Data collected and their source.
\r\n\tFurthermore, during the preparation of high-quality dairy products, several physical, chemical, enzymatic, and microbial transformations take place. We will consciously focus on this interaction of different constituents of milk under different processing conditions for the development of the products.
",isbn:"978-1-83768-093-1",printIsbn:"978-1-83768-092-4",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83768-094-8",doi:null,price:0,priceEur:0,priceUsd:0,slug:null,numberOfPages:0,isOpenForSubmission:!0,isSalesforceBook:!1,isNomenclature:!1,hash:"420e687768b56ca7b3238d77f63f1302",bookSignature:"Prof. Salam Ibrahim",publishedDate:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/12173.jpg",keywords:"Protein, Fat, Lactose, Carbohydrates, Milk Processing, Milk Products, Milk Constituents, Acid Coagulated, Enzyme Treated, Heat Treated, Dairy Products, Protocols of Manufacturing",numberOfDownloads:null,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:null,numberOfDimensionsCitations:null,numberOfTotalCitations:null,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"May 18th 2022",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"July 19th 2022",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"September 17th 2022",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"December 6th 2022",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"February 4th 2023",dateConfirmationOfParticipation:null,remainingDaysToSecondStep:"21 days",secondStepPassed:!0,areRegistrationsClosed:!1,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:3,editedByType:null,kuFlag:!1,biosketch:null,coeditorOneBiosketch:"Dr. N. Veena has been involved in different research projects such as Milkfed (Punjab), ICAR, DST, and RKVY as PI and Co-PI. She has published 17 research papers in peer-reviewed journals, edited 2 books, and authored 13 book chapters, 15 popular articles, and 7 practical manuals. She is a member of various professional bodies such as the SASNET-Fermented Foods, the Indian Dairy Association, the Association of Food Scientists and Technologists (India), and the Dairy Technology Society of India.",coeditorTwoBiosketch:null,coeditorThreeBiosketch:null,coeditorFourBiosketch:null,coeditorFiveBiosketch:null,editors:[{id:"107905",title:"Prof.",name:"Salam",middleName:null,surname:"Ibrahim",slug:"salam-ibrahim",fullName:"Salam Ibrahim",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/107905/images/system/107905.jfif",biography:"Dr. Salam A. Ibrahim is a food science research professor in the food and nutritional sciences program at North Carolina A&T State University. Dr. Ibrahim established a research program in dairy starter cultures, food safety, and probiotics. He has successfully conducted projects that were funded by the NIFA-USDA, DHS, other funding agencies, and the private sector. Many of his funded projects have focused on the isolation of beneficial strains and the functional characterization of related health benefits. Dr. Ibrahim became specifically interested in the characteristics of Lactobacillus bulgaricus and the effects it has on the quality of yogurt. 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Moreover, technological development often results in consumer products of complex composition, including hazardous compounds, which pose extra challenges to the waste management systems and environmental protection at the end of their useful life, which may often be fairly short (e.g. cell-phones and electronic gadgets). These end-of-pipe challenges are coupled with the deepening understanding that the Earth’s natural resources are finite by nature and their current exploitation rate unsustainable, even within a midterm perspective. The self-cleaning capacity of the Earth systems is often also viewed as a «natural resource» under stress, with climate change being the most pronounced expression of this risk.
\n\t\t\tIn the context of the above mentioned challenge a New Paradigm for waste management has emerged, shifting attention to resources efficiency and minimisation of environmental impacts throughout the life cycle of waste management, from waste prevention to safe disposal. This is best expressed, but not confined, in the relevant EU policy and legislation (e.g. the Thematic Strategy on the prevention and recycling of waste, the Thematic Strategy on the Sustainable Use of Natural Resources and the revised Waste Framework Directive, WFD-2008/98/EC). Especially the latter is of particular interest as it has a legally binding nature for all EU member states and sets a benchmark which is often also taken into consideration by the waste management systems of non-EU countries. The WFD reaffirms the need to move waste management higher in the so called “waste hierarchy”, preferring, in this order, prevention, reuse, recycling and energy recovery over disposal. Separate collection for dry recyclables in municipal solid waste (MSW) should be implemented while separate collection of biowaste should be promoted (although no specific legislative requirements are set) (Nash, 2009).
\n\t\t\tOverall, EU and national waste management policies and legislation in many parts of the world are becoming increasingly demanding for the providers of these services, namely municipalities and their associations, demanding high recovery and recycling rates for a wide range of materials and goods, high diversion targets for the biodegradable fraction of the waste, advanced treatment processes, long after-care periods for existing and future landfills etc (COM, 2005; Lasaridi, 2009). Moreover, this increased level of service will need to be provided at the minimum possible cost, as the public will not be able to bear large increases in its waste charges and municipalities are increasingly being required to benchmark their performance, to ensure they offer their waste management services at the most efficient manner (Eunomia, 2002; Karadimas et al., 2007). The current economic crisis inevitably intensifies this need.
\n\t\t\tThe need for improved performance at low costs is not restricted to developed countries seeking to apply increasingly complex separate waste collection, treatment and recovery systems. Under a different context, it also exerts its pressure to the municipal services of the developing countries, which strive to ensure waste collection and public health protection for the large populations of highly urbanised areas with severe infrastructure and economic limitations (Gautam & Kumar, 2005; Ghose et al., 2006; Kanchanabhan et al., 2011; Vijay et al., 2005).
\n\t\t\tLocal authorities (LAs) constitute worldwide the main providers of municipal solid waste (MSW) management services, either directly or indirectly through subcontracting part or all of these services. Especially waste collection and transport (WC&T) are typically provided at the local municipality level and constitute the main interface between the waste generator and the waste management system. Assessing the different components of the solid waste management costs is a complex, poly-parametric issue, governed by a multitude of geographic, economic, organisational and technology selection factors (Eunomia, 2002; Lasaridi et al., 2006). However, in all cases WC&T costs constitute a significant component of the overall waste management costs, which may approach 100% in cases where waste is simply dumped. For modern waste management systems WC&T costs vary in the range of 50-75% of the total, which overall is significantly higher, as advanced treatment and safe disposal take their own, large share of the total costs (Sonesson, 2000).
\n\t\t\tTherefore, the sector of WC&T attracts particular interest regarding its potential for service optimisation as
\n\t\t\twaste management systems with more recyclables’ streams usually require more transport (Sonesson, 2000) and
this sector, even for commingled waste services only, already absorbs a large fraction of the municipal budget available to waste management (Lasaridi et al., 2006).
Optimisation of WC&T making use of the novel tools offered by spatial modelling techniques and geographic information systems (GIS) may offer large savings, as it is analysed further in this chapter. In spite of their proved utility and a significant development of the relevant research in the last decades in many parts of the world, including most Greek local authorities, WC&T is typically organised empirically and in some cases irrationally, under public pressures.
\n\t\t\tThe aim of this chapter is to present a methodology for the optimisation of the waste collection and transport system based on GIS technology. The methodology is applied to the Municipality of Nikea (MoN), Athens, Greece based on real field data. The strategy consists of replacing and reallocating the waste collection bins as well as rescheduling the waste collection via GIS routing optimisation. The benefits of the proposed strategy are assessed in terms of minimising collection time, distance travelled and man-effort, and consequently financial and environmental costs of the proposed collection system.
\n\t\tGeographic Information Systems (GIS) are one of the most sophisticated modern technologies to capture, store, manipulate, analyse and display spatial data. These data are usually organised into thematic layers in the form of digital maps. The combined use of GIS with advanced related technologies (e.g., Global Positioning System – GPS and Remote Sensing - RS) assists in the recording of spatial data and the direct use of these data for analysis and cartographic representation. GIS have been successfully used in a wide variety of applications, such as urban utilities planning, transportation, natural resources protection and management, health sciences, forestry, geology, natural disasters prevention and relief, and various aspects of environmental modelling and engineering (among others: Brimicombe, 2003). Among these applications, the study of complex waste management systems, in particular siting waste management and disposal facilities and optimising WC&T, have been a preferential field of GIS applications, from the early onset of the technology (Esmaili, 1972; Ghose et al., 2006; Golden et al., 1983; Karadimas et al., 2007; Sonesson, 2000). Nowadays, integrated GIS technology has been recognised as one of the most promising approaches to automate the process of waste planning and management (Karadimas & Loumos, 2008).
\n\t\t\tAs mentioned above, the most widespread application of GIS supported modelling on waste management lies in the areas of landfill siting and optimisation of waste collection and transport, which are discussed in detail in the following section. Additionally, GIS technology has been successfully used for siting of recycling drop-off centres (Chang & Wei, 2000), optimising waste management in coastal areas (Sarptas et al., 2005), estimating of solid waste generation using local demographic and socioeconomic data (Vijay et al., 2005), and waste generation forecasting at the local level (Dyson & Chang 2005; Katsamaki et al., 1998).
\n\t\t\tThe primary idea of superimposition of various thematic maps in order to define the most suitable location according to the properties of the complex spatial units derived after the map overlay, was first introduced in the late 60’s (McHarg, 1969). This idea was applied next within the context of early GIS in many optimal siting applications (Dobson, 1979; Kieferand & Robins, 1973). The allocation of a landfill is a difficult task as it requires the integration of various environmental and socioeconomic data and evolves complicated technical and legal parameters. During this process the challenge is to make an environmentally friendly and financially sound selection. For this purpose, in the last few decades, many studies for landfill site evaluation have been carried out using GIS and multicriteria decision analysis (Geneletti, 2010; Higgs, 2006; Nas et al., 2010; Sener et al., 2006), GIS in combination with analytic hierarchy process (Saaty, 1980) – AHP (Vuppala et al., 2006; Wang et al., 2009), GIS and fuzzy systems (Chang et al., 2008; Gemitzi et al., 2007; Lofti et al., 2007), GIS and factor spatial analysis (Biotto et al., 2009; Kao & Lin, 1996), as well as GIS-based integrated methods (Hatzichristos & Giaoutzi 2006; Gómez-Delgado & Tarantola 2006; Kontos et al., 2003, 2005; Zamorano et al., 2008).
\n\t\t\t\tA large fraction of these applications produce binary outputs while most recent ones aim at evaluating a ”suitability index” as a tool for ranking of the most suitable areas (Kontos et al., 2005). The main steps of a typical GIS – based landfill allocation model (fig.1) are as following.
\n\t\t\t\tConceptualisation of the evaluation criteria and the hierarchy of the landfill allocation problem. This step is dedicated to the selection of the criteria related to the problem under investigation.
Creation of the spatial database. Here, the development of GIS layers for the modelling is implemented. These layers correspond to the primary variables.
Construction of the criteria – layers within the GIS environment. Criteria maps are primary or secondary variables.
Standardisation of the criteria – layers. This step includes reclassification of the layers in order to use a common scale of measurement. Most often, the ordinal scale is used.
Estimation of the relative importance for the criteria. This estimation is implemented by weighting, e.g. with the use of Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) and pair wise comparison between variables.
Calculation of the suitability index. A standard procedure for this step is the weighted overlay of the standardised criteria/layers.
Zoning of the area under investigation is the next phase of the modelling. This classification action is based on the suitability index and reveals the most suitable areas for the application.
Sensitivity analysis and validation of the model.
Final selection – land evaluation.
Landfill site selection. A GIS approach.
It should be noticed that for most of the aforementioned functions the geographic background (in digital format) of the area under investigation is required. Figure 1 demonstrates the data flow of the adopted procedure. Sumanthi et al. (2008) underline that the main advantages of applying GIS technology in the landfill siting process are:
Additionally, the incorporation of various spatial analysis methods, such as geostatistics, analytical hierarchy process, fuzzy logic modelling and many others, constitutes a major advantage of a GIS-based modelling approach. Finally, a particularly useful option of a GIS-based decision making model is the combination of experts knowledge with the opinions of citizens and stakeholders (Geneletti, 2010).
\n\t\t\tThe optimisation of the routing system for collection and transport of municipal solid waste is a crucial factor of an environmentally friendly and cost effective solid waste management system. The development of optimal routing scenarios is a very complex task, based on various selection criteria, most of which are spatial in nature. The problem of vehicle routing is a common one: each vehicle must travel in the study area and visit all the waste bins, in a way that minimises the total travel cost: most often defined on the basis of distance or time but also fuel consumption, CO2 emissions etc. This is very similar to the classic Travelling Salesman Problem (TSP) (Dantzig et al., 1954). However, the problem of optimising routing of solid waste collection networks is an asymmetric TSP (ATSP) due to road network restrictions; therefore adaptations to the classic TSP algorithm are required, making the problem more complex.
\n\t\t\tAs the success of the decision making process depends largely on the quantity and quality of information that is made available to the decision makers, the use of GIS modelling as a support tool has grown in recent years, due to both technology maturation and increase of the quantity and complexity of spatial information handled (Santos et al., 2008). In this context, several authors have investigated route optimisation, regarding both waste collection in urban and rural environments and transport minimisation, through improved siting of transfer stations (Esmaili, 1972), landfills (Despotakis & Economopoulos, 2007) and treatment installations for integrated regional waste management (Adamides et al., 2009; Zsigraiova et al., 2009).
\n\t\t\tOptimisation of WC&T making use of the novel tools offered by spatial modelling techniques and GIS may provide significant economic and environmental savings through the reduction of travel time, distance, fuel consumption and pollutants emissions (Johansson, 2006; Kim et al., 2006; Sahoo et al., 2005; Tavares et al., 2008). These systems are particularly rare in Greek local authorities, where WC&T is typically organised empirically and in some cases irrationally, under public pressures.
\n\t\t\tAccording to Tavares et al. (2008)
\n\t\t\t\tSahoo et al. (2005) presented a comprehensive route-management system, the WasteRoute for the optimal management of nearly 26000 collection and transfer vehicles that collect over 80 million tons of garbage every year for more than 48 states of USA. The Implementation of WasteRoute across the USA from March 2003 to the end of 2003 yielded 984 fewer routes, saving $18 million.
\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\tAlvarez et al. (2008) presented a methodology for the design of routes for the “bin to bin” collection of paper and cardboard waste in five shopping areas of the city of Leganés (Community of Madrid, Spain). Their proposed system was based on GIS technology and optimised urban routes according to different restrictions. From the comparison of their system with the previous situation they concluded that the proposed “bin to bin” system improved the quality of the paper and cardboard in the containers, avoiding overflow and reducing the percentage of rejected material.
\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\tTeixeira et al. (2004) applied heuristic techniques to solve a collection model in order to define the geographic zones served by the vehicles, as well as the collection routes for recyclable waste collection of the centre-littoral region of Portugal. The study indicated that proper modelling of the collection procedure can provide cost effective solutions.
\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\tNuortio el al. (2006) developed a GIS-based method for the optimisation of waste collection routes in Eastern Finland. They estimated an average route improvement in comparison with the existing practice of about 12%. Moreover they proposed a combination of routing and rescheduling optimisation. This combination in some cases introduced extremely significant savings (~40%). They concluded that by allowing rescheduling it is possible to significantly increase the improvement rate.
\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\tKaradimas & Loumos (2008) proposed a method for the estimation of municipal solid waste generation, optimal waste collection and calculation of the optimal number of waste bins and their allocation. This method uses a spatial Geodatabase, integrated in a GIS environment and was tested in a part of the municipality of Athens, Greece. After the reallocation of the waste bins, their total number was reduced by more than 30%. This reduction had a direct positive impact on collection time and distance.
\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\tChalkias & Lasaridi (2009) developed a model in ArcGIS Network Analyst in order to improve the efficiency of waste collection and transport in the Municipality of Nikea, Athens, Greece, via the reallocation of waste collection bins and the optimisation of vehicle routing in terms of distance and time travelled. First results demonstrated that all the examined scenarios provided savings compared to the existing empirical collection organisation, in terms of both collection time (savings of 3.0% -17.0%) and travel distance (savings of 5.5% - 12.5%).
\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\tApaydin & Gonullu (2007) developed an integrated system with the combination of GIS and GPS technology in order to optimise the routing of MSW collection in Trabzon city, northeast Turkey. The comparison of the proposed optimised routes with the existing ones revealed savings of 4–59% in terms of distance and 14-65% in terms of time, with a benefit of 24% in total cost.
\n\t\t\tFinally, Kanchanabhan et al. (2011) attempted to design and develop an appropriate storage, collection and routing system for Tambaram Municipality in South Chennai, India using GIS. The optimal routing was investigated, based on population density, waste generation capacity, road network, storage bins and collection vehicles. They roughly estimated 30% cost-savings with this approach.
\n\t\tThe total cost for waste collection and transport (WC&T) in Greece frequently accounts for more than 70% of the total municipal solid waste (MSW) management costs. Thus, it is crucial to improve the WC&T system through routing optimisation.
\n\t\t\tHere we present a general methodology for the optimisation of the waste collection and transport system, based on GIS, technology for the municipality of Nikea (MoN), Athens, Greece. This methodology was developed using standard GIS and network analysis procedures in order to improve the efficiency of WC&T in the study area via:
\n\t\t\tthe reallocation of waste collection bins; and
the optimisation of vehicle routing in terms of distance and time travelled, via GIS routing.
The outputs of various different scenarios examined are finally compared with the empirical routing, which is the current vehicle routing practice. Benefits are assessed in terms of minimising collection time, distance travelled and man-effort, and, consequently, financial and environmental costs of the collection system.
\n\t\t\tIn Greece Local Authorities (LAs) are by law responsible for waste management (Decrees 25/1975 and 429/1976). Waste collection and transport are provided at the individual municipality level, usually directly through their Waste Management Department. Currently, WC&T of commingled MSW in the country is responsible for a large portion of the total waste management cost (70% - 100%), which is considerably higher than the typical values, of between 50 and 75%, reported for modern waste management systems (Sonesson, 2000). This is observed because the largest fraction of the waste stream is currently landfilled at very low cost, without pre-treatment for materials and/or energy recovery, while in some cases illegal dumping may be still practiced (Lasaridi, 2009).
\n\t\t\tThe MoN (Fig. 2) is one of the largest in the Attica Region, lying in the SW part of Athens metropolitan area. It has a permanent population of 95,798 habitants according to the 2001 Census (National Statistical Service of Greece - NSSG, 2001) and a total area of 6.65 km2. Nikea is a typical Greek urban municipality, characterised by multi-storey apartment buildings, combined by lower multiple dwellings (2-4 apartments) and mixed residential and commercial land uses in many neighbourhoods. The annual MSW production in MoN is estimated at 45,625 tn, or 1.30 kg/ca/d.
\n\t\t\t\tWaste collection is carried out mechanically, using 12,107 wheelie bins and 17 rear-end loaded compaction trucks with 9 tn average capacity. Most of the bins are small, of 120 and 240 L capacity, but a few larger ones exist in some central points. The total storage capacity of the bin system is 3.4 million litres. The crew size on the collection vehicle is three persons, a driver who never leaves the truck (as required by safety regulations) and two workers who move and align the bins with the hydraulic lifting mechanism of the truck.
\n\t\t\t\tNevertheless, due to traffic restrictions and narrow roads, it is estimated that only 70% of the bins are really mechanically collected, with the content of the rest being manually transferred in other bins, by an extra worker walking ahead of the collection vehicle. The Municipality is empirically divided into 15 sectors (collection zones), each of which is further divided into two sub-sectors. Waste is collected in each sub-sector four times per week.
\n\t\t\t\tThe study area: Municipality of Nikea, Athens, Greece.
This work applies the developed waste collection and transport optimisation methodology in a typical sector (Sector 1) of the municipality with mainly residential land uses. However, some commercial establishments, schools, stadiums and parks are also found in the area. The served equivalent population in Sector 1 (i.e. taking into account the MSW load created by non-residential land uses) is 6,790 people, divided in 63 parcels (building blocks). The total average waste production is 2,610 ton/yr, according to the weighing sheets of the collection vehicles in the period 2005-2007. This corresponds to an average daily commingled waste production of 1.053 kg/ca eq. This is not in contrast with the municipality average reported above, as the former is calculated on the basis of the 2001 census population, while the latter also takes into account the equivalent population corresponding to the non-residential land uses.
\n\t\t\t\tIn the current waste collection system, 714 bins are located in Sector 1 (Fig.3), of which 501 are mechanically collected, with total capacity of 157,000 L. The content of the rest is manually transferred to the mechanically collected ones by the extra worker mentioned above. Since Sector 1 is rather flat (mean elevation ~ 50 m) it is assumed that fuel consumption and emissions are linearly related to collection time (Brodrick et al., 2002).
\n\t\t\t\tFor waste collection purposes Sector 1 is divided into two sub-sectors both served by one waste collection vehicle. Waste in each sub-sector is collected four times per week, in alternate week days, resulting into eight collection trips per week. Collected waste is disposed of at the Fyli landfill site, about 25 km north-west from Sector 1. The key points to the proposed optimisation approach are:
\n\t\t\t\tthe replacement of the existing large number of small bins (120 and 240 L) with a reduced number of larger bins (1100 L);
the resectorisation; and finally,
the optimal routing.
Using the collected data and the analytical tools of the GIS software, specific proposals are developed regarding the optimisation of the existing WC&T system of commingled MSW. For results assessment both the vehicle trip within the sector and travel to and from the landfill are considered.
\n\t\t\t\tWaste bins in the study area.
To efficiently manage the municipal solid waste system, detailed spatial information is required. This information is related to the geographical background of the area under investigation, as well as to spatial data related to the waste collection procedure. A large amount of waste management data for the period 1998-2007 has been collected and statistically analysed regarding the static and dynamic data of each existing collection program: population density; waste generation rate for mixed waste and for specific waste streams; number, type and positions of waste bins; the road network and the related traffic; the current routing system of the collection vehicles; truck capacities and their characteristics; and the geographic boarders and characteristics of the waste collection sectors. The range of data acquired and utilised is illustrated in Table1.
\n\t\t\t\tFor the optimisation of the collection process a spatial geodatabase was constructed, in a standard commercial GIS environment (ArcGIS, ESRI). This choice ensures compatibility with the available data from the municipality and access to many network analysis routines available from the software. The content of the spatial database is summarised in Table 2.
\n\t\t\t\tBackground spatial data for road network, existing routes, bins and building parcels were obtained from MoN. These data were updated with field work and other non spatial data such as road name, road type, vehicle average speed, travel time, road slope, bin number, bin type/capacity, bin collection time were added. Furthermore, special attributes of road network were registered. These attributes include traffic rules, traffic marks, topological conditions and special restrictions (e.g. turn restrictions) in order to efficiently model the real world road network conditions.
\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t
Study area boundary | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t(MoN Corporation) | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t
Detailed urban plan of the municipality | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t(official toposheet plan) | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t
Population density distribution | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t(National Statistical Service of Greece: NSSG) | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t
Land use of the study area | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t(NSSG) | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t
Satellite image of the municipality | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t(Google Earth) | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t
Road network of the study area | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t(official toposheet plan, , field work) | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t
Road class information: restrictions and traffic volume details | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t(official toposheet plan, MoN Corporation, field work) | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t
Location of waste bins | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t(MoN Corporation, field work) | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t
Capacities of bins | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t(MoN Corporation, field work) | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t
Time schedule for the collection process | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t(MoN Corporation, field work) | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t
Existing collection routes | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t(MoN Corporation, field work) | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t
Vehicle speed, fuel consumption, CO2 and other gas emissions of the compactors | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t(MoN Corporation, field work, literature). | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t
Data collected and their source.
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t
Road network | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tvector | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tLine | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t
Waste bins | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tvector | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tPoint | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t
Urban plan / parcels | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tvector | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tPolygon | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t
Existing run routes | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tvector | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tLine | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t
Street address | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\ttabular | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t- | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t
Road network attributes / restrictions | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\ttabular | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t- | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t
Waste bins’ attributes | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\ttabular | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t- | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t
Population data | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\ttabular | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t(join with parcels) | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t
Land use data | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\ttabular | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t- | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t
Satellite image of the MoN | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tRaster | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t- | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t
The spatial database - type of data and corresponding geometry.
The key point of the proposed analysis is GIS technology. GIS provides a powerful context to import, manage and analyse spatially based data. The methodology implemented in this study comprised of three general steps (Fig. 4). Step 1 establishes the spatial database of the study area as described previously. Step 2 is dedicated on the reallocation of waste collection bins with the use of GIS spatial analysis functions. Finally, Step 3 consists of the waste collection routing optimisation for minimum time, distance, fuel consumption and gas emissions. The waste collection optimisation model was developed with the use of ArcGIS 9.2 Network Analyst (NA) GIS software.
\n\t\t\t\tTo analyse the spatial data for the optimisation of the waste collection scheme in MoN, a spatial database (SDB), within a GIS framework, was constructed, as previously described, using:
\n\t\t\t\tanalogue maps from MoN;
digital data from various official providers (e.g. National Statistical Service);
data derived from field work /on-site data capture with the use of GPS technology.
Data flow of the proposed methodology
The next phase of the proposed methodology is related to the reallocation of waste collection bins. This analysis was implemented in a GIS environment with the use of the proper spatial analysis functions. The allocation of waste collection bins in their newly proposed locations was based on the following criteria /restrictions:
\n\t\t\t\t\tOn the basis of the population density and the type of buildings in the study area, bins of 1100L capacity were considered preferable, in order to minimise the number of required bins and vehicle stops. This is the typical bin type used in most Municipalities in the wider Athens area.
The required number of bins (N) was calculated to cover the waste production of the sector for a five trips per week schedule (D=7/5), assuming a waste density in the bin of ρ=110 kg.m-3, and a coefficient of filling the bin, ε = 0.80 of its capacity, according to the equation (1):
where WD (kg) is the daily waste quantity and V (m3) is the bin capacity. A 10% safety margin was added to this number (Panagiotakopoulos, 2002).
\n\t\t\t\t\tThus, instead of the existing 501 bins of various sizes (§2.2) Sector 1 is covered by 142 large bins (1100L).
\n\t\t\t\t\tNext, these bins are allocated in the study area according to the following rules:
allocate bins on the road network (intersections are preferable);
install proposed bins near an existing bin location (in a buffer zone of 60 m radius); and,
allow the placement of more than one bin in the same intersection. The number of bins sharing the same intersection point is related to the land use and population of the covered area.
\n\t\t\t\t\t\tFigure 5 illustrates the proposed reallocation of waste bins in the sector under investigation.
\n\t\t\t\t\tReallocation of waste collection bins in the new sector
The definition of the new sectors is restricted by the capacity of the available waste collection vehicles. Thus, the size (in terms of the number of bins) of a new sector was estimated at the 2/3 of the existing sector. Therefore, instead of 4 routes per week for each of the two subsectors (total: 8 routes per week) we designed smaller sectors and schedule 5 routes per week in these new sectors.
\n\t\t\t\t\tAs a result of the above mentioned approach, each new sector should contain 95 bins, which can be collected in one vehicle trip. The reallocation of bins was based on travel distance from each residence to the nearest bin and the general intention to decrease the total number of bins. A maximum travel distance of 60 meters from each resident to the proposed new site of the bin was allowed. Moreover, the introduction of new bins with larger capacity, to accommodate for the same waste quantity, ensures the decrease in the total number of bins and collection stops. A higher priority for the allocation of the new bins was given to locations of bins in the existing system and to crossroads in order to facilitate social acceptance and collection vehicle travel.
\n\t\t\t\t\tSummarising, we assume a new waste collection planning: the MoN is divided into 22 new sectors and each collection vehicle should make 5 collections per week in each of these sectors. Thus we propose an improved collection schedule for the study area, as the vehicle collects each bin 5 times per week instead of 4, according to the existing situation. For this study we did not proceed to the full re-sectorisation for the total area of the municipality, but limited our approach within Sector1. Thus, we assumed a new sector (Sector_N1) within Sector1, with the properties described above (2/3 of the size of Sector 1, 5 collections per week). The evaluation of the results of the proposed modelling approach was based on the comparison between Sector_N1 and corresponding part of Sector1.
\n\t\t\t\tAfter the reallocation of the waste collection bins and the definition of Sector_N1 the optimisation of waste collection vehicle routing was performed, using the ArcGIS Network Analyst modelling package. The optimal path finding algorithm of NA is an alteration of the classic Dijkstra\'s algorithm (Dijkstra, 1959) which solves the problem of optimal route selection on an undirected, nonnegative weighted graph in a reasonable computational time.
\n\t\t\t\t\tOptimal waste collection route.
In the literature, many modifications and new algorithms have been used for the incorporation of the aforementioned restrictions. In the context of ArcGIS Network Analyst commercial GIS software, this algorithm is improved further, using effective data structures such as d-heaps (ESRI, 2006). To use it within the context of real transportation data, this algorithm must be modified in order to respect real problem restrictions, such as one-way roads, prohibited turns (e.g. U-turns), demand at intersections (nodes) and along the roads, and side-of-street constraints while minimising a user-specified cost attribute. The key point is to build a cost matrix containing the costs between origins and destinations. These points correspond to pairs of vehicle stops (waste bins).
\n\t\t\t\t\tThe total vehicle travel time is the sum of the travel time for each road segment plus the collection time for emptying of the bins. The user can define all the relevant traffic restrictions described above, the time delay for each stop for bin collection, as well as the first and last collection stop within the sector. The final output is the optimal solution in terms of distance or time criteria (fig. 6).
\n\t\t\t\tThe method described above was applied to simulate the waste collection procedure of the study area. Based on the methodology presented in the previous sections and the criteria and restrictions introduced in ArcGIS Network Analyst, different routing solutions were created for the collection of the new bins (95 bins of 1100 L) in their new location within Sector_N1. Evaluation of the results of the developed methodology is based on the comparison of the proposed waste collection scenario (Sp) with the existing one (Se). The time needed during waste collection has three distinct components:
\n\t\t\t\ttime for hauling; (assumed as 25+25 km with average speed 50 km/h);
time for driving during collection; and,
time for emptying the bins.
The parameters input to the model were based on real data provided by the MoN and verified by field studies. More specifically, the time for emptying of the bins (bin loading, emptying and unloading – component 3) is 30 sec for bins with capacity up to 330 L and 60sec for bins with capacity equal to or larger than 660 L. The time for driving during collection (component 2) is determined by the average speed of the collection vehicle in the travel between stops and the total distance travelled in the collection segment of the route. For MoN the average speed is 5, 10 and 15 km/hr for 1-way, 2-way and central roads, respectively.
\n\t\t\t\tBoth parameters are not readily available and default literature values are scarce. Sonesson (2000) reports values for the time required for bin emptying from empirical data for the wider Uppsala area in Sweden, as follows: 68.4 sec for inner city, 43.2 sec for suburbia and 57.4 sec for rural areas. Although the bin size is not defined, these values are in good agreement with the observed figures in the MoN. The author also reports an average collection speed of 20, 30 and 50 km/h for inner city, suburbs and rural areas, respectively. This is higher than the values achieved in MoN (conditions comparable with the inner city in Uppsala). Possible explanation is twofold:
\n\t\t\t\tdifferent conditions of the road network and traffic in the two cities; and,
a denser matrix of collection points, due to a higher population density, allowing for shorter distances travelled between collection points and therefore lower speed.
Nevertheless, the vehicle speed used for central roads in Nikea (15 km/h) compares well with the inner city collection speed in Uppsala (20 km/h).
\n\t\t\t\tThe comparison of results, on a weekly basis, between the existing collection scenario (Se) and the proposed one (Sp) is illustrated in Table 3. The optimal solution expressed in Scenario Sp (Fig. 6) corresponds to 287 km of distance travelled by the waste collection vehicle on a weekly basis. This provides a 3% improvement when compared to the existing equivalent empirical route (Se). The improvement is more significant if assessed in terms of the total travel time in the optimal route, defined as the runtime of the collection vehicle plus collection time for the waste bins. The total travel time, on a weekly basis, for the optimal route (Sp) is estimated to be 1225 minutes (18% reduction compared to the empirical route (Se). For the calculations the hauling time to the Fyli landfill (~25 km from Sector 1) should be added. Assuming an average speed of 50 km/h, the travel time to and from Fyli is about one hour.
\n\t\t\t\tRestricting the discussion to the collection phase only of the WC&T cycle, it is expected that fuel consumption relates more to time of operation and number of stops than distance travelled, as most of the collection time is spent for bin loading and emptying. Fuel consumption and corresponding gas emissions are functions of work performed for stopping and accelerating, actual driving, traffic related stops and lifting and compacting the waste (Sonesson 2000).
\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t
Distance (km) | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t296.5 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t287.5 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t9 (3.1%) | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t
Time (h) | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t24.9 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t20.4 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t4.5 (18.1%) | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t
Vmean (km/h) | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t11.9 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t14.1 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t2.2 (18.5%) | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t
Fuel consumption (L) | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t266.9 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t230.0 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t36.9 (13.8%) | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t
Cost (in €, 1L=1.4 E) | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t373.6 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t322.0 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t51.6 (13.8%)* | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t
CO2 (kg) | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t274.9 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t240.1 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t34.9 (12.7%) | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t
Comparison between the existing (Se) and the proposed (Sp) waste collection scenarios. (*) Cost savings are restricted to fuel costs and would be higher if maintenance and personnel costs were considered.
Therefore, even for the same distance travelled, changes in the number of stops, i.e. the number of the collected bins, can considerably affect fuel consumption and respectively, CO2 emissions. In this study fuel consumption values and CO2 emissions were calculated for heavy vehicles (8 – 16 tones) using the following formula (Hickman, 1999):
\n\t\t\t\twhere: ε is the emission value (gr/Km); K: constant value; a-f: coefficients; and, v: mean velocity of the vehicle (km/h).
\n\t\t\t\tThe heavy dependence of collection time on the number of stops in combination with the new time schedule constitutes the main explanatory factor for the significant differences in the percentage savings in distance and time. Routing using the GIS modelling resulted to a 3.1% improvement of the distance travelled, although larger new sectors were proposed in comparison with the existing subsectors. In all the other values (fuel consumption, collection cost and CO2 emissions, the percentage savings are estimated to exceed 10%. Finally, according to rough calculations, (extrapolation of the percentage savings to the total area of the municipality), the total savings for the municipality in one year, only from the reduction in fuel consumption, could approximate €68,000 and 46 tons CO2 emissions, compared with the existing collection procedure.
\n\t\t\tGIS technology supports the optimisation of municipal solid waste management as it provides an efficient context for data capture, analysis and presentation. Two main categories of GIS-based waste management applications can be identified in the international literature. In the first, GIS is used for the selection of waste disposal landfills, and to a smaller extent, other waste treatment facilities. Most of these applications benefit from map overlay GIS functions and spatial allocation modelling methods. The final output of an application of that type is the suitability map of the area under investigation. This map could be the core of a spatial decision support system for a landfill site / waste treatment facility selection problem.
\n\t\t\tThe second, more complex category of GIS supported waste management applications is related to waste collection. There are several applications for route optimisation, reallocation of waste bins and complete redesign of the collection sectors. The main aim of these applications is to reduce the collection distance and/or time of the collection vehicle fleet. The implementation of GIS-based modelling for waste collection optimisation in many countries with different socioeconomic conditions and technological background shows that significant savings could be achieved in most setups. The optimisation of routing has a direct positive impact on cost savings (reduction of fuel consumption and maintenance costs) as well as significant environmental impacts due to the lower levels of sound pollution within the urban environment and the reduction of greenhouse gases emissions. The application of GIS-based waste collection modelling should consider the following aspects, in order to provide reliable results:
\n\t\t\tAccurate and up to date information about the road network of the area under investigation.
Detailed capture of the spatial properties of the existing collection system (collection routes, location and attributes of waste bins, existing time schedule). Most often, especially in developing countries, the research team has to acquire this information with field work.
Installation of a modern GIS facility within the municipality enriched with network analysis functions. Advanced training of the staff is a very important factor for the efficient operation of this system.
Validation of the outputs from GIS-based modelling in order to ensure the applicability of the proposed routes in real life conditions.
Nowadays, although GIS-supported waste collection modelling is a mature scientific field the general diffusion of this technology is hampered by factors such as the absence and the poor quality of digital spatial data, the high cost of spatial data capture and the lack of personnel with the proper technological background to operate such modelling.
\n\t\t\tThe methodology developed in this study and its application to the Municipality of Nikea, Athens, resulted in significant savings, especially in terms of time (18%), fuel consumption (13.8%) and CO2 emissions (12.7%). The study demonstrated the value of GIS technology as a waste collection optimisation tool, capable of supporting decision making, in the context of a Mediterranean, densely populated city. The adoption of this technology could provide significant financial and environmental benefits for local communities.
\n\t\tPesticides are substances or mixtures of substances that possess unique chemical properties for the control of detrimental pests and insect vectors [1, 2]. Pests are living organisms that pose health risks such as biting and sucking, transmission of allergy-inducing constituents, diseases, as well as parasites, thereby causing harm to humans, animals and various components of the ecosystem [3]. Pesticides can be classified as algicides, insecticides, fungicides, herbicides, rodenticides, pyrethroids, fumigants, miticides, molluscicides, etc. with discrete chemical characteristics that decrease economic, health, and environmental risks elicited by pests [4, 5]. The inappropriate application of pesticides can evoke deleterious outcomes in several organisms and the environment. Notably, pesticides do not usually differentiate between pests and other living things, consequently they may cause injury to the organisms they encounter [1].
It has been observed that pesticides may gain access into biological systems through diverse routes. For instance, organophosphate and carbamate insecticides are quickly absorbed after dermal, oral, and inhalation exposures [6]. Damalas and Koutroubas [7] reported that pesticide applicators are commonly exposed to pesticides through the dermal route. Besides, pesticides may be absorbed dermally through a splash, spill, or spray device, when being mixed, loaded or disposed of [8]. Liquid preparations of pesticides are more readily absorbed through the dermal route and other body tissues compared to powders, dusts and granular types [7]. According to [8], oral exposure to a pesticide may occur by accident or intentionally. Moreover, marked damages to the nasal, throat and pulmonary tissues have been observed after inhalation of appreciable quantities of pesticides [7].
Furthermore, exposure of populations to pesticides have been associated with negative health conditions including cancers, congenital disorders, immunological aberrations, respiratory, neurobehavioral and reproductive deficits [9]. These undesirable effects of pesticides may be evoked in several tissues and organs through genetic impairments, epigenetic alterations, mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative damage, endoplasmic reticulum stress, endocrine disruption, among others [10]. Some of the clinical manifestations of pesticide toxicosis are confusion, agitation, lacrimation, salivation, emesis, bronchospasm, respiratory failure, micturition, diarrhoea, muscle weakness, paralysis, fasciculations, etc. [11].
Pets are animals that are domesticated and catered for by human beings for companionship, pleasure, provision of services and assistance, among others. They include dogs, cats, ferrets, pet birds, rodents, rabbits, guinea pigs, as well as exotic species like cubs, reptiles, etc. Pets are an essential part of human lives and they have been existing with human beings for thousands of years [12]. They are continually exposed to fleas and ticks. These ectoparasites may cause distress, itching, anaemia and systemic infections in the pets [13]. It is crucial to control ectoparasites in companion animals to prevent vector-borne diseases that may eventually result in high morbidity and mortality [14]. Moreover, the presence of fleas and ticks on pets may make their owners vulnerable to parasitism and zoonosis [15, 16].
The purpose of this chapter was to highlight the advantages of using pesticides for the optimum care of pet animals, while also outlining the adverse effects that may be associated with their applications.
Insecticides such as organophosphates (e.g., malathion, diazinon, phosmet, fenthion, chlorfenvinphos, and cythioate) and carbamates (e.g., carbaryl and propoxur) are used to control insect and nematode infestations in animals [17]. They are formulated as sprays, pour-ons, baits, collars, etc. [17]. Carbamates are used more frequently because they are considered safer than organophosphates. However, some signs of intoxication linked to the application of carbamates are abdominal cramping, emesis, diarrhoea, dyspnoea, seizures, among others [18]. Organophosphate and carbamate insecticides competitively impede acetylcholinesterase by binding to its esteric site [19]. The excessive acetylcholine that ensues brings about unwarranted stimulation of smooth muscles and glandular secretions [17]. However, the inhibition of acetylcholinesterase by organophosphates is irreversible, while the inhibition by carbamates is reversible [20]. The classification, examples, routes of administration and mechanisms of toxicity of some insecticides applied to pets are shown in Table 1.
Classification of insecticides | Examples | Mode of administration | Mechanisms of toxicity |
---|---|---|---|
Organophosphates | Diazinon, phosmet, cythioate | Sprays, pour-ons, collars | Inhibition of acetylcholinesterase [19] |
Pyrethroids | Cypermethrin, permethrin | Shampoos, dips, spot-ons and sprays | Interruption of sodium channels in neurons [21, 22] |
Carbamates | Carbaryl and propoxur | Sprays, pour-ons, collars | Inhibition of acetylcholinesterase [19] |
Neonicotinoids | Imidacloprid, dinotefuran, nitenpyram | Imidacloprid and dinotefuran are applied as spot-on topical products. Nitenpyram is administered per os. | Act as agonists on the postsynaptic acetylcholine receptors in insects [23, 24] |
Isoxazolines | Fluralaner, afoxolaner, sarolaner | Oral administration | Blockage of arthropod ligand-gated chloride channels [17] |
Benzoylphenylurea derivative | Lufenuron | Oral suspension and injectable preparation for cats. Oral tablets for dogs. | Chitin (exoskeleton) synthesis inhibitor [25] |
Insect growth regulators | Methoprene, fenoxycarb, pyriproxyfen | Oral suspensions, sprays and spot-ons | Mimic insect hormones, thereby interfering with the growth and development of insects [26] |
Oxadiazine insecticide | Indoxacarb | Administered topically in a spot-on formulation | Bioactivation to an active metabolite that blocks the voltage-gated sodium ion conduits in insects [18] |
Phenylpyrazole insecticide | Fipronil | Topical administration | Binds to gamma-aminobutyric acid receptors and the glutamate-gated chloride channels in the central nervous systems of invertebrates [13, 27, 28, 29] |
Macrocyclic lactones | Selamectin, aprinomectin, milbemycin | Topical administration | Bind to glutamate-gated chloride channels in the nervous systems of parasites [18] |
Formamidines | Amitraz | Available as a dip. Also formulated as impregnated collars for dogs | Binds to octopamine receptors for its insecticidal effects [18] |
Spinosyns | Spinosad | Formulated as edible tablets for dogs and cats | Targets the binding sites on nicotinic acetylcholine receptors [18] |
Classification, examples, route of administration and mechanisms of toxicity of some insecticides applied to pets.
Pyrethroids are synthetic derivatives of natural pyrethrins derived from the plant,
Its metabolites include cis-3-(2,2 dichlorovinyl) 2,2 dimethylcyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid, trans-3-(2,2-dichlorovinyl)-2,2 dimethylcyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid) and (3 phenoxybenzoic acid) [31]. The metabolites of permethrin are principally excreted in the urine and faeces [21].
Furthermore, cypermethrin, a type II pyrethroid insecticide, is used for the control of pests in agricultural, public and animal health programmes [37]. It evokes toxicity through the interruption of sodium channels in neurons, thereby disrupting neuronal transmission [22]. Also, it produces oxidative stress in living organisms [38, 39, 40]. Type II pyrethroids are more neurotoxic relative to type I pyrethroids because of their α-cyano constituents [41].
Another class of insecticides administered for pest control in pets are neonicotinoid insecticides such as imidacloprid, nitenpyram and dinotefuran (stated in Table 1). Imidacloprid is structurally similar to nicotine, and is endorsed as a topical spot-on for dogs, as well as for agricultural purposes [14, 23]. It exerts its insecticidal activities by binding to the acetylcholine receptor on the postsynaptic region of insect neurons, thereby averting acetylcholine binding [23, 24]. Besides, imidacloprid has been reported to elicit oxidative stress and cause injury to crucial biological molecules such as deoxyribonucleic acid, proteins and lipids [42]. Moreover, nitenpyram is administered per os to eliminate fleas in dogs and cats [18]. It undergoes fast absorption with utmost blood concentrations attained within one and a half hours, and thirty-six minutes in dogs and cats respectively [18]. Dinotefuran is applied as a topical spot-on with different formulations for dogs and cats against external parasites like fleas, flies, lice, etc. [43].
Fluralaner (an isoxazoline) is a systemically administered insecticidal and acaricidal formulation that elicits long-acting efficacy after oral administration to dogs [44]. Another isooxazoline, afoxolaner, has been reported to be efficacious in dogs and cats against fleas [45, 46, 47], ticks [46], and mites [47, 48, 49, 50]. It is detected in plasma 20–30 minutes following administration through the oral route and it attains its uppermost level in 2–4 hours [51]. Sarolaner is a broad spectrum isooxazoline with efficacy against fleas, ticks and mites in dogs [52, 53]. Isoxazolines bind to the ligand-gated chloride channels in insects and acarines [17]. Consequently, the presynaptic and postsynaptic transmission of chloride ions across the cell membranes ensue, thereby causing hyperexcitation and uninhibited activity of the central nervous system, ultimately resulting in the death of ectoparasites [17].
Lufenuron, a benzoylphenylurea derivative, is a chitin synthesis inhibitor [25]. It is available as an oral suspension and injectable formulation for cats, and an oral tablet for dogs [17]. It eliminates emerging larvae within the egg or after hatching, and female fleas feeding on treated animals are hindered from producing viable eggs or larvae [25].
Methoprene is an insect growth regulator that mimics insect hormones, thereby interfering with the growth and development of insects [26]. It is formulated as suspensions, emulsifiable and soluble concentrates, sprays and spot-ons, etc. [17]. It is used for flea control in dogs and cats, marine mosquito control, as well as agricultural and domestic pest control [54].
Fipronil is a phenylpyrazole insecticide that is approved for agricultural usage, pest control, as well as topical flea and tick treatment for companion animals [55]. It dissolves in sebum because of its high lipid solubility and it is disseminated throughout the body for the manifestation of its insecticidal effect [13]. It has been shown that fipronil binds non-competitively to γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptors and the glutamate-gated chloride channels in the central nervous systems of invertebrates (e.g., fleas and ticks), thereby eliciting excessive excitation [13]. Additionally, fipronil also binds to mammalian GABA receptors, [27], and engenders oxidative stress through the production of reactive oxygen species [28, 29]. Some investigators have asserted that the foremost metabolite of fipronil, fipronil sulfone, exerts a more robust inhibitory effect on GABAA receptors and brings about cell impairment at lesser concentrations compared to fipronil [27, 28, 29].
Selamectin, aprinomectin and milbemycin are macrocyclic lactones that are used for the control of endoparasites and ectoparasites in dogs and cats [18]. They are widely administered for the prevention of heartworm disease in dogs [56]. Selamectin and aprinomectin are semisynthetic avermectins, while moxidectin is semisynthetic. These substances bind to glutamate-gated chloride channels in the nervous systems of parasites, and this culminates in a speedy and sustained entry of chloride ions into neurons [18]. As a result of this, the activity of the neurons is impeded and paralysis of the parasites occurs. The macrocyclic lactones are administered topically, and are swiftly absorbed through the dermal route. Selamectin exhibits effective control against the flea,
Indoxacarb is an oxadiazine insecticide that is administered topically in a spot-on formulation for the control of fleas on companion animals [18]. It is found in insect baits for home use and granules, as well as liquids for agricultural applications [60]. Moreover, it is bioactivated to an active metabolite that blocks the voltage-gated sodium ion conduits in insects [18].
Furthermore, formamidines are acaricidal compounds that exert their effects through binding to octopamine receptors [18]. Amitraz is the only approved formamidine for use in veterinary medical practice, and it is applied primarily as an acaricide to control ticks and mites [18]. It is available as a dip for the control of demodicosis in dogs, as well as the control of scabies. An amitraz-impregnated collar is also marketed for the control of ticks on dogs.
Spinosyns are a family of insecticides obtained from the fermentation of an actinomycete,
There is a predominant exposure of human and animal populations to pesticides and this may be associated with detrimental effects on their health status [4, 62]. According to [17] , clinical signs of pesticide intoxication can occur within a short or long duration of exposure, depending on the dose, route, and noxiousness of the pesticide administered. It has been documented that those pesticides have severe effects on non-target organisms, including various components of the ecosystem [63].
Various pesticides, especially, insecticides applied to pets for the prevention and control of ectoparasites may be associated with some adverse effects. For instance, permethrin poisoning may produce symptoms including epidermal lesions, pharyngitis, salivation, nausea, emesis, abdominal pain, gastrointestinal mucosal irritation and dyspnoea in animals [32, 63, 64]. Cats are more likely than dogs to develop pyrethroid toxicosis because the feline liver cannot conjugate glucuronide efficiently, and conjugation with glucuronide is essential for permethrin metabolism [33]. Permethrins are regarded as the commonest aetiology of poisoning in cats in the United States of America [65]. Cats may be exposed to permethrin from dermal application of topical formulations, oral intake, and direct contact with dogs administered with it topically [66]. The commonest clinical signs of permethrin intoxication in cats are muscle tremors and seizures, but hypersalivation, depression, emesis, anorexia and even death may ensue [33].
Moreover, alpha-cypermethrin (a synthetic pyrethroid like permethrin) intoxication can cause lacrimation, salivation, nausea, emesis, diarrhoea, mucosal irritations, motor coordination dysfunction, chorea, inactivity, tremors and clonic seizures [30, 36]. It has been observed that dogs usually exhibit signs of intoxication such as shaking of their limbs, slight muscle fasciculation, rubbing of the application site, distress and uneasiness after dermal administration of pyrethrins/pyrethroids [67, 68, 69].
Cats are more susceptible to insecticides that inhibit acetylcholinesterase such as organophosphates and carbamates compared to dogs [70]. Also, neonate, geriatric and incapacitated animals are more vulnerable to these groups of pesticides. Organophosphates and carbamates elicit muscarinic, nicotinic, and central nervous system signs of toxicity in biological systems. The muscarinic signs are salivation, lacrimation, urination, defecation, respiratory distress, vomiting, pupillary constriction and reduced heart rate [70]. The nicotinic symptoms include muscle tremors, fasciculations, feebleness, incoordination, and paresis that may culminate in paralysis [71], while the central nervous system signs of toxicity comprise hyperactivity, incoordination, convulsion and unconsciousness [71].
The predominant clinical signs linked to isoxazoline toxicity are emesis, anorexia, diarrhoea and exhaustion in dogs and cats [17]. The administration of lufenuron to cats causes pain at the site of injection and oedema [17]. Additionally, dogs treated with the parenteral formulation of lufenuron developed a marked local reaction [25].
Some investigators asserted that young animals are more likely to exhibit exhaustion and incoordination after oral dosing with methoprene (an insect growth regulator) [71], while the commonest clinical signs of toxicity seen in companion animals exposed to indoxacarb are anorexia, emesis, diarrhoea and lethargy [17]. Moreover, amitraz (a formamidine insecticide, mentioned in Table 1) can cause temporary pruritus, urticaria and oedema after the initial administration to pets [18]. In addition, a brief sedation has been recorded in dogs after an amitraz bath that may last for one day or three days in puppies.
This chapter review presented information on the benefits and risks of the applications of pesticides, mainly insecticides, to pets. Even though pests are harmful to companion animals and their owners, they should be controlled cautiously with the use of appropriate pesticides approved by Veterinarians and relevant regulatory agencies in different countries. This will ensure that the hazards inherent in the pesticides are adequately mitigated. Also, there is a need for researchers, Veterinarians, related health care professionals and pesticide manufacturers to collaborate and find out innocuous methods for the prevention and control of pests in pets. This effort can improve human, animal and ecosystem health and integrity.
The authors are thankful to the staff of the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and the Veterinary Teaching Hospital, University of Abuja, Nigeria, for their support.
The authors declare that there is no conflict of interest.
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It is also becoming a societal issue since it is necessary to implement the conservation or even the restoration of biodiversity. Historically, species have been described and characterized on the basis of morphological criteria, which are closely linked by environmental conditions or which find their limits especially in groups where they are difficult to access, as is the case for many species of microorganisms. The need to understand the molecular mechanisms in species has made the PCR an indispensable tool for understanding the functioning of these biological systems. A number of markers are now available to detect nuclear DNA polymorphisms. In genetic diversity studies, the most frequently used markers are microsatellites. The study of biological complexity is a new frontier that requires high-throughput molecular technology, high speed computer memory, new approaches to data analysis, and the integration of interdisciplinary skills.",book:{id:"7728",slug:"synthetic-biology-new-interdisciplinary-science",title:"Synthetic Biology",fullTitle:"Synthetic Biology - New Interdisciplinary Science"},signatures:"Karim Kadri",authors:[{id:"290766",title:"Dr.",name:"Kadri",middleName:null,surname:"Karim",slug:"kadri-karim",fullName:"Kadri Karim"}]},{id:"62059",title:"Types of HVAC Systems",slug:"types-of-hvac-systems",totalDownloads:12391,totalCrossrefCites:8,totalDimensionsCites:14,abstract:"HVAC systems are milestones of building mechanical systems that provide thermal comfort for occupants accompanied with indoor air quality. HVAC systems can be classified into central and local systems according to multiple zones, location, and distribution. Primary HVAC equipment includes heating equipment, ventilation equipment, and cooling or air-conditioning equipment. Central HVAC systems locate away from buildings in a central equipment room and deliver the conditioned air by a delivery ductwork system. Central HVAC systems contain all-air, air-water, all-water systems. Two systems should be considered as central such as heating and cooling panels and water-source heat pumps. Local HVAC systems can be located inside a conditioned zone or adjacent to it and no requirement for ductwork. 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Many critical affairs must be properly treated to obtain the improved operating characteristics. This chapter presents the basic and key technologies of switched-reluctance machine in motor and generator operations. The contents in this chapter include: (1) structures and governing equations of SRM; (2) some commonly used SRM converters; (3) estimation of key parameters and performance evaluation of SRM drive; (4) commutation scheme, current control scheme, and speed control scheme of SRM drive; (5) some commonly used front-end converters and their operation controls for SRM drive; (6) reversible and regenerative braking operation controls for SRM drive; (7) some tuning issues for SRM drive; (8) operation control and some tuning issues of switched-reluctance generators; and (9) experimental application exploration for SRM systems—(a) wind generator and microgrid and (b) EV SRM drive.",book:{id:"8899",slug:"modelling-and-control-of-switched-reluctance-machines",title:"Modelling and Control of Switched Reluctance Machines",fullTitle:"Modelling and Control of Switched Reluctance Machines"},signatures:"Chang-Ming Liaw, Min-Ze Lu, Ping-Hong Jhou and Kuan-Yu Chou",authors:[{id:"37616",title:"Prof.",name:"Chang-Ming",middleName:null,surname:"Liaw",slug:"chang-ming-liaw",fullName:"Chang-Ming Liaw"},{id:"306461",title:"Mr.",name:"Min-Ze",middleName:null,surname:"Lu",slug:"min-ze-lu",fullName:"Min-Ze Lu"},{id:"306463",title:"Mr.",name:"Ping-Hong",middleName:null,surname:"Jhou",slug:"ping-hong-jhou",fullName:"Ping-Hong Jhou"},{id:"306464",title:"Mr.",name:"Kuan-Yu",middleName:null,surname:"Chou",slug:"kuan-yu-chou",fullName:"Kuan-Yu Chou"}]},{id:"70874",title:"Social, Economic, and Environmental Impacts of Renewable Energy Resources",slug:"social-economic-and-environmental-impacts-of-renewable-energy-resources",totalDownloads:4969,totalCrossrefCites:27,totalDimensionsCites:53,abstract:"Conventional energy source based on coal, gas, and oil are very much helpful for the improvement in the economy of a country, but on the other hand, some bad impacts of these resources in the environment have bound us to use these resources within some limit and turned our thinking toward the renewable energy resources. The social, environmental, and economical problems can be omitted by use of renewable energy sources, because these resources are considered as environment-friendly, having no or little emission of exhaust and poisonous gases like carbon dioxide, carbon monooxide, sulfur dioxide, etc. Renewable energy is going to be an important source for power generation in near future, because we can use these resources again and again to produce useful energy. Wind power generation is considered as having lowest water consumption, lowest relative greenhouse gas emission, and most favorable social impacts. It is considered as one of the most sustainable renewable energy sources, followed by hydropower, photovoltaic, and then geothermal. As these resources are considered as clean energy resources, they can be helpful for the mitigation of greenhouse effect and global warming effect. Local employment, better health, job opportunities, job creation, consumer choice, improvement of life standard, social bonds creation, income development, demographic impacts, social bonds creation, and community development can be achieved by the proper usage of renewable energy system. Along with the outstanding advantages of these resources, some shortcomings also exist such as the variation of output due to seasonal change, which is the common thing for wind and hydroelectric power plant; hence, special design and consideration are required, which are fulfilled by the hardware and software due to the improvement in computer technology.",book:{id:"7636",slug:"wind-solar-hybrid-renewable-energy-system",title:"Wind Solar Hybrid Renewable Energy System",fullTitle:"Wind Solar Hybrid Renewable Energy System"},signatures:"Mahesh Kumar",authors:[{id:"309842",title:"Mr.",name:"Kamlesh",middleName:null,surname:"Kumar",slug:"kamlesh-kumar",fullName:"Kamlesh Kumar"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"11",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[{id:"83003",title:"Rheology of Heavy Oils",slug:"rheology-of-heavy-oils",totalDownloads:0,totalDimensionsCites:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105666",abstract:"The problems of heavy oil rheology, accompanied by physical phenomena of the formation and destruction of coagulation disordered structures and aggregates as a result of the hydrodynamic interaction of particles (asphaltenes, paraffins, resins, and solid-phase particles) contained in the oil, which significantly affect its properties and flow, are considered and analyzed. Rheological models of viscous-plastic heavy oils are considered and developed, consistent with a variety of experimental data. New rheological models for viscous-plastic heavy oils are proposed, which make it possible to generalize many existing models. It is noted that the variety of rheological models for heavy oils is determined by the conditions for the formation of disordered structures in the bulk of the oil flow. For heavy oils, a nonlinear equation for filtration in porous media is proposed, depending on the shear stress, pressure gradient, effective viscosity of the oil, and a number of other parameters. An analytical solution to this equation is proposed, which is consistent with the experimental data. Models for the settling rate and drag coefficient of particles in heavy oils are proposed. Applied problems of rheology aimed at improving the rheological properties of heavy oil during their processing as a result of creating a recirculation scheme at an operating oil refining unit are considered.",book:{id:"11542",title:"Crude Oil - Emerging Downstream Processing Technologies",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11542.jpg"},signatures:"Gudret Isfandiyar Kelbaliyev, Dilgam Babir Tagiyev and Manaf Rizvan Manafov"},{id:"82986",title:"Interferometric Gravitational Wave Detectors",slug:"interferometric-gravitational-wave-detectors",totalDownloads:1,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.106417",abstract:"The existence of gravitational waves is an important proof of Einstein’s theory of general relativity and took 100 years to be achieved using optical interferometry. This work describes how such a detector works and how it can change the way of seeing the Universe. Kilometers size laser interferometers are being built around the world in the way to make gravitational astronomy; detectors already built in the United States, Italy, and Japan will join efforts with detectors built in Japan and India and provide humanity with the means to see gravitational interactions of black holes and neutron star. Interactions, without these detectors, will be forever out of our sight.",book:{id:"11156",title:"Optical Interferometry - A Multidisciplinary Technique in Science and Engineering",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11156.jpg"},signatures:"Carlos Frajuca"},{id:"82985",title:"Motion Planning of UAV Swarm: Recent Challenges and Approaches",slug:"motion-planning-of-uav-swarm-recent-challenges-and-approaches",totalDownloads:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.106270",abstract:"The unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) swarm is gaining massive interest for researchers as it has huge significance over a single UAV. Many studies focus only on a few challenges of this complex multidisciplinary group. Most of them have certain limitations. This paper aims to recognize and arrange relevant research for evaluating motion planning techniques and models for a swarm from the viewpoint of control, path planning, architecture, communication, monitoring and tracking, and safety issues. Then, a state-of-the-art understanding of the UAV swarm and an overview of swarm intelligence (SI) are provided in this research. Multiple challenges are considered, and some approaches are presented. Findings show that swarm intelligence is leading in this era and is the most significant approach for UAV swarm that offers distinct contributions in different environments. This integration of studies will serve as a basis for knowledge concerning swarm, create guidelines for motion planning issues, and strengthens support for existing methods. Moreover, this paper possesses the capacity to engender new strategies that can serve as the grounds for future work.",book:{id:"11522",title:"Aeronautics - New Advances",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11522.jpg"},signatures:"Muhammad Mubashir Iqbal, Zain Anwar Ali, Rehan Khan and Muhammad Shafiq"},{id:"82950",title:"Flexible Demand for Optimzed Microgrid Design and Cost",slug:"flexible-demand-for-optimzed-microgrid-design-and-cost",totalDownloads:2,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105490",abstract:"Although access to energy has been a major enabler for the development of our civilization, more than a billion people remain without access to electricity. Recent improvements in solar technology offer a unique opportunity to achieve global electrification. However, field studies have reported number of project failures. This chapter is dedicated to project developers, engineers, academicians and policymakers, who wish to contribute to rural development. In the first part, it recalls some important features of a well-thought rural electrification project, while proposing to involve students to liaise with local population. In a second part, it presents an original approach for achieving lowest cost solar microgrid design considering the random nature of solar energy and the users’ willingness to be flexible in their consumption. The inconvenience (loss of utility) for users has been modeled and the results suggest that rural users are likely to adapt their consumption to the availability of solar energy to reduce their electricity bill. Such a conclusion is likely to apply to interconnected power grid as renewable energy becomes more and more prominent in the energy mix and energy storage remains a costly challenge.",book:{id:"11534",title:"Renewable Energy - Recent Advances",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11534.jpg"},signatures:"Fabien Chidanand Robert"},{id:"82959",title:"Coking",slug:"coking",totalDownloads:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.106190",abstract:"Currently, conventional oil is used as the main source for the petrochemical industry. However, conventional oil’s capacity is declining, and that source will probably be exhausted in the near future. Heavy oil and petroleum residues have become a suitable alternative source to meet global energy demand. However, heavy oil and oil residues require many upgrading processes before turning to be valuable products. Among the various upgrading processes, delayed coking, which is capable of processing any residue at a low investment cost, garnered tremendous importance. Petroleum coke is one of the coking products that is divided into three types: shot coke, sponge coke and needle coke, depending on the feed properties and operating conditions of the process. Needle coke is used as a valuable product in the production of graphite electrodes used in electric arc furnace (EAF) for melting scrap metal and producing steel.",book:{id:"11542",title:"Crude Oil - Emerging Downstream Processing Technologies",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11542.jpg"},signatures:"Jafar Ramezanzadeh and Hossein Moradi"},{id:"82664",title:"The Combined Method to Improve Heat Transfer Coefficient on Heat Exchanger",slug:"the-combined-method-to-improve-heat-transfer-coefficient-on-heat-exchanger",totalDownloads:3,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105880",abstract:"The heat transfer process occurs all the time around us, from simple household appliances to equipment used in large industries. Energy efficiency in large-scale use in industry is necessary because it is related to company profits. One way to save energy use in heat exchangers is to change the thermal properties of the cooling fluid. The addition of particles of the nanometer size (nanofluids) in the working fluid will improve the performance of the heat exchanger, and the main goal is the highest efficiency. In addition, there is another method to increase the heat transfer rate, namely, by vibrating the cooling fluid. This chapter will discuss combining nanofluids and ultrasonic vibrations in heat transfer processes in heat exchangers. The application of these two methods simultaneously gives rise to several advantages to the heat transfer system, will promote higher heat transfer, and at the same time function as cleaning of scale/deposits that often appear on the surface of the heat exchanger.",book:{id:"11161",title:"Heat Transfer",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11161.jpg"},signatures:"Sudarmadji Sudarmadji, Sugeng Hadi Susilo and Asrori Asrori"}],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:280},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:8,limit:8,total:0},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:90,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:107,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:33,numberOfPublishedChapters:330,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:14,numberOfPublishedChapters:145,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:139,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:122,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:112,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:21,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:10,numberOfOpenTopics:1,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:5,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-6580",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. 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\r\n\tThis book series will offer a comprehensive overview of recent research trends as well as clinical applications within different specialties of dentistry. Topics will include overviews of the health of the oral cavity, from prevention and care to different treatments for the rehabilitation of problems that may affect the organs and/or tissues present. The different areas of dentistry will be explored, with the aim of disseminating knowledge and providing readers with new tools for the comprehensive treatment of their patients with greater safety and with current techniques. Ongoing issues, recent advances, and future diagnostic approaches and therapeutic strategies will also be discussed. This series of books will focus on various aspects of the properties and results obtained by the various treatments available, whether preventive or curative.
",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/3.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"August 4th, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfPublishedBooks:9,editor:{id:"419588",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Sergio",middleName:"Alexandre",surname:"Gehrke",slug:"sergio-gehrke",fullName:"Sergio Gehrke",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000038WgMKQA0/Profile_Picture_2022-06-02T11:44:20.jpg",biography:"Dr. Sergio Alexandre Gehrke is a doctorate holder in two fields. The first is a Ph.D. in Cellular and Molecular Biology from the Pontificia Catholic University, Porto Alegre, Brazil, in 2010 and the other is an International Ph.D. in Bioengineering from the Universidad Miguel Hernandez, Elche/Alicante, Spain, obtained in 2020. In 2018, he completed a postdoctoral fellowship in Materials Engineering in the NUCLEMAT of the Pontificia Catholic University, Porto Alegre, Brazil. He is currently the Director of the Postgraduate Program in Implantology of the Bioface/UCAM/PgO (Montevideo, Uruguay), Director of the Cathedra of Biotechnology of the Catholic University of Murcia (Murcia, Spain), an Extraordinary Full Professor of the Catholic University of Murcia (Murcia, Spain) as well as the Director of the private center of research Biotecnos – Technology and Science (Montevideo, Uruguay). Applied biomaterials, cellular and molecular biology, and dental implants are among his research interests. He has published several original papers in renowned journals. In addition, he is also a Collaborating Professor in several Postgraduate programs at different universities all over the world.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidad Católica San Antonio de Murcia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},subseries:{paginationCount:2,paginationItems:[{id:"1",title:"Oral Health",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/1.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"173955",title:"Prof.",name:"Sandra",middleName:null,surname:"Marinho",slug:"sandra-marinho",fullName:"Sandra Marinho",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRGYMQA4/Profile_Picture_2022-06-01T13:22:41.png",biography:"Dr. Sandra A. Marinho is an Associate Professor and Brazilian researcher at the State University of Paraíba (Universidade Estadual da Paraíba- UEPB), Campus VIII, located in Araruna, state of Paraíba since 2011. She holds a degree in Dentistry from the Federal University of Alfenas (UNIFAL), while her specialization and professional improvement in Stomatology took place at Hospital Heliopolis (São Paulo, SP). Her qualifications are: a specialist in Dental Imaging and Radiology, Master in Dentistry (Periodontics) from the University of São Paulo (FORP-USP, Ribeirão Preto, SP), and Doctor (Ph.D.) in Dentistry (Stomatology Clinic) from Hospital São Lucas of the Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul (HSL-PUCRS, Porto Alegre, RS). She held a postdoctoral internship at the Federal University from Jequitinhonha and Mucuri Valleys (UFVJM, Diamantina, MG). She is currently a member of the Brazilian Society for Dental Research (SBPqO) and the Brazilian Society of Stomatology and Pathology (SOBEP). Dr. Marinho's experience in Dentistry mainly covers the following subjects: oral diagnosis, oral radiology; oral medicine; lesions and oral infections; oral pathology, laser therapy and epidemiological studies.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"State University of Paraíba",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"2",title:"Prosthodontics and Implant Dentistry",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/2.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"179568",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Wen Lin",middleName:null,surname:"Chai",slug:"wen-lin-chai",fullName:"Wen Lin Chai",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRHGAQA4/Profile_Picture_2022-05-23T14:31:12.png",biography:"Professor Dr. Chai Wen Lin is currently a lecturer at the Department of Restorative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry of the University of Malaya. She obtained a Master of Dental Science in 2006 and a Ph.D. in 2011. Her Ph.D. research work on the soft tissue-implant interface at the University of Sheffield has yielded several important publications in the key implant journals. She was awarded an Excellent Exchange Award by the University of Sheffield which gave her the opportunity to work at the famous Faculty of Dentistry of the University of Gothenburg, Sweden, under the tutelage of Prof. Peter Thomsen. In 2016, she was appointed as a visiting scholar at UCLA, USA, with attachment in Hospital Dentistry, and involvement in research work related to zirconia implant. In 2016, her contribution to dentistry was recognized by the Royal College of Surgeon of Edinburgh with her being awarded a Fellowship in Dental Surgery. She has authored numerous papers published both in local and international journals. She was the Editor of the Malaysian Dental Journal for several years. Her main research interests are implant-soft tissue interface, zirconia implant, photofunctionalization, 3D-oral mucosal model and pulpal regeneration.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Malaya",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Malaysia"}}},editorTwo:{id:"479686",title:"Dr.",name:"Ghee Seong",middleName:null,surname:"Lim",slug:"ghee-seong-lim",fullName:"Ghee Seong Lim",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00003ScjLZQAZ/Profile_Picture_2022-06-08T14:17:06.png",biography:"Assoc. Prof Dr. Lim Ghee Seong graduated with a Bachelor of Dental Surgery from University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur in 2008. He then pursued his Master in Clinical Dentistry, specializing in Restorative Dentistry at Newcastle University, Newcastle, UK, where he graduated with distinction. He has also been awarded the International Training Fellowship (Restorative Dentistry) from the Royal College of Surgeons. His passion for teaching then led him to join the faculty of dentistry at University Malaya and he has since became a valuable lecturer and clinical specialist in the Department of Restorative Dentistry. He is currently the removable prosthodontic undergraduate year 3 coordinator, head of the undergraduate module on occlusion and a member of the multidisciplinary team for the TMD clinic. He has previous membership in the British Society for Restorative Dentistry, the Malaysian Association of Aesthetic Dentistry and he is currently a lifetime member of the Malaysian Association for Prosthodontics. Currently, he is also the examiner for the Restorative Specialty Membership Examinations, Royal College of Surgeons, England. He has authored and co-authored handful of both local and international journal articles. His main interest is in prosthodontics, dental material, TMD and regenerative dentistry.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Malaya",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Malaysia"}}},editorThree:null}]},overviewPageOFChapters:{paginationCount:47,paginationItems:[{id:"82938",title:"Trauma from Occlusion: Practical Management Guidelines",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105960",signatures:"Prashanth Shetty, Shweta Hegde, Shubham Chelkar, Rahul Chaturvedi, Shruti Pochhi, Aakanksha Shrivastava, Dudala Lakshmi, Shreya Mukherjee, Pankaj Bajaj and Shahzada Asif Raza",slug:"trauma-from-occlusion-practical-management-guidelines",totalDownloads:6,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Dental Trauma",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11567.jpg",subseries:{id:"2",title:"Prosthodontics and Implant Dentistry"}}},{id:"82654",title:"Atraumatic Restorative Treatment: More than a Minimally Invasive Approach?",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105623",signatures:"Manal A. Ablal",slug:"atraumatic-restorative-treatment-more-than-a-minimally-invasive-approach",totalDownloads:3,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Dental Caries - The Selection of Restoration Methods and Restorative Materials",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11565.jpg",subseries:{id:"1",title:"Oral Health"}}},{id:"82608",title:"Early Management of Dental Trauma in the Era of COVID-19",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105992",signatures:"Khairul Bariah Chi Adam, Haszelini Hassan, Pram Kumar Subramaniam, Izzati Nabilah Ismail, Nor Adilah Harun and Naziyah Shaban Mustafa",slug:"early-management-of-dental-trauma-in-the-era-of-covid-19",totalDownloads:1,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Dental Trauma",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11567.jpg",subseries:{id:"2",title:"Prosthodontics and Implant Dentistry"}}},{id:"82767",title:"Teeth Avulsion",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105846",signatures:"Manal Abdalla Eltahir, Randa Fath Elrahman Ibrahim and Hanan Alharbi",slug:"teeth-avulsion",totalDownloads:20,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Dental Trauma",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11567.jpg",subseries:{id:"2",title:"Prosthodontics and Implant Dentistry"}}}]},overviewPagePublishedBooks:{paginationCount:9,paginationItems:[{type:"book",id:"6668",title:"Dental Caries",subtitle:"Diagnosis, Prevention and Management",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6668.jpg",slug:"dental-caries-diagnosis-prevention-and-management",publishedDate:"September 19th 2018",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Zühre Akarslan",hash:"b0f7667770a391f772726c3013c1b9ba",volumeInSeries:1,fullTitle:"Dental Caries - Diagnosis, Prevention and Management",editors:[{id:"171887",title:"Prof.",name:"Zühre",middleName:null,surname:"Akarslan",slug:"zuhre-akarslan",fullName:"Zühre Akarslan",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/171887/images/system/171887.jpg",biography:"Zühre Akarslan was born in 1977 in Cyprus. She graduated from Gazi University Faculty of Dentistry, Ankara, Turkey in 2000. \r\nLater she received her Ph.D. degree from the Oral Diagnosis and Radiology Department; which was recently renamed as Oral and Dentomaxillofacial Radiology, from the same university. \r\nShe is working as a full-time Associate Professor and is a lecturer and an academic researcher. \r\nHer expertise areas are dental caries, cancer, dental fear and anxiety, gag reflex in dentistry, oral medicine, and dentomaxillofacial radiology.",institutionString:"Gazi University",institution:{name:"Gazi University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}}]},{type:"book",id:"7139",title:"Current Approaches in Orthodontics",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7139.jpg",slug:"current-approaches-in-orthodontics",publishedDate:"April 10th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Belma Işık Aslan and Fatma Deniz Uzuner",hash:"2c77384eeb748cf05a898d65b9dcb48a",volumeInSeries:2,fullTitle:"Current Approaches in Orthodontics",editors:[{id:"42847",title:"Dr.",name:"Belma",middleName:null,surname:"Işik Aslan",slug:"belma-isik-aslan",fullName:"Belma Işik Aslan",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/42847/images/system/42847.jpg",biography:"Dr. Belma IşIk Aslan was born in 1976 in Ankara-TURKEY. After graduating from TED Ankara College in 1994, she attended to Gazi University, Faculty of Dentistry in Ankara. She completed her PhD in orthodontic education at Gazi University between 1999-2005. Dr. Işık Aslan stayed at the Providence Hospital Craniofacial Institude and Reconstructive Surgery in Michigan, USA for three months as an observer. She worked as a specialist doctor at Gazi University, Dentistry Faculty, Department of Orthodontics between 2005-2014. She was appointed as associate professor in January, 2014 and as professor in 2021. Dr. Işık Aslan still works as an instructor at the same faculty. She has published a total of 35 articles, 10 book chapters, 39 conference proceedings both internationally and nationally. Also she was the academic editor of the international book 'Current Advances in Orthodontics'. She is a member of the Turkish Orthodontic Society and Turkish Cleft Lip and Palate Society. She is married and has 2 children. Her knowledge of English is at an advanced level.",institutionString:"Gazi University Dentistry Faculty Department of Orthodontics",institution:null}]},{type:"book",id:"7572",title:"Trauma in Dentistry",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7572.jpg",slug:"trauma-in-dentistry",publishedDate:"July 3rd 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Serdar Gözler",hash:"7cb94732cfb315f8d1e70ebf500eb8a9",volumeInSeries:3,fullTitle:"Trauma in Dentistry",editors:[{id:"204606",title:"Dr.",name:"Serdar",middleName:null,surname:"Gözler",slug:"serdar-gozler",fullName:"Serdar Gözler",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/204606/images/system/204606.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Serdar Gözler has completed his undergraduate studies at the Marmara University Faculty of Dentistry in 1978, followed by an assistantship in the Prosthesis Department of Dicle University Faculty of Dentistry. Starting his PhD work on non-resilient overdentures with Assoc. Prof. Hüsnü Yavuzyılmaz, he continued his studies with Prof. Dr. Gürbüz Öztürk of Istanbul University Faculty of Dentistry Department of Prosthodontics, this time on Gnatology. He attended training programs on occlusion, neurology, neurophysiology, EMG, radiology and biostatistics. In 1982, he presented his PhD thesis \\Gerber and Lauritzen Occlusion Analysis Techniques: Diagnosis Values,\\ at Istanbul University School of Dentistry, Department of Prosthodontics. As he was also working with Prof. Senih Çalıkkocaoğlu on The Physiology of Chewing at the same time, Gözler has written a chapter in Çalıkkocaoğlu\\'s book \\Complete Prostheses\\ entitled \\The Place of Neuromuscular Mechanism in Prosthetic Dentistry.\\ The book was published five times since by the Istanbul University Publications. Having presented in various conferences about occlusion analysis until 1998, Dr. Gözler has also decided to use the T-Scan II occlusion analysis method. Having been personally trained by Dr. Robert Kerstein on this method, Dr. Gözler has been lecturing on the T-Scan Occlusion Analysis Method in conferences both in Turkey and abroad. Dr. Gözler has various articles and presentations on Digital Occlusion Analysis methods. 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He is the author or co-author of more than seventy papers in peer-reviewed journals and conferences as well as the co-author of several books. He serves as a reviewer for many scientific journals, international conferences, and research foundations. Since 2010, Dr. Placzek has been a reviewer of grants and projects (including EU projects) in the field of information technologies.",institutionString:"University of Silesia",institution:{name:"University of Silesia",country:{name:"Poland"}}},{id:"35000",title:"Prof.",name:"Ulrich H.P",middleName:"H.P.",surname:"Fischer",slug:"ulrich-h.p-fischer",fullName:"Ulrich H.P Fischer",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/35000/images/3052_n.jpg",biography:"Academic and Professional Background\nUlrich H. P. has Diploma and PhD degrees in Physics from the Free University Berlin, Germany. He has been working on research positions in the Heinrich-Hertz-Institute in Germany. Several international research projects has been performed with European partners from France, Netherlands, Norway and the UK. He is currently Professor of Communications Systems at the Harz University of Applied Sciences, Germany.\n\nPublications and Publishing\nHe has edited one book, a special interest book about ‘Optoelectronic Packaging’ (VDE, Berlin, Germany), and has published over 100 papers and is owner of several international patents for WDM over POF key elements.\n\nKey Research and Consulting Interests\nUlrich’s research activity has always been related to Spectroscopy and Optical Communications Technology. Specific current interests include the validation of complex instruments, and the application of VR technology to the development and testing of measurement systems. He has been reviewer for several publications of the Optical Society of America\\'s including Photonics Technology Letters and Applied Optics.\n\nPersonal Interests\nThese include motor cycling in a very relaxed manner and performing martial arts.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Charité",country:{name:"Germany"}}},{id:"341622",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Eduardo",middleName:null,surname:"Rojas Alvarez",slug:"eduardo-rojas-alvarez",fullName:"Eduardo Rojas Alvarez",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/341622/images/15892_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Cuenca",country:{name:"Ecuador"}}},{id:"215610",title:"Prof.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Sarfraz",slug:"muhammad-sarfraz",fullName:"Muhammad Sarfraz",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/215610/images/system/215610.jpeg",biography:"Muhammad Sarfraz is a professor in the Department of Information Science, Kuwait University. His research interests include computer graphics, computer vision, image processing, machine learning, pattern recognition, soft computing, data science, intelligent systems, information technology, and information systems. Prof. Sarfraz has been a keynote/invited speaker on various platforms around the globe. He has advised various students for their MSc and Ph.D. theses. He has published more than 400 publications as books, journal articles, and conference papers. He is a member of various professional societies and a chair and member of the International Advisory Committees and Organizing Committees of various international conferences. Prof. Sarfraz is also an editor-in-chief and editor of various international journals.",institutionString:"Kuwait University",institution:{name:"Kuwait University",country:{name:"Kuwait"}}},{id:"32650",title:"Prof.",name:"Lukas",middleName:"Willem",surname:"Snyman",slug:"lukas-snyman",fullName:"Lukas Snyman",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/32650/images/4136_n.jpg",biography:"Lukas Willem Snyman received his basic education at primary and high schools in South Africa, Eastern Cape. He enrolled at today's Nelson Metropolitan University and graduated from this university with a BSc in Physics and Mathematics, B.Sc Honors in Physics, MSc in Semiconductor Physics, and a Ph.D. in Semiconductor Physics in 1987. After his studies, he chose an academic career and devoted his energy to the teaching of physics to first, second, and third-year students. After positions as a lecturer at the University of Port Elizabeth, he accepted a position as Associate Professor at the University of Pretoria, South Africa.\r\n\r\nIn 1992, he motivates the concept of 'television and computer-based education” as means to reach large student numbers with only the best of teaching expertise and publishes an article on the concept in the SA Journal of Higher Education of 1993 (and later in 2003). The University of Pretoria subsequently approved a series of test projects on the concept with outreach to Mamelodi and Eerste Rust in 1993. In 1994, the University established a 'Unit for Telematic Education ' as a support section for multiple faculties at the University of Pretoria. In subsequent years, the concept of 'telematic education” subsequently becomes well established in academic circles in South Africa, grew in popularity, and is adopted by many universities and colleges throughout South Africa as a medium of enhancing education and training, as a method to reaching out to far out communities, and as a means to enhance study from the home environment.\r\n\r\nProfessor Snyman in subsequent years pursued research in semiconductor physics, semiconductor devices, microelectronics, and optoelectronics.\r\n\r\nIn 2000 he joined the TUT as a full professor. Here served for a period as head of the Department of Electronic Engineering. Here he makes contributions to solar energy development, microwave and optoelectronic device development, silicon photonics, as well as contributions to new mobile telecommunication systems and network planning in SA.\r\n\r\nCurrently, he teaches electronics and telecommunications at the TUT to audiences ranging from first-year students to Ph.D. level.\r\n\r\nFor his research in the field of 'Silicon Photonics” since 1990, he has published (as author and co-author) about thirty internationally reviewed articles in scientific journals, contributed to more than forty international conferences, about 25 South African provisional patents (as inventor and co-inventor), 8 PCT international patent applications until now. Of these, two USA patents applications, two European Patents, two Korean patents, and ten SA patents have been granted. A further 4 USA patents, 5 European patents, 3 Korean patents, 3 Chinese patents, and 3 Japanese patents are currently under consideration.\r\n\r\nRecently he has also published an extensive scholarly chapter in an internet open access book on 'Integrating Microphotonic Systems and MOEMS into standard Silicon CMOS Integrated circuitry”.\r\n\r\nFurthermore, Professor Snyman recently steered a new initiative at the TUT by introducing a 'Laboratory for Innovative Electronic Systems ' at the Department of Electrical Engineering. The model of this laboratory or center is to primarily combine outputs as achieved by high-level research with lower-level system development and entrepreneurship in a technical university environment. Students are allocated to projects at different levels with PhDs and Master students allocated to the generation of new knowledge and new technologies, while students at the diploma and Baccalaureus level are allocated to electronic systems development with a direct and a near application for application in industry or the commercial and public sectors in South Africa.\r\n\r\nProfessor Snyman received the WIRSAM Award of 1983 and the WIRSAM Award in 1985 in South Africa for best research papers by a young scientist at two international conferences on electron microscopy in South Africa. He subsequently received the SA Microelectronics Award for the best dissertation emanating from studies executed at a South African university in the field of Physics and Microelectronics in South Africa in 1987. In October of 2011, Professor Snyman received the prestigious Institutional Award for 'Innovator of the Year” for 2010 at the Tshwane University of Technology, South Africa. This award was based on the number of patents recognized and granted by local and international institutions as well as for his contributions concerning innovation at the TUT.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of South Africa",country:{name:"South Africa"}}},{id:"317279",title:"Mr.",name:"Ali",middleName:"Usama",surname:"Syed",slug:"ali-syed",fullName:"Ali Syed",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/317279/images/16024_n.png",biography:"A creative, talented, and innovative young professional who is dedicated, well organized, and capable research fellow with two years of experience in graduate-level research, published in engineering journals and book, with related expertise in Bio-robotics, equally passionate about the aesthetics of the mechanical and electronic system, obtained expertise in the use of MS Office, MATLAB, SolidWorks, LabVIEW, Proteus, Fusion 360, having a grasp on python, C++ and assembly language, possess proven ability in acquiring research grants, previous appointments with social and educational societies with experience in administration, current affiliations with IEEE and Web of Science, a confident presenter at conferences and teacher in classrooms, able to explain complex information to audiences of all levels.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Air University",country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"75526",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Zihni Onur",middleName:null,surname:"Uygun",slug:"zihni-onur-uygun",fullName:"Zihni Onur Uygun",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/75526/images/12_n.jpg",biography:"My undergraduate education and my Master of Science educations at Ege University and at Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University have given me a firm foundation in Biochemistry, Analytical Chemistry, Biosensors, Bioelectronics, Physical Chemistry and Medicine. After obtaining my degree as a MSc in analytical chemistry, I started working as a research assistant in Ege University Medical Faculty in 2014. In parallel, I enrolled to the MSc program at the Department of Medical Biochemistry at Ege University to gain deeper knowledge on medical and biochemical sciences as well as clinical chemistry in 2014. In my PhD I deeply researched on biosensors and bioelectronics and finished in 2020. Now I have eleven SCI-Expanded Index published papers, 6 international book chapters, referee assignments for different SCIE journals, one international patent pending, several international awards, projects and bursaries. In parallel to my research assistant position at Ege University Medical Faculty, Department of Medical Biochemistry, in April 2016, I also founded a Start-Up Company (Denosens Biotechnology LTD) by the support of The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey. Currently, I am also working as a CEO in Denosens Biotechnology. The main purposes of the company, which carries out R&D as a research center, are to develop new generation biosensors and sensors for both point-of-care diagnostics; such as glucose, lactate, cholesterol and cancer biomarker detections. My specific experimental and instrumental skills are Biochemistry, Biosensor, Analytical Chemistry, Electrochemistry, Mobile phone based point-of-care diagnostic device, POCTs and Patient interface designs, HPLC, Tandem Mass Spectrometry, Spectrophotometry, ELISA.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ege University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"267434",title:"Dr.",name:"Rohit",middleName:null,surname:"Raja",slug:"rohit-raja",fullName:"Rohit Raja",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/267434/images/system/267434.jpg",biography:"Dr. Rohit Raja received Ph.D. in Computer Science and Engineering from Dr. CVRAMAN University in 2016. His main research interest includes Face recognition and Identification, Digital Image Processing, Signal Processing, and Networking. Presently he is working as Associate Professor in IT Department, Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya (A Central University), Bilaspur (CG), India. He has authored several Journal and Conference Papers. He has good Academics & Research experience in various areas of CSE and IT. He has filed and successfully published 27 Patents. He has received many time invitations to be a Guest at IEEE Conferences. He has published 100 research papers in various International/National Journals (including IEEE, Springer, etc.) and Proceedings of the reputed International/ National Conferences (including Springer and IEEE). He has been nominated to the board of editors/reviewers of many peer-reviewed and refereed Journals (including IEEE, Springer).",institutionString:"Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya",institution:{name:"Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"246502",title:"Dr.",name:"Jaya T.",middleName:"T",surname:"Varkey",slug:"jaya-t.-varkey",fullName:"Jaya T. Varkey",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/246502/images/11160_n.jpg",biography:"Jaya T. Varkey, PhD, graduated with a degree in Chemistry from Cochin University of Science and Technology, Kerala, India. She obtained a PhD in Chemistry from the School of Chemical Sciences, Mahatma Gandhi University, Kerala, India, and completed a post-doctoral fellowship at the University of Minnesota, USA. She is a research guide at Mahatma Gandhi University and Associate Professor in Chemistry, St. Teresa’s College, Kochi, Kerala, India.\nDr. Varkey received a National Young Scientist award from the Indian Science Congress (1995), a UGC Research award (2016–2018), an Indian National Science Academy (INSA) Visiting Scientist award (2018–2019), and a Best Innovative Faculty award from the All India Association for Christian Higher Education (AIACHE) (2019). She Hashas received the Sr. Mary Cecil prize for best research paper three times. She was also awarded a start-up to develop a tea bag water filter. \nDr. Varkey has published two international books and twenty-seven international journal publications. She is an editorial board member for five international journals.",institutionString:"St. Teresa’s College",institution:null},{id:"250668",title:"Dr.",name:"Ali",middleName:null,surname:"Nabipour Chakoli",slug:"ali-nabipour-chakoli",fullName:"Ali Nabipour Chakoli",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/250668/images/system/250668.jpg",biography:"Academic Qualification:\r\n•\tPhD in Materials Physics and Chemistry, From: Sep. 2006, to: Sep. 2010, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Thesis: Structure and Shape Memory Effect of Functionalized MWCNTs/poly (L-lactide-co-ε-caprolactone) Nanocomposites. Supervisor: Prof. Wei Cai,\r\n•\tM.Sc in Applied Physics, From: 1996, to: 1998, Faculty of Physics & Nuclear Science, Amirkabir Uni. of Technology, Tehran, Iran, Thesis: Determination of Boron in Micro alloy Steels with solid state nuclear track detectors by neutron induced auto radiography, Supervisors: Dr. M. Hosseini Ashrafi and Dr. A. Hosseini.\r\n•\tB.Sc. in Applied Physics, From: 1991, to: 1996, Faculty of Physics & Nuclear Science, Amirkabir Uni. of Technology, Tehran, Iran, Thesis: Design of shielding for Am-Be neutron sources for In Vivo neutron activation analysis, Supervisor: Dr. M. Hosseini Ashrafi.\r\n\r\nResearch Experiences:\r\n1.\tNanomaterials, Carbon Nanotubes, Graphene: Synthesis, Functionalization and Characterization,\r\n2.\tMWCNTs/Polymer Composites: Fabrication and Characterization, \r\n3.\tShape Memory Polymers, Biodegradable Polymers, ORC, Collagen,\r\n4.\tMaterials Analysis and Characterizations: TEM, SEM, XPS, FT-IR, Raman, DSC, DMA, TGA, XRD, GPC, Fluoroscopy, \r\n5.\tInteraction of Radiation with Mater, Nuclear Safety and Security, NDT(RT),\r\n6.\tRadiation Detectors, Calibration (SSDL),\r\n7.\tCompleted IAEA e-learning Courses:\r\nNuclear Security (15 Modules),\r\nNuclear Safety:\r\nTSA 2: Regulatory Protection in Occupational Exposure,\r\nTips & Tricks: Radiation Protection in Radiography,\r\nSafety and Quality in Radiotherapy,\r\nCourse on Sealed Radioactive Sources,\r\nCourse on Fundamentals of Environmental Remediation,\r\nCourse on Planning for Environmental Remediation,\r\nKnowledge Management Orientation Course,\r\nFood Irradiation - Technology, Applications and Good Practices,\r\nEmployment:\r\nFrom 2010 to now: Academic staff, Nuclear Science and Technology Research Institute, Kargar Shomali, Tehran, Iran, P.O. Box: 14395-836.\r\nFrom 1997 to 2006: Expert of Materials Analysis and Characterization. Research Center of Agriculture and Medicine. Rajaeeshahr, Karaj, Iran, P. O. Box: 31585-498.",institutionString:"Atomic Energy Organization of Iran",institution:{name:"Atomic Energy Organization of Iran",country:{name:"Iran"}}},{id:"248279",title:"Dr.",name:"Monika",middleName:"Elzbieta",surname:"Machoy",slug:"monika-machoy",fullName:"Monika Machoy",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/248279/images/system/248279.jpeg",biography:"Monika Elżbieta Machoy, MD, graduated with distinction from the Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry at the Pomeranian Medical University in 2009, defended her PhD thesis with summa cum laude in 2016 and is currently employed as a researcher at the Department of Orthodontics of the Pomeranian Medical University. She expanded her professional knowledge during a one-year scholarship program at the Ernst Moritz Arndt University in Greifswald, Germany and during a three-year internship at the Technical University in Dresden, Germany. She has been a speaker at numerous orthodontic conferences, among others, American Association of Orthodontics, European Orthodontic Symposium and numerous conferences of the Polish Orthodontic Society. She conducts research focusing on the effect of orthodontic treatment on dental and periodontal tissues and the causes of pain in orthodontic patients.",institutionString:"Pomeranian Medical University",institution:{name:"Pomeranian Medical University",country:{name:"Poland"}}},{id:"252743",title:"Prof.",name:"Aswini",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Kar",slug:"aswini-kar",fullName:"Aswini Kar",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/252743/images/10381_n.jpg",biography:"uploaded in cv",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"KIIT University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"204256",title:"Dr.",name:"Anil",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Kumar Sahu",slug:"anil-kumar-sahu",fullName:"Anil Kumar Sahu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/204256/images/14201_n.jpg",biography:"I have nearly 11 years of research and teaching experience. I have done my master degree from University Institute of Pharmacy, Pt. Ravi Shankar Shukla University, Raipur, Chhattisgarh India. I have published 16 review and research articles in international and national journals and published 4 chapters in IntechOpen, the world’s leading publisher of Open access books. I have presented many papers at national and international conferences. I have received research award from Indian Drug Manufacturers Association in year 2015. My research interest extends from novel lymphatic drug delivery systems, oral delivery system for herbal bioactive to formulation optimization.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Chhattisgarh Swami Vivekanand Technical University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"253468",title:"Dr.",name:"Mariusz",middleName:null,surname:"Marzec",slug:"mariusz-marzec",fullName:"Mariusz Marzec",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/253468/images/system/253468.png",biography:"An assistant professor at Department of Biomedical Computer Systems, at Institute of Computer Science, Silesian University in Katowice. Scientific interests: computer analysis and processing of images, biomedical images, databases and programming languages. He is an author and co-author of scientific publications covering analysis and processing of biomedical images and development of database systems.",institutionString:"University of Silesia",institution:{name:"University of Silesia",country:{name:"Poland"}}},{id:"212432",title:"Prof.",name:"Hadi",middleName:null,surname:"Mohammadi",slug:"hadi-mohammadi",fullName:"Hadi Mohammadi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/212432/images/system/212432.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Hadi Mohammadi is a biomedical engineer with hands-on experience in the design and development of many engineering structures and medical devices through various projects that he has been involved in over the past twenty years. Dr. Mohammadi received his BSc. and MSc. degrees in Mechanical Engineering from Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran, and his PhD. degree in Biomedical Engineering (biomaterials) from the University of Western Ontario. He was a postdoctoral trainee for almost four years at University of Calgary and Harvard Medical School. He is an industry innovator having created the technology to produce lifelike synthetic platforms that can be used for the simulation of almost all cardiovascular reconstructive surgeries. He’s been heavily involved in the design and development of cardiovascular devices and technology for the past 10 years. He is currently an Assistant Professor with the University of British Colombia, Canada.",institutionString:"University of British Columbia",institution:{name:"University of British Columbia",country:{name:"Canada"}}},{id:"254463",title:"Prof.",name:"Haisheng",middleName:null,surname:"Yang",slug:"haisheng-yang",fullName:"Haisheng Yang",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/254463/images/system/254463.jpeg",biography:"Haisheng Yang, Ph.D., Professor and Director of the Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Life Science and Bioengineering, Beijing University of Technology. He received his Ph.D. degree in Mechanics/Biomechanics from Harbin Institute of Technology (jointly with University of California, Berkeley). Afterwards, he worked as a Postdoctoral Research Associate in the Purdue Musculoskeletal Biology and Mechanics Lab at the Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Purdue University, USA. He also conducted research in the Research Centre of Shriners Hospitals for Children-Canada at McGill University, Canada. Dr. Yang has over 10 years research experience in orthopaedic biomechanics and mechanobiology of bone adaptation and regeneration. He earned an award from Beijing Overseas Talents Aggregation program in 2017 and serves as Beijing Distinguished Professor.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Beijing University of Technology",country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"89721",title:"Dr.",name:"Mehmet",middleName:"Cuneyt",surname:"Ozmen",slug:"mehmet-ozmen",fullName:"Mehmet Ozmen",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/89721/images/7289_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Gazi University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"265335",title:"Mr.",name:"Stefan",middleName:"Radnev",surname:"Stefanov",slug:"stefan-stefanov",fullName:"Stefan Stefanov",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/265335/images/7562_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Medical University Plovdiv",country:{name:"Bulgaria"}}},{id:"242893",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Joaquim",middleName:null,surname:"De Moura",slug:"joaquim-de-moura",fullName:"Joaquim De Moura",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/242893/images/7133_n.jpg",biography:"Joaquim de Moura received his degree in Computer Engineering in 2014 from the University of A Coruña (Spain). In 2016, he received his M.Sc degree in Computer Engineering from the same university. He is currently pursuing his Ph.D degree in Computer Science in a collaborative project between ophthalmology centers in Galicia and the University of A Coruña. His research interests include computer vision, machine learning algorithms and analysis and medical imaging processing of various kinds.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of A Coruña",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"294334",title:"B.Sc.",name:"Marc",middleName:null,surname:"Bruggeman",slug:"marc-bruggeman",fullName:"Marc Bruggeman",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/294334/images/8242_n.jpg",biography:"Chemical engineer graduate, with a passion for material science and specific interest in polymers - their near infinite applications intrigue me. \n\nI plan to continue my scientific career in the field of polymeric biomaterials as I am fascinated by intelligent, bioactive and biomimetic materials for use in both consumer and medical applications.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"255757",title:"Dr.",name:"Igor",middleName:"Victorovich",surname:"Lakhno",slug:"igor-lakhno",fullName:"Igor Lakhno",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/255757/images/system/255757.jpg",biography:"Igor Victorovich Lakhno was born in 1971 in Kharkiv (Ukraine). \nMD – 1994, Kharkiv National Medical Univesity.\nOb&Gyn; – 1997, master courses in Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education.\nPh.D. – 1999, Kharkiv National Medical Univesity.\nDSC – 2019, PL Shupik National Academy of Postgraduate Education \nProfessor – 2021, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology of VN Karazin Kharkiv National University\nHead of Department – 2021, Department of Perinatology, Obstetrics and gynecology of Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education\nIgor Lakhno has been graduated from international training courses on reproductive medicine and family planning held at Debrecen University (Hungary) in 1997. Since 1998 Lakhno Igor has worked as an associate professor in the department of obstetrics and gynecology of VN Karazin National University and an associate professor of the perinatology, obstetrics, and gynecology department of Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education. Since June 2019 he’s been a professor in the department of obstetrics and gynecology of VN Karazin National University and a professor of the perinatology, obstetrics, and gynecology department. He’s affiliated with Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education as a Head of Department from November 2021. Igor Lakhno has participated in several international projects on fetal non-invasive electrocardiography (with Dr. J. A. Behar (Technion), Prof. D. Hoyer (Jena University), and José Alejandro Díaz Méndez (National Institute of Astrophysics, Optics, and Electronics, Mexico). He’s an author of about 200 printed works and there are 31 of them in Scopus or Web of Science databases. Igor Lakhno is a member of the Editorial Board of Reproductive Health of Woman, Emergency Medicine, and Technology Transfer Innovative Solutions in Medicine (Estonia). He is a medical Editor of “Z turbotoyu pro zhinku”. Igor Lakhno is a reviewer of the Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology (Taylor and Francis), British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology (Wiley), Informatics in Medicine Unlocked (Elsevier), The Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology Research (Wiley), Endocrine, Metabolic & Immune Disorders-Drug Targets (Bentham Open), The Open Biomedical Engineering Journal (Bentham Open), etc. He’s defended a dissertation for a DSc degree “Pre-eclampsia: prediction, prevention, and treatment”. Three years ago Igor Lakhno has participated in a training course on innovative technologies in medical education at Lublin Medical University (Poland). Lakhno Igor has participated as a speaker in several international conferences and congresses (International Conference on Biological Oscillations April 10th-14th 2016, Lancaster, UK, The 9th conference of the European Study Group on Cardiovascular Oscillations). His main scientific interests: are obstetrics, women’s health, fetal medicine, and cardiovascular medicine. \nIgor Lakhno is a consultant at Kharkiv municipal perinatal center. He’s graduated from training courses on endoscopy in gynecology. He has 28 years of practical experience in the field.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"244950",title:"Dr.",name:"Salvatore",middleName:null,surname:"Di Lauro",slug:"salvatore-di-lauro",fullName:"Salvatore Di Lauro",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://intech-files.s3.amazonaws.com/0030O00002bSF1HQAW/ProfilePicture%202021-12-20%2014%3A54%3A14.482",biography:"Name:\n\tSALVATORE DI LAURO\nAddress:\n\tHospital Clínico Universitario Valladolid\nAvda Ramón y Cajal 3\n47005, Valladolid\nSpain\nPhone number: \nFax\nE-mail:\n\t+34 983420000 ext 292\n+34 983420084\nsadilauro@live.it\nDate and place of Birth:\nID Number\nMedical Licence \nLanguages\t09-05-1985. Villaricca (Italy)\n\nY1281863H\n474707061\nItalian (native language)\nSpanish (read, written, spoken)\nEnglish (read, written, spoken)\nPortuguese (read, spoken)\nFrench (read)\n\t\t\nCurrent position (title and company)\tDate (Year)\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid. Sacyl. National Health System.\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Instituto Oftalmologico Recoletas. Red Hospitalaria Recoletas. Private practise.\t2017-today\n\n2019-today\n\t\n\t\nEducation (High school, university and postgraduate training > 3 months)\tDate (Year)\nDegree in Medicine and Surgery. University of Neaples 'Federico II”\nResident in Opthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid\nMaster in Vitreo-Retina. IOBA. University of Valladolid\nFellow of the European Board of Ophthalmology. Paris\nMaster in Research in Ophthalmology. University of Valladolid\t2003-2009\n2012-2016\n2016-2017\n2016\n2012-2013\n\t\nEmployments (company and positions)\tDate (Year)\nResident in Ophthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid. Sacyl.\nFellow in Vitreo-Retina. IOBA. University of Valladolid\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid. Sacyl. National Health System.\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Instituto Oftalmologico Recoletas. Red Hospitalaria Recoletas. \n\t2012-2016\n2016-2017\n2017-today\n\n2019-Today\n\n\n\t\nClinical Research Experience (tasks and role)\tDate (Year)\nAssociated investigator\n\n' FIS PI20/00740: DESARROLLO DE UNA CALCULADORA DE RIESGO DE\nAPARICION DE RETINOPATIA DIABETICA BASADA EN TECNICAS DE IMAGEN MULTIMODAL EN PACIENTES DIABETICOS TIPO 1. Grant by: Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovacion \n\n' (BIO/VA23/14) Estudio clínico multicéntrico y prospectivo para validar dos\nbiomarcadores ubicados en los genes p53 y MDM2 en la predicción de los resultados funcionales de la cirugía del desprendimiento de retina regmatógeno. Grant by: Gerencia Regional de Salud de la Junta de Castilla y León.\n' Estudio multicéntrico, aleatorizado, con enmascaramiento doble, en 2 grupos\nparalelos y de 52 semanas de duración para comparar la eficacia, seguridad e inmunogenicidad de SOK583A1 respecto a Eylea® en pacientes con degeneración macular neovascular asociada a la edad' (CSOK583A12301; N.EUDRA: 2019-004838-41; FASE III). Grant by Hexal AG\n\n' Estudio de fase III, aleatorizado, doble ciego, con grupos paralelos, multicéntrico para comparar la eficacia y la seguridad de QL1205 frente a Lucentis® en pacientes con degeneración macular neovascular asociada a la edad. (EUDRACT: 2018-004486-13). Grant by Qilu Pharmaceutical Co\n\n' Estudio NEUTON: Ensayo clinico en fase IV para evaluar la eficacia de aflibercept en pacientes Naive con Edema MacUlar secundario a Oclusion de Vena CenTral de la Retina (OVCR) en regimen de tratamientO iNdividualizado Treat and Extend (TAE)”, (2014-000975-21). Grant by Fundacion Retinaplus\n\n' Evaluación de la seguridad y bioactividad de anillos de tensión capsular en conejo. Proyecto Procusens. Grant by AJL, S.A.\n\n'Estudio epidemiológico, prospectivo, multicéntrico y abierto\\npara valorar la frecuencia de la conjuntivitis adenovírica diagnosticada mediante el test AdenoPlus®\\nTest en pacientes enfermos de conjuntivitis aguda”\\n. National, multicenter study. Grant by: NICOX.\n\nEuropean multicentric trial: 'Evaluation of clinical outcomes following the use of Systane Hydration in patients with dry eye”. Study Phase 4. Grant by: Alcon Labs'\n\nVLPs Injection and Activation in a Rabbit Model of Uveal Melanoma. Grant by Aura Bioscience\n\nUpdating and characterization of a rabbit model of uveal melanoma. Grant by Aura Bioscience\n\nEnsayo clínico en fase IV para evaluar las variantes genéticas de la vía del VEGF como biomarcadores de eficacia del tratamiento con aflibercept en pacientes con degeneración macular asociada a la edad (DMAE) neovascular. Estudio BIOIMAGE. IMO-AFLI-2013-01\n\nEstudio In-Eye:Ensayo clínico en fase IV, abierto, aleatorizado, de 2 brazos,\nmulticçentrico y de 12 meses de duración, para evaluar la eficacia y seguridad de un régimen de PRN flexible individualizado de 'esperar y extender' versus un régimen PRN según criterios de estabilización mediante evaluaciones mensuales de inyecciones intravítreas de ranibizumab 0,5 mg en pacientes naive con neovascularización coriodea secunaria a la degeneración macular relacionada con la edad. CP: CRFB002AES03T\n\nTREND: Estudio Fase IIIb multicéntrico, randomizado, de 12 meses de\nseguimiento con evaluador de la agudeza visual enmascarado, para evaluar la eficacia y la seguridad de ranibizumab 0.5mg en un régimen de tratar y extender comparado con un régimen mensual, en pacientes con degeneración macular neovascular asociada a la edad. CP: CRFB002A2411 Código Eudra CT:\n2013-002626-23\n\n\n\nPublications\t\n\n2021\n\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n\n\n2021\n\n\n\n\n\n2021\n\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n2014\n\n\n\n\n2015-16\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n2014\n\n\n2014\n\n\n\n\n2014\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n2014\n\nJose Carlos Pastor; Jimena Rojas; Salvador Pastor-Idoate; Salvatore Di Lauro; Lucia Gonzalez-Buendia; Santiago Delgado-Tirado. Proliferative vitreoretinopathy: A new concept of disease pathogenesis and practical\nconsequences. Progress in Retinal and Eye Research. 51, pp. 125 - 155. 03/2016. DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2015.07.005\n\n\nLabrador-Velandia S; Alonso-Alonso ML; Di Lauro S; García-Gutierrez MT; Srivastava GK; Pastor JC; Fernandez-Bueno I. Mesenchymal stem cells provide paracrine neuroprotective resources that delay degeneration of co-cultured organotypic neuroretinal cultures.Experimental Eye Research. 185, 17/05/2019. DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2019.05.011\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro; Maria Teresa Garcia Gutierrez; Ivan Fernandez Bueno. Quantification of pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF) in an ex vivo coculture of retinal pigment epithelium cells and neuroretina.\nJournal of Allbiosolution. 2019. ISSN 2605-3535\n\nSonia Labrador Velandia; Salvatore Di Lauro; Alonso-Alonso ML; Tabera Bartolomé S; Srivastava GK; Pastor JC; Fernandez-Bueno I. Biocompatibility of intravitreal injection of human mesenchymal stem cells in immunocompetent rabbits. Graefe's archive for clinical and experimental ophthalmology. 256 - 1, pp. 125 - 134. 01/2018. DOI: 10.1007/s00417-017-3842-3\n\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro, David Rodriguez-Crespo, Manuel J Gayoso, Maria T Garcia-Gutierrez, J Carlos Pastor, Girish K Srivastava, Ivan Fernandez-Bueno. A novel coculture model of porcine central neuroretina explants and retinal pigment epithelium cells. Molecular Vision. 2016 - 22, pp. 243 - 253. 01/2016.\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro. Classifications for Proliferative Vitreoretinopathy ({PVR}): An Analysis of Their Use in Publications over the Last 15 Years. Journal of Ophthalmology. 2016, pp. 1 - 6. 01/2016. DOI: 10.1155/2016/7807596\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro; Rosa Maria Coco; Rosa Maria Sanabria; Enrique Rodriguez de la Rua; Jose Carlos Pastor. Loss of Visual Acuity after Successful Surgery for Macula-On Rhegmatogenous Retinal Detachment in a Prospective Multicentre Study. Journal of Ophthalmology. 2015:821864, 2015. DOI: 10.1155/2015/821864\n\nIvan Fernandez-Bueno; Salvatore Di Lauro; Ivan Alvarez; Jose Carlos Lopez; Maria Teresa Garcia-Gutierrez; Itziar Fernandez; Eva Larra; Jose Carlos Pastor. Safety and Biocompatibility of a New High-Density Polyethylene-Based\nSpherical Integrated Porous Orbital Implant: An Experimental Study in Rabbits. Journal of Ophthalmology. 2015:904096, 2015. DOI: 10.1155/2015/904096\n\nPastor JC; Pastor-Idoate S; Rodríguez-Hernandez I; Rojas J; Fernandez I; Gonzalez-Buendia L; Di Lauro S; Gonzalez-Sarmiento R. Genetics of PVR and RD. Ophthalmologica. 232 - Suppl 1, pp. 28 - 29. 2014\n\nRodriguez-Crespo D; Di Lauro S; Singh AK; Garcia-Gutierrez MT; Garrosa M; Pastor JC; Fernandez-Bueno I; Srivastava GK. Triple-layered mixed co-culture model of RPE cells with neuroretina for evaluating the neuroprotective effects of adipose-MSCs. Cell Tissue Res. 358 - 3, pp. 705 - 716. 2014.\nDOI: 10.1007/s00441-014-1987-5\n\nCarlo De Werra; Salvatore Condurro; Salvatore Tramontano; Mario Perone; Ivana Donzelli; Salvatore Di Lauro; Massimo Di Giuseppe; Rosa Di Micco; Annalisa Pascariello; Antonio Pastore; Giorgio Diamantis; Giuseppe Galloro. Hydatid disease of the liver: thirty years of surgical experience.Chirurgia italiana. 59 - 5, pp. 611 - 636.\n(Italia): 2007. ISSN 0009-4773\n\nChapters in books\n\t\n' Salvador Pastor Idoate; Salvatore Di Lauro; Jose Carlos Pastor Jimeno. PVR: Pathogenesis, Histopathology and Classification. Proliferative Vitreoretinopathy with Small Gauge Vitrectomy. Springer, 2018. ISBN 978-3-319-78445-8\nDOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-78446-5_2. \n\n' Salvatore Di Lauro; Maria Isabel Lopez Galvez. Quistes vítreos en una mujer joven. Problemas diagnósticos en patología retinocoroidea. Sociedad Española de Retina-Vitreo. 2018.\n\n' Salvatore Di Lauro; Salvador Pastor Idoate; Jose Carlos Pastor Jimeno. iOCT in PVR management. OCT Applications in Opthalmology. pp. 1 - 8. INTECH, 2018. DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.78774.\n\n' Rosa Coco Martin; Salvatore Di Lauro; Salvador Pastor Idoate; Jose Carlos Pastor. amponadores, manipuladores y tinciones en la cirugía del traumatismo ocular.Trauma Ocular. Ponencia de la SEO 2018..\n\n' LOPEZ GALVEZ; DI LAURO; CRESPO. OCT angiografia y complicaciones retinianas de la diabetes. PONENCIA SEO 2021, CAPITULO 20. (España): 2021.\n\n' Múltiples desprendimientos neurosensoriales bilaterales en paciente joven. Enfermedades Degenerativas De Retina Y Coroides. SERV 04/2016. \n' González-Buendía L; Di Lauro S; Pastor-Idoate S; Pastor Jimeno JC. Vitreorretinopatía proliferante (VRP) e inflamación: LA INFLAMACIÓN in «INMUNOMODULADORES Y ANTIINFLAMATORIOS: MÁS ALLÁ DE LOS CORTICOIDES. RELACION DE PONENCIAS DE LA SOCIEDAD ESPAÑOLA DE OFTALMOLOGIA. 10/2014.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"243698",title:"Dr.",name:"Xiaogang",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",slug:"xiaogang-wang",fullName:"Xiaogang Wang",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/243698/images/system/243698.png",biography:"Dr. Xiaogang Wang, a faculty member of Shanxi Eye Hospital specializing in the treatment of cataract and retinal disease and a tutor for postgraduate students of Shanxi Medical University, worked in the COOL Lab as an international visiting scholar under the supervision of Dr. David Huang and Yali Jia from October 2012 through November 2013. Dr. Wang earned an MD from Shanxi Medical University and a Ph.D. from Shanghai Jiao Tong University. Dr. Wang was awarded two research project grants focused on multimodal optical coherence tomography imaging and deep learning in cataract and retinal disease, from the National Natural Science Foundation of China. He has published around 30 peer-reviewed journal papers and four book chapters and co-edited one book.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"7227",title:"Dr.",name:"Hiroaki",middleName:null,surname:"Matsui",slug:"hiroaki-matsui",fullName:"Hiroaki Matsui",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Tokyo",country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"312999",title:"Dr.",name:"Bernard O.",middleName:null,surname:"Asimeng",slug:"bernard-o.-asimeng",fullName:"Bernard O. Asimeng",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Ghana",country:{name:"Ghana"}}},{id:"318905",title:"Prof.",name:"Elvis",middleName:"Kwason",surname:"Tiburu",slug:"elvis-tiburu",fullName:"Elvis Tiburu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Ghana",country:{name:"Ghana"}}},{id:"336193",title:"Dr.",name:"Abdullah",middleName:null,surname:"Alamoudi",slug:"abdullah-alamoudi",fullName:"Abdullah Alamoudi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Majmaah University",country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}},{id:"318657",title:"MSc.",name:"Isabell",middleName:null,surname:"Steuding",slug:"isabell-steuding",fullName:"Isabell Steuding",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Harz University of Applied Sciences",country:{name:"Germany"}}},{id:"318656",title:"BSc.",name:"Peter",middleName:null,surname:"Kußmann",slug:"peter-kussmann",fullName:"Peter Kußmann",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Harz University of Applied Sciences",country:{name:"Germany"}}}]}},subseries:{item:{id:"1",type:"subseries",title:"Oral Health",keywords:"Oral Health, Dental Care, Diagnosis, Diagnostic Imaging, Early Diagnosis, Oral Cancer, Conservative Treatment, Epidemiology, Comprehensive Dental Care, Complementary Therapies, Holistic Health",scope:"\r\n\tThis topic aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the latest trends in Oral Health based on recent scientific evidence. Subjects will include an overview of oral diseases and infections, systemic diseases affecting the oral cavity, prevention, diagnosis, treatment, epidemiology, as well as current clinical recommendations for the management of oral, dental, and periodontal diseases.
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Her qualifications are: a specialist in Dental Imaging and Radiology, Master in Dentistry (Periodontics) from the University of São Paulo (FORP-USP, Ribeirão Preto, SP), and Doctor (Ph.D.) in Dentistry (Stomatology Clinic) from Hospital São Lucas of the Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul (HSL-PUCRS, Porto Alegre, RS). She held a postdoctoral internship at the Federal University from Jequitinhonha and Mucuri Valleys (UFVJM, Diamantina, MG). She is currently a member of the Brazilian Society for Dental Research (SBPqO) and the Brazilian Society of Stomatology and Pathology (SOBEP). Dr. Marinho's experience in Dentistry mainly covers the following subjects: oral diagnosis, oral radiology; oral medicine; lesions and oral infections; oral pathology, laser therapy and epidemiological studies.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"State University of Paraíba",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,series:{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",issn:"2631-6218"},editorialBoard:[{id:"267724",title:"Prof.",name:"Febronia",middleName:null,surname:"Kahabuka",slug:"febronia-kahabuka",fullName:"Febronia Kahabuka",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRZpJQAW/Profile_Picture_2022-06-27T12:00:42.JPG",institutionString:"Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Tanzania",institution:{name:"Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Tanzania"}}},{id:"70530",title:"Dr.",name:"Márcio",middleName:"Campos",surname:"Oliveira",slug:"marcio-oliveira",fullName:"Márcio Oliveira",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRm0AQAS/Profile_Picture_2022-08-01T12:34:46.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"State University of Feira de Santana",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}}]},onlineFirstChapters:{paginationCount:25,paginationItems:[{id:"82654",title:"Atraumatic Restorative Treatment: More than a Minimally Invasive Approach?",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105623",signatures:"Manal A. 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