The Chemical composition of the raw materials used for the study [5].
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",isbn:"978-1-83969-946-7",printIsbn:"978-1-83969-945-0",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83969-947-4",doi:null,price:0,priceEur:0,priceUsd:0,slug:null,numberOfPages:0,isOpenForSubmission:!0,isSalesforceBook:!1,isNomenclature:!1,hash:"d1d908cd61561c1e813552fbd6cb9ed1",bookSignature:"Ph.D. Duc-Man Nguyen and Dr. Van-Loi Nguyen",publishedDate:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11919.jpg",keywords:"Database Classification, Types of Databases, SQL Basic, Drop Statement, Aggregate Functions, Conversion Function, Date Function, Mathematical Functions, User-Defined Types, User-Defined Functions, String Data Type, Pivoting Data in SQL",numberOfDownloads:null,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:null,numberOfDimensionsCitations:null,numberOfTotalCitations:null,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"May 3rd 2022",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"July 6th 2022",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"September 4th 2022",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"November 23rd 2022",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"January 22nd 2023",dateConfirmationOfParticipation:null,remainingDaysToSecondStep:"9 days",secondStepPassed:!1,areRegistrationsClosed:!1,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:2,editedByType:null,kuFlag:!1,biosketch:"Dr. Nguyen Duc Man is a member of the DSA-Da Nang Software Association, Vietnam. He was awarded the Award for Excellent effort in Training and Management by the Duy Tan University, Vietnam for several years in a row, and received the Certificate of Merit for Excellent effort in Training and Management by the Ministry of Education and Training, Vietnam. His current research interests are software testing, mobile testing, test automation, test case generation, context-driven testing, and ML for testing.",coeditorOneBiosketch:"Dr. Van-Loi Nguyen received his Master of Engineering in Computer Science from the University of Danang, Vietnam in 2010, and a Ph.D. degree from Soongsil University, Korea, in 2017. He is currently a lecturer at the Vietnam - Korea University of Information and Communication Technology, the University of Danang. He has over 18 years of experience teaching and researching programming, databases, machine learning, information retrieval, multimedia, and artificial intelligence.",coeditorTwoBiosketch:null,coeditorThreeBiosketch:null,coeditorFourBiosketch:null,coeditorFiveBiosketch:null,editors:[{id:"227628",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Duc-Man",middleName:null,surname:"Nguyen",slug:"duc-man-nguyen",fullName:"Duc-Man Nguyen",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/227628/images/system/227628.jpg",biography:'1.\tName:\tNguyen Duc Man\n\tOffice: Room 601, 254 Nguyen Van Linh, Danang, Vietnam\n\tTel: +84-2363 650 403 (Ext 601)\n Mobi: 0904 235 945\n\tEmail: mannd@duytan.edu.vn\n\n2.\tEducation:\nBSc.\tInformation Technology\tDuy Tan University, Vietnam\t1999\nMSc.\tComputer Science\tDanang University, Vietnam\t2009\nPhD.\tComputer Science\tDuy Tan University, Vietnam\t2020\n\n3.\tAcademic experience:\nDuy Tan University, Vietnam\tTeaching\tLecturer\t2004- Present\tFT\n\t\n4.\tNon-academic experience:\nHSD Corporation, Ho Chi Minh, Vietnam\tAnalysis, Design and Code, DB Design\tSoftware Developer\t1999-2001\tFT\nDuy Tan Software Center, Vietnam\tTeam leader, Planning, A&D\tProject Lead\t2001-2003\tFT\n\n5.\tCertifications or professional registrations:\n-\tCertificate for completion of Train the Trainer courses (Software Capstone Project, Requirements Engineering, Software Architecture, Software Project management, software Process and Quality management, Software Integration Practices). Institute of Software Research, Carnegie Mellon University, USA. (2010, 2014, 2016, 2017, 2018, 2019).\n-\t7 Professional Development Hours for participation in the Fundamentals of Program Assessment Workshop, ABET Symposium (2017)\n-\t7 Professional Development Hours for participation in the Self-Study Development Workshop ABET Symposium (2017)\n-\t14 Professional Development Hours for participation at the 2017 ABET\nSymposium, ABET Symposium (2017)\n-\tSoftware Testing and Automation Conference. VISTACON 2011, Ho Chi Minh, Vietnam (2011).\n-\tFagan Software Inspection Method. ECCI Group, Vietnam (2011).\n-\tHP Train the Trainer courses: HP QTP, LoadRunner, Quality Center (2011).\n\n6.\tMembership in professional organizations:\n-\tMember of DSA-Da Nang Software Association, Vietnam.\n\n7.\tHonors and awards:\n-\tAwards for Excellent effort in Training and Management. Duy Tan University, Vietnam (2003, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2012).\n-\tCertificate of Merit for Excellent effort in Training and Management. Ministry of Education and Training, Vietnam (2008- 2009, 2010- 2011, 2013- 2014).\n-\tCertificate of Merit of the People Committee of Da Nang. Danang, Vietnam (2011-2012).\n\n8.\tService activities:\n-\tInstitutional service: \n•\tStudents’ Awards Committee \n•\tFaculty Development Committee \n•\tScholarship Committee \n•\tFaculty Council \n\n9.\tPublications and presentations from the past five years:\n\n1.\t\tCheng, Y. H., Chang, P. C., Nguyen, D. M., & Kuo, C. N. (2020). Automatic Music Genre Classification Based on CRNN. Engineering Letters, 29(1).\n2.\t\tHuynh, Q. T., Pham, L. T., Ha, N. H., & Nguyen, D. M. (2020). An Effective Approach for Context Driven Testing in Practice—A Case Study. International Journal of Software Engineering and Knowledge Engineering, 30(09), 1245-1262.\n3.\t\tNguyen, D. M., Huynh, Q. T., Ha, N. H., & Nguyen, T. H. (2020). Automated test input generation via model inference based on user story and acceptance criteria for mobile application development. International Journal of Software Engineering and Knowledge Engineering, 30(03), 399-425.\n4.\t \tNguyen, D. M., Do, H. N., Huynh, Q. T., Vo, D. T., & Ha, N. H. (2018, August). Shinobi: A Novel Approach for Context-Driven Testing (CDT) Using Heuristics and Machine Learning for Web Applications. In International Conference on Industrial Networks and Intelligent Systems (pp. 86-102). Springer, Cham.\n5.\t\tHoang-Nhat, D. O., NGUYEN, D. M., HUYNH, Q. T., & Nhu-Hang, H. A. (2018). One2Explore-Graph Builder for Exploratory Testing from a Novel Approach.\n6.\t\tNguyen, M. D., Huynh, T. Q., & Nguyen, T. H. (2016, November). Improve the Performance of Mobile Applications Based on Code Optimization Techniques Using PMD and Android Lint. In International Symposium on Integrated Uncertainty in Knowledge Modelling and Decision Making (pp. 343-356). Springer, Cham.\n7.\t\tBao Le Nguyen, Nguyen Duc Man, Minh Nguyen Cong and Luong Vo Van (2013). Difficulties in the Operation of an International Program in Vietnam. FICAP-1 Proceedings, BrownWalker Press, 2013, ISBN-13: 9781612337043.\n8.\t\tDuc Nguyen Duc Man, Tien Vu Truong, Nguyen Bao Le (2013). Deployment of Capstone Projects in Software Engineering Education at Duy Tan University as Part of a University-wide Project-based Learning Effort. Learning and Teaching in Computing and Engineering (LaTiCE), IEEE Computer Society -CPS, 2013, E-ISBN :978-0-7695-4960-6 (pp. 184 -191).\n9.\t\tGia Nhu Nguyen, Nhat Tan Tran, Thanh Trung Nguyen and Nguyen Duc Man (2014). The Benefits of CDIO for ABET Preparation from a Hands-on Study in Vietnam. Proceedings of the 10th International CDIO Conference. Barcelona \n10.\t\tVu T Truong, Bao N Le, Man N Duc, Thang M Nguyen (2014). Accessing the Maturity of Teamwork Capabilities through CDIO Projects. Proceedings of the 10th Annual International CDIO Conference. Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain.\n11.\t\tPhuong A Pham, Man D Nguyen, Long Q Nguyen, Thang M Nguyen, Bao N Le (2014). Learning Computer Programming In Cdio’s Team Settings. Proceedings of the 10th Annual International CDIO Conference. Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain.\n12.\t\tVo, Q. N., Tran, N. P., Van Dat Ngo, V. H. T., Huynh, Q. T., Ha, N. H., & Nguyen, D. M. LEVERAGE THE BLOCKCHAIN TECHNOLOGY TO MANAGE SMART CONTRACT IN ASSET TRADING. Kỷ yếu Hội nghị KHCN Quốc gia lần thứ XII về Nghiên cứu cơ bản và ứng dụng Công nghệ thông tin (FAIR); Huế, ngày 07-08/6/2019 DOI: 10.15625/vap.2019.00032\n\n13.\t\tHa, N. H., Nguyen, D. M., Liu, C. A., Van Van, T., Nguyen, A. D., & Huynh, Q. T. AN EMPIRICAL STUDY OF THE IMPACT OF THE MPOS SYSTEM ON THE PROCESS CHANGE OF RESTAURANTS. Kỷ yếu Hội nghị KHCN Quốc gia lần thứ XII về Nghiên cứu cơ bản và ứng dụng Công nghệ thông tin (FAIR); Huế, ngày 07-08/6/2019 DOI: 10.15625/vap.2019.00032\n\n14.\t\tNguyễn Thanh Hùng, Nguyễn Đức Mận, Huỳnh Quyết Thắng (2019), Thử Nghiệm Đánh Giá Áp Dụng Một Số Kỹ Thuật Kiểm Thử Để Nâng Cao Độ Tin Cậy Cho Ứng Dụng Di Động Trong Môi Trường Phát Triển Linh Hoạt. Section on Information and Communication Technology (ICT) - No. 13, Journal of Science and Technique - Le Quy Don Technical University - No. 199, ISSN 1859-0209\n15.\t\tHuỳnh Quyết Thắng, Nguyễn Đức Mận, Nguyễn Thị Bảo Trang, Nguyễn Thị Anh Đào (2016). Kỹ thuật kiểm thử hồi qui hiệu quả cho phát triển ứng dụng di động. Kỷ yếu Hội nghị khoa học công nghệ quốc gia lần thứ IX, ngày 4-5/8/2016 - "Nghiên cứu cơ bản và ứng dụng Công nghệ thông tin" (FAIR 2016), trang 255-265. Nhà xuất bản Khoa học tự nhiên và Công nghệ. ISBN 978-604-913-472-2\n\n10.\tRecent professional development activities:\n-\tCoordinator and Assistant Director of ACM/ICPC Asia Regional Contest, Danang, Vietnam (2013). \n-\tParticipated in the 7th National Conference on Fundamental and Applied IT Research (2014).\n-\tAttended the 7 Professional Development Hours the Fundamentals of Program Assessment Workshop (2017).\n-\tParticipated in the 12th National Conference on Fundamental and Applied IT Research (2019).\n-\tINISCOM 2018, INISCOM 2019, KSE 2019, CITA2021, CITA2022\n-\tAttended the CDIO Regional Meeting - Asia-Pacific (2019).',institutionString:"Duy Tan University",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"0",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"Duy Tan University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Vietnam"}}}],coeditorOne:{id:"473326",title:"Dr.",name:"Van-Loi",middleName:null,surname:"Nguyen",slug:"van-loi-nguyen",fullName:"Van-Loi Nguyen",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00003Sa5QKQAZ/Profile_Picture_2022-05-10T10:01:50.jpg",biography:"Dr. Van-Loi Nguyen received his Master of Engineering in Computer Science from the University of Danang, Vietnam in 2010, and a Ph.D. degree from Soongsil University, Korea in 2017. 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The energy demand in Africa is increasing significantly due the springing up of industries and advancement in the human standards of living in the continent [1]. These have place a continuous strain on the power sectors to meet up with the consumers’ demand which are increasing on daily basis. For instance, in Ethiopia the energy sector have been growing in the past two decades and reached currently electric power of 2360 MW, this would be expected to reach 10,000 MW in the next 10 years [2].
It has been estimated that more than 20% of the total outlay for a typical transmission and distribution system of electrical energy is spent on insulation alone [3]. Nigerian electrical power holding company (PHCN) spends a lot of resources maintaining and replacing aged insulators on electric transmission lines. It imports 99% of the total insulators it uses, notably from Asian countries, of which ceramic insulators occupies a central position [3]. The high degree dependency on importation has led to the high cost of maintenance and replacement of insulators used for the transmission of the electricity. Since majority of these insulators are imported, their standard has posed a big challenge to consumers. This is due to the different environmental conditions of the countries involved in manufacturing and consumption. These varied environmental conditions affect the efficiency of insulators.
Electrical insulators help to prevent the passage of current to other areas where it is not wanted or where it can cause harm or death to the living things that come in contact with it [4]. Among the insulator materials utilized in electric power transmission and distribution systems, porcelain ceramic insulators is the most commonly used material for overhead insulators [5]. The use of ceramic porcelain as electrical insulator is unrivalled by any other materials currently. Porcelain insulators are characterized with excellent properties such as high mechanical strength, high electrical stability and corrosion resistance even in harsh environments [6]. These properties have made these insulators dominant in electrical power industries over the years, despite the emergence of new insulators made from plastics and polymer composites.
The word “porcelain” has it origin in the Italian “porcella” literally meaning “little pig”, a Mediterranean sea-snail whose shell is white and translucent [7]. The first ceramic porcelain was first manufactured in China, followed by Europe during the period of industrial revolution [8]. In 1849, Werner Von Siemens adopted the traditional porcelain to produce one of the first electric insulators to insulate the telegraph cable from Frankfurt to Berlin [9]. Porcelain was believed to be the first material to be made artificially by humans, the majority of the early Chinese porcelain was called “hard paste” porcelain which was composed of: 50% Kaolinite (Al2O3SiO22H2O), 25% Feldspar (K2OAl2O36SiO2) and 25% Quartz (SiO2) [8]. These three constituents place ceramic porcelain in the phase system in terms of oxide constituent, hence termed “Triaxial porcelain” [10]. The kaolin clay content of this porcelain gives plasticity to the ceramic mixture while quartz maintains the shape of the formed article during firing and feldspar serves as flux, which is added to decrease the required firing temperature and thus to reduce cost by saving Energy [11]. They are vitrified and fine-grained ceramic white wares, used either glazed or unglazed, baked at high temperatures to achieve vitreous, or glassy, qualities such as low porosity and translucence [5]. They are widely used in household, laboratory and industrial applications. Ceramic Porcelains are suitable for electrical, chemical, mechanical, structural and thermal wares. The versatility of porcelain makes them applicable for both low and high tension insulation in electrical transmissions. Although in electrical insulation applications, porcelains are expected to meet minimum specification of the latter two, dielectric (high resistivity, low dielectric loss) and mechanical properties [12]. They should also have low atomic mass, low defect concentration, high lattice stiffness, high purity with a minimum disorder, resistivity between 1012 Ω–1014 Ω and covalent [13]. Electrical porcelains have been technologically evolved regarding the design topics, manufacturing process and raw materials in order to fulfill highly demanded market requirements [14].
Over the years porcelain insulators have demonstrated numerous advantages over many insulators such as good mechanical strength, good environmental aging performance, and excellent resistance to material degradation caused by electrical stress and discharge activities [15]. Porcelain allows high surface leakage current to flow on their wetted surfaces, due to their low hydrophobic surface characteristics which permits water to form a continuous conductive film along the creepage path [16].
There is constant vandalization of ceramic porcelain insulators due to its high cost. These challenges gave rise to the introduction of polymeric insulators at distribution voltage levels, as alternative to ceramic porcelain insulators due to its low cost.
Non ceramic or polymeric insulators have good hydrophobic surface characteristics, high mechanical strength to weight ratio, resistance against vandalism and reduced maintenance costs [17]. On the other hand, polymeric insulators are easily affected by UV rays, stress due to high voltages and they also contribute to environmental pollutions [14].
The major mineral constituent of the clay used in porcelain is kaolinite; rocks rich in this mineral are typically referred to as either ‘china clay’ of ‘kaolin’. Kaolin is a soft white mineral that has a large array of uses, which, under the electronic microscope it is seen to consist of roughly hexagonal, platy crystals ranging in size from about 0.1micrometer to 10 micrometer or even larger [18, 19]. Kaolin are found in combination with other minerals such as muscovite, quartz, feldspar and anatase in nature [20]. It has always been used with other materials so as to increase it workability, and also to lower the klin temperature necessary to produce a firm product. This china clay has found extensive usage in making pharmaceuticals, paint, paper and composite materials. It is the major constituent used in manufacturing electrical porcelain. Kaolin gives the fired porcelain a soft plastic base, shape and opacity [21]. It has melting point of 1800°C, with a molecular formula (Al2O3.2Si)2 2H2O, with a highly refractory acumen [22]. Kaolinite is the main constituent of kaolin with 39.8% alumina, 46.3% Silica, 13.9% water. Figure 1 shows the chemicals structure of kaolinite as designed by Brindley and Nakahira [23].
Structure of kaolinite designed by Brindley and Nakahira viewed from the a-axis direction [
Quartz or silica is a ubiquitous mineral with molecular formula SiO2 in its purest form. It occurs in many diverse modes in nature. The name ‘quartz’ is an old German word of uncertain origin, first used by George Agricola in 1530 [24]. Quartz contains 99–100% silica (SiO2) and about 0.1% impurities such as Fe2O3, Na2O, CaO, MgO, Al2O3 and K2O depending on its percentage purity [25]. They occur as primary and essential constituent of igneous rocks of acidic composition, such as Granite, Porphyry and Rhyolite [26]. Figure 2 shows the schematic quartz structure showing the most intrinsic and extrinsic lattice [27].
Schematic structure of quartz [
Quartz plays a very important role in the formulation of ceramic porcelain. The fired porcelain microstructures consist mainly of glass phase, mullite and quartz as major crystalline phases. Quartz helps to maintain the shape of the ceramic porcelain during firing. Evidence have shown that under optimized conditions of firing and for particle of size of 10–30 μm, quartz has a beneficial effect on the strength of porcelain, in conformity with the matrix reinforcement and dispersion strengthening hypotheses [28]. It’s evident that quartz particle size plays a vital role in controlling the mechanical strength of ceramic porcelain insulators. They also provide the refractory crystalline phase or skeleton contributing to the mechanical strength of the body.
The compositional and structural properties of Feldspar envisage the rich information that can be tied to their genesis. They are among the most vital minerals found in the earth crust with extensive solid solutions at temperatures higher than about 700°C and large immiscibility gaps at lower temperatures [29]. They are aluminosilicate minerals with the general molecular formula AT4O8 in which A = potassium, sodium, or calcium; and T = silicon and aluminum, with a Si:Al ratio ranging from 3:1 to1:1. Feldspar comes in three major formulations NaAlSi3O8, KAlSi3O8 and CaAlSi3O8 respectively [30].
The structure of feldspars is a three-diamentional framework of linked SiO4 and AlO4 tetrahedra, with sufficient opening in the framework to accommodate K, Na, Ca, or Ba to maintain electroneutrality as shown in Figure 3. In Figure 3, the small black circles are Si and Al, the large circles is O (oxygen) [31]. Feldspar rocks are used in the fine ceramic industry as a fluxing agent to form a glassy phase for accelerating of sintering process and, also as sources of alkalis and alumina in glazes [32]. They are the fluxing agent for the ceramic porcelains. Its selection significantly affects the properties of the fired ceramic porcelain body and optimal firing temperature or soaking time [33]. The densification of the green body and the stain resistance of polished ceramic porcelain are determined by the distribution of the particle size of feldspar [34].
The essential structural features of all feldspar projected on a plane [
Electrical ceramic porcelains are considered to be one of the most complex ceramic systems. A variation on the triaxial constituent (kaolin, feldspar and quartz) of porcelain can affect the thermal, dielectric or mechanical properties of the porcelain [5]. The effectiveness of porcelain ceramic insulator on low or high voltage transmission line is determined by its chemical constituents.
There has been tremendous progress on the enhancement of porcelain, but challenges still remain in understanding the properties relating to the selection and investigation of its raw materials, processing, microstructure and phase evolution, all which are critical determinants for its use as electric insulation materials [35]. This research reviews the physical and chemical properties of the electrical ceramic porcelain insulators as an indication for their electrical applications.
ECPI are made up of two major types of materials: the plastic materials and the non-plastic materials.
The plastic materials are essentially the clay materials or kaolinites, they serve as the shape makers. Plastic materials essentially give the ECPI the required shape without rupturing during forming and they also help them to retain the required shape after forming. The non-plastic materials include the quartz, feldspar and many other similar materials. These materials help to reduce the plastic nature of the ECPI so as to ameliorate cracks during drying, and also help to lower the firing temperature of ECPI [36].
Ovri and Onuoha sourced kaolin clay from Awo-omama in Oru East Local Government area of Imo state, Nigeria [5]. The clays used for the studies were called Awo-omama clay and Ibere clay located in Ikwuano Local Government Area, Abia State, while feldspar and quartz were bought locally from Umuahia in Abia State, Nigeria. The Awo-omama clay, Ibere clay, feldspar and quartz from their report showed a high level of SiO2 and the lowest content of K2O, with no K2O present in quartz.
In 2018, locally sourced materials, that is, Feldspar (Kagara), Quartz (kadna) and Talc (kagara) were used for the production of ECPI by Nwachukwu and Lawal. This was to investigate their insulation strength [37]. The compositions used in the production were kaolin 28%; ball clay 10%; feldspar 35% and quartz 25% for the most potent sample as reported, the percentage composition of Talc was kept constant at 2%.
Ball clay sourced from Ise, Ikere-Ekiti, Ekiti state, Nigeria was reported as a binder in the formations of ECPI [7]. Kaolin which was the major constituent in the ECPI was gotten from Ijapo, Akure, Ondo State, Nigeria while feldspar and quartz were sourced from Ogun state, Nigeria. In southern part of Ghana, raw kaolin, feldspar and quartz materials deposited in Assin-Fosu and Kumasi, located in central region and Ashanti region respectively were used for the manufacture of two different ECPI. Assin-fosu sample analysis showed a high level of kaolin compare to Kumasi sample, while that of Kumasi contains higher level of feldspar and quartz respectively [38].
Bamboo leaf ash was partially substituted in production of ECPI by Marimuthu in south Indian state. The combination of bamboo leaf ash gathered from the campus of Annamalai University in Chidambaram, Tamil Nadu, with clay, feldspar and quartz purchased from M/s Oriental Ceramic Industry, Viruthachalam, Tamil Nadu were employed [39].
In 2014, Olupot used ball clay from Mukono, kaolin and feldspar from Mutaka and sand from Lido beach on the shores of Lake Victoria in Entebbe, Uganda to produce ECPI [25].
The development of ECPI from local clays gotten from Ekwulobia, Iva Valley and Nawfija in Anambra state, Nigeria, were studied [40]. The study compares the physical, chemical and mechanical characteristic of these clays to obtain the unique properties that make ECPI suitable for electrical insulation in varied conditions.
Four porcelain composite comprising of kaolin (27–37%), beach sand (20–24), ball clay (13–18%) and feldspar (25–40%) were used to formulate ECPI to investigate the triaxial properties of ceramic composite [41].
The methods for production of ECPI are generally similar just a little alterations according the producers demand. Budnikov recommended kaolin 30%, ball clay 10%, feldspar 22% and quartz 38% as the percentage composition of the mixture used in manufacturing ECPI [42]. Although ECPI with a mixture composition of 27% kaolin, 13% ball clay, 40% feldspar and 20% sand have also been studies [39]. The basic process of production of ECPI is described in the diagram below:
The chemical and physical properties of kaolin, feldspar and quartz were determined before the production is carried out in most of the reported previous studies [3, 7, 43]. Oladiji also used Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS) to determine the chemical composition of quartz and feldspar after the materials have been crushed and sieved properly [7]. Another study determined the physical properties of ECPI such as bulk density, moisture content, linear shrinkage and porosity using Archimedes method with water as the liquid medium as for ASTM 378–88 and universal tester (UTM) was used to determine the mechanical strength of the ECPI [39]. The morphological structure of the clay, quartz and feldspar were also determined using XRD and field emission gun scanning electron microscope (FEG-SEM) [39, 43]. The particle size and the dielectric measurements of ECPI constituents were determined using particle size distribution analyzer (Analysette 22) and a high voltage breaking voltage test machine (Terco HV-9133) [41].
The chemical composition of ECPI plays an important role on the ECPI reactions to the change in environmental conditions. It’s evident that the change in environmental condition such temperature and pressure can affect the life span of most chemically bonded compounds. These compounds tend to change their mode of bonding and cleavages with slight change in these environmental conditions. These changes play major roles on the physical and mechanical properties of ECPI especially on their insulation abilities.
ECPI manufactured using a dry process technique was reported [3]. The best sample of insulator produced by this method contains kaolin 30%, ball clay 10%, feldspar 22% and quartz 38%. The sample exhibited zero water absorption after immersion in water for 24 hours. This shows that the sample has very little pores or spaces which might be noticeable if the sample was allowed to stay longer in the water. Little or no water causes the ECPI to have high bulk density, high failing load and a very good resistance when use for high voltages. The breakdown voltage, dielectric constant and the two resistivity where reported as 26 kV/mm, 10.8, 7.14x107 Ω-m and 1.97x107 Ω-m respectively. The breakdown voltage suggested that the sample has high mechanical strength to withstand high voltage stress, while the dielectric constant suggests that it is a good insulating material. The dielectric constant for good insulating material should fall below 12 [44] and a breaking voltage of ≥25 kV/mm. The two resistivities were high and greater than the recommended value for a good insulator (1 x 106) confirming the insulation claims of the porcelain [43].
Ovri and Onuoha analyzed a locally sourced materials using AAS as shown in Table 1 [5]. The result of Table 1 is in agreement with previous studies [45, 46]. The two samples (Awo-omama and Ibere) with percentage composition 20–30% Feldspar, 50–70% clay and 10–20% quartz exhibited high linear shrinkage of 7.27–9.24% and 8.33–9.68% when compared with other results [45]. This was suggested by Ovri and Onuoha to be due to high content of the plastic materials (clay) compared to the non-plastic content (quartz and feldspar) in the samples. ECPI showed an apparent porosity of 16.81–20.80% and 14.00–17.30% which is in agreement with the value (16.82%) obtained by Power Holding Company of Nigeria (PHCN) while the water absorptions for both clay are also high (8.9–12.15%; 8.33–10.84%). The high value of porosity and water absorption are as a result of non-plastic materials used in the production of the ECPI. These non-plastic materials create more pore or spaces which allow the trapping of moisture in ECPI. High water absorption and porosity are not beneficial for the performance ECPI, because the presence of moisture reduces the electrical resistance of the electrical porcelain. To remedy this issue, good porcelain should have high plastic content and should be glazed properly. Awo-omama and Ibere samples exhibit electrical resistivity (0.61–1.05x107Ω-m and 0.79–1.39x107Ω-m) that is also in agreement with the recommended PHCN resistivity (0.45x107Ω-m). Electrical resistivity is the ability of the insulator to resist current flow.
Composition | Awo-omama | Ibere | Feldspar | Quartz |
---|---|---|---|---|
SiO2 | 53.54 | 43.94 | 63.40 | 97.42 |
Al2O3 | 27.75 | 26.54 | 17.32 | 0.15 |
Fe2O3 | 0.92 | 0.48 | 0.83 | 0.46 |
MgO | 0.93 | 1.61 | 0.24 | — |
CaO | 1.35 | 3.37 | 0.42 | — |
Na2O | 0.16 | 0.28 | 1.75 | — |
K2O | 0.57 | 0.77 | 14.86 | — |
LOI (H2O) | 11.20 | 16.00 | 0.51 | 0.42 |
The Chemical composition of the raw materials used for the study [5].
A report on the use of Bamboo leaves ash (BLA) as a substitute for quartz in production of porcelain has provided a very important waste management strategies, and it is also a cheap readily available raw materials for ECPI production [39]. The study compares the substitution of quartz with BLA at different concentrations respectively. The properties of the specimens were compared with that of standard porcelain (SP) prepared using procedure ASTM C373, an industrial standard ceramic material. The chemical composition showed that BLA also contain high content of SiO2 just like quartz, feldspar and kaolin. Since BLA is a product of oxidation, it contains more oxide than any of the three constituent as shown in Table 2. The porosity and water absorption of the BLA specimen were reported to be decreasing with increase in BLA, they were also higher than the porosity of SP. This is attributed to the fine nature of the BLA, making it easy for them to fill up the pores, therefore reducing the level of water absorption by the porcelain. Similar result have been reported [25, 47].
Composition | Clay | Feldspar | Quartz | BLA |
---|---|---|---|---|
SiO2 | 63.45 | 64.20 | 97.55 | 79.90 |
Al2O3 | 29.33 | 14.02 | 0.97 | 2.78 |
Fe2O3 | 3.17 | 0.38 | 0.27 | 0.86 |
K2O | 1.15 | 16.83 | 0.41 | 3.98 |
CaO | 0.33 | 0.65 | 0.23 | 7.84 |
MgO | 0.39 | 0.28 | 0.08 | 1.97 |
Na2O | 0.28 | 2.90 | 0.35 | 0.20 |
TiO2 | 1.57 | 0.35 | 0.04 | 0.38 |
Others | 0.66 | 0.26 | 0.10 | 2.09 |
The chemical composition of the raw materials (wt%) used [25].
Low water absorption is a good quality of ECPI since high water absorption reduces the insulating abilities. The bulk density of BLA was reported to be higher than that of the SP due to the filling in of pores by BLA, thereby resulting into denser ECPI. When the bulk density is high while the porosity is low, the mechanical strength of the electrical porcelain (BLA) will be expected to be high too. The linear shrinkage was also reported to increase as the BLA concentration increased. This is because significant particle occupied the inter-particle spacing as a result of the volume reduction [48]. The mechanical strength of the blended BLA insulator (3.12 MPa) was higher than the reference SP insulator (2.48 MPa). This was attributed to the pozzolanic reaction activity of the BLA insulator, the reduction of cracks and flaw. BLA exhibited higher electrical insulation resistance (21.0 GΩ) and higher flashover voltage (9.92 kV/mm) compared to standard sample (SP) (12.5 GΩ; 8.65 kV/mm) at maximum injection of 5000 DC voltage and alternative current voltage of 50 Hz frequency. The improvements in the electrical properties of BLA sample were attributed to the enhanced physical properties, the presence of fine particles and the presence of high silica content [49].
The triaxial electrical properties of ECPI were investigated by Dowuona et al. using powder XRD, SEM and particle size distribution analysis in order to determine their insulating capacity [41]. Two samples of ECPI produced comprises kaolin (27–40%), beach sand (20–24%), ball clay (13–18%) and feldspar (25–40%). SEM analysis of the materials suggested small uniform particle sizes and radial distribution for kaolin and ball clay, while sand and feldspar are relatively bigger and non-uniform in sizes. The characterization of the powder materials using XRD identified quartz as having the highest peak intensity between kaolin, sand, feldspar and ball clay. Other peaks identified are muscovite, vermiculite and mica in Kaolin; calcite and albite in sand; vermiculite and mica in ball clay; microcline and albite in feldspar. As the particle size increases the percentage shrinkages increment were reported for the different samples, this was due to a drop in the plasticity of the porcelain materials. This suggested that radial distribution of particles was the principal cause for plasticity of clay materials [50]. Larger particles have been reported previously to cause crack in vitreous phase of ECPI compare to fine particles which can easily melt and blend to the mixture [51]. The smaller the particles sizes the greater the loss on ignition (LOI). The two (A&B) samples were milled with different quantity of zirconium oxide (155.85 g and 500 g). Sample A showed bending strength less than 50% of the value of sample B. The presence of ZrO2 helps the mechanical strength of the sample because of the fine nature of the ZrO2 particles. The sample with the higher quantity of kaolin (37%), ball clay (18%) and ZrO2 but low in feldspar (25%) showed highest breakage voltage of 53.4 kV with breakdown strength of 10.45 kV/mm at room temperature. It also showed a high bending strength of 71 MPa which is higher than the standard value for pin type ECPI. The same sample also portrayed very high dielectric strength when compared to the others. The report suggested that it is very important to use fine particle size distribution in order to achieve the desired result in manufacturing electrical porcelain.
Nwachukwu and Lawal used talcum powder in the preparation of ECPI to study its electrical and physical properties [37]. The talc was constant in all the samples while altering the other constituents such as kaolin, ball clay, feldspar and quartz. The constituent composition for each material used in the sample production is shown in theTable 3. The chemical compositions of the different materials were determined by X-ray fluorescence spectrometer. The result showed that the quartz contains 95.4% silica, the clay contains 58.75 and 27.6% of silica and alumina, while the Talc was the only constituent that contains Ta2O5 and NiO. Table 4, presents that shrinkage test, failing voltage, bulk density and water absorption. The samples with little feldspar and quartz less than 5% warped in the mold while those with less clay came out with cracks. This emphasizes the importance of the plastic (clay) and non-plastic materials (feldspar and quartz) in porcelain production. Feldspar functions as a fluxing agent allowing flow of mixtures and the formation of slags by impurities which help to reduce cracks.
Specimen | Feldspar | Quartz | Clay(Kaolin) | Plastic clay | Talc |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
% | % | % | % | % | |
1 | 0 | 0 | 72.21 | 25.79 | 2 |
2 | 5 | 5 | 64.84 | 23.16 | 2 |
3 | 10 | 10 | 57.47 | 20.53 | 2 |
4 | 15 | 15 | 50.10 | 17.90 | 2 |
5 | 20 | 20 | 42.74 | 15.26 | 2 |
6 | 25 | 25 | 35.37 | 12.63 | 2 |
7 | 30 | 30 | 28.00 | 10.00 | 2 |
8 | 35 | 35 | 20.63 | 7.37 | 2 |
9 | 40 | 40 | 13.26 | 4.73 | 2 |
10 | 35 | 25 | 28.00 | 10.00 | 2 |
The percentage composition of the porcelain samples [37].
Properties | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total shrinkage (%) | 8.70 | 4.19 | 3.20 | 3.16 | 3.01 | 2.97 | 5.76 | 2.60 |
Fired shrinkage (%) | 0.6 | 0.98 | 1.06 | 0.8 | 0.37 | 0.32 | 1.84 | 0.60 |
Dry shrinkage (%) | 8.1 | 3.21 | 2.14 | 2.36 | 2.64 | 2.65 | 3.92 | 2.00 |
Water absorption | 3.72 | 2.89 | 2.82 | 2.63 | 2.60 | 2.59 | 3.46 | 2.52 |
(%) | ||||||||
Bulk density | 2.14 | 2.16 | 2.29 | 2.37 | 2.42 | 2.49 | 2.74 | 2.52 |
(g/cm3) | ||||||||
Failing load (kN) | 1.97 | 2.55 | 2.57 | 2.67 | 2.69 | 2.73 | 1.92 | 3.01 |
The physical properties of produced porcelain Insulator [37].
The total shrinkage and water absorption were found to decrease as the plastic materials increases. This is because the clay helps to fill in the pore spaces in the porcelain insulator, but the samples average values are still within the accepted values for the both parameters. The increase in kaolin caused slight decrease on the bulk density even though the feldspar content was increasing. This was attributed to the different value of loss on ignition of kaolin (7.49) as against feldspar (0.73) give by the X-ray analysis [37]. The failing loads were found to be directly proportional to the kaolin content, showing that the strength of ECPI is mainly derived from the plastic materials.
The di-electric constant of the samples (8.7–11.4) showed that they will make good insulator because they fall to the recommended value for good di-electric insulator (below 12.0) [52, 53]. This suggests that the possibility of electric shock is low since the insulator has a good charge storage capacity. The samples exhibit electrical resistance that are above the recommended range 1.0x106 which is a quality of a good insulator [3, 54]. Generally, this suggests that the fine nature of the talc powder helped to amplify the qualities of the other constituents in the porcelain insulators. The sample with the composition 20.63% kaolin, 7.37% plastic clay, 35.0% feldspar, 35.0% quartz and 2% talc possesses the best insulation properties for the ECPI.
The properties of ECPI fired at different temperatures (1000°C, 1100°C, 1200°C, 1300°C) with a heating and cooling rate of 6°C/min and 1-hour socking were studied [1]. The study focused on the effect of different firing temperature on the physical and mechanical properties of ECPI. Table 5 showed the chemical composition while Figure 1 showed the effect of temperature on the physical and mechanical properties of different ECPI samples [1].
Materials | Oxides (Wt %) | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
SiO2 | Al2O3 | Fe2O3 | CaO | MgO | Na2O | K2O | P2O5 | TiO2 | LOI | |
Clay | 46.86 | 36.74 | 0.86 | 0.02 | 0.08 | 0.01 | 1.34 | 0.04 | 0.01 | 13.85 |
Feldspar | 72.50 | 14.55 | 2.40 | 0.52 | 1.00 | 2.95 | 3.68 | 0.09 | 0.16 | 2.08 |
Quartz | 96.66 | 0.87 | 0.68 | 0.16 | 0.10 | 0.01 | 0.85 | 0.04 | 0.01 | 0.36 |
The chemical composition analysis of clay, feldspar and quartz minerals in wt% [1].
This clay contains least quantity of SiO2, this is uncommon for kaolin clays. The clay also has highest LOI, this was due to the loss on structural hydroxide occurred during transformation of kaolinite clay to metakaolinite phase formation around 500°C [1]. Figure 4 shows the effect different firing temperature on the water absorption, bulk density, apparent porosity and dielectric strength. The water of absorption and apparent porosity decreased with increase in firing temperature and reaching to zero at temperature of 1300°C. This was due to the filling of spaces or pores by molten feldspar as the temperature increases. Reports have shown that the lower the absorption and apparent porosity, the better the insulation strength of ECPI [25]. The dielectric strengths of the samples were reported to reach a maximum of 13 kV/mm as the firing temperature increases. This is attributed to the increased vitrification range of the ECPI samples at the optimized firing temperature [54]. The XRD showed only feldspar and quartz peaks at 1000°C with no peak for the clay. At 1100°C a new peak appeared showing the formation of primary mullite [55]. As the firing temperatures increases beyond 1100°C, the peak for feldspar gradually disappears while that of mullite intensifies and the SEM images showed the formation of glassy phase. This variation on the XRD peaks can be attributed to the melting of feldspar at 1100°C and the formation of glassy phase (mullite) by the melted feldspar.
Variation in (a) water absorption, (b) apparent porosity, (c) bulk density and (d) dielectric strength, of samples with temperature.
Stephy et al. reported the production of ECPI made from china clay mixed with kaolin, feldspar and quartz for use on voltage lines of 20 kV, 70 kV, and 150 kV [56]. The ECPI showed a relative permittivity (ε) of 6, with low thermal conductivity, significant heat capacity, good mechanical strength, high stability and strong resistant to corrosion. Maximum and minimum electric field of 142178 kV/cm and 30554 kV/cm respectively were obtained for the 150 kV lines. For the 70 kV lines the maximum and minimum electric field observed were 65743.3 kV/cm and 11720 kV/cm respectively, while 20000 kV/cm to 3061 kV/cm were obtained for 20 kV. Contaminants that accumulated on the porcelain insulator surface affected the distribution of the voltage and magnetic field. Voltage distribution pattern were uniform throughout the creepage distance [56].
Noori et al. monitored the effects of some design materials on properties of electrical porcelain insulators. Wet method was used to prepare the porcelain insulators with feldspar, kaolin and ball clay as the consistent raw materials [57]. The composition of quartz (silica) was varied with alumina as alumina gradually replaced silica in the mixture feed. The result indicated that the bending strength of the produced ECPI increased as the alumina content displaces the quartz in the mixture. Furthermore, the alumina content also increased the bulk density of the ECPI leading low porosity and water absorption. High voltage insulators are expected to have water absorption very close to zero to avoid current conduction. Change in dielectric loss tangent was relatively insignificant while the study on the thermal shock resistance showed that a cycle of 30 was needed before a crack was observed on the ECPI. The sintering temperature (varied between 1250°C and 1350°C) was reported to have appreciable effect on the properties of the produced ECPI. Therefore, the imperfections of quartz-based ECPI can be reduced by using alumina-based ECPI instead.
Moses and Eugene investigated the suitability of Tanzanian raw materials in ceramic porcelain insulator using Pugu kaolin, Kilimanjaro quartz and feldspar [58]. The characterization of the raw materials showed that they have the required properties for effective blending. Sintering temperature of 1300°C was utilized with one hour soaking time. Maximum bending strength of 53.525 MPa was obtained for porcelain insulator with kaolin, feldspar and quartz in the weight percentage of 48 wt%, 46 wt%, and 6.0 wt% respectively. Increase in kaolin weight content with decrease in the quartz content of the mixture significantly increased the bending strength of the ECPI. Low bending strength usually results from development of cracks. Highest ECPI insulation resistance of 42750MΩ at injection of 1000 volts was observed for a mixture of 22 wt% quartz, 64 wt% feldspar and 14 wt% kaolin. The water absorption decreased with reduction in the weight of feldspar content while increasing in the kaolin content. Furthermore, decrease in the relative weight content of feldspar led to a decrease in the bulk density of the ECPI. Linear shrinkages of the ECPI were found to decrease with increase in the kaolin content with simultaneous decrease in feldspar and quartz contents. Moses and Eugene recommended that a quality porcelain insulator should have kaolin, quartz and feldspar in the weight percentage of 48 wt%, 6 wt% and 46 wt%.
Locally sourced raw materials (kaolin, quartz, ball clay and feldspar) from Ondo and Ekiti states of Nigeria with varying compositions were used to produce and characterize porcelain insulators according to Oladiji and his research team [7]. Slip casting method was employed in producing the ECPI with sodium silicate as the deffloculant. The raw materials were separately milled and sieved at 200 μm and mixed. The mixture consists of weight percent of ball clay and quartz while kaolin and feldspar were varied. The result showed that the porcelain strength (in terms of failing load) relatively increased as the weight percent composition of kaolin increased and that of feldspar decreased. There was an insignificant reduction in bulk density of the produced ECPI as the weight of feldspar was decreased (and kaolin increased). This is as a result of high loss on ignition of kaolin compare to feldspar. Water absorption decreased from 4.58% to as low as 0.27% as the weight content of kaolin increased while feldspar decreased. This is because feldspar permits better mixture flow which subsequently increases porosity resulting to higher water absorption. Total linear shrinkage of the porcelain insulator constantly increased from 12.20% to 16.20% with increase in weight content of kaolin coupled with decrease in feldspar. This is as a result of the plastic/clay nature of kaolin. At injection of 1000 volts, the porcelain insulation resistance was relatively constant at about 50,000 MΩ. The insulation resistance gradually decreased at higher injection volts. Material mixture with composition 33 wt% kaolin, 15 wt% ball clay, 32 wt feldspar and 20 wt% quartz was recommended for best ECPI.
Okolo et al. reported on the use of Nigerian clays from different clay deposits in Anambra State in producing ECPI with major objective of determining the insulation resistance of the insulator. Mixtures of the clay, feldspar and quartz of varying composition were used to produce the porcelain insulator [40]. The mixed samples were fired at 900°C after glazing, before sintering at 1250°C. The porcelain insulation resistance was found to increase up to 1.13 GΩ ohms as the clay content reduced at injection of 5000 volts. The best porcelain insulators was found to consist of a combination of 50 wt% clay, 30 wt% feldspar and 20 wt% quartz for Nwafija clay mixture and 60 wt% clay, 25 wt% feldspar and 15 wt% wt% clay for Ekwulobia and Iva valley clays. The work concluded that very low content of non-plastic material led to distortion and high firing shrinkage while very high content resulted to disintegration of the porcelain insulators and vitrification leading to cracking.
Andualem et al. investigated the suitability of local raw materials available in Ethiopia for ECPI production [1]. The quantity of quartz was kept at constant weight of 10 wt% while the weight of feldspar and clay were varied. XRD, AAS, and TGA were used to characterize the individual materials. The materials were mixed, ground and sieved at about 45 to 75 micro meters. Different firing temperatures of 1000°C, 1100°C, 1200°C and 1300°C were utilized. The result indicated that water absorption (and consequently corrosion) decreased as firing temperature increased reaching almost zero at 1300°C. This was as a result of the melting of feldspar at higher temperature. Expectedly, increase in temperature resulted to an increase in the bulk density of the ECPI since water absorption has an inverse relation with bulk density. However, increase in feldspar to clay ratio led to a decrease in the bulk density due to the large amount of viscous liquid phase from the melted feldspar. The dielectric strength of the porcelain insulator increased with increasing firing temperature with maximum of 8 kV/mm attained at 1300°C. This was due to increased vitrification range at higher temperature. The mixture analysis showed that relatively equal proportion of feldspar and kaolin/clay showed better dielectric strength.
Low voltages (500 V to 2000 V): Electrical ceramic porcelain insulator with percentage composition ranges of kaolin 30–50%, feldspar 20–30% and quartz 25–35% at firing temperature of up to 1300°C can be suggested for low voltages.
High voltages (˃2000 V): Electrical ceramic porcelain insulator with the percentage composition ranges kaolin 20–25%, plastic clay 7–10%, feldspar 30–35%, quartz 30–35% and talc 2% at a firing temperature of up to 1250°C can be suggested for high voltages.
Humid geographical locations: The porcelain with percentage composition of kaolin 30%, ball clay 10%, feldspar 22% and quartz 38% with firing temperature of 1300°C. This porcelain will have the least moisture absorption in a humid environment.
The present paper reviewed the production and characterization of electric porcelain insulators reported by authors using local raw materials. The three major factors for good electrical ceramic porcelain insulators are the percentage composition of the raw materials, the fine nature of the raw materials and the firing temperature. The best percentage composition of porcelain is that which allows minimal water absorption and apparent porosity (kaolin 30%; feldspar 22%; quartz 38%). The fine nature of the porcelain plays a major role in improving the bulk density, total shrinkage, mechanical strength and electrical resistance. The firing temperature of up 1300°C is very good for the vitirification of electrical porcelain. It is important to note the chemical composition of the raw materials differs, so the need to access it is vital to obtaining a quality product. The study concludes that standard and acceptable electric porcelain insulators can be produced from the local raw materials.
Future research suggestions for improved standard porcelain insulators,
The use of local materials for the production of high voltage ECPI should be investigated.
Further research should be channeled towards possible full/partial substitution of feldspar by recyclable and economic material with high alkaline content which may increase the glassy phase at reduced firing temperature.
The potentials of replacing silica with alumina in the feed mixture should be investigated for better quality porcelain insulator.
The chemical structure of the mixtures before and after firing should be investigated to provide more insight into their effect on the properties/thermal properties of the produced porcelain insulators.
The authors are grateful to TETFund Nigeria and hereby acknowledge the body for the award of NRF grant in 2019 which enabled the research on electrical Porcelain.
AAS | Atomic Adsorption spectroscopy |
ECPI | Electrical ceramic porcelain insulator |
FEG-SEM | Field emission gun scanning electron microscope |
PHCN | Power holding company of Nigeria |
MW | Megawatts |
SEM | Scanning electron microscope |
TGA | Thermogravimetric Analysis |
UTM | Universal testing machine |
UV-Ray | Ultra violet ray |
XRD | X-ray diffraction |
IntechOpen publishes different types of publications
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It is enshrined in posterior cranial fossa behind the pons and medulla oblongata and separated from these structures by cavity of fourth ventricle. It is connected to brainstem by three fibre tracts known as cerebellar peduncles. Cerebellum controls the same side of body. It precisely coordinates skilled voluntary movements by controlling strength, duration and force of contraction, so that they are smooth, balanced and accurate. It is also responsible for maintaining equilibrium, muscle tone and posture of the body. This is achieved through the use of somatic sensory information in modulating the motor output from the cerebrum and brainstem. Sherrington regarded cerebellum as the head ganglion of the proprioceptive system. Dysfunction of cerebellum along with degenerative diseases of cerebellum such as spinocerebellar ataxia, multiple sclerosis, malignant tumours, etc. may culminate into disequilibrium, hypotonia, difficulty in talking, sleeping, maintaining muscular coordination and dyssynergia which at times may be life threatening. Hence, knowledge of anatomy of cerebellum is imperative for neuroanatomists and neurosurgeons.",book:{id:"9157",slug:"neurodegenerative-diseases-molecular-mechanisms-and-current-therapeutic-approaches",title:"Neurodegenerative Diseases",fullTitle:"Neurodegenerative Diseases - Molecular Mechanisms and Current Therapeutic Approaches"},signatures:"Rajani Singh",authors:[{id:"319468",title:"Dr.",name:"Rajani",middleName:null,surname:"Singh",slug:"rajani-singh",fullName:"Rajani Singh"}]},{id:"55773",title:"Event-Related Potentials for the Study of Cognition",slug:"event-related-potentials-for-the-study-of-cognition",totalDownloads:1528,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:3,abstract:"Despite the vast literature on event-related potentials (ERPs), many clinical professionals are still unaware of the huge variety of possible applications they offer. The aim of this chapter is not to show the classical use of ERPs, focused on analyzing the first steps of information processing (sensory pathways). On the contrary, this chapter will be focused on the use of these ERPs in the assessment of cognitive function. In particular, this chapter is mainly focused on the use of ERPs to better understand the neural bases of cognitive impairment from the electrical activity of the brain. Describing all the possible ERP components and their cognitive meaning is a huge endeavor, and this chapter will only be focused on three of them: contingent negative variation (CNV), mismatch negativity (MMN), and P300. To improve the reader’s knowledge about these ERPs in cognition, a specific description will be given about the stimulation required to obtain the specific component, the topography, and latency shown. Moreover, a description of the neurophysiological bases of the component, its relationship with psychological processes and neural sources will be also included. Pathological alterations suffered by the component will also be briefly described.",book:{id:"5751",slug:"event-related-potentials-and-evoked-potentials",title:"Event-Related Potentials and Evoked Potentials",fullTitle:"Event-Related Potentials and Evoked Potentials"},signatures:"Manuel Vazquez-Marrufo",authors:[{id:"189375",title:"Dr.",name:"Manuel",middleName:null,surname:"Vazquez-Marrufo",slug:"manuel-vazquez-marrufo",fullName:"Manuel Vazquez-Marrufo"}]},{id:"46092",title:"A Practical Guide to an fMRI Experiment",slug:"a-practical-guide-to-an-fmri-experiment",totalDownloads:3147,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,abstract:null,book:{id:"4461",slug:"advanced-brain-neuroimaging-topics-in-health-and-disease-methods-and-applications",title:"Advanced Brain Neuroimaging Topics in Health and Disease",fullTitle:"Advanced Brain Neuroimaging Topics in Health and Disease - Methods and Applications"},signatures:"Nasser Kashou",authors:[{id:"77988",title:"Dr.",name:"Nasser",middleName:"H",surname:"Kashou",slug:"nasser-kashou",fullName:"Nasser Kashou"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"1059",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[{id:"81566",title:"New and Emerging Technologies for Integrative Ambulatory Autonomic Assessment and Intervention as a Catalyst in the Synergy of Remote Geocoded Biosensing, Algorithmic Networked Cloud Computing, Deep Learning, and Regenerative/Biomic Medicine: Further Real",slug:"new-and-emerging-technologies-for-integrative-ambulatory-autonomic-assessment-and-intervention-as-a-",totalDownloads:17,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104092",abstract:"While the important role of the autonomic nervous system (ANS) has been historically underappreciated, recently there has been a rapid proliferation of empirical, methodological and theoretical progress in our more detailed understanding of the ANS. Previous more simplistic models of the role of the ANS using the construct of homeostasis have been enhanced by the use of the construct of allostasis and a wide variety of technological innovations including wearable and implantable biosensors have led to improved understanding of both basic and applied knowledge. This chapter will explore in particular heart rate variability (HRV) as a rich variable which has developed an extensive literature, beginning with predicting all-cause mortality, but now encompassing a wide variety of disease and illness states; cognitive, affective and behavioral processes and performance optimization. A critical analysis of HRV from the perspective of complex adaptive systems and non-linear processes will be included and innovative future uses of HRV will be described.",book:{id:"10835",title:"Autonomic Nervous System - Special Interest Topics",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10835.jpg"},signatures:"Robert L. Drury"},{id:"80895",title:"Heart Rate Variability as a Marker of Homeostatic Level",slug:"heart-rate-variability-as-a-marker-of-homeostatic-level",totalDownloads:35,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.102500",abstract:"Many variables have been used as homeostatic level markers. Heart Rate Variability (HRV) has been frequently cited as an indicator of homeostatic status. Low levels of HRV are associated with aging, disease, or increased risk of death. We present a study based on more than 10.5 million data collected from the literature, associating the degree of global clinical impairment of individuals, with their respective HRV data, seeking to establish a classification of Homeostatic Levels. Three specific variables were evaluated: heart rate (HR), the root-mean-square of successive differences between adjacent normal RR intervals in a time interval (RMSSD) and the HF band (HF ms2). It was possible to detect significant differences between the 83,927 data from healthy individuals and the 382,039 data from individuals with significant homeostatic impairment. It was demonstrated that the RMSSD is very sensitive to the worst homeostatic state, presenting a behavior independent of age and that the values found in the general population do not match the values of apparently healthy individuals. An alphanumeric classification of the homeostatic level in a three-level architecture was proposed, with three stages for each level, which may be extremely useful in prognostic assessment and decision-making about individual people.",book:{id:"10835",title:"Autonomic Nervous System - Special Interest Topics",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10835.jpg"},signatures:"Moacir Fernandes de Godoy and Michele Lima Gregório"},{id:"80433",title:"Heart Autonomic Nervous System: Basic Science and Clinical Implications",slug:"heart-autonomic-nervous-system-basic-science-and-clinical-implications",totalDownloads:65,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101718",abstract:"The heart has an intrinsic conduction system that consists of specialized cells. The heart receives extensive innervation by both sympathetic and parasympathetic systems of the ANS. The ANS influences most heart functions by affecting the SA node, AV node, myocardium, and small and large vessel walls. The sympathetic system carries an excitatory effect on heart functions. Conversely, the parasympathetic system has inhibitory effects on heart functions. ANS abnormalities in terms of anatomy and physiology can cause various heart abnormalities. ANS abnormalities associated with electrical abnormalities can cause a variety of heart manifestations. Besides electrical abnormalities, ANS also correlates with ischemic heart disease. Following electrical and ischemic instability, ANS also have direct effect on action potential duration restitution. By understanding the mechanism of influence of the anatomy and physiology of the ANS heart and its influence on various heart abnormalities, we can determine the appropriate therapeutic approaches. Therapeutic approaches in neurocardiology fall into two focuses: applying novel treatment and interaction of non-drug and multiple drugs treatments.",book:{id:"10835",title:"Autonomic Nervous System - Special Interest Topics",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10835.jpg"},signatures:"Elvan Wiyarta and Nayla Karima"},{id:"80316",title:"Central Control of the Larynx in Mammals",slug:"central-control-of-the-larynx-in-mammals",totalDownloads:45,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.102009",abstract:"Speech is a complex process that requires the coordination of multiple structures of the phonatory system regulated by the central nervous system. Specifically, the larynx is the key point necessary for the vocal folds to come into contact to convert the air that comes out of our lungs into sound. Vocal emission involves the genesis of a precise and prolonged expiration that provides an adequate pressure/air flow component to generate a subglottic pressure compatible with vocalization. The starting point for voluntary vocal production is the laryngeal motor cortex (LMC), a common structure in mammals, although the specific location within the cortex differs in humans. LCM projects to the periaqueductal gray matter (PGM), which leads to pontomedullary structures to locate the generators of laryngeal-respiratory motor patterns, necessary for vocal emission. All these regions present a high expression of FOXP2 transcription factor, necessary for brain and lung development that is closely related to vocalization. These central structures have in common that not only convey cardiorespiratory responses to environmental stress but also support vocalization. At clinical level, recent studies show that central circuits responsible for vocalization present an overactivity in certain speech disorders such as spasmodic dysphonia due to laryngeal dystonia.",book:{id:"10835",title:"Autonomic Nervous System - Special Interest Topics",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10835.jpg"},signatures:"Manuel Víctor López-González, Marta González-García, Laura Carrillo-Franco, Amelia Díaz-Casares and Marc Stefan Dawid-Milner"},{id:"80402",title:"General Anesthesia and Autonomic Nervous System: Control and Management in Neurosurgery",slug:"general-anesthesia-and-autonomic-nervous-system-control-and-management-in-neurosurgery",totalDownloads:70,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101829",abstract:"The chapter is devoted to the control and management of the autonomic nervous system during general anesthesia in neurosurgery. The brainstem and supratentorial cerebral centers of autonomic regulation are the most important structures for control and management during general anesthesia using pharmacological defense with α2-adrenergic agonists and opioid analgesics. We discuss the questions of the depth of anesthesia (BIS-monitoring) and antinociceptive defense, variability of heart rate (variational cardiointervalometry), hemodynamic monitoring during neurosurgical operation, intraoperative thermometry, the meaning of trigeminocardiac reflex and its classification in neurosurgery, perioperative events causing autonomic distress syndrome development and methods of its prophylaxis and treatment, pathomorphological signs of vegetative distress syndrome. Control of the neuromuscular block and photoplethysmography assessment of perfusion index (PI) as methods of the adequacy of general anesthesia and neurovegetative stability.",book:{id:"10835",title:"Autonomic Nervous System - Special Interest Topics",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10835.jpg"},signatures:"Irina Alexandrovna Savvina, Anna Olegovna Petrova and Yulia Mikhailovna Zabrodskaya"},{id:"80035",title:"Healthy Lifestyle, Autonomic Nervous System Activity, and Sleep Status for Healthy Aging",slug:"healthy-lifestyle-autonomic-nervous-system-activity-and-sleep-status-for-healthy-aging",totalDownloads:72,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101837",abstract:"With the super-aging society, it is important to pay attention to the quality of life of older people so that they can face healthy aging. Lifestyle, particularly exercise, autonomic nervous system activities, and sleep status are factors that affect the quality of aging. This chapter explores how those three variables are related and what strategies can be employed to maintain and enhance these variables to prepare. (1) The combination of healthy lifestyles, adequate physical activity, healthy dietary patterns, moderate alcohol consumption, and nonsmoking were related to the risk of cardiovascular diseases. (2) For older people, being physically active is important to the improvement of their physical and mental functions and keeping them independent and mobile. The increasing HRV after exercise might be caused by increasing vagal tone and decreasing sympathetic activity. (3) To reach healthy aging, people should maintain the proper function of autonomic balance activities. This is important because slowing down the decline in sympathetic status might delay many geriatric complaints. (4) To achieve healthy aging, maintaining a healthy sleep is essential. Thus, the key to a lifestyle that facilitates healthy aging is a balance of regular physical exercise and adequate sleep, which mediates and is mediated by autonomic nervous system activity.",book:{id:"10835",title:"Autonomic Nervous System - Special Interest Topics",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10835.jpg"},signatures:"Miki Sato, Feni Betriana, Ryuichi Tanioka, Kyoko Osaka, Tetsuya Tanioka and Savina Schoenhofer"}],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:9},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:8,limit:8,total:0},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:89,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:104,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:31,numberOfPublishedChapters:314,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:11,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:141,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:8,numberOfPublishedChapters:129,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:113,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:105,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:18,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:5,numberOfOpenTopics:1,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:14,numberOfOpenTopics:5,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. 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",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/3.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"May 13th, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfPublishedBooks:8,editor:{id:"419588",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Sergio",middleName:"Alexandre",surname:"Gehrke",slug:"sergio-gehrke",fullName:"Sergio Gehrke",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000038WgMKQA0/Profile_Picture_2022-06-02T11:44:20.jpg",biography:"Dr. Sergio Alexandre Gehrke is a doctorate holder in two fields. The first is a Ph.D. in Cellular and Molecular Biology from the Pontificia Catholic University, Porto Alegre, Brazil, in 2010 and the other is an International Ph.D. in Bioengineering from the Universidad Miguel Hernandez, Elche/Alicante, Spain, obtained in 2020. In 2018, he completed a postdoctoral fellowship in Materials Engineering in the NUCLEMAT of the Pontificia Catholic University, Porto Alegre, Brazil. He is currently the Director of the Postgraduate Program in Implantology of the Bioface/UCAM/PgO (Montevideo, Uruguay), Director of the Cathedra of Biotechnology of the Catholic University of Murcia (Murcia, Spain), an Extraordinary Full Professor of the Catholic University of Murcia (Murcia, Spain) as well as the Director of the private center of research Biotecnos – Technology and Science (Montevideo, Uruguay). Applied biomaterials, cellular and molecular biology, and dental implants are among his research interests. He has published several original papers in renowned journals. In addition, he is also a Collaborating Professor in several Postgraduate programs at different universities all over the world.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidad Católica San Antonio de Murcia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},subseries:{paginationCount:2,paginationItems:[{id:"1",title:"Oral Health",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/1.jpg",editor:{id:"173955",title:"Prof.",name:"Sandra",middleName:null,surname:"Marinho",slug:"sandra-marinho",fullName:"Sandra Marinho",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRGYMQA4/Profile_Picture_2022-06-01T13:22:41.png",biography:"Dr. Sandra A. Marinho is an Associate Professor and Brazilian researcher at the State University of Paraíba (Universidade Estadual da Paraíba- UEPB), Campus VIII, located in Araruna, state of Paraíba since 2011. She holds a degree in Dentistry from the Federal University of Alfenas (UNIFAL), while her specialization and professional improvement in Stomatology took place at Hospital Heliopolis (São Paulo, SP). Her qualifications are: a specialist in Dental Imaging and Radiology, Master in Dentistry (Periodontics) from the University of São Paulo (FORP-USP, Ribeirão Preto, SP), and Doctor (Ph.D.) in Dentistry (Stomatology Clinic) from Hospital São Lucas of the Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul (HSL-PUCRS, Porto Alegre, RS). She held a postdoctoral internship at the Federal University from Jequitinhonha and Mucuri Valleys (UFVJM, Diamantina, MG). She is currently a member of the Brazilian Society for Dental Research (SBPqO) and the Brazilian Society of Stomatology and Pathology (SOBEP). Dr. Marinho's experience in Dentistry mainly covers the following subjects: oral diagnosis, oral radiology; oral medicine; lesions and oral infections; oral pathology, laser therapy and epidemiological studies.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"State University of Paraíba",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:null},{id:"2",title:"Prosthodontics and Implant Dentistry",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/2.jpg",editor:{id:"179568",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Wen Lin",middleName:null,surname:"Chai",slug:"wen-lin-chai",fullName:"Wen Lin Chai",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRHGAQA4/Profile_Picture_2022-05-23T14:31:12.png",biography:"Professor Dr. Chai Wen Lin is currently a lecturer at the Department of Restorative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry of the University of Malaya. She obtained a Master of Dental Science in 2006 and a Ph.D. in 2011. Her Ph.D. research work on the soft tissue-implant interface at the University of Sheffield has yielded several important publications in the key implant journals. She was awarded an Excellent Exchange Award by the University of Sheffield which gave her the opportunity to work at the famous Faculty of Dentistry of the University of Gothenburg, Sweden, under the tutelage of Prof. Peter Thomsen. In 2016, she was appointed as a visiting scholar at UCLA, USA, with attachment in Hospital Dentistry, and involvement in research work related to zirconia implant. In 2016, her contribution to dentistry was recognized by the Royal College of Surgeon of Edinburgh with her being awarded a Fellowship in Dental Surgery. She has authored numerous papers published both in local and international journals. She was the Editor of the Malaysian Dental Journal for several years. Her main research interests are implant-soft tissue interface, zirconia implant, photofunctionalization, 3D-oral mucosal model and pulpal regeneration.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Malaya",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Malaysia"}}},editorTwo:{id:"479686",title:"Dr.",name:"Ghee Seong",middleName:null,surname:"Lim",slug:"ghee-seong-lim",fullName:"Ghee Seong Lim",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00003ScjLZQAZ/Profile_Picture_2022-06-08T14:17:06.png",biography:"Assoc. Prof Dr. Lim Ghee Seong graduated with a Bachelor of Dental Surgery from University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur in 2008. He then pursued his Master in Clinical Dentistry, specializing in Restorative Dentistry at Newcastle University, Newcastle, UK, where he graduated with distinction. He has also been awarded the International Training Fellowship (Restorative Dentistry) from the Royal College of Surgeons. His passion for teaching then led him to join the faculty of dentistry at University Malaya and he has since became a valuable lecturer and clinical specialist in the Department of Restorative Dentistry. He is currently the removable prosthodontic undergraduate year 3 coordinator, head of the undergraduate module on occlusion and a member of the multidisciplinary team for the TMD clinic. He has previous membership in the British Society for Restorative Dentistry, the Malaysian Association of Aesthetic Dentistry and he is currently a lifetime member of the Malaysian Association for Prosthodontics. Currently, he is also the examiner for the Restorative Specialty Membership Examinations, Royal College of Surgeons, England. He has authored and co-authored handful of both local and international journal articles. His main interest is in prosthodontics, dental material, TMD and regenerative dentistry.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Malaya",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Malaysia"}}},editorThree:null,editorialBoard:null}]},overviewPageOFChapters:{paginationCount:23,paginationItems:[{id:"82392",title:"Nanomaterials as Novel Biomarkers for Cancer Nanotheranostics: State of the Art",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105700",signatures:"Hao Yu, Zhihai Han, Cunrong Chen and Leisheng Zhang",slug:"nanomaterials-as-novel-biomarkers-for-cancer-nanotheranostics-state-of-the-art",totalDownloads:0,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Biotechnology - Biosensors, Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering - Annual Volume 2022",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11405.jpg",subseries:{id:"9",title:"Biotechnology - Biosensors, Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering"}}},{id:"82184",title:"Biological Sensing Using Infrared SPR Devices Based on ZnO",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104562",signatures:"Hiroaki Matsui",slug:"biological-sensing-using-infrared-spr-devices-based-on-zno",totalDownloads:3,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:[{name:"Hiroaki",surname:"Matsui"}],book:{title:"Biosignal Processing",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11153.jpg",subseries:{id:"7",title:"Bioinformatics and Medical Informatics"}}},{id:"82122",title:"Recent Advances in Biosensing in Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104922",signatures:"Alma T. Banigo, Chigozie A. Nnadiekwe and Emmanuel M. Beasi",slug:"recent-advances-in-biosensing-in-tissue-engineering-and-regenerative-medicine",totalDownloads:12,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Biosignal Processing",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11153.jpg",subseries:{id:"7",title:"Bioinformatics and Medical Informatics"}}},{id:"82080",title:"The Clinical Usefulness of Prostate Cancer Biomarkers: Current and Future Directions",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.103172",signatures:"Donovan McGrowder, Lennox Anderson-Jackson, Lowell Dilworth, Shada Mohansingh, Melisa Anderson Cross, Sophia Bryan, Fabian Miller, Cameil Wilson-Clarke, Chukwuemeka Nwokocha, Ruby Alexander-Lindo and Shelly McFarlane",slug:"the-clinical-usefulness-of-prostate-cancer-biomarkers-current-and-future-directions",totalDownloads:14,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Cancer Bioinformatics",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10661.jpg",subseries:{id:"7",title:"Bioinformatics and Medical Informatics"}}}]},overviewPagePublishedBooks:{paginationCount:12,paginationItems:[{type:"book",id:"6692",title:"Medical and Biological Image Analysis",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6692.jpg",slug:"medical-and-biological-image-analysis",publishedDate:"July 4th 2018",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Robert Koprowski",hash:"e75f234a0fc1988d9816a94e4c724deb",volumeInSeries:1,fullTitle:"Medical and Biological Image Analysis",editors:[{id:"50150",title:"Prof.",name:"Robert",middleName:null,surname:"Koprowski",slug:"robert-koprowski",fullName:"Robert Koprowski",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYTYNQA4/Profile_Picture_1630478535317",biography:"Robert Koprowski, MD (1997), PhD (2003), Habilitation (2015), is an employee of the University of Silesia, Poland, Institute of Computer Science, Department of Biomedical Computer Systems. For 20 years, he has studied the analysis and processing of biomedical images, emphasizing the full automation of measurement for a large inter-individual variability of patients. Dr. Koprowski has authored more than a hundred research papers with dozens in impact factor (IF) journals and has authored or co-authored six books. Additionally, he is the author of several national and international patents in the field of biomedical devices and imaging. 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Vikhe",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/323731/images/13613_n.jpg",biography:"Dr Deepak M.Vikhe .\n\n\t\n\tDr Deepak M.Vikhe , completed his Masters & PhD in Prosthodontics from Rural Dental College, Loni securing third rank in the Pravara Institute of Medical Sciences Deemed University. He was awarded Dr.G.C.DAS Memorial Award for Research on Implants at 39th IPS conference Dubai (U A E).He has two patents under his name. He has received Dr.Saraswati medal award for best research for implant study in 2017.He has received Fully funded scholarship to Spain ,university of Santiago de Compostela. He has completed fellowship in Implantlogy from Noble Biocare. \nHe has attended various conferences and CDE programmes and has national publications to his credit. His field of interest is in Implant supported prosthesis. Presently he is working as a associate professor in the Dept of Prosthodontics, Rural Dental College, Loni and maintains a successful private practice specialising in Implantology at Rahata.\n\nEmail: drdeepak_mvikhe@yahoo.com..................",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Pravara Institute of Medical Sciences",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"204110",title:"Dr.",name:"Ahmed A.",middleName:null,surname:"Madfa",slug:"ahmed-a.-madfa",fullName:"Ahmed A. Madfa",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/204110/images/system/204110.jpg",biography:"Dr. Madfa is currently Associate Professor of Endodontics at Thamar University and a visiting lecturer at Sana'a University and University of Sciences and Technology. He has more than 6 years of experience in teaching. His research interests include root canal morphology, functionally graded concept, dental biomaterials, epidemiology and dental education, biomimetic restoration, finite element analysis and endodontic regeneration. Dr. Madfa has numerous international publications, full articles, two patents, a book and a book chapter. Furthermore, he won 14 international scientific awards. Furthermore, he is involved in many academic activities ranging from editorial board member, reviewer for many international journals and postgraduate students' supervisor. Besides, I deliver many courses and training workshops at various scientific events. Dr. Madfa also regularly attends international conferences and holds administrative positions (Deputy Dean of the Faculty for Students’ & Academic Affairs and Deputy Head of Research Unit).",institutionString:"Thamar University",institution:null},{id:"210472",title:"Dr.",name:"Nermin",middleName:"Mohammed Ahmed",surname:"Yussif",slug:"nermin-yussif",fullName:"Nermin Yussif",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/210472/images/system/210472.jpg",biography:"Dr. Nermin Mohammed Ahmed Yussif is working at the Faculty of dentistry, University for October university for modern sciences and arts (MSA). Her areas of expertise include: periodontology, dental laserology, oral implantology, periodontal plastic surgeries, oral mesotherapy, nutrition, dental pharmacology. She is an editor and reviewer in numerous international journals.",institutionString:"MSA University",institution:null},{id:"204606",title:"Dr.",name:"Serdar",middleName:null,surname:"Gözler",slug:"serdar-gozler",fullName:"Serdar Gözler",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/204606/images/system/204606.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Serdar Gözler has completed his undergraduate studies at the Marmara University Faculty of Dentistry in 1978, followed by an assistantship in the Prosthesis Department of Dicle University Faculty of Dentistry. Starting his PhD work on non-resilient overdentures with Assoc. Prof. Hüsnü Yavuzyılmaz, he continued his studies with Prof. Dr. Gürbüz Öztürk of Istanbul University Faculty of Dentistry Department of Prosthodontics, this time on Gnatology. He attended training programs on occlusion, neurology, neurophysiology, EMG, radiology and biostatistics. In 1982, he presented his PhD thesis \\Gerber and Lauritzen Occlusion Analysis Techniques: Diagnosis Values,\\ at Istanbul University School of Dentistry, Department of Prosthodontics. As he was also working with Prof. Senih Çalıkkocaoğlu on The Physiology of Chewing at the same time, Gözler has written a chapter in Çalıkkocaoğlu\\'s book \\Complete Prostheses\\ entitled \\The Place of Neuromuscular Mechanism in Prosthetic Dentistry.\\ The book was published five times since by the Istanbul University Publications. Having presented in various conferences about occlusion analysis until 1998, Dr. Gözler has also decided to use the T-Scan II occlusion analysis method. Having been personally trained by Dr. Robert Kerstein on this method, Dr. Gözler has been lecturing on the T-Scan Occlusion Analysis Method in conferences both in Turkey and abroad. Dr. Gözler has various articles and presentations on Digital Occlusion Analysis methods. He is now Head of the TMD Clinic at Prosthodontic Department of Faculty of Dentistry , Istanbul Aydın University , Turkey.",institutionString:"Istanbul Aydin University",institution:{name:"Istanbul Aydın University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"240870",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Alaa Eddin Omar",middleName:null,surname:"Al Ostwani",slug:"alaa-eddin-omar-al-ostwani",fullName:"Alaa Eddin Omar Al Ostwani",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/240870/images/system/240870.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Al Ostwani Alaa Eddin Omar received his Master in dentistry from Damascus University in 2010, and his Ph.D. in Pediatric Dentistry from Damascus University in 2014. Dr. Al Ostwani is an assistant professor and faculty member at IUST University since 2014. \nDuring his academic experience, he has received several awards including the scientific research award from the Union of Arab Universities, the Syrian gold medal and the international gold medal for invention and creativity. Dr. Al Ostwani is a Member of the International Association of Dental Traumatology and the Syrian Society for Research and Preventive Dentistry since 2017. He is also a Member of the Reviewer Board of International Journal of Dental Medicine (IJDM), and the Indian Journal of Conservative and Endodontics since 2016.",institutionString:"International University for Science and Technology.",institution:{name:"Islamic University of Science and Technology",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"42847",title:"Dr.",name:"Belma",middleName:null,surname:"Işik Aslan",slug:"belma-isik-aslan",fullName:"Belma Işik Aslan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/42847/images/system/42847.jpg",biography:"Dr. Belma IşIk Aslan was born in 1976 in Ankara-TURKEY. After graduating from TED Ankara College in 1994, she attended to Gazi University, Faculty of Dentistry in Ankara. She completed her PhD in orthodontic education at Gazi University between 1999-2005. Dr. Işık Aslan stayed at the Providence Hospital Craniofacial Institude and Reconstructive Surgery in Michigan, USA for three months as an observer. She worked as a specialist doctor at Gazi University, Dentistry Faculty, Department of Orthodontics between 2005-2014. She was appointed as associate professor in January, 2014 and as professor in 2021. Dr. Işık Aslan still works as an instructor at the same faculty. She has published a total of 35 articles, 10 book chapters, 39 conference proceedings both internationally and nationally. Also she was the academic editor of the international book 'Current Advances in Orthodontics'. She is a member of the Turkish Orthodontic Society and Turkish Cleft Lip and Palate Society. She is married and has 2 children. Her knowledge of English is at an advanced level.",institutionString:"Gazi University Dentistry Faculty Department of Orthodontics",institution:null},{id:"178412",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Guhan",middleName:null,surname:"Dergin",slug:"guhan-dergin",fullName:"Guhan Dergin",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/178412/images/6954_n.jpg",biography:"Assoc. Prof. Dr. Gühan Dergin was born in 1973 in Izmit. He graduated from Marmara University Faculty of Dentistry in 1999. He completed his specialty of OMFS surgery in Marmara University Faculty of Dentistry and obtained his PhD degree in 2006. In 2005, he was invited as a visiting doctor in the Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Department of the University of North Carolina, USA, where he went on a scholarship. Dr. Dergin still continues his academic career as an associate professor in Marmara University Faculty of Dentistry. He has many articles in international and national scientific journals and chapters in books.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Marmara University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"178414",title:"Prof.",name:"Yusuf",middleName:null,surname:"Emes",slug:"yusuf-emes",fullName:"Yusuf Emes",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/178414/images/6953_n.jpg",biography:"Born in Istanbul in 1974, Dr. Emes graduated from Istanbul University Faculty of Dentistry in 1997 and completed his PhD degree in Istanbul University faculty of Dentistry Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery in 2005. He has papers published in international and national scientific journals, including research articles on implantology, oroantral fistulas, odontogenic cysts, and temporomandibular disorders. Dr. Emes is currently working as a full-time academic staff in Istanbul University faculty of Dentistry Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Istanbul University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"192229",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Ana Luiza",middleName:null,surname:"De Carvalho Felippini",slug:"ana-luiza-de-carvalho-felippini",fullName:"Ana Luiza De Carvalho Felippini",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/192229/images/system/192229.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:"University of São Paulo",institution:{name:"University of Sao Paulo",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"256851",title:"Prof.",name:"Ayşe",middleName:null,surname:"Gülşen",slug:"ayse-gulsen",fullName:"Ayşe Gülşen",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/256851/images/9696_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Ayşe Gülşen graduated in 1990 from Faculty of Dentistry, University of Ankara and did a postgraduate program at University of Gazi. \nShe worked as an observer and research assistant in Craniofacial Surgery Departments in New York, Providence Hospital in Michigan and Chang Gung Memorial Hospital in Taiwan. \nShe works as Craniofacial Orthodontist in Department of Aesthetic, Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Gazi, Ankara Turkey since 2004.",institutionString:"Univeristy of Gazi",institution:null},{id:"255366",title:"Prof.",name:"Tosun",middleName:null,surname:"Tosun",slug:"tosun-tosun",fullName:"Tosun Tosun",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/255366/images/7347_n.jpg",biography:"Graduated at the Faculty of Dentistry, University of Istanbul, Turkey in 1989;\nVisitor Assistant at the University of Padua, Italy and Branemark Osseointegration Center of Treviso, Italy between 1993-94;\nPhD thesis on oral implantology in University of Istanbul and was awarded the academic title “Dr.med.dent.”, 1997;\nHe was awarded the academic title “Doç.Dr.” (Associated Professor) in 2003;\nProficiency in Botulinum Toxin Applications, Reading-UK in 2009;\nMastership, RWTH Certificate in Laser Therapy in Dentistry, AALZ-Aachen University, Germany 2009-11;\nMaster of Science (MSc) in Laser Dentistry, University of Genoa, Italy 2013-14.\n\nDr.Tosun worked as Research Assistant in the Department of Oral Implantology, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Istanbul between 1990-2002. \nHe worked part-time as Consultant surgeon in Harvard Medical International Hospitals and John Hopkins Medicine, Istanbul between years 2007-09.\u2028He was contract Professor in the Department of Surgical and Diagnostic Sciences (DI.S.C.), Medical School, University of Genova, Italy between years 2011-16. \nSince 2015 he is visiting Professor at Medical School, University of Plovdiv, Bulgaria. \nCurrently he is Associated Prof.Dr. at the Dental School, Oral Surgery Dept., Istanbul Aydin University and since 2003 he works in his own private clinic in Istanbul, Turkey.\u2028\nDr.Tosun is reviewer in journal ‘Laser in Medical Sciences’, reviewer in journal ‘Folia Medica\\', a Fellow of the International Team for Implantology, Clinical Lecturer of DGZI German Association of Oral Implantology, Expert Lecturer of Laser&Health Academy, Country Representative of World Federation for Laser Dentistry, member of European Federation of Periodontology, member of Academy of Laser Dentistry. Dr.Tosun presents papers in international and national congresses and has scientific publications in international and national journals. He speaks english, spanish, italian and french.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Istanbul Aydın University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"171887",title:"Prof.",name:"Zühre",middleName:null,surname:"Akarslan",slug:"zuhre-akarslan",fullName:"Zühre Akarslan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/171887/images/system/171887.jpg",biography:"Zühre Akarslan was born in 1977 in Cyprus. She graduated from Gazi University Faculty of Dentistry, Ankara, Turkey in 2000. \r\nLater she received her Ph.D. degree from the Oral Diagnosis and Radiology Department; which was recently renamed as Oral and Dentomaxillofacial Radiology, from the same university. \r\nShe is working as a full-time Associate Professor and is a lecturer and an academic researcher. \r\nHer expertise areas are dental caries, cancer, dental fear and anxiety, gag reflex in dentistry, oral medicine, and dentomaxillofacial radiology.",institutionString:"Gazi University",institution:{name:"Gazi University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"256417",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Sanaz",middleName:null,surname:"Sadry",slug:"sanaz-sadry",fullName:"Sanaz Sadry",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/256417/images/8106_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"272237",title:"Dr.",name:"Pinar",middleName:"Kiymet",surname:"Karataban",slug:"pinar-karataban",fullName:"Pinar Karataban",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/272237/images/8911_n.png",biography:"Assist.Prof.Dr.Pınar Kıymet Karataban, DDS PhD \n\nDr.Pınar Kıymet Karataban was born in Istanbul in 1975. After her graduation from Marmara University Faculty of Dentistry in 1998 she started her PhD in Paediatric Dentistry focused on children with special needs; mainly children with Cerebral Palsy. She finished her pHD thesis entitled \\'Investigation of occlusion via cast analysis and evaluation of dental caries prevalance, periodontal status and muscle dysfunctions in children with cerebral palsy” in 2008. She got her Assist. Proffessor degree in Istanbul Aydın University Paediatric Dentistry Department in 2015-2018. ın 2019 she started her new career in Bahcesehir University, Istanbul as Head of Department of Pediatric Dentistry. In 2020 she was accepted to BAU International University, Batumi as Professor of Pediatric Dentistry. She’s a lecturer in the same university meanwhile working part-time in private practice in Ege Dental Studio (https://www.egedisklinigi.com/) a multidisciplinary dental clinic in Istanbul. Her main interests are paleodontology, ancient and contemporary dentistry, oral microbiology, cerebral palsy and special care dentistry. She has national and international publications, scientific reports and is a member of IAPO (International Association for Paleodontology), IADH (International Association of Disability and Oral Health) and EAPD (European Association of Pediatric Dentistry).",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"202198",title:"Dr.",name:"Buket",middleName:null,surname:"Aybar",slug:"buket-aybar",fullName:"Buket Aybar",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/202198/images/6955_n.jpg",biography:"Buket Aybar, DDS, PhD, was born in 1971. She graduated from Istanbul University, Faculty of Dentistry, in 1992 and completed her PhD degree on Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery in Istanbul University in 1997.\nDr. Aybar is currently a full-time professor in Istanbul University, Faculty of Dentistry Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery. She has teaching responsibilities in graduate and postgraduate programs. Her clinical practice includes mainly dentoalveolar surgery.\nHer topics of interest are biomaterials science and cell culture studies. She has many articles in international and national scientific journals and chapters in books; she also has participated in several scientific projects supported by Istanbul University Research fund.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"260116",title:"Dr.",name:"Mehmet",middleName:null,surname:"Yaltirik",slug:"mehmet-yaltirik",fullName:"Mehmet Yaltirik",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/260116/images/7413_n.jpg",biography:"Birth Date 25.09.1965\r\nBirth Place Adana- Turkey\r\nSex Male\r\nMarrial Status Bachelor\r\nDriving License Acquired\r\nMother Tongue Turkish\r\n\r\nAddress:\r\nWork:University of Istanbul,Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Oral Surgery and Oral Medicine 34093 Capa,Istanbul- TURKIYE",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"172009",title:"Dr.",name:"Fatma Deniz",middleName:null,surname:"Uzuner",slug:"fatma-deniz-uzuner",fullName:"Fatma Deniz Uzuner",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/172009/images/7122_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Deniz Uzuner was born in 1969 in Kocaeli-TURKEY. After graduating from TED Ankara College in 1986, she attended the Hacettepe University, Faculty of Dentistry in Ankara. \nIn 1993 she attended the Gazi University, Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Orthodontics for her PhD education. After finishing the PhD education, she worked as orthodontist in Ankara Dental Hospital under the Turkish Government, Ministry of Health and in a special Orthodontic Clinic till 2011. Between 2011 and 2016, Dr. Deniz Uzuner worked as a specialist in the Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Gazi University in Ankara/Turkey. In 2016, she was appointed associate professor. Dr. Deniz Uzuner has authored 23 Journal Papers, 3 Book Chapters and has had 39 oral/poster presentations. She is a member of the Turkish Orthodontic Society. Her knowledge of English is at an advanced level.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"332914",title:"Dr.",name:"Muhammad Saad",middleName:null,surname:"Shaikh",slug:"muhammad-saad-shaikh",fullName:"Muhammad Saad Shaikh",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Jinnah Sindh Medical University",country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"315775",title:"Dr.",name:"Feng",middleName:null,surname:"Luo",slug:"feng-luo",fullName:"Feng Luo",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sichuan University",country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"423519",title:"Dr.",name:"Sizakele",middleName:null,surname:"Ngwenya",slug:"sizakele-ngwenya",fullName:"Sizakele Ngwenya",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of the Witwatersrand",country:{name:"South Africa"}}},{id:"419270",title:"Dr.",name:"Ann",middleName:null,surname:"Chianchitlert",slug:"ann-chianchitlert",fullName:"Ann Chianchitlert",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Walailak University",country:{name:"Thailand"}}},{id:"419271",title:"Dr.",name:"Diane",middleName:null,surname:"Selvido",slug:"diane-selvido",fullName:"Diane Selvido",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Walailak University",country:{name:"Thailand"}}},{id:"419272",title:"Dr.",name:"Irin",middleName:null,surname:"Sirisoontorn",slug:"irin-sirisoontorn",fullName:"Irin Sirisoontorn",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Walailak University",country:{name:"Thailand"}}},{id:"355660",title:"Dr.",name:"Anitha",middleName:null,surname:"Mani",slug:"anitha-mani",fullName:"Anitha Mani",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"SRM Dental College",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"355612",title:"Dr.",name:"Janani",middleName:null,surname:"Karthikeyan",slug:"janani-karthikeyan",fullName:"Janani Karthikeyan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"SRM Dental College",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"334400",title:"Dr.",name:"Suvetha",middleName:null,surname:"Siva",slug:"suvetha-siva",fullName:"Suvetha Siva",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"SRM Dental College",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"334239",title:"Prof.",name:"Leung",middleName:null,surname:"Wai Keung",slug:"leung-wai-keung",fullName:"Leung Wai Keung",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Hong Kong",country:{name:"China"}}}]}},subseries:{item:{id:"20",type:"subseries",title:"Animal Nutrition",keywords:"Sustainable Animal Diets, Carbon Footprint, Meta Analyses",scope:"An essential part of animal production is nutrition. Animals need to receive a properly balanced diet. One of the new challenges we are now faced with is sustainable animal diets (STAND) that involve the 3 P’s (People, Planet, and Profitability). We must develop animal feed that does not compete with human food, use antibiotics, and explore new growth promoters options, such as plant extracts or compounds that promote feed efficiency (e.g., monensin, oils, enzymes, probiotics). These new feed options must also be environmentally friendly, reducing the Carbon footprint, CH4, N, and P emissions to the environment, with an adequate formulation of nutrients.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/20.jpg",hasOnlineFirst:!0,hasPublishedBooks:!0,annualVolume:11416,editor:{id:"175967",title:"Dr.",name:"Manuel",middleName:null,surname:"Gonzalez Ronquillo",slug:"manuel-gonzalez-ronquillo",fullName:"Manuel Gonzalez Ronquillo",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/175967/images/system/175967.png",biography:"Dr. Manuel González Ronquillo obtained his doctorate degree from the University of Zaragoza, Spain, in 2001. He is a research professor at the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Husbandry, Autonomous University of the State of Mexico. He is also a level-2 researcher. He received a Fulbright-Garcia Robles fellowship for a postdoctoral stay at the US Dairy Forage Research Center, Madison, Wisconsin, USA in 2008–2009. He received grants from Alianza del Pacifico for a stay at the University of Magallanes, Chile, in 2014, and from Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología (CONACyT) to work in the Food and Agriculture Organization’s Animal Production and Health Division (AGA), Rome, Italy, in 2014–2015. He has collaborated with researchers from different countries and published ninety-eight journal articles. He teaches various degree courses in zootechnics, sheep production, and agricultural sciences and natural resources.\n\nDr. Ronquillo’s research focuses on the evaluation of sustainable animal diets (StAnD), using native resources of the region, decreasing carbon footprint, and applying meta-analysis and mathematical models for a better understanding of animal production.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,series:{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",issn:"2632-0517"},editorialBoard:[{id:"175762",title:"Dr.",name:"Alfredo J.",middleName:null,surname:"Escribano",slug:"alfredo-j.-escribano",fullName:"Alfredo J. 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Thus proteomics, an area of research that detects all protein forms expressed in an organism, including splice isoforms and post-translational modifications, is more suitable than genomics for a comprehensive understanding of the biochemical processes that govern life. The most common proteomics applications are currently in the clinical field for the identification, in a variety of biological matrices, of biomarkers for diagnosis and therapeutic intervention of disorders. From the comparison of proteomic profiles of control and disease or different physiological states, which may emerge, changes in protein expression can provide new insights into the roles played by some proteins in human pathologies. Understanding how proteins function and interact with each other is another goal of proteomics that makes this approach even more intriguing. Specialized technology and expertise are required to assess the proteome of any biological sample. Currently, proteomics relies mainly on mass spectrometry (MS) combined with electrophoretic (1 or 2-DE-MS) and/or chromatographic techniques (LC-MS/MS). MS is an excellent tool that has gained popularity in proteomics because of its ability to gather a complex body of information such as cataloging protein expression, identifying protein modification sites, and defining protein interactions. 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