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Stauffer",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6379.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"97565",title:"Dr.",name:"Mark",surname:"Stauffer",slug:"mark-stauffer",fullName:"Mark Stauffer"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],publishedBooksByAuthor:[{type:"book",id:"2114",title:"Advanced Gas Chromatography",subtitle:"Progress in Agricultural, Biomedical and Industrial Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"039ef2e529d905397d4775625fcc9ef5",slug:"advanced-gas-chromatography-progress-in-agricultural-biomedical-and-industrial-applications",bookSignature:"Mustafa Ali Mohd",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2114.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"108777",title:"Dr.",name:"Mustafa",surname:"Ali Mohd",slug:"mustafa-ali-mohd",fullName:"Mustafa Ali Mohd"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},onlineFirst:{chapter:{type:"chapter",id:"66196",title:"Analysis of Energy Relations between Noise and Vibration Produced by a Low-Field MRI Device",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.85275",slug:"analysis-of-energy-relations-between-noise-and-vibration-produced-by-a-low-field-mri-device",body:'\nThe magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) method is successfully used for monitoring progress in therapy after vocal fold cancer surgery or for monitoring of the implanted cartilage in legs or arms, and/or the process of regeneration in different tissues, etc. In the case of the open-air MRI device, a weak magnetic field (up to 0.2 T) is usually generated by a pair of permanent magnets. Between these magnets, the gradient system consisting of 2 × 3 planar coils is situated together with the RF receiving/transmitting coils surrounding the tested object [1]. Slices of a tested object are selected in 3D coordinates by a gradient system consisting of planar coils parallel to the magnets. A rapidly changing current flowing through the gradient coils produces significant mechanical vibration [2, 3] causing blurring of images of thin layer samples and acoustic noise significantly degrading the speech signal recorded simultaneously during MR scanning of the human vocal tract [4, 5]. Acoustic noise has always negative physiological and psychological consequences on the exposed person depending on the noise intensity and time duration of noise exposure [6]. In order to minimize these negative factors, this work is focused on mapping of energy relationship between vibration and noise signals measured in the MRI scanning area and its vicinity with the final aim to choose the proper scan sequence and its parameters—repetition time (TR), echo time (TE), orientation of scan slices, etc. Apart from real-time recording of the vibration and noise signals, the sound pressure level (SPL) was measured by a sound level meter using frequency weighting to match human perception of noise. The measured data and recorded signals were further processed off-line—the determined energetic features were statistically analyzed and the results were compared visually and numerically.
\nAs mentioned above, the open-air MRI device is primarily used in medical diagnostics, so designation of three planes formed by
If the vibration and noise signals are recorded during MR scanning, interaction with the stationary magnetic field
where
The noise distribution in the scanning area of the MRI equipment and its neighborhood has to be mapped prior to the selection of the proper recording microphone location. C-weighting was used for SPL measurement to accommodate the objective noise intensity to the subjective loudness at high sound levels. The C-weighting filter frequency response in s-domain is given by the equation
\nwhere
The sensors measuring vibration signals are placed inside the MRI scanning area where the basic stationary magnetic field of the MRI device is present together with the superimposed pulse magnetic field generated by the gradient system as well as the high voltage field originated during activation of the excitation RF coil. These fields would disturb a signal picked up by the sensor from ferromagnetic material or damage electronics integrated with the sensor [10, 11], which can be avoided using the vibration sensor with a piezoelectric transducer. The sensor must have good sensitivity and maximally flat frequency response with the frequency range covering the vibration and noise harmonic frequencies that fall into the low band due to frequency-limited gradient pulses. As a similar frequency range can be found in basic processing of speech signals, it is very important in the case of 3D scanning of the human vocal tract by MRI with parallel recording of a speech signal [5].
\nThe mentioned requirements imposed on the vibration sensor can be met by the sensor for acoustic musical instruments [12]. Its first usage in the magnetic field environment must be preceded by a calibration procedure and a measurement of its sensitivity and frequency response. The measured frequency response is used to determine a correction curve for filtering of the picked-up vibration signal and consecutive linearization operation that has effect on correctness of all analyzed spectral properties determined from the vibration signals—see the block diagram in Figure 1. The correction filter is proposed by a standard procedure of second-order shelving filter design [13]:
\nBlock diagram of processing of the picked-up vibration signal.
For the sampling frequency
Several methods can be used to determine the energy of a periodical signal:
The standard root mean square (RMS) is calculated from a signal
\n
The absolute value of the mean of the Teager-Kaiser energy operator
\n
The frame energy is estimated by the first cepstral coefficient
\n
For basic visual comparison of spectral properties of the recorded vibration and noise signals, the periodogram representing an estimate of the power spectral density (PSD) can be successfully used. The basic spectral properties can be determined from the spectral envelope, and subsequently, the histograms of spectral values can be calculated and compared. They also include the basic resonance frequencies
The supplementary spectral features describe the shape of the power spectrum of the noise signal. The spectral centroid (
The spectral flatness (
The spectral entropy is a measure of spectral distribution. It quantifies a degree of randomness of spectral probability density represented by normalized frequency components of the spectrum. The Shannon spectral entropy (SHE) can be calculated using the following formulas:
\nThe performed measurements were focused on analysis of vibration and noise conditions in the scanning area and in the neighborhood of the open-air MRI equipment E-scan Opera by Esaote S.p.A., Genoa [15] located at the Institute of Measurement Science, SAS, Bratislava. The experiments were realized in four steps: in the preliminary phase, the calibration was carried out, and the sensitivity and the frequency response of the used vibration sensor were determined. Next, the noise was measured using different directional patterns of the pickup microphone and the influence of the pickup pattern on the spectral properties of the recorded noise signal was analyzed. Then, the main vibration and noise measurement and recording experiment were realized. The recorded signals were subsequently processed and statistically analyzed. Finally, a detailed analysis of the influence of chosen scan parameters on the time duration of the used MR sequences and on the quality factor of the MR images was performed with the aim to find a suitable setting to minimize exposition of the examined persons to noise and vibration.
\nThe calibration and measurement experiments were realized with the help of the main devices: the Audio Precision System One including two programmable input and output channels for simultaneous measurement of electrical signals from the vibration sensors mounted on the Vibration Exciter ESE 201 located at the Institute of Electronics and Photonics, FEE&IT SUT, Bratislava. As a reference sensor, the accelerometer KD35a from the company Metra Mess- und Frequenztechnik was used. The sensor sensitivity of this standardized accelerometer is guaranteed, and it operates over a frequency range from 50 Hz to 10 kHz. Three types of vibration sensors having good response in the lower audio frequency range up to 2 kHz were tested within this work:
Cejpek SB-1 with the thin circular brass disc of 0.25-mm thickness and 27.5-mm diameter designed primarily for pickup of a musical sound of a contrabass (further called as “
Shadow SH-SB2 double bass pickup with two disc transducers of 0.5-mm thickness and 22.5-mm diameter (further called as “
RFT heart microphone device HM 692 comprising a piezo-electric element integrated in the 1-mm thin aluminum metal cover with 30-mm diameter (further called as “
The sensors were mounted on the plate of the vibration exciter as shown in the detailed photo of the arrangement of the sensors in the right part of Figure 2. The output voltage for supply of this exciter and the signal from the calibrated sensors were checked parallel by the digital oscilloscope Rigol DS1102E. Two types of the parameters of the vibration sensors were measured and compared in our experiment:
relative sensitivity at the reference frequency
frequency response in the range from 20 Hz to 2 kHz at the chosen output voltage of the vibration exciter (
Principle block diagram of the used calibration and measurement method together with a detailed photo of practical mounting of the sensors on the plate of the vibration exciter.
Dependence of the sensor’s sensitivity on the excitation voltage for all three sensors is presented in Figure 3a. The reference voltage sensitivity
Graph of: (a) measured sensors’ sensitivities, (b) frequency responses in the range 20 Hz to 2 kHz measured and recalculated in [dB], and (c) correction frequency response for the SB-1 sensor linearization using the shelving filter (b):
The vibration signal picked up by the SB-1 sensor without/with the applied shelving filter (left/right set of graphs): selected 150-ms ROI of the signal together with the calculated RMS value (a), corresponding periodogram including the spectral decrease-tilt (b), and spectrogram calculated from the whole 8-s duration of the vibration signal (c); Q = 0.115,
Acoustic noise measurement in the MRI neighborhood was realized in the directions of 30, 90, and 150°, at the distance of 60 cm from the central point of the scanning area, and at the height of 85 cm from the floor—see the principal arrangement photo in Figure 5. In this noise recording part of the experiment, the pick-up Behringer dual-diaphragm condenser microphone B-2 PRO with switchable cardioid, omnidirectional, or figure-of-eight pickup patterns was used—see the directional patterns from the manufacturer’s specification sheet in Figure 6.
\nPrincipal arrangement of acoustic noise recording in the vicinity of the scanning area of the open-air MRI device Opera: the pickup microphone situated at 30, 90, and 150°.
Example of directional patterns: cardioid (a), omnidirectional (b), and figure-of-eight (c) for the Behringer condenser microphone B-2 PRO.
Subsequently, the spectral properties of the recorded noise signals were analyzed using the mentioned three microphone pickup patterns. The obtained results are presented for visual comparison in Figure 7 and summarized in numerical form in Table 1; the output statistical parameters of the supplementary spectral features are shown in Figure 8.
\nComparison of spectral envelope values in [dB] of the noise signals with different directional patterns of the pickup microphone placed at different positions: histograms for omnidirectional, cardioid, and figure-of-eight patterns—signals recorded at 90° (a) and histograms for signals recorded at 30, 90, and 150°—with the cardioid directional pattern (b).
Microphone pickup pattern/position | \nAt 30° | \nAt 90° | \nAt 150° | \n||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Signal RMS [−] | \nSignal RMS [−] | \nSignal RMS [−] | \n|||||
Omnidirectional | \n15.3 | \n−16 | \n13.5 | \n−15 | \n14.2 | \n−13 | \n|
Cardioid | \n15.2 | \n−11 | \n13.3 | \n−10 | \n14.0 | \n−4 | \n|
Figure-of-eight | \n14.1 | \n−18 | \n13.1 | \n−13 | \n13.0 | \n−9 | \n
Comparison of the noise spectral parameters of the recordings picked up by the microphone with different directional patterns placed at different positions.
Supplementary spectral properties of the recorded noise signals with different directional patterns of the pickup microphone—(a) omnidirectional, (b) cardioid, and (c) figure-of-eight; box-plots of the basic statistical parameters in the upper graphs, corresponding histograms of values of the spectral centroid, flatness, and Shannon entropy (in the lower set of graphs); signal recorded at 90°.
The acoustic noise SPL was measured using the multifunction environment meter Lafayette DT 8820. In the first step, the dependence of the SPL noise values on the distances
Arrangement photo of SPL noise measurement and parallel recording of noise and vibration signals of the open-air MRI device Opera: (1) RF knee coil with a spherical water phantom, (2) vibration sensor, (3) pick-up microphone, (4) SPL noise meter, and (5) principal angle diagram of the scanning area.
Mapping of the acoustic noise SPL at different distances
Within the scope of our main experiments, the baseline measurement and recording of the vibration and noise signals were carried out during the execution of the MR scan sequences. For noninvasive testing of the subject/object, usually two basic classes of scan sequences are used to take MR images of human body parts with high quality:
high-resolution (Hi-Res) sequences using the basic SE/GE MRI scan methods [16],
special 3D sequences used for building or reconstruction of 3D models of biological or botanical issues [17].
Five types of MR scan sequences were tested in total in the investigated MRI device Opera: SE 18 HF, SE 26 HF, GE T2 (as a typical representative of the “Hi-Res” class), SS-3Dbalanced, and 3D-CE [15]. For each of these scan sequences, different settings of the scan parameters are analyzed:
orientation of scan slices TORIENT = {Coronal, Sagittal, Transversal}—see visualization of the energy features of the vibration and noise signals in Figure 11,
echo times TTE = {18, 22, 26} ms—compare the numerical results in Table 2,
repetition time TTR = {60, 100, 200, 300, 400, 500} ms—documented by comparison of the basic statistical parameters calculated from the vibration and noise signals in Figure 12,
mass of the object inserted in the MRI device scanning area {testing phantom/lying person}—see graphical comparison of the mean values of the energy and basic spectral properties of the vibration signal in Figure 14.
Visualization of energy features of the vibration and noise signals for different slice orientations: {coronal, sagittal, transversal}: (a) signal RMS together with noise SPL values, (
Sequence1 | \nVibrations (SB-1) | \nNoise2 SPL (C) [dB] | \n|||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Signal RMS[−] | \n|||||
TE = 18 ms | \n31.5 (1.53) | \n4.32 (0.67) | \n0.044 (0.002) | \n23.04 (4.7) | \n61.5 | \n
TE = 22 ms | \n34.6 (2.11) | \n4.96 (1.02) | \n0.040 (0.003) | \n24.03 (8.5) | \n62.5 | \n
TE = 26 ms | \n36.0 (2.27) | \n5.75 (0.85) | \n0.055 (0.004) | \n24.40 (9.3) | \n63.0 | \n
Comparison of the mean energetic parameters of the vibration signal and the acoustic noise SPL (together with std. values in parentheses) for different settings of the TE time.
Used Hi-Res SE-HF scan sequences with TR = 500 ms and sagittal orientation.
Measured at the distance of DX = 60 cm and the angle of 30°, SPL0 = 56 dB.
Visualization of energetic relations of the vibration (upper set of graphs) and noise (lower set) signals for different TR times; {60, 100, 200, 300, 400, 500} ms—basic statistical parameters of: (a)
The slice orientations as well as the TE and TR parameters were set manually to perform measurement and comparison in the range enabled by the current sequence [15]. Practical realization of the last part of the experiment consists in placing a testing phantom or a head and a neck of a lying person in the RF scan coil between the upper and lower gradient coils of the MRI device. While the total weight of the used testing phantom in the first part of the experiment was 0.75 kg, the weighs of one male and one female voluntary person lying on the patient bed of the MRI device were approx. 80 and 55 kg.
\nThe multisignal measurement comprised real-time recording of the vibration signal by the piezoelectric sensor located inside the scanning area of the investigated MRI device and of the acoustic noise signal using the microphone in its proximity, and the additional measurement to check the noise SPL. In this part of the measurement, the microphone stand with the Behringer dual-diaphragm condenser microphone B-2 PRO was placed together with the SPL meter at the distance of
The chosen type of the scanning sequence and the values of the resulting basic scan parameters (TR and TE) have significant influence on the scanning time. These parameters can also be changed manually, but their final values depend on the setting of the other scan parameters—number of slices, slice thickness, number of used accumulations
The console program “ESAMRI” of the MRI device control software [15] was used to carry out the following two parts of the analysis and comparison:
Influence of the basic setting of scan parameters on the final quality factor of MR images and on the time duration
different slice thickness of {2, 2.5, 3, 4, 4.5, 5, 10} mm—the predicted
different repetition times of {60, 100, 200, 300, 400, 500} ms together with
increased number of applied accumulations of the FID signal:
Comparison of the predicted
Parameters1 | \nSlice thickness [mm] | \n||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2 | \n2.5 | \n3 | \n4 | \n4.5 | \n5 | \n10 | \n|
17 | \n21 | \n26 | \n34 | \n38 | \n43 | \n85 | \n
Influence of the slice thickness on the predicted quality factor of the MR image and on the time duration for the scan sequence Hi-Res SE18 HE (TR = 500 ms,
TDUR = 1 min 39 sec in all cases.
TR [ms] | \n||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
60 | \n100 | \n200 | \n300 | \n400 | \n500 | \n|
1 | \n0:14 | \n0:22 | \n0:41 | \n1:09 | \n1:20 | \n1:39 | \n
8 | \n1:35 | \n2:37 | \n5:12 | \n7:46 | \n10:20 | \n12:55 | \n
16 | \n3:08 | \n5:11 | \n10:20 | \n15:29 | \n20:38 | \n25:47 | \n
Dependence of the time duration
Parameters | \n||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | \n2 | \n3 | \n4 | \n5 | \n6 | \n7 | \n8 | \n10 | \n16 | \n|
14 | \n20 | \n24 | \n28 | \n31 | \n34 | \n37 | \n40 | \n44 | \n56 | \n|
[min:sec] | \n0:14 | \n0:26 | \n0:37 | \n0:49 | \n1:00 | \n1:12 | \n1:24 | \n1:35 | \n1:58 | \n3:08 | \n
Influence of the number of FID signal accumulations on the predicted quality factor of the MR image and on the time duration for the scan sequence Hi-Res SE18 HE (TR = 60 ms and slice thickness = 10 mm).
Parameters | \n||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | \n2 | \n3 | \n4 | \n8 | \n16 | \n|
QF [−] | \n59 (102) | \n84 (144) | \n103 | \n118 (204) | \n167 | \n237 | \n
TDUR [min:sec] | \n3:14 (5:36) | \n6:25 (11:04) | \n9:37 | \n12:48 (22:00) | \n25:34 | \n51:05 | \n
Influence of the number of FID signal accumulations on the predicted quality factor of the MR image and on the time duration for the scan sequence SS-3D balanced (TE = 10 ms and TR = 20 ms) and 3D phases = 24 (for 42 phases, the values are in parentheses).
Parameters | \n||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | \n2 | \n3 | \n4 | \n8 | \n16 | \n|
QF [−] | \n134 (79) | \n189 (122) | \n231 | \n267 (137) | \n378 | \n534 | \n
TDUR [min:sec] | \n1:04 (9:53) | \n2:00 (19:44) | \n2:56 | \n3:52 (29:35) | \n7:36 | \n15:04 | \n
Influence of the number of FID signal accumulations on the predicted quality factor of the MR image and on the time duration for the scan sequence 3D-CE (TE = 30 ms and TR = 40 ms) and 3D phases = 8 (for 72 phases the values are in parentheses).
The performed calibration and frequency response linearization of the piezoelectric vibration sensor enables precise pick-up of vibration signals in the environment of a weak stationary magnetic field and a high-voltage RF signal disturbance that is observed in the scanning area of the MRI device.
\nOur measurements have shown an inverse relationship between the diameter of the used sensor and the minimum frequency of the vibration picked up from the measured surface. The sensor HM692 with a massive aluminum microphone capsule used in phonocardiography had the lowest sensitivity and caused the greatest decrease of the maximum frequency. The calibration of the SB2 sensor was carried out in parallel for both pickup elements. The measured frequency responses
Comparison of noise spectral properties recorded for different types of directional patterns of the pickup microphone yields the best recording conditions for the cardioid pattern (minimum spectral decrease as shown by the obtained results in Table 1). On the other hand, dispersion of the spectral envelope values is similar for all three analyzed pattern types as can be seen in histograms in Figure 7a. Comparison of different microphone positions has shown that at 30°, the background noise from the MRI temperature stabilizer degrades the recording (see the signal RMS values in Table 1) and the direction of 150° is a bit unnatural from the point of view of an examined person lying in the MRI scanning area. Therefore, the direction chosen as the best for noise and speech signal recording was in the main horizontal axis of the MRI device (at 90°). In addition, at this position, the lowest values of the noise signal RMS were measured and the smallest dispersion of the spectral envelopes was observed—see the green dash-dot line in Figure 7b.
\nThe results of a detailed measurement of the acoustic noise intensity at different distances from the central point of the scanning area for the SE and GE “Hi-Res” sequences are presented in Figure 10. The GE sequence produces noise with a slightly higher intensity, then the SE one (approx. 3-dB difference in the nearest location of 45 cm from the center of the scanning area) and variation of the SPL values depending on the measuring distance is also greater as seen in the box-plot graph in Figure 10b. The minimum distance was set to 45 cm in order to eliminate interaction of metal parts of the SPL meter with the static magnetic field of the MRI device. If the SPL meter was placed near the center, the field homogeneity would be disrupted and the warning message on the MRI control console would be followed by disabling to run any scan sequence by the software system [14]. The maximum measuring distance was set to 90 cm where the measured MRI noise was masked by the background noise originating from the temperature stabilizer. In the middle of the investigated measuring distances, the SPL values were similar for both types of MR scan sequences, so the working distance of 60 cm was used for all further measurements.
\nNext investigation of the recorded vibration and noise signals was aimed at the influence of the choice of the slice orientation on the energy of the produced vibration and noise signals. This effect is large—the maximum can be found in the sagittal plane and the minimum in the transversal plane for the vibration signals, and in the coronal plane for the noise signals—see the column charts in Figure 11. Therefore, the remaining experiments used only the sagittal orientation.
\nIn accordance with our previous research [12, 18] the current experiments confirm the influence of the TE and TR times on the vibration and acoustic noise properties. The TE time extension causes fall of the final signal energy as documented by raised all the four determined vibration energetic parameters as well as the achieved SPL noise values in Table 2. The influence of the TR time determining the basic dominant frequency can be seen in box-plot graphs in Figure 12. This visualization of the basic statistical parameters obtained from analysis of vibration and noise signals shows the highest values of all energetic parameters for the shortest TR times (60 or 100 ms).
\nComparison of energetic relations of the vibration and noise signals for different sequence types brings ambiguous results and shows only small differences—see three bar-graphs in Figure 13. The 3D sequence “SS-3Dbalanced” differs from the remaining sequence types by reverse behavior: while the
Comparison of energetic relations of vibration and noise signals for different sequence types: {Hi-Res SE-HE, Hi-Res SE-HF, Hi-Res GE-T2, SS-3Dbal, 3D-CE}: (a) mean
Next comparison of energetic relations of the vibration and noise signals for different objects placed in the scanning area of the MRI device shows a relatively high effect of the mass put upon the bottom plastic holder of the gradient coils. The effective weight of the person exerting a pressure on the bottom plastic holder of the gradient coils attenuates the vibration pulses partially. The mass effect is demonstrated by increase of the vibration signal energy based on
Comparison of mean values of the energy and basic spectral properties of the vibration signal for different objects placed in the scanning area of the MRI device: (a) energy
Examples of MR images of the human vocal tract obtained with different values of the quality factor: (a) scan sequence Hi-Res SE26 HF (TR = 500), slice thickness = 4.5 mm,
Influence of the TR time and the number of FID signal accumulations on the predicted image quality factor for the Hi-Res sequences of—(a) SE and (b) GE type; slice thickness = 4.5 mm.
Results of the preliminary analysis of influence of the slice thickness document that its increase has a positive effect on the predicted quality factor of MR images—compare the values in Table 3. Next comparison shows a positive influence of increase in the TR time on the quality factor, and this effect is more pronounced when using the SE sequence type—see the left graph in Figure 16. This figure also documents significant dependence between the applied number of FID signal accumulations and the predicted
Acoustic noise measurement in the vicinity of the investigated open-air MRI device yielded the maximum sound pressure level of about 82 dB(C) at the distance of 45 cm from the central point of the MRI scanning area for the GE scan sequence with short TE and TR times and the sagittal orientation of scan slices. For examination of other parts of the human body (leg, arm, etc.), the head is not inserted directly between the upper and the lower gradient coils, so the noise level is much lower as documented for different distances in Figure 10. Finally, the scanning times for the mostly used 3D or Hi-Res sequences are in general less than 15 minutes (typically about 3–5 minutes depending on the chosen number and thickness of the slices)—exposition of the examined person and his/her hearing system to the noise and vibration is not significant.
\nIf there is need for more detailed MR images with higher quality factor
The results of the performed measurements are useful for precise description of the process of the mechanical vibration excitation and the acoustic noise radiation in the scanning area and in the vicinity of the MRI device. The measurement results and comparisons with a similar low-field MRI tomograph can be used in optimization of the acoustic noise suppression in the speech recorded parallel with application of MRI scanning for 3D modeling of the human vocal tract [19].
\nThis work was funded by the Slovak Scientific Grant Agency project VEGA 2/0001/17 and the Ministry of Education, Science, Research, and Sports of the Slovak Republic VEGA 1/0905/17, and the Slovak Research and Development Agency, project no. APVV-15-0029.
\nThe authors declare no conflict of interest.
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\\n\\n4.1 The Corresponding Author represents and warrants that the Chapter does not and will not breach any applicable law or the rights of any third party and, specifically, that the Chapter contains no matter that is defamatory or that infringes any literary or proprietary rights, intellectual property rights, or any rights of privacy. The Corresponding Author warrants and represents that: (i) the Chapter is the original work of themselves and any Co-Author and is not copied wholly or substantially from any other work or material or any other source; (ii) the Chapter has not been formally published in any other peer-reviewed journal or in a book or edited collection, and is not under consideration for any such publication; (iii) they themselves and any Co-Author are qualifying persons under section 154 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988; (iv) they themselves and any Co-Author have not assigned and will not during the term of this Publication Agreement purport to assign any of the rights granted to IntechOpen under this Publication Agreement; and (v) the rights granted by this Publication Agreement are free from any security interest, option, mortgage, charge or lien.
\\n\\nThe Corresponding Author also warrants and represents that: (i) they have the full power to enter into this Publication Agreement on their own behalf and on behalf of each Co-Author; and (ii) they have the necessary rights and/or title in and to the Chapter to grant IntechOpen, on behalf of themselves and any Co-Author, the rights and licenses expressed to be granted in this Publication Agreement. If the Chapter was prepared jointly by the Corresponding Author and any Co-Author, the Corresponding Author warrants and represents that: (i) each Co-Author agrees to the submission, license and publication of the Chapter on the terms of this Publication Agreement; and (ii) they have the authority to enter into this Publication Agreement on behalf of and bind each Co-Author. The Corresponding Author shall: (i) ensure each Co-Author complies with all relevant provisions of this Publication Agreement, including those relating to confidentiality, performance and standards, as if a party to this Publication Agreement; and (ii) remain primarily liable for all acts and/or omissions of each such Co-Author.
\\n\\nThe Corresponding Author agrees to indemnify and hold IntechOpen harmless against all liabilities, costs, expenses, damages and losses and all reasonable legal costs and expenses suffered or incurred by IntechOpen arising out of or in connection with any breach of the aforementioned representations and warranties. This indemnity shall not cover IntechOpen to the extent that a claim under it results from IntechOpen's negligence or willful misconduct.
\\n\\n4.2 Nothing in this Publication Agreement shall have the effect of excluding or limiting any liability for death or personal injury caused by negligence or any other liability that cannot be excluded or limited by applicable law.
\\n\\n5. TERMINATION
\\n\\n5.1 IntechOpen has a right to terminate this Publication Agreement for quality, program, technical or other reasons with immediate effect, including without limitation (i) if the Corresponding Author or any Co-Author commits a material breach of this Publication Agreement; (ii) if the Corresponding Author or any Co-Author (being an individual) is the subject of a bankruptcy petition, application or order; or (iii) if the Corresponding Author or any Co-Author (being a company) commences negotiations with all or any class of its creditors with a view to rescheduling any of its debts, or makes a proposal for or enters into any compromise or arrangement with any of its creditors.
\\n\\nIn case of termination, IntechOpen will notify the Corresponding Author, in writing, of the decision.
\\n\\n6. INTECHOPEN’S DUTIES AND RIGHTS
\\n\\n6.1 Unless prevented from doing so by events outside its reasonable control, IntechOpen, in its discretion, agrees to publish the Chapter attributing it to the Corresponding Author and any Co-Author.
\\n\\n6.2 IntechOpen has the right to use the Corresponding Author’s and any Co-Author’s names and likeness in connection with scientific dissemination, retrieval, archiving, web hosting and promotion and marketing of the Chapter and has the right to contact the Corresponding Author and any Co-Author until the Chapter is publicly available on any platform owned and/or operated by IntechOpen.
\\n\\n6.3 IntechOpen is granted the authority to enforce the rights from this Publication Agreement, on behalf of the Corresponding Author and any Co-Author, against third parties (for example in cases of plagiarism or copyright infringements). In respect of any such infringement or suspected infringement of the copyright in the Chapter, IntechOpen shall have absolute discretion in addressing any such infringement which is likely to affect IntechOpen's rights under this Publication Agreement, including issuing and conducting proceedings against the suspected infringer.
\\n\\n7. MISCELLANEOUS
\\n\\n7.1 Further Assurance: The Corresponding Author shall and will ensure that any relevant third party (including any Co-Author) shall, execute and deliver whatever further documents or deeds and perform such acts as IntechOpen reasonably requires from time to time for the purpose of giving IntechOpen the full benefit of the provisions of this Publication Agreement.
\\n\\n7.2 Third Party Rights: A person who is not a party to this Publication Agreement may not enforce any of its provisions under the Contracts (Rights of Third Parties) Act 1999.
\\n\\n7.3 Entire Agreement: This Publication Agreement constitutes the entire agreement between the parties in relation to its subject matter. It replaces and extinguishes all prior agreements, draft agreements, arrangements, collateral warranties, collateral contracts, statements, assurances, representations and undertakings of any nature made by or on behalf of the parties, whether oral or written, in relation to that subject matter. Each party acknowledges that in entering into this Publication Agreement it has not relied upon any oral or written statements, collateral or other warranties, assurances, representations or undertakings which were made by or on behalf of the other party in relation to the subject matter of this Publication Agreement at any time before its signature (together "Pre-Contractual Statements"), other than those which are set out in this Publication Agreement. Each party hereby waives all rights and remedies which might otherwise be available to it in relation to such Pre-Contractual Statements. Nothing in this clause shall exclude or restrict the liability of either party arising out of its pre-contract fraudulent misrepresentation or fraudulent concealment.
\\n\\n7.4 Waiver: No failure or delay by a party to exercise any right or remedy provided under this Publication Agreement or by law shall constitute a waiver of that or any other right or remedy, nor shall it preclude or restrict the further exercise of that or any other right or remedy. No single or partial exercise of such right or remedy shall preclude or restrict the further exercise of that or any other right or remedy.
\\n\\n7.5 Variation: No variation of this Publication Agreement shall be effective unless it is in writing and signed by the parties (or their duly authorized representatives).
\\n\\n7.6 Severance: If any provision or part-provision of this Publication Agreement is or becomes invalid, illegal or unenforceable, it shall be deemed modified to the minimum extent necessary to make it valid, legal and enforceable. If such modification is not possible, the relevant provision or part-provision shall be deemed deleted.
\\n\\nAny modification to or deletion of a provision or part-provision under this clause shall not affect the validity and enforceability of the rest of this Publication Agreement.
\\n\\n7.7 No partnership: Nothing in this Publication Agreement is intended to, or shall be deemed to, establish or create any partnership or joint venture or the relationship of principal and agent or employer and employee between IntechOpen and the Corresponding Author or any Co-Author, nor authorize any party to make or enter into any commitments for or on behalf of any other party.
\\n\\n7.8 Governing law: This Publication Agreement and any dispute or claim (including non-contractual disputes or claims) arising out of or in connection with it or its subject matter or formation shall be governed by and construed in accordance with the law of England and Wales. The parties submit to the exclusive jurisdiction of the English courts to settle any dispute or claim arising out of or in connection with this Publication Agreement (including any non-contractual disputes or claims).
\\n\\nLast updated: 2020-11-27
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The Corresponding Author (acting on behalf of all Authors) and INTECHOPEN LIMITED, incorporated and registered in England and Wales with company number 11086078 and a registered office at 5 Princes Gate Court, London, United Kingdom, SW7 2QJ conclude the following Agreement regarding the publication of a Book Chapter:
\n\n1. DEFINITIONS
\n\nCorresponding Author: The Author of the Chapter who serves as a Signatory to this Agreement. The Corresponding Author acts on behalf of any other Co-Author.
\n\nCo-Author: All other Authors of the Chapter besides the Corresponding Author.
\n\nIntechOpen: IntechOpen Ltd., the Publisher of the Book.
\n\nBook: The publication as a collection of chapters compiled by IntechOpen including the Chapter. Chapter: The original literary work created by Corresponding Author and any Co-Author that is the subject of this Agreement.
\n\n2. CORRESPONDING AUTHOR'S GRANT OF RIGHTS
\n\n2.1 Subject to the following Article, the Corresponding Author grants and shall ensure that each Co-Author grants, to IntechOpen, during the full term of copyright and any extensions or renewals of that term the following:
\n\nThe aforementioned licenses shall survive the expiry or termination of this Agreement for any reason.
\n\n2.2 The Corresponding Author (on their own behalf and on behalf of any Co-Author) reserves the following rights to the Chapter but agrees not to exercise them in such a way as to adversely affect IntechOpen's ability to utilize the full benefit of this Publication Agreement: (i) reprographic rights worldwide, other than those which subsist in the typographical arrangement of the Chapter as published by IntechOpen; and (ii) public lending rights arising under the Public Lending Right Act 1979, as amended from time to time, and any similar rights arising in any part of the world.
\n\nThe Corresponding Author confirms that they (and any Co-Author) are and will remain a member of any applicable licensing and collecting society and any successor to that body responsible for administering royalties for the reprographic reproduction of copyright works.
\n\nSubject to the license granted above, copyright in the Chapter and all versions of it created during IntechOpen's editing process (including the published version) is retained by the Corresponding Author and any Co-Author.
\n\nSubject to the license granted above, the Corresponding Author and any Co-Author retains patent, trademark and other intellectual property rights to the Chapter.
\n\n2.3 All rights granted to IntechOpen in this Article are assignable, sublicensable or otherwise transferrable to third parties without the Corresponding Author's or any Co-Author’s specific approval.
\n\n2.4 The Corresponding Author (on their own behalf and on behalf of each Co-Author) will not assert any rights under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 to object to derogatory treatment of the Chapter as a consequence of IntechOpen's changes to the Chapter arising from translation of it, corrections and edits for house style, removal of problematic material and other reasonable edits.
\n\n3. CORRESPONDING AUTHOR'S DUTIES
\n\n3.1 When distributing or re-publishing the Chapter, the Corresponding Author agrees to credit the Book in which the Chapter has been published as the source of first publication, as well as IntechOpen. The Corresponding Author warrants that each Co-Author will also credit the Book in which the Chapter has been published as the source of first publication, as well as IntechOpen, when they are distributing or re-publishing the Chapter.
\n\n3.2 When submitting the Chapter, the Corresponding Author agrees to:
\n\nThe Corresponding Author will be held responsible for the payment of the Open Access Publishing Fees.
\n\nAll payments shall be due 30 days from the date of the issued invoice. The Corresponding Author or the payer on the Corresponding Author's and Co-Authors' behalf will bear all banking and similar charges incurred.
\n\n3.3 The Corresponding Author shall obtain in writing all consents necessary for the reproduction of any material in which a third-party right exists, including quotations, photographs and illustrations, in all editions of the Chapter worldwide for the full term of the above licenses, and shall provide to IntechOpen upon request the original copies of such consents for inspection (at IntechOpen's option) or photocopies of such consents.
\n\nThe Corresponding Author shall obtain written informed consent for publication from people who might recognize themselves or be identified by others (e.g. from case reports or photographs).
\n\n3.4 The Corresponding Author and any Co-Author shall respect confidentiality rights during and after the termination of this Agreement. The information contained in all correspondence and documents as part of the publishing activity between IntechOpen and the Corresponding Author and any Co-Author are confidential and are intended only for the recipient. The contents may not be disclosed publicly and are not intended for unauthorized use or distribution. Any use, disclosure, copying, or distribution is prohibited and may be unlawful.
\n\n4. CORRESPONDING AUTHOR'S WARRANTY
\n\n4.1 The Corresponding Author represents and warrants that the Chapter does not and will not breach any applicable law or the rights of any third party and, specifically, that the Chapter contains no matter that is defamatory or that infringes any literary or proprietary rights, intellectual property rights, or any rights of privacy. The Corresponding Author warrants and represents that: (i) the Chapter is the original work of themselves and any Co-Author and is not copied wholly or substantially from any other work or material or any other source; (ii) the Chapter has not been formally published in any other peer-reviewed journal or in a book or edited collection, and is not under consideration for any such publication; (iii) they themselves and any Co-Author are qualifying persons under section 154 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988; (iv) they themselves and any Co-Author have not assigned and will not during the term of this Publication Agreement purport to assign any of the rights granted to IntechOpen under this Publication Agreement; and (v) the rights granted by this Publication Agreement are free from any security interest, option, mortgage, charge or lien.
\n\nThe Corresponding Author also warrants and represents that: (i) they have the full power to enter into this Publication Agreement on their own behalf and on behalf of each Co-Author; and (ii) they have the necessary rights and/or title in and to the Chapter to grant IntechOpen, on behalf of themselves and any Co-Author, the rights and licenses expressed to be granted in this Publication Agreement. If the Chapter was prepared jointly by the Corresponding Author and any Co-Author, the Corresponding Author warrants and represents that: (i) each Co-Author agrees to the submission, license and publication of the Chapter on the terms of this Publication Agreement; and (ii) they have the authority to enter into this Publication Agreement on behalf of and bind each Co-Author. The Corresponding Author shall: (i) ensure each Co-Author complies with all relevant provisions of this Publication Agreement, including those relating to confidentiality, performance and standards, as if a party to this Publication Agreement; and (ii) remain primarily liable for all acts and/or omissions of each such Co-Author.
\n\nThe Corresponding Author agrees to indemnify and hold IntechOpen harmless against all liabilities, costs, expenses, damages and losses and all reasonable legal costs and expenses suffered or incurred by IntechOpen arising out of or in connection with any breach of the aforementioned representations and warranties. This indemnity shall not cover IntechOpen to the extent that a claim under it results from IntechOpen's negligence or willful misconduct.
\n\n4.2 Nothing in this Publication Agreement shall have the effect of excluding or limiting any liability for death or personal injury caused by negligence or any other liability that cannot be excluded or limited by applicable law.
\n\n5. TERMINATION
\n\n5.1 IntechOpen has a right to terminate this Publication Agreement for quality, program, technical or other reasons with immediate effect, including without limitation (i) if the Corresponding Author or any Co-Author commits a material breach of this Publication Agreement; (ii) if the Corresponding Author or any Co-Author (being an individual) is the subject of a bankruptcy petition, application or order; or (iii) if the Corresponding Author or any Co-Author (being a company) commences negotiations with all or any class of its creditors with a view to rescheduling any of its debts, or makes a proposal for or enters into any compromise or arrangement with any of its creditors.
\n\nIn case of termination, IntechOpen will notify the Corresponding Author, in writing, of the decision.
\n\n6. INTECHOPEN’S DUTIES AND RIGHTS
\n\n6.1 Unless prevented from doing so by events outside its reasonable control, IntechOpen, in its discretion, agrees to publish the Chapter attributing it to the Corresponding Author and any Co-Author.
\n\n6.2 IntechOpen has the right to use the Corresponding Author’s and any Co-Author’s names and likeness in connection with scientific dissemination, retrieval, archiving, web hosting and promotion and marketing of the Chapter and has the right to contact the Corresponding Author and any Co-Author until the Chapter is publicly available on any platform owned and/or operated by IntechOpen.
\n\n6.3 IntechOpen is granted the authority to enforce the rights from this Publication Agreement, on behalf of the Corresponding Author and any Co-Author, against third parties (for example in cases of plagiarism or copyright infringements). In respect of any such infringement or suspected infringement of the copyright in the Chapter, IntechOpen shall have absolute discretion in addressing any such infringement which is likely to affect IntechOpen's rights under this Publication Agreement, including issuing and conducting proceedings against the suspected infringer.
\n\n7. MISCELLANEOUS
\n\n7.1 Further Assurance: The Corresponding Author shall and will ensure that any relevant third party (including any Co-Author) shall, execute and deliver whatever further documents or deeds and perform such acts as IntechOpen reasonably requires from time to time for the purpose of giving IntechOpen the full benefit of the provisions of this Publication Agreement.
\n\n7.2 Third Party Rights: A person who is not a party to this Publication Agreement may not enforce any of its provisions under the Contracts (Rights of Third Parties) Act 1999.
\n\n7.3 Entire Agreement: This Publication Agreement constitutes the entire agreement between the parties in relation to its subject matter. It replaces and extinguishes all prior agreements, draft agreements, arrangements, collateral warranties, collateral contracts, statements, assurances, representations and undertakings of any nature made by or on behalf of the parties, whether oral or written, in relation to that subject matter. Each party acknowledges that in entering into this Publication Agreement it has not relied upon any oral or written statements, collateral or other warranties, assurances, representations or undertakings which were made by or on behalf of the other party in relation to the subject matter of this Publication Agreement at any time before its signature (together "Pre-Contractual Statements"), other than those which are set out in this Publication Agreement. Each party hereby waives all rights and remedies which might otherwise be available to it in relation to such Pre-Contractual Statements. Nothing in this clause shall exclude or restrict the liability of either party arising out of its pre-contract fraudulent misrepresentation or fraudulent concealment.
\n\n7.4 Waiver: No failure or delay by a party to exercise any right or remedy provided under this Publication Agreement or by law shall constitute a waiver of that or any other right or remedy, nor shall it preclude or restrict the further exercise of that or any other right or remedy. No single or partial exercise of such right or remedy shall preclude or restrict the further exercise of that or any other right or remedy.
\n\n7.5 Variation: No variation of this Publication Agreement shall be effective unless it is in writing and signed by the parties (or their duly authorized representatives).
\n\n7.6 Severance: If any provision or part-provision of this Publication Agreement is or becomes invalid, illegal or unenforceable, it shall be deemed modified to the minimum extent necessary to make it valid, legal and enforceable. If such modification is not possible, the relevant provision or part-provision shall be deemed deleted.
\n\nAny modification to or deletion of a provision or part-provision under this clause shall not affect the validity and enforceability of the rest of this Publication Agreement.
\n\n7.7 No partnership: Nothing in this Publication Agreement is intended to, or shall be deemed to, establish or create any partnership or joint venture or the relationship of principal and agent or employer and employee between IntechOpen and the Corresponding Author or any Co-Author, nor authorize any party to make or enter into any commitments for or on behalf of any other party.
\n\n7.8 Governing law: This Publication Agreement and any dispute or claim (including non-contractual disputes or claims) arising out of or in connection with it or its subject matter or formation shall be governed by and construed in accordance with the law of England and Wales. The parties submit to the exclusive jurisdiction of the English courts to settle any dispute or claim arising out of or in connection with this Publication Agreement (including any non-contractual disputes or claims).
\n\nLast updated: 2020-11-27
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His studies in robotics lead him not only to a PhD degree but also inspired him to co-found and build the International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems - world's first Open Access journal in the field of robotics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"TU Wien",country:{name:"Austria"}}},{id:"441",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Jaekyu",middleName:null,surname:"Park",slug:"jaekyu-park",fullName:"Jaekyu Park",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/441/images/1881_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"LG Corporation (South Korea)",country:{name:"Korea, South"}}},{id:"465",title:"Dr",name:"Christian",middleName:null,surname:"Martens",slug:"christian-martens",fullName:"Christian Martens",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"479",title:"Dr.",name:"Valentina",middleName:null,surname:"Colla",slug:"valentina-colla",fullName:"Valentina Colla",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/479/images/358_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sant'Anna School of Advanced Studies",country:{name:"Italy"}}},{id:"494",title:"PhD",name:"Loris",middleName:null,surname:"Nanni",slug:"loris-nanni",fullName:"Loris Nanni",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/494/images/system/494.jpg",biography:"Loris Nanni received his Master Degree cum laude on June-2002 from the University of Bologna, and the April 26th 2006 he received his Ph.D. in Computer Engineering at DEIS, University of Bologna. On September, 29th 2006 he has won a post PhD fellowship from the university of Bologna (from October 2006 to October 2008), at the competitive examination he was ranked first in the industrial engineering area. He extensively served as referee for several international journals. He is author/coauthor of more than 100 research papers. He has been involved in some projects supported by MURST and European Community. His research interests include pattern recognition, bioinformatics, and biometric systems (fingerprint classification and recognition, signature verification, face recognition).",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"496",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos",middleName:null,surname:"Leon",slug:"carlos-leon",fullName:"Carlos Leon",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Seville",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"512",title:"Dr.",name:"Dayang",middleName:null,surname:"Jawawi",slug:"dayang-jawawi",fullName:"Dayang Jawawi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Technology Malaysia",country:{name:"Malaysia"}}},{id:"528",title:"Dr.",name:"Kresimir",middleName:null,surname:"Delac",slug:"kresimir-delac",fullName:"Kresimir Delac",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/528/images/system/528.jpg",biography:"K. Delac received his B.Sc.E.E. degree in 2003 and is currentlypursuing a Ph.D. degree at the University of Zagreb, Faculty of Electrical Engineering andComputing. His current research interests are digital image analysis, pattern recognition andbiometrics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Zagreb",country:{name:"Croatia"}}},{id:"557",title:"Dr.",name:"Andon",middleName:"Venelinov",surname:"Topalov",slug:"andon-topalov",fullName:"Andon Topalov",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/557/images/1927_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Andon V. Topalov received the MSc degree in Control Engineering from the Faculty of Information Systems, Technologies, and Automation at Moscow State University of Civil Engineering (MGGU) in 1979. He then received his PhD degree in Control Engineering from the Department of Automation and Remote Control at Moscow State Mining University (MGSU), Moscow, in 1984. From 1985 to 1986, he was a Research Fellow in the Research Institute for Electronic Equipment, ZZU AD, Plovdiv, Bulgaria. In 1986, he joined the Department of Control Systems, Technical University of Sofia at the Plovdiv campus, where he is presently a Full Professor. He has held long-term visiting Professor/Scholar positions at various institutions in South Korea, Turkey, Mexico, Greece, Belgium, UK, and Germany. And he has coauthored one book and authored or coauthored more than 80 research papers in conference proceedings and journals. 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After finishing his P. hD degree in 1992, he served in the Industry as a Scientific Officer and continued his academic career as a visiting scholar for a number of educational institutions. In 1996 he joined National University of Science & Technology Pakistan (NUST) as an Associate Professor; NUST is one of the top few universities in Pakistan. In 1999 he joined an International Company Lineo Inc, Canada as Manager Compiler Group, where he headed the group for developing Compiler Tool Chain and Porting of Operating Systems for the BLACKfin processor. The processor development was a joint venture by Intel and Analog Devices. In 2002 Lineo Inc., was taken over by another company, so he joined Aalborg University Denmark as an Assistant Professor.\nProfessor Akbar has truly a multi-disciplined career and he continued his legacy and making progress in many areas of his interests both in teaching and research. 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Thus proteomics, an area of research that detects all protein forms expressed in an organism, including splice isoforms and post-translational modifications, is more suitable than genomics for a comprehensive understanding of the biochemical processes that govern life. The most common proteomics applications are currently in the clinical field for the identification, in a variety of biological matrices, of biomarkers for diagnosis and therapeutic intervention of disorders. From the comparison of proteomic profiles of control and disease or different physiological states, which may emerge, changes in protein expression can provide new insights into the roles played by some proteins in human pathologies. Understanding how proteins function and interact with each other is another goal of proteomics that makes this approach even more intriguing. Specialized technology and expertise are required to assess the proteome of any biological sample. 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