\\n\\n
Released this past November, the list is based on data collected from the Web of Science and highlights some of the world’s most influential scientific minds by naming the researchers whose publications over the previous decade have included a high number of Highly Cited Papers placing them among the top 1% most-cited.
\\n\\nWe wish to congratulate all of the researchers named and especially our authors on this amazing accomplishment! We are happy and proud to share in their success!
Note: Edited in March 2021
\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:{caption:"Highly Cited",originalUrl:"/media/original/117"}},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'IntechOpen is proud to announce that 191 of our authors have made the Clarivate™ Highly Cited Researchers List for 2020, ranking them among the top 1% most-cited.
\n\nThroughout the years, the list has named a total of 261 IntechOpen authors as Highly Cited. Of those researchers, 69 have been featured on the list multiple times.
\n\n\n\nReleased this past November, the list is based on data collected from the Web of Science and highlights some of the world’s most influential scientific minds by naming the researchers whose publications over the previous decade have included a high number of Highly Cited Papers placing them among the top 1% most-cited.
\n\nWe wish to congratulate all of the researchers named and especially our authors on this amazing accomplishment! We are happy and proud to share in their success!
Note: Edited in March 2021
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",isbn:"978-1-80356-516-3",printIsbn:"978-1-80356-515-6",pdfIsbn:"978-1-80356-517-0",doi:null,price:0,priceEur:0,priceUsd:0,slug:null,numberOfPages:0,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isSalesforceBook:!1,isNomenclature:!1,hash:"b3249deb4cc255484aac878ab8309ded",bookSignature:"Prof. Julia Fedotova",publishedDate:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11639.jpg",keywords:"Vitamin D, SARS-CoV-2, Pharmacotherapy, Post-COVID Syndrome, Rehabilitation, Therapy, Vitamin D Deficiency, Schizophrenia, Prenatal Period, Mechanisms of Schizophrenia, Vitamin D Analogs, Pharmacocorrection",numberOfDownloads:33,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:0,numberOfDimensionsCitations:0,numberOfTotalCitations:0,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"March 8th 2022",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"May 12th 2022",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"July 11th 2022",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"September 29th 2022",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"November 28th 2022",dateConfirmationOfParticipation:null,remainingDaysToSecondStep:"3 months",secondStepPassed:!0,areRegistrationsClosed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:4,editedByType:null,kuFlag:!1,biosketch:"Dr. Julia Fedotova is a leader of several major projects including a grant from the Russian Scientific Foundation RSF 16-15-10053 and RSF 16-15-10053. She is a Member of the St.Petersburg branch of the Russian Pharmacology Society, a Member of the St. Petersburg branch of the Russian Physiologists, biochemists, and pharmacologists, and a Member of the International Society of Dietary Supplements and Phytotherapy.",coeditorOneBiosketch:null,coeditorTwoBiosketch:null,coeditorThreeBiosketch:null,coeditorFourBiosketch:null,coeditorFiveBiosketch:null,editors:[{id:"269070",title:"Prof.",name:"Julia",middleName:null,surname:"Fedotova",slug:"julia-fedotova",fullName:"Julia Fedotova",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/269070/images/system/269070.jfif",biography:"Julia O. Fedotova, MD, PhD habil., Doc. Biol. Sci was born in St. Petersburg (Russia), in 1973. She graduated and received her Diploma of Pharmacist, from Pharmaceutical Faculty, St. Petersburg State Chemical-Pharmaceutical Academy in 1996. She received her\nPh.D. in Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and\nPhysiology of Humans and Animals in 1999. She attended the Medical\nSchool, Department of Pharmacology, University of Catania in\n2002, and the Institute of Physiology, Medical School, University of Pecs. She graduated from the special doctoral course in neuropharmacology at the Department\nof Neuropharmacology in the Institute for Experimental Medicine of the Russian\nAcademy of Medical Sciences and she received her Doctor of Biological Sciences degree\n(Ph.D. habil.) in 2008. She is currently a professor at the ITMO University and the\nleading researcher at the I.P. Pavlov Institute of Physiology. She has more than 200 publications (mostly in Russian), 2 patents, and 4 journal articles in collaboration, as well as 6 chapters in journals.\nShe is head of the project “The studying of Vitamin D3 role in the development of\naffective-related disorders in women in the climacteric period, the search of ways for\npharmacorrection”, from the prestigious Russian Scientific Foundation.",institutionString:"ITMO University",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"1",institution:{name:"ITMO University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Russia"}}}],coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"5",title:"Agricultural and Biological Sciences",slug:"agricultural-and-biological-sciences"}],chapters:[{id:"82474",title:"Vitamin D Deficiency in Childhood Obesity: Behavioral Factors or Altered Metabolism?",slug:"vitamin-d-deficiency-in-childhood-obesity-behavioral-factors-or-altered-metabolism",totalDownloads:21,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"53819",title:"Prof.",name:"Teodoro",surname:"Durá-Travé",slug:"teodoro-dura-trave",fullName:"Teodoro Durá-Travé"},{id:"60541",title:"Dr.",name:"Fidel",surname:"Gallinas-Victoriano",slug:"fidel-gallinas-victoriano",fullName:"Fidel Gallinas-Victoriano"}]},{id:"82475",title:"Pharmacological Efficacy and Mechanism of Vitamin D in the Treatment of “Kidney-Brain” Disorders",slug:"pharmacological-efficacy-and-mechanism-of-vitamin-d-in-the-treatment-of-kidney-brain-disorders",totalDownloads:12,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[null]}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},personalPublishingAssistant:{id:"347259",firstName:"Karmen",lastName:"Daleta",middleName:null,title:"Ms.",imageUrl:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",email:"karmen@intechopen.com",biography:null}},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"7038",title:"Vitamin D Deficiency",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ba24f0913341357b0779ff9529c4bbfc",slug:"vitamin-d-deficiency",bookSignature:"Julia Fedotova",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7038.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"269070",title:"Prof.",name:"Julia",surname:"Fedotova",slug:"julia-fedotova",fullName:"Julia Fedotova"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6418",title:"Hyperspectral Imaging in Agriculture, Food and Environment",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9005c36534a5dc065577a011aea13d4d",slug:"hyperspectral-imaging-in-agriculture-food-and-environment",bookSignature:"Alejandro Isabel Luna Maldonado, Humberto Rodríguez Fuentes and Juan Antonio Vidales Contreras",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6418.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"105774",title:"Prof.",name:"Alejandro Isabel",surname:"Luna Maldonado",slug:"alejandro-isabel-luna-maldonado",fullName:"Alejandro Isabel Luna Maldonado"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10359",title:"Landraces",subtitle:"Traditional Variety and Natural Breed",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"0600836fb2c422f7b624363d1e854f68",slug:"landraces-traditional-variety-and-natural-breed",bookSignature:"Amr Elkelish",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10359.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"231337",title:"Dr.",name:"Amr",surname:"Elkelish",slug:"amr-elkelish",fullName:"Amr Elkelish"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1591",title:"Infrared Spectroscopy",subtitle:"Materials Science, Engineering and Technology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"99b4b7b71a8caeb693ed762b40b017f4",slug:"infrared-spectroscopy-materials-science-engineering-and-technology",bookSignature:"Theophile Theophanides",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1591.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"37194",title:"Dr.",name:"Theophile",surname:"Theophanides",slug:"theophile-theophanides",fullName:"Theophile Theophanides"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3161",title:"Frontiers in Guided Wave Optics and Optoelectronics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"deb44e9c99f82bbce1083abea743146c",slug:"frontiers-in-guided-wave-optics-and-optoelectronics",bookSignature:"Bishnu Pal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3161.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"4782",title:"Prof.",name:"Bishnu",surname:"Pal",slug:"bishnu-pal",fullName:"Bishnu Pal"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"371",title:"Abiotic Stress in Plants",subtitle:"Mechanisms and Adaptations",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"588466f487e307619849d72389178a74",slug:"abiotic-stress-in-plants-mechanisms-and-adaptations",bookSignature:"Arun Shanker and B. 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The idea that exercise could overload cardiac pump and increase mortality changed facing the evidence that maintaining physical training and activity under supervision quickly reinsert patients to social-economic life. This concept could be used for patients in a stable status with acute coronary syndromes, heart failure, post-coronary artery bypass graft (CABG), post- percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI), and most of cardiovascular disease.
\nCurrently, exercise-based rehabilitation is considered an important adjunct therapy for secondary prevention in patients with coronary artery disease mainly in populations undergone CABG and PCI. Thus, physical training was included as Class I recommendation for both healthy subjects and those with coronary artery disease as a central point in cardiac rehabilitation (CR) programs [1–4].
\nIn this chapter, we will discuss exercise physiology, clinical assessments, CR programs and the effects of exercise on cardiac outcomes in patients with coronary artery disease and more specifically patients that undergone CABG.
\nExercise physiology uses some basic principles, and the terms that we will use in the present chapter are described as follows: physical activity as any bodily movement, exercise as physical activity to stress and train, aerobic exercise as exercise that stresses the oxygen transport system, resistance exercise as exercise that stresses musculoskeletal system, and exercise training as exercise performed in a repetitive way to improve cardiovascular (aerobic) or musculoskeletal (resistance) systems. Two main types of exercise have been proposed with beneficial health effects on subjects with CHD: interval aerobic training (IAT) and continuous aerobic training (CAT). IAT uses a balanced or equal time-periods between work and rest. CAT uses a steady-state exercise.
\nThree variables are important to understand the physiology of exercise: maximal oxygen uptake (VO2), myocardial oxygen uptake (MO2), and ventilatory threshold (VT).
\nVO2 is the amount of oxygen consumed during exercise, and this variable maintains a closed correlation with the amount of energy used.
\nFick describes an equation where cardiac output (Q) = VO2/difference between arterial and venous oxygen content (ΔA-V O2). So, VO2 = ΔA-V O2 multiplied by Q. Q might be calculated by the product of heart rate (HR) and cardiac stroke volume. Q and ΔA-V O2 increases during exercise training.
\nMaximum exercise capacity is measured as maximum VO2 (VO2max), and it reflects the maximal oxygen transported during exercise before being limited by fatigue or dyspnea. This variable evaluates all together: cardiac, respiratory, muscle-skeletal and vascular systems.
\nOften diseased patients do not achieve their VO2max, and the term peak VO2 (VO2peak) should be preferred. VO2peak is the highest level attained by a patient in the absence of fulfilling the criteria for VO2max [5]. The metabolic equivalent (MET) is defined as the oxygen requirement in the resting awake individual, and it is equal to 3.5 ml/Kg/min.
\nThe MO2 can be estimated multiplying HR by systolic blood pressure, also named double product. MO2 is not determined by the external work-rate exercise, but rather by the exercise work-rate relative to maximal exercise capacity.
\nThe VT is the divergence of VO2 and carbon dioxide production (VCO2) curves, and it is due to production of latic acid. In the beginning of exercise both VO2 and VCO2 curves increases in same magnitude. Throughout exercise, the latic acid is buffered by bicarbonate and it increases exhalation of additional CO2, achieving VT. VT denotes exercise tolerance and represent the maximal constant workrate that can be sustained during submaximal exercise.
\nWorld Health Organization defines cardiovascular, pulmonary and metabolic rehabilitation as the integration of interventions called “non-pharmacological actions,” to ensure the best physical, psychological and social conditions for the patient with cardiovascular, pulmonary and metabolic diseases.
\nBased on scientific evidence and proven economic advantages, the ethical medical practice guidelines recommends cardiovascular, pulmonary and metabolic rehabilitation for patients with atherosclerotic coronary disease, heart failure, arterial hypertension, peripheral arterial disease, metabolic diseases (obesity, metabolic syndrome and diabetes mellitus), chronic lung disease, and for subjects with risk factors for cardiovascular diseases such as smoking, dyslipidemia, glucose intolerance, excessive stress, long-term sedentary, and patients with chronic nephropathy. In this context, prescription of training programs is highlighted for the therapeutic benefit of physical exercise which in certain situations should occur under specialized supervision [6].
\nIn the immediate post-operatory period, rehabilitation is based on standard protocols that take more regard the current clinical status and the cardiac pump like left ventricular ejection fraction. Cycle ergometer or treadmill tests are not performed routinely during hospitalization, and the decision to use maximum HR to stop exercise is not suitable. Additionally, most of patients are under beta-blockers and their HR response to exercise will be reduced.
\nThe coordinator of the CR team should focus on several clinical parameters during exercise such as important blood pressure changes—high blood pressure or blood pressure fall during exercise—arrhythmia, syncope or pre-syncope, rales, moderate to severe dyspnea (Borg scale > 14), the onset of angina or claudication. Additionally, upper body motion must be hold by 4 weeks until surgical wound knitting, and 3 or 4 months for pushups and other strenuous exercises.
\nAfter the hospital discharge, patients with coronary artery diseases or those that undergone CABG need the referral and the assistant physician consent to perform CR. Before, patients get analysis of their clinical condition and feasibility for performing physical training [6]. Some physicians requiring imaging functional tests like cardiac scintigraphy to assess the baseline perfusion after CABG. The scintigraphy may be performed with a treadmill test or pharmacological stress, like dipyridamole. If the assessment were performed associate to a treadmill test this data can be used as additional information about physiological cardiovascular status, like VO2, MET, maximal heart rate achieved, chronotropic reserve.
\nBeyond pharmacological treatment, it is fundamental that patients with heart failure, coronary artery disease or after CABG should be included in an CR program. For the patient’s optimal development with improvement in quality of life, it is necessary the participation of a team with different specialties. The CR program aims to improve physiological, clinical and psychological state of the cardiac patient, based on a multidisciplinary intervention of physician, surgeons, physiotherapists, nutritionists, nurses, physiologists, and psychologists.
\nSecondary prevention and CR are an integral part of the management strategy after revascularization, and it is associated with reductions in morbidity and mortality in a cost-effective way and can further ameliorate symptoms [7, 8].
\nTraditionally, the CR program can be divided in phases, as follows:
\nPhase 1: Performed in hospitalized patients. It will introduce the patient to an active and productive life and aims to ensure that the patient will have discharge with the best physical and psychological conditions. Initially, CR was applied for recovery following myocardial infarction or CABG. Currently, it should include patients submitted to PCI by balloon or by stent implantation, heart valve surgeries, congenital heart surgeries, cardiac transplantation, patients with stable angina pectoris and subjects with risk factors for CAD such as subjects with diabetes, hypertension, metabolic syndrome, chronic nephropathy and chronic lung disease. Phase 1 begins after the patient has been considered clinically compensated due to the optimization of the clinical treatment and/or the use of an interventional procedure. In this phase, a combination of low-intensity physical exercise is indicated as well as stress management techniques, and education in relation to risk factors. The duration of this phase has decreased in recent years, due to shorter hospitalizations [6].
\nPhase 2: This is the first extra-hospital step. It begins immediately after discharge and / or a few days after a cardiovascular event or cardiovascular, pulmonary and metabolic decompensation. Estimated duration: 3–6 months, and in some cases may be more extensive. It can work in a structure that is part of the hospital complex or another environment suitable for physical exercise (sports club, sports gym, gym, etc.). The ideal team should include doctor, physiotherapist, physical education teacher, nurse, nutritionist and psychologist. It must have the basic resources to handle emergencies. It works with sessions supervised by the physiotherapist and/or physical education teacher. The exercise program should be individualized, in terms of intensity, duration, frequency, training modality and progression. There must always be resources for the accurate measurement of heart rate and blood pressure checking, besides the possibility of eventual verification of oxygen saturation, blood glucose determination and electrocardiographic monitoring. Part of this phase is an educational program aimed at lifestyle modification, with emphasis on dietary reeducation and strategies for smoking cessation. The rehabilitation in this phase has as main objective to contribute to the early return of the patient to his social and work activities, in the best possible physical and emotional conditions [6].
\nPhase 3: Estimated duration of 6–24 months. This is the immediate treatment for the patients discharged from phase 2, but can be started at any stage of the disease evolution. It is not necessary to follow previous phases. Therefore, low-risk patients who did not participate in phase 2 are good candidates. The supervision of exercises should be done by a professional with specialization in physical exercise (physical education teacher and/or physiotherapist), and must be have the coordination of a physician and have the conditions for possible cardiac monitoring and determination of oxygen saturation. It is recommended that other important professionals also integrate the team: nurse, nutritionist and psychologist. The main objective is the improvement of the physical condition and quality of life and other procedures that contribute to the reduction of the risk of clinical complications, such as the strategies for smoking cessation and food reeducation [6].
\nPhase 4: It is a long-term program, of indefinite duration. Activities are not necessarily supervised and should be appropriate to the availability of time for the maintenance of the physical exercise program and the preferences of patients in relation to recreational sports activities. The material and human resources available should also be considered. At this stage, patients after each medical evaluation, especially when undergoing ergometric tests, should be evaluated and oriented in practice by some supervised exercise sessions. The periodicity to realize the ergometric tests should not exceed 1 year. The main objectives of this phase are to increase and to maintain physical fitness. It is not mandatory that this phase be preceded by phase 3. The rehabilitation team should propose activities that are more appropriate for each one. Patients should be periodically and systematically contacted by the CR team, even by telephone, at least once every 6 months [6].
\nWithin the CR session, each professional can choose to carry out different activities, among which are: aerobic training proper, which can be performed with cycle ergometer, sliding bands, climber or simply with walks guided by trained personnel; resistance exercises, strength exercises, coordination exercises, flexibility exercises and, in phases 3 and 4, specific exercises that have similarity to the work performed by the patient or to the activities performed.
\nThe aerobic training can be performed using two types of exercises:
\na continuous method (CAT), which is characterized by the application of an uninterrupted load, that means, without pause or periods of rest during the work. This method can be extensive or intensive, finding the difference between both in the intensity of the exercise.
an interval aerobic training—IAT method, that contains intervals of rest. When the work is high or moderate intensity, active intervals are used, whereas if the functional capacity of the patient is low, passive recovery intervals are used.
The intensity and duration of aerobic exercises are used to obtain greater benefits for the cardiovascular system and metabolism and have been explored in recent research.
\nAt the beginning of the twenty-first century, research using high-intensity interval aerobic training (HIIAT) was carried out to improve the performance of athletes in competitions. Examples of protocols of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) applied in studies in trained health volunteers are described as follow:
\nIn moderately-trained healthy males. The HIIAT interventions consisted of the following parts: (1) 8 min of a warm-up at a speed of 50% VO2max; (2) interval exercise: total duration of 12 min, work/rest ratio = 1, work intensity 100% VO2max, rest intensity 60% VO2max, work and rest duration of 15 s, 30 s, or 60 s (three different groups); (3) a cool-down: 3 min at 5 km·h−1. All HIIT interventions were identical over the total duration, work/rest ratio, relative work and rest intensity [9].
In healthy adults enrolled in non-randomized study. The protocol was low-volume, HIIT consisting of 60 s work and 60 s recovery (60 s/60 s) repeated for 10 repetitions has previously been found to produce beneficial cardiopulmonary, cellular, and metabolic adaptations in healthy and at-risk populations, however using several combinations of work and recovery intensities based in varying percentages of peak power output (PPO) that consisted of the following work/recovery intensities (80% PPO/0% PPO; 80% PPO/50% PPO; 100% PPO/0% PPO and; 100% PPO/50% PPO). In a 100/50 group showed an increasing of PPO and VO2max compared to other groups and, the researchers concluded that use of the 80/0, 80/50, and 100/0 protocols would be appropriate for individuals who are at the low to moderate end of the cardiopulmonary fitness spectrum [10].
In healthy young men that performed eight 20 s bouts at 130% of the velocity associated with the VO2max on a treadmill with 10 s of passive rest in HIIT protocol. In this study, the researchers compared to moderate continuous training (MCT), which performed 30 min running on a treadmill at a submaximal velocity equivalent to 90–95% of the heart rate associated with the anaerobic threshold for data related to oxygen consumption and energy expenditure (EE) were measured during the protocols and the excess post-exercise oxygen consumption (EPOC) was calculated for both sessions. The results showed that post-exercise EE and EPOC values were higher after HIIT, suggesting that supramaximal HIIT has a higher impact on EE and EPOC in the early phase of recovery when compared to MCT [11].
The good response to exercise in heath volunteers excited researchers that have been start investigating the benefits of IAT in patients with heart failure during rehabilitation or in patients after CABG. One protocol that showed be effective after CABG consisted of 8 min warm-up, 4 times of 4-min intervals at 90% of maximum heart rate, pauses of 3-min walking at 70% maximum heart rate, and 5 min cool-down after session [12]. This protocol enrolled patients referred to a residential rehabilitation center 4–16 weeks postoperatively, and they excluded heart failure, inability to exercise, or drug abuse. All patients performed a treadmill ergospirometry test before rehabilitation program to evaluation and prescription of exercise intensity and to determine the peak VO2peak pre- and post-training. Ergospirometry is a functional capacity test that noninvasively studies the pathophysiology of the respiratory and cardiovascular systems under conditions of physical stress, objectively evaluating the degree of functional limitation and its mechanism [13]. The ergospirometry have the advantage over conventional treadmill test because it calculates the VT.
\nSome studies performed the cardiopulmonary test on a treadmill [14, 15], while other studies performed the evaluation on a cycle ergometer [16, 17]. It should be noted that all patients were trained with the same tool with which they were evaluated, both those who performed the test in ergometric bicycle and in the treadmill.
\nThe first IAT study in HF appears to have been in 1972, when patients were asked to cycle on high work load for 60 s with 30 s of rest between intervals. Using intervals, patients could perform the exercises at least twice if they were able to perform on a continuous cycling [18]. Several years ago, most of the scientific evidence demonstrated the benefits of training in patients with HF used continuous low to moderate intensity aerobic exercise. Therefore, few were the professionals who questioned the possibility of using a method that demand greater intensity during aerobic training.
\nThe cardiovascular system response to exercise integrates systemic, cellular, and molecular signaling pathways. The benefits assign to physical training on cardiopulmonary system are improve functional capacity, lessen the intensity of breathing and muscle discomfort, improve quality of life, increase blood muscle flow, increase oxidative and metabolic capacity, attenuate or reverse skeletal muscle atrophy, improve autonomic activation, increase endothelium activation, and improve muscle performance. In this way, it believes that interval exercise training additionally prolongs exercise duration, lowers cardiovascular demand, lowers ventilator requirement, allows higher exercise intensity, and reduces symptoms of dyspnoea and leg discomfort.
\nA recent meta-analysis [19] from Cochrane Group in CHD concluded that exercise-based CR reduces cardiovascular mortality and provides reduction in hospital admissions and improvements in quality of life regardless of the type of strategy used to treat CHD—medicine, angioplasty, or surgery. Several trials enrolled in this meta-analysis were performed before modern techniques of myocardial revascularization, and it could affect the final results. The GOSPEL study [20] enrolled 3241 patients with recent myocardial infarction and after 3 years of follow-up showed a decreased risk of nonfatal myocardial infarction and combined end-points as cardiovascular death plus nonfatal myocardial infarction and stroke. However, the DANREHAB trial [21] showed no differences between patients with HF, CHD, or high risk heart disease randomized to rehabilitation (n = 380) versus control group (n = 390) after 12 months of follow-up in primary composite outcomes.
\nThe last trial to determine the exercise effect on outcomes in HF patients was the HF-ACTION trial (Heart Failure and A Controlled Trial Investigating Outcomes of Exercise Training) [22, 23]. This trial enrolled 2331 stable systolic HF patients with an EF lower or equal to 35% and randomized them to aerobic training or control group in France, Canada, and United States. Study participants had CHD (51%) and EF (25%). A total of 759 patients (65%) in the exercise group died or were hospitalized compared with 796 patients (68%) in the control group (hazard ratio 0.93 [95% CI: 0.84–1.02]). So, in this sample, the primary and secondary clinical end-points do not show difference between groups. After adjustment for highly prognostic predictors of these end-points, a modest but significant reduction for both, any cause of death or hospitalization and cardiovascular death or HF admission.
\nIn a recent study [24], 261 patients with HF and reduced LVEF (<35%) and NYHA II-III were randomly assigned to HIIT at 90–95% of maximal HR, MCT at 60–70% of HRmax or regular exercise (RRE). In a large clinical trial study, the researchers showed that HIIT was not superior to MCT in changing left ventricular remodeling or aerobic capacity. To access left ventricular remodeling, left ventricular end-diastolic diameter was measured at the tip of the mitral leaflet in two-dimensional parasternal long-axis view by echocardiography and, for aerobic capacity, VO2peak and respiratory quotient were accessed. There was also no difference between HIIT and MCT in VO2peak, but both were superior to RRE. The researchers still reported serious adverse events during the 12 weeks intervention, though there were no statistical significant differences between groups (HIIT 39%, MCT 25%, RRE 34%, P = 0.16), numerically was higher in HIIT, followed by RRE and MCT: n = 82, 76 e 73, respectively. Therefore, the feasibility of the IAT program remains unresolved in heart failure patients.
\nOther studies in patients with HF trained in IAT program evaluated variables pre and post-training such as VO2max [7], left ventricular ejection fraction by echocardiographic analysis [7], endothelial function by evaluation of the flow-measured dilation [7], levels of natriuretic peptide in brain plasma, myeloperoxidase, interleukin-6, quality of life by questionnaires SF-36, the Minnesota Living With Heart Failure [8], and the Hare Davis Cardiac Depression Scale [25]. These results were controversial between the group in IAT and CAT programs for some variables.
\nAlthough controversies exist for HIIAT in patients with low functional capacity, as in patients with HF, this training method is often the best tool for starting a physical activity program, preventing patients from quickly fatigue and for achieving a better progression during training. Additionally, the HIIAT has been described as feasible to be performed by elderly patients with chronic heart failure and severe alterations in LVEF.
\nIn patients with CAD with preserved or reduced LVEF, HIIAT showed to be superior to moderate MCT to improve VO2peak, which is closely related to long-term survival in cardiac patients [26].
\nThere are no trials with a sample size that could be considered sufficient to assess the magnitude of effect of exercise training rehabilitation in patients undergone CABG. Regarding IAT versus CET comparisons in such patients, there are only few trials with small sample sizes. Indeed, even with more than 50 years using surgery to treat CHD The scientific evidence of effects of rehabilitation with different protocols on post-CABG management is not extensive [27].
\nOne observational cohort study [28] with 163 survivors’ patients after CABG that were followed-up for 5–6 years showed that higher levels of exercise were associated with increased functional status, after adjustment for age, sex, severity of angina, shortness of breath, and fatigue. Interestingly enough, women who did not perform exercise more than 2 times a week had significantly lower physical and social status outcomes than women who did it.
\nA randomized controlled trial employed to analyze whether a behavioral and educational cardiac rehabilitation program was effective in modifying cardiovascular disease risk factors in 86 patients. The results showed more aerobic capacity assessed by VO2max in the interventional group [29]. Quality of life tended to improve steadily over time in both groups.
\nIn a lack of sufficient trials to evaluate the effect of IAT versus CET as rehabilitation programs on mortality or major cardiovascular events after CABG, few trials with a small sample size used surrogate end-points as hemodynamic and ventilatory parameters to test exercise performance. In this way, VO2peak that strongly predicts mortality and was evaluated in patients submitted to IAT versus continuous moderate training (CMT) after CABG for 4 weeks and 6 months. The VO2peak was measured at the baseline, 4 weeks and after 6 months, presenting similar short-term increases in both IAT and CMT groups. However, there was better long-term effect in IAT group after CABG [12]. Other clinical trial tested IAT versus CET program by 3.5 weeks in a bicycle ergometer protocol. Nine patients in each group performed the exercise 24–26 days after CABG. At the end of protocol, IAT favors increasing physical performance, lower heart rate at rest (−9 bpm versus −4 bpm), lower rate-pressure product at rest, and lower lactate. There were no differences in catecholamines between groups. The authors concluded that IAT is better suited to increase physical performance and is more effective in saving cardiac function compared to CAT [30]. Rate-pressure product were also evaluated by others, and its measures in similar sample of patients with CAD undergone CABG and then trained in either CAT or IAT programs, presented a decreasing in resting and maximal rate-pressure product more significant only in IAT group. The rate-pressure product is an indirect index of myocardial oxygen consumption of patients with CAD [31].
\nFlow-mediated dilatation reflect the endothelial function and serves as a prognostic marker for cardiovascular events. IAT also enhance endothelial function as observed in studies that evaluated flow-mediated dilation of brachial artery after IAT in post-infarction heart failure [7], but there is a lack of studies with patients after CABG and IAT. In patients with cardiovascular and cerebrovascular disease [32] a systematic review including 20 studies showed that HIIAT was similar to moderate CAT through improvement in endothelial function measured by flow-mediated dilatation, nitric oxide bioavailability and circulating biomarkers.
\nOn the other hand, there is controversy whether physical activity can improve heart function among several cardiac parameters evaluated by echocardiography. One study evaluated patients after CABG [7] and failed to show improvements in systolic annular velocity, mitral annular excursion, late diastolic mitral flow velocity (A wave), early diastolic mitral velocity, late diastolic mitral velocity, deceleration time of the early diastolic mitral velocity ejection fraction, end-diastolic volume, or end-systolic volume after 4 weeks of IAT. The results were similar to baseline, except by peak early diastolic mitral flow velocity (E wave) that it showed significant fall after 4 weeks IAT. However, patients that developed heart failure after infarct, but who did not perform CABG, and undergoing physical training, the IAT showed decline in left ventricle end-diastolic and end-systolic volumes, and left ventricle ejection fraction raised from 28 ± 7.3 to 38 ± 9.8%, with better results to IAT compared to CMT [7].
\nRegarding changes in blood markers as low-density lipoprotein (LDL)-cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, triglycerides, glucose, and hemoglobin were not demonstrated or do not have clinical value after IAT in CABG patients [8].
\nThe HIIAT in CABG and PCI patients has been associated with platelet activation (CD62P) and function (platelet aggregation) compared to moderate continuous exercise, showing that the risk of exercise-induced thrombosis is higher during HIIAT than moderate CAT in patients with recent revascularization. Therefore, the acute effect of HIIT on platelet activation and function in patients with recent revascularization is still on debate [33]. In 1990, some studies initiated the research about IAT in patients submitted to CABG [34], but the literature about the theme is still scarce because current researches look for to compare continuous exercise training versus control groups [19]. In this context, it should be emphasized that more clinical trials with patients after CABG are still necessary.
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Community- and research-based conservation mechanisms could be an appropriate approach for mitigating the problems pertinent to the loss of medicinal plants and their habitats and for documenting medicinal plants. Chromatography; electrophoretic, macroscopic, and microscopic techniques; and pharmaceutical practice are mainly used for quality control of herbal medicines.",book:{id:"8502",slug:"plant-science-structure-anatomy-and-physiology-in-plants-cultured-in-vivo-and-in-vitro",title:"Plant Science",fullTitle:"Plant Science - Structure, Anatomy and Physiology in Plants Cultured in Vivo and in Vitro"},signatures:"Admasu Moges and Yohannes Moges",authors:[{id:"249746",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Admasu",middleName:null,surname:"Moges",slug:"admasu-moges",fullName:"Admasu Moges"},{id:"297761",title:"MSc.",name:"Yohannes",middleName:null,surname:"Moges",slug:"yohannes-moges",fullName:"Yohannes Moges"}]},{id:"29764",title:"Underlying Causes of Paresthesia",slug:"underlying-causes-of-paresthesia",totalDownloads:193348,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:7,abstract:null,book:{id:"1069",slug:"paresthesia",title:"Paresthesia",fullTitle:"Paresthesia"},signatures:"Mahdi Sharif-Alhoseini, Vafa Rahimi-Movaghar and Alexander R. 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It’s a beautiful fruit with smooth, shining skin. Yellow, red, and purple fruits are available. This fruit contains vitamins, minerals, fiber, and antioxidants. It has a very low-calorie count. Breeding focuses on fruit quality through selection, hybridization, and biotechnological treatments for plantation and post-harvest management. Diseases, pests, viruses, and physiological abnormalities can be treated with plant protection techniques. Like other fruits, it’s edible after harvesting. Made into juices, concentrates, jams, gelatins, and sweets. If processing facilities and transport are available, it can be exported as pulp or concentrate. The tamarillo can diversify sub-tropical fruit production as a high-value cash crop, with excellent fruits commanding premium prices in Europe, North America, and Japan.",book:{id:"11311",title:"Tropical Plant Species",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11311.jpg"},signatures:"Rafiq Ahmad Shah, Parshant Bakshi, Hamidullah Itoo and Gaganpreet Kour"},{id:"83046",title:"Gene Expression and Transcriptome Sequencing: Basics, Analysis, Advances",slug:"gene-expression-and-transcriptome-sequencing-basics-analysis-advances",totalDownloads:2,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105929",abstract:"Gene expression studies are extremely useful for understanding a broad range of biological, physiological, and molecular responses. The techniques for gene expression reflect differential patterns of gene regulation and have evolved with time from detecting one gene to many genes at a time laterally. Gene expression depends on the spatiotemporal expression in a particular tissue at a given time point and needs critical examination and interpretation. Transcriptome sequencing or RNA-seq using next-generation sequencing (short and long reads) is the most widely deployed technology for accurate quantification of gene expression. According to the biological aim of the experiment, replications, platform, and chemistries, propelling improvement has been demonstrated and documented using RNA-seq in plants, humans, animals, and clinical sciences with respect to gene expression of mRNA, small non-coding, long non-coding RNAs, alternative splice variations, isoform variations, gene fusions, single-nucleotide variants. Integrating transcriptome sequencing with other techniques such as chromatin immunoprecipitation, methylation, genome-wide association studies, manifests insights into genetic and epigenetic regulation. Epi-transcriptome including RNA methylation, modification, and alternative polyadenylation events can also be explored through long-read sequencing. In this chapter, we have presented an account of the basics of gene expression methods, transcriptome sequencing, and the various methodologies involved in the downstream analysis.",book:{id:"11349",title:"Gene Expression",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11349.jpg"},signatures:"Yogesh Shukla, Amol Phule, Harshvardhan Zala, Nakul D. Magar, Priya Shah, K. Harish, Tejas C. Bosamia, Kalyani M. 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The genes that encode citrate synthase and subunits of the succinate dehydrogenase complex are the ones that show the greatest multiplicity, while in the phosphoenolpyruvate-pyruvate-oxaloacetate node, only malic enzymes and pyruvate phosphate dikinase present two copies in some Streptomyces. The extra DNA from these multiple gene copies can be more than 50 kb, and the question arises whether all of these genes are transcribed and translated. As far as we know, there is few information about the transcription of these genes in any of this Streptomyces, nor if any of the activities that are encoded by a single gene could be limiting both for growth and for the formation of precursors of the antibiotics produced by these microorganisms. Therefore, it is important to study the transcription and translation of genes involved in carbon metabolism in antibiotic-producing Streptomyces growing on various sugars.",book:{id:"10893",title:"Actinobacteria",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10893.jpg"},signatures:"Toshiko Takahashi, Jonathan Alanís, Polonia Hernández and María Elena Flores"},{id:"82757",title:"Seed Dormancy: Induction, Maintenance and Seed Technology Approaches to Break Dormancy",slug:"seed-dormancy-induction-maintenance-and-seed-technology-approaches-to-break-dormancy",totalDownloads:8,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.106153",abstract:"Dormancy is the major cause of erratic germination, patchy emergence and uneven seedling establishment in the field. These traits are exceedingly undesirable in crop production as future phases of growth and development are strongly linked to uniform seedling development at early growth phases. Variations in maturation time, and difficulty in managing abiotic and biotic stresses during pre- and postharvest are common consequences of uneven germination and seedling emergence. Minimizing this negative impact of dormancy in a seed lot is the major concern of all seed production companies. Generally, mature seeds show some considerable dormancy during which embryo growth is halted momentarily because one or more internal and external stimuli for growth resumption is/are absent. If the inhibition of seed germination is solely due to insufficient or complete absence of external signals, then the seed is in a state of quiescence. Otherwise, if linked to internal factors, then the seed is in a state of dormancy. Induction, maintenance, and release of dormancy are therefore related to Seed-dependent factors such as morphology, hormones, state of embryo maturity at seed dispersal and chemical inhibitors. This chapter focuses on species-dependent methods currently used to break dormancy, reduce germination time and improve emergence and seedling establishment.",book:{id:"11322",title:"Seed Biology Updates",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11322.jpg"},signatures:"Tabi Kingsley Mbi, Ntsomboh Godswill Ntsefong and Tatah Eugene Lenzemo"},{id:"79168",title:"Pulses: A Potential Source of Valuable Protein for Human Diet",slug:"pulses-a-potential-source-of-valuable-protein-for-human-diet",totalDownloads:4,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.99980",abstract:"Nutritional profile of pulses has significant importance in human diet with respect to protein and mineral quality and bioavailability. Protein energy malnutrition is widespread throughout the world especially among the developing countries. Pulses being rich in macronutrients such as protein from 20 to 26% and low in calories are most suitable for product development for target-oriented population. During last decade, the demand for pulse-based products with high protein and fiber, low glycemic index, and gluten free with more antioxidant showed increasing trend by the consumers. Drift of end-use application of pulses generated interest for research in all disciplines such as breeding, agronomy, food, and nutrition, etc. A great share of plant protein in human diet may be a critical step for reducing dependence on animal origin protein source. This chapter will review contribution or choice of plant-based protein from legumes or pulses with good-quality protein based on amino acid composition. Additionally, this overview can give insight into the development of new product with balanced nutritional quality and high protein contents as a potential protein supply for malnourished population.",book:{id:"12236",title:"Legumes Research- Volume 2",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/12236.jpg"},signatures:"Saima Parveen, Amina Jamil, Imran Pasha and Farah Ahmad"},{id:"83043",title:"Applications of CRISPR/Cas9 for Selective Sequencing and Clinical Diagnostics",slug:"applications-of-crispr-cas9-for-selective-sequencing-and-clinical-diagnostics",totalDownloads:5,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.106548",abstract:"In this chapter, we will discuss the applications of CRISPR/Cas9 in the context of clinical diagnostics. We will provide an overview of existing methods and their use cases in the diagnostic field. Special attention will be given to selective sequencing approaches using third-generation sequencing and PAM-site requirements. 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He has both an MS and Ph.D. in Biomedical Engineering. He was previously a research scientist at the University of California Los Angeles (UCLA) and visiting professor and researcher at the University of North Dakota. He is currently working in artificial intelligence and its applications in medical signal processing. In addition, he is using digital signal processing in medical imaging and speech processing. Dr. Asadpour has developed brain-computer interfacing algorithms and has published books, book chapters, and several journal and conference papers in this field and other areas of intelligent signal processing. He has also designed medical devices, including a laser Doppler monitoring system.",institutionString:"Kaiser Permanente Southern California",institution:null},{id:"169608",title:"Prof.",name:"Marian",middleName:null,surname:"Găiceanu",slug:"marian-gaiceanu",fullName:"Marian Găiceanu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/169608/images/system/169608.png",biography:"Prof. Dr. Marian Gaiceanu graduated from the Naval and Electrical Engineering Faculty, Dunarea de Jos University of Galati, Romania, in 1997. He received a Ph.D. (Magna Cum Laude) in Electrical Engineering in 2002. Since 2017, Dr. Gaiceanu has been a Ph.D. supervisor for students in Electrical Engineering. He has been employed at Dunarea de Jos University of Galati since 1996, where he is currently a professor. 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He is also a member of the editorial boards of the Journal of Electrical Engineering, Electronics, Control and Computer Science and Sustainability. Dr. Gaiceanu has been General Chairman of the IEEE International Symposium on Electrical and Electronics Engineering in the last six editions.",institutionString:'"Dunarea de Jos" University of Galati',institution:{name:'"Dunarea de Jos" University of Galati',country:{name:"Romania"}}},{id:"4519",title:"Prof.",name:"Jaydip",middleName:null,surname:"Sen",slug:"jaydip-sen",fullName:"Jaydip Sen",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/4519/images/system/4519.jpeg",biography:"Jaydip Sen is associated with Praxis Business School, Kolkata, India, as a professor in the Department of Data Science. His research areas include security and privacy issues in computing and communication, intrusion detection systems, machine learning, deep learning, and artificial intelligence in the financial domain. 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He has been listed among the top 2% of scientists in the world for the last three consecutive years, 2019 to 2021 as per studies conducted by the Stanford University, USA.",institutionString:"Praxis Business School",institution:null},{id:"320071",title:"Dr.",name:"Sidra",middleName:null,surname:"Mehtab",slug:"sidra-mehtab",fullName:"Sidra Mehtab",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00002v6KHoQAM/Profile_Picture_1584512086360",biography:"Sidra Mehtab has completed her BS with honors in Physics from Calcutta University, India in 2018. She has done MS in Data Science and Analytics from Maulana Abul Kalam Azad University of Technology (MAKAUT), Kolkata, India in 2020. Her research areas include Econometrics, Time Series Analysis, Machine Learning, Deep Learning, Artificial Intelligence, and Computer and Network Security with a particular focus on Cyber Security Analytics. Ms. Mehtab has published seven papers in international conferences and one of her papers has been accepted for publication in a reputable international journal. She has won the best paper awards in two prestigious international conferences – BAICONF 2019, and ICADCML 2021, organized in the Indian Institute of Management, Bangalore, India in December 2019, and SOA University, Bhubaneswar, India in January 2021. Besides, Ms. Mehtab has also published two book chapters in two books. Seven of her book chapters will be published in a volume shortly in 2021 by Cambridge Scholars’ Press, UK. Currently, she is working as the joint editor of two edited volumes on Time Series Analysis and Forecasting to be published in the first half of 2021 by an international house. Currently, she is working as a Data Scientist with an MNC in Delhi, India.",institutionString:"NSHM College of Management and Technology",institution:{name:"Association for Computing Machinery",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"226240",title:"Dr.",name:"Andri Irfan",middleName:null,surname:"Rifai",slug:"andri-irfan-rifai",fullName:"Andri Irfan Rifai",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/226240/images/7412_n.jpg",biography:"Andri IRFAN is a Senior Lecturer of Civil Engineering and Planning. He completed the PhD at the Universitas Indonesia & Universidade do Minho with Sandwich Program Scholarship from the Directorate General of Higher Education and LPDP scholarship. He has been teaching for more than 19 years and much active to applied his knowledge in the project construction in Indonesia. His research interest ranges from pavement management system to advanced data mining techniques for transportation engineering. He has published more than 50 papers in journals and 2 books.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universitas Internasional Batam",country:{name:"Indonesia"}}},{id:"314576",title:"Dr.",name:"Ibai",middleName:null,surname:"Laña",slug:"ibai-lana",fullName:"Ibai Laña",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/314576/images/system/314576.jpg",biography:"Dr. Ibai Laña works at TECNALIA as a data analyst. He received his Ph.D. in Artificial Intelligence from the University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Spain, in 2018. He is currently a senior researcher at TECNALIA. His research interests fall within the intersection of intelligent transportation systems, machine learning, traffic data analysis, and data science. He has dealt with urban traffic forecasting problems, applying machine learning models and evolutionary algorithms. He has experience in origin-destination matrix estimation or point of interest and trajectory detection. Working with large volumes of data has given him a good command of big data processing tools and NoSQL databases. He has also been a visiting scholar at the Knowledge Engineering and Discovery Research Institute, Auckland University of Technology.",institutionString:"TECNALIA Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"314575",title:"Dr.",name:"Jesus",middleName:null,surname:"L. Lobo",slug:"jesus-l.-lobo",fullName:"Jesus L. Lobo",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/314575/images/system/314575.png",biography:"Dr. Jesús López is currently based in Bilbao (Spain) working at TECNALIA as Artificial Intelligence Research Scientist. In most cases, a project idea or a new research line needs to be investigated to see if it is good enough to take into production or to focus on it. That is exactly what he does, diving into Machine Learning algorithms and technologies to help TECNALIA to decide whether something is great in theory or will actually impact on the product or processes of its projects. So, he is expert at framing experiments, developing hypotheses, and proving whether they’re true or not, in order to investigate fundamental problems with a longer time horizon. He is also able to design and develop PoCs and system prototypes in simulation. He has participated in several national and internacional R&D projects.\n\nAs another relevant part of his everyday research work, he usually publishes his findings in reputed scientific refereed journals and international conferences, occasionally acting as reviewer and Programme Commitee member. Concretely, since 2018 he has published 9 JCR (8 Q1) journal papers, 9 conference papers (e.g. ECML PKDD 2021), and he has co-edited a book. He is also active in popular science writing data science stories for reputed blogs (KDNuggets, TowardsDataScience, Naukas). Besides, he has recently embarked on mentoring programmes as mentor, and has also worked as data science trainer.",institutionString:"TECNALIA Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"103779",title:"Prof.",name:"Yalcin",middleName:null,surname:"Isler",slug:"yalcin-isler",fullName:"Yalcin Isler",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRyQ8QAK/Profile_Picture_1628834958734",biography:"Yalcin Isler (1971 - Burdur / Turkey) received the B.Sc. degree in the Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering from Anadolu University, Eskisehir, Turkey, in 1993, the M.Sc. degree from the Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Suleyman Demirel University, Isparta, Turkey, in 1996, the Ph.D. degree from the Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey, in 2009, and the Competence of Associate Professorship from the Turkish Interuniversity Council in 2019.\n\nHe was Lecturer at Burdur Vocational School in Suleyman Demirel University (1993-2000, Burdur / Turkey), Software Engineer (2000-2002, Izmir / Turkey), Research Assistant in Bulent Ecevit University (2002-2003, Zonguldak / Turkey), Research Assistant in Dokuz Eylul University (2003-2010, Izmir / Turkey), Assistant Professor at the Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering in Bulent Ecevit University (2010-2012, Zonguldak / Turkey), Assistant Professor at the Department of Biomedical Engineering in Izmir Katip Celebi University (2012-2019, Izmir / Turkey). He is an Associate Professor at the Department of Biomedical Engineering at Izmir Katip Celebi University, Izmir / Turkey, since 2019. In addition to academics, he has also founded Islerya Medical and Information Technologies Company, Izmir / Turkey, since 2017.\n\nHis main research interests cover biomedical signal processing, pattern recognition, medical device design, programming, and embedded systems. He has many scientific papers and participated in several projects in these study fields. He was an IEEE Student Member (2009-2011) and IEEE Member (2011-2014) and has been IEEE Senior Member since 2014.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Izmir Kâtip Çelebi University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"339677",title:"Dr.",name:"Mrinmoy",middleName:null,surname:"Roy",slug:"mrinmoy-roy",fullName:"Mrinmoy Roy",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/339677/images/16768_n.jpg",biography:"An accomplished Sales & Marketing professional with 12 years of cross-functional experience in well-known organisations such as CIPLA, LUPIN, GLENMARK, ASTRAZENECA across different segment of Sales & Marketing, International Business, Institutional Business, Product Management, Strategic Marketing of HIV, Oncology, Derma, Respiratory, Anti-Diabetic, Nutraceutical & Stomatological Product Portfolio and Generic as well as Chronic Critical Care Portfolio. A First Class MBA in International Business & Strategic Marketing, B.Pharm, D.Pharm, Google Certified Digital Marketing Professional. Qualified PhD Candidate in Operations and Management with special focus on Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning adoption, analysis and use in Healthcare, Hospital & Pharma Domain. Seasoned with diverse therapy area of Pharmaceutical Sales & Marketing ranging from generating revenue through generating prescriptions, launching new products, and making them big brands with continuous strategy execution at the Physician and Patients level. Moved from Sales to Marketing and Business Development for 3.5 years in South East Asian Market operating from Manila, Philippines. Came back to India and handled and developed Brands such as Gluconorm, Lupisulin, Supracal, Absolut Woman, Hemozink, Fabiflu (For COVID 19), and many more. In my previous assignment I used to develop and execute strategies on Sales & Marketing, Commercialization & Business Development for Institution and Corporate Hospital Business portfolio of Oncology Therapy Area for AstraZeneca Pharma India Ltd. Being a Research Scholar and Student of ‘Operations Research & Management: Artificial Intelligence’ I published several pioneer research papers and book chapters on the same in Internationally reputed journals and Books indexed in Scopus, Springer and Ei Compendex, Google Scholar etc. Currently, I am launching PGDM Pharmaceutical Management Program in IIHMR Bangalore and spearheading the course curriculum and structure of the same. I am interested in Collaboration for Healthcare Innovation, Pharma AI Innovation, Future trend in Marketing and Management with incubation on Healthcare, Healthcare IT startups, AI-ML Modelling and Healthcare Algorithm based training module development. I am also an affiliated member of the Institute of Management Consultant of India, looking forward to Healthcare, Healthcare IT and Innovation, Pharma and Hospital Management Consulting works.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Lovely Professional University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"310576",title:"Prof.",name:"Erick Giovani",middleName:null,surname:"Sperandio Nascimento",slug:"erick-giovani-sperandio-nascimento",fullName:"Erick Giovani Sperandio Nascimento",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://intech-files.s3.amazonaws.com/0033Y00002pDKxDQAW/ProfilePicture%202022-06-20%2019%3A57%3A24.788",biography:"Prof. Erick Sperandio is the Lead Researcher and professor of Artificial Intelligence (AI) at SENAI CIMATEC, Bahia, Brazil, also working with Computational Modeling (CM) and HPC. He holds a PhD in Environmental Engineering in the area of Atmospheric Computational Modeling, a Master in Informatics in the field of Computational Intelligence and Graduated in Computer Science from UFES. He currently coordinates, leads and participates in R&D projects in the areas of AI, computational modeling and supercomputing applied to different areas such as Oil and Gas, Health, Advanced Manufacturing, Renewable Energies and Atmospheric Sciences, advising undergraduate, master's and doctoral students. He is the Lead Researcher at SENAI CIMATEC's Reference Center on Artificial Intelligence. In addition, he is a Certified Instructor and University Ambassador of the NVIDIA Deep Learning Institute (DLI) in the areas of Deep Learning, Computer Vision, Natural Language Processing and Recommender Systems, and Principal Investigator of the NVIDIA/CIMATEC AI Joint Lab, the first in Latin America within the NVIDIA AI Technology Center (NVAITC) worldwide program. He also works as a researcher at the Supercomputing Center for Industrial Innovation (CS2i) and at the SENAI Institute of Innovation for Automation (ISI Automação), both from SENAI CIMATEC. He is a member and vice-coordinator of the Basic Board of Scientific-Technological Advice and Evaluation, in the area of Innovation, of the Foundation for Research Support of the State of Bahia (FAPESB). He serves as Technology Transfer Coordinator and one of the Principal Investigators at the National Applied Research Center in Artificial Intelligence (CPA-IA) of SENAI CIMATEC, focusing on Industry, being one of the six CPA-IA in Brazil approved by MCTI / FAPESP / CGI.br. He also participates as one of the representatives of Brazil in the BRICS Innovation Collaboration Working Group on HPC, ICT and AI. He is the coordinator of the Work Group of the Axis 5 - Workforce and Training - of the Brazilian Strategy for Artificial Intelligence (EBIA), and member of the MCTI/EMBRAPII AI Innovation Network Training Committee. He is the coordinator, by SENAI CIMATEC, of the Artificial Intelligence Reference Network of the State of Bahia (REDE BAH.IA). He leads the working group of experts representing Brazil in the Global Partnership on Artificial Intelligence (GPAI), on the theme \"AI and the Pandemic Response\".",institutionString:"Manufacturing and Technology Integrated Campus – SENAI CIMATEC",institution:null},{id:"1063",title:"Prof.",name:"Constantin",middleName:null,surname:"Volosencu",slug:"constantin-volosencu",fullName:"Constantin Volosencu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/1063/images/system/1063.png",biography:"Prof. Dr. Constantin Voloşencu graduated as an engineer from\nPolitehnica University of Timișoara, Romania, where he also\nobtained a doctorate degree. He is currently a full professor in\nthe Department of Automation and Applied Informatics at the\nsame university. Dr. Voloşencu is the author of ten books, seven\nbook chapters, and more than 160 papers published in journals\nand conference proceedings. He has also edited twelve books and\nhas twenty-seven patents to his name. He is a manager of research grants, editor in\nchief and member of international journal editorial boards, a former plenary speaker, a member of scientific committees, and chair at international conferences. His\nresearch is in the fields of control systems, control of electric drives, fuzzy control\nsystems, neural network applications, fault detection and diagnosis, sensor network\napplications, monitoring of distributed parameter systems, and power ultrasound\napplications. He has developed automation equipment for machine tools, spooling\nmachines, high-power ultrasound processes, and more.",institutionString:'"Politechnica" University Timişoara',institution:null},{id:"221364",title:"Dr.",name:"Eneko",middleName:null,surname:"Osaba",slug:"eneko-osaba",fullName:"Eneko Osaba",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/221364/images/system/221364.jpg",biography:"Dr. Eneko Osaba works at TECNALIA as a senior researcher. He obtained his Ph.D. in Artificial Intelligence in 2015. He has participated in more than twenty-five local and European research projects, and in the publication of more than 130 papers. He has performed several stays at universities in the United Kingdom, Italy, and Malta. Dr. Osaba has served as a program committee member in more than forty international conferences and participated in organizing activities in more than ten international conferences. He is a member of the editorial board of the International Journal of Artificial Intelligence, Data in Brief, and Journal of Advanced Transportation. He is also a guest editor for the Journal of Computational Science, Neurocomputing, Swarm, and Evolutionary Computation and IEEE ITS Magazine.",institutionString:"TECNALIA Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"275829",title:"Dr.",name:"Esther",middleName:null,surname:"Villar-Rodriguez",slug:"esther-villar-rodriguez",fullName:"Esther Villar-Rodriguez",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/275829/images/system/275829.jpg",biography:"Dr. Esther Villar obtained a Ph.D. in Information and Communication Technologies from the University of Alcalá, Spain, in 2015. She obtained a degree in Computer Science from the University of Deusto, Spain, in 2010, and an MSc in Computer Languages and Systems from the National University of Distance Education, Spain, in 2012. Her areas of interest and knowledge include natural language processing (NLP), detection of impersonation in social networks, semantic web, and machine learning. Dr. Esther Villar made several contributions at conferences and publishing in various journals in those fields. Currently, she is working within the OPTIMA (Optimization Modeling & Analytics) business of TECNALIA’s ICT Division as a data scientist in projects related to the prediction and optimization of management and industrial processes (resource planning, energy efficiency, etc).",institutionString:"TECNALIA Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"49813",title:"Dr.",name:"Javier",middleName:null,surname:"Del Ser",slug:"javier-del-ser",fullName:"Javier Del Ser",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/49813/images/system/49813.png",biography:"Prof. Dr. Javier Del Ser received his first PhD in Telecommunication Engineering (Cum Laude) from the University of Navarra, Spain, in 2006, and a second PhD in Computational Intelligence (Summa Cum Laude) from the University of Alcala, Spain, in 2013. He is currently a principal researcher in data analytics and optimisation at TECNALIA (Spain), a visiting fellow at the Basque Center for Applied Mathematics (BCAM) and a part-time lecturer at the University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU). His research interests gravitate on the use of descriptive, prescriptive and predictive algorithms for data mining and optimization in a diverse range of application fields such as Energy, Transport, Telecommunications, Health and Industry, among others. In these fields he has published more than 240 articles, co-supervised 8 Ph.D. theses, edited 6 books, coauthored 7 patents and participated/led more than 40 research projects. He is a Senior Member of the IEEE, and a recipient of the Biscay Talent prize for his academic career.",institutionString:"Tecnalia Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"278948",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos Pedro",middleName:null,surname:"Gonçalves",slug:"carlos-pedro-goncalves",fullName:"Carlos Pedro Gonçalves",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRcmyQAC/Profile_Picture_1564224512145",biography:'Carlos Pedro Gonçalves (PhD) is an Associate Professor at Lusophone University of Humanities and Technologies and a researcher on Complexity Sciences, Quantum Technologies, Artificial Intelligence, Strategic Studies, Studies in Intelligence and Security, FinTech and Financial Risk Modeling. He is also a progammer with programming experience in:\n\nA) Quantum Computing using Qiskit Python module and IBM Quantum Experience Platform, with software developed on the simulation of Quantum Artificial Neural Networks and Quantum Cybersecurity;\n\nB) Artificial Intelligence and Machine learning programming in Python;\n\nC) Artificial Intelligence, Multiagent Systems Modeling and System Dynamics Modeling in Netlogo, with models developed in the areas of Chaos Theory, Econophysics, Artificial Intelligence, Classical and Quantum Complex Systems Science, with the Econophysics models having been cited worldwide and incorporated in PhD programs by different Universities.\n\nReceived an Arctic Code Vault Contributor status by GitHub, due to having developed open source software preserved in the \\"Arctic Code Vault\\" for future generations (https://archiveprogram.github.com/arctic-vault/), with the Strategy Analyzer A.I. module for decision making support (based on his PhD thesis, used in his Classes on Decision Making and in Strategic Intelligence Consulting Activities) and QNeural Python Quantum Neural Network simulator also preserved in the \\"Arctic Code Vault\\", for access to these software modules see: https://github.com/cpgoncalves. He is also a peer reviewer with outsanding review status from Elsevier journals, including Physica A, Neurocomputing and Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence. Science CV available at: https://www.cienciavitae.pt//pt/8E1C-A8B3-78C5 and ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0298-3974',institutionString:"University of Lisbon",institution:{name:"Universidade Lusófona",country:{name:"Portugal"}}},{id:"241400",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohammed",middleName:null,surname:"Bsiss",slug:"mohammed-bsiss",fullName:"Mohammed Bsiss",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/241400/images/8062_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"276128",title:"Dr.",name:"Hira",middleName:null,surname:"Fatima",slug:"hira-fatima",fullName:"Hira Fatima",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/276128/images/14420_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Hira Fatima\nAssistant Professor\nDepartment of Mathematics\nInstitute of Applied Science\nMangalayatan University, Aligarh\nMobile: no : 8532041179\nhirafatima2014@gmal.com\n\nDr. Hira Fatima has received his Ph.D. degree in pure Mathematics from Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh India. Currently working as an Assistant Professor in the Department of Mathematics, Institute of Applied Science, Mangalayatan University, Aligarh. She taught so many courses of Mathematics of UG and PG level. Her research Area of Expertise is Functional Analysis & Sequence Spaces. She has been working on Ideal Convergence of double sequence. She has published 17 research papers in National and International Journals including Cogent Mathematics, Filomat, Journal of Intelligent and Fuzzy Systems, Advances in Difference Equations, Journal of Mathematical Analysis, Journal of Mathematical & Computer Science etc. She has also reviewed few research papers for the and international journals. She is a member of Indian Mathematical Society.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"414880",title:"Dr.",name:"Maryam",middleName:null,surname:"Vatankhah",slug:"maryam-vatankhah",fullName:"Maryam Vatankhah",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Borough of Manhattan Community College",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"414879",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohammad-Reza",middleName:null,surname:"Akbarzadeh-Totonchi",slug:"mohammad-reza-akbarzadeh-totonchi",fullName:"Mohammad-Reza Akbarzadeh-Totonchi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ferdowsi University of Mashhad",country:{name:"Iran"}}},{id:"414878",title:"Prof.",name:"Reza",middleName:null,surname:"Fazel-Rezai",slug:"reza-fazel-rezai",fullName:"Reza Fazel-Rezai",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"American Public University System",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"426586",title:"Dr.",name:"Oladunni A.",middleName:null,surname:"Daramola",slug:"oladunni-a.-daramola",fullName:"Oladunni A. Daramola",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Federal University of Technology",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"357014",title:"Prof.",name:"Leon",middleName:null,surname:"Bobrowski",slug:"leon-bobrowski",fullName:"Leon Bobrowski",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Bialystok University of Technology",country:{name:"Poland"}}},{id:"302698",title:"Dr.",name:"Yao",middleName:null,surname:"Shan",slug:"yao-shan",fullName:"Yao Shan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Dalian University of Technology",country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"354126",title:"Dr.",name:"Setiawan",middleName:null,surname:"Hadi",slug:"setiawan-hadi",fullName:"Setiawan Hadi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Padjadjaran University",country:{name:"Indonesia"}}},{id:"125911",title:"Prof.",name:"Jia-Ching",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",slug:"jia-ching-wang",fullName:"Jia-Ching Wang",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"National Central University",country:{name:"Taiwan"}}},{id:"332603",title:"Prof.",name:"Kumar S.",middleName:null,surname:"Ray",slug:"kumar-s.-ray",fullName:"Kumar S. Ray",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Indian Statistical Institute",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"415409",title:"Prof.",name:"Maghsoud",middleName:null,surname:"Amiri",slug:"maghsoud-amiri",fullName:"Maghsoud Amiri",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Allameh Tabataba'i University",country:{name:"Iran"}}},{id:"357085",title:"Mr.",name:"P. Mohan",middleName:null,surname:"Anand",slug:"p.-mohan-anand",fullName:"P. Mohan Anand",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"356696",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"P.V.",middleName:null,surname:"Sai Charan",slug:"p.v.-sai-charan",fullName:"P.V. Sai Charan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"357086",title:"Prof.",name:"Sandeep K.",middleName:null,surname:"Shukla",slug:"sandeep-k.-shukla",fullName:"Sandeep K. Shukla",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur",country:{name:"India"}}}]}},subseries:{item:{id:"18",type:"subseries",title:"Proteomics",keywords:"Mono- and Two-Dimensional Gel Electrophoresis (1-and 2-DE), Liquid Chromatography (LC), Mass Spectrometry/Tandem Mass Spectrometry (MS; MS/MS), Proteins",scope:"With the recognition that the human genome cannot provide answers to the etiology of a disorder, changes in the proteins expressed by a genome became a focus in research. Thus proteomics, an area of research that detects all protein forms expressed in an organism, including splice isoforms and post-translational modifications, is more suitable than genomics for a comprehensive understanding of the biochemical processes that govern life. The most common proteomics applications are currently in the clinical field for the identification, in a variety of biological matrices, of biomarkers for diagnosis and therapeutic intervention of disorders. From the comparison of proteomic profiles of control and disease or different physiological states, which may emerge, changes in protein expression can provide new insights into the roles played by some proteins in human pathologies. Understanding how proteins function and interact with each other is another goal of proteomics that makes this approach even more intriguing. Specialized technology and expertise are required to assess the proteome of any biological sample. Currently, proteomics relies mainly on mass spectrometry (MS) combined with electrophoretic (1 or 2-DE-MS) and/or chromatographic techniques (LC-MS/MS). MS is an excellent tool that has gained popularity in proteomics because of its ability to gather a complex body of information such as cataloging protein expression, identifying protein modification sites, and defining protein interactions. The Proteomics topic aims to attract contributions on all aspects of MS-based proteomics that, by pushing the boundaries of MS capabilities, may address biological problems that have not been resolved yet.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/18.jpg",hasOnlineFirst:!0,hasPublishedBooks:!0,annualVolume:11414,editor:{id:"200689",title:"Prof.",name:"Paolo",middleName:null,surname:"Iadarola",slug:"paolo-iadarola",fullName:"Paolo Iadarola",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSCl8QAG/Profile_Picture_1623568118342",biography:"Paolo Iadarola graduated with a degree in Chemistry from the University of Pavia (Italy) in July 1972. He then worked as an Assistant Professor at the Faculty of Science of the same University until 1984. In 1985, Prof. Iadarola became Associate Professor at the Department of Biology and Biotechnologies of the University of Pavia and retired in October 2017. Since then, he has been working as an Adjunct Professor in the same Department at the University of Pavia. His research activity during the first years was primarily focused on the purification and structural characterization of enzymes from animal and plant sources. During this period, Prof. Iadarola familiarized himself with the conventional techniques used in column chromatography, spectrophotometry, manual Edman degradation, and electrophoresis). Since 1995, he has been working on: i) the determination in biological fluids (serum, urine, bronchoalveolar lavage, sputum) of proteolytic activities involved in the degradation processes of connective tissue matrix, and ii) on the identification of biological markers of lung diseases. In this context, he has developed and validated new methodologies (e.g., Capillary Electrophoresis coupled to Laser-Induced Fluorescence, CE-LIF) whose application enabled him to determine both the amounts of biochemical markers (Desmosines) in urine/serum of patients affected by Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) and the activity of proteolytic enzymes (Human Neutrophil Elastase, Cathepsin G, Pseudomonas aeruginosa elastase) in sputa of these patients. More recently, Prof. Iadarola was involved in developing techniques such as two-dimensional electrophoresis coupled to liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (2DE-LC/MS) for the proteomic analysis of biological fluids aimed at the identification of potential biomarkers of different lung diseases. He is the author of about 150 publications (According to Scopus: H-Index: 23; Total citations: 1568- According to WOS: H-Index: 20; Total Citations: 1296) of peer-reviewed international journals. He is a Consultant Reviewer for several journals, including the Journal of Chromatography A, Journal of Chromatography B, Plos ONE, Proteomes, International Journal of Molecular Science, Biotech, Electrophoresis, and others. He is also Associate Editor of Biotech.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Pavia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},editorTwo:{id:"201414",title:"Dr.",name:"Simona",middleName:null,surname:"Viglio",slug:"simona-viglio",fullName:"Simona Viglio",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRKDHQA4/Profile_Picture_1630402531487",biography:"Simona Viglio is an Associate Professor of Biochemistry at the Department of Molecular Medicine at the University of Pavia. She has been working since 1995 on the determination of proteolytic enzymes involved in the degradation process of connective tissue matrix and on the identification of biological markers of lung diseases. She gained considerable experience in developing and validating new methodologies whose applications allowed her to determine both the amount of biomarkers (Desmosine and Isodesmosine) in the urine of patients affected by COPD, and the activity of proteolytic enzymes (HNE, Cathepsin G, Pseudomonas aeruginosa elastase) in the sputa of these patients. Simona Viglio was also involved in research dealing with the supplementation of amino acids in patients with brain injury and chronic heart failure. She is presently engaged in the development of 2-DE and LC-MS techniques for the study of proteomics in biological fluids. The aim of this research is the identification of potential biomarkers of lung diseases. 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