List of potential protein biomarkers that could be utilized in the diagnosis of Duchenne muscular dystrophy.
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Inactivating mutations occurring in DMD gene causes immature termination of protein translation, giving rise to C-terminally truncated protein product that fails to transmit muscle impulses, which causes increasing intracellular Ca2+ influx and thus, activating apoptotic machineries and eventually causes cell death and muscle atrophy/necrosis [2]. Death usually occurs in the third decade of life as a result of respiratory or heart failure [3].
Affected DMD boys are usually normal at birth but in early childhood they suffer from inability to get up from floor or climb stairs or run and they fell very often. Also, enlarged calf muscles (pseudo hypertrophy) are always noticed [4]. From the age of 7–12, the cases become more deteriorated, and the patients start to suffer from scoliosis [5], and joint contracture [6]. Also, patients will have an apparent reduction in bone-mineral density and will have hypocalciuria and osteoporosis [7].
Because the disease affects proximal as well as distal muscles, thus, in early teenage, DMD boys usually get respiratory infections and sleep apnea [8], and later, the patient will develop cardiomyopathy and eventually heart failure [9].
One of the dystrophin protein main functions is to stabilize the muscle tissue, since it exists and binds to sarcolemma. The absence of dystrophin will eventually lead to the increased permeability of the muscular tissue and consequently the release of the muscle proteins [10], of which the creatine kinase (CK) enzyme that is responsible for the production of phosphocreatine and ADP from creatine and ATP as part of energy homeostasis. In normal condition, normal myocytes turnover, serum levels of CK ranges from 20 to 200 U/L, however, it can be slightly increased in some neurological disorders. On the other hand, in case of DMD boys, due to the accelerated muscular destruction, it may reach higher levels reaching several thousands of units/L, and in severe muscle damage it can reach 200,000 U/L [11, 12, 13]. However, CK levels sometimes can be misleading because in advanced stages of DMD, CK levels may come within normal range due to progressive muscular atrophy [14].
CK is considered one of the most used serum biomarkers in DMD diagnosis, however, many studies were performed to detect alterations in other muscle related proteins using immunoassay and MS-based detection to screen for other potential diagnostic biomarkers (Table 1).
Tested marker | Levels (high or low) in DMD patients and/or other MDs | Location (serum/muscle) | Detection method | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|
Alkaline phosphatase (AP)-A | Elevated in Grade 1 and Grade 2 patients | Serum | Measuring enzyme activities | [15] |
AP-B | No change | |||
Gly-AP | Elevated in Grade 1 and Grade 2 | |||
Ala-AP | Elevated in Grade 1 | |||
Ser-AP | Elevated in Grade 1,2,3 | |||
Leu-AP | Elevated in Grade 1 | |||
Met-AP | No Change | |||
Phe-AP | Elevated in Grade 1,2,3 | |||
Trp-AP | Elevated h in Grade 1,2,3 | |||
Gly-pro-AP | Elevated in Grade1 Reduced in Grade 3 | |||
Gly-Pro-Leu-AP | Reduced in Grade1 and Grade 2 | |||
Trypsin | Reduced in Grade 1 | |||
Cathepsin C | Reduced in Grade 1 and Grade 2 | |||
Sulphatase | No change | |||
Phosphatase | No change | |||
Acetyl-choline esterase | Reduced in Grade 2 | |||
Esterase | Elevated in Grade 1,2,3 | |||
RNase | Reduced in Grade 1 and Grade 2 | |||
Angiotensin Converting enzyme | Reduced in Grade 3 | |||
Myostatin (Growth and differentiation factor 8; GDF8) | Elevated in DMD patients | Serum | ELISA | [16] |
Interleukin 17 | Elevated in Emery-Dreifuss MD and Limb-Girdle MD 1B | Serum | ELISA | [17, 18] |
TGF-β2 | Elevated in Emery-Dreifuss MD and Limb-Girdle MD 1B | |||
IL6 | Variable | |||
Skeletal troponin I (sTnI), | Elevated in DMD, BMD, LGMD2B | Serum | ELISA | |
Myosin light chain 3 (Myl3), | Elevated in DMD, BMD, LGMD2B | |||
Fatty acid binding protein 3 (FABP3) | Elevated in DMD, BMD, LGMD2B | |||
Muscle-type creatine kinase (CKM) | Elevated in DMD, BMD, LGMD2B | |||
N-terminal α Dystroglycan (αDG-N) | Reduced in DMD patients | Serum | ELISA | [19] |
Fibronectin | Elevated in DMD Normal in BMD | Serum | ELISA | [20] |
Basic fibroblast growth factor | Elevated in DMD patients | Serum | ELISA | [21] |
cardiac myosin light chain I | Elevated in DMD patients (correlated with CK levels) | Serum | Immunoradiometric assay | [22] |
Troponin I, fast skeletal muscle | Elevated in DMD | Serum | SOMAscan assay “Aptamer-based proteomic technology” | [23] |
Carbonic anhydrase 3 | Elevated in DMD | |||
Fatty acid-binding protein, heart | Elevated in DMD | |||
Troponin I, cardiac muscle | Elevated in DMD | |||
Creatine kinase M-type | Elevated in DMD | |||
Mitogen-activated protein kinase 12 | Elevated in DMD | |||
Alanine aminotransferase 1 | Elevated in DMD | |||
Myoglobin | Elevated in DMD | |||
Fibrinogen | Elevated in DMD | |||
Phospholipase A2, membrane associated | Elevated in DMD | |||
Acidic leucine-rich nuclear phosphoprotein 32 family member B | Elevated in DMD | |||
Hepatoma-derived growth factor-related protein 2 | Elevated in DMD | |||
40S Glucose-6-phosphate isomerase ribosomal protein S7 | Elevated in DMD | |||
Heparin cofactor 2 | Elevated in DMD | |||
Persephin | Elevated in DMD | |||
Calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II α | Elevated in DMD | |||
Malate dehydrogenase, cytoplasmic | Elevated in DMD | |||
l-lactate dehydrogenase B chain | Elevated in DMD | |||
Aminoacylase-1 | Elevated in DMD | |||
Proteosome subunit α type-2 | Elevated in DMD | |||
C-X-C motif chemokine 10 | Elevated in DMD | |||
cAMP-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit α | Elevated in DMD | |||
Heat-shock 70 kDa protein 1A/1B | Elevated in DMD | |||
Proto-oncogene tyrosine-protein kinase receptor Ret | Reduced in DMD | |||
Growth/differentiation factor 11 | Reduced in DMD | |||
Complement decay-accelerating factor | Reduced in DMD | |||
Cadherin-5 | Reduced in DMD | |||
Tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 19 L | Reduced in DMD | |||
Gelsolin | Reduced in DMD | |||
Wnt inhibitory factor 1 | Reduced in DMD | |||
Contactin-5 | Reduced in DMD | |||
Prolyl endopeptidase FAP | Reduced in DMD | |||
Jagged-1 | Reduced in DMD | |||
Netrin receptor UNC5C | Reduced in DMD | |||
Kunitz-type protease inhibitor 1 | Reduced in DMD | |||
Protein SET | Reduced in DMD | |||
Disintegrin metalloproteinase domain-containing protein 9 | Reduced in DMD | |||
Cell adhesion molecule L1-like | Reduced in DMD | |||
Osteomodulin | Reduced in DMD | |||
WAP, Kazal, Ig, Kunitz and NTR domain-containing protein 1 | Reduced in DMD | |||
Bone sialoprotein 2 | Reduced in DMD | |||
Interleukin-34 | Reduced in DMD | |||
Neurogenic locus notch homolog protein 3 | Reduced in DMD | |||
Cytoplasmic aspartate aminotransferase | Elevated in DMD | Serum | Measuring enzyme activity | [24] |
mitochondrial aspartate aminotransferase | Elevated in DMD | |||
Alanine transaminase (ALT) | Elevated in DMD | Serum | ELISA | [25] |
Aspartate transaminase (AST) | Elevated in DMD | |||
Muscle-specific enolase (MSE, beta beta and alpha beta enolases) | Elevated in DMD and another progressive muscular dystrophies | Serum | Enzyme immunoassay | [26] |
Serum carbonic anhydrase III (CA-III) | Elevated in DMD, limb-girdle dystrophy, facioscapulohumeral dystrophy and congenital dystrophy | Serum | Enzyme immunoassay | [27] |
Creatine kinase (CK) isoenzymes (MM, MB, and BB) | Elevated in DMD | Serum | Sensitive enzyme immunoassay | [28] |
Matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) | Elevated in DMD | Serum | ELISA | [29] |
Tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinase-1 (TIMP-1) | Elevated in DMD | |||
Osteopontin (OPN) | Normal | |||
MT-1-MMP | Elevated in autosomal dominant EDMD | Serum | ELISA and zymography | [30] |
MMP2 | Elevated in autosomal dominant EDMD and in X-linked EDMD | |||
MMP9 | Non-significant elevation | |||
TIMP-1 | Normal in AD-EDMD Elevated in X-linked EDMD | Serum | ELISA sandwich immunoassay | [31] |
TIMP-2 | Non-significant decrease AD-EDMD/X-EDMD cases | |||
TIMP-3 | Reduced in AD-EDMD/X-EDMD | |||
Carbonic anhydrase III (CA-III, EC 4.2.1.1) | Elevated in DMD, congenital (Fukuyama-type), limb-girdle, also elevated in: polymyositis myotonic dystrophy amyotrophic lateral sclerosis spinal progressive muscular atrophy or Kugelberg-Welander disease and in carriers of DMD | Serum | Radioimmunoassay | [32] |
Vitamin D binding protein (GC) | Reduced in DMD | Serum | 2D-HPLC off-line coupled to LC-MALDI-TOF-MS verified with ELISA | [33] |
Fibulin-1 (FBLN1) | Elevated in DMD | |||
Gelsolin (GSN) | Reduced in DMD | |||
Carbonic anhydrase 1 (CA1) | Elevated in DMD | |||
Apolipoprotein B100 | Reduced in DMD | |||
ALT, AST, LDH, and ALP | Elevated in DMD | Serum | Enzymatic assay | [34] |
ALT, AST, and LDH | Elevated in BMD and LGMD | |||
FSHD and EDMD | lack of abnormal serum enzyme levels | |||
ALP | Highly elevated in LGMD2B Elevated in non-LGMD2B | |||
Vascular endothelial growth factor | Highly elevated in BMD Elevated in Bedridden DMD, spinal muscular atrophy, myotonic dystrophy | Serum | ELISA | [35] |
Creatine kinase MB fraction | Elevated in DMD | Serum | Multiplex, microsphere-based immune-fluorescent assay | [36] |
Tissue-type plasminogen activator PLAT | Slightly elevated in DMD | |||
Myoglobin | Slightly elevated in DMD | |||
Epidermal growth factor | Slightly elevated in DMD | |||
Chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 2 | Slightly elevated in DMD | |||
CD 40 ligand | Slightly elevated in DMD | |||
Vitronectin | Slightly elevated in DMD | |||
Carboxyterminal propeptide of type I procollagen | No significant alteration | Serum | Radioimmunoassay | [37] |
Aminoterminal propeptide of type III procollagen | No significant alteration | |||
Laminin P1 | No significant alteration | |||
Creatine kinase | Elevated in DMD and BMD | Serum | Measuring enzyme activity | [38] |
Pyruvate kinase | Elevated in DMD and BMD | |||
Myosin light chain—3 | Elevated in DMD | Serum | affinity proteomics-based screening approach using an antibody suspension bead array | [39] |
Carbonic anhydrase III | Elevated in DMD | |||
Electron transfer flavoprotein A | Elevated in DMD | |||
Mitochondrial malate dehydrogenase 2 | Elevated in DMD | |||
Electron transfer flavoprotein B | Reduced in DMD | |||
Fast skeletal muscle troponin T | Elevated in DMD | |||
Matrix metalloproteinase 9 | Elevated in DMD | Serum | Immunoassay | [40] |
Matrix metalloproteinase 2 | Reduced in BMD | |||
Myostatin (GDF-8) | Reduced in DMD | |||
Follistatin (FSTN) | Elevated in DMD and BMD | |||
N-terminal fragment of titin | Elevated in DMD patients | Urine | ELISA | [41] |
List of potential protein biomarkers that could be utilized in the diagnosis of Duchenne muscular dystrophy.
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a tissue—specific class of small, non-coding RNA molecules that function as gene regulators/silencers and consequently they are considered sensitive indicators for different cellular contexts. MiRNAs act through binding to a specific region in the 3′-UTR in the target mRNA molecules, thus, inducing mRNA degradation and inhibiting the translation process [42]. The circulating levels of miRNAs in serum reflect the intracellular status and hence, they are excellent biomarkers for many pathological conditions as they can be detected from liquid biopsies and/or tissue specimens [43]. Many studies attempted to study the modulation in the levels of different miRNAs (Table 2).
microRNA | Status | Disease | Location | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|
miR-133a | Upregulated | DMD, BMD, LGMD, FSHD | Serum and skeletal muscles | [44, 45, 46, 47] |
miR-206 | Upregulated | DMD, BMD, LGMD, FSHD | Serum and skeletal muscles | |
miR-1 | Upregulated | DMD, BMD, LGMD, FSHD | Serum and skeletal muscles | |
miR-499 | Upregulated | DMD | Serum | [45] |
miR-208a | Upregulated | DMD | Serum | |
miR-208b | Upregulated | DMD | Serum | |
miR-95 | Upregulated | DMD | Serum | [48] |
miR-539 | Downregulated | DMD | Serum | |
miR-30c | Upregulated | DMD | Serum | [49] |
miR-181a | Upregulated | DMD | Serum | |
miR-21 | Downregulated | DMD | Urine | [50] |
miR-29 | Downregulated | DMD | Urine | |
miR-23 | Downregulated | DMD | Urine | |
miR-181a | Upregulated | DMD | Serum | [51] |
miR-4538 | Upregulated | DMD | Serum | |
miR-4539 | Upregulated | DMD | Serum | |
miR-606 | Upregulated | DMD | Serum | |
miR-454 | Downregulated | DMD | Serum | |
miR-483 | Upregulated | DMD | Serum | [52] |
hsa_miR_146b, hsa_miR_368, hsa_miR_381, hsa_miR_487b, hsa_miR_495, hsa_miR_376a, hsa_miR_299_5p, hsa_miR_155, hsa_miR_382, hsa_miR_199a, hsa_miR_379, hsa_miR_335, ambi_miR_5021, hsa_miR_432, hsa_miR_199b, hsa_miR_369_5p, hsa_miR_21, hsa_miR_34a, hsa_miR_199a*, hsa_miR_154, hsa_miR_221, hsa_miR_214, hsa_miR_518a_2*, hsa_miR_409_3p, hsa_miR_452, ambi_miR_2537, hsa_miR_127, hsa_miR_493_3p, hsa_miR_130a, ambi_miR_4983, ambi_miR_13145, hsa_miR_148a, hsa_miR_210, hsa_miR_485_5p, hsa_miR_299_3p, hsa_miR_134, hsa_miR_222, hsa_miR_181d, ambi_miR_13258 | Upregulated | DMD | Serum | [53] |
hsa_miR_423, hsa_miR_361, hsa_miR_197, hsa_miR_92, hsa_miR_26a, ambi_miR_7075, hsa_miR_30b, hsa_miR_30e_5p, hsa_miR_29a, ambi_miR_13156, hsa_miR_30a_5p, hsa_miR_193b, hsa_miR_331, hsa_miR_486, hsa_miR_30d, hsa_miR_29b, hsa_miR_101, hsa_miR_30c, hsa_miR_22 | Downregulated |
List of different microRNAs that could be used as potential biomarkers in the diagnosis of DMD.
In addition to the previously mentioned biomarkers, lipid profile and metabolites in the blood or urine are also very important parameters that reflect the status of the muscles and thus, they could be measured to indicate the extent of muscular dystrophy and can serve as good candidates for diagnostic purposes (Table 3).
Tested marker | Levels (high or low) | Location (serum/muscle) | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|
24,25(OH)2D3 | Reduced in DMD | Serum | [54] |
1,25(OH)2D3 | No change | ||
25(OH)D3 | No change | ||
Creatinine | Reduced in DMD, BMD, LGMD2A and LGMD2B | Serum | [55] |
Imidazole acetic acid | Reduced in DMD and LGMD2B | ||
5α Dihydrotestosterone glucuronide // androsterone glucuronide // Etiocholan-3alpha-ol-17-one 3-glucuronide | Reduced in DMD | ||
DL-p-Hydroxyphenyllactic acid // Isohomovanillic acid | Reduced in DMD | ||
Creatine | Elevated in DMD, DM1, LGMD2Aand LGMD2B | ||
Guanidinoacetic acid | Reduced in DMD, BMD, DM1 and LGMD2A | ||
p-Coumaric acid | Reduced in DMD | ||
Citrulline | Reduced in DMD | ||
5-Methoxyindoleacetate // Indoleacetic acid | Reduced in DMD | ||
L-Aspartic acid | Reduced in DMD | ||
Ornithine | Reduced in DMD | ||
2-Hydroxycaproic acid | Reduced in DMD | ||
L-Serine | Reduced in DMD | ||
Dehydroisoandrosterone 3-sulfate | Reduced in DMD | ||
Erythrose | Reduced in DMD, BMD, FSHD | ||
Glutamine | Reduced in DMD, BMD, LGMD-2B, FSHD and elevated in DM-1 | Serum | [56] |
Acetate | Elevated in DMD, BMD, FSHD, LGMD-2B and DM-1 | ||
Tyrosine | Elevated in BMD | ||
Lysine | Reduced in FSHD, LGMD-2B and DM-1 | ||
Citrate | Reduced in FSHD Elevated in LGMD-2B | ||
Lactate | Reduced in LGMD-2B | ||
Histidine | Reduced in FSHD | ||
Serum creatinine | Elevated in BMD Decreased in DMD | Serum | [57] |
3-Methylhistidine | Deduced in DMD and LGMD | Urine | [58] |
N epsilon,N epsilon-dimethyllysine | No alteration | ||
N epsilon, N epsilon, N epsilon-trimethyllysine | No alteration | ||
NG,NG-dimethylarginine | Elevated in DMD and LGMD | ||
NG,N’G-dimethylarginine | No alteration | ||
Tetranor PGDM (PGD2 metabolite) | Elevated in DMD | Urine | [59] |
Nitric oxide | Reduced in DMD | Serum | [60] |
List of metabolites that can be used as potential biomarkers in DMD diagnosis.
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is now used to visualize the composition of skeletal muscles and detect structural abnormalities in the of DMD patients [61]. The produced images can reveal the presence of fat infiltration of muscle tissue, a characteristic consequence of DMD, and thus, can be used for monitoring disease progression and response to treatment [62].
Detecting the mutation, especially non-sense point mutations, in the 2.4 Mb gene represents a challenging task. In this context, restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis could be used by digesting the genomic DNA using specific restriction endonucleases followed by Southern blotting using DMD-specific DNA probes (genomic or cDNA probes). At 1985, Bamkan et al. developed 11 RELP markers that are present in the X chromosome and can be used for diagnosis. However, RFLP can detect only small percentage of the mutation and hence it cannot be used as gold standard technique in the diagnosis process [63, 64, 65].
Multiplex PCR is one of the modified PCR protocols that allows the co-amplification of multiple products using different primer pairs that specially bind complementary regions in the target segment. This method showed a great potential to diagnose DMD since the multiple primers covered commonly mutated locations across the entire DMD gene, hotspot regions [66, 67, 68]. This technique was first developed by Chamberlain et al. [69] through utilization of 6 primer sets that were modified to 9 sets and later to 10 by Beggs et al. [70] (to amplify exons 45, 48, 19, 17, 51, 8, 12, 44, 4). If no amplification take place, this will confirm deletion of this exon. The developed primer sets were successfully able to detect deletion mutations in the hot spot regions. One of the limitations of such technique was its inability to diagnose all cases with other deletion mutation in other regions, or patients with SNPs or deep intronic mutation.
In order to simultaneously investigate the status of the 79 exons of the DMD gene, a PCR-based technique was developed to diagnose DMD in a multiplex PCR reaction. The assay uses multiple probes to target different exons in the DMD gene. Each probe consists of two oligonucleotides; one consists of a 5′-adapter and a 3′-exon-specific region, and vice versa for the second oligonucleotide, where the 3′-end of the first primer and the 5′-end of the second hybridize to two adjacent nucleotides in the target exon. Hybridized probes are subjected to ligation reaction, thus, only hybridized probes get ligated, amplified by PCR using adapter-specific primers and separated by capillary electrophoresis. Positive PCR product indicates the presence of the target exon, while deleted exon(s) will not produce corresponding product(s). In this assay, it is also possible to detect exon duplication, which will be detected as larger peak [71, 72]. However, this assay cannot detect non-sense nor in/del point mutations.
High-throughput methods such as DNA microarrays were adopted using specific oligonucleotide probes that cover the entire 2.4 mbp DMD gene (targeted high density comparative genomic hybridization (CGH) microarray). Such method could effectively be used to detect known as well as novel intronic mutations [73, 74, 75].
The development of NGS and the massively parallel sequencing allowed the sequencing of 100 s of millions of independent short reads (100–300 bp) at the same time. Such approaches generate huge amount of data that uses bioinformatic analysis for annotations and alignments of the generated sequences to produce sequence information for large genes such as DMD and titin and delineate the exact locations of mutations [76]. One major advantage of resorting to NGS for DMD diagnosis is that it could be used for the analysis of MLPA-negative samples that could have small deletions/duplications or single nucleotides variants [77].
Also, RNA sequencing by NGS (RNA-seq) is very useful in detecting the splicing pattern that occur in the DMD transcripts in the muscles through different developmental stages, muscle breakdown or muscle regeneration [78, 79, 80].
In some cases, muscle biopsy is required to fully characterize the phenotypic effect of the mutation. The muscle tissue is used in immunoassays, using different antibodies targeting different regions of dystrophin protein (C-terminal, Rod and N-terminal domains), such as western blotting [81, 82, 83] or immunohistochemistry [83]. Uchino et al. [83] developed a multiplex western blotting assay to analyze the expression of other muscle proteins like dysferlin, merosin, different forms of sarcoglycan (alpha, beta, gamma, delta), and calpain in addition to dystrophin protein, due to the frequent epigenetic changes incited in these proteins as a consequence to the alteration in dystrophin expression.
In this chapter, we have presented a comprehensive review for the methods that have been used in the diagnosis of DMD. Because of the nature of the disease, an X-linked disorder, DMD symptoms of the first affected male births of asymptomatic carrier mothers are usually go unnoticed until the age of 5, where the progressive muscle weakness becomes obvious and fibrotic fatty tissue infiltration is prominent. However, it is well known that early diagnosis and treatment results in better disease management and improve the clinical outcomes. In fact, some studies have pointed out to the fact that initiating corticosteroids therapy early enough has delayed the loss of ambulation in most cases by about 2 years [84]. In addition, with the fast-paced progress in molecular/personalized therapies such as exon-skipping and gene-editing based approaches, precise diagnosis and mutation detection becomes a necessity. Moreover, the genetic testing has been extensively used in prenatal diagnosis and has assisted in decreasing disease burden by aborting affected male pregnancies. In a retrospective study conducted in the Netherland, the authors reported 145 abortions of male fetuses over 26 years that had been found to carry inactivating mutations of the DMD gene [85]. Furthermore, identifying female carriers, is gaining momentum to decrease the possibility of giving birth to affected males and consequently contributes to the overall disease management.
There are many references in the fluid dynamics literature to typical fluid flow instability problems. Some of the existing examples show the existence of pulsating and oscillating anomalies when they should not be present [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]. These problems led to suspicions of anomalous solutions to the Navier-Stokes equation [5, 6].
The aim of this work is the determination of instabilities in fluid flow in piping systems. These instabilities will be classified as bifurcations since they constitute situations of two valid solutions of the Navier-Stokes equation. For the specific case, the pipe system is a symmetrical system composed of a riser, a manifold, and five symmetrically arranged rising branches.
These real events in fluid flow in pipes, normally produce a reaction in the operators of the systems, since their existence results in problems of production [7], reliability [8] of components that lead to decisions, which redound in the economy of the productive processes.
Thus, we are faced with systems that, from a certain value of one of their parameters, oscillate between two states. For example, from a given flow rate value (position of a control valve) the system oscillates between two pressures, or for a pressure value, the system has two flow rate values.
Normally, hydraulic studies are carried out on the basis of dimensionless numbers, the Reynolds number being the most commonly used. In this study, because the geometry is fixed, the fluid is in isothermal conditions, and the flow rate, flow velocity, or Reynolds number is equivalent. Likewise, since both flow rate and fluid velocity depend only on the position of the control valve, we can also make the equivalence between Re and valve position.
Finally, it must be said that this study is the end of a line of work, starting with the search for a solution to the problem of pulsations in the recirculation system of a boiling water reactor. The initial studies, which are empirical [9, 10, 11], have already determined the solution. Years later, CFD studies corroborated the empirical solutions and provided new ones [12, 13, 14].
Once all this modeling and analysis work has been completed, it is proposed to determine the true root cause, in order to improve the possibility of other solutions or even the explanation of other effects. This is the aim of the present work.
Suppose in a dynamic system, a bifurcation occurs when a small smooth change made to the parameter values of the system, causes a sudden qualitative or topological change in its behavior. The name of bifurcation was first introduced by Henry Poincare [15] in 1885, in the first paper in mathematics showing such behavior. Bifurcation occurs in both continuous systems described by Ordinary Derivative Equations (ODE’s), Differential Derivative Equation (DDE’s), and Partial Derivative Equations (PDE’s) and discrete systems described by maps.
The previous paragraph is a qualitative description of what a bifurcation is, and the next will be a more detailed and mathematical description of it.
The explanation or justification of a bifurcation will start with the concept of the asymptotic solution to an evolution problem. An evolution problem has the form shown in Eq. (1).
where t ≥ 0 is the time and μ is a parameter that lies on the real line, −∞ ≤ μ ≤ ∞. The unknown is U(t) and F(.,.,.) is a given function, i.e.: Partial derivative Equation, ordinary derivative equation. When F() is non-time-dependent, F=F(μ,U), the evolution of U(t) is governed by its initial value U(0) = U0.
An asymptotic solution is defined as the solution to which U(t) evolves after the transient effects associated with the initial value. Asymptotic has two main types: steady solutions and T-periodic solutions for non-autonomous problems.
Once the problem is enunciated, then the bifurcation definition is possible. Bifurcation solutions are asymptotic solutions that form intersecting branches in suitable space of functions. For example, when U lies in R, the bifurcating steady solution form intersecting branches of the curve F(μ,U) = 0 in the μ,U plane.
So, an asymptotic solution bifurcates from another at μ = μ0 if there are two distinct asymptotic solutions U(1)(μ,t) and U(2)(μ,t) of the evolution problem continuous in μ and such that U(1)(μ0,t) = U(2)(μ0,t).
Note that not all asymptotic solutions arise from bifurcation, there are other solutions such as isolated solutions or disjoint solutions.
From this point, a one-dimensional problem will be the real problem Eq. (1), could be rewritten as:
where F(.,.) has two continuous derivatives with respect μ and u. Another assumption is that:
The equilibrium solution of Eq. (1) in u = ε satisfied that:
The study of bifurcation is the study of the equilibrium evolution given by Eq. (4) in the plane (μ,ε).
The solutions of the equilibrium could be the following points:
Regular point
Regular turning point
Singular point
Double point
Singular turning (double) point
Cusp point
Conjugate point
High order singular point
In this chapter, the focus will be on the double point. A double point is a point of the curve F(μ,ε) = 0 through which pass two and only two branches of F(μ,ε) = 0 possessing distinct tangents. It is assumed that all second derivatives of F(.,.) do not simultaneously vanish at a double point.
Then, equilibrium curves passing through the singular points satisfy:
In the limit (μ,ε)⟶ (μ0,ε0) for the curves F(.,.) = 0 is reduced to:
For the tangents to the curve. Solving Eq. (6) the Eq. (7) is obtained.
where
Then (μ0,ε0) is a double point if D > 0 additionally to have two tangents with slopes different from zero, the condition has to be Fμμ ≠ 0.
The Navier-Stokes´ equation is a PDE, so it is potentially affected by bifurcation as explained in previous paragraphs. Additionally, the Navier-Stokes´ equation is nonlinear so the occurrence of bifurcation is much more probable.
Now the concept of bifurcation, as described before, will be developed mathematically for fluid flow problems. First, some assumptions have been considered:
Fluid is in an incompressible state.
Fluid is at constant temperature.
The part of the system under study has constant section (pipe).
There’s no fluid sumps or sources.
In this situation, the equation could be written as shown in Eq. (9).
The equation has the following vectors: u (speed), P (pressure), μ (viscosity), and ῤ (fluid density). Since the system has a constant section and there are no fluid sumps or sources, integrated fluid speed is like the scalar flow value. Other supposition is that the system status will depend on a given parameter “A,” for example pump speed, control valve position, Pressure regulation vale position, etc. In this situation, the Navier-Stokes´ equation can be reformulated as:
where q = flow and A = system parameter.
Primary derivatives of Eq. (10) are determined by Eq. (11), with notation and secondary derivatives being simplified in Eq. (12):
The stability analysis results from establishing a null time derivative. In other words, if the system does not change and A do not vary, flow remains the same. Mathematically, this is seen in Eq. (13).
That means analyzing bifurcations in Eq. (11) is the same as analyzing specific F curve points (q, A) on the A parameter-flow plane. Considering these parameters, the points that confirm the Eq. (13) are considered unique and can be classified as follows: regular points, regular inflection points, unique points, double curve point, double inflection points, and peak points.
The double curve point generates two solutions and a curve running through the unique point that has two slopes. Although there are multiple potential shapes, the one selected provides two stable results as it is coherent with bistable conditions. Once shape is selected, it can have three main sub-types, as seen in Figure 1: supercritical, subcritical, and transcritical.
Sub-types of double point bifurcation (pitchfork type).
In the case of double point bifurcation, there is a balance point with two curves and two different slopes [16]. Curve tangents conform to Eq. (14)
where “D” is determined by Eq. (15):
Slope analysis results from analyzing the value of parameter D. If D < 0, there are no real tangential lines on the point, which means the existence of a double point and two slopes can only be justified when D > 0. In this case, if specific concepts are renamed, flow curve slopes in relation to A value are determined by Eq. (16):
For this equation to be true and conformed to, the condition of Fqq not being null must be satisfied, which is exactly what happens as this is a process related to fluid flow. The other condition for conformance to D > 0 is the verification of Eq. (17):
To conclude this theoretical development, the requirements for existence of a double point bifurcation are mathematically conformed because Fqq is not null, and D can under specific conditions be higher than zero. And as the solution existence theorem says, if F(q, A) is continuous, then at least one solution of the Eq. (9) exists.
In 1985, an electrical power fluctuation was detected at the Leibstadt Nuclear Power Plant during startup and load tests at 100%. Event analyses revealed additional fluctuations in steam flow, thermal power, core flow, and recirculation loop flowrates. Loop “A” fluctuation ranged between 2.5% and 3%, whereas in loop “B” it was between 3% and 3.5%. It was concluded that recirculation flow fluctuations were caused by a bistable flow pattern in the pump discharge header.
In 1986, the first regulatory reference on abnormal performance of recirculation loop flows was written [17]. This document recaps events, like that of Leibstadt, at the USA stations of Pilgrim (1985) and Vermont Yankee (1986), and also determines that fluctuations vary from station to station and even within the loops of one single unit. In accordance with the information available at the time, the NRC establishes that magnitude and duration are not predictable using the analytical methods applied to the piping systems under analysis.
In 1988, General Electric, the responsible (OEM) for the design of the recirculation loop, issued a letter [9] establishing that the problem affects Boiling Water Reactors (BWR) from generation 3 to 6. More specifically, the problem is detected at the collectors of feed pipes supplying jet pumps (Figure 2). The letter was later revised in 2006 to include operational experiences and operating recommendations.
Recirculation loop schematics in a generation 6 BWR.
Around that time, the same phenomenon occurred in Japan, a country with many boiling water reactors. Since 1986 to 1989, a group of researchers applied various hydraulic models to replicate [10], characterize [11], and propose compensatory measures [18]. Eventually, the feed pipe header of jet pumps was successfully modified.
As this issue was considered non-safety related, bistable flow was rendered acceptable at the plants and unit operation took it into account. At times, operational strategies were modified to minimize this phenomenon, although its analysis did not go any further.
In 2006, a bistable flow phenomenon analysis was presented at Laguna Verde nuclear power plant in México [19].
After 2008, new research trends focused on providing a more detailed bistable flow profile [12], concluded that it can be described as a noise-induced transition mechanism [20]. In this theory, noise is identified as flow turbulence under high Reynolds values.
In 2009, bistable flow analyses continued using mathematical techniques such as wavelets [21] and codes for fluid mechanics. These were used to replicate the results of hydraulic models from the 80s [13].
Ever since they were used in nuclear power plants, bistable flow analyses have identified jet pumps as the most critical hydraulic element. In the year 2011, an analysis was undertaken to determine potential bistable flow impact on jet pumps. This analysis [14] presented the spectral situation of jet pumps, which were influenced by resonance frequencies and induced frequencies resulting from bistable flow. Also, in 2011, a new 3D CFD model confirmed the existence of two states and the non-convergence of the stable condition at specific Reynolds values. It was verified that current lines derived from 3D model results are coherent with hydraulic model data and that geometry changes contribute to eliminating this phenomenon as the stable state is quickly reached and calculation converge is ensured. The fact that for similar environment conditions, there were two solutions for the Navier-Stokes equation suggests the existence of a bifurcation.
Operationally speaking, a few works were undertaken to map out recirculation loop flows in relation to reactor power. The aim was to identify the area most prone to developing bistable flow for several reasons, including flowrate [7].
In line with the above mentioned in this section, the state of the art in bistable flow can be summarized as follows:
Unpredictable, fluctuating hydraulic phenomenon.
Hydraulic phenomenon only removable at this point through physical hydraulic circuit modifications.
Phenomenon characterized by high turbulence which at a certain level leads to a bistable state.
Phenomenon not impacting plant safety.
The methodology used in this study has two main phases.
Phase 1. Analyze recorded recirculation flow and FCV position data for a full 24-month cycle at an operating station. From this point on, the value of the FCV position will be assimilated to the value of “A” in Eqs. (4) and (7)–(11).
S1. Determines the curve for recirculation flow (%) vs. FCV position (%).
S2. Establishes the calculated curve adjustment error based on available data. Analyze error behavior in relation to FCV position (%). The analysis of this error, starting point of the bifurcation study, provides a clear picture of bistable flow.
Phase 2. Determine, find, and characterize the mathematical bifurcation physically supporting bistable flow. Apply theoretical results from the previous section to the time series. Considering the noise nature of the series and the difficulty to determine analytical expressions, an empirical approach is developed. The global interpretation includes the definition of bifurcation maps and their characteristics.
FCV position (%) and flow (%) are interrelated time series [22, 23]. It is also important that time series, especially those for flow, are highly noise signals and will require the use of some mathematical techniques [24].
The analysis of recirculation loop flow signal has several phases aimed at determining flow signal features. Once this information is obtained, the entire system is analyzed, with a special focus on the relationship between recirculation loop flow and FCV opening. The limits of bistable occurrence and ideas suggesting bifurcation existence, mostly as a result of error analyses, will appear at this point.
A Boiling Water Reactor (BWR) 6 reactors have two recirculation loops, each with its own flow control valve (FCV) (Figure 3). Figure 3 shows the point cloud generated from loop flow (%) and y FCV position (%) records during reference plant operation over a 24-month operating cycle.
Plot of operational points (flow % vs. FCV opening %).
A morphological analysis of the point cloud reveals that after a 60% opening approximately, the cloud begins to widen and after 62% it has a new width which remains constant until the end. This is seen in Figure 4.
Details of operational points. (FCV opening >55%).
The system designer and technologist determined, both mathematically and theoretically, a polynomial of degree 3 for the flow equation based on FCV opening. This adjustment, with a confidence level of 99.999%, provides the coefficients shown in Table 1.
a | b | c | d | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Design adjustment | 4·10−5 | −0.0149 | 1.9502 | 21.191 |
Loop B adjustment | 6.5801·10−5 | −0.0188 | 2.1469 | 18.5307 |
Adjustment polynomial coefficients for the theoretical curve adjusted with actual data.
Table 1 reveals the coherence between the theoretical equation and that adjusted with actual data.
Adjustment error (Eq. (18)) is established as the difference between the measured flow value (%) and the adjusted curve value, as seen in Table 2 parameters. Globally speaking, throughout the entire FCV position range there is an error, as seen in Figure 5.
Lambda | Tau (−) | Tau (+) | Reference figure |
---|---|---|---|
−32 | −0.577 | −0.577 | |
0 | 0 | 0 | Figure 5 |
1.45 | −0.674 | 0.293 | |
1.76 | −0.675 | 0.294 | Figure 6 |
3.75 | −0.728 | 0.306 | |
5.95 | −0.785 | 0.313 | |
9.55 | −0.863 | 0.256 | Figure 7 |
15.25 | −0.955 | 0.287 | |
19.75 | 0 | 1.3 | Figure 8 |
Maximum tau and lambda values.
Adjustment error.
Figure 5 confirms the idea that there is phenomenon changing flow patterns when FCV opening is 60% or above. This is indicated by the error value, which changes in shape and values. Error varies from about 0% with a + −0.5% band to a + −1.5% band. Even for values exceeding 80%, there is a clearly strong, differentiated bias with regards to flow behavior at this FCV opening value.
The existence of a bifurcation structure will be demonstrated in this phase through the selection of FCV opening as the bifurcation parameter as it is the only one of a variable nature in the system.
This section focuses on characterizing the pitchfork-type bifurcation for recirculation flow under bistable conditions. For clarity purposes and without losing accuracy, the unique point of double slope will be (0,0) on the plane (FCV opening, flow).
The coordinate parameter, known as tau (τ), will be the error included in Eq. (12), whereas the abscissa, known as lambda (λ), will be the difference between FCV position and the initial bistable point. Thus, considering an opening value of 62.3% as the initial bifurcation point, variable λ will be the result of subtracting from FCV opening (%) the previous value of 62.3%. In other words, initial bifurcation will be λ = 0 and τ = 0.
Instead of interpreting the signal as a whole (FCV opening-flow), recirculation loop flow analysis will be based on various FCV opening levels. The values selected for this task are those in which FCV opening (5) is 29, 62, 62.3, 63, 64, 68, 72, 77, and 82%. These values will be reduced to parameter λ, as see on Table 2. The average value for reduced tau flow was selected when there was only a single peak in the normal distribution or two maximum values in two normal distributions due to bistable flow. These tau values can be seen in Table 2.
The graphical representation of values in Table 2 is seen in Figures 6–9. These values are used to create a graph considered the bifurcation map (Figure 10).
Recirculation flow evolution with lambda value at 0.00.
Recirculation flow evolution with lambda at 3.8.
Recirculation flow evolution with lambda value at 9.55.
Recirculation flow evolution with lambda value at 19.75.
Recirculation flow bifurcation diagram. Continuous lines represent the values of stable solutions (feasible), and discontinuous lines represent unstable solutions (non-feasible).
The data in Table 2 are used to create a set of points on plane λ-τ, meaning points (λ,τ+) and (λ,τ-) are graphically represented for some of the analyzed cases (
More thorough analysis shows that there are two consecutive bifurcations and two bistable states. The first bistable state is limited to lambda values ranging between 0 and 15 (pitchfork bifurcation), whereas the second bistable state occurs when values are larger than 15 (double point bifurcation).
In Figure 9 bifurcation diagram is created to justify the behavior of recirculation loop B in a BWR6 unit, which is the system under analysis. As shown in Eq. (8), bifurcation point slopes on stability curves are determined by Eqs. (19) and (20).
Calculations are made using the data in Table 2.
The bifurcation diagram curve leads to believe that there is another possible bifurcation (double point), which is not of the pitchfork type. The bifurcation observed when the FCV point equals 77% has two slopes, feature of a double point:
The slope of the upper leg is determined by Eqs. (21) and (22).
The slope of the lower leg is determined by Eqs. (23) and (24).
The two new curved stability slopes are nearly parallel, meaning stable states are permanent and the bistable state is not eliminated until 82% values (recorded at the plant) are reached. Thus, bifurcation is permanent and stable.
The existence of bistable flow is proven as a physical reality of the mathematical bifurcation concept. However, it is necessary to relate flow states with mathematical states and their physical meaning. This interpretation is based on the results of this work and those of the hydraulic model [10, 11] and computational fluid flow models (CFD) [13].
The recirculation flow rate can have three stable states, grouped in twos. The first two states, corresponding to FCV opening values between 62.3% and 77%, are defined by the vortex dynamics of flow adaption in the so-called cross-piece. These states cause the following effects:
Vortex formation on the side legs of the manifold, in normal operation.
The newly formed vortexes cause flow to take two forms: one for direct inlet at high flow and the other for helical current at low flow. (Figure 11)
Recirculation loop cross-piece flow conditions for first bifurcation.
In the first flow shape, pressure loss is as designed, and flow is quite similar to its theoretical value. In the second flow shape, pressure loss is higher since helical flow has more internal fluid friction and pipe wall friction, causing flow to be lower.
The next bistable scenario occurs when FVC opening is 77%. In this case, flow equals rated values and some are slightly higher (1%). In this state, flow takes two shapes: one of direct inlet at high flow (coinciding with the former high flow value) and the other free of central connection vortexes (which are dragged by the high flow); hence reducing internal friction and enhancing flow (Figure 12).
Recirculation loop cross-piece flow conditions for second bifurcation.
The bistable flow state is the result of an evolved dynamic system which is based on a specific FCV opening value, offers two possible states. Transitioning from one to the other is determined by system evolution in all possible values and their flow rate variance.
Graphically, in each moment, the system has a balance point determined by a minimal energy state represented by an attraction basin, causing the system to evolve in it and be attracted to the minimum point, depending on the noise (turbulence). As FCV opening value increases, flow and turbulence also increase, causing the attraction basin to be increasingly larger although the minimum point is preserved. There comes a moment when the attraction basin begins splitting in two, growing in the middle, between both parts, a peak area that separates them. When the bistable flow is fully formed, both attraction basins and their separation are obvious. The system moves between these two “balance” values. (Figure 13).
Energy or attraction basins and separation peak.
The point where the separation appears and both attraction basins begin to take shape is unique and marks the start of bifurcation. This separation coincides with the unstable system solution, meaning that if the system has a solution for such separation, it will evolve towards one of the two values provided by the attraction basin.
With regards to value changes and fluctuations, having two energy pits lead to some changes between them due to the intermediate peak value being exceeded. This is possible because the turbulence generated at high numbers of Reynolds increases the fluid energy locally, which exceeds the intermediate peak and causes the system to enter the other energy state. This theory is coherent with the characterization of bistable flow as a noise-induced transition phenomenon, considering that in this case, noise is the actual flow turbulence (Figure 14).
System energy function and correlation with bistable flow.
To conclude, the Navier-Stokes equation bifurcation theory for the recirculation system explains all events reported, all simulations made, and all effects observed. Likewise, this theory provides the grounds to justify that only actions intended to eliminate turbulence formation and its detachment from the cross-piece are adequate to remove bistable flow. Thus, cross-piece modification alters the system curve (flow-opening) causing the unique point of double tangent to move to another location and turn currently bifurcated points into regular points. This modification from unique point to regular point causes flow to stop being bistable.
Lastly, it is worth mentioning that this study focuses on a fixed, complex geometry system, proves that turbulence and vorticity evolution are not a continuous function in relation to flow or the number of Reynolds. On the contrary, it has a bifurcation area turbulence that is discontinuous while drifting and has a continuous, non-derivable function.
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Currently, all this information is needed to be able to carry out the appropriate fertilization of crops, to handle agricultural soils, determine the organoleptic characteristics of fruit and vegetable products, discover the characteristics of the various substrates obtained in composting processes, and characterize byproducts from the industrial sector. All this needs a large number of samples that must be analyzed; this is a time-consuming work, leading to high economic costs and, obviously, having a negative environmental impact owing to the production of noxious chemicals during the analyses. Therefore, the development of a fast, environmentally friendly, and cheaper method of analysis like vis-NIR is highly desirable. 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A paragraph emphasises the ionisation energy issues, the basics of ionisation voltage, the developing potential and the energy balance. A frame time of the main theoretical milestones in both theory and experimental mass spectrometry is highlighted here. In the second part of the chapter, the molecular fragmentation for alkanes, iso-alkanes, cycloalkanes, halogen, alcohols, phenols, ethers, carbonyl compounds, carboxylic acids and functional derivatives, nitrogen compounds (amines, nitro compounds), sulphur compounds, heterocycles and biomolecules (amino acids, steroids, triglycerides) is explained. Fragmentation schemes are followed by the simplified spectra, which help the understanding of such complex phenomena. At the end of the chapter, acquisition of mass spectrum is discussed. The chapter presented here is an introduction to mass spectrometry, which, we think, helps the understanding of the mechanism of fragmentation corroborating spectral data and molecular structures.",book:{id:"5735",slug:"mass-spectrometry",title:"Mass Spectrometry",fullTitle:"Mass Spectrometry"},signatures:"Teodor Octavian Nicolescu",authors:[{id:"196775",title:"Dr.",name:"Teodor Octavian",middleName:"Octavian",surname:"Nicolescu",slug:"teodor-octavian-nicolescu",fullName:"Teodor Octavian Nicolescu"}]},{id:"40712",title:"Analytical Chemistry Today and Tomorrow",slug:"analytical-chemistry-today-and-tomorrow",totalDownloads:9135,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:5,abstract:null,book:{id:"2717",slug:"analytical-chemistry",title:"Analytical Chemistry",fullTitle:"Analytical Chemistry"},signatures:"Miguel Valcárcel",authors:[{id:"149298",title:"Dr.",name:null,middleName:null,surname:"Valcarcel",slug:"valcarcel",fullName:"Valcarcel"}]},{id:"26275",title:"Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (AAS)",slug:"atomic-absorption-spectrometry-aas-",totalDownloads:77989,totalCrossrefCites:15,totalDimensionsCites:39,abstract:null,book:{id:"578",slug:"atomic-absorption-spectroscopy",title:"Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy",fullTitle:"Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy"},signatures:"R. 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With the abundance of processed food with long supply chain in the market, food fraud is always a concern. Food fraud is defined as modification of an actual labeling of food chemicals in which expensive, less accessible original ingredients are replaced by lower cost and more accessible alternatives, which is also known as food adulteration. Some of these food adulterations might only affect the public mass financially, but some adulteration might affect others more seriously. Various food authentication techniques can be utilized to ensure safety and quality of food products adhering to the standards, such as DNA-based techniques with polymerase chain reaction, vibrational spectroscopy, electronic nose, and mass spectrophotometry, which has been used widely to estimate pharmaceutical and biological samples. However, most of these techniques still require substantial sample preparation or some have very high sensitivity to adulterants and are prone to give undefined results. Complex mixtures of food adulterants can be identified using very high resolution mass spectroscopy. The chemical compounds and structure of natural and mixtures of the adulterants are examined in this chapter using advanced mass spectroscopy technique and gas chromatography time-of-flight mass spectroscopy to identify the lard biomarker.",book:{id:"8380",slug:"mass-spectrometry-future-perceptions-and-applications",title:"Mass Spectrometry",fullTitle:"Mass Spectrometry - Future Perceptions and Applications"},signatures:"Gunawan Witjaksono and Sagir Alva",authors:[{id:"290393",title:"Prof.",name:"Gunawan",middleName:null,surname:"Witjaksono",slug:"gunawan-witjaksono",fullName:"Gunawan Witjaksono"},{id:"308499",title:"Dr.",name:"Sagir",middleName:null,surname:"Alva",slug:"sagir-alva",fullName:"Sagir Alva"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"485",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:0},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:8,limit:8,total:0},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:90,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:107,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:33,numberOfPublishedChapters:330,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:14,numberOfPublishedChapters:145,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:140,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:123,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:112,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:22,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:11,numberOfOpenTopics:1,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:5,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-6580",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. 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Completed the Course Medical Mycology, the Centraalbureau voor Schimmelcultures (CBS), Fungal Biodiversity Centre, Netherlands (2006). International Union of Microbiological Societies (IUMS) Fellow, and International Emerging Infectious Diseases (IEID) Fellow, Centers for Diseases Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, USA. Diploma of Dermatological Scientist, Japanese Society for Investigative Dermatology. Ph.D. of Juntendo University, Japan. Bachelor’s and Master’s degree, Medicine, West China University of Medical Sciences. Chair of Sichuan Medical Association Dermatology Committee. General Secretary of The 19th Annual Meeting of Chinese Society of Dermatology and the Asia Pacific Society for Medical Mycology (2013). In charge of the Annual Medical Mycology Course over 20-years authorized by National Continue Medical Education Committee of China. Member of the board of directors of the Asia-Pacific Society for Medical Mycology (APSMM). Associate editor of Mycopathologia. Vice-chief of the editorial board of Chinses Journal of Mycology, China. Board Member and Chair of Mycology Group of Chinese Society of Dermatology.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sichuan University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"China"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"5",title:"Parasitic Infectious Diseases",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/5.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"67907",title:"Dr.",name:"Amidou",middleName:null,surname:"Samie",slug:"amidou-samie",fullName:"Amidou Samie",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/67907/images/system/67907.jpg",biography:"Dr. Amidou Samie is an Associate Professor of Microbiology at the University of Venda, in South Africa, where he graduated for his PhD in May 2008. He joined the Department of Microbiology the same year and has been giving lectures on topics covering parasitology, immunology, molecular biology and industrial microbiology. He is currently a rated researcher by the National Research Foundation of South Africa at category C2. He has published widely in the field of infectious diseases and has overseen several MSc’s and PhDs. His research activities mostly cover topics on infectious diseases from epidemiology to control. His particular interest lies in the study of intestinal protozoan parasites and opportunistic infections among HIV patients as well as the potential impact of childhood diarrhoea on growth and child development. He also conducts research on water-borne diseases and water quality and is involved in the evaluation of point-of-use water treatment technologies using silver and copper nanoparticles in collaboration with the University of Virginia, USA. 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His research interests involve understanding the molecular mechanisms of host defense during human viral infections and developing new predictive, preventive, and therapeutic strategies for them using Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), HIV, and emerging viruses as a model via stem cell and cell culture technologies. His research work has been published in various high-impact factor journals (Science, PNAS, Nature Medicine) with a high number of citations. He has received many awards and honors in India and abroad including various Young Scientist Awards, BBSRC India Partnering Award, and Dr. JC Bose National Award of Department of Biotechnology, Min. of Science and Technology, Govt. of India. 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Saxena is a vice dean and professor at King George's Medical University, Lucknow, India. His research interests involve understanding the molecular mechanisms of host defense during human viral infections and developing new predictive, preventive, and therapeutic strategies for them using Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), HIV, and emerging viruses as a model via stem cell and cell culture technologies. His research work has been published in various high-impact factor journals (Science, PNAS, Nature Medicine) with a high number of citations. He has received many awards and honors in India and abroad including various Young Scientist Awards, BBSRC India Partnering Award, and Dr. JC Bose National Award of Department of Biotechnology, Min. of Science and Technology, Govt. of India. 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He is currently the Editor in Chief of the journal Travel Medicine and Infectious Diseases. His Scopus H index is 47 (Google Scholar H index, 68).",institutionString:"Institución Universitaria Visión de las Américas, Colombia",institution:null}]},{type:"book",id:"7839",title:"Malaria",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7839.jpg",slug:"malaria",publishedDate:"December 11th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Fyson H. Kasenga",hash:"91cde4582ead884cb0f355a19b67cd56",volumeInSeries:4,fullTitle:"Malaria",editors:[{id:"86725",title:"Dr.",name:"Fyson",middleName:"Hanania",surname:"Kasenga",slug:"fyson-kasenga",fullName:"Fyson Kasenga",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/86725/images/system/86725.jpg",biography:"Dr. Kasenga is a graduate of Tumaini University, Kilimanjaro Christian Medical College, Moshi, Tanzania and Umeå University, Sweden. He obtained a Master’s degree in Public Health and PhD in Public Health and Epidemiology. He has a background in Clinical Medicine and has taken courses at higher diploma levels in public health from University of Transkei, Republic of South Africa, and African Medical and Research Foundation (AMREF) in Nairobi, Kenya. Dr. Kasenga worked in different places in and outside Malawi, and has held various positions, such as Licensed Medical Officer, HIV/AIDS Programme Officer, HIV/AIDS resource person in the International Department of Diakonhjemet College, Oslo, Norway. He also managed an Integrated HIV/AIDS Prevention programme for over 5 years. He is currently working as a Director for the Health Ministries Department of Malawi Union of the Seventh Day Adventist Church. Dr. Kasenga has published over 5 articles on HIV/AIDS issues focusing on Prevention of Mother to Child Transmission of HIV (PMTCT), including a book chapter on HIV testing counseling (currently in press). Dr. Kasenga is married to Grace and blessed with three children, a son and two daughters: Happy, Lettice and Sungani.",institutionString:"Malawi Adventist University",institution:{name:"Malawi Adventist University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Malawi"}}}]}]},openForSubmissionBooks:{paginationCount:1,paginationItems:[{id:"11478",title:"Recent Advances in the Study of Dyslexia",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11478.jpg",hash:"26764a18c6b776698823e0e1c3022d2f",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:3,submissionDeadline:"June 30th 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"294281",title:"Prof.",name:"Jonathan",surname:"Glazzard",slug:"jonathan-glazzard",fullName:"Jonathan Glazzard"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}]},onlineFirstChapters:{paginationCount:20,paginationItems:[{id:"82991",title:"Diseases of the Canine Prostate Gland",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105835",signatures:"Sabine Schäfer-Somi",slug:"diseases-of-the-canine-prostate-gland",totalDownloads:0,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Recent Advances in Canine Medicine",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11580.jpg",subseries:{id:"19",title:"Animal Science"}}},{id:"82956",title:"Potential Substitutes of Antibiotics for Swine and Poultry Production",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.106081",signatures:"Ho Trung Thong, Le Nu Anh Thu and Ho Viet Duc",slug:"potential-substitutes-of-antibiotics-for-swine-and-poultry-production",totalDownloads:2,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Antibiotics and Probiotics in Animal Food - Impact and Regulation",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11578.jpg",subseries:{id:"20",title:"Animal Nutrition"}}},{id:"82905",title:"A Review of Application Strategies and Efficacy of Probiotics in Pet Food",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105829",signatures:"Heather Acuff and Charles G. 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Radiotherapy and Nuclear Medicine Technology has always been my aspiration and my life. As years passed I accumulated a tremendous amount of skills and knowledge in Radiotherapy and Nuclear Medicine, Conventional Radiology, Radiation Protection, Bioinformatics Technology, PACS, Image processing, clinically and lecturing that will enable me to provide a valuable service to the community as a Researcher and Consultant in this field. My method of translating this into day to day in clinical practice is non-exhaustible and my habit of exchanging knowledge and expertise with others in those fields is the code and secret of success.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Majmaah University",country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}},{id:"313277",title:"Dr.",name:"Bartłomiej",middleName:null,surname:"Płaczek",slug:"bartlomiej-placzek",fullName:"Bartłomiej Płaczek",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/313277/images/system/313277.jpg",biography:"Bartłomiej Płaczek, MSc (2002), Ph.D. (2005), Habilitation (2016), is a professor at the University of Silesia, Institute of Computer Science, Poland, and an expert from the National Centre for Research and Development. His research interests include sensor networks, smart sensors, intelligent systems, and image processing with applications in healthcare and medicine. He is the author or co-author of more than seventy papers in peer-reviewed journals and conferences as well as the co-author of several books. He serves as a reviewer for many scientific journals, international conferences, and research foundations. Since 2010, Dr. Placzek has been a reviewer of grants and projects (including EU projects) in the field of information technologies.",institutionString:"University of Silesia",institution:{name:"University of Silesia",country:{name:"Poland"}}},{id:"35000",title:"Prof.",name:"Ulrich H.P",middleName:"H.P.",surname:"Fischer",slug:"ulrich-h.p-fischer",fullName:"Ulrich H.P Fischer",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/35000/images/3052_n.jpg",biography:"Academic and Professional Background\nUlrich H. P. has Diploma and PhD degrees in Physics from the Free University Berlin, Germany. He has been working on research positions in the Heinrich-Hertz-Institute in Germany. Several international research projects has been performed with European partners from France, Netherlands, Norway and the UK. He is currently Professor of Communications Systems at the Harz University of Applied Sciences, Germany.\n\nPublications and Publishing\nHe has edited one book, a special interest book about ‘Optoelectronic Packaging’ (VDE, Berlin, Germany), and has published over 100 papers and is owner of several international patents for WDM over POF key elements.\n\nKey Research and Consulting Interests\nUlrich’s research activity has always been related to Spectroscopy and Optical Communications Technology. Specific current interests include the validation of complex instruments, and the application of VR technology to the development and testing of measurement systems. He has been reviewer for several publications of the Optical Society of America\\'s including Photonics Technology Letters and Applied Optics.\n\nPersonal Interests\nThese include motor cycling in a very relaxed manner and performing martial arts.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Charité",country:{name:"Germany"}}},{id:"341622",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Eduardo",middleName:null,surname:"Rojas Alvarez",slug:"eduardo-rojas-alvarez",fullName:"Eduardo Rojas Alvarez",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/341622/images/15892_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Cuenca",country:{name:"Ecuador"}}},{id:"215610",title:"Prof.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Sarfraz",slug:"muhammad-sarfraz",fullName:"Muhammad Sarfraz",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/215610/images/system/215610.jpeg",biography:"Muhammad Sarfraz is a professor in the Department of Information Science, Kuwait University. His research interests include computer graphics, computer vision, image processing, machine learning, pattern recognition, soft computing, data science, intelligent systems, information technology, and information systems. Prof. Sarfraz has been a keynote/invited speaker on various platforms around the globe. He has advised various students for their MSc and Ph.D. theses. He has published more than 400 publications as books, journal articles, and conference papers. He is a member of various professional societies and a chair and member of the International Advisory Committees and Organizing Committees of various international conferences. Prof. Sarfraz is also an editor-in-chief and editor of various international journals.",institutionString:"Kuwait University",institution:{name:"Kuwait University",country:{name:"Kuwait"}}},{id:"32650",title:"Prof.",name:"Lukas",middleName:"Willem",surname:"Snyman",slug:"lukas-snyman",fullName:"Lukas Snyman",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/32650/images/4136_n.jpg",biography:"Lukas Willem Snyman received his basic education at primary and high schools in South Africa, Eastern Cape. He enrolled at today's Nelson Metropolitan University and graduated from this university with a BSc in Physics and Mathematics, B.Sc Honors in Physics, MSc in Semiconductor Physics, and a Ph.D. in Semiconductor Physics in 1987. After his studies, he chose an academic career and devoted his energy to the teaching of physics to first, second, and third-year students. After positions as a lecturer at the University of Port Elizabeth, he accepted a position as Associate Professor at the University of Pretoria, South Africa.\r\n\r\nIn 1992, he motivates the concept of 'television and computer-based education” as means to reach large student numbers with only the best of teaching expertise and publishes an article on the concept in the SA Journal of Higher Education of 1993 (and later in 2003). The University of Pretoria subsequently approved a series of test projects on the concept with outreach to Mamelodi and Eerste Rust in 1993. In 1994, the University established a 'Unit for Telematic Education ' as a support section for multiple faculties at the University of Pretoria. In subsequent years, the concept of 'telematic education” subsequently becomes well established in academic circles in South Africa, grew in popularity, and is adopted by many universities and colleges throughout South Africa as a medium of enhancing education and training, as a method to reaching out to far out communities, and as a means to enhance study from the home environment.\r\n\r\nProfessor Snyman in subsequent years pursued research in semiconductor physics, semiconductor devices, microelectronics, and optoelectronics.\r\n\r\nIn 2000 he joined the TUT as a full professor. Here served for a period as head of the Department of Electronic Engineering. Here he makes contributions to solar energy development, microwave and optoelectronic device development, silicon photonics, as well as contributions to new mobile telecommunication systems and network planning in SA.\r\n\r\nCurrently, he teaches electronics and telecommunications at the TUT to audiences ranging from first-year students to Ph.D. level.\r\n\r\nFor his research in the field of 'Silicon Photonics” since 1990, he has published (as author and co-author) about thirty internationally reviewed articles in scientific journals, contributed to more than forty international conferences, about 25 South African provisional patents (as inventor and co-inventor), 8 PCT international patent applications until now. Of these, two USA patents applications, two European Patents, two Korean patents, and ten SA patents have been granted. A further 4 USA patents, 5 European patents, 3 Korean patents, 3 Chinese patents, and 3 Japanese patents are currently under consideration.\r\n\r\nRecently he has also published an extensive scholarly chapter in an internet open access book on 'Integrating Microphotonic Systems and MOEMS into standard Silicon CMOS Integrated circuitry”.\r\n\r\nFurthermore, Professor Snyman recently steered a new initiative at the TUT by introducing a 'Laboratory for Innovative Electronic Systems ' at the Department of Electrical Engineering. The model of this laboratory or center is to primarily combine outputs as achieved by high-level research with lower-level system development and entrepreneurship in a technical university environment. Students are allocated to projects at different levels with PhDs and Master students allocated to the generation of new knowledge and new technologies, while students at the diploma and Baccalaureus level are allocated to electronic systems development with a direct and a near application for application in industry or the commercial and public sectors in South Africa.\r\n\r\nProfessor Snyman received the WIRSAM Award of 1983 and the WIRSAM Award in 1985 in South Africa for best research papers by a young scientist at two international conferences on electron microscopy in South Africa. He subsequently received the SA Microelectronics Award for the best dissertation emanating from studies executed at a South African university in the field of Physics and Microelectronics in South Africa in 1987. In October of 2011, Professor Snyman received the prestigious Institutional Award for 'Innovator of the Year” for 2010 at the Tshwane University of Technology, South Africa. This award was based on the number of patents recognized and granted by local and international institutions as well as for his contributions concerning innovation at the TUT.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of South Africa",country:{name:"South Africa"}}},{id:"317279",title:"Mr.",name:"Ali",middleName:"Usama",surname:"Syed",slug:"ali-syed",fullName:"Ali Syed",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/317279/images/16024_n.png",biography:"A creative, talented, and innovative young professional who is dedicated, well organized, and capable research fellow with two years of experience in graduate-level research, published in engineering journals and book, with related expertise in Bio-robotics, equally passionate about the aesthetics of the mechanical and electronic system, obtained expertise in the use of MS Office, MATLAB, SolidWorks, LabVIEW, Proteus, Fusion 360, having a grasp on python, C++ and assembly language, possess proven ability in acquiring research grants, previous appointments with social and educational societies with experience in administration, current affiliations with IEEE and Web of Science, a confident presenter at conferences and teacher in classrooms, able to explain complex information to audiences of all levels.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Air University",country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"75526",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Zihni Onur",middleName:null,surname:"Uygun",slug:"zihni-onur-uygun",fullName:"Zihni Onur Uygun",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/75526/images/12_n.jpg",biography:"My undergraduate education and my Master of Science educations at Ege University and at Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University have given me a firm foundation in Biochemistry, Analytical Chemistry, Biosensors, Bioelectronics, Physical Chemistry and Medicine. After obtaining my degree as a MSc in analytical chemistry, I started working as a research assistant in Ege University Medical Faculty in 2014. In parallel, I enrolled to the MSc program at the Department of Medical Biochemistry at Ege University to gain deeper knowledge on medical and biochemical sciences as well as clinical chemistry in 2014. In my PhD I deeply researched on biosensors and bioelectronics and finished in 2020. Now I have eleven SCI-Expanded Index published papers, 6 international book chapters, referee assignments for different SCIE journals, one international patent pending, several international awards, projects and bursaries. In parallel to my research assistant position at Ege University Medical Faculty, Department of Medical Biochemistry, in April 2016, I also founded a Start-Up Company (Denosens Biotechnology LTD) by the support of The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey. Currently, I am also working as a CEO in Denosens Biotechnology. The main purposes of the company, which carries out R&D as a research center, are to develop new generation biosensors and sensors for both point-of-care diagnostics; such as glucose, lactate, cholesterol and cancer biomarker detections. My specific experimental and instrumental skills are Biochemistry, Biosensor, Analytical Chemistry, Electrochemistry, Mobile phone based point-of-care diagnostic device, POCTs and Patient interface designs, HPLC, Tandem Mass Spectrometry, Spectrophotometry, ELISA.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ege University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"267434",title:"Dr.",name:"Rohit",middleName:null,surname:"Raja",slug:"rohit-raja",fullName:"Rohit Raja",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/267434/images/system/267434.jpg",biography:"Dr. Rohit Raja received Ph.D. in Computer Science and Engineering from Dr. CVRAMAN University in 2016. His main research interest includes Face recognition and Identification, Digital Image Processing, Signal Processing, and Networking. Presently he is working as Associate Professor in IT Department, Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya (A Central University), Bilaspur (CG), India. He has authored several Journal and Conference Papers. He has good Academics & Research experience in various areas of CSE and IT. He has filed and successfully published 27 Patents. He has received many time invitations to be a Guest at IEEE Conferences. He has published 100 research papers in various International/National Journals (including IEEE, Springer, etc.) and Proceedings of the reputed International/ National Conferences (including Springer and IEEE). He has been nominated to the board of editors/reviewers of many peer-reviewed and refereed Journals (including IEEE, Springer).",institutionString:"Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya",institution:{name:"Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"246502",title:"Dr.",name:"Jaya T.",middleName:"T",surname:"Varkey",slug:"jaya-t.-varkey",fullName:"Jaya T. Varkey",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/246502/images/11160_n.jpg",biography:"Jaya T. Varkey, PhD, graduated with a degree in Chemistry from Cochin University of Science and Technology, Kerala, India. She obtained a PhD in Chemistry from the School of Chemical Sciences, Mahatma Gandhi University, Kerala, India, and completed a post-doctoral fellowship at the University of Minnesota, USA. She is a research guide at Mahatma Gandhi University and Associate Professor in Chemistry, St. Teresa’s College, Kochi, Kerala, India.\nDr. Varkey received a National Young Scientist award from the Indian Science Congress (1995), a UGC Research award (2016–2018), an Indian National Science Academy (INSA) Visiting Scientist award (2018–2019), and a Best Innovative Faculty award from the All India Association for Christian Higher Education (AIACHE) (2019). She Hashas received the Sr. Mary Cecil prize for best research paper three times. She was also awarded a start-up to develop a tea bag water filter. \nDr. Varkey has published two international books and twenty-seven international journal publications. She is an editorial board member for five international journals.",institutionString:"St. Teresa’s College",institution:null},{id:"250668",title:"Dr.",name:"Ali",middleName:null,surname:"Nabipour Chakoli",slug:"ali-nabipour-chakoli",fullName:"Ali Nabipour Chakoli",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/250668/images/system/250668.jpg",biography:"Academic Qualification:\r\n•\tPhD in Materials Physics and Chemistry, From: Sep. 2006, to: Sep. 2010, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Thesis: Structure and Shape Memory Effect of Functionalized MWCNTs/poly (L-lactide-co-ε-caprolactone) Nanocomposites. Supervisor: Prof. Wei Cai,\r\n•\tM.Sc in Applied Physics, From: 1996, to: 1998, Faculty of Physics & Nuclear Science, Amirkabir Uni. of Technology, Tehran, Iran, Thesis: Determination of Boron in Micro alloy Steels with solid state nuclear track detectors by neutron induced auto radiography, Supervisors: Dr. M. Hosseini Ashrafi and Dr. A. Hosseini.\r\n•\tB.Sc. in Applied Physics, From: 1991, to: 1996, Faculty of Physics & Nuclear Science, Amirkabir Uni. of Technology, Tehran, Iran, Thesis: Design of shielding for Am-Be neutron sources for In Vivo neutron activation analysis, Supervisor: Dr. M. Hosseini Ashrafi.\r\n\r\nResearch Experiences:\r\n1.\tNanomaterials, Carbon Nanotubes, Graphene: Synthesis, Functionalization and Characterization,\r\n2.\tMWCNTs/Polymer Composites: Fabrication and Characterization, \r\n3.\tShape Memory Polymers, Biodegradable Polymers, ORC, Collagen,\r\n4.\tMaterials Analysis and Characterizations: TEM, SEM, XPS, FT-IR, Raman, DSC, DMA, TGA, XRD, GPC, Fluoroscopy, \r\n5.\tInteraction of Radiation with Mater, Nuclear Safety and Security, NDT(RT),\r\n6.\tRadiation Detectors, Calibration (SSDL),\r\n7.\tCompleted IAEA e-learning Courses:\r\nNuclear Security (15 Modules),\r\nNuclear Safety:\r\nTSA 2: Regulatory Protection in Occupational Exposure,\r\nTips & Tricks: Radiation Protection in Radiography,\r\nSafety and Quality in Radiotherapy,\r\nCourse on Sealed Radioactive Sources,\r\nCourse on Fundamentals of Environmental Remediation,\r\nCourse on Planning for Environmental Remediation,\r\nKnowledge Management Orientation Course,\r\nFood Irradiation - Technology, Applications and Good Practices,\r\nEmployment:\r\nFrom 2010 to now: Academic staff, Nuclear Science and Technology Research Institute, Kargar Shomali, Tehran, Iran, P.O. Box: 14395-836.\r\nFrom 1997 to 2006: Expert of Materials Analysis and Characterization. Research Center of Agriculture and Medicine. Rajaeeshahr, Karaj, Iran, P. O. Box: 31585-498.",institutionString:"Atomic Energy Organization of Iran",institution:{name:"Atomic Energy Organization of Iran",country:{name:"Iran"}}},{id:"248279",title:"Dr.",name:"Monika",middleName:"Elzbieta",surname:"Machoy",slug:"monika-machoy",fullName:"Monika Machoy",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/248279/images/system/248279.jpeg",biography:"Monika Elżbieta Machoy, MD, graduated with distinction from the Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry at the Pomeranian Medical University in 2009, defended her PhD thesis with summa cum laude in 2016 and is currently employed as a researcher at the Department of Orthodontics of the Pomeranian Medical University. She expanded her professional knowledge during a one-year scholarship program at the Ernst Moritz Arndt University in Greifswald, Germany and during a three-year internship at the Technical University in Dresden, Germany. She has been a speaker at numerous orthodontic conferences, among others, American Association of Orthodontics, European Orthodontic Symposium and numerous conferences of the Polish Orthodontic Society. She conducts research focusing on the effect of orthodontic treatment on dental and periodontal tissues and the causes of pain in orthodontic patients.",institutionString:"Pomeranian Medical University",institution:{name:"Pomeranian Medical University",country:{name:"Poland"}}},{id:"252743",title:"Prof.",name:"Aswini",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Kar",slug:"aswini-kar",fullName:"Aswini Kar",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/252743/images/10381_n.jpg",biography:"uploaded in cv",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"KIIT University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"204256",title:"Dr.",name:"Anil",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Kumar Sahu",slug:"anil-kumar-sahu",fullName:"Anil Kumar Sahu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/204256/images/14201_n.jpg",biography:"I have nearly 11 years of research and teaching experience. I have done my master degree from University Institute of Pharmacy, Pt. Ravi Shankar Shukla University, Raipur, Chhattisgarh India. I have published 16 review and research articles in international and national journals and published 4 chapters in IntechOpen, the world’s leading publisher of Open access books. I have presented many papers at national and international conferences. I have received research award from Indian Drug Manufacturers Association in year 2015. My research interest extends from novel lymphatic drug delivery systems, oral delivery system for herbal bioactive to formulation optimization.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Chhattisgarh Swami Vivekanand Technical University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"253468",title:"Dr.",name:"Mariusz",middleName:null,surname:"Marzec",slug:"mariusz-marzec",fullName:"Mariusz Marzec",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/253468/images/system/253468.png",biography:"An assistant professor at Department of Biomedical Computer Systems, at Institute of Computer Science, Silesian University in Katowice. Scientific interests: computer analysis and processing of images, biomedical images, databases and programming languages. He is an author and co-author of scientific publications covering analysis and processing of biomedical images and development of database systems.",institutionString:"University of Silesia",institution:{name:"University of Silesia",country:{name:"Poland"}}},{id:"212432",title:"Prof.",name:"Hadi",middleName:null,surname:"Mohammadi",slug:"hadi-mohammadi",fullName:"Hadi Mohammadi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/212432/images/system/212432.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Hadi Mohammadi is a biomedical engineer with hands-on experience in the design and development of many engineering structures and medical devices through various projects that he has been involved in over the past twenty years. Dr. Mohammadi received his BSc. and MSc. degrees in Mechanical Engineering from Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran, and his PhD. degree in Biomedical Engineering (biomaterials) from the University of Western Ontario. He was a postdoctoral trainee for almost four years at University of Calgary and Harvard Medical School. He is an industry innovator having created the technology to produce lifelike synthetic platforms that can be used for the simulation of almost all cardiovascular reconstructive surgeries. He’s been heavily involved in the design and development of cardiovascular devices and technology for the past 10 years. He is currently an Assistant Professor with the University of British Colombia, Canada.",institutionString:"University of British Columbia",institution:{name:"University of British Columbia",country:{name:"Canada"}}},{id:"254463",title:"Prof.",name:"Haisheng",middleName:null,surname:"Yang",slug:"haisheng-yang",fullName:"Haisheng Yang",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/254463/images/system/254463.jpeg",biography:"Haisheng Yang, Ph.D., Professor and Director of the Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Life Science and Bioengineering, Beijing University of Technology. He received his Ph.D. degree in Mechanics/Biomechanics from Harbin Institute of Technology (jointly with University of California, Berkeley). Afterwards, he worked as a Postdoctoral Research Associate in the Purdue Musculoskeletal Biology and Mechanics Lab at the Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Purdue University, USA. He also conducted research in the Research Centre of Shriners Hospitals for Children-Canada at McGill University, Canada. Dr. Yang has over 10 years research experience in orthopaedic biomechanics and mechanobiology of bone adaptation and regeneration. He earned an award from Beijing Overseas Talents Aggregation program in 2017 and serves as Beijing Distinguished Professor.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Beijing University of Technology",country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"89721",title:"Dr.",name:"Mehmet",middleName:"Cuneyt",surname:"Ozmen",slug:"mehmet-ozmen",fullName:"Mehmet Ozmen",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/89721/images/7289_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Gazi University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"265335",title:"Mr.",name:"Stefan",middleName:"Radnev",surname:"Stefanov",slug:"stefan-stefanov",fullName:"Stefan Stefanov",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/265335/images/7562_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Medical University Plovdiv",country:{name:"Bulgaria"}}},{id:"242893",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Joaquim",middleName:null,surname:"De Moura",slug:"joaquim-de-moura",fullName:"Joaquim De Moura",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/242893/images/7133_n.jpg",biography:"Joaquim de Moura received his degree in Computer Engineering in 2014 from the University of A Coruña (Spain). In 2016, he received his M.Sc degree in Computer Engineering from the same university. He is currently pursuing his Ph.D degree in Computer Science in a collaborative project between ophthalmology centers in Galicia and the University of A Coruña. His research interests include computer vision, machine learning algorithms and analysis and medical imaging processing of various kinds.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of A Coruña",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"294334",title:"B.Sc.",name:"Marc",middleName:null,surname:"Bruggeman",slug:"marc-bruggeman",fullName:"Marc Bruggeman",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/294334/images/8242_n.jpg",biography:"Chemical engineer graduate, with a passion for material science and specific interest in polymers - their near infinite applications intrigue me. \n\nI plan to continue my scientific career in the field of polymeric biomaterials as I am fascinated by intelligent, bioactive and biomimetic materials for use in both consumer and medical applications.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"255757",title:"Dr.",name:"Igor",middleName:"Victorovich",surname:"Lakhno",slug:"igor-lakhno",fullName:"Igor Lakhno",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/255757/images/system/255757.jpg",biography:"Igor Victorovich Lakhno was born in 1971 in Kharkiv (Ukraine). \nMD – 1994, Kharkiv National Medical Univesity.\nOb&Gyn; – 1997, master courses in Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education.\nPh.D. – 1999, Kharkiv National Medical Univesity.\nDSC – 2019, PL Shupik National Academy of Postgraduate Education \nProfessor – 2021, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology of VN Karazin Kharkiv National University\nHead of Department – 2021, Department of Perinatology, Obstetrics and gynecology of Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education\nIgor Lakhno has been graduated from international training courses on reproductive medicine and family planning held at Debrecen University (Hungary) in 1997. Since 1998 Lakhno Igor has worked as an associate professor in the department of obstetrics and gynecology of VN Karazin National University and an associate professor of the perinatology, obstetrics, and gynecology department of Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education. Since June 2019 he’s been a professor in the department of obstetrics and gynecology of VN Karazin National University and a professor of the perinatology, obstetrics, and gynecology department. He’s affiliated with Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education as a Head of Department from November 2021. Igor Lakhno has participated in several international projects on fetal non-invasive electrocardiography (with Dr. J. A. Behar (Technion), Prof. D. Hoyer (Jena University), and José Alejandro Díaz Méndez (National Institute of Astrophysics, Optics, and Electronics, Mexico). He’s an author of about 200 printed works and there are 31 of them in Scopus or Web of Science databases. Igor Lakhno is a member of the Editorial Board of Reproductive Health of Woman, Emergency Medicine, and Technology Transfer Innovative Solutions in Medicine (Estonia). He is a medical Editor of “Z turbotoyu pro zhinku”. Igor Lakhno is a reviewer of the Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology (Taylor and Francis), British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology (Wiley), Informatics in Medicine Unlocked (Elsevier), The Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology Research (Wiley), Endocrine, Metabolic & Immune Disorders-Drug Targets (Bentham Open), The Open Biomedical Engineering Journal (Bentham Open), etc. He’s defended a dissertation for a DSc degree “Pre-eclampsia: prediction, prevention, and treatment”. Three years ago Igor Lakhno has participated in a training course on innovative technologies in medical education at Lublin Medical University (Poland). Lakhno Igor has participated as a speaker in several international conferences and congresses (International Conference on Biological Oscillations April 10th-14th 2016, Lancaster, UK, The 9th conference of the European Study Group on Cardiovascular Oscillations). His main scientific interests: are obstetrics, women’s health, fetal medicine, and cardiovascular medicine. \nIgor Lakhno is a consultant at Kharkiv municipal perinatal center. He’s graduated from training courses on endoscopy in gynecology. He has 28 years of practical experience in the field.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"244950",title:"Dr.",name:"Salvatore",middleName:null,surname:"Di Lauro",slug:"salvatore-di-lauro",fullName:"Salvatore Di Lauro",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://intech-files.s3.amazonaws.com/0030O00002bSF1HQAW/ProfilePicture%202021-12-20%2014%3A54%3A14.482",biography:"Name:\n\tSALVATORE DI LAURO\nAddress:\n\tHospital Clínico Universitario Valladolid\nAvda Ramón y Cajal 3\n47005, Valladolid\nSpain\nPhone number: \nFax\nE-mail:\n\t+34 983420000 ext 292\n+34 983420084\nsadilauro@live.it\nDate and place of Birth:\nID Number\nMedical Licence \nLanguages\t09-05-1985. Villaricca (Italy)\n\nY1281863H\n474707061\nItalian (native language)\nSpanish (read, written, spoken)\nEnglish (read, written, spoken)\nPortuguese (read, spoken)\nFrench (read)\n\t\t\nCurrent position (title and company)\tDate (Year)\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid. Sacyl. National Health System.\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Instituto Oftalmologico Recoletas. Red Hospitalaria Recoletas. Private practise.\t2017-today\n\n2019-today\n\t\n\t\nEducation (High school, university and postgraduate training > 3 months)\tDate (Year)\nDegree in Medicine and Surgery. University of Neaples 'Federico II”\nResident in Opthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid\nMaster in Vitreo-Retina. IOBA. University of Valladolid\nFellow of the European Board of Ophthalmology. Paris\nMaster in Research in Ophthalmology. University of Valladolid\t2003-2009\n2012-2016\n2016-2017\n2016\n2012-2013\n\t\nEmployments (company and positions)\tDate (Year)\nResident in Ophthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid. Sacyl.\nFellow in Vitreo-Retina. IOBA. University of Valladolid\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid. Sacyl. National Health System.\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Instituto Oftalmologico Recoletas. Red Hospitalaria Recoletas. \n\t2012-2016\n2016-2017\n2017-today\n\n2019-Today\n\n\n\t\nClinical Research Experience (tasks and role)\tDate (Year)\nAssociated investigator\n\n' FIS PI20/00740: DESARROLLO DE UNA CALCULADORA DE RIESGO DE\nAPARICION DE RETINOPATIA DIABETICA BASADA EN TECNICAS DE IMAGEN MULTIMODAL EN PACIENTES DIABETICOS TIPO 1. Grant by: Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovacion \n\n' (BIO/VA23/14) Estudio clínico multicéntrico y prospectivo para validar dos\nbiomarcadores ubicados en los genes p53 y MDM2 en la predicción de los resultados funcionales de la cirugía del desprendimiento de retina regmatógeno. Grant by: Gerencia Regional de Salud de la Junta de Castilla y León.\n' Estudio multicéntrico, aleatorizado, con enmascaramiento doble, en 2 grupos\nparalelos y de 52 semanas de duración para comparar la eficacia, seguridad e inmunogenicidad de SOK583A1 respecto a Eylea® en pacientes con degeneración macular neovascular asociada a la edad' (CSOK583A12301; N.EUDRA: 2019-004838-41; FASE III). Grant by Hexal AG\n\n' Estudio de fase III, aleatorizado, doble ciego, con grupos paralelos, multicéntrico para comparar la eficacia y la seguridad de QL1205 frente a Lucentis® en pacientes con degeneración macular neovascular asociada a la edad. (EUDRACT: 2018-004486-13). Grant by Qilu Pharmaceutical Co\n\n' Estudio NEUTON: Ensayo clinico en fase IV para evaluar la eficacia de aflibercept en pacientes Naive con Edema MacUlar secundario a Oclusion de Vena CenTral de la Retina (OVCR) en regimen de tratamientO iNdividualizado Treat and Extend (TAE)”, (2014-000975-21). Grant by Fundacion Retinaplus\n\n' Evaluación de la seguridad y bioactividad de anillos de tensión capsular en conejo. Proyecto Procusens. Grant by AJL, S.A.\n\n'Estudio epidemiológico, prospectivo, multicéntrico y abierto\\npara valorar la frecuencia de la conjuntivitis adenovírica diagnosticada mediante el test AdenoPlus®\\nTest en pacientes enfermos de conjuntivitis aguda”\\n. National, multicenter study. Grant by: NICOX.\n\nEuropean multicentric trial: 'Evaluation of clinical outcomes following the use of Systane Hydration in patients with dry eye”. Study Phase 4. Grant by: Alcon Labs'\n\nVLPs Injection and Activation in a Rabbit Model of Uveal Melanoma. Grant by Aura Bioscience\n\nUpdating and characterization of a rabbit model of uveal melanoma. Grant by Aura Bioscience\n\nEnsayo clínico en fase IV para evaluar las variantes genéticas de la vía del VEGF como biomarcadores de eficacia del tratamiento con aflibercept en pacientes con degeneración macular asociada a la edad (DMAE) neovascular. Estudio BIOIMAGE. IMO-AFLI-2013-01\n\nEstudio In-Eye:Ensayo clínico en fase IV, abierto, aleatorizado, de 2 brazos,\nmulticçentrico y de 12 meses de duración, para evaluar la eficacia y seguridad de un régimen de PRN flexible individualizado de 'esperar y extender' versus un régimen PRN según criterios de estabilización mediante evaluaciones mensuales de inyecciones intravítreas de ranibizumab 0,5 mg en pacientes naive con neovascularización coriodea secunaria a la degeneración macular relacionada con la edad. CP: CRFB002AES03T\n\nTREND: Estudio Fase IIIb multicéntrico, randomizado, de 12 meses de\nseguimiento con evaluador de la agudeza visual enmascarado, para evaluar la eficacia y la seguridad de ranibizumab 0.5mg en un régimen de tratar y extender comparado con un régimen mensual, en pacientes con degeneración macular neovascular asociada a la edad. CP: CRFB002A2411 Código Eudra CT:\n2013-002626-23\n\n\n\nPublications\t\n\n2021\n\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n\n\n2021\n\n\n\n\n\n2021\n\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n2014\n\n\n\n\n2015-16\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n2014\n\n\n2014\n\n\n\n\n2014\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n2014\n\nJose Carlos Pastor; Jimena Rojas; Salvador Pastor-Idoate; Salvatore Di Lauro; Lucia Gonzalez-Buendia; Santiago Delgado-Tirado. Proliferative vitreoretinopathy: A new concept of disease pathogenesis and practical\nconsequences. Progress in Retinal and Eye Research. 51, pp. 125 - 155. 03/2016. DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2015.07.005\n\n\nLabrador-Velandia S; Alonso-Alonso ML; Di Lauro S; García-Gutierrez MT; Srivastava GK; Pastor JC; Fernandez-Bueno I. Mesenchymal stem cells provide paracrine neuroprotective resources that delay degeneration of co-cultured organotypic neuroretinal cultures.Experimental Eye Research. 185, 17/05/2019. DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2019.05.011\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro; Maria Teresa Garcia Gutierrez; Ivan Fernandez Bueno. Quantification of pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF) in an ex vivo coculture of retinal pigment epithelium cells and neuroretina.\nJournal of Allbiosolution. 2019. ISSN 2605-3535\n\nSonia Labrador Velandia; Salvatore Di Lauro; Alonso-Alonso ML; Tabera Bartolomé S; Srivastava GK; Pastor JC; Fernandez-Bueno I. Biocompatibility of intravitreal injection of human mesenchymal stem cells in immunocompetent rabbits. Graefe's archive for clinical and experimental ophthalmology. 256 - 1, pp. 125 - 134. 01/2018. DOI: 10.1007/s00417-017-3842-3\n\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro, David Rodriguez-Crespo, Manuel J Gayoso, Maria T Garcia-Gutierrez, J Carlos Pastor, Girish K Srivastava, Ivan Fernandez-Bueno. A novel coculture model of porcine central neuroretina explants and retinal pigment epithelium cells. Molecular Vision. 2016 - 22, pp. 243 - 253. 01/2016.\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro. Classifications for Proliferative Vitreoretinopathy ({PVR}): An Analysis of Their Use in Publications over the Last 15 Years. Journal of Ophthalmology. 2016, pp. 1 - 6. 01/2016. DOI: 10.1155/2016/7807596\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro; Rosa Maria Coco; Rosa Maria Sanabria; Enrique Rodriguez de la Rua; Jose Carlos Pastor. Loss of Visual Acuity after Successful Surgery for Macula-On Rhegmatogenous Retinal Detachment in a Prospective Multicentre Study. Journal of Ophthalmology. 2015:821864, 2015. DOI: 10.1155/2015/821864\n\nIvan Fernandez-Bueno; Salvatore Di Lauro; Ivan Alvarez; Jose Carlos Lopez; Maria Teresa Garcia-Gutierrez; Itziar Fernandez; Eva Larra; Jose Carlos Pastor. Safety and Biocompatibility of a New High-Density Polyethylene-Based\nSpherical Integrated Porous Orbital Implant: An Experimental Study in Rabbits. Journal of Ophthalmology. 2015:904096, 2015. DOI: 10.1155/2015/904096\n\nPastor JC; Pastor-Idoate S; Rodríguez-Hernandez I; Rojas J; Fernandez I; Gonzalez-Buendia L; Di Lauro S; Gonzalez-Sarmiento R. Genetics of PVR and RD. Ophthalmologica. 232 - Suppl 1, pp. 28 - 29. 2014\n\nRodriguez-Crespo D; Di Lauro S; Singh AK; Garcia-Gutierrez MT; Garrosa M; Pastor JC; Fernandez-Bueno I; Srivastava GK. Triple-layered mixed co-culture model of RPE cells with neuroretina for evaluating the neuroprotective effects of adipose-MSCs. Cell Tissue Res. 358 - 3, pp. 705 - 716. 2014.\nDOI: 10.1007/s00441-014-1987-5\n\nCarlo De Werra; Salvatore Condurro; Salvatore Tramontano; Mario Perone; Ivana Donzelli; Salvatore Di Lauro; Massimo Di Giuseppe; Rosa Di Micco; Annalisa Pascariello; Antonio Pastore; Giorgio Diamantis; Giuseppe Galloro. Hydatid disease of the liver: thirty years of surgical experience.Chirurgia italiana. 59 - 5, pp. 611 - 636.\n(Italia): 2007. ISSN 0009-4773\n\nChapters in books\n\t\n' Salvador Pastor Idoate; Salvatore Di Lauro; Jose Carlos Pastor Jimeno. PVR: Pathogenesis, Histopathology and Classification. Proliferative Vitreoretinopathy with Small Gauge Vitrectomy. Springer, 2018. ISBN 978-3-319-78445-8\nDOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-78446-5_2. \n\n' Salvatore Di Lauro; Maria Isabel Lopez Galvez. Quistes vítreos en una mujer joven. Problemas diagnósticos en patología retinocoroidea. Sociedad Española de Retina-Vitreo. 2018.\n\n' Salvatore Di Lauro; Salvador Pastor Idoate; Jose Carlos Pastor Jimeno. iOCT in PVR management. OCT Applications in Opthalmology. pp. 1 - 8. INTECH, 2018. DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.78774.\n\n' Rosa Coco Martin; Salvatore Di Lauro; Salvador Pastor Idoate; Jose Carlos Pastor. amponadores, manipuladores y tinciones en la cirugía del traumatismo ocular.Trauma Ocular. Ponencia de la SEO 2018..\n\n' LOPEZ GALVEZ; DI LAURO; CRESPO. OCT angiografia y complicaciones retinianas de la diabetes. PONENCIA SEO 2021, CAPITULO 20. (España): 2021.\n\n' Múltiples desprendimientos neurosensoriales bilaterales en paciente joven. Enfermedades Degenerativas De Retina Y Coroides. SERV 04/2016. \n' González-Buendía L; Di Lauro S; Pastor-Idoate S; Pastor Jimeno JC. Vitreorretinopatía proliferante (VRP) e inflamación: LA INFLAMACIÓN in «INMUNOMODULADORES Y ANTIINFLAMATORIOS: MÁS ALLÁ DE LOS CORTICOIDES. 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The applications of this research cover many related fields, such as biotechnology and medicine, where, for example, Bioinformatics contributes to faster drug design, DNA analysis in forensics, and DNA sequence analysis in the field of personalized medicine. Personalized medicine is a type of medical care in which treatment is customized individually for each patient. Personalized medicine enables more effective therapy, reduces the costs of therapy and clinical trials, and also minimizes the risk of side effects. Nevertheless, advances in personalized medicine would not have been possible without bioinformatics, which can analyze the human genome and other vast amounts of biomedical data, especially in genetics. The rapid growth of information technology enabled the development of new tools to decode human genomes, large-scale studies of genetic variations and medical informatics. The considerable development of technology, including the computing power of computers, is also conducive to the development of bioinformatics, including personalized medicine. In an era of rapidly growing data volumes and ever lower costs of generating, storing and computing data, personalized medicine holds great promises. Modern computational methods used as bioinformatics tools can integrate multi-scale, multi-modal and longitudinal patient data to create even more effective and safer therapy and disease prevention methods. Main aspects of the topic are: Applying bioinformatics in drug discovery and development; Bioinformatics in clinical diagnostics (genetic variants that act as markers for a condition or a disease); Blockchain and Artificial Intelligence/Machine Learning in personalized medicine; Customize disease-prevention strategies in personalized medicine; Big data analysis in personalized medicine; Translating stratification algorithms into clinical practice of personalized medicine.",annualVolume:11403,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/7.jpg",editor:{id:"351533",title:"Dr.",name:"Slawomir",middleName:null,surname:"Wilczynski",fullName:"Slawomir Wilczynski",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000035U1loQAC/Profile_Picture_1630074514792",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Medical University of Silesia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Poland"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"5886",title:"Dr.",name:"Alexandros",middleName:"T.",surname:"Tzallas",fullName:"Alexandros Tzallas",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/5886/images/system/5886.png",institutionString:"University of Ioannina, Greece & Imperial College London",institution:{name:"University of Ioannina",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Greece"}}},{id:"257388",title:"Distinguished Prof.",name:"Lulu",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",fullName:"Lulu Wang",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRX6kQAG/Profile_Picture_1630329584194",institutionString:"Shenzhen Technology University",institution:{name:"Shenzhen Technology University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"225387",title:"Prof.",name:"Reda R.",middleName:"R.",surname:"Gharieb",fullName:"Reda R. Gharieb",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/225387/images/system/225387.jpg",institutionString:"Assiut University",institution:{name:"Assiut University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Egypt"}}}]},{id:"8",title:"Bioinspired Technology and Biomechanics",keywords:"Bioinspired Systems, Biomechanics, Assistive Technology, Rehabilitation",scope:'Bioinspired technologies take advantage of understanding the actual biological system to provide solutions to problems in several areas. Recently, bioinspired systems have been successfully employing biomechanics to develop and improve assistive technology and rehabilitation devices. The research topic "Bioinspired Technology and Biomechanics" welcomes studies reporting recent advances in bioinspired technologies that contribute to individuals\' health, inclusion, and rehabilitation. Possible contributions can address (but are not limited to) the following research topics: Bioinspired design and control of exoskeletons, orthoses, and prostheses; Experimental evaluation of the effect of assistive devices (e.g., influence on gait, balance, and neuromuscular system); Bioinspired technologies for rehabilitation, including clinical studies reporting evaluations; Application of neuromuscular and biomechanical models to the development of bioinspired technology.',annualVolume:11404,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/8.jpg",editor:{id:"144937",title:"Prof.",name:"Adriano",middleName:"De Oliveira",surname:"Andrade",fullName:"Adriano Andrade",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRC8QQAW/Profile_Picture_1625219101815",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Federal University of Uberlândia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"49517",title:"Prof.",name:"Hitoshi",middleName:null,surname:"Tsunashima",fullName:"Hitoshi Tsunashima",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYTP4QAO/Profile_Picture_1625819726528",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Nihon University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"425354",title:"Dr.",name:"Marcus",middleName:"Fraga",surname:"Vieira",fullName:"Marcus Vieira",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00003BJSgIQAX/Profile_Picture_1627904687309",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Federal de Goiás",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"196746",title:"Dr.",name:"Ramana",middleName:null,surname:"Vinjamuri",fullName:"Ramana Vinjamuri",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/196746/images/system/196746.jpeg",institutionString:"University of Maryland, Baltimore County",institution:{name:"University of Maryland, Baltimore County",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}]},{id:"9",title:"Biotechnology - Biosensors, Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering",keywords:"Biotechnology, Biosensors, Biomaterials, Tissue Engineering",scope:"The Biotechnology - Biosensors, Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering topic within the Biomedical Engineering Series aims to rapidly publish contributions on all aspects of biotechnology, biosensors, biomaterial and tissue engineering. We encourage the submission of manuscripts that provide novel and mechanistic insights that report significant advances in the fields. Topics can include but are not limited to: Biotechnology such as biotechnological products and process engineering; Biotechnologically relevant enzymes and proteins; Bioenergy and biofuels; Applied genetics and molecular biotechnology; Genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics; Applied microbial and cell physiology; Environmental biotechnology; Methods and protocols. Moreover, topics in biosensor technology, like sensors that incorporate enzymes, antibodies, nucleic acids, whole cells, tissues and organelles, and other biological or biologically inspired components will be considered, and topics exploring transducers, including those based on electrochemical and optical piezoelectric, thermal, magnetic, and micromechanical elements. Chapters exploring biomaterial approaches such as polymer synthesis and characterization, drug and gene vector design, biocompatibility, immunology and toxicology, and self-assembly at the nanoscale, are welcome. Finally, the tissue engineering subcategory will support topics such as the fundamentals of stem cells and progenitor cells and their proliferation, differentiation, bioreactors for three-dimensional culture and studies of phenotypic changes, stem and progenitor cells, both short and long term, ex vivo and in vivo implantation both in preclinical models and also in clinical trials.",annualVolume:11405,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/9.jpg",editor:{id:"126286",title:"Dr.",name:"Luis",middleName:"Jesús",surname:"Villarreal-Gómez",fullName:"Luis Villarreal-Gómez",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/126286/images/system/126286.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Autonomous University of Baja California",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"35539",title:"Dr.",name:"Cecilia",middleName:null,surname:"Cristea",fullName:"Cecilia Cristea",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYQ65QAG/Profile_Picture_1621007741527",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Iuliu Hațieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Romania"}}},{id:"40735",title:"Dr.",name:"Gil",middleName:"Alberto Batista",surname:"Gonçalves",fullName:"Gil Gonçalves",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYRLGQA4/Profile_Picture_1628492612759",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Aveiro",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Portugal"}}},{id:"211725",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Johann F.",middleName:null,surname:"Osma",fullName:"Johann F. 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