated in 11 research projects as a collaborating researcher. She has written 2 books and 14 book chapters in international publishers related to the area, and 68 scientific publications in international journals. Dr. Satué has attended 63 congresses, participating with 132 communications in international congresses and 19 in national congresses related to the area. Dr. Satué is a scientific reviewer for various prestigious international journals such as Animals, American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Veterinary Clinical Pathology, Journal of Equine Veterinary Science, Reproduction in Domestic Animals, Research Veterinary Science, Brazilian Journal of Medical and Biological Research, Livestock Production Science and Theriogenology, among others. Since 2014 she has been responsible for the Clinical Analysis Laboratory of the CEU-Cardenal Herrera University Veterinary Clinical Hospital.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"201721",title:"Dr.",name:"Beatrice",middleName:null,surname:"Funiciello",slug:"beatrice-funiciello",fullName:"Beatrice Funiciello",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/201721/images/11089_n.jpg",biography:"Graduated from the University of Milan in 2011, my post-graduate education included CertAVP modules mainly on equines (dermatology and internal medicine) and a few on small animal (dermatology and anaesthesia) at the University of Liverpool. After a general CertAVP (2015) I gained the designated Certificate in Veterinary Dermatology (2017) after taking the synoptic examination and then applied for the RCVS ADvanced Practitioner status. After that, I completed the Postgraduate Diploma in Veterinary Professional Studies at the University of Liverpool (2018). My main area of work is cross-species veterinary dermatology.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"291226",title:"Dr.",name:"Monica",middleName:null,surname:"Cassel",slug:"monica-cassel",fullName:"Monica Cassel",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/291226/images/8232_n.jpg",biography:'Degree in Biological Sciences at the Federal University of Mato Grosso with scholarship for Scientific Initiation by FAPEMAT (2008/1) and CNPq (2008/2-2009/2): Project \\"Histological evidence of reproductive activity in lizards of the Manso region, Chapada dos Guimarães, Mato Grosso, Brazil\\". Master\\\'s degree in Ecology and Biodiversity Conservation at Federal University of Mato Grosso with a scholarship by CAPES/REUNI program: Project \\"Reproductive biology of Melanorivulus punctatus\\". PhD\\\'s degree in Science (Cell and Tissue Biology Area) \n at University of Sao Paulo with scholarship granted by FAPESP; Project \\"Development of morphofunctional changes in ovary of Astyanax altiparanae Garutti & Britski, 2000 (Teleostei, Characidae)\\". She has experience in Reproduction of vertebrates and Morphology, with emphasis in Cellular Biology and Histology. She is currently a teacher in the medium / technical level courses at IFMT-Alta Floresta, as well as in the Bachelor\\\'s degree in Animal Science and in the Bachelor\\\'s degree in Business.',institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"442807",title:"Dr.",name:"Busani",middleName:null,surname:"Moyo",slug:"busani-moyo",fullName:"Busani Moyo",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Gwanda State University",country:{name:"Zimbabwe"}}},{id:"439435",title:"Dr.",name:"Feda S.",middleName:null,surname:"Aljaser",slug:"feda-s.-aljaser",fullName:"Feda S. Aljaser",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"King Saud University",country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}},{id:"423023",title:"Dr.",name:"Yosra",middleName:null,surname:"Soltan",slug:"yosra-soltan",fullName:"Yosra Soltan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Alexandria University",country:{name:"Egypt"}}},{id:"349788",title:"Dr.",name:"Florencia Nery",middleName:null,surname:"Sompie",slug:"florencia-nery-sompie",fullName:"Florencia Nery Sompie",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sam Ratulangi University",country:{name:"Indonesia"}}},{id:"428600",title:"MSc.",name:"Adriana",middleName:null,surname:"García-Alarcón",slug:"adriana-garcia-alarcon",fullName:"Adriana García-Alarcón",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"National Autonomous University of Mexico",country:{name:"Mexico"}}},{id:"428599",title:"MSc.",name:"Gabino",middleName:null,surname:"De La Rosa-Cruz",slug:"gabino-de-la-rosa-cruz",fullName:"Gabino De La Rosa-Cruz",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"National Autonomous University of Mexico",country:{name:"Mexico"}}},{id:"428601",title:"MSc.",name:"Juan Carlos",middleName:null,surname:"Campuzano-Caballero",slug:"juan-carlos-campuzano-caballero",fullName:"Juan Carlos Campuzano-Caballero",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"National Autonomous University of Mexico",country:{name:"Mexico"}}}]}},subseries:{item:{id:"27",type:"subseries",title:"Multi-Agent Systems",keywords:"Collaborative Intelligence, Learning, Distributed Control System, Swarm Robotics, Decision Science, Software Engineering",scope:"Multi-agent systems are recognised as a state of the art field in Artificial Intelligence studies, which is popular due to the usefulness in facilitation capabilities to handle real-world problem-solving in a distributed fashion. The area covers many techniques that offer solutions to emerging problems in robotics and enterprise-level software systems. Collaborative intelligence is highly and effectively achieved with multi-agent systems. Areas of application include swarms of robots, flocks of UAVs, collaborative software management. Given the level of technological enhancements, the popularity of machine learning in use has opened a new chapter in multi-agent studies alongside the practical challenges and long-lasting collaboration issues in the field. It has increased the urgency and the need for further studies in this field. We welcome chapters presenting research on the many applications of multi-agent studies including, but not limited to, the following key areas: machine learning for multi-agent systems; modeling swarms robots and flocks of UAVs with multi-agent systems; decision science and multi-agent systems; software engineering for and with multi-agent systems; tools and technologies of multi-agent systems.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/27.jpg",hasOnlineFirst:!0,hasPublishedBooks:!1,annualVolume:11423,editor:{id:"148497",title:"Dr.",name:"Mehmet",middleName:"Emin",surname:"Aydin",slug:"mehmet-aydin",fullName:"Mehmet Aydin",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/148497/images/system/148497.jpg",biography:"Dr. Mehmet Emin Aydin is a Senior Lecturer with the Department of Computer Science and Creative Technology, the University of the West of England, Bristol, UK. His research interests include swarm intelligence, parallel and distributed metaheuristics, machine learning, intelligent agents and multi-agent systems, resource planning, scheduling and optimization, combinatorial optimization. Dr. Aydin is currently a Fellow of Higher Education Academy, UK, a member of EPSRC College, a senior member of IEEE and a senior member of ACM. In addition to being a member of advisory committees of many international conferences, he is an Editorial Board Member of various peer-reviewed international journals. 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