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More than half of the publishers listed alongside IntechOpen (18 out of 30) are Social Science and Humanities publishers. IntechOpen is an exception to this as a leader in not only Open Access content but Open Access content across all scientific disciplines, including Physical Sciences, Engineering and Technology, Health Sciences, Life Science, and Social Sciences and Humanities.
\\n\\nOur breakdown of titles published demonstrates this with 47% PET, 31% HS, 18% LS, and 4% SSH books published.
\\n\\n“Even though ItechOpen has shown the potential of sci-tech books using an OA approach,” other publishers “have shown little interest in OA books.”
\\n\\nAdditionally, each book published by IntechOpen contains original content and research findings.
\\n\\nWe are honored to be among such prestigious publishers and we hope to continue to spearhead that growth in our quest to promote Open Access as a true pioneer in OA book publishing.
\\n\\n\\n\\n
\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:{caption:"IntechOpen Maintains",originalUrl:"/media/original/113"}},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'
Simba Information has released its Open Access Book Publishing 2020 - 2024 report and has again identified IntechOpen as the world’s largest Open Access book publisher by title count.
\n\nSimba Information is a leading provider for market intelligence and forecasts in the media and publishing industry. The report, published every year, provides an overview and financial outlook for the global professional e-book publishing market.
\n\nIntechOpen, De Gruyter, and Frontiers are the largest OA book publishers by title count, with IntechOpen coming in at first place with 5,101 OA books published, a good 1,782 titles ahead of the nearest competitor.
\n\nSince the first Open Access Book Publishing report published in 2016, IntechOpen has held the top stop each year.
\n\n\n\nMore than half of the publishers listed alongside IntechOpen (18 out of 30) are Social Science and Humanities publishers. IntechOpen is an exception to this as a leader in not only Open Access content but Open Access content across all scientific disciplines, including Physical Sciences, Engineering and Technology, Health Sciences, Life Science, and Social Sciences and Humanities.
\n\nOur breakdown of titles published demonstrates this with 47% PET, 31% HS, 18% LS, and 4% SSH books published.
\n\n“Even though ItechOpen has shown the potential of sci-tech books using an OA approach,” other publishers “have shown little interest in OA books.”
\n\nAdditionally, each book published by IntechOpen contains original content and research findings.
\n\nWe are honored to be among such prestigious publishers and we hope to continue to spearhead that growth in our quest to promote Open Access as a true pioneer in OA book publishing.
\n\n\n\n
\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"intechopen-supports-asapbio-s-new-initiative-publish-your-reviews-20220729",title:"IntechOpen Supports ASAPbio’s New Initiative Publish Your Reviews"},{slug:"webinar-introduction-to-open-science-wednesday-18-may-1-pm-cest-20220518",title:"Webinar: Introduction to Open Science | Wednesday 18 May, 1 PM CEST"},{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"8674",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Interstitial Lung Diseases",title:"Interstitial Lung Diseases",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"Interstitial lung diseases are rare and diffuse, and their diagnosis is a challenge because it requires a multidisciplinary approach. Future trends in the treatment of these diseases requires knowledge of the molecular changes in various types of lung cells involved in disease occurence and development. This book presents readers with a better understanding of the etiology, development, and treatment of interstitial lung diseases.",isbn:"978-1-83881-876-0",printIsbn:"978-1-83881-875-3",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83881-877-7",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79991",price:100,priceEur:109,priceUsd:129,slug:"interstitial-lung-diseases",numberOfPages:92,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:null,isInBkci:!1,hash:"ec93938ba596b2062c6744b2885d23ea",bookSignature:"Jelena Stojšić",publishedDate:"October 9th 2019",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8674.jpg",numberOfDownloads:5237,numberOfWosCitations:2,numberOfCrossrefCitations:4,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:0,numberOfDimensionsCitations:5,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:0,hasAltmetrics:1,numberOfTotalCitations:11,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"July 9th 2018",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"September 25th 2018",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"November 24th 2018",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"February 12th 2019",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"April 13th 2019",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"192769",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Jelena",middleName:null,surname:"Stojšić",slug:"jelena-stojsic",fullName:"Jelena Stojšić",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/192769/images/system/192769.jpg",biography:"Jelena Stojšić has been a thoracic pathologist for the last 25 years.\nHer major interest is in the field of lung pathology, particularly\nlung cancer, pleural tumors, and interstitial lung diseases. The\naim of her PhD thesis was recognition of the link between molecular pathways in lung cancer and transport pumps involved\nin the reflux of chemotherapeutics from malignant cells. In daily\npractice, she is involved in lung cancer pathological diagnosis\nbased on its morphology and immunoprofile with the aim of personalizing therapy\nfor patients. She is the author of a chapter on lung cancer for IntechOpen and the\neditor of book on interstitial lung disease.",institutionString:"University of Belgrade",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"3",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"2",institution:{name:"University of Belgrade",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Serbia"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"1047",title:"Pulmonology",slug:"pulmonology"}],chapters:[{id:"68424",title:"Introductory Chapter: Diagnosis of Interstitial Lung Disease",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.87243",slug:"introductory-chapter-diagnosis-of-interstitial-lung-disease",totalDownloads:848,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Jelena Stojšić",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/68424",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/68424",authors:[{id:"192769",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Jelena",surname:"Stojšić",slug:"jelena-stojsic",fullName:"Jelena Stojšić"}],corrections:null},{id:"64990",title:"The Role of miRNAs in Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.82771",slug:"the-role-of-mirnas-in-idiopathic-pulmonary-fibrosis",totalDownloads:953,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:2,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a genetic heterogeneous disease with high mortality and poor prognosis. IPF is characterized by persistent fibroblasts and relentless accumulation of collagen matrix. Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EndoMT) contribute to the progression of the fibrotic process. There are some therapeutic drugs that delay this progress, but eradicative medicine does not exist yet. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are short single-stranded RNAs that regulate posttranscriptional silencing. Recent reports have shown that miRNAs play important roles in the development of IPF, as different expression levels of miRNAs in blood and lung tissue from IPF patients were closely associated with the occurrence of IPF disease. In this chapter, we will discuss the role of miRNAs in the pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment of IPF. In particular, we will focus on the regulation of EMT/EndoMT by miRNAs.",signatures:"Koichi Takagi, Munekazu Yamakuchi, Teruto Hashiguchi and Hiromasa Inoue",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/64990",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/64990",authors:[{id:"217082",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Munekazu",surname:"Yamakuchi",slug:"munekazu-yamakuchi",fullName:"Munekazu Yamakuchi"},{id:"243042",title:"Prof.",name:"Teruto",surname:"Hashiguchi",slug:"teruto-hashiguchi",fullName:"Teruto Hashiguchi"},{id:"269462",title:"Dr.",name:"Koichi",surname:"Takagi",slug:"koichi-takagi",fullName:"Koichi Takagi"},{id:"283399",title:"Prof.",name:"Hiromasa",surname:"Inoue",slug:"hiromasa-inoue",fullName:"Hiromasa Inoue"}],corrections:null},{id:"64972",title:"Lung Transplantation: A Final Option for End-Stage Interstitial Lung Diseases",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.82788",slug:"lung-transplantation-a-final-option-for-end-stage-interstitial-lung-diseases",totalDownloads:855,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"Lung transplantation (LTx) is an established, well-recognized medical intervention for treating patients with an end-stage irreversible pulmonary disease. Such diseases include interstitial lung disease (ILD), where other standard medical options often have been proven as insufficient. Post-operative survival after LTx depends on various factors such as the general and organ-specific recipient status in addition to donor organ condition and operative technique. The prolonged survival rates obtained during the 1980s and 1990s have established LTx in the medical field. Reflecting the improvements made in the field of organ preservation, operative technique, immunosuppressants, recipient and donor organ selection and prophylactic as well as direct treatment in the wide spectrum of possible infections in the recipient. Despite LTx being the golden standard for treating end-stage irreversible ILD, with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) as the most common cause, post-operative outcome is greatly hampered compared to the outcome of other patient categories within LTx. This chapter will provide insight in the outcome of ILD and subsequently IFP after LTx.",signatures:"Mohammed Fakhro and Sandra Lindstedt",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/64972",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/64972",authors:[{id:"276862",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Sandra",surname:"Lindstedt",slug:"sandra-lindstedt",fullName:"Sandra Lindstedt"},{id:"280136",title:"Mr.",name:"Mohammed",surname:"Fakhro",slug:"mohammed-fakhro",fullName:"Mohammed Fakhro"}],corrections:null},{id:"65094",title:"Lung Transplant for Interstitial Lung Diseases",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.82722",slug:"lung-transplant-for-interstitial-lung-diseases",totalDownloads:1088,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Lung transplant is an important treatment modality for select cases of advanced interstitial lung disease. However, the pre- and postoperative management requires several unique considerations. The decision to transplant is based largely on clinical severity of illness and the lung allocation score. Transplant improves overall mortality across the interstitial lung diseases, though not all ILD subtypes experience equal benefit from lung transplant. Broadly speaking, there is no difference in benefit between single- and bilateral-lung transplants, though we will discuss some important clinical nuances to this decision as well. Lastly, there are a number of immunosuppression, coagulation, and malignancy risk considerations that must be carefully understood in caring for the lung transplant patient. This chapter will provide a general overview of the indications for lung transplant, risk stratification for lung transplant across the interstitial lung diseases, as well as general postoperative management details.",signatures:"Brandon Nokes, Eugene Golts and Kamyar Afshar",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/65094",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/65094",authors:[{id:"270250",title:"Dr.",name:"Kamyar",surname:"Afshar",slug:"kamyar-afshar",fullName:"Kamyar Afshar"},{id:"270252",title:"Dr.",name:"Brandon",surname:"Nokes",slug:"brandon-nokes",fullName:"Brandon Nokes"},{id:"270253",title:"Dr.",name:"Eugene",surname:"Golts",slug:"eugene-golts",fullName:"Eugene Golts"}],corrections:null},{id:"65946",title:"The Role of Pulmonary Rehabilitation in Patients with Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.84283",slug:"the-role-of-pulmonary-rehabilitation-in-patients-with-idiopathic-pulmonary-fibrosis",totalDownloads:1494,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:3,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is known as one of the most severe lung conditions and the worst form of interstitial lung disease (ILD). There is a continuing concern about clinical research to identify new therapies that influence the quality of life in patients diagnosed with this chronic progressive pulmonary disease, with an average survival of 3–5 years. Although in recent years great progress has been made to slow down the functional decline of the disease with new antifibrotic therapies, it has failed to alter the prognosis and survival of IPF patients. Clinical trials and recent ATS/ERS guidelines have brought at least moderate and low levels of evidence for increased effort tolerance, decreased symptoms, and improved quality of life following participation in lung rehabilitation programs for ILD patients and in particular those with IPF. Pulmonary rehabilitation has been shown to be a standard of care for COPD patients, but their personalized application to patients with IPF has had positive short-term results, becoming a safe alternative to non-pharmacological treatment. The chapter includes the general objectives of rehabilitation programs, their type and structure, ways of complex assessment of patients before and after a training exercise, types of exercises, and short- and long-term results.",signatures:"Elena Dantes, Emanuela Tudorache and Milena Adina Man",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/65946",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/65946",authors:[{id:"207947",title:"Dr.",name:"Emanuela",surname:"Tudorache",slug:"emanuela-tudorache",fullName:"Emanuela Tudorache"},{id:"277501",title:"Dr.",name:"Elena",surname:"Dantes",slug:"elena-dantes",fullName:"Elena Dantes"},{id:"290427",title:"Dr.",name:"Man",surname:"Milena Adina",slug:"man-milena-adina",fullName:"Man Milena Adina"}],corrections:null}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},subseries:null,tags:null},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"7155",title:"Diseases of Pleura",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"0c5e2d001498cc246b2c2e335e71b3dc",slug:"diseases-of-pleura",bookSignature:"Jelena Stojšić",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7155.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"192769",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Jelena",surname:"Stojšić",slug:"jelena-stojsic",fullName:"Jelena Stojšić"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"956",title:"Cystic Fibrosis",subtitle:"Renewed Hopes Through Research",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"703f0969078948d82535b7b0c08ab613",slug:"cystic-fibrosis-renewed-hopes-through-research",bookSignature:"Dinesh Sriramulu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/956.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"91317",title:"Dr.",name:"Dinesh",surname:"Sriramulu",slug:"dinesh-sriramulu",fullName:"Dinesh Sriramulu"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"969",title:"Lung Diseases",subtitle:"Selected State of the Art Reviews",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"b4344208b8b993d83e0131d23db46343",slug:"lung-diseases-selected-state-of-the-art-reviews",bookSignature:"Elvis Malcolm Irusen",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/969.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"87213",title:"Prof.",name:"Elvis",surname:"Irusen",slug:"elvis-irusen",fullName:"Elvis Irusen"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"648",title:"Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease",subtitle:"Current Concepts and Practice",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d52ddc19c473a70b91e5a64f41760a04",slug:"chronic-obstructive-pulmonary-disease-current-concepts-and-practice",bookSignature:"Kian-Chung Ong",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/648.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"103585",title:"Dr.",name:"Kian Chung",surname:"Ong",slug:"kian-chung-ong",fullName:"Kian Chung Ong"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"5444",title:"Hypoxia and Human Diseases",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"331b1aa8d399bc404988a8bc5e431582",slug:"hypoxia-and-human-diseases",bookSignature:"Jing Zheng and Chi Zhou",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5444.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"89898",title:"Dr.",name:"Jing",surname:"Zheng",slug:"jing-zheng",fullName:"Jing Zheng"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3843",title:"Lung Inflammation",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"92938e8752fa3444849d88b776cd7892",slug:"lung-inflammation",bookSignature:"Kian Chung Ong",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3843.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"103585",title:"Dr.",name:"Kian Chung",surname:"Ong",slug:"kian-chung-ong",fullName:"Kian Chung Ong"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3309",title:"Respiratory Disease and Infection",subtitle:"A New Insight",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"2e85d47bf0576f1c2ccf642156ccbda2",slug:"respiratory-disease-and-infection-a-new-insight",bookSignature:"Bassam H. Mahboub",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3309.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"148941",title:"Dr.",name:"Mayank",surname:"Vats",slug:"mayank-vats",fullName:"Mayank Vats"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"989",title:"Respiratory Diseases",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d4856a618f9ca898b76edc356ad3067b",slug:"respiratory-diseases",bookSignature:"Mostafa Ghanei",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/989.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"90900",title:"Dr.",name:"Mostafa",surname:"Ghanei",slug:"mostafa-ghanei",fullName:"Mostafa Ghanei"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"783",title:"Pulmonary Hypertension",subtitle:"From Bench Research to Clinical Challenges",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"488ca2b21e4374b6337d1aacbd107c3b",slug:"pulmonary-hypertension-from-bench-research-to-clinical-challenges",bookSignature:"Roxana Sulica and Ioana Preston",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/783.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"74136",title:"Dr.",name:"Roxana",surname:"Sulica",slug:"roxana-sulica",fullName:"Roxana Sulica"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3833",title:"COPD Clinical Perspectives",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8d57925d67bad4a7b9e9f62bd7f56497",slug:"copd-clinical-perspectives",bookSignature:"Ralph J. Panos",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3833.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"66555",title:"Dr.",name:"Ralph J.",surname:"Panos",slug:"ralph-j.-panos",fullName:"Ralph J. Panos"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],ofsBooks:[]},correction:{item:{id:"79356",slug:"corrigentum-to-scientific-swift-in-bioremediation-an-overview",title:"Corrignedum to: Scientific Swift in Bioremediation: An Overview",doi:null,correctionPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/82323.pdf",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/82323",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/82323",totalDownloads:null,totalCrossrefCites:null,bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/82323",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/82323",chapter:{id:"45227",slug:"scientific-swift-in-bioremediation-an-overview",signatures:"Ranjith N. Kumavath and Pratap Deverapalli",dateSubmitted:"October 10th 2012",dateReviewed:"March 18th 2013",datePrePublished:null,datePublished:"October 2nd 2013",book:{id:"3547",title:"Applied Bioremediation",subtitle:"Active and Passive Approaches",fullTitle:"Applied Bioremediation - Active and Passive Approaches",slug:"applied-bioremediation-active-and-passive-approaches",publishedDate:"October 2nd 2013",bookSignature:"Yogesh B. 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Kumavath and Pratap Deverapalli",dateSubmitted:"October 10th 2012",dateReviewed:"March 18th 2013",datePrePublished:null,datePublished:"October 2nd 2013",book:{id:"3547",title:"Applied Bioremediation",subtitle:"Active and Passive Approaches",fullTitle:"Applied Bioremediation - Active and Passive Approaches",slug:"applied-bioremediation-active-and-passive-approaches",publishedDate:"October 2nd 2013",bookSignature:"Yogesh B. 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Patil and Prakash Rao",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3547.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"164249",title:"Dr.",name:"Yogesh",middleName:"Bhagwan",surname:"Patil",slug:"yogesh-patil",fullName:"Yogesh Patil"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}},ofsBook:{item:{type:"book",id:"11729",leadTitle:null,title:"Circumcision - Advances and New Perspectives",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"
\r\n\tMale circumcision is a procedure that has been practiced since the dawn of human culture more than six thousand years ago. It is performed for both medical and non-medical reasons. Despite being a simple procedure, it may lead to a myriad of minor and even crippling complications, if not done properly, such as iatrogenic injury of the glans or the urethra. Several techniques have been used to perform circumcision including the classic open technique, clamp technique, and laser /electrocautery technique with various safety outcomes. Overtime time, there has been an ongoing debate over the pros and cons of cultural circumcision with a significant dichotomy between the opinions of the experts in the field.
\r\n\r\n\tThe main purpose of this book will aim to present a comprehensive overview of the historic background of circumcision in males and the debate over female circumcision. It is intended to be an addition to a description of the different procedural techniques of circumcision highlighting their potential complications.
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The benefits of green space for wellbeing are extensively recognized and progressively more documented. Much of this work focus on the potential of natural environments to provide opportunities to enhance wellbeing in different ways:
Physical wellbeing through physical activity and fresh air.
Mental wellbeing through stress reduction and attention restoration.
Social wellbeing through social integration, engagement and participation.
These residential communities should enable residents to have positive experiences through the allocation of diverse green environments, which lead to physical, mental happiness and healthy living. Such positive experiences affect their happiness level, which is an important component of well being thus leading to sustainable lives. The immediate ecological benefits of green spaces are reduction in the urban heat island effect, cleaner air, and reduced noise pollution, which have been shown to improve health-related quality of life, and reduce both morbidity and mortality. However, most of the residential communities when designed have been excessively focused on their economic and iconic value, while the importance of residents’ experiences has been ignored in the living environment. On the other hand, the standards and bye-laws reflect variation in the provision of Green Spaces based on criterion like area and accessibility. Accessibility to Green Spaces is a complex concept, as it depends upon the age group and pace of mobility of the user, i.e. low mobility and high mobility. In terms of psychological comfort, the definition of accessibility changes from physical accessibility to visual accessibility (safe place for use) for few user groups. Conceptually this entire study propels the belief that the residential communities usually comprise of varied age user group and all of them have right to led a better quality of life. It can be possible only when they are accessible to green space and avail maximum perceived benefits.
In many countries like England, Australia, Germany and Belgium the concept of the green environment is popular they explored healthy city planning and defined it as an effective tool for achieving sustainable health and well-being in humans. It had been observed in many empirical studies that the varied types of green environment influences and helps in improving the overall life satisfaction of residents, including their well-being, amenity, sociality, health, and comfort. It is important that these types of green environments are publicly accessible to provide spaces of social interaction for residents. The green spaces have diverse classifications, and each provides its own values and benefits. Thus, further exploration of green environments is critical to ensure higher accessibility, usability, and functionality of green environments for future residents. In many residential communities green spaces are buffers between Built and Exterior surroundings. In addition, Multi unit residential developments have focused on branding value and esthetic aspects and ignored the importance of natural spaces within the living environment. However, the importance of green spaces in residential communities has been recognized by residents and in some communities they are developed and protected voluntary. Hence it is essential to understand the importance of green spaces for sustenance of the well being of residential communities and their overall development.
The presence of green spaces is considered as one of the important components for good quality of life in urban areas. For this reason, it is important to understand the scale, functions and benefits of green spaces ranging from regional to local scales/levels. In this context, a few definitions are discussed below. Green spaces is a broad terminology, which may be used for both macro level and micro level spatial scales. This is the definition of urban green spaces in the European context, which is concurred with among a majority of ecologists economists, social scientists and planners.
Urban Green [s] are green space[s] located in urban areas mainly covered by vegetation, which are directly used for active or passive recreation, or indirectly used by virtue of their positive influence on the urban environment, accessible to citizens, serving the diverse needs of citizens and thus enhancing the quality of life in cities or urban regions [1].
Whereas, in context of the United Kingdom planning documents, Green spaces are an area of grass, trees, or other vegetation set apart for recreational or esthetic purposes in an otherwise urban environment. Green spaces are the ‘green lungs’ of our towns and cities which contribute to improving people’s physical and mental health by providing places for informal recreation − walking, cycling, sitting, socializing and children’s play − and ‘breathing spaces’ to take time out from the stresses of modern life. They include not only areas to which the public have physical access, but also visual access, for example, in the way green spaces provide setting for building, communities, and everyday activities.
Yet in the Indian context, green spaces of the residential areas are termed as planned open spaces, which come under the local open space system. Detailed layout of residential sectors will have to give due consideration to the provision of formal and organized second level open space corresponding to the local open spaces forming an integral part of the built form. Local open space system is envisaged to be linearly structured establishing continuity engulfing the recreational and community based social facilities, the third level of open space corresponds to system of open spaces provisions made within sectors and neighborhoods consisting of neighborhood consisting of neighborhood parks linearly inter-linked with an overall open space network.
The above green spaces definitions clearly state that in the European context, the green space definition includes the function, user category, accessibility and its impact on quality of life. Whereas the definition in context of the United Kingdom elaborates green spaces in terms of its physical characteristics, function performed, perceived benefits availed and about physical and visual accessibility. However, in the Indian context green space is considered for provision in the terms of accessibility and connectivity. According to above discussion the green space might be understood as.
Green spaces are those planned open spatial layouts with visual and physical.
Accessibility in a residential community, which are committed to guarantee services including passive and active recreation. As an impact interface they can enhance social cohesion, feelings of safety−security as also other perceived benefits to all users.
Wellbeing is important because it effects both physically and mentally, and is the essence of living. Our perception and our ability to observe our thoughts and feelings is what makes us human and separates us from other creatures. We owe it to ourselves to live our lives to the fullest while we have the chance.
There is no consensus around a single definition of well-being, but there is general agreement that at minimum, well-being includes the presence of positive emotions and moods (e.g., contentment, happiness), the absence of negative emotions (e.g., depression, anxiety), satisfaction with life, fulfillment and positive functioning. In simple terms, well-being can be described as judging life positively and feeling good.For public health purposes, physical well-being (e.g., feeling very healthy and full of energy) is also viewed as critical to overall well-being. Researchers from different disciplines have examined different aspects of well-being that include the following
Physical well-being.
Economic well-being.
Social well-being.
Development and activity.
Emotional well-being.
Psychological well-being.
Life satisfaction.
Domain specific satisfaction.
Engaging activities and work.
The Tangible and Intangible Benefits of Green Space functions and benefits are discussed below.
The functions and benefits of green space are plenty in number. Green Space symbolize peace, minimal stress and a cleaner environment for many people, which are considered as important factors in making a city livable, pleasant and attractive for its citizens and guests. The primary functions performed by Urban Green Space are given in Table 1 below.
S No. | Type | Functions |
---|---|---|
1 | Regulation functions | Regulates the chemical composition of atmosphere and purifying the local air |
Controls the runoff and flooding | ||
Regulates the hydrological cycles | ||
Supports biological diversity in the city | ||
Prevents the soil erosion and sediments | ||
Regulates the local and global climate | ||
2 | Carrier functions | Conserves the energy in the city through control of the micro climatic variations |
Help recreation and tourism | ||
Integrates urban man to nature. | ||
3 | Production function | Recharging the ground water table |
Providing medical resources | ||
Providing Raw material for some of the human activity | ||
4 | Information function/ dissemination | Esthetic information |
Spiritual and religious information | ||
Cultural and artistic inspiration | ||
Scientific and educational information sources |
Showing various functions of green spaces.
Source: Rao, P, 2017 from Ph.D thesis of SPA, Bhopal.
The significant benefits obtained through urban green space, are categorized under two perspectives tangible and intangible. Tangible benefits include ecological benefits (absorbing pollutants, clean air, improve the urban climate, etc.), planning benefits (network linking, improving accessibility, noise barrier, visual screening and safe walking and recreational) and economic benefits (Comparing with other landscape elements, neighborhood parks induced the heaviest investment intention in the home buying behavior).
Likewise, the intangible benefits include social benefits (Opportunities for people of all age groups to interact, encourages volunteerism, promotes stewardship, help individuals with disabilities, enhance cultural life by providing venues for local festivals, civic celebrations, and theatrical performances, reduces crime, strengthens community by reflecting the different communities they serve and meeting their varying needs) as shown in Figure 1 were discussed by Grahn P and Stigsdotter U A, [2] P Jain, [3].
The benefits of green at community level. Source: Grahn P and StigSdotter U A, 2003 [
Both green space and housing research are broad fields of study. The paradigm shift observed understands the relationship between green space and its usability in the residential area. In green space research, there is an increasing number of studies that concern people’s experience and use, but it has been pointed out that more research is needed due to increasing urbanization issues like safety and security [4, 5]. Many previous models and theories substantiate that the usability of green space is directly associated with its accessibility. The usability of green space differs due to different spatial arrangements within the residential communities and variation in the provision of it with respect to quantity and quality. Physical accessibility and the connection is a major research area in the field of green space use in the residential area because people are associated with the green space usage. Hence, place accessibility and people accessibility represent different research foci in accessibility research [6]. While by ‘place accessibility’ researchers conceive geographical access as a location attribute, with people accessibility−researchers, on the other hand, focus on the ability of different groups of individuals to access the open space [6]. This suggests, that place and people accessibility are different representational frameworks that provide different operational definitions for accessibility.
Many empirical studies have been attempted to understand the purview of green space with respect to accessibility and connection in residential and city level, in the UK and European cities. A few of them as illustrated below attempt to understand the needs of users. Two empirical studies, one in the UK and the other in Canada had been conducted to explore the modern meaning of open spaces and for the quality of green space for walk-able community areas respectively. The study by Burgess, J, carried an empirical research in local and neighborhood level park in UK with a sample size of 406 to explore modern meaning and values for open spaces in the city. According to their findings, the major physical factors to impact park use were accessibility and connection while the rest are natural elements required for active and passive activities. In this study, apart from recreational needs and maintenance, other attributes also impact the use value of local and neighborhood level parks. These were the natural environment, sensitivity to the change of seasons, wild patches of land and woods., Varied topography and plants, were also addressed for creating an appealing environment − yet it strongly implied proximity to the residential area as significant. A similar study conducted was theory-based qualitative research conducted in the urban community of Canada. The study tried to explore a framework for understanding the quality of an urban community in the relationship between quality and physical form. The physical attributes strongly advocated by the researcher were outdoor amenities, adequate seating, barrier-free environment to achieve the quality for the walk able community. In other words, recreational facilities should be placed in the accessible distance and connected with other essential street furniture. Therefore, both these studies emphasize on outdoor amenities and physical characteristics of GS enhancing the sense of community. There are several studies, which indicate the high demand of GS at the spatial level. In this purview, conducted the survey in few European cities at neighborhood and city level and strongly advocated regarding the spatial needs for GS for all. The report produced by them stated an observation given below., Where one GS site cannot accommodate all users or serve a full range of purposes, the wider spread of GS provision in an area as a whole is required. Similarly, Sullivan et al. [7] found the relation between GS and involvement of individuals in social activity. Their study states that 83% more individuals engaged in social activity in GS as opposed to sparsely vegetated or concrete ones.
The recent model for the benefits of urban green space as shown in Figure 2 suggested by Bedimo-rung et al. [8] describes the relationships between park benefits, park use, and physical activity, and the antecedents/correlates of park use. In this classification scheme, the discussion focuses on park environmental characteristics that could be related to physical activity, including park features, condition, access, esthetics, safety, and policies which is responsible for well being of residents. In another study by Giles-Corti et al. [9, 10] tested three models of accessibility: simple distance from respondent’s home to all public open spaces in the study area, distance and attractiveness. Here the attractiveness of public open space scored over the distance and attractiveness or size of the POS. However, when the size of green space is considered, those with excellent access to large attractive public open space were more likely to use them, suggesting that after distance was taken into account, size was more important than attractiveness in encouraging use.The above discussion during this period strongly indicates that the most of the studies related to green space are exploring various other aspects apart from its importance of physical proximity. Later on, many studies suggested the relation between the accessibility and quality of green space are not different perspective when usability of green space is considered. Both these aspects impact equally upon green space usability.
A model for the benefits of urban green space (re modified by author) source: Bedimo-rung et al. [
The concept of
Some studies, as discussed below show the resident’s perception or urge for green space usability. In this the primary emphasis is on social interaction spaces along with accessibility, aesthetical design consideration, and maintenance factors. The theory of reasoned action states that of the two perspectives of individual psychological comfort for using the green space (as shown in Figure 3), one is personal in nature, and the other reflects social influences. One particular factor is the individual’s positive or negative evaluation of performing the behavior.
Theory of reasoned action. Source: redrawn by author.
That’s why usage of green space depends on personal reasoning or following others aspiration. On the contrary, the socio-ecological model developed by Giles-Corti et al. [10] gives a comprehensive model, which explains in detail the various environments required for any green space usage including user characteristics as shown in Figure 4. The facilities available within green space also impacts on perceived environment like safety, accessibility and comfort. Green Space with a variety of attractive attributes such as landscaped features, ponds, trees, and lakes can encourage higher levels of use.
A socio- ecological model for the use of urban GS. Source: Giles-Corti et al. [
Similar views have been projected by Cohen et al. [12] in which primary emphasis is given to social cohesion and safety factors in a green space. The initial research was developed into a manual for addressing social and ecological concerns. It further emphasizes the positive association between neighborhood features and the ability of residents to interact positively. Another study investigate three parameters, i.e. human-nature interaction, human−human interaction and perceived benefits.
The result shows the major indicators under all the three parameters were; contact with nature, esthetic preference, recreational and play, social interaction, citizen participation, sense of community unity with nature, solidarity with myself and freedom. All the three studies above show the parallel approach as also validate the socio-economic model. Peeping into the evidence-based studies about accessibility to residential green space clearly state that only physical proximity is not sufficient for proper usage of it. Arguably, accessibility to urban green space, including parks, is said to contribute to community well-being and a healthier city lifestyle. Past studies reveal that accessibility variable is not much beneficial when measured with quantitative spatial measures.
The theory of urban park indicates that both distance and green space size exert an impact on the diverse usability. Yet when empirically tested, the theory found a relatively weak relation between distance and park value. It indicated that accessibility is a much more complex construct. Similar studies also suggested the difference between geographical and subjective accessibility and its impact on green space usability. The geographical accessibility showed poor consistency with subjective-measured accessibility. It recommends that green space planning should go beyond physical indicators to gain more understanding about the diversity of users’ preference [13].
A conceptual model for perceived park/green space accessibility as shown in Figure 5 depicts that the socio-personal dimension, i.e. accessibility to for people’s green space is one of the important factors. Out of which, factor of safety is the prime indicator. Increasing fear and crime in urban areas arouse the importance of security while accessing any green space by residential users. Hence a need is felt for spatial location criteria to be addressed as a serious concern, to offer green space under natural surveillance or visual access. A few past studies also substantiate the above said fact. Maas, J et al. [15] study investigated upon the fact that how green space in living environment associated with people’s feeling of social safety in a closed and open green space and later discussed on Safety on parks and recreation. The recent studies by Xiaoping Li et al. [16], states that visibility of green vegetation also plays a major role in increasing perceived safety in urban areas. The above discussion shows that two parallel constructs for green space exists in theory, one emphasizing the physical accessibility and characteristics of green space for its use and the other emphasizing physical and VA along with green space characteristics for its use in general.
Conceptual model for perceived park accessibility extended planned behavior framework to explain open space use. Source: Dong Wang, 2013 [
Accessibility, however, is a complex concept. It is difficult to define and more difficult to measure. While accessibility has now evolved into a multidimensional construct, current open space planning models still use physical proximity to an open space area as proxy variable to evaluate ‘accessibility.’ This approach, however, tends to overlook the complexity of the ‘accessibility’ concept [14].
The dependency on quantitative standards in planning practices for the provision of green space had developed a few limitations in its usability. This approach is unable to address the complexity of the accessibility concept. These quantitative measures are relatively easy in operational and practice level, but inadequate to address the complex nature of people’s perception regarding green space accessibility.
Almost all prevailing space standard models comprises of quantitative measures, which indicate relation between population sizes in the target area. And these quantitative measures provide the minimal amount of green space for the target population. This model is accepted worldwide due to its simplicity in operation, but later on has been criticized for its disregard of complex social systems. The park system model brought new approach, i.e. systems approach towards green space planning. The park system model holistically considers the interrelationship of parks and gardens that supports continuous movement within the system. Beyond quantitative standards, park system model emphasizes proximity to users and the variety of user experiences in different types of urban open spaces, from small community gardens to large metropolitan parks. On the contrary, contemporary green space models address the question of how much, what type of and where to provide green space should be given. (See Table 2 for the comparative summary of the key criteria used by the three models). However, in present context, due to increasing crime and fear, there is an urge for safety, which these standards were unable to address. Hence, it reveals that quantitative measures like population size, spatial location, and distance are the most common parameters considered. But somehow in present context only these variables failed to address the people’s perspective like social cohesion and perceived benefits etc. Thus it generates demand to analyze other factors which are responsible for enhancing people’s need with respect to their green space. Hence need to examine qualitative aspects which needed to be incorporated in regulatory framework.
The observational studies for green space were conducted for three selected colonies under each housing typology, Row housing-1, Group housing-2 and Multi unit residential housing-3 respectively. Observational data has been collected for morning and evening hours of weekends during the summer vacation (April to June month) to map the maximum usability of green space with respect to physical, social and psychological well being. And also to examine the impact of physical and visual accessibility to green spaces well being in residential communities. Data has been collected on the basis of physical verification of all activities happening during the selected time, i.e. morning 6:00 to 8:00 AM and evening 5:30 to 7:30 PM. Data has been collected to identify four major factors, i.e.
What is the user age group and benefits they are availing?
Issues of area and accessibility of green space impacting on wellbeing of residential community.
Row Housing comprised of 80 number household was selected for observational study. These residential communities have two green spaces (P1 and P2). As depicted in Figure 6 the P-1 is regular in size and had both visual and physical access, where as P-2 is irregular in shape and had physical access. Apart from this density mapping has been done to understand the type of mobility users within and around the green space.
Row housing typology and demographic profile. Source: Author.
The physical characteristics like number of entrances and width of roads along all the direction has been observed and tabulated in observation Table 3 below.
Urban open space planning models | Objectives | Open space variables | Population variables | Random or planning |
---|---|---|---|---|
Open space provision as a result of opportunities | Random model | |||
Open space provision as units per capita of target areas | Open space size | Population size | Planning model | |
Open space number | ||||
Open space provision interrelated system | Open space size | Population location | Planning model | |
Open space type | Distance to users | |||
Connectivity |
S.no | Shape | Size in Meter | Area (sqm) | Accessibility |
---|---|---|---|---|
1. | Regular | 30x24 | 720 | Physically and visually |
2 | Irregular | — | 225 | Physically and Partially Visually |
The physical characteristics of the green space – P1 and P2.
Source: Author.
The dot density mapping for identification of category of user group in P1-Green Space (Morning Hours 6:00 to 8:00 AM and Evening Hours 5:30 to 7:30 PM).
The dot density mapping for identification of category of user group in P2-Green Space (Morning Hours 6:00 to 8:00 AM and Evening Hours 5:30 to 7:30 PM).
The results depict that users around the green space are more compared to those inside the green space. It is reflected in both the case of morning and evening hour’s observations for regular shape Green Space. The low mobility user group, mostly old age group are not using the inside space in spite of green space passive character. Dependent children along with the adults are more in numbers inside the green space because of availability of play equipments and benches inside the green space. These benches help them to sit and monitor their children while playing. On the contrary the irregular shape and partially visual green space benefits are availed by high mobility user. The types of benefits availed is depicted below in Table 4.
Benefits availed due to presence of Regular shape-physically and visually accessed green space-P1 | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Type of Mobility | Physical Wellbeing | Social Well being | Psychological Well being | |||
Physical Activity | Health | Social Interaction | Sense of belonging to a community | Safety- Security | Happy feeling | |
Low Mobility | yes | yes | yes | yes | yes | yes |
High Mobility | yes | yes | yes | yes | yes | yes |
Low Mobility | partially | partially | partially | partially | no | no |
High Mobility | yes | yes | yes | yes | yes | yes |
Benefits availed due to presence of green space – P1 and P2.
Source-Author.
Group Housing comprised of 200 number of household was selected for observational study. These residential communities have seven green spaces of regular size with different area and shape (P1, P2, P3, P4, and P5).
The physical characteristics of Regular shaped P3 has been observed and tabulated in observation Table 5 below with physical and visual accessibility.
S.no | Shape | Size in Meter | Area (sqm) | Accessibility |
---|---|---|---|---|
1. | Regular | 33x 40 | 1320 | Physically and visually |
The physical characteristics of the green space.
Source: Author.
The dot density mapping technique for identification of category of users (Morning Hours 6:00 A.M to 8:00 A.M 2. Evening Hours 5:30 PM to 7:30 PM) (Figure 7).
The dot density mapping for graphical representation of number of users and category of users with in and around green space in row housing communities. Source: Author.
The documented observation (as shown in Figure 8) is discussed below (Figures 9 and 10) (Table 6).
The dot density mapping for graphical representation of number of users and category of users with in and around green space in row housing communities. Source: Author.
Group Housing typology and demographic profile. Source: Author.
The dot density maps for graphical representation of number of users and category of users with in GS and around GS in group housing communities. Source: Author.
Benefits availed due to presence of regular shape-physically and visually accessed green space-P3 | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Type of Mobility | Physical Wellbeing | Social Well being | Psychological Well being | |||
Physical Activity | Health | Social Interaction | Sense of belonging to a community | Safety- Security | Happy feeling | |
Low Mobility | yes | yes | yes | yes | yes | yes |
High Mobility | yes | yes | yes | yes | yes | yes |
Benefits availed due to presence of green space – P3.
Source: Author.
The users around the green space are more compared to those inside the green. It is reflecting in both the case of morning and evening hour’s observation. The low mobility user group mostly old age group and children and high mobility user group teenagers, adults are not using the inside space in spite of green space passive character. Dependent children, children along with the adults are more in numbers inside the GS because of availability of play equipments and canopy inside the green space.
The multi unit residential community comprises of 10 multi units of G + 6 structure having 8 flats on each floor in 4 units and 4 flats on each floor in remaining units. Having 4 patches of organized green spaces which is visually and physically connected (Figure 11).
Multiunit housing typology and demographic profile. Source: Author.
The physical characteristics of Regular shaped P1, P2 and Irregular shaped P3, P4 has been observed and tabulated in observation Table 7 below with physical and visual accessibility.
S.no | Shape | Size in meter | Area (sqm) | Accessibility |
---|---|---|---|---|
1. | Regular –P1 | 18x60 | 1080 | Physically and visually |
2 | Regular –P2 | 18x60 | 1080 | Physically and visually |
3 | Irregular-P3 | 480 | Physically and visually | |
4 | Irregular-P4 | 285 | Physically and visually |
Shows the physical characteristics of the green spaces.
Source: Author.
The dot density mapping for identification of category of users (Morning Hours 6:00 to 8:00 AM and Evening Hours 5:30 to 7:30 PM).
The documented observation is discussed as shown in Figure 12.
Maps of visual and physical accessibility of residents for their respective green space. Source: Author.
The users inside the green space are more compared to those inside the green space. This is reflected in both the cases of morning and evening hour’s observation (Table 8).
Both the low and high mobility groups use the inside space because the green space has a passive and active characterizes within it.
Dependent children, children, teenagers along with the adults are more in numbers inside the green space because of availability of play equipments and canopy inside the green space.
Benefits availed due to presence of regular and irregular shape-physically, visually and partially visual accessed green space-P1, P2, P3 and P4 | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Type of Mobility | Physical Wellbeing | Social Well being | Psychological Well being | |||
Physical Activity | Health | Social Interaction | Sense of belonging to a community | Safety- Security | Happy feeling | |
Low Mobility | yes | yes | yes | yes | yes | yes |
High Mobility | yes | yes | yes | yes | yes | yes |
Benefits availed due to presence of green space – P1, P2,P3 and P4.
Source-Author.
All green spaces with Passive and Active amenities, providing the benefits of physical, social and psychological well being of varied user group.
Green Space is an umbrella term used to describe either maintained or unmaintained environmental areas, which can include nature reserves, wilderness environments and urban parks. It had been observed in all the three residential communities (Row, Group and Multi Unit) only presence of green spaces with physical, visual and partial visual access in spite of their irregular shape and size is responsible for bringing physical, social and psychological well being. Often, particularly in urban contexts, green spaces are purposefully designated for their recreational or esthetic merits. Global urbanization has reduced access to and engagement with green space, but there is good evidence of a positive relationship between levels of neighborhood green space and mental health and well-being. The experimental studies are carried out to examine and establish the link between the existing condition/status of the relation between identified components of wellbeing and green space for varied housing typology. Individuals have less mental distress, less anxiety and depression, greater wellbeing. A positive correlation between green space availability and physical activity level has been evidenced in systematic reviews. Indeed, physical activity at least partially mediates the positive relationship between neighborhood green space and well-being, Acute psychological outcomes of time spent in green spaces have also been reported; beyond green spaces functioning to promote pro-mental health behaviors, these environments have characteristics that can offer more positive experiences than equivalent time spent in other environments. Housing environments should enable residents to have positive experiences through the allocation of diverse green environments, which lead to physically and mentally happy, healthy living. Such positive experiences affect their happiness level, thus leading to sustainable lives.
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
A linear economy system based on taking, making, using, disposing, and polluting is responsible for millions of tons of waste that threaten people’s lives, while its littering and leakage in the environment cause negative impacts on land and sea life and also affect air quality [1, 2]. In 2018, an estimated 359 million tons of plastic (synthetic polymers) were produced globally. Production is still increasing due to rising living standards and the growth of the population on the Earth. The problems of a linear, resource-to-waste economy and environmental issues are becoming more acute. More than 29 million tons/annually of plastics are collected in Europe. Due to the low biodegradability of synthetic plastic waste, they need to be disposed of at the end of its service life.
Only 32.5% of plastics are recycled, 24.9% are landfilled, and 42.6% are incinerated. The traditional recycling methods aim to eliminate plastic waste rather than encourage its beneficial, value-added reuse. Landfilled plastics create an environmental burden. For example, all types of synthetic plastics, including polyester, polyamides, acrylic, and olefins, have been found in oceans, rivers, and even water treatment plants [3, 4]. When incinerated, the released toxic gasses create more environmental issues [5]. Air pollution has consistently been one of the most substantial ecological issues with serious consequences for human health regarding industrial growth.
On the contrary, reusing or recycling plastic waste into valuable products aligns well with the circular economy concept; plastics are recirculated by extending product life beyond one cycle.
The pandemic situation since 2019 caused the polymer fibrous membranes as masks against COVID 19 to be the most demanded products ever. Persistence of the dire situation and occurrence of other coronavirus mutations or other respiratory diseases have apparently started a new wave of filter media development. At a time when energy costs are rising, and materials, oil, and gas fields are being emptied or become unavailable, current plastic waste needs to be considered as a possible source of material in the production of high value-added products and filter media to protect human health, and the environment has almost priceless value.
In this respect, electrospinning is simple and industrially available technology for the production of randomly placed nanofibers into the nonwoven membrane suitable for filtration. The principle of electrospinning is based on the electrical discharge from liquid surfaces. The electrostatic attraction of liquid was observed in 1600 by Wiliam Gilbert. However, the first electrospinning patent was filled by J. F. Cooley in 1900. For over 120 years, electrospinning has evolved so much that it has become attractive to thousands of scientists around the world, and electrospinning devices are known in various designs. Since 1995, the number of publications about electrospinning has been increasing exponentially every year [6]. Semi-industrial and industrial equipment is being developed and sold in many countries. However, electrospinning enters the industry only very slowly, and to the best of the authors’ knowledge, there is no industrial processing of plastic waste using electrospinning on an industrial scale. Electrospinning deserves a broader discussion, and therefore, Section 2 is addressed in this review.
One of the many advantages of electrospinning is that more than 200 polymers can be processed. Several authors in their studies have demonstrated the suitability of electrospinning in the processing of waste plastics. These are mainly wastes such as poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET), polystyrene (PS) or expanded polystyrene (EPS), polyamides (PA), and polyurethanes (PUR), or thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU), but also waste natural polymers such as lignin and their mixtures. These membranes have already been studied for air or water filtration, water treatment, and cleaning from pharmaceutical, textile dyes, or oil. Such membranes show the filtration efficiency closed to 100%. The filtration efficiency depends on many factors, including the basis weight and thickness of the membrane or fiber diameters. Other functionalities such as antibacterial activity or wettability could be given to the membranes by additives, e.g., drugs, agents, nanoparticles, other polymers, etc. Despite the exciting possibilities in the field of filtration offered by recycling plastic waste by employing electrospinning, there are still not many articles dealing with this topic. There are still possibilities and perspectives that need to be further explored for expanded exploration of potential industrial applications.
This review article presents a brief overview of synthetic plastic waste-based electrospun nanofibrous membranes for filtration. The filtration performance of such membranes is summarized. The review also consists of the future perspectives of such electrospun membranes, given the composition of the plastics coming into the recycling process.
Electrospinning is a versatile and straightforward technique to produce fine fibers on the scale of 20–1000 nm from polymer solutions or melts. The fibers are spun in a high electric field. Under a powerful electric field force, the polymer solution or melt overcomes its surface tension and viscoelastic force to generate a charge, the mutual exclusion between charges, and the opposite charge electrode’s compression to the surface charge, directly creating a force that is opposite to the surface tension. When the electric field strength exceeds a specific critical value, the polymer solution or melt will overcome the droplet’s surface tension and form a jet. The apex (Taylor cone) is formed at the spinneret (syringe, pipette, wire, rotating cylinder) from polymer drop due to the high electric field. The polymer jet is drawn, elongated, and stretched from the apex into a straight line to a certain distance; it is sprayed along a spiral path. As the solvent volatilizes, fibers solidify and are finally deposited on the grounded collector [1, 2, 7]. The principle of the electrospinning process is displayed in Figure 1.
Schematic representation of electrospinning principle. From archive of authors.
The fiber morphology depends on parameters that can be divided roughly into several basic groups: polymer properties (molar mass, solubility) [8], solvent properties (boiling point, volatility, dielectric constant) [9], polymer solution properties (concentration, viscosity, conductivity) [10], the process parameters (applied voltage, top of the needle to collector distance, flow rate, needle diameter or cylinder rate) [11], and environmental parameters (humidity and temperature) [12] or properties of additives as plasticizers, drugs, dyes, etc. [13, 14, 15]. The effects of some parameters are shown in Figure 2. Recently, various electrospinning technique modifications have been developed, such as needless electrospinning, multiple-jet electrospinning, coaxial electrospinning, bubble electrospinning, cylindrical porous hollow tube electrospinning, electro-blowing, magnetic-field-assisted electrospinning, and charge injection electrospinning [16]. Electrospinning has several advantages: it is a low-cost and commercially available technique for industrial production; it is a controllable process with high production efficiency [17]; electrospinning can be used for more than 200 different polymers, including synthetic as well as natural polymers [18, 19]; fibrous layers can be deposited onto a variety of collectors including metal plates, parallel electrodes, rotating-type disks or mandrels, knife-edge collectors, etc. [20]; fibers can be functionalized before, during, and after spinning [2, 21]. Electrospun materials could be used in wide application range such as packaging [22], wound healing [23], tissue engineering [24], drug-releasing systems [25], membranes [26], sensors [27], batteries [28], solar cells [29], supercapacitors [30], catalysts [31], environmental remediation [32], protecting clothing [33], and in many others. Due to all the mentioned advantages, electrospinning is the primary choice for fabricating nanomaterials.
Effect of some electrospinning parameters on fibrous morphology. Here are represented: (A) silk fibroin (SF) with concentration solution 9 wt.%, (A1) with concentration 7 wt.%, other parameters were kept constant; (B) poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL) with applied voltage 8 kV, (B1) with applied voltage 12 kV, other parameters were kept constant; (C) poly(lactic acid)(PLA) heated collector on 60°C, (C1) PLA ambient temperature of the collector, other parameters were kept constant. Images are from the archive of authors.
Electrospinning offers the opportunity to reuse polymeric waste, turning plastic waste into higher-value fibrous polymer products from virgin as well as post-industrial or post-consumer polymers. The randomly placed ultrafine fibers in the electrospun membranes are attractive as filtration materials. The high surface area to volume ratios, nanoporosity, vapor permeability, and good mechanical properties of nanofibrous membranes predestined them for air or water filtration or even personal protection against fine dirt and microbes with smaller dimensions than 100 nm or volatile organic compounds [14].
Polymeric materials are inexpensive, lightweight, and durable materials processed into various products that are used in a wide range of consumer and industrial applications. Due to their benefits to our society and economy, their production has increased significantly [14].
Especially synthetic polymers such as polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polystyrene (PS), and polyamide (PA) have been widely applied in various applications since the 1940s thanks to the properties related to the processability and corrosion resistance [1].
PET is a low-cost, thermoplastic polyester with 18.3 MT, about 5% of global plastic production. Roughly 30% of that amount of PET is used in the food industry, including single-use plastic, automotive, electrical, electronics, and textile. PS or EPS, known as styrofoam, is used for insulation or packaging materials and accounts for another 5% of total annual plastics production. Polyamides (PAs) are semicrystalline polymers with high chemical resistance and good thermal and mechanical properties [2]. They are usually produced in the form of fibers for use in fashion, automotive, electrical, electronic, construction, packaging, and other industries. Currently, PAs are made on an annual worldwide multimillion-ton scale, and the production is estimated to be continuously growing [34]. Polyamides represent about 2% of total plastic production.
All the mentioned polymers represent an important proportion of plastic waste. Due to the low biodegradation of such plastic waste and increasing consumption created by a rising living standard and a growing world population, the problems with plastic waste and environmental issues are becoming more acute. Moreover, the increased use of mentioned plastics, primarily for packaging and textile, has heightened the importance of managing this material’s end of life.
Due to the good processability of PET, PA, as well as PS, was processed by electrospinning and the conditions of production electrospun membranes have been already extensively described in the literature [35, 36, 37, 38, 39]. The randomly arranged ultrafine fibers in the electrospun membranes, the high surface area to volume ratios, nanoporosity, good mechanical properties, and vapor permeability of such membranes predestined them for filtration membranes and especially for personal protection as face masks against very fine dirt and bacteria, but also viruses with dimensions of about 100 nm [40, 41]. In the following subsections, the filtration performances of polymer waste-based electrospun membranes in air filtration and water treatment will be discussed.
The pandemic situation since 2019 caused the polymer fibrous membranes as masks against COVID 19 to be the most demanded products ever. Persistence of the dire situation and occurrence of other coronavirus mutations or other respiratory diseases have apparently started a new wave of filter media development. The new technologies are considered, but it is also necessary to consider the sources of materials. In this respect, every alternative source of materials should be seriously considered, and waste is perceived as a significant and low-cost source of the material.
Rajak et al. developed an air filter by electrospinning EPS waste of electronic appliances packaging [42]. The filtration efficiency for fibers with a diameter of about 3500 nm was 70.4%; however, the lower the fiber diameter, the higher the filtration efficiency. The fibers with a diameter of about 314 nm achieved an efficiency of almost 100%.
Most electrospun recycled PET fibrous membranes were applied for filtration [1]. Tough fibrous membranes for smoke filtration were developed from recycled PET bottles by Strain et al. The diameter of the fibers is about 410 nm, the large surface specific area of 7.07 m2.g−1 and affinity of the rPET mats for airborne hydrocarbons open the way for the applied use in a range of industrial filters [43]. Nosko et al. found that the electrospun recycled PET fibers from the bottle, with an average diameter of around 95 nm, show the highest filtration efficiency of 99.95%, compared with the cotton fabric and melt blown polypropylene nonwoven, of particles with a size of 120 nm. The membrane exhibits good vapor permeability but low breathability [44].
Bonfim et al. investigated the PET bottles waste membrane with average diameter fibers of about 1290 nm. It was shown that the filtration efficiency was 98.4%, with a pressure drop of 212 Pa [45]. Breathing comfort is generally correlated with a pressure drop [46]. Then, by investigating the effect of morphological characteristics on filtration performance, Bonfim et al. obtained a filter with an average diameter of the fibers of about 650 nm that showed a capture of 99% of nanoparticles, the low pressure drop of 19.4 Pa with outstanding mechanical properties [47].
Unlike PET, silk fibroin is a biopolymer obtained from natural silk cocoons. It is favorable due to its biocompatibility, minimal inflammatory reactions, water vapor, and oxygen permeability. Šišková et al. [48] recycled PET from domestic plastic waste and blended it with silk fibroin. In this study, the basis weight of the membrane plays a key role. With the increasing basis weight, the filtration efficiency increases, and the most effective membranes are comparable to the efficiency of HEPA filters according to the European Standard EN1822. Due to the high pressure drop, the membranes were not suitable for personal protection as filtration masks or respirators. However, with the decrease of the basis weight, the pressure drop decreased. Such membrane efficiency was comparable to the FFP1 class facial mask according to the European standard EN149. The tested membranes rPET/SF has been antibacterial against
Pleva et al. investigated the electrospun recycled polyamide (PA) from the women stocking in filtration. The filtration efficiency of rPA and rPA/MAG (monoacylglycerol) was 98.49 and 99.87% of particles with sizes about 600 nm; 92.70 and 96.10% of particles with sizes about 100 nm the pressure drop about 129 and 189 Pa, respectively. Moreover, the rPA/MAG membrane demonstrated antibacterial activity against
In Table 1, the filtration efficiencies of electrospun membranes from selected synthetic virgin and recycled polymers are compared.
Polymer | Fiber diameter [nm] | Basis weight [g.m−2] | PM Size [nm] | E [%] | ΔP [Pa] | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Polyamide 66 (PA66) | 60 | 0.46 | 300 | 90.9 | 69 | [35] |
Polyamide 6 (PA6) | 120 | 0.63 | 300–500 | 99.9 | 95 | [38] |
Polyurethane (PU) | 120 | 0.4–0.9 | 20–400 | 99.7 | 96–190 | [36] |
Poly(ethylene terephthalate)/thermoplastic polyurethane (PET/TPU) | 395 | NA/ the thickness is given 35 μm | 50–500 | 83.6 | 28.9 | [37] |
Poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) | 95 | 14 | 120 | 98.3 | NA | [44] |
Poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) | 230 | 12 | 120 | 99.9 | 414 | [48] |
Poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) | 230 | 3 | 120 | 96.0 | 123 | [48] |
Polyamide 66 (PA66) | 640 | 8.7 | 300 | 97.7 | 129 | [14] |
Poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) | 1290 | The thickness was given 342–392 | up to 100 | 98.4 | 212 | [45] |
Poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) | 650 | The thickness was given 186–392 | up to 100 | 99.0 | 19.4 | [45] |
PET | 1240–3180 | The thickness is given over 100 μm | 500–10,000 | 98.2 | 36 | [38] |
Filtration performance of electrospun virgin and recycled polymers.
The data in Table 1 encourage the utilizing plastic waste for filtration.
Industrial wastewater discharges and oil spills have precipitated significant damage to water resources in recent years. Water pollution not only causes an imbalance in the ecological environment but also has a direct impact on human health. Scientists urgently need to develop effective wastewater purification technology in order to address this pressing problem. Several previously identified techniques for wastewater treatment, such as adsorption, filtration, centrifugation, catalysis, biological treatment, and electro-coalescence, have been commonly implemented [49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54]. Whereas high energy consumption, secondary pollution, and unrepeatable usage still appear inescapable.
At the beginning of twenty-first century, nanotechnology has become one of the most competitive scientific fields. It has been widely regarded as the most significant technology of the new industrial revolutions [55, 56]. As a result, nanofibers are predicted to be appropriate materials for wastewater treatment. The following subsections describe and illustrate (Figure 3) the most recent and significant applications of nanofibers from recycled plastics in wastewater treatment to remove various pollutants, especially in oil/water filtration and removal of pharmaceutics.
Schematic representation of the liquid filtration process. Figure is from the archive of authors.
Metallurgy, transportation, food processing, petrochemicals, petroleum, natural gas, and pharmaceuticals usually produce a significant amount of oily wastewater daily [57]. Oily compounds are insoluble in water and can be toxic. Therefore, approaches such as coagulation, flocculation, air flotation, chemical degradation, and membrane filtration have been used to separate oil/water [58, 59]. However, the general oil/water separation method has low separation efficiency, high energy cost, and complicated operation. In correlation, membrane separation generally exhibits superior separation performance, lower energy requirements, and more straightforward preparation methods. The nanofiber membranes’ performance is particularly outstanding [60].
In response to the growing demand for cost-effective and sustainable methods of producing fibrous membranes, numerous studies have been conducted to determine the efficacy of using waste polymers in separating oil and water. For instance, Liu et al. coated a stainless mesh with waste cigarette filters to create an electrospun membrane capable of separating oil–water mixtures and emulsions [61]. Sow et al. also used waste polystyrene (PS) to fabricate superoleophilic fiber-coated membranes for oil recovery through blow spinning. These membranes demonstrated a separation efficiency of up to 97% [62]. Regrettably, recycled PET (rPET) bottles are frequently utilized to produce low-cost products, resulting in relatively low market profits. Utilizing rPET as a starting material for the fabrication of fibrous membranes for oil–water separation could result in cost savings and environmental benefits. Several studies on the use of rPET in fibrous filters have already been performed. Zander et al. recently designed rPET nanofibers for filtering particles dispersed in water with diameters ranging from 30 to 2000 nm [63]. Additionally, the oil–water separation performance of functionalized rPET was evaluated previously, with separation efficiencies exceeding 98.5%. Doan et al. produced flexible fibrous membranes with a high capacity for oil–water separation based on recycled rPET via electrospinning. Dip coating the rPET membrane with polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) improved the rPET fibrous membrane’s water intrusion pressure and anti-water-fouling property [64]. Nanofibrous membranes have recently been developed to control oil and water separation. Smart materials with the ability to respond to temperature [65], pH [66], light [67], ions [68], electric fields [69], and prewetting are emerging candidates for on-demand oil–water separation. Prewetting appears to be the most promising strategy due to its facile fabrication and operation [70, 71]. The prewetting membrane should have amphiphilic properties, which means it should be superoleophobic underwater and superhydrophobic underoil. Baggio et al. developed a nanofibrous membrane from the blend of rPET and chitosan, which have amphiphilic properties because of the presence of the hydrophobic groups of rPET and the hydrophilic groups of chitosan. The resulting filter exhibited high antifouling properties and separation efficiency [72].
A literature review shows that only a few studies on the preparation membranes from recycled plastic waste have been conducted for the removal of organic compounds.
Zander et al. synthesized nanofibrous microfiltration membranes from recycled PET and evaluated their filtration performance with latex beads [63]. Xu et al. utilized recycled PET bottles to develop electrospun nanofibrous membranes, modified them through fluorination, and applied them in membrane distillation [73]. Arahman et al. fabricated rPET/polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) ultrafiltration membranes for humic acid separation from water [74]. Pulido et al. prepared rPET/PEG ultrafiltration membranes to filtrate PEG/water and PEG/dimethylformamide solutions [75]. Waste PET bottles were used to fabricate PET ultrafiltration membranes via Kusumocahyo et al. [76]. They utilized phenol as the solvent, PEG as the additive, water-ethanol, water-n-propanol, and water-n-butanol as the non-solvent bath. Using waste PET bottles as a starting point, Kusumocahyo et al. confirmed the fabrication and characterization of PET ultrafiltration membranes, PEG 400 as the additive, and water-ethanol as the non-solvent. Higher porosity and smaller pore sizes were achieved by increasing the number of additives. Utilizing recycled PET will unquestionably minimize waste synthetic polymer production [77]. Kiani et al. demonstrated an environmentally friendly nanofiltration membrane with high performance synthesized through recycled PET bottles. Xanthan gum (XA) was introduced to the membranes as a hydrophilic additive during membrane fabrication, using water and methanol as coagulation baths. The produced membranes were used in the nanofiltration of an aqueous solution incorporating diltiazem [78], a calcium channel blocker used to treat hypertension. It frequently causes edema, headaches, and dizziness [79].
Preparation and application of electrospun membranes composed of lignin extracted from palm fronds and banana bunches as biomass sources and PET from bottle waste were studied by Attia et al. [80]. The electrospun fibers with smooth morphology for the adsorption of methylene blue dye from the water were investigated. Fibers with 1800 ± 500 nm diameter were obtained. The iodine-treated membrane was carbonized at 500°C, and the achieved carbon content did not exceed 62 wt %. The reported adsorption capacity was about 9 mg of MB/g CFs of capacity. The work describes the potential of combining biomass waste as a lignin source with sustainable waste (PET) to produce fibers as a core material that can be used for environmental remediation. Similar work was described by Yasin et al. [81], where the electrospinning made PET nanofibers from the wasted PET polymer containing CuO nanoparticles. The nanoparticle was cross-linked on the surface of the electrospun PET nanofibers to enhance photodegradation of the methylene blue dye and adsorption of the degradation products. Thus produced eco-friendly, cheap, sustainable, and effective nanocomposite has high efficiency at the dye removal (above 99% in 30 min). The composite of the base of TiO2/styrofoam membranes prepared using electrospinning was developed by Rajak et al. [82] to purify water from harmful organic compounds such as bacteria, viruses, or even textile dyes. Styrofoam from waste was used for the study, and TiO2 as a semiconductor catalyst was used in the environmentally friendly photocatalysis process. Because TiO2 has high photocatalytic activity, the fibrous composites showed photocatalytic activities too.
Future perspectives could be concluded from the following aspects:
In many cases, plastic waste is a composite, so it is necessary to combine electrospinning with other technology that will ensure a high yield of polymer, which could be subsequently processed into nano/micro-fibers;
Study of the effect of additives in the wasted plastics coming to the recycling process on the processing parameters and resulted properties.
Vice versa, study of advantageous additives, nanofillers, or mixed plastic waste to make the electrospun composites with special functions for special applications, for example, with antibacterial or antifouling activity;
The morphology and properties of electrospun membranes are sensitive to electrospinning parameters; therefore, the deep research on the optimization of electrospun processing parameters for different types of plastic waste to produce high-value products;
Further study of natural or benign solvents for solution electrospinning or practical design solutions for melt spinning. To realize “green” production;
Combination of electrospinning with other auxiliary devices to enhance the mechanical properties, for example, ultrasound sonication; or device to collect the evaporated solvent and its reuse.
Intensive study on mass production of electrospun membranes from plastic waste to reach commercialization and standardization.
Rising worldwide attention on polymeric waste leads to the founding of new ways for their environmentally safe utilization. A European strategy for polymeric waste use focuses on designing and producing polymeric materials, which can be reused or recycled. For this reason, there is an urgent need to promote the utilization of polymeric waste after its end of life. Upcycling plastic waste into high-value products for various applications is a sustainable solution with a promising future. As it is shown in this study, plastic waste is an excellent material source for the production of filter materials and the protection of human health and the environment.
Moreover, electrospinning is undoubtedly a superior method to process plastic waste into functional nano/micro-fibers due to the randomly placed ultrafine fibers, high surface area to volume ratios, nanoporosity, vapor permeability, and good mechanical properties. These properties predestined the nanofibrous membranes for air or water filtration or even personal protection against fine dirt and microbes with smaller dimensions than 100 nm or volatile organic compounds. In this review, reusing plastic waste, especially non-degradable polymers PET, PS, PUR, and PA, and the present advances in recycling plastic waste by electrospinning were briefly summarized. The filtration efficiency was from 80 to 99.9%, depending on the thickness and basis weight of the membranes. The average diameter of the fibers also plays a role in the efficiency. It must be noted that the pressure drop, which represents the ease of air passage when breathing, also depends on the basis weight and thickness. However, as the thickness increases, the filtration efficiency improves, but pressure drop increases, so the breathability is more complicated. Therefore, talking about using these materials in face masks or respirators, it is necessary to look for the golden mean in all the parameters affecting the parameters of the final product. Here was also shown that the membranes are a good alternative to the EPA and HEPA filters. The suitable additives such as carbon fibers, CuO, TiO2 or other polymers as PVP, PEG, or Xanthan gum give the membranes functionalities used in air and water cleaning or remediation. The excellent availability of waste plastics and electrospinning-induced formation of tough fibrous mats pave the way for using recycled plastics in industrial air filters or membranes for water treatment.
The authors acknowledge the support by the Scientific Grant Agency of the Ministry of Education, Science, Research and Sport of the Slovak Republic under project no. VEGA 2/0168/21 and no. VEGA 2/0143/22. The present work was also supported by the Slovak Research and Development Agency under contracts no. APVV-19-0338 and by project SAS-MOST JRP 2019/07. The authors would like to acknowledge networking support by the COST Actions CA17107, CONTEXT, European Network to connect research and innovation efforts on advanced Smart Textiles and CA20101, PRIORITY, Plastics monitoring detection remediation recovery.
Authors declare that there is no conflict of interest.
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\n\nIntechOpen works with award winning print-houses and we hold to the fact that all of our printed products are of the highest quality.
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This has compromised the ability of the environment to foster life and render its intrinsic values. Heavy metals are known to be naturally occurring compounds, but anthropogenic activities introduce them in large quantities in different environmental compartments. This leads to the environment’s ability to foster life being reduced as human, animal, and plant health become threatened. This occurs due to bioaccumulation in the food chains as a result of the nondegradable state of the heavy metals. Remediation of heavy metals requires special attention to protect soil quality, air quality, water quality, human health, animal health, and all spheres as a collection. Developed physical and chemical heavy metal remediation technologies are demanding costs which are not feasible, time-consuming, and release additional waste to the environment. This chapter summarises the problems related to heavy metal pollution and various remediation technologies. A case study in South Africa mines were also used.",book:{id:"6534",slug:"heavy-metals",title:"Heavy Metals",fullTitle:"Heavy Metals"},signatures:"Vhahangwele Masindi and Khathutshelo L. 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Dariva and Alexandre F. Galio",authors:[{id:"169261",title:"Dr.",name:"Camila",middleName:"G.",surname:"Dariva",slug:"camila-dariva",fullName:"Camila Dariva"},{id:"170138",title:"Dr.",name:"Alexandre",middleName:"Ferreira",surname:"Galio",slug:"alexandre-galio",fullName:"Alexandre Galio"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"76780",title:"Basics of Clay Minerals and Their Characteristic Properties",slug:"basics-of-clay-minerals-and-their-characteristic-properties",totalDownloads:1958,totalCrossrefCites:17,totalDimensionsCites:26,abstract:"Clay minerals such as kaolinite, smectite, chlorite, micas are main components of raw materials of clay and formed in presence of water. A large number of clays used to form the different structure which completely depends on their mining source. They are known as hydrous phyllosilicate having silica, alumina and water with variable amount of inorganic ions like Mg2+, Na+, Ca2+ which are found either in interlayer space or on the planetary surface. Clay minerals are described by presence of two-dimensional sheets, tetrahedral (SiO4) and octahedral (Al2O3). There are different clay minerals which are categorized based on presence of tetrahedral and octahedral layer in their structure like kaolinite (1:1 of tetrahedral and octahedral layers), smectite group of clay minerals (2:1 of tetrahedral and octahedral layers) and chlorite (2:1:1 of tetrahedral, octahedral and octahedral layers). The particle size of clay minerals is <2microns which can be present in form of plastic in presence of water and solidified when dried. The small size and their distinctive crystal structure make clay minerals very special with their unique properties including high cation exchange capacity, swelling behavior, specific surface area, adsorption capacity, etc. which are described in this chapter. Due to all these unique properties, clay minerals are gaining interest in different fields.",book:{id:"10949",slug:"clay-and-clay-minerals",title:"Clay and Clay Minerals",fullTitle:"Clay and Clay Minerals"},signatures:"Neeraj Kumari and Chandra Mohan",authors:[{id:"258132",title:"Dr.",name:"Chandra",middleName:null,surname:"Mohan",slug:"chandra-mohan",fullName:"Chandra Mohan"},{id:"352399",title:"Dr.",name:"Neeraj",middleName:null,surname:"Kumari",slug:"neeraj-kumari",fullName:"Neeraj Kumari"}]},{id:"51535",title:"An Introduction to Hydrogels and Some Recent Applications",slug:"an-introduction-to-hydrogels-and-some-recent-applications",totalDownloads:11760,totalCrossrefCites:72,totalDimensionsCites:140,abstract:"Hydrogels have existed for more than half a century, and today they have many applications in various processes ranging from industrial to biological. There are numerous original papers, reviews, and monographs focused on the synthesis, properties, and applications of hydrogels. This chapter covers the fundamental aspects and several applications of hydrogels based on the old and the most recent publications in this field.",book:{id:"5251",slug:"emerging-concepts-in-analysis-and-applications-of-hydrogels",title:"Emerging Concepts in Analysis and Applications of Hydrogels",fullTitle:"Emerging Concepts in Analysis and Applications of Hydrogels"},signatures:"Morteza Bahram, Naimeh Mohseni and Mehdi Moghtader",authors:[{id:"179718",title:"Prof.",name:"Morteza",middleName:null,surname:"Bahram",slug:"morteza-bahram",fullName:"Morteza Bahram"},{id:"185713",title:"Dr.",name:"Naimeh",middleName:null,surname:"Mohseni",slug:"naimeh-mohseni",fullName:"Naimeh Mohseni"},{id:"185714",title:"Dr.",name:"Mehdi",middleName:null,surname:"Moghtader",slug:"mehdi-moghtader",fullName:"Mehdi Moghtader"}]},{id:"70661",title:"Bioremediation Techniques for Polluted Environment: Concept, Advantages, Limitations, and Prospects",slug:"bioremediation-techniques-for-polluted-environment-concept-advantages-limitations-and-prospects",totalDownloads:2692,totalCrossrefCites:10,totalDimensionsCites:31,abstract:"Environmental pollution has been rising in the past few decades due to increased anthropogenic activities. Bioremediation is an attractive and successful cleaning technique to remove toxic waste from polluted environment. Bioremediation is highly involved in degradation, eradication, immobilization, or detoxification diverse chemical wastes and physical hazardous materials from the surrounding through the all-inclusive and action of microorganisms. The main principle is degrading and converting pollutants to less toxic forms. Bioremediation can be carried out ex-situ and in-situ, depending on several factors, which include but not limited to cost, site characteristics, type, and concentration of pollutants. Hence, appropriate bioremediation technique is selected. Additionally, the major methodologies to develop bioremediation are biostimulation, bioaugmentation, bioventing, biopiles, and bioattenuation provided the environmental factors that decide the completion of bioremediation. Bioremediation is the most effective, economical, eco-friendly management tool to manage the polluted environment. All bioremediation techniques have its own advantage and disadvantage because it has its own specific applications.",book:{id:"9343",slug:"trace-metals-in-the-environment-new-approaches-and-recent-advances",title:"Trace Metals in the Environment",fullTitle:"Trace Metals in the Environment - New Approaches and Recent Advances"},signatures:"Indu Sharma",authors:[{id:"301262",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Indu",middleName:null,surname:"Sharma",slug:"indu-sharma",fullName:"Indu Sharma"}]},{id:"18275",title:"Modeling and Identification of Parameters the Piezoelectric Transducers in Ultrasonic Systems",slug:"modeling-and-identification-of-parameters-the-piezoelectric-transducers-in-ultrasonic-systems",totalDownloads:10230,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:5,abstract:null,book:{id:"201",slug:"advances-in-ceramics-electric-and-magnetic-ceramics-bioceramics-ceramics-and-environment",title:"Advances in Ceramics",fullTitle:"Advances in Ceramics - Electric and Magnetic Ceramics, Bioceramics, Ceramics and Environment"},signatures:"Pawel Fabijanski and Ryszard Lagoda",authors:[{id:"13086",title:"Dr.",name:"Pawel",middleName:null,surname:"Fabijański",slug:"pawel-fabijanski",fullName:"Pawel Fabijański"}]},{id:"60680",title:"Environmental Contamination by Heavy Metals",slug:"environmental-contamination-by-heavy-metals",totalDownloads:16265,totalCrossrefCites:189,totalDimensionsCites:409,abstract:"The environment and its compartments have been severely polluted by heavy metals. This has compromised the ability of the environment to foster life and render its intrinsic values. Heavy metals are known to be naturally occurring compounds, but anthropogenic activities introduce them in large quantities in different environmental compartments. This leads to the environment’s ability to foster life being reduced as human, animal, and plant health become threatened. This occurs due to bioaccumulation in the food chains as a result of the nondegradable state of the heavy metals. Remediation of heavy metals requires special attention to protect soil quality, air quality, water quality, human health, animal health, and all spheres as a collection. Developed physical and chemical heavy metal remediation technologies are demanding costs which are not feasible, time-consuming, and release additional waste to the environment. This chapter summarises the problems related to heavy metal pollution and various remediation technologies. A case study in South Africa mines were also used.",book:{id:"6534",slug:"heavy-metals",title:"Heavy Metals",fullTitle:"Heavy Metals"},signatures:"Vhahangwele Masindi and Khathutshelo L. 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Besides exceptionally brilliant mechanical and physical properties are also attractive aspects of natural fibers enabling the utilization of natural fibers in myriad of textile and non-textile applications such as clothing, and reinforced composite products in various industries such as automotive, building, and furniture. Natural fiber composites are composite materials comprising of reinforcing fibers derived from renewable and carbon dioxide neutral resources such as wood or plants. NFCs find application in molded articles that demand moderate strength for acceptable performance for various indoor and outdoor applications. A rapid drift from oil-derived polymers and mineral-reinforced materials to sustainable alternatives has fostered automotive and packaging industries to start utilizing natural fiber composites in their designs. Accordingly, natural fiber composites are serving as energy efficient and sustainable alternatives replacing traditional materials such as metals, polymeric resins, and reinforcement fibers. A worldwide clamor for green products and thus upsurge in sustainable alternatives have been witnessed as a result of diminishing petroleum reserves worldwide, exorbitant prices of petroleum, and high disposal costs of petroleum-based composites along with inability of decomposition of some petroleum-based composites. Contrastingly, natural materials outshine the petroleum-based products in being renewable, inexpensive, biodegradable, and eco-friendly.",book:{id:"11122",title:"Natural Fiber",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11122.jpg"},signatures:"Yamini Jhanji Dhir"},{id:"82948",title:"Study on Miniaturization of Antenna Using Metamaterials",slug:"study-on-miniaturization-of-antenna-using-metamaterials",totalDownloads:1,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.106222",abstract:"Metamaterials (MTMs) are artificially built materials intended to give its properties from the internal structure, rather than the chemical composition found in natural materials. Electric permittivity (ε) and magnetic permeability (μ) are the two basic parameters which describe the electromagnetic property of a material or medium. Permittivity describes how a material is affected when it is placed in electric field. And permeability describes how a material is affected in presence of magnetic field. Metamaterials may have either negative permittivity or permeability or both may be negative simultaneously. The concept of metamaterials has additionally been utilized to design different kinds of patches with upgraded performance, such as improved gain and enhanced efficiency. Also, it has been utilized for the scaling down of patches. Two parameters are utilized in the collected works for antennas using metamaterials. We can adjust the refractive index of the metamaterial to positive, near-zero or negative values. Utilization of epsilon negative, MNG (μ - Mu negative) or DNG (double negative) are called metamaterial- based antennas and the use of metamaterial unit cell for example complementary split ring resonator, split ring resonator and so on are alluded as metamaterial inspired antennas. The design of complementary split ring resonator and its equivalent circuit will be discussed in this work. CSRR (complementary split ring resonator) provides both isolation enhancement and miniaturization for MIMO antenna.",book:{id:"11824",title:"Metamaterials - History, Current State, Applications, and Perspectives",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11824.jpg"},signatures:"Andrews Christina Josephine Malathi"},{id:"83080",title:"Boron Doping in Next-Generation Materials for Semiconductor Device",slug:"boron-doping-in-next-generation-materials-for-semiconductor-device",totalDownloads:11,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.106450",abstract:"The article surveys the most recent achievements starting with the boron doping mechanism, mainly focused on doping in semiconductor materials such as Si, Ge, graphene, carbon nanotube, or other 2D materials. Frequently used doping methodologies are discussed, including ion implantation and solid-phase doping, mainly focused on recent developing techniques of monolayer doping. These doped materials’ structural, electronic, and chemical properties are addressed to understand the boron doping effect better. Theoretical and experimental information and data are used to support such atomic-level effects. Therefore, this review can provide valuable suggestions and guidelines for materials’ properties manipulation by boron doping for further research exploration.",book:{id:"11762",title:"Characteristics and Applications of Boron",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11762.jpg"},signatures:"Linh Chi T. Cao, Luqman Hakim and Shu-Han Hsu"},{id:"83055",title:"Boron Clusters in Biomedical Applications: A Theoretical Viewpoint",slug:"boron-clusters-in-biomedical-applications-a-theoretical-viewpoint",totalDownloads:12,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.106215",abstract:"In this chapter, we presented an analysis of the recent advances in the applications of boron clusters in biomedical fields such as the development of biosensors and drug delivery systems on the basis of quantum chemical calculations. Biosensors play an essential role in many sectors, e.g., law enforcement agencies for sensing illicit drugs, medical communities for detecting overdosed medications from human and animal bodies, etc. The drug delivery systems have theoretically been proposed for many years and subsequently implemented by experiments to deliver the drug to the targeted sites by reducing the harmful side effects significantly. Boron clusters form a rich and colorful family of atomic clusters due to their unconventional structures and bonding phenomena. Boron clusters and their complexes have various biological activities such as the drug delivery, imaging for diagnosis, treatment of cancer, and probe of protein-biomolecular interactions. For all of these reactivities, the interaction mechanisms and the corresponding energetics between biomaterials and boron clusters are of essential importance as a basic step in the understanding, and thereby design of relevant materials. During the past few years, attempts have been made to probe the nature of these interactions using quantum chemical calculations mainly with density functional theory (DFT) methods. This chapter provides a summary of the theoretical viewpoint on this issue.",book:{id:"11762",title:"Characteristics and Applications of Boron",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11762.jpg"},signatures:"Ehsan Shakerzadeh, Elham Tahmasebi, Long Van Duong and Minh Tho Nguyen"},{id:"83048",title:"Structural, Magnetic, and Magnetodielectric Properties of Bi-Based Modified Ceramic Composites",slug:"structural-magnetic-and-magnetodielectric-properties-of-bi-based-modified-ceramic-composites",totalDownloads:4,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.106569",abstract:"In this chapter, we introduce a promising composite material, which can be used as a potential candidate in the field of charge storage, sensors, and spintronic devices. The structural, magnetic, and magnetodielectric properties of the pure cum composite samples are investigated. The Rietveld refinement of the X-ray data confirmed the presence of a single (A21am) and mixed phases (A21am + R-3c + Pbam) in the pure and composite sample, correspondingly. The SEM microstructure suggests the contrasting nature of the homogeneous and heterogeneous distribution of grains in the corresponding pure and composite sample. The magnetic properties of the composite sample increase due to the enhanced exchange interaction between the different magnetic ions. The frequency-dependent dielectric subjected to a constant magnetic field indicates the signature of magnetodielectric (MD) coupling for both the samples. The field variation of the MD loop shows the symmetric hysteresis loop in the composite due to the addition of magnetostrictive La0.67Sr0.33MnO3 and the non-collinear antiferromagnetic Bi2Fe4O9 phase. The maximum value of MD% (~0.12%) is enhanced by ~13 times in the composite than in the pure sample. Therefore, the improved MD coupling and symmetric switching of the MD loop of the composite make it a suitable candidate for low power consumption storage devices.",book:{id:"11117",title:"Smart and Advanced Ceramic Materials and Applications",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11117.jpg"},signatures:"Rasmita Jena, Kouru Chandrakanta and Anil Kumar Singh"},{id:"83035",title:"Breaking the Property Trade-Offs by Using Entropic Conceptions",slug:"breaking-the-property-trade-offs-by-using-entropic-conceptions",totalDownloads:18,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.106532",abstract:"Entropic conception has been used as an effective strategy for developing materials to break the property recordings of current materials, for example, breaking the trade-off between the high-strength and low-ductility structural alloys. The performance of materials usually under a complex circumstance, a balance of multiple properties, for example, combined the high-strength, high ductility, high conductivity, high corrosion resistance, high irradiation resistance, etc., the strategy of high-entropy-alloy (HEA) will provide a materials design and development technology to realize the goal. Magnetic materials usually exhibit excellent magnetic properties but weak mechanical properties and corrosion resistance. The reported unique behaviors of HEAs, for example, self-healing effects may be the mechanism for the high irradiation resistance of the HEAs, and self-sharpening behaviors of the tungsten-based HEAs main closely be related to the serration behaviors.",book:{id:"11468",title:"High Entropy Materials - Microstructures and Properties",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11468.jpg"},signatures:"Yong Zhang and Xuehui Yan"}],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:83},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:8,limit:8,total:0},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:91,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:108,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:33,numberOfPublishedChapters:333,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:14,numberOfPublishedChapters:145,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:144,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:126,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:113,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:23,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:13,numberOfOpenTopics:1,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:5,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-6580",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. 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She obtained her Ph.D. in Veterinary Sciences from the University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Portugal. After almost 32 years of teaching at the University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, she recently moved to the University of Évora, Department of Veterinary Medicine, where she teaches in the field of Animal Reproduction and Clinics. Her primary research areas include the molecular markers of the endometrial cycle and the embryo–maternal interaction, including oxidative stress and the reproductive physiology and disorders of sexual development, besides the molecular determinants of male and female fertility. She often supervises students preparing their master's or doctoral theses. She is also a frequent referee for various journals.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Évora",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Portugal"}}}]},{type:"book",id:"7144",title:"Veterinary Anatomy and Physiology",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7144.jpg",slug:"veterinary-anatomy-and-physiology",publishedDate:"March 13th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Catrin Sian Rutland and Valentina Kubale",hash:"75cdacb570e0e6d15a5f6e69640d87c9",volumeInSeries:2,fullTitle:"Veterinary Anatomy and Physiology",editors:[{id:"202192",title:"Dr.",name:"Catrin",middleName:null,surname:"Rutland",slug:"catrin-rutland",fullName:"Catrin Rutland",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/202192/images/system/202192.png",biography:"Catrin Rutland is an Associate Professor of Anatomy and Developmental Genetics at the University of Nottingham, UK. She obtained a BSc from the University of Derby, England, a master’s degree from Technische Universität München, Germany, and a Ph.D. from the University of Nottingham. She undertook a post-doctoral research fellowship in the School of Medicine before accepting tenure in Veterinary Medicine and Science. Dr. Rutland also obtained an MMedSci (Medical Education) and a Postgraduate Certificate in Higher Education (PGCHE). She is the author of more than sixty peer-reviewed journal articles, twelve books/book chapters, and more than 100 research abstracts in cardiovascular biology and oncology. She is a board member of the European Association of Veterinary Anatomists, Fellow of the Anatomical Society, and Senior Fellow of the Higher Education Academy. Dr. Rutland has also written popular science books for the public. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2009-4898. www.nottingham.ac.uk/vet/people/catrin.rutland",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Nottingham",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}}]},{type:"book",id:"8524",title:"Lactation in Farm Animals",subtitle:"Biology, Physiological Basis, Nutritional Requirements, and Modelization",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8524.jpg",slug:"lactation-in-farm-animals-biology-physiological-basis-nutritional-requirements-and-modelization",publishedDate:"January 22nd 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Naceur M'Hamdi",hash:"2aa2a9a0ec13040bbf0455e34625504e",volumeInSeries:3,fullTitle:"Lactation in Farm Animals - Biology, Physiological Basis, Nutritional Requirements, and Modelization",editors:[{id:"73376",title:"Dr.",name:"Naceur",middleName:null,surname:"M'Hamdi",slug:"naceur-m'hamdi",fullName:"Naceur M'Hamdi",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/73376/images/system/73376.jpg",biography:"Naceur M’HAMDI is Associate Professor at the National Agronomic Institute of Tunisia, University of Carthage. He is also Member of the Laboratory of genetic, animal and feed resource and member of Animal science Department of INAT. He graduated from Higher School of Agriculture of Mateur, University of Carthage, in 2002 and completed his masters in 2006. Dr. M’HAMDI completed his PhD thesis in Genetic welfare indicators of dairy cattle at Higher Institute of Agronomy of Chott-Meriem, University of Sousse, in 2011. 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Dr. Gaiceanu is a member of the National Council for Attesting Titles, Diplomas and Certificates, an expert of the Executive Agency for Higher Education, Research Funding, and a member of the Senate of the Dunarea de Jos University of Galati. He has been the head of the Integrated Energy Conversion Systems and Advanced Control of Complex Processes Research Center, Romania, since 2016. He has conducted several projects in power converter systems for electrical drives, power quality, PEM and SOFC fuel cell power converters for utilities, electric vehicles, and marine applications with the Department of Regulation and Control, SIEI S.pA. (2002–2004) and the Polytechnic University of Turin, Italy (2002–2004, 2006–2007). He is a member of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) and cofounder-member of the IEEE Power Electronics Romanian Chapter. He is a guest editor at Energies and an academic book editor for IntechOpen. He is also a member of the editorial boards of the Journal of Electrical Engineering, Electronics, Control and Computer Science and Sustainability. Dr. Gaiceanu has been General Chairman of the IEEE International Symposium on Electrical and Electronics Engineering in the last six editions.",institutionString:'"Dunarea de Jos" University of Galati',institution:{name:'"Dunarea de Jos" University of Galati',country:{name:"Romania"}}},{id:"4519",title:"Prof.",name:"Jaydip",middleName:null,surname:"Sen",slug:"jaydip-sen",fullName:"Jaydip Sen",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/4519/images/system/4519.jpeg",biography:"Jaydip Sen is associated with Praxis Business School, Kolkata, India, as a professor in the Department of Data Science. His research areas include security and privacy issues in computing and communication, intrusion detection systems, machine learning, deep learning, and artificial intelligence in the financial domain. He has more than 200 publications in reputed international journals, refereed conference proceedings, and 20 book chapters in books published by internationally renowned publishing houses, such as Springer, CRC press, IGI Global, etc. Currently, he is serving on the editorial board of the prestigious journal Frontiers in Communications and Networks and in the technical program committees of a number of high-ranked international conferences organized by the IEEE, USA, and the ACM, USA. He has been listed among the top 2% of scientists in the world for the last three consecutive years, 2019 to 2021 as per studies conducted by the Stanford University, USA.",institutionString:"Praxis Business School",institution:null},{id:"320071",title:"Dr.",name:"Sidra",middleName:null,surname:"Mehtab",slug:"sidra-mehtab",fullName:"Sidra Mehtab",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00002v6KHoQAM/Profile_Picture_1584512086360",biography:"Sidra Mehtab has completed her BS with honors in Physics from Calcutta University, India in 2018. She has done MS in Data Science and Analytics from Maulana Abul Kalam Azad University of Technology (MAKAUT), Kolkata, India in 2020. Her research areas include Econometrics, Time Series Analysis, Machine Learning, Deep Learning, Artificial Intelligence, and Computer and Network Security with a particular focus on Cyber Security Analytics. Ms. Mehtab has published seven papers in international conferences and one of her papers has been accepted for publication in a reputable international journal. She has won the best paper awards in two prestigious international conferences – BAICONF 2019, and ICADCML 2021, organized in the Indian Institute of Management, Bangalore, India in December 2019, and SOA University, Bhubaneswar, India in January 2021. Besides, Ms. Mehtab has also published two book chapters in two books. Seven of her book chapters will be published in a volume shortly in 2021 by Cambridge Scholars’ Press, UK. Currently, she is working as the joint editor of two edited volumes on Time Series Analysis and Forecasting to be published in the first half of 2021 by an international house. Currently, she is working as a Data Scientist with an MNC in Delhi, India.",institutionString:"NSHM College of Management and Technology",institution:{name:"Association for Computing Machinery",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"226240",title:"Dr.",name:"Andri Irfan",middleName:null,surname:"Rifai",slug:"andri-irfan-rifai",fullName:"Andri Irfan Rifai",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/226240/images/7412_n.jpg",biography:"Andri IRFAN is a Senior Lecturer of Civil Engineering and Planning. He completed the PhD at the Universitas Indonesia & Universidade do Minho with Sandwich Program Scholarship from the Directorate General of Higher Education and LPDP scholarship. He has been teaching for more than 19 years and much active to applied his knowledge in the project construction in Indonesia. His research interest ranges from pavement management system to advanced data mining techniques for transportation engineering. He has published more than 50 papers in journals and 2 books.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universitas Internasional Batam",country:{name:"Indonesia"}}},{id:"314576",title:"Dr.",name:"Ibai",middleName:null,surname:"Laña",slug:"ibai-lana",fullName:"Ibai Laña",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/314576/images/system/314576.jpg",biography:"Dr. Ibai Laña works at TECNALIA as a data analyst. He received his Ph.D. in Artificial Intelligence from the University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Spain, in 2018. He is currently a senior researcher at TECNALIA. His research interests fall within the intersection of intelligent transportation systems, machine learning, traffic data analysis, and data science. He has dealt with urban traffic forecasting problems, applying machine learning models and evolutionary algorithms. He has experience in origin-destination matrix estimation or point of interest and trajectory detection. Working with large volumes of data has given him a good command of big data processing tools and NoSQL databases. He has also been a visiting scholar at the Knowledge Engineering and Discovery Research Institute, Auckland University of Technology.",institutionString:"TECNALIA Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"314575",title:"Dr.",name:"Jesus",middleName:null,surname:"L. Lobo",slug:"jesus-l.-lobo",fullName:"Jesus L. Lobo",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/314575/images/system/314575.png",biography:"Dr. Jesús López is currently based in Bilbao (Spain) working at TECNALIA as Artificial Intelligence Research Scientist. In most cases, a project idea or a new research line needs to be investigated to see if it is good enough to take into production or to focus on it. That is exactly what he does, diving into Machine Learning algorithms and technologies to help TECNALIA to decide whether something is great in theory or will actually impact on the product or processes of its projects. So, he is expert at framing experiments, developing hypotheses, and proving whether they’re true or not, in order to investigate fundamental problems with a longer time horizon. He is also able to design and develop PoCs and system prototypes in simulation. He has participated in several national and internacional R&D projects.\n\nAs another relevant part of his everyday research work, he usually publishes his findings in reputed scientific refereed journals and international conferences, occasionally acting as reviewer and Programme Commitee member. Concretely, since 2018 he has published 9 JCR (8 Q1) journal papers, 9 conference papers (e.g. ECML PKDD 2021), and he has co-edited a book. He is also active in popular science writing data science stories for reputed blogs (KDNuggets, TowardsDataScience, Naukas). Besides, he has recently embarked on mentoring programmes as mentor, and has also worked as data science trainer.",institutionString:"TECNALIA Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"103779",title:"Prof.",name:"Yalcin",middleName:null,surname:"Isler",slug:"yalcin-isler",fullName:"Yalcin Isler",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRyQ8QAK/Profile_Picture_1628834958734",biography:"Yalcin Isler (1971 - Burdur / Turkey) received the B.Sc. degree in the Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering from Anadolu University, Eskisehir, Turkey, in 1993, the M.Sc. degree from the Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Suleyman Demirel University, Isparta, Turkey, in 1996, the Ph.D. degree from the Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey, in 2009, and the Competence of Associate Professorship from the Turkish Interuniversity Council in 2019.\n\nHe was Lecturer at Burdur Vocational School in Suleyman Demirel University (1993-2000, Burdur / Turkey), Software Engineer (2000-2002, Izmir / Turkey), Research Assistant in Bulent Ecevit University (2002-2003, Zonguldak / Turkey), Research Assistant in Dokuz Eylul University (2003-2010, Izmir / Turkey), Assistant Professor at the Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering in Bulent Ecevit University (2010-2012, Zonguldak / Turkey), Assistant Professor at the Department of Biomedical Engineering in Izmir Katip Celebi University (2012-2019, Izmir / Turkey). He is an Associate Professor at the Department of Biomedical Engineering at Izmir Katip Celebi University, Izmir / Turkey, since 2019. In addition to academics, he has also founded Islerya Medical and Information Technologies Company, Izmir / Turkey, since 2017.\n\nHis main research interests cover biomedical signal processing, pattern recognition, medical device design, programming, and embedded systems. He has many scientific papers and participated in several projects in these study fields. He was an IEEE Student Member (2009-2011) and IEEE Member (2011-2014) and has been IEEE Senior Member since 2014.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Izmir Kâtip Çelebi University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"339677",title:"Dr.",name:"Mrinmoy",middleName:null,surname:"Roy",slug:"mrinmoy-roy",fullName:"Mrinmoy Roy",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/339677/images/16768_n.jpg",biography:"An accomplished Sales & Marketing professional with 12 years of cross-functional experience in well-known organisations such as CIPLA, LUPIN, GLENMARK, ASTRAZENECA across different segment of Sales & Marketing, International Business, Institutional Business, Product Management, Strategic Marketing of HIV, Oncology, Derma, Respiratory, Anti-Diabetic, Nutraceutical & Stomatological Product Portfolio and Generic as well as Chronic Critical Care Portfolio. A First Class MBA in International Business & Strategic Marketing, B.Pharm, D.Pharm, Google Certified Digital Marketing Professional. Qualified PhD Candidate in Operations and Management with special focus on Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning adoption, analysis and use in Healthcare, Hospital & Pharma Domain. Seasoned with diverse therapy area of Pharmaceutical Sales & Marketing ranging from generating revenue through generating prescriptions, launching new products, and making them big brands with continuous strategy execution at the Physician and Patients level. Moved from Sales to Marketing and Business Development for 3.5 years in South East Asian Market operating from Manila, Philippines. Came back to India and handled and developed Brands such as Gluconorm, Lupisulin, Supracal, Absolut Woman, Hemozink, Fabiflu (For COVID 19), and many more. In my previous assignment I used to develop and execute strategies on Sales & Marketing, Commercialization & Business Development for Institution and Corporate Hospital Business portfolio of Oncology Therapy Area for AstraZeneca Pharma India Ltd. Being a Research Scholar and Student of ‘Operations Research & Management: Artificial Intelligence’ I published several pioneer research papers and book chapters on the same in Internationally reputed journals and Books indexed in Scopus, Springer and Ei Compendex, Google Scholar etc. Currently, I am launching PGDM Pharmaceutical Management Program in IIHMR Bangalore and spearheading the course curriculum and structure of the same. I am interested in Collaboration for Healthcare Innovation, Pharma AI Innovation, Future trend in Marketing and Management with incubation on Healthcare, Healthcare IT startups, AI-ML Modelling and Healthcare Algorithm based training module development. I am also an affiliated member of the Institute of Management Consultant of India, looking forward to Healthcare, Healthcare IT and Innovation, Pharma and Hospital Management Consulting works.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Lovely Professional University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"1063",title:"Prof.",name:"Constantin",middleName:null,surname:"Volosencu",slug:"constantin-volosencu",fullName:"Constantin Volosencu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/1063/images/system/1063.png",biography:"Prof. Dr. Constantin Voloşencu graduated as an engineer from\nPolitehnica University of Timișoara, Romania, where he also\nobtained a doctorate degree. He is currently a full professor in\nthe Department of Automation and Applied Informatics at the\nsame university. Dr. Voloşencu is the author of ten books, seven\nbook chapters, and more than 160 papers published in journals\nand conference proceedings. He has also edited twelve books and\nhas twenty-seven patents to his name. He is a manager of research grants, editor in\nchief and member of international journal editorial boards, a former plenary speaker, a member of scientific committees, and chair at international conferences. His\nresearch is in the fields of control systems, control of electric drives, fuzzy control\nsystems, neural network applications, fault detection and diagnosis, sensor network\napplications, monitoring of distributed parameter systems, and power ultrasound\napplications. He has developed automation equipment for machine tools, spooling\nmachines, high-power ultrasound processes, and more.",institutionString:'"Politechnica" University Timişoara',institution:null},{id:"221364",title:"Dr.",name:"Eneko",middleName:null,surname:"Osaba",slug:"eneko-osaba",fullName:"Eneko Osaba",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/221364/images/system/221364.jpg",biography:"Dr. Eneko Osaba works at TECNALIA as a senior researcher. He obtained his Ph.D. in Artificial Intelligence in 2015. He has participated in more than twenty-five local and European research projects, and in the publication of more than 130 papers. He has performed several stays at universities in the United Kingdom, Italy, and Malta. Dr. Osaba has served as a program committee member in more than forty international conferences and participated in organizing activities in more than ten international conferences. He is a member of the editorial board of the International Journal of Artificial Intelligence, Data in Brief, and Journal of Advanced Transportation. He is also a guest editor for the Journal of Computational Science, Neurocomputing, Swarm, and Evolutionary Computation and IEEE ITS Magazine.",institutionString:"TECNALIA Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"275829",title:"Dr.",name:"Esther",middleName:null,surname:"Villar-Rodriguez",slug:"esther-villar-rodriguez",fullName:"Esther Villar-Rodriguez",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/275829/images/system/275829.jpg",biography:"Dr. Esther Villar obtained a Ph.D. in Information and Communication Technologies from the University of Alcalá, Spain, in 2015. She obtained a degree in Computer Science from the University of Deusto, Spain, in 2010, and an MSc in Computer Languages and Systems from the National University of Distance Education, Spain, in 2012. Her areas of interest and knowledge include natural language processing (NLP), detection of impersonation in social networks, semantic web, and machine learning. Dr. Esther Villar made several contributions at conferences and publishing in various journals in those fields. Currently, she is working within the OPTIMA (Optimization Modeling & Analytics) business of TECNALIA’s ICT Division as a data scientist in projects related to the prediction and optimization of management and industrial processes (resource planning, energy efficiency, etc).",institutionString:"TECNALIA Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"49813",title:"Dr.",name:"Javier",middleName:null,surname:"Del Ser",slug:"javier-del-ser",fullName:"Javier Del Ser",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/49813/images/system/49813.png",biography:"Prof. Dr. Javier Del Ser received his first PhD in Telecommunication Engineering (Cum Laude) from the University of Navarra, Spain, in 2006, and a second PhD in Computational Intelligence (Summa Cum Laude) from the University of Alcala, Spain, in 2013. He is currently a principal researcher in data analytics and optimisation at TECNALIA (Spain), a visiting fellow at the Basque Center for Applied Mathematics (BCAM) and a part-time lecturer at the University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU). His research interests gravitate on the use of descriptive, prescriptive and predictive algorithms for data mining and optimization in a diverse range of application fields such as Energy, Transport, Telecommunications, Health and Industry, among others. In these fields he has published more than 240 articles, co-supervised 8 Ph.D. theses, edited 6 books, coauthored 7 patents and participated/led more than 40 research projects. He is a Senior Member of the IEEE, and a recipient of the Biscay Talent prize for his academic career.",institutionString:"Tecnalia Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"278948",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos Pedro",middleName:null,surname:"Gonçalves",slug:"carlos-pedro-goncalves",fullName:"Carlos Pedro Gonçalves",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRcmyQAC/Profile_Picture_1564224512145",biography:'Carlos Pedro Gonçalves (PhD) is an Associate Professor at Lusophone University of Humanities and Technologies and a researcher on Complexity Sciences, Quantum Technologies, Artificial Intelligence, Strategic Studies, Studies in Intelligence and Security, FinTech and Financial Risk Modeling. He is also a progammer with programming experience in:\n\nA) Quantum Computing using Qiskit Python module and IBM Quantum Experience Platform, with software developed on the simulation of Quantum Artificial Neural Networks and Quantum Cybersecurity;\n\nB) Artificial Intelligence and Machine learning programming in Python;\n\nC) Artificial Intelligence, Multiagent Systems Modeling and System Dynamics Modeling in Netlogo, with models developed in the areas of Chaos Theory, Econophysics, Artificial Intelligence, Classical and Quantum Complex Systems Science, with the Econophysics models having been cited worldwide and incorporated in PhD programs by different Universities.\n\nReceived an Arctic Code Vault Contributor status by GitHub, due to having developed open source software preserved in the \\"Arctic Code Vault\\" for future generations (https://archiveprogram.github.com/arctic-vault/), with the Strategy Analyzer A.I. module for decision making support (based on his PhD thesis, used in his Classes on Decision Making and in Strategic Intelligence Consulting Activities) and QNeural Python Quantum Neural Network simulator also preserved in the \\"Arctic Code Vault\\", for access to these software modules see: https://github.com/cpgoncalves. He is also a peer reviewer with outsanding review status from Elsevier journals, including Physica A, Neurocomputing and Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence. Science CV available at: https://www.cienciavitae.pt//pt/8E1C-A8B3-78C5 and ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0298-3974',institutionString:"University of Lisbon",institution:{name:"Universidade Lusófona",country:{name:"Portugal"}}},{id:"310576",title:"Prof.",name:"Erick Giovani",middleName:null,surname:"Sperandio Nascimento",slug:"erick-giovani-sperandio-nascimento",fullName:"Erick Giovani Sperandio Nascimento",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://intech-files.s3.amazonaws.com/0033Y00002pDKxDQAW/ProfilePicture%202022-06-20%2019%3A57%3A24.788",biography:"Prof. Erick Sperandio is the Lead Researcher and professor of Artificial Intelligence (AI) at SENAI CIMATEC, Bahia, Brazil, also working with Computational Modeling (CM) and HPC. He holds a PhD in Environmental Engineering in the area of Atmospheric Computational Modeling, a Master in Informatics in the field of Computational Intelligence and Graduated in Computer Science from UFES. He currently coordinates, leads and participates in R&D projects in the areas of AI, computational modeling and supercomputing applied to different areas such as Oil and Gas, Health, Advanced Manufacturing, Renewable Energies and Atmospheric Sciences, advising undergraduate, master's and doctoral students. He is the Lead Researcher at SENAI CIMATEC's Reference Center on Artificial Intelligence. In addition, he is a Certified Instructor and University Ambassador of the NVIDIA Deep Learning Institute (DLI) in the areas of Deep Learning, Computer Vision, Natural Language Processing and Recommender Systems, and Principal Investigator of the NVIDIA/CIMATEC AI Joint Lab, the first in Latin America within the NVIDIA AI Technology Center (NVAITC) worldwide program. He also works as a researcher at the Supercomputing Center for Industrial Innovation (CS2i) and at the SENAI Institute of Innovation for Automation (ISI Automação), both from SENAI CIMATEC. He is a member and vice-coordinator of the Basic Board of Scientific-Technological Advice and Evaluation, in the area of Innovation, of the Foundation for Research Support of the State of Bahia (FAPESB). He serves as Technology Transfer Coordinator and one of the Principal Investigators at the National Applied Research Center in Artificial Intelligence (CPA-IA) of SENAI CIMATEC, focusing on Industry, being one of the six CPA-IA in Brazil approved by MCTI / FAPESP / CGI.br. He also participates as one of the representatives of Brazil in the BRICS Innovation Collaboration Working Group on HPC, ICT and AI. He is the coordinator of the Work Group of the Axis 5 - Workforce and Training - of the Brazilian Strategy for Artificial Intelligence (EBIA), and member of the MCTI/EMBRAPII AI Innovation Network Training Committee. He is the coordinator, by SENAI CIMATEC, of the Artificial Intelligence Reference Network of the State of Bahia (REDE BAH.IA). He leads the working group of experts representing Brazil in the Global Partnership on Artificial Intelligence (GPAI), on the theme \"AI and the Pandemic Response\".",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"241400",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohammed",middleName:null,surname:"Bsiss",slug:"mohammed-bsiss",fullName:"Mohammed Bsiss",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/241400/images/8062_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"276128",title:"Dr.",name:"Hira",middleName:null,surname:"Fatima",slug:"hira-fatima",fullName:"Hira Fatima",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/276128/images/14420_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Hira Fatima\nAssistant Professor\nDepartment of Mathematics\nInstitute of Applied Science\nMangalayatan University, Aligarh\nMobile: no : 8532041179\nhirafatima2014@gmal.com\n\nDr. Hira Fatima has received his Ph.D. degree in pure Mathematics from Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh India. Currently working as an Assistant Professor in the Department of Mathematics, Institute of Applied Science, Mangalayatan University, Aligarh. She taught so many courses of Mathematics of UG and PG level. Her research Area of Expertise is Functional Analysis & Sequence Spaces. She has been working on Ideal Convergence of double sequence. She has published 17 research papers in National and International Journals including Cogent Mathematics, Filomat, Journal of Intelligent and Fuzzy Systems, Advances in Difference Equations, Journal of Mathematical Analysis, Journal of Mathematical & Computer Science etc. She has also reviewed few research papers for the and international journals. She is a member of Indian Mathematical Society.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"417317",title:"Mrs.",name:"Chiedza",middleName:null,surname:"Elvina Mashiri",slug:"chiedza-elvina-mashiri",fullName:"Chiedza Elvina Mashiri",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Midlands State University",country:{name:"Zimbabwe"}}},{id:"352140",title:"Dr.",name:"Edina",middleName:null,surname:"Chandiwana",slug:"edina-chandiwana",fullName:"Edina Chandiwana",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Midlands State University",country:{name:"Zimbabwe"}}},{id:"342259",title:"B.Sc.",name:"Leonard",middleName:null,surname:"Mushunje",slug:"leonard-mushunje",fullName:"Leonard Mushunje",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Midlands State University",country:{name:"Zimbabwe"}}},{id:"347042",title:"Mr.",name:"Maxwell",middleName:null,surname:"Mashasha",slug:"maxwell-mashasha",fullName:"Maxwell Mashasha",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Midlands State University",country:{name:"Zimbabwe"}}},{id:"2941",title:"Dr.",name:"Alberto J.",middleName:"Jorge",surname:"Rosales-Silva",slug:"alberto-j.-rosales-silva",fullName:"Alberto J. Rosales-Silva",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Instituto Politécnico Nacional",country:{name:"Mexico"}}},{id:"437913",title:"Dr.",name:"Guillermo",middleName:null,surname:"Urriolagoitia-Sosa",slug:"guillermo-urriolagoitia-sosa",fullName:"Guillermo Urriolagoitia-Sosa",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Instituto Politécnico Nacional",country:{name:"Mexico"}}},{id:"435126",title:"Prof.",name:"Joaquim",middleName:null,surname:"José de Castro Ferreira",slug:"joaquim-jose-de-castro-ferreira",fullName:"Joaquim José de Castro Ferreira",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Aveiro",country:{name:"Portugal"}}},{id:"437899",title:"MSc.",name:"Miguel Angel",middleName:null,surname:"Ángel Castillo-Martínez",slug:"miguel-angel-angel-castillo-martinez",fullName:"Miguel Angel Ángel Castillo-Martínez",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Instituto Politécnico Nacional",country:{name:"Mexico"}}},{id:"289955",title:"Dr.",name:"Raja",middleName:null,surname:"Kishor Duggirala",slug:"raja-kishor-duggirala",fullName:"Raja Kishor Duggirala",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University, Hyderabad",country:{name:"India"}}}]}},subseries:{item:{id:"5",type:"subseries",title:"Parasitic Infectious Diseases",keywords:"Blood Borne Parasites, Intestinal Parasites, Protozoa, Helminths, Arthropods, Water Born Parasites, Epidemiology, Molecular Biology, Systematics, Genomics, Proteomics, Ecology",scope:"Parasitic diseases have evolved alongside their human hosts. In many cases, these diseases have adapted so well that they have developed efficient resilience methods in the human host and can live in the host for years. Others, particularly some blood parasites, can cause very acute diseases and are responsible for millions of deaths yearly. Many parasitic diseases are classified as neglected tropical diseases because they have received minimal funding over recent years and, in many cases, are under-reported despite the critical role they play in morbidity and mortality among human and animal hosts. The current topic, Parasitic Infectious Diseases, in the Infectious Diseases Series aims to publish studies on the systematics, epidemiology, molecular biology, genomics, pathogenesis, genetics, and clinical significance of parasitic diseases from blood borne to intestinal parasites as well as zoonotic parasites. We hope to cover all aspects of parasitic diseases to provide current and relevant research data on these very important diseases. In the current atmosphere of the Coronavirus pandemic, communities around the world, particularly those in different underdeveloped areas, are faced with the growing challenges of the high burden of parasitic diseases. At the same time, they are faced with the Covid-19 pandemic leading to what some authors have called potential syndemics that might worsen the outcome of such infections. 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