\nThe book is divided into three parts:
\nPart I: Ecological interpretation of land-use act - in this part, ecosystem and land use turn out to be a significant factor in the process of creating an ecological landscape.
\nPart II: Landscape district in applied ecological analysis - this part attempts to illustrate the best possible model of analysis integrated with landscape in practical case studies.
\nPart III: The anthropogenic impacts on landscape creation - this part discusses the human impact on landscape creation.",isbn:"978-953-51-2514-3",printIsbn:"978-953-51-2513-6",pdfIsbn:"978-953-51-5442-6",doi:"10.5772/61905",price:119,priceEur:129,priceUsd:155,slug:"landscape-ecology-the-influences-of-land-use-and-anthropogenic-impacts-of-landscape-creation",numberOfPages:140,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:1,hash:"354db0cb765007d8e48728a1356f2b75",bookSignature:"Amjad Almusaed",publishedDate:"July 27th 2016",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5289.jpg",numberOfDownloads:10311,numberOfWosCitations:3,numberOfCrossrefCitations:13,numberOfDimensionsCitations:31,hasAltmetrics:1,numberOfTotalCitations:47,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"November 12th 2015",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"December 3rd 2015",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"March 22nd 2016",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"June 20th 2016",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"July 20th 2016",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,editors:[{id:"110471",title:"Dr.",name:"Amjad",middleName:"Zaki",surname:"Almusaed",slug:"amjad-almusaed",fullName:"Amjad Almusaed",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/110471/images/system/110471.png",biography:"Amjad Almusaed Phd was born on January 15, 1967. He holds a PhD degree in Architecture (Environmental Design) from Ion Mincu University, Bucharest, Romania. He completed postdoctoral research in 2004 on sustainable and bioclimatic houses, from the School of Architecture in Aarhus, Denmark. His research expertise is sustainability in architecture and urban planning and design. He has carried out a great deal of research and technical survey work and has performed several studies in the above-mentioned areas. He has edited many international books and is an active member of many worldwide architectural associations. He has published more than 170 international academic works (papers, research, books, and book chapters) in different languages.",institutionString:"Jönköping University",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"8",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"9",institution:{name:"Jönköping University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Sweden"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"849",title:"Landscape Ecology",slug:"landscape-ecology"}],chapters:[{id:"51201",title:"Agriculture and Its Impact on Land‐Use, Environment, and Ecosystem Services",doi:"10.5772/63719",slug:"agriculture-and-its-impact-on-land-use-environment-and-ecosystem-services",totalDownloads:6330,totalCrossrefCites:11,totalDimensionsCites:27,signatures:"Radoslava Kanianska",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/51201",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/51201",authors:[{id:"184781",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Radoslava",surname:"Kanianska",slug:"radoslava-kanianska",fullName:"Radoslava Kanianska"}],corrections:null},{id:"50964",title:"Modelling the Contribution of Land Use to Nitrate Yield from a Rural Catchment",doi:"10.5772/63718",slug:"modelling-the-contribution-of-land-use-to-nitrate-yield-from-a-rural-catchment",totalDownloads:953,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,signatures:"Maria-Luz Rodríguez-Blanco, Ricardo Arias, Maria-Mercedes\nTaboada-Castro, Joao Pedro Nunes, Jan Jacob Keizer and Maria-\nTeresa Taboada-Castro",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/50964",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/50964",authors:[{id:"183458",title:"Dr.",name:"María-Luz",surname:"Rodríguez-Blanco",slug:"maria-luz-rodriguez-blanco",fullName:"María-Luz Rodríguez-Blanco"}],corrections:null},{id:"51225",title:"Multitemporal Analysis in Mediterranean Forestland with Remote Sensing",doi:"10.5772/63721",slug:"multitemporal-analysis-in-mediterranean-forestland-with-remote-sensing",totalDownloads:748,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,signatures:"Ignacio Melendez-Pastor, Encarni I. 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Hernández"},{id:"137040",title:"Prof.",name:"Jose",surname:"Navarro-Pedreño",slug:"jose-navarro-pedreno",fullName:"Jose Navarro-Pedreño"},{id:"137041",title:"Prof.",name:"Ignacio",surname:"Gómez",slug:"ignacio-gomez",fullName:"Ignacio Gómez"},{id:"183525",title:"Dr.",name:"Magaly",surname:"Koch",slug:"magaly-koch",fullName:"Magaly Koch"}],corrections:null},{id:"50268",title:"Hydrological Trend Analysis Integrated with Landscape Analysis at the Watershed Scale (Case Study: Langat Basin, Malaysia)",doi:"10.5772/62463",slug:"hydrological-trend-analysis-integrated-with-landscape-analysis-at-the-watershed-scale-case-study-lan",totalDownloads:710,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,signatures:"Hadi Memarian and Siva K. 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by",editors:[{id:"220902",title:"Dr.",name:"Christian",middleName:null,surname:"Cuadrado-Laborde",slug:"christian-cuadrado-laborde",fullName:"Christian Cuadrado-Laborde"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}},ofsBook:{item:{type:"book",id:"9626",leadTitle:null,title:"Common Disease Genetics",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"
\r\n\tMultifactorial heredity refers to the action of several genes, which interact with each other and together with environmental factors and determine a certain phenotype. These genes have a minor effect but their action adds up and creates the genetic predisposition.
\r\n\t
\r\n\tGenetic predisposition is converted into a pathological phenotype only under the effect of environmental factors.
\r\n\tMultifactorial disorders are considered to be the most common features that affect people, such as diabetes, high blood pressure, coronary heart disease, and cancer, as well as some of the common isolated birth defects, including cleft lip or palate, neural tube defects, congenital heart disease, and clubfoot.
\r\n\t
\r\n\tMultifactorial inheritance did not follow a simple Mendelian pattern. However, the recurrence risk of multifactorial disorders is higher in relatives of affected individuals than in the general population. The empirical risks of a multifactorial disorder are based on large population studies.
\r\n\t
\r\n\tIt is important to understand the multifactorial transmission model for proper genetic counseling and for avoiding environmental factors, a measure that could ensure the prophylaxis of these common diseases.
\r\n\tThis book intends to provide valuable evidence-based information, a comprehensive overview of this complex pathology. The aim will be to highlight the importance of collaboration and multidisciplinary teams for multifactorial disease management in an easy-to-follow format.
Histopathology is being exercised in most parts of the world and is still in the developmental phase in various developing countries. This branch contributes a significant portion in the cutting edge effective diagnosis in pathology through highlighting the unique microarchitecutral and morphological results. For long, the histopathologists studied their pathological diagnostic reports exclusively on the tissue growth patterns and cell morphology with usual heamatoxylin and eosin (H&E) and few (if any) special stained slides. Today’s developed technology makes the computerized histomorphometric diagnosis and prognosis possible, and now the results are more scientific and reproducible. The gene array measures thousands of gene expression, facilitating the researcher for pursuing new and rapid markers for disease diagnosis. By this way a molecular diagnosis of the pathological lesions would derived prior to the preparation of paraffinized sections. The micro array analysis of DNA and proteomics make likely to figure a comprehensive gene expression belongs to tissue neoplasia and helps in diagnosis, susceptibility and prognosis. Such tests are being done in conjunction with preceding histopathology for better results. Artificial neuronal networking is introduced by a surgical pathologist in whom an artificial neuron is working like physiologically normal one by passing information. The telepathology is dealing with obtaining, spreading, and broadcasting of histopathological pictures through the telecommunication networks viz. internet and satellite. This practice will make the study of whole-slide easy and will let the prompt distributions of the images for early diagnosis and detail disease process. Now most of the short-commings are being overcomed and the imminent archetype of histopathology is hypothesized to be digital in the near future. By this means the histopathologists will confirm diagnosis via virtual images analysis on computers instead of as usual morphometry and the digitized tissue could categorize into various histological grading for quantitative analysis, which results in provision of rapid and improved prospects for diagnosis and treatment of tumorous tissues. In the current thrilling time of pathology, we are challenged with the novel boundary of cutting-edge science and technology, which progress and speed up the diagnostic histopathological technique. But still it is not less than a challenge for achieving such procedures successfully so as to route all the information enclosed.
The histopathology refers to the examination of prepared tissue under microscopic and the practice is however in the development phase in most of the developing countries [1]. It has been found that most of the important lesions which are easy to get during biopsy are still not biopsied in those countries and if so, then most of the important surgically isolated tissues are not being processed accurately for histopathology. Most of the existing gaps that need to be filled is the lack of availability of important good quality chemicals, reagents and instruments viz. unavailability of Microtomes for fine sectioning and electron microscopes for tissue study etc., and unavailability of various very common tests including, immunohistochemistry. Various teaching and research institutes are lacking these facilities and are focusing on H&E only [2]. The concept of staining a tissue is for clear visualization of its microstructure. Most commonly used eosin is an acidic coloring chemical that stains basic structures having negatively charge i.e. the cytoplasm. The other companion color is the hematoxylin which is basic in nature and is imparting the color to the acidic portion of the cell i.e. nucleus [3]. Special staining of the tissue is also out of use, but, if available, then its results will not be appropriate. Only few private sectors are claiming that they are producing the slides of a good quality, but the methods are still needed to be standardized. If in case any slide is made up as per routine use of advanced countries, there is a bridge of availability of technically trained persons who can read the slides exactly. State of the art facility of equipment’s needed to available along with skilled personals that can get the specimens, processed, stained and could read the lesions. The tumor pathology practice is increasing with the time [4] and the histopathology practice is also needs to be rectified as this is a tool of diagnosing the tumor rapidly and is reliable [5]. The developing countries need to accurate the practice of histopathology with the intention that they could help the civilians in diagnosing the existing regional disease conditions. So that the pictures of good results could be cited in international literature. The histopathology is skinning new grace in finding cause and pathogenesis of diseases [5]. A lot of developing countries faced funding’s, trained technicians, equipment’s and materials problems [6]. One of the emerging trends in the current scientific era is invention of digital histopathology [7], which is considered as a break-through and celebrity in finding and studying numerous varieties of cancers. The current chapter highlighting the use and application of histopathological old techniques and also highlighting the simultaneous use of old and emerging new techniques in the field of histopathology and also debated about its future recommendations.
Disease is developed from the molecular level followed by cellular and tissue level [8]. It is utmost necessary to grab any disease in the stage when it creates changes in the tissues [9]. In histopathology we study scientifically the changes in the affected tissues under the microscope. Though this is an ancient procedure, and still being adopted in medical sciences [10]. This section of pathology enjoying a considerable portion of detail study of most of the humans as well as animal ailments. This outlet of scientific study reserved a substantial position in the modern techniques in effective disease diagnosis. In histopathology the microarchitectural detail of tissue is being highlighted. For this the tissues are being stained with various categories of stains. Although this practice is a time consuming process, however, some improvements have been made in such protocol during the modern era. The new developments in the current novel technologies improved the earlier conventional disease diagnostic procedures, making enabled such practice in a rapid way [11]. The manual protocol is replaced with the automated machines. In recent times the histological image of life sciences is processed in medical sciences, same to that of the engineer [12]. Tremendous improvements have been made in such medical image processing technology. Due to the improvement of the information technology, the tissue imaging technique is the most acceptable, efficient and reliable mean to detect the cancer and other diseases.
The histopathology is being practiced sidewise to the molecular techniques in the technologically developed world, and the less developed countries are still competing to standardize such technique. The experts in histopathology used the prepared slides entirely on growth patterns, infiltrated cells and tissue morphology with ordinary staining protocol [5]. The H&E staining are widely being used in histopathology and currently, various specific stains are being established [12]. The aim of these stains is to identify the specific affected tissues after imparting it with different dye. Several special stains have been developed and are being practiced successfully in renowned established laboratories. The special stained make the slides easy in differentiation and identification, which are then subjected into rapid computerized histomorphometric diagnosis.
The major ailment around the world is the cancer and is considered as a chronic disease of the age [13]. Numerous death rates owing to cancer have been reported in human and animal population, and its rate is increasing astonishingly with time. The foremost change and up-gradation in histopathology is through the use of immunohistochemical methods [11], which playing an incredible role in tumor diagnosis. The applicable prognosis and early diagnosis of biopsy specimens is possible, and the scientific results obtained are now more reproducible. Other than disease diagnosis, most of the tissues are being developed in the laboratories through culture methods [14]. The tissue culture labs are the leading player of the tissues being cultured. These labs recently claimed the culturing and the introduction of the artificial neuronal networking, in whom an artificial neuron is working like physiologically normal one by passing signals and effective information [15].
The existing molecular pathobiology was evolved mainly from biopsy and autopsy [8]. Currently, the revolutions in molecular biology and in the technology of gene array have developed which measures thousands of genes expression, facilitating the researcher for pursuing new and rapid markers for disease diagnosis [14]. By this way a molecular diagnosis of the pathological lesions would derived prior to the preparation of paraffinized sections. The micro array analysis of DNA and proteomics make likely to figure a comprehensive gene expression belongs to tissue neoplasia and helps in diagnosis, susceptibility and prognosis. These tests are being done in conjunction with preceding histopathology for better results [16]. The telepathology helping the society and deals with obtaining, spreading, and broadcasting of histopathological pictures through the telecommunication networks viz. internet and satellite [17]. This practice will make the study of whole-slide easy and will let the prompt distributions of the images for early diagnosis and detail disease process.
Some commonly used histopathological techniques and stains in the developed countries routinely for diagnosis and the need of such methods and stains in the pathology set up of third world countries are.
It is basically the communication of thoughts among people without the use of common senses, which are specified for thinking, ideas and physical interaction purposes. This is being done without using body language or words. The main users/players of this technology is called mind readers or telepaths [18].
This histologically based assessment revealed the lymphocytes that are infiltrating in the tumors as a substitute of the host immunity linked responses are being presented to be predictive and possibly chemopredictive in triple-negative and HER2-positive breast cancers. Though, the cooperation of the said lymphocytes, mediators, tumor cells, microenvironmental features, their quantity and associations are still awaiting to be explored. A tool named a digital pathology is anticipated to be used to evaluate the said features targeted and of chemotherapeutic reactions in patient. Based on digital pathology an image-analyzing algorithm are being developed to recognize lymphocytes, stromal, neoplastic cells in addition to obtaining of an image from the slides stained with H&E [19].
The prototype of molecular form of histopathology is fluctuating from a simple immunohistochemistry (single-marker) to multiplexed immunohistochemical recognition of markers to comprehend the multipart pathological procedures in an improved manner. This method is currently being used to explore the expression of those proteins pattern that is concerned in controlling of immune related checkpoints. In this histopathological technique the microarchitectural environment mapping of tumors is being done. This technique contributes in the understandings of syndrome heterogeneity and delivering all kinds of information you demand on time [20].
This is a cell imaging technique and is being used commonly in laboratories. A fluorescent microscope is used in this technique and is run primarily for microbiological studies. The antibodies used in this method are conjugated chemically with fluorescent dyes which are then called labeled antibodies. These antibodies are later on attached to the specific cellular antigens. This largely valid method commonly practiced by the scientists to evaluate the localized and endogenous levels of protein and antigens expressions [21].
Brain mapping is also including in the future of histopathology in which the positive and negative command is being generated in various segments of the brain. The technology used to detect the specified cortical regions of the brain during mapping is via very sensitive fMRI techniques [22].
It is a sort of new technique used for brain imaging. Through his technique the possible changes are visualized in the diseased brain. This technique is being used extensively in the infants and young babies. Because in young age the changes in the brain are being observed very rapid. The imaging techniques of the brain authorize a friendly procedure of neuroreceptor binding and neurophysiology. These imaging is sensitive and powerful tools for research purpose especially during pathophysiological studies of some foremost depressions. Currently, this practice is being used to observe the working capabilities of the brain and how the brain is fulfilling various major tasks including language processing [23].
Some commonly used histopathological stains in the developed countries routinely for diagnosis and the need of such stains in the pathology set up of third world countries are including as Stro-1 and vWF stains [24]; Simplified myeloperoxidase stain using benzidine dihydrochloride [25]; triphenyl tetrazolium chloride and tetrazolium red [26]; silver stain [27]; Giemsa, Diff3 and Warthin-Starry stains [28]; Gram and Steiner stains [29]; Toluidine blue, Masson’s trichrome, Mallory’s trichrome, Alcian blue. Reticulin, Azan, van Gieson, carmine, silver nitrate stains [1, 30].
Now most of the shortcomings are being overcome and the imminent archetype of histopathology is hypothesized to be digital in the near future. By this means the histopathologists will confirm diagnosis via virtual images analysis on computers instead of as usual morphometry and the digitized tissue could categorized into various histological grading for quantitative analysis, which results in provision of rapid and improved prospects for diagnosis and treatment of tumorous tissues.
The luxury good’s market has grown from a value of US$ 20 billion in 1985 [1] to its current value estimated by Bain and Company (2012) of over US$ 260 billion, and the expectation regarding the growth of this market is of about 2 up to 4% annually for the next 2 years [1]. For instance, the high-end luxury good’s market came up to US$ 236 billion in 2009 [2]. While the market for luxury goods has grown steadily through the last 20 years representing a significant percentage of trades worldwide, studies have expressed concern about the existence of counterfeit, and generation of loss from counterfeit products amounts to US$ 12 billion per year [3].
Lai and Zaichkowsky [4] define counterfeits as illegally made products that resemble the genuine goods but are typically of lower quality in terms of performance, reliability or durability [5]. Counterfeit goods decrease companies’ profits because what these manufacturers’ sell is what the brands will not sell, which means that there is a direct steal of revenues from brands. This industry suffers with counterfeits resulting in seizures of large number of counterfeit goods. Thus, the increase in demand of luxury goods is the driver of the demand for counterfeits [6].
The need for individualism and uniqueness is one of important characteristics of counterfeit consumers. Studies have stated that people feel the need for individualism and uniqueness [2, 7], and this necessity can be expressed by means of personal brand preference and buying decisions [8]. Since the idea that money acquires status, which can be seen through the goods people own, people started to acquire products not only for ‘what they can do, but also for what they mean’ [9] (p. 118). In addition, there is also meaning attached to goods, especially to luxury goods as with the ownership comes a sense of exclusivity. Thus, buying counterfeit goods translates into reality as a loss of exclusivity for the customers of genuine luxury brands [10].
Therefore, this chapter focuses on the counterfeit market, its influence on luxury consumption and consumers’ drivers for the counterfeit. Furthermore, the chapter discusses the innovative ways adopted by a Portuguese firm to control the growth of counterfeit market. In particular, start-ups are advised to plan, develop and implement a strategy for launching an anti-counterfeit technology product. However, reaching the customers with anti-counterfeit technology products is not easy and requires focus across the industry. Knowledge of the study helps to understand to control the growth of counterfeit market and loss of sales and image to the fashion firms.
‘Product counterfeiting is a form of consumer fraud: a product is sold, purporting to be something that it is not’ [11] (p. 173). However there is also another concept that needs to be brought to light in order to provide further understanding on the subject, which is deception. According to [12], deception is a form of manipulating information with the purpose of influencing the behaviour of a customer of potential customer, by misrepresenting a product. [13]. Ekman [14] stated that there are two major deception strategies, which are concealment, where the deceiver hides relevant information without saying anything false, and falsifying, where the deceiver adds untrue information as if it were true in order to manipulate the customer [13]. In both cases, deception is intentional.
While defining the counterfeit market, [15] believes there are two types of markets for counterfeits, deceptive markets, where the customers are imperfectly informed or are not familiarised with the product, which makes them unable to distinguish between genuine and fake products and leads to the purchase of fake goods by accident [7], and nondeceptive, where the customer can easily differentiate fake from authentic, which cannibalises the purchase of genuine products; this sort of market applies more to the luxury goods industry, since consumers are fully aware they are purchasing a counterfeit when it comes to the date of acquisition; here buyers are accomplices rather than victims [13].
OECD [16] came to the estimate that 5–9% of the global trade volume is counterfeit production, which translates to a basis of a yearly volume of US$ 9 billion; this means that the counterfeit industry accounts for a loss between US$ 450 and US$ 810 million [7]. World Custom Organisation [17] computed that the global market for counterfeits is to exceed US$ 600 billion, accounting for approximately 7% of world trade [3]. The estimate from [18] states that the loss from counterfeiting luxury goods or brands amounts to US$ 12 billion per year [3], which means that sales of counterfeit items have caused billions of dollars in lost sales for legitimate luxury good producers [19]. A different source found was the International Chamber of Commerce, which cites a similar estimate where counterfeits account for 5% all the way up to 7% of worldwide trade, which are worth US$ 600 billion yearly [11].
The counterfeiting industry operates in a ‘grey market’; this means that solid numbers are hard to estimate and to come by, hence all of the different yet similar numbers stated above; there is a gap in the academia when it comes to recent and updated statistics for the counterfeit market [11].
All of the estimates mentioned above, namely, that counterfeits account for 5–9% of world trades, have remained static for a few years now, and the assessed percentage does not seem to be based upon empirical findings [11]. Keeping this problem in mind, back in 2016 [16], the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development reassessed the issue and projected a value that seems more reasonable and accurate for the volume of counterfeits traded globally, which was based on solid evidence; this value came down to 2% [20], which is significantly lower than the previously estimated value. Another one of the most recent statistics belongs to Interpol (2009), where the value released confirms that counterfeits account for 2% of worldwide trades [10], which goes along the lines of the value released by the [16].
Havocscope [21] confirms that the current value of the counterfeit good’s market is about US$ 12 billion. Information extracted from [21] provides us with knowledge regarding the amount of US$ lost by sector per year. As can be seen in Table 1.1, in the Appendix, show companies and clothing manufacturers lose up to US$ 12 billion yearly due to illegal counterfeit activity, while the cosmetic sector loses up to US$ 3 billion per year [21].
With the presented information, it can be seen that there is a real loss in the luxury goods market due to the emergence of this ‘grey market’ of counterfeits. What this means is that luxury brands face a serious problem: counterfeiting. The luxury good’s market has grown from a value of US$ 20 billion in 1985 [1] to its current value estimated by Bain and Company (2012) of over US$ 260 billion, and the expectation regarding the growth of this market is of about 2 up to 4% annually for the next 2 years [1]. Although the technical term ‘luxury good’ is independent of the goods’ quality, customers consider these kinds of products to be of the highest quality available in the market, since that is how these types of brands position themselves; they make the extra effort to associate elevated prices with high-quality standards [22].
The global luxury goods industry, which includes drinks, fashion, cosmetics, fragrances, watches, jewellery, luggage and handbags, has been on an upward climb for many years [23], the luxury goods market is significant, not only in terms of its market value, but also in terms of its growth rate [1, 24]. Luxury goods manufacturers meet consumer demand by focusing on brand, aesthetics, quality materials, superior craftsmanship and pricing to transform everyday objects into status symbols. The industry rises and falls with the gross domestic product (GDP), seeing demand climb in times of economic stability and plummeting in unfavourable economic climates [23]. The United States has long been the largest regional market for luxury goods and is estimated to continue to be the leading personal luxury goods market in 2013, with a value of 62.5 billion euros [23].
One third of counterfeit sales of luxury goods are made online [2, 3]. Also, and according to [25], consumers of counterfeit goods acquire them mostly through the Internet, especially when they are well aware they are buying a fake good, since it is easier for them to analyse all the information provided, as well as compare the fake products with the genuine articles.
According to [26], a massive 87% of counterfeits are acquired online; the sources this website uses are based on empirical evidence, such as news and feedback from online platforms (eBay, AliExpress, Amazon and Facebook). eBay is currently dealing with the highest percentage of counterfeit complaints; however, and according [26], it is the only one of these platforms doing something to prevent and protect their customers against the counterfeit problem, unlike Amazon, who warns customers to buy at ‘their own risk’. The Internet makes it possible for counterfeiters to sell fake goods without prior consumer inspection [13]. [27] estimates that US$ 135 billion were sold online in counterfeit alone, back in 2008 [13].
When buying online, the customer relies only in the information provided by the seller—text, pictures or videos—which is easy to manipulate [13]. A study elaborated by [13] showed that if the presentation of the product online is elaborated and advanced, it would influence the user’s perceptions of the authenticity of products in a positive way, which leads to an increase in the user’s willingness to buy online.
The Internet has made the practice of selling counterfeit goods much easier, since it decreases costs and increases information asymmetry between parties, making it more difficult to prosecute online deceivers [12, 13].
There is a need to analyse what guides this parallel market, what is the appeal behind living of an illegal activity. According to the literature, the two main forces driving this market are, firstly, the high margins obtained by counterfeit manufacturers and, secondly, the demand for name-brand goods and lower prices [3].
World Custom Organisation [17] states that the key driver for this market is the exponential growth of China and the intensification of their exports [11]. Naturally not all counterfeited products come from China; however, an astonishing 2/3 of the total counterfeit shipments detected by authorities actually departed from China; this percentage accounts for about 241 million pieces seized globally [11]. US Customs and Border Protection [28] states that top commodities preferred by counterfeiters include footwear, apparel, watches, pharmaceuticals and electronics [13], which confirms that there is a real issue to be studied.
For consumers, luxury has to be seen by everyone; customers acquire an expensive item or a counterfeit item for their own self-esteem and for others to see as well, in order to attain or increase their social status [13]. The interest in purchasing a high-end product decreases if potential customers consider the set of products to be held by the masses [29], because the decision to buy branded products is based upon social benefits, such as the prestige of holding a good of this nature [29, 30, 31, 32]; holding a luxury good represents a symbol of success for the customer [32], and any fashion brand needs to maintain its exclusivity in order to attract customers, since if a brand wants to price the products at designer prices, then it means that it cannot be held by too many consumers [29].
Authors have presented a theory concerning two types of social groups, the elites and the masses; the elites seek to distinguish themselves from the masses, hence their high-end purchases, while the masses have a need to emulate the choices of the elites [29]. The primary value of luxury brands is psychological and that their consumption is dependent on a distinctive mix of social and individual cues [1]. Han et al. [33] states that people do not desire counterfeit goods; they desire the real product; however, sometimes customers whom aspire to own luxury products are unable to afford to pay for the genuine product and can use counterfeits as a poor substitute [19], which means that consumers’ desire for counterfeit luxury goods always derives from their preference for genuine luxury brands, and counterfeits provide the user with social status at a low price, but also at a low quality [10], which, besides hindering innovation, employment and trade [34], does not really hurt the final customer in any way, hence their continuous purchases.
In 1993, [15] conducted a study that led to the conclusion that people attach more importance to the image that a brand conveys than to the acute lack of quality and functionality of a copy [7]. As expected, people pay more attention to what holding a certain luxury brand really means to others, more so than to the actual quality of the product; they pay more attention to the external rather than the internal attributes of the product; specifically, this factor leads Asian consumers to have a stronger appetite for luxury goods [19]. Consumers buy the fake goods due to the brand status they get from it, counterfeit status goods often offer similar qualities as the original merchandise and the consumer of these goods is not at any risk of bodily harm; however, consumers of these goods subject themselves to social risk, since these goods are of high symbolic value and social visibility [35]. Bloch et al. [15] states that the true driver for the demand for counterfeits is the demand for luxury goods; as stated above, consumers of fake luxury goods are willing accomplices rather than victims of deception [10], in which counterfeit luxury goods stimulate consumer demand for brand-name items, to some extent [19].
Some counterfeit buyers believe they are receiving comparable goods at lower prices; they see nothing wrong with the action and perceive designer prices as unfair [36], instead of thinking about what really goes with designing and assembling a luxury product [10]. Prestige, brand image and fashion are important to purchasers of premium brands; however, buyers of counterfeits value the same, but try to gain the image benefits at a bargain price [37]. Marketers keep focusing on the quality/price ratio: consumers often find they can get sufficient quality for the price they are paying [10]. The transaction of a counterfeit product may seem advantageous to the seller and to the consumer at the time, but it harms the brand being duplicated, since there is a direct steal of revenues.
According to a study performed by [38], the consumer values ethical standards, and when they feel that a company is not living up to those standards, they will sacrifice themselves to punish the company, which could translate into going out and acquiring counterfeits. The opposite can also happen; customers may sacrifice themselves to defend a company with high moral standards [10, 38]. The study concluded that if the price of the original good is much higher than the price of the counterfeit good, the quality is sufficient, and the customer feels no need to support the manufacturer of the original product; then it is more likely that the customer will acquire the counterfeit, since price remains one of the most important indicators in the market of a product’s value [39]. which means that consumers that knowingly acquire a counterfeit good are willing to trade up quality and performance for the fake image purchased at a discount price [37].
According to the literature, there are three main reasons that lead people to acquire counterfeits. Firstly, the price of the counterfeit is much lower than the original; secondly, the quality of the fake is comparable to that of the original; and lastly, customers do not see any reason to support the company that manufactures the original good, which relates to the social responsibility of the company [10]. Poddar et al. [10] conducted a study which provided us with two relevant conclusions for this report, namely, if price differentials are higher and quality differentials are lower, then purchase intentions increase, and, second and extremely relevant in the sense that it confirms what has been said previously, customers are more prone to acquiring counterfeits if they feel that other people will not be able to tell the difference [10].
As seen before, counterfeiters are dealing mainly online, and they provide the customer with professional-looking websites, low prices, faster delivery times and a wider range of delivery, and this poses a real threat to luxury houses [35]. Cordell et al. [40] understand that potential deception occurs in commercial transactions due to information asymmetry and opportunistic behaviour [13], and this is easier to occur online, where everything can be manipulated, in terms of information provided by the seller, as well as visual aids. Research by [41] confirms that advanced presentation online affects buyers in a positive way; it leads to the decrease of apparent risk, creates a better mood for customers and provides a more entertaining experience for them [13].
One of the more relevant factors for consumers that purchase counterfeits online is price; usually these consumers use the Internet as a tool for gathering information and even as a means to compare the fake with the original product [8, 35]. Another factor that is valued by customers is safety; when counterfeiters produce goods, they have no regard for the customer’s personal safety [37]; however, this does not impact the luxury-counterfeited goods, since most of them are products to wear, instead of medical drugs, for example, where the danger of buying altered goods is more clear to the end-customer [11].
Counterfeit items have some symbolic value for the customers who buy them with the desire of enhancing their social status [1, 19]. According to [18], the desire of consumers for counterfeit luxury goods depends on the extent to which such brands fulfil the social motivation guiding the luxury brand preferences of those consumers [19]. Thus, consumers with strong face consciousness preferred counterfeit luxury goods that can be used in public to those that can be used in private situations, which supports findings by other authors stating that situational effects are important in considered analysis of nondeceptive counterfeit luxury products [42].
MobilityNow is a start-up company that has its sole focus on mobile solutions. While there are more than 1.2 billion users who already access the Internet through mobile devices and almost half of them use their mobile in the electronic shopping process, MobilityNow is playing a huge role by adapting the technologies. Mobile device is of growing importance nowadays, since more than 15% of all the Internet traffic comes from mobile devices, which means there is a need for companies to adapt their technologies, and that is where MobilityNow plays a huge role.
The MobilityNow was founded in 2012 under design to develop solutions for the mobile world to help people and businesses to create and manage, with security, a strong digital presence. The company believes the online world has been made to be permanently connected to the offline world through mobile platforms and advocates building an ecosystem where people, machines, sites and cities are securely linked and identified.
Although the Internet assists in counterfeiting spread faster and easier, there are several software that can prevent counterfeiting. BULLA is a simple and innovative solution to fight off counterfeits. It consists of integrating a secure near-field communication (NFC) chip in the target product as well as associating this chip with the company authentication server, BULLA-id. It is also described as a short-range wireless communication between electronic devices. The system through android mobile app and product management platform can immediately verify the authentication of the brand. The NFC can be embedded into the products and contain electronically stored information that can be read by mobile devices. One of the benefits that the NFC provides is that they are quicker to read; hence, it is less time consuming and less laborious. It can be read by a smart phone through mobile apps. NFC is the powerful tool that makes use of the latest authentication technologies. It results in providing producers and consumers access to a new world of possibilities that bring them closer and solidify their bond of trust. Thus, BULLA can be integrated into several categories of products.
In fashion industry, BULLA can be integrated to reduce the risk of counterfeiting and protecting the brand—its processes, products and innovations—from fakes and simultaneously reduces companies’ losses. For example, brands by placing the BULLA seal on the bottle will help in identifying counterfeit. The users of BULLA are benefitted in three ways—first, BULLA provides the end-user with authenticity validation. Because it works as a direct way for the customer to interact with the brand, it provides an open line of communication with the brand. Lastly, it is easy and simple for the consumer to use and has a user-friendly interface. For example, a user can scan the BULLA tag placed on the brand through downloaded mobile application.
Considering the presence of competitors for anti-counterfeiting technology solutions products, MobilityNow identified the strength and weaknesses of BULLA to provide value that consumers can relate with their problems of counterfeit products. BULLA has two main strong points worth mentioning, such as its simplicity of usage and it being very easy for the final user to understand and utilise; and, the connections MobilityNow have within the wine sector may come to be a strength towards developing partnerships. The company also identified the role of the content marketing.
Content marketing is a special kind of marketing that has recently emerged due to the evolution of technology and the impact this evolution has had over social media. It is a technique that involves the creation and sharing of media and publishing content in order to acquire and retain customers [43]. Content marketing can be thought of as a way of providing relevant information to customers or potential customers, and the set of information has the aim and the power of maintaining or even changing behaviours [44]. A video was prepared to engage with the consumers and help new consumers to stay connected on the website focusing on the intended benefits of BULLA. The BULLA website was clutter free and concise. The website is easy to navigate and gets in touch with us easily in case potential customers are interested, and most important of all, it is simple to understand what BULLA is all about, how it can be used and where it can be applied.
When it comes to the luxury goods market, only a fraction of the market acquires these legitimate products, the ones that can afford these goods. The other ones, those who cannot afford it, go for the option of buying a fake, since some of them have the need for these sorts of items but not the availability to acquire them. Most of them do not even see it as harmful towards the brands, since they are established and money does not appear to be a problem. The counterfeit market, according to the sources found, has been growing steadily through the years; since manufacturers from China keep emerging and the sanction they pay if they get caught is not heavy enough to make them stop producing counterfeit goods, the profit they make is worth the risk. The chapter suggests the relevance and importance of alternative technology for tags and labels especially through the NFC technology to prevent counterfeit. The chapter relates with the anti-counterfeit software of BULLA to prevent counterfeit. BULLA could have a fighting chance, with this growth brands would want to take action when it comes to protecting their assets.
BULLA would probably work better on an international level, since in Portugal, manufacturers are not willing to spend extra funds to better or to protect their business; however, they do not suffer as greatly from this malady as bigger companies do. Bigger companies are willing to fund something as long as it has some appeal and some potential to increase their business. This means that the efforts regarding BULLA should be made in the direction of partnering up with bigger and solid companies; if not, the focus should at least be in selling our product to other technological companies and receiving a percentage of their profits; in this second option, the efforts on our part would be minimised.
MobilityNow is now an accredited entity under Portugal 2020. Its expertise and competency has been recognised in provision of mobility consultancy services. In addition, the company has been marketing at present the near-field communications and its multiple uses for the premium brand. Over the years, the strategies of reaching consumer through their anti-counterfeit products have been successful.
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She performed research in perioperative autotransfusion and obtained the degree of PhD in 1993 publishing Peri-operative autotransfusion by means of a blood cell separator.\nBlood transfusion had her special interest being the president of the Haemovigilance Chamber TRIP and performing several tasks in local and national blood bank and anticoagulant-blood transfusion guidelines committees. Currently, she is working as an associate professor and up till recently was the dean at the Albert Schweitzer Hospital Dordrecht. She performed (inter)national tasks as vice-president of the Concilium Anaesthesia and related committees. \nShe performed research in several fields, with over 100 publications in (inter)national journals and numerous papers on scientific conferences. \nShe received several awards and is a member of Honour of the Dutch Society of Anaesthesia.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Albert Schweitzer Hospital",country:{name:"Gabon"}}},{id:"83089",title:"Prof.",name:"Aaron",middleName:null,surname:"Ojule",slug:"aaron-ojule",fullName:"Aaron Ojule",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Port Harcourt",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"295748",title:"Mr.",name:"Abayomi",middleName:null,surname:"Modupe",slug:"abayomi-modupe",fullName:"Abayomi Modupe",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/no_image.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Landmark University",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"94191",title:"Prof.",name:"Abbas",middleName:null,surname:"Moustafa",slug:"abbas-moustafa",fullName:"Abbas Moustafa",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/94191/images/96_n.jpg",biography:"Prof. Moustafa got his doctoral degree in earthquake engineering and structural safety from Indian Institute of Science in 2002. He is currently an associate professor at Department of Civil Engineering, Minia University, Egypt and the chairman of Department of Civil Engineering, High Institute of Engineering and Technology, Giza, Egypt. He is also a consultant engineer and head of structural group at Hamza Associates, Giza, Egypt. Dr. Moustafa was a senior research associate at Vanderbilt University and a JSPS fellow at Kyoto and Nagasaki Universities. He has more than 40 research papers published in international journals and conferences. He acts as an editorial board member and a reviewer for several regional and international journals. His research interest includes earthquake engineering, seismic design, nonlinear dynamics, random vibration, structural reliability, structural health monitoring and uncertainty modeling.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Minia University",country:{name:"Egypt"}}},{id:"84562",title:"Dr.",name:"Abbyssinia",middleName:null,surname:"Mushunje",slug:"abbyssinia-mushunje",fullName:"Abbyssinia Mushunje",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Fort Hare",country:{name:"South Africa"}}},{id:"202206",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Abd Elmoniem",middleName:"Ahmed",surname:"Elzain",slug:"abd-elmoniem-elzain",fullName:"Abd Elmoniem Elzain",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Kassala University",country:{name:"Sudan"}}},{id:"98127",title:"Dr.",name:"Abdallah",middleName:null,surname:"Handoura",slug:"abdallah-handoura",fullName:"Abdallah Handoura",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"École Supérieure des Télécommunications",country:{name:"Morocco"}}},{id:"91404",title:"Prof.",name:"Abdecharif",middleName:null,surname:"Boumaza",slug:"abdecharif-boumaza",fullName:"Abdecharif Boumaza",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Abbès Laghrour University of Khenchela",country:{name:"Algeria"}}},{id:"105795",title:"Prof.",name:"Abdel Ghani",middleName:null,surname:"Aissaoui",slug:"abdel-ghani-aissaoui",fullName:"Abdel Ghani Aissaoui",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/105795/images/system/105795.jpeg",biography:"Abdel Ghani AISSAOUI is a Full Professor of electrical engineering at University of Bechar (ALGERIA). He was born in 1969 in Naama, Algeria. He received his BS degree in 1993, the MS degree in 1997, the PhD degree in 2007 from the Electrical Engineering Institute of Djilali Liabes University of Sidi Bel Abbes (ALGERIA). He is an active member of IRECOM (Interaction Réseaux Electriques - COnvertisseurs Machines) Laboratory and IEEE senior member. He is an editor member for many international journals (IJET, RSE, MER, IJECE, etc.), he serves as a reviewer in international journals (IJAC, ECPS, COMPEL, etc.). He serves as member in technical committee (TPC) and reviewer in international conferences (CHUSER 2011, SHUSER 2012, PECON 2012, SAI 2013, SCSE2013, SDM2014, SEB2014, PEMC2014, PEAM2014, SEB (2014, 2015), ICRERA (2015, 2016, 2017, 2018,-2019), etc.). His current research interest includes power electronics, control of electrical machines, artificial intelligence and Renewable energies.",institutionString:"University of Béchar",institution:{name:"University of Béchar",country:{name:"Algeria"}}},{id:"99749",title:"Dr.",name:"Abdel Hafid",middleName:null,surname:"Essadki",slug:"abdel-hafid-essadki",fullName:"Abdel Hafid Essadki",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"École Nationale Supérieure de Technologie",country:{name:"Algeria"}}},{id:"101208",title:"Prof.",name:"Abdel Karim",middleName:"Mohamad",surname:"El Hemaly",slug:"abdel-karim-el-hemaly",fullName:"Abdel Karim El Hemaly",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/101208/images/733_n.jpg",biography:"OBGYN.net Editorial Advisor Urogynecology.\nAbdel Karim M. A. El-Hemaly, MRCOG, FRCS � Egypt.\n \nAbdel Karim M. A. El-Hemaly\nProfessor OB/GYN & Urogynecology\nFaculty of medicine, Al-Azhar University \nPersonal Information: \nMarried with two children\nWife: Professor Laila A. Moussa MD.\nSons: Mohamad A. M. El-Hemaly Jr. MD. Died March 25-2007\nMostafa A. M. El-Hemaly, Computer Scientist working at Microsoft Seatle, USA. \nQualifications: \n1.\tM.B.-Bch Cairo Univ. June 1963. \n2.\tDiploma Ob./Gyn. Cairo Univ. April 1966. \n3.\tDiploma Surgery Cairo Univ. Oct. 1966. \n4.\tMRCOG London Feb. 1975. \n5.\tF.R.C.S. Glasgow June 1976. \n6.\tPopulation Study Johns Hopkins 1981. \n7.\tGyn. Oncology Johns Hopkins 1983. \n8.\tAdvanced Laparoscopic Surgery, with Prof. Paulson, Alexandria, Virginia USA 1993. \nSocieties & Associations: \n1.\t Member of the Royal College of Ob./Gyn. London. \n2.\tFellow of the Royal College of Surgeons Glasgow UK. \n3.\tMember of the advisory board on urogyn. FIGO. \n4.\tMember of the New York Academy of Sciences. \n5.\tMember of the American Association for the Advancement of Science. \n6.\tFeatured in �Who is Who in the World� from the 16th edition to the 20th edition. \n7.\tFeatured in �Who is Who in Science and Engineering� in the 7th edition. \n8.\tMember of the Egyptian Fertility & Sterility Society. \n9.\tMember of the Egyptian Society of Ob./Gyn. \n10.\tMember of the Egyptian Society of Urogyn. \n\nScientific Publications & Communications:\n1- Abdel Karim M. El Hemaly*, Ibrahim M. Kandil, Asim Kurjak, Ahmad G. Serour, Laila A. S. Mousa, Amr M. Zaied, Khalid Z. El Sheikha. \nImaging the Internal Urethral Sphincter and the Vagina in Normal Women and Women Suffering from Stress Urinary Incontinence and Vaginal Prolapse. Gynaecologia Et Perinatologia, Vol18, No 4; 169-286 October-December 2009.\n2- Abdel Karim M. El Hemaly*, Laila A. S. Mousa Ibrahim M. Kandil, Fatma S. El Sokkary, Ahmad G. Serour, Hossam Hussein.\nFecal Incontinence, A Novel Concept: The Role of the internal Anal sphincter (IAS) in defecation and fecal incontinence. Gynaecologia Et Perinatologia, Vol19, No 2; 79-85 April -June 2010.\n3- Abdel Karim M. El Hemaly*, Laila A. S. Mousa Ibrahim M. Kandil, Fatma S. El Sokkary, Ahmad G. Serour, Hossam Hussein.\nSurgical Treatment of Stress Urinary Incontinence, Fecal Incontinence and Vaginal Prolapse By A Novel Operation \n"Urethro-Ano-Vaginoplasty"\n Gynaecologia Et Perinatologia, Vol19, No 3; 129-188 July-September 2010.\n4- Abdel Karim M. El Hemaly*, Ibrahim M. Kandil, Laila A. S. Mousa and Mohamad A.K.M.El Hemaly.\nUrethro-vaginoplasty, an innovated operation for the treatment of: Stress Urinary Incontinence (SUI), Detursor Overactivity (DO), Mixed Urinary Incontinence and Anterior Vaginal Wall Descent. \nhttp://www.obgyn.net/urogyn/urogyn.asp?page=/urogyn/articles/ urethro-vaginoplasty_01\n\n5- Abdel Karim M. El Hemaly, Ibrahim M Kandil, Mohamed M. Radwan.\n Urethro-raphy a new technique for surgical management of Stress Urinary Incontinence.\nhttp://www.obgyn.net/urogyn/urogyn.asp?page=/urogyn/articles/\nnew-tech-urethro\n\n6- Abdel Karim M. El Hemaly, Ibrahim M Kandil, Mohamad A. Rizk, Nabil Abdel Maksoud H., Mohamad M. Radwan, Khalid Z. El Shieka, Mohamad A. K. M. El Hemaly, and Ahmad T. El Saban.\nUrethro-raphy The New Operation for the treatment of stress urinary incontinence, SUI, detrusor instability, DI, and mixed-type of urinary incontinence; short and long term results. \nhttp://www.obgyn.net/urogyn/urogyn.asp?page=urogyn/articles/\nurethroraphy-09280\n\n7-Abdel Karim M. El Hemaly, Ibrahim M Kandil, and Bahaa E. El Mohamady. Menopause, and Voiding troubles. \nhttp://www.obgyn.net/displayppt.asp?page=/English/pubs/features/presentations/El-Hemaly03/el-hemaly03-ss\n\n8-El Hemaly AKMA, Mousa L.A. Micturition and Urinary\tContinence. Int J Gynecol Obstet 1996; 42: 291-2. \n\n9-Abdel Karim M. El Hemaly.\n Urinary incontinence in gynecology, a review article.\nhttp://www.obgyn.net/urogyn/urogyn.asp?page=/urogyn/articles/abs-urinary_incotinence_gyn_ehemaly \n\n10-El Hemaly AKMA. Nocturnal Enuresis: Pathogenesis and Treatment. \nInt Urogynecol J Pelvic Floor Dysfunct 1998;9: 129-31.\n \n11-El Hemaly AKMA, Mousa L.A.E. Stress Urinary Incontinence, a New Concept. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 1996; 68: 129-35. \n\n12- El Hemaly AKMA, Kandil I. M. Stress Urinary Incontinence SUI facts and fiction. Is SUI a puzzle?! http://www.obgyn.net/displayppt.asp?page=/English/pubs/features/presentations/El-Hemaly/el-hemaly-ss\n\n13-Abdel Karim El Hemaly, Nabil Abdel Maksoud, Laila A. Mousa, Ibrahim M. Kandil, Asem Anwar, M.A.K El Hemaly and Bahaa E. El Mohamady. \nEvidence based Facts on the Pathogenesis and Management of SUI. http://www.obgyn.net/displayppt.asp?page=/English/pubs/features/presentations/El-Hemaly02/el-hemaly02-ss\n\n14- Abdel Karim M. El Hemaly*, Ibrahim M. Kandil, Mohamad A. Rizk and Mohamad A.K.M.El Hemaly.\n Urethro-plasty, a Novel Operation based on a New Concept, for the Treatment of Stress Urinary Incontinence, S.U.I., Detrusor Instability, D.I., and Mixed-type of Urinary Incontinence.\nhttp://www.obgyn.net/urogyn/urogyn.asp?page=/urogyn/articles/urethro-plasty_01\n\n15-Ibrahim M. Kandil, Abdel Karim M. El Hemaly, Mohamad M. Radwan: Ultrasonic Assessment of the Internal Urethral Sphincter in Stress Urinary Incontinence. The Internet Journal of Gynecology and Obstetrics. 2003. Volume 2 Number 1. \n\n\n16-Abdel Karim M. El Hemaly. Nocturnal Enureses: A Novel Concept on its pathogenesis and Treatment.\nhttp://www.obgyn.net/urogynecolgy/?page=articles/nocturnal_enuresis\n\n17- Abdel Karim M. El Hemaly. Nocturnal Enureses: An Update on the pathogenesis and Treatment.\nhttp://www.obgyn.net/urogynecology/?page=/ENHLIDH/PUBD/FEATURES/\nPresentations/ Nocturnal_Enuresis/nocturnal_enuresis\n\n18-Maternal Mortality in Egypt, a cry for help and attention. The Second International Conference of the African Society of Organization & Gestosis, 1998, 3rd Annual International Conference of Ob/Gyn Department � Sohag Faculty of Medicine University. Feb. 11-13. Luxor, Egypt. \n19-Postmenopausal Osteprosis. The 2nd annual conference of Health Insurance Organization on Family Planning and its role in primary health care. Zagaziz, Egypt, February 26-27, 1997, Center of Complementary Services for Maternity and childhood care. \n20-Laparoscopic Assisted vaginal hysterectomy. 10th International Annual Congress Modern Trends in Reproductive Techniques 23-24 March 1995. Alexandria, Egypt. \n21-Immunological Studies in Pre-eclamptic Toxaemia. Proceedings of 10th Annual Ain Shams Medical Congress. Cairo, Egypt, March 6-10, 1987. \n22-Socio-demographic factorse affecting acceptability of the long-acting contraceptive injections in a rural Egyptian community. Journal of Biosocial Science 29:305, 1987. \n23-Plasma fibronectin levels hypertension during pregnancy. The Journal of the Egypt. Soc. of Ob./Gyn. 13:1, 17-21, Jan. 1987. \n24-Effect of smoking on pregnancy. Journal of Egypt. Soc. of Ob./Gyn. 12:3, 111-121, Sept 1986. \n25-Socio-demographic aspects of nausea and vomiting in early pregnancy. Journal of the Egypt. Soc. of Ob./Gyn. 12:3, 35-42, Sept. 1986. \n26-Effect of intrapartum oxygen inhalation on maternofetal blood gases and pH. Journal of the Egypt. Soc. of Ob./Gyn. 12:3, 57-64, Sept. 1986. \n27-The effect of severe pre-eclampsia on serum transaminases. The Egypt. J. Med. Sci. 7(2): 479-485, 1986. \n28-A study of placental immunoreceptors in pre-eclampsia. The Egypt. J. Med. Sci. 7(2): 211-216, 1986. \n29-Serum human placental lactogen (hpl) in normal, toxaemic and diabetic pregnant women, during pregnancy and its relation to the outcome of pregnancy. Journal of the Egypt. Soc. of Ob./Gyn. 12:2, 11-23, May 1986. \n30-Pregnancy specific B1 Glycoprotein and free estriol in the serum of normal, toxaemic and diabetic pregnant women during pregnancy and after delivery. Journal of the Egypt. Soc. of Ob./Gyn. 12:1, 63-70, Jan. 1986. Also was accepted and presented at Xith World Congress of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Berlin (West), September 15-20, 1985. \n31-Pregnancy and labor in women over the age of forty years. Accepted and presented at Al-Azhar International Medical Conference, Cairo 28-31 Dec. 1985. \n32-Effect of Copper T intra-uterine device on cervico-vaginal flora. Int. J. Gynaecol. Obstet. 23:2, 153-156, April 1985. \n33-Factors affecting the occurrence of post-Caesarean section febrile morbidity. Population Sciences, 6, 139-149, 1985. \n34-Pre-eclamptic toxaemia and its relation to H.L.A. system. Population Sciences, 6, 131-139, 1985. \n35-The menstrual pattern and occurrence of pregnancy one year after discontinuation of Depo-medroxy progesterone acetate as a postpartum contraceptive. Population Sciences, 6, 105-111, 1985. \n36-The menstrual pattern and side effects of Depo-medroxy progesterone acetate as postpartum contraceptive. Population Sciences, 6, 97-105, 1985. \n37-Actinomyces in the vaginas of women with and without intrauterine contraceptive devices. Population Sciences, 6, 77-85, 1985. \n38-Comparative efficacy of ibuprofen and etamsylate in the treatment of I.U.D. menorrhagia. Population Sciences, 6, 63-77, 1985. \n39-Changes in cervical mucus copper and zinc in women using I.U.D.�s. Population Sciences, 6, 35-41, 1985. \n40-Histochemical study of the endometrium of infertile women. Egypt. J. Histol. 8(1) 63-66, 1985. \n41-Genital flora in pre- and post-menopausal women. Egypt. J. Med. Sci. 4(2), 165-172, 1983. \n42-Evaluation of the vaginal rugae and thickness in 8 different groups. Journal of the Egypt. Soc. of Ob./Gyn. 9:2, 101-114, May 1983. \n43-The effect of menopausal status and conjugated oestrogen therapy on serum cholesterol, triglycerides and electrophoretic lipoprotein patterns. Al-Azhar Medical Journal, 12:2, 113-119, April 1983. \n44-Laparoscopic ventrosuspension: A New Technique. Int. J. Gynaecol. Obstet., 20, 129-31, 1982. \n45-The laparoscope: A useful diagnostic tool in general surgery. Al-Azhar Medical Journal, 11:4, 397-401, Oct. 1982. \n46-The value of the laparoscope in the diagnosis of polycystic ovary. Al-Azhar Medical Journal, 11:2, 153-159, April 1982. \n47-An anaesthetic approach to the management of eclampsia. Ain Shams Medical Journal, accepted for publication 1981. \n48-Laparoscopy on patients with previous lower abdominal surgery. Fertility management edited by E. Osman and M. Wahba 1981. \n49-Heart diseases with pregnancy. Population Sciences, 11, 121-130, 1981. \n50-A study of the biosocial factors affecting perinatal mortality in an Egyptian maternity hospital. Population Sciences, 6, 71-90, 1981. \n51-Pregnancy Wastage. Journal of the Egypt. Soc. of Ob./Gyn. 11:3, 57-67, Sept. 1980. \n52-Analysis of maternal deaths in Egyptian maternity hospitals. Population Sciences, 1, 59-65, 1979. \nArticles published on OBGYN.net: \n1- Abdel Karim M. El Hemaly*, Ibrahim M. Kandil, Laila A. S. Mousa and Mohamad A.K.M.El Hemaly.\nUrethro-vaginoplasty, an innovated operation for the treatment of: Stress Urinary Incontinence (SUI), Detursor Overactivity (DO), Mixed Urinary Incontinence and Anterior Vaginal Wall Descent. \nhttp://www.obgyn.net/urogyn/urogyn.asp?page=/urogyn/articles/ urethro-vaginoplasty_01\n\n2- Abdel Karim M. El Hemaly, Ibrahim M Kandil, Mohamed M. Radwan.\n Urethro-raphy a new technique for surgical management of Stress Urinary Incontinence.\nhttp://www.obgyn.net/urogyn/urogyn.asp?page=/urogyn/articles/\nnew-tech-urethro\n\n3- Abdel Karim M. El Hemaly, Ibrahim M Kandil, Mohamad A. Rizk, Nabil Abdel Maksoud H., Mohamad M. Radwan, Khalid Z. El Shieka, Mohamad A. K. M. El Hemaly, and Ahmad T. El Saban.\nUrethro-raphy The New Operation for the treatment of stress urinary incontinence, SUI, detrusor instability, DI, and mixed-type of urinary incontinence; short and long term results. \nhttp://www.obgyn.net/urogyn/urogyn.asp?page=urogyn/articles/\nurethroraphy-09280\n\n4-Abdel Karim M. El Hemaly, Ibrahim M Kandil, and Bahaa E. El Mohamady. Menopause, and Voiding troubles. \nhttp://www.obgyn.net/displayppt.asp?page=/English/pubs/features/presentations/El-Hemaly03/el-hemaly03-ss\n\n5-El Hemaly AKMA, Mousa L.A. Micturition and Urinary\tContinence. Int J Gynecol Obstet 1996; 42: 291-2. \n\n6-Abdel Karim M. El Hemaly.\n Urinary incontinence in gynecology, a review article.\nhttp://www.obgyn.net/urogyn/urogyn.asp?page=/urogyn/articles/abs-urinary_incotinence_gyn_ehemaly \n\n7-El Hemaly AKMA. Nocturnal Enuresis: Pathogenesis and Treatment. \nInt Urogynecol J Pelvic Floor Dysfunct 1998;9: 129-31.\n \n8-El Hemaly AKMA, Mousa L.A.E. Stress Urinary Incontinence, a New Concept. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 1996; 68: 129-35. \n\n9- El Hemaly AKMA, Kandil I. M. Stress Urinary Incontinence SUI facts and fiction. Is SUI a puzzle?! http://www.obgyn.net/displayppt.asp?page=/English/pubs/features/presentations/El-Hemaly/el-hemaly-ss\n\n10-Abdel Karim El Hemaly, Nabil Abdel Maksoud, Laila A. Mousa, Ibrahim M. Kandil, Asem Anwar, M.A.K El Hemaly and Bahaa E. El Mohamady. \nEvidence based Facts on the Pathogenesis and Management of SUI. http://www.obgyn.net/displayppt.asp?page=/English/pubs/features/presentations/El-Hemaly02/el-hemaly02-ss\n\n11- Abdel Karim M. El Hemaly*, Ibrahim M. Kandil, Mohamad A. Rizk and Mohamad A.K.M.El Hemaly.\n Urethro-plasty, a Novel Operation based on a New Concept, for the Treatment of Stress Urinary Incontinence, S.U.I., Detrusor Instability, D.I., and Mixed-type of Urinary Incontinence.\nhttp://www.obgyn.net/urogyn/urogyn.asp?page=/urogyn/articles/urethro-plasty_01\n\n12-Ibrahim M. Kandil, Abdel Karim M. El Hemaly, Mohamad M. Radwan: Ultrasonic Assessment of the Internal Urethral Sphincter in Stress Urinary Incontinence. The Internet Journal of Gynecology and Obstetrics. 2003. Volume 2 Number 1. \n\n13-Abdel Karim M. El Hemaly. Nocturnal Enureses: A Novel Concept on its pathogenesis and Treatment.\nhttp://www.obgyn.net/urogynecolgy/?page=articles/nocturnal_enuresis\n\n14- Abdel Karim M. El Hemaly. 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