\\n\\n
Released this past November, the list is based on data collected from the Web of Science and highlights some of the world’s most influential scientific minds by naming the researchers whose publications over the previous decade have included a high number of Highly Cited Papers placing them among the top 1% most-cited.
\\n\\nWe wish to congratulate all of the researchers named and especially our authors on this amazing accomplishment! We are happy and proud to share in their success!
Note: Edited in March 2021
\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:{caption:"Highly Cited",originalUrl:"/media/original/117"}},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'IntechOpen is proud to announce that 191 of our authors have made the Clarivate™ Highly Cited Researchers List for 2020, ranking them among the top 1% most-cited.
\n\nThroughout the years, the list has named a total of 261 IntechOpen authors as Highly Cited. Of those researchers, 69 have been featured on the list multiple times.
\n\n\n\nReleased this past November, the list is based on data collected from the Web of Science and highlights some of the world’s most influential scientific minds by naming the researchers whose publications over the previous decade have included a high number of Highly Cited Papers placing them among the top 1% most-cited.
\n\nWe wish to congratulate all of the researchers named and especially our authors on this amazing accomplishment! We are happy and proud to share in their success!
Note: Edited in March 2021
\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"intechopen-supports-asapbio-s-new-initiative-publish-your-reviews-20220729",title:"IntechOpen Supports ASAPbio’s New Initiative Publish Your Reviews"},{slug:"webinar-introduction-to-open-science-wednesday-18-may-1-pm-cest-20220518",title:"Webinar: Introduction to Open Science | Wednesday 18 May, 1 PM CEST"},{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"7431",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Textile Industry and Environment",title:"Textile Industry and Environment",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"In this book, the relationship between the textile industry and the environment is examined from four different viewpoints. Recycling of spinning mill wastes, ozone usage that provides less chemical and water utilization, reuse of treated water in the dyeing processes, and approaches in the treatment of wastewaters of dyeing plants and finishing factories are solutions offered to reduce environmental pollution arising from textile production processes. Apart from this, energy management is also a subject that can be associated with the environment, and as a consequence, the possibility of utilizing textile materials to which phase change materials are applied, not only for comfort purposes but also as energy storage materials, means that technical textiles could be a solution for energy storage.",isbn:"978-1-83880-028-4",printIsbn:"978-1-83880-027-7",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83962-137-6",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.75336",price:119,priceEur:129,priceUsd:155,slug:"textile-industry-and-environment",numberOfPages:104,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:null,isInBkci:!1,hash:"be9d70201ab46060419025deb99c16f3",bookSignature:"Ayşegül Körlü",publishedDate:"April 17th 2019",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7431.jpg",numberOfDownloads:8080,numberOfWosCitations:9,numberOfCrossrefCitations:14,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:1,numberOfDimensionsCitations:20,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:1,hasAltmetrics:1,numberOfTotalCitations:43,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"April 26th 2018",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"May 17th 2018",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"July 16th 2018",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"October 4th 2018",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"December 3rd 2018",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6,7",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"255885",title:"Dr.",name:"Ayşegül",middleName:null,surname:"Körlü",slug:"aysegul-korlu",fullName:"Ayşegül Körlü",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/255885/images/system/255885.jpeg",biography:"Prof. Dr. Ayşegül Körlü received her Msc and PhD degrees in textile engineering from Ege University. She has been employed by the Department of Textile Engineering, Engineering Faculty, Ege University since 1988. Currently, her main research interests are sustainable and ecological finishing processes, pretreatment of natural fibers, functional textiles and occupational safety in textile industry. She has co-authored numerous publications and has taken part in the management of many national and international projects.",institutionString:"Ege University",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"2",institution:{name:"Ege University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"1377",title:"Wastewater Engineering",slug:"textile-engineering-wastewater-engineering"}],chapters:[{id:"65473",title:"Sustainable Production Methods in Textile Industry",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.84316",slug:"sustainable-production-methods-in-textile-industry",totalDownloads:1955,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:2,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The textile industry is part of the industries that continuously harm the environment because of the high water consumption and the presence of various pollutants in the wastewater. Wastewater treatment is lacking or includes only physical treatment in underdeveloped and developing countries due to installation and operating costs of a treatment plant. As a result, a broad spectrum of hazardous and toxic substances, such as (azo) dyes, heavy metals, acids, soda, and aromatic hydrocarbons, pollute precious sources of clean water, in which untreated water is discharged. The main solution to this problem is to reduce the treatment cost. For this purpose, the process should be optimized to reduce the amount of water and chemicals. In this chapter, first studies on the reference document (BAT) referred by the European Council are reviewed. Minimizing production costs, obtaining high-quality products, and reducing the amount and the pollutant content of wastewater are complex problems that cannot be solved by the conventional optimization methods. Therefore, nonconventional optimization methods applied on the textile processes are also reviewed from the latest studies in the literature.",signatures:"Miray Emreol Gönlügür",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/65473",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/65473",authors:[{id:"288485",title:"Dr.",name:"Miray",surname:"Gönlügür",slug:"miray-gonlugur",fullName:"Miray Gönlügür"}],corrections:null},{id:"64467",title:"Use of Ozone in the Textile Industry",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.81774",slug:"use-of-ozone-in-the-textile-industry",totalDownloads:1648,totalCrossrefCites:5,totalDimensionsCites:7,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"Wet processing of textile materials consumes a large amount of electricity, fuel, and water. Therefore, greenhouse gas emissions and contaminated effluent are environmental problem. The most of the governments in the world warn all the industrial sectors containing textile manufacturing to be careful about environmental pollution. Increasing in public awareness of environment and competitive global market forces the textile industry to manufacture textile products environmentally. Environmental pollution in textile wet processes can be reduced by four main ways. They are process optimization (reducing in water, chemical energy consumption, and time loss), use of ecofriendly chemicals, reuse of water, and new technologies like ozone and plasma technologies, transfer printing, enzymatic processes, etc. This chapter is about the use of ozone in the textile industry.",signatures:"Ayşegül Körlü",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/64467",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/64467",authors:[{id:"255885",title:"Dr.",name:"Ayşegül",surname:"Körlü",slug:"aysegul-korlu",fullName:"Ayşegül Körlü"}],corrections:null},{id:"64003",title:"Chemical and Tinctorial Aspects Related to the Reuse of Effluents Treated by Ozonation in Dyeing Processes",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.81468",slug:"chemical-and-tinctorial-aspects-related-to-the-reuse-of-effluents-treated-by-ozonation-in-dyeing-pro",totalDownloads:820,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The purpose of this chapter is to study the interactions that are established between inorganic auxiliaries and the by-products of contaminants present in effluents coming from dyeing operations during oxidation treatment processes using ozone, and the influence of auxiliaries and by-products on the behavior of dyes in subsequent dyeing processes using the treated water. Carrying the treatment until the complete elimination of the contaminants present in it is a very expensive operation. Because of this, it is chosen to discolor and reuse the spent dyebaths treated as many times as possible to take advantage of the water and the inorganic salts contained therein. The variable composition of the dyebaths involves kinetic aspects during the treatment, which is important to take into account in the design of the process. Various by-products are already generated from the beginning of the treatment, which will have an influence on the following stages of the same treatment process, as well as on the kinetics of the dyeing processes carried out using the treated water and on the results obtained in such dyeing processes. All this will depend on the chemical and dyeing class to which the dyes used during the subsequent dyeing processes belong.",signatures:"Pablo Colindres Bonilla",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/64003",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/64003",authors:[{id:"259209",title:"Dr.",name:"Pablo",surname:"Colindres Bonilla",slug:"pablo-colindres-bonilla",fullName:"Pablo Colindres Bonilla"}],corrections:null},{id:"66213",title:"Utilization of Cotton Spinning Mill Wastes in Yarn Production",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.85127",slug:"utilization-of-cotton-spinning-mill-wastes-in-yarn-production",totalDownloads:1922,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:4,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"Efficient use of natural resources and utilization of recoverable wastes are getting more and more important day by day since recovering wastes have both economic and environmental benefits. As the source material costs constitute the majority of the yarn production costs, decreasing raw material costs provide considerable advantages for spinners. From the point of textile manufacturing, various production wastes can be reused in textile industry. In each step, from ginning (for cotton fibers) to end product formation, recyclable/recoverable waste materials are generated. However, mainly polyester products are recycled (r-PET) and used again in textile industry by 100% or in blends with other man-made or natural fibers. Compared to research on r-PET, recovered cotton fibers inspired interest recently. The main objective of this study is to fill the gap in the literature via investigating the properties of the yarns produced with recovered cotton wastes, generated in different sources. For this purpose, spinning mill waste types were selected. In this experimental study, different waste types (card waste, blowroom waste, and fabric waste) and blending ratios were used. As a conclusion, the effect of waste type and blend ratio on the physical and mechanical properties of the yarns and the fabrics, produced with virgin and waste cotton fibers, were analyzed.",signatures:"Tuba Bedez Ute, Pinar Celik and Memik Bunyamin Uzumcu",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/66213",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/66213",authors:[{id:"292303",title:"Dr.",name:"Pinar",surname:"Celik",slug:"pinar-celik",fullName:"Pinar Celik"},{id:"292576",title:"Dr.",name:"Tuba",surname:"Bedez Ute",slug:"tuba-bedez-ute",fullName:"Tuba Bedez Ute"},{id:"292577",title:"Dr.",name:"Memik Bunyamin",surname:"Uzumcu",slug:"memik-bunyamin-uzumcu",fullName:"Memik Bunyamin Uzumcu"}],corrections:null},{id:"66171",title:"Phase Change Materials for Textile Application",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.85028",slug:"phase-change-materials-for-textile-application",totalDownloads:1735,totalCrossrefCites:5,totalDimensionsCites:7,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The objective of this chapter is to determine which of the existing PCM families are more suitable for textile thermoregulation while proposing new solutions. Indeed, many of these materials are either limited by their overall enthalpy of phase change or by their thermal window. Thus, it focuses on the study of binary mixing allowing the widening of the temperature range of the phase change and the consolidation of the enthalpy balance by adding chemical species. PCM was microencapsulated to be applied onto textile substrate, before studying the thermal properties.",signatures:"Fabien Salaün",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/66171",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/66171",authors:[{id:"27644",title:"Prof.",name:"Fabien",surname:"Salaün",slug:"fabien-salaun",fullName:"Fabien Salaün"}],corrections:null}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},subseries:null,tags:[{id:"23",label:"women in science book program"}]},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"10147",title:"Waste in Textile and Leather Sectors",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"36eb1ed7179e0790a029523c97f1df04",slug:"waste-in-textile-and-leather-sectors",bookSignature:"Ayşegül Körlü",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10147.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"255885",title:"Dr.",name:"Ayşegül",surname:"Körlü",slug:"aysegul-korlu",fullName:"Ayşegül Körlü"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"528",title:"Advances in Treating Textile Effluent",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9c495cd9fb5e8a7d522285164bc3829f",slug:"advances-in-treating-textile-effluent",bookSignature:"Peter J. 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Ali",dateSubmitted:"June 5th 2018",dateReviewed:"September 6th 2018",datePrePublished:"December 31st 2018",datePublished:"April 3rd 2019",book:{id:"7293",title:"Fractal Analysis",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Fractal Analysis",slug:"fractal-analysis",publishedDate:"April 3rd 2019",bookSignature:"Sid-Ali Ouadfeul",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7293.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"103826",title:"Dr.",name:"Sid-Ali",middleName:null,surname:"Ouadfeul",slug:"sid-ali-ouadfeul",fullName:"Sid-Ali Ouadfeul"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:[{id:"261659",title:"Prof.",name:"Jawad",middleName:null,surname:"Ali",fullName:"Jawad Ali",slug:"jawad-ali",email:"jawadkali@theiet.org",position:null,institution:{name:"Institution of Engineering and Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}},{id:"262048",title:"Dr.",name:"Hadi",middleName:null,surname:"Ziboon",fullName:"Hadi Ziboon",slug:"hadi-ziboon",email:"haditarishziboon@yahoo.co.uk",position:null,institution:null}]}},chapter:{id:"64430",slug:"fractal-geometry-an-attractive-choice-for-miniaturized-planar-microwave-filter-design",signatures:"Hadi T. 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They can be very serious conditions affecting physical, psychological, and social function. Types of eating disorders include anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, binge eating disorder, and others.
\r\n\r\n\tThe current book aims to offer some new aspects related to anorexia and bulimia nervosa. Bearing in mind that it is impossible to display all the facets of these disorders, we have chosen some of those which nowadays seem to be relevant. In this regard, we focus on some neuropsychological aspects, the role of "modern" families in eating disorders, the influence of social networks, mainly among adolescents, and the beautiful tool named storytelling, which facilitates the relationship between patients and therapists as well as between families and therapists during the therapeutic process. The book aims to be a new approach to some factors which could be involved in the prevention and treatment of eating disorders.
",isbn:"978-1-80356-522-4",printIsbn:"978-1-80356-521-7",pdfIsbn:"978-1-80356-523-1",doi:null,price:0,priceEur:0,priceUsd:0,slug:null,numberOfPages:0,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isSalesforceBook:!1,isNomenclature:!1,hash:"c8f5d69fff84a3687e5511bade9cc261",bookSignature:"Prof. Ignacio Jáuregui-Lobera and Dr. José V Martínez Quiñones",publishedDate:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11590.jpg",keywords:"Neuropsychology, Anorexia Nervosa, Bulimia Nervosa, Family, Influence, Eating Habits, Imitation, Adolescence, Social Networks, Emotional Communication, Histories, Storytelling",numberOfDownloads:2,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:0,numberOfDimensionsCitations:0,numberOfTotalCitations:0,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"March 9th 2022",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"May 13th 2022",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"July 12th 2022",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"September 30th 2022",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"November 29th 2022",dateConfirmationOfParticipation:null,remainingDaysToSecondStep:"3 months",secondStepPassed:!0,areRegistrationsClosed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:4,editedByType:null,kuFlag:!1,biosketch:"One of the pioneers of the interdisciplinary treatment of eating disorders in Spain. The researcher focused on the neuropsychology of eating disorders and psychometrics. He is an Academician of the Royal Academies of Medicine in Seville and Valladolid (Spain) and an editorial board member for several International Journals.",coeditorOneBiosketch:"Neuroscientist versed in brain health. Concerned about the healthy growth of the adolescent brain and the prevention of eating disorders. Since 2017 he has been the coordinator of the Scientific Council of the Spanish Storytelling Association (ASEST).",coeditorTwoBiosketch:null,coeditorThreeBiosketch:null,coeditorFourBiosketch:null,coeditorFiveBiosketch:null,editors:[{id:"323887",title:"Prof.",name:"Ignacio",middleName:null,surname:"Jáuregui-Lobera",slug:"ignacio-jauregui-lobera",fullName:"Ignacio Jáuregui-Lobera",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/323887/images/system/323887.png",biography:null,institutionString:"Pablo de Olavide University",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"7",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"4",institution:{name:"Pablo de Olavide University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}}],coeditorOne:{id:"446261",title:"Dr.",name:"José V",middleName:null,surname:"Martínez Quiñones",slug:"jose-v-martinez-quinones",fullName:"José V Martínez Quiñones",profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:"José Vicente Martínez Quiñones, is a Doctor of Medicine and Surgery from the University of Zaragoza, and trained as a specialist in Neurosurgery at the Hospital Central de la Defensa 'Gómez Ulla” in Madrid. He is an active member of the Spanish Societies of Neurosurgery, Neurology, Neurorraquis, and the Group for the Study of Spinal Diseases (GEER), and since 2002 he has been developing his professional, teaching, and research activity at the MAZ Hospital in Zaragoza. He is co-author of numerous medical popularization books, co-author of book chapters, author/co-author of original medical articles in national and international journals. He has participated in more than 100 lectures at different national and international conferences and has participated in research projects both at the Community level and in the National R&D Plan. 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Venkateswarlu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/371.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"58592",title:"Dr.",name:"Arun",surname:"Shanker",slug:"arun-shanker",fullName:"Arun Shanker"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3092",title:"Anopheles mosquitoes",subtitle:"New insights into malaria vectors",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c9e622485316d5e296288bf24d2b0d64",slug:"anopheles-mosquitoes-new-insights-into-malaria-vectors",bookSignature:"Sylvie Manguin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3092.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"50017",title:"Prof.",name:"Sylvie",surname:"Manguin",slug:"sylvie-manguin",fullName:"Sylvie Manguin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},chapter:{item:{type:"chapter",id:"72027",title:"Identification of Eigen-Frequencies and Mode-Shapes of Beams with Continuous Distribution of Mass and Elasticity and for Various Conditions at Supports",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.92185",slug:"identification-of-eigen-frequencies-and-mode-shapes-of-beams-with-continuous-distribution-of-mass-an",body:'An ideal three degrees of freedom system that is equivalent with the modal behavior of an infinity number of degree of freedom of two cases of pendulums is proposed for each case. The first pendulum has hinges at the two ends, while the second pendulum is a cantilever (inverted pendulum). Both pendulums are presented analytically in the present article. This equivalent three DoF system can be used in instrumentation of such pendulums, where the concept of the concentrated masses is not existing, with a local network of three accelerometers. This issue is a main problem that appears very common during the instrumentation of inverted pendulums or bridge beams or steel stairs [1, 2, 3] or wind energy powers [4, 5] in order to identify the real vibration mode-shapes and the fundamental eigen-frequencies of the structure via records of response accelerograms at specific positions due to ambient excitation [6, 7].
According to the theory of continuous systems [8, 9], consider a straight amphi-hinge vertical pendulum that is loaded by an external continuous dynamic loading
Amphi-hinge vertical pendulum with distributed mass and section flexural stiffness.
The vertical pendulum possesses a distributed mass
where the resulting force
Furthermore, according to D’Alembert principle, the resulting inertia force
Here, we agree that the time derivatives of the displacements are going to symbolize with full stops, while the spatial derivatives of the displacements are going to symbolize with accent. Next, the damping and the second order differential are ignored, so the force equilibrium on the infinitesimal part of the beam along z-axis gives:
Moreover, the moment equilibrium with reference to weight center (w.c.) of the infinitesimal part of the beam (see Figure 1) gives:
According to Euler-Bernoulli Bending theory (where the shear deformations are ignored), it is well-known that the following basic equation is true:
Eqs. (4) and (5) are inserted into Eq. (3), so the motion equation without damping for the examined vertical beam is given:
Eq. (6) is a partial differential equation that describes the motion
Amphi-hinge vertical pendulum subjected with the same horizontal ground motion
where
But, it is known that the inertia forces of the beam are depended by the total displacement
Following, Eqs. (4) and (5) are inserting into Eq. (8), thus we are taken:
By the comparison of Eqs. (6) and (9), we notice that the undamped beam vibration due to horizontal motion of the two supports is mathematically equivalent with the undamped vibration of the same beam where the two supports are fixed and the beam is loaded with the equivalent distributed dynamic loading
In the case of the horizontal pendulum/beam free vibration without damping, we consider the first part of Eq. (9) that must be null:
Furthermore, we ask the unknown spatial time-function
where
Eqs. (13) are inserted into Eq. (11), giving:
and, next, divided with the number
The left part of Eq. (15) is a time-function, but the right part is a spatial-function. In order to true Eq. (15) for all time values as well as for all spatial positions, the two parts of Eq. (15) must be equal with a constant
However, the time equation (16) indicates a free vibration of an ideal single degree of freedom system that has eigen-frequency
Next, we set the positive parameter
because the parameters
where the four unknown parameters
The spatial function of the modal elastic line for
and also for
Eq. (20) has been derived two times with reference to spatial-dimension
and
Therefore, Eq. (23) is transformed:
By Eqs. (22) and (26) directly arise
In addition, the parameters
In continuous, Eq. (23) gives:
where
However, when Eqs. (28) and (30) are re-written again, we get:
And added part to part these two above-mentioned equations arise:
But, the term
Moreover, by Eq. (34) arise that either
However, Eq. (35) is transformed to Eq. (36):
By the definition of parameter
Thus, inserting Eq. (36) into Eq. (37), the eigen-frequency
Therefore, the vibration mode-shape of the examined vertical pendulum arises by Eq. (27)—since previous inserting Eq. (35)—thus:
The value of
Modal analysis of continuous amphi-hinge vertical pendulum. The first four mode-shapes.
At vertical pendulums or beams where the fundamental horizontal mode-shape does not activate the 90% of the total beam mass, we ask to consider the three first mode-shapes. Thus, for this purpose, we must define an ideal equivalent three degrees of freedom beam, which is going to give the first three frequencies and the first three mode-shapes of the examined beam. Therefore, which is the ideal three degrees of freedom system, where its three mode-shapes coincide with the real first three frequencies of the vertical pendulum with distributed mass and flexural stiffness?
In order to answer the above-mentioned question, consider a weightless vertical pendulum with height
The equivalent three-degree of freedom system on amphi-hinge vertical pendulum.
The pendulum displacement vector
Furthermore, the pendulum flexibility matrix
The equations of motion for the case of the free undamped vibration of the ideal beam is given as:
The eigen-problem is written as:
where the eigen-frequencies
where
The numerical solution of Eq. (46) gives three roots for parameter
Therefore, inserting the ideal equivalent mass
By the previous mathematic analysis, an ideal three degrees of freedom system that is equivalent with the modal behavior of the amphi-hinge vertical pendulum with distributed mass and flexural stiffness along its height has been presented. This ideal three degrees of freedom system can be used in instrumentation of a such vertical tower, which does not possess concentrated masses. In the framework of the identification of mode-shapes of an amphi-hinge pendulum, the equivalent mass by Eq. (47) permits to locate accelerometers per 0.25L (as shown at Figure 4) and there measure the response horizontal acceleration histories, in order to calculate the real first three mode-shapes of the vertical pendulum in order to avoid the instability and resonance-vibrations between the examined vertical pendulum and the supported rockets or space bus before the last launched.
According to the theory of continuous systems [8, 9], consider a straight vertical cantilever (inverted pendulum) that is loaded by an external continuous dynamic loading
Vertical cantilever (inverted pendulum) with distributed mass and section flexural stiffness.
The vertical inverted pendulum possesses a distributed mass
The infinitesimal length of this part is the
and
Moreover, for the free end at
and
However, re-writing Eqs. (50) and (51) again, we get the matrix form:
Eq. (52) is a real eigenvalue problem. In order to calculate the eigenvalues, parameters
However, Eq. (54) can be solved numerically only, where we obtain the first four roots (
By the definition of parameter
Thus, inserting Eq. (54) into Eq. (55), the first four eigen-frequency
Therefore, the vibration mode-shape of the examined vertical inverted pendulum arises by Eq. (20)—since previous inserting Eq. (56)—thus:
The value of
Modal analysis of continuous inverted pendulum. The first four mode-shapes.
At inverted pendulums cantilevers, where the fundamental horizontal mode-shape does not activate the 90% of the total cantilever mass, we ask to consider the three first mode-shapes. Thus, for this purpose, we must define an ideal equivalent three degrees of freedom beam, which is going to give the three mode-shapes of the examined beam. Therefore, which is the ideal three degrees of freedom system, where its three eigen-frequencies coincide with the real first three frequencies of the inverted pendulum with distributed mass and flexural stiffness?
In order to answer the above-mentioned question, consider a weightless vertical inverted pendulum with height
The equivalent three-degree of freedom system on inverted pendulum.
The inverted pendulum displacement vector
Furthermore, the inverted pendulum flexibility matrix
The equations of motion for the case of the free undamped vibration of the ideal beam is given as:
The eigen-problem is written as:
where the eigen-frequencies
where
The numerical solution of Eq. (64) gives three roots for parameter
Therefore, inserting the ideal equivalent mass
On the contrary to above-mentioned about the examined cantilever, it is worth noting that in the case where ask an ideal single degree of freedom system that has eigen-frequency equal to fundamental eigen-frequency of the real cantilever we write the following equations:
Eigen-frequency of single degree of freedom system with k the cantilever lateral stiffness and
Fundamental (first) eigen-frequency (see Eq. (56)) of the real cantilever with continuous distribution of mass and flexural stiffness:
Thus, inserting Eq. (67) into Eq. (66) the equivalent concentrated mass
The present article has presented a mathematic ideal three degrees of freedom system that is equivalent with the modal behavior of two cases of pendulums. First, an amphi-hinge vertical pendulum with distributed mass and flexural stiffness along its height has been examined. Second, an inverted pendulum that can be simulates a tower (or cantilever) has been examined too. For each case, an ideal three degrees of freedom system has been proposed that can be used in instrumentation of such a vertical tower, which does not possess concentrated masses. In the framework of the identification of mode-shapes of the above-mentioned pendulums, the equivalent mass by Eqs. (47) and (65) permits to locate accelerometers (as shown at Figures 4 and 7) and measures the response acceleration histories, in order to calculate the real first three frequencies.
The author wishes to acknowledge the German Research Foundation (DFG) program on Initiation of International Collaboration entitled “Data-driven analysis models for slender structures using explainable artificial intelligence”, Project No. 417973400 for the period 2019–2021, Prof. Dr.-Ing. Kay Smarsly, Bauhaus University Weimar, project coordinator.
TLD method is considered an important technique as it can store radiation in trap centers for long period. Glow peaks of thermoluminescence dosimeters are later measured and discussed based on some models related to the physical changes in the band structure of dosimeter because of ionizing radiation exposure. A wide range of substances exhibits thermoluminescence (TL) phenomena after being exposed to nuclear radiation such as activated LiF and CaSO4. Thermoluminescent dosimeter (TLD) emits light when heated up after being irradiated. Due to this special property, TLD could be used as a radiation dosimeter. TLD has many advantages and sensitive to different types of radiation. A dosimeter of higher TL response to thermal neutrons is most commonly used in mixed radiation fields (neutron and gamma ray). The sensitivity of TLD to neutrons depends on the detector compound type, environment and neutron energy. For neutron dosimetry purposes, the neutron and gamma ray dose contribution must be separated by using two different detector types of TLD. The first one should be sensitive to gamma and the other should be sensitive to neutrons plus gamma (as LiF-700 and LiF-600) [1, 2].
The response of fast neutrons depends on the cross-section for the interaction in TLD material and the relative TL efficiency, which depends on the linear energy transfer (LET) of the reaction products in the first place. The response to intermediate-energy depends mainly on the cross-section of the reaction, which may take place with the composite material of the TLD.
Generally, there are three types of TLD used for neutron dosimetry as follow:
A considerable fraction of intermediate and fast neutrons can be slowed down to epithermal neutron energy and backscattered in the human body, interacting with the sensitive TL material. An albedo neutron dosimeter is a type of neutron monitor and is typically used in the neutron energy range of 0.2 eV to around 0.5 MeV. The slow neutrons interact with TL material, usually through 6Li (n,α) 3H reaction, and the resulting induced charged particles to stimulate the TL material. Recently, some of albedo TLD dosimeters depend on 10B (n, α) 7Li reactions. Because neutron TL sensitive material responds to gamma radiation, and neutrons are accompanied by this gamma radiation, another TLD is usually utilized in conjunction with TLD with a gamma ray.
The neutron albedo dosimeter measures (a) direct fast neutrons, (b) direct thermal neutrons, and (c) albedo neutrons reflected from the body. This type of dosimeter uses Lexan polycarbonate and/or CR-39 foils, as well as two 10B (n, γ) 7Li converters in a cadmium cover, to efficiently measure the three neutron dosage components independently [3, 4, 5]. Fast neutron dose is assessed in CR-39 by counting proton recoil tracks, while thermal neutron dose is determined by counting α particles created during the process. Because the albedo dosimeter has a sensitivity range of 0.3–30 mSv, it is advised that it be used as a backup dosimeter to assist in the assessment of high dose values in the event of accidents or patients receiving neutron therapy.
In another application, the 10B (n, α) 7Li reactions with the backscattered albedo neutrons employed with Electret’s ionization chamber proposed by Seifert et al. [6, 7]. In this chamber, induced 7Li from the ionization of the gas in the chamber worn on the body’s surface in the above reaction instance. Under saturation conditions, produced charge carriers with the corresponding polarity travel to the surface of the electret. As a result, the change in the electrets voltage is a direct measure of albedo neutron fluence and an indirect estimate of primary neutron fluence. In general, the advantages of albedo TLD dosimeter are: they are relatively inexpensive and can be reused, easily fabricated, lightweight to wear, Readout is simple and can be automated, Insensitive to humidity.
While their disadvantages are: Some of TLD exhibit fading, TLD is sensitive to gamma-ray, they must be worm properly or serious errors can be resulted, the measured values of TLD does not give permanent record as the track detectors, their sensitivity is highly dependent on the angle and energy of incidence radiation.
In this type of dosimeters, the fast neutrons knock out protons from hydrogenous material mixed with the phosphor, and the protons dispel their energy in the dosimeter. In this method, the hydrogenous substances are called proton radiators [8]. This technique has demonstrated that TL materials mixed with hydrogenous material can detect fast neutrons, but the sensitivity needs to be improved by one order of magnitude before using in personnel neutron dosimetry.
The fast neutron interacts directly with the TL material as calcium fluoride (CaF2:Tm) which is commercially called TLD-300. This type has a glow curve with two glow peaks and the peak temperature Tm centered 150 and 250°C, respectively. The higher temperature peak (250°C) has a greater response to the fast neutrons. TLD-300 dosimeter CaF2: Tm (0.35 Mol. %) showed a lower detection limit of about 0.3 mSv from 241Am-Be source.
The term “Glow curve” refers to the graph of TL as a function either of temperature or of time as shown in Figure 1.
TLD glow curve and time–temperature profile (TTP).
Glow curves have the following features:-
The glow curve of a certain phosphor probably best characterizes that phosphor. For example, the appearance of glow peaks only at low temperatures implies that the phosphor loses its stored TL with time, and therefore would be unsuitable for long-term measurements.
A peak at very high temperatures indicates a phosphor that will produce infrared radiation at the temperature necessary to release the TL. This is a problem for the instrumentation.
A glow curve without well-defined peaks makes the selection of the appropriate end for integration difficult. Ideally then, a glow curve should reveal only a single thermoluminescent peak, which occurs at a temperature high enough to ensure room temperature stability but not so high as to present instrumental problems. However, the temperature at which a TL peak appears is quite affected by the heating rate.
The following factors may affect the shape of the glow curve:
The sensitivity of TLD should be evaluated for competitor’s materials to determine the dose linearity, sub linearity or supralinearity behavior of phosphors. The sensitivity and thermal stability of glass samples were found to be dependent on both the starting materials and the method of preparation in Refs. [9, 10, 11, 12, 13].
TL dosimeters, in general, have demonstrated no dose rate effects over a wide range.
TL is the release, in the form of visible light, of energy absorbed from previous irradiation. The rate at which this energy is released is dependent upon the phosphor temperature and increases sharply at a higher temperature. Even though the concept of “glow peak temperature” that temperature at which the maximum of the glow peak occurs, is both useful and easily demonstrated. It should be remembered that a finite rate of loss of stored energy exists even for much lower temperatures. If a phosphor shows an insignificant loss of TL at room temperature, it is said to have good stability.
The physical process leading to the emission of TL from a sample is related in most cases to the traffic of charge carriers, usually electrons and holes, between different imperfection states in the solid sample. Studying the kinetics of the TL process means the investigation of electron–hole transitions between energy states in cases of both the irradiation of the TL sample and the readout processes. Although, in most experimental situations the TL curve consists of several overlapping peaks, it is appropriate to start the discussion by dealing with a single peak to understand the basic process. For most purposes, it is not necessary to assume that the glow curve consists of only one peak. The analysis of a single peak may just be valid if a series of peaks occur, provided that the peak of interest is sufficiently separated from others, either because it appears separately or because we have an efficient method to isolate it from the rest of the curve.
If n is the number of trapped electrons in the sample, which is maintained at constant temperature T, n decreases with time t as:
From Eq. (1) we get:
The rate of photon emission, and hence the rate of release of electrons from traps to their rate of arrival at luminescence centers, determine the strength of the TL glow peak [14].
Where
When the dosimeter is heated with rate
Substitute in Eq. (2), we get:
Where
Substitute in Eq. (3)
It should be noted that
Where,
At
where
Equation (7) describes the condition of the occurrence of the maximum intensity and the determination of the corresponding temperature, which we call,
Theoretical glow peak plotted using the first kinetics order equation.
The initial concentration
Glow curves plotted using the first-order kinetics equation for different
This appears well in the condition of the
We see that changing the heating rate
One assumption made up by Randall and Wilkins [14] which led to the first kinetics order was that once a charge carrier is thermally elevated into the band, it is bound to recombine rather quickly with an opposite sign carrier trapped in a recombination center. Gralick and Gibson [15] considered another case in which the free carriers may re-trap with equal retrapping recombination probabilities with the further assumption that the concentration of electrons in traps and holes in recombination centers are equal during the entire process. Denoting the total number of traps of the given type (free electrons or holes) by N, they found the kinetics equation:
where (
where
For linear heating rate
Substitute in Eq. (10),
where Eq. (12) represents the intensity of a glow peak according to the second kinetics order model. At high temperature, the second decreasing function dominates so that the product function is decreasing. Somewhere between two regions the glow curve, therefore, reaches its maximum. Figure 4 Displays a hypothetical glow peak plotted using Eq. (12).
Theoretical glow peak plotted using the second-order kinetics equation.
The condition of the maximum is found by setting the derivative of Eq. (12) to zero (d
Multiply by
Then Eq. (13) represents the condition of the peak maximum according to the second kinetics order. As can see
Both in the first order and second order, as well as other cases,
Now we can consider the dependence of different portions of the second-order peak on
This shows immediately that for a given temperature in this range the dependence of
The main point in Eq. (18) is that the term includes
Figure 5 shows plotted glow peaks using Eq. (12) for different no. In the low-temperature range, the TL intensity appears to depend on no. As
Plotted glow peaks using the second-order kinetics equation for different
As seen in Figure 6, the concentration of the trapping state is denoted by
where
A general treatment of the charge carriers’ transitions in the TL sample.
However, the actual rate of change of n is also related to the retraping term. The rate of retraping is proportional to the concentration of free electrons
The third equation is that of charge neutrality. In its simplest form, it should read
This equation has been given by Adirovitch [18] for phosphorescence and by Halperin and Braner [19].
Now let us discuss the kinetics of the process in more general terms and see how the simplified cases of first, second, and more general cases emerge from Eqs. (17)–(20). Two simplifying assumptions were first made by Adirovitch [18] and later by many other investigators [19, 20, 21, 22, 23]. These are related to the relation between the concentration of the electrons in the conduction band and in traps and to the rate of change of these concentrations, namely:
Although, it seems to be the same connection between these two conditions, basically they are two separate relations and the occurrence of one does not necessarily imply the other. With these assumptions, Helperin and Braner [19] found the expression:
Since this equation contains two unknown functions,
The condition of Eq. (22) is the relation between functions rather than parameters. It is, therefore, possible that at the low-temperature range of a glow peak, the strong inequality holds, and at higher temperatures where m and n decreases, the inequality “weakens” may be inverted. This may result in a shift from first-order behavior to non-first-order behavior within the same peak [24].
Then, one can say that:
Then Eq. (22) will take the following form:
Then we see that Eq. (23) takes the same form of Eq. (3). For linear heating rate function, the general solution of Eq. (23) is given by Eq. (24):
Then from Eq. (22) with Randall and Wilkins [14] assumptions, we reached the first kinetics order equation.
The abovementioned second kinetics order, resulting from different assumptions associated with Eq. (22). In one set of assumptions, one can take
In addition, we have to assert the retraping dominates [15]
We also suppose that the trap is far from being saturated, i.e., the retrapping duration.
Then, from Eq. (26) one can write:
Using the condition of Eq. (26) in Eq. (27) one gets:
and since we have assumed that
Then, apply to Eq. (22), we get:
Alternatively, one can assume, in addition to the concentration equality, that
Then Eq. (22) takes the same form of Eq. (8) which is found by Gralick and Gibson [15]. Where Eq. (30) sums up both these possibilities by employing the parameter
It should be emphasized that two cases discussed so far, namely first and second kinetics order, are only special cases in a sense, extreme cases and the general case described by equations Eq. (17) through Eq. (19) may be neither first nor second order even if the simplifying conditions of Eq. (21) are assumed to be general. The resulting Eq. (20) consists of many intermediate cases that do not have a distinct kinetics order. Although, some researchers still attempt to determine for every TL peak a first or second kinetics order [25].
Several attempts [16, 26] have been made to add a third parameter to the two basic ones, the activation energy
The kinetics order,
where
Parameters used in the calculation of the symmetry factor.
Of course, intermediate symmetries represented by different values of
where
A few words of caution are in order with respect to this treatment. First, although Eq. (34) has been shown to quite accurately described measured TL peaks [27, 28], it is to be noted that in most cases it is only an empirical presentation and is not based on the three differential equations [Eqs. (17) up to (19)], seem to be more physically significant. However, the general order case is still important because it can handle intermediate circumstances and smooth the first and second-order cases as
May and Partridge supposed the empirical equation that has been suggested to explain the thermoluminescence glow peak if the first or second-order kinetics do not describe the glow peak. The equation is namely the general- order kinetics and written by:
Hence
We can deduce that the higher the peak temperature
This can also be written as
The maximum intensity of the peak, according to Randall and Wilkins [12, 13], occurs around the temperature where the electron escape probability is 1 s-1. As a result of Eq. (1), we have:
According to Eqs. (6), (12) and (3), we can say that at the start of the glow peak (initial rise region) the TL intensity is proportional to
From Eq. (6), we see that when
Therefore, the range of the initial rise must be chosen in which the second exponential function has minimum influence on the TL intensity temperature dependence. Therefore, it is necessary to restrict the temperature range such that the TL intensity does not exceed one-tenth of the maximum intensity [32].
Between temperatures
Extracted parameters from “Christodoulides expression” are to correct the value of the activation energy evaluated by the initial rise method.
On the temperature scale, a series of points were taken at equal intervals and plotted as ln(I) versus (1/T). The value Ec can then be calculated from the slope of the straight line as the energy determined by the initial rise technique; this value is smaller than the real activation energy
The range of applicability of this equation is restricted by:
Grossweiner [34] established the first peak shape approach for first-order peaks, writing:
Where:
Peak shape method used to calculate the activation energy.
and for second-order peak:
Chen [16] improved these equations by adding a factor of 0.976 in front of the former and replacing the factor 2 by 1.71 in the latter.
Halperin and Braner [19] have derived their equations for both first [Eq. (45)] and second kinetics orders [Eq. (46)]:
Chen [16] managed to establish expressions for general kinetics order, which is dependent on the geometry factor of the glow peak which is defined by Eq. (35):
Where
where
As mentioned above about Eq. (7), Tm changes with the heating rateβ, writing Eq. (7) twice for heating rate β1 and β2 with maximum temperatures Tm1 and Tm2 we get [36]:
The activation energy that will be evaluated from Eq. (54) will be of course in accord with the first kinetics order only. However, Chen and Winer [37], Chen and Kirsh [38] showed that it can be used as a very good approximation for nonfirst-order cases as well.
The maximum condition, Eq. (16), can also take the following form:
According to this equation, Hoogenstraaten [39] suggested using several heating rates, a plot of ln(β
A new technique was developed by Rasheedy [25], to evaluate the trap parameters from the measured glow curve according to the general kinetics order.
The behavior of a phosphor’s TL intensity is determined by the following equation, [40], for generic kinetics order.
Where
Eq. (55) is a modification of Eq. (33) in which the pre-exponential factor is defined as:
Where the pre-exponential factor
This method is based on the proportional of the concentration of populated traps during the running of the TL to the area under the glow peak.
Three points method used by Rasheedy [
Where
Where
From Eq. (57) and Eq. (58), we shall get
And from Eq. (57) and Eq. (59), we shall get:
The order of kinetics, b can be obtained using Eqs. (60) and (61) which leads to:
Then, the order of kinetics b can be obtained from Eq. (62). Once the order of kinetics b is determined, the activation energy E(eV) can be determined by using Eq. (60) or Eq. (61).
Since, at
From Eq. (56) and using Eq. (59) leads to the following expression [41]:
A simple analytical method has been developed to obtain the relative value of
where
Thus, by calculating the kinetics order
A review of the expression used in an intercomparison of glow curve analysis computer programs to evaluate TLD-100 glow curve is given in Ref. [42] where
where:
On the other hand, Eq. (66) is based on first order kinetics which was used by Puchalska, [43], to develop glow-curve analysis software, in the following form:-
Where the parameter α is defined in Eq. (67) as
where the constants
Equation (68) will be used throughout our results which give better fitting to the resultant deconvoluted peaks. Different software was developed by Ratovonjanahary et al. [32], which uses the first kinetics order with an approximation of the second kinetics order. In this software the following equation was used:
where,
Such a technique was also developed to analyze the glow curve using Eq. (53) by Rasheedy [41], which used the value of the trap parameters obtained by the three points method.
TLD is widely used in various clinical fields for different purposes. The key reasons are undoubtedly their widespread availability, well-studied dosimetric characteristics, and applicability across a broad dose range. Imaging and Radiation Oncology Core-Houston IROC-H conducts remote dosimetry audits on MV photon and electron beams. IROC-H usually used integration between TLD-100 and other dosimetry system like nanoDot or diode systems for achieving the dose commissioning and calibrating dosimetry systems in an acrylic mini-phantom [44]. The failure rate was recorded in dose curves after modeling of the TPS (RayStation-Elekta Inc.) using phantom tests, which was not observed by patient-specific IMRT QA. Such failure was related to little changes in the MLC leaf-tip offset rather than leaf-tip width. Koger and his team [45] in IROC-H prosed four labeled TLD distributed in an anthropomorphic head-and-neck phantom for correcting such failure, (see Figure 11). It was utilized a 3D diode array were used in addition to assess the detectability of modeling mistakes [45].
TLDs were labeled in head-and-neck phantom at IROC-H [
Another crucial issue is to increase the staff’s awareness about radiation safety and enhance radiation protection against unnecessary radiation doses. For such purpose, TLD-100 was recently used to validate occupational doses both inside and outside the nuclear medicine department, radiation protection purposes as well as the dose rate distribution around the positron emission tomography or computed tomography (PET/CT) [46].
Some recent studies were envisaged to see how the department compared to reports from other centers across the world in terms of the annual number of procedures and exposure limits, and to see if there was an opportunity for further radiation protection enhancements. As an example, personal TLD was calibrated to estimate the personal equivalent dose Hp (10) and Hp (0.07) at PET/CT. It was used for assessing the employee’s exposure [47]. On the other hand, TLD rings personal dosimeters were worn by surgeons in their fingers through sentinel node biopsy procedure to measure personal doses Hp(10) and Hp(0.07), as well as ambiental dose for operating theater and during injection [48]. This will assure that personal equivalent doses are within the acceptable annual determined limits [49].
Other important recent TLD application in diagnostics is using an anthropomorphic phantom that modeled the reference person to get a conversion coefficient connecting dose area product (DAP) to effective patient dosage. They concluded that the effective dosage at the clinical dark-field radiography system, which generates both attenuation and dark-field pictures, is within the range of chest radiography standard dose values [50].
TLDs showed to be an excellent choice for skin dosimetry. Omojola et al. [51] used TLD in measurements of 3D skin dosimetry and verify their results using TPS planning verification at specific spots in the phantom. A full perspective of the dose distribution was achieved; however, they revealed that regions outside the PTV require special attention [52, 53, 54].
In addition, in the field of proton therapy, a novel tissue-equivalent TLD-sheet of manganese doped lithium triborate showed a valuable and effective dosimetry technique. It may also be a great in vivo skin dosimetry instrument for proton treatment due to its flexible and reusable properties. Despite the presence of significant energy dependences in the Bragg peak region, the response properties studied in this work, including as reproducibility, fading effects, dosage linearity and dose homogeneity are acceptable [55].
Monte Carlo (MC) simulation is considered a good tool to understand well the TLD [56]. Some algorithm methods based on MC as if pencil beam could be involved in accurate dose in MV radiotherapy calculations. It could be useful to calculate the spectrum inside the detector based on four categories primary photon and electrons and secondary photon and electrons [57].
On the other hand, Low-energy (100 keV) photons (x-rays and gamma) have been widely employed in biological research and medical applications for more than a century, including mammography, fluoroscopy, general radiography, computed tomography, and brachytherapy treatment, among others. The majority of electrons created by low photon energy beams have energies below 10 keV, according to research. The physical processes through which these low-energy electrons interact with matter, on the other hand, are still unknown. Furthermore, it is commonly thought that all energy put within a dosimeter-sensitive volume is converted into a response. However, this assumption could be inaccurate because some of the deposited energy could be utilized to build flaws or damages at the molecular and atomic levels [58].
The hybrid-functional density theory (H-DFT) has shown to be a promising tool for localizing secondary electrons within a dosimeter volume and calculating the energy spent on creating defects or colors centers, among other things, when it comes to the relationship between the energy deposited and the response of a dosimeter. Following that, the quantity of energy that can be truly turned into a dosimeter response following exposure to ionizing radiation would be more accurately determined.
The aim of this chapter is concerned with TLD materials, measurements and recent various applications in clinical and industrial fields. TL kinetics are also covered in details due to their importance in knowing traps parameters and band structure-related phenomena that are responsible for TL phenomena. Modern clinical applications of TLD are also covered like quality assurance purposes for proton, x-ray and gamma radiotherapy based on phantom tests. In addition, we shed spot on using TLD for recent accurate methods for skin dose evaluation under IMRT/VMAT radiotherapy. Special attention should be oriented to hybrid-functional density theory Monte Carlo simulation to model TL dosimeters. Recent studies proved a promising tool for localizing secondary electrons within a dosimeter volume and calculating the energy spent on creating defects or colors centers, among other things, when it comes to the relationship between the energy deposited and the response of a dosimeter. Such methods could give knowledge about misunderstanding behaviors of some TLD and could eliminate its disadvantages like missing TL signal or fading; angle and energy of incidence ionizing radiation. In general, the properties of TLD like its inexpensive cost and reusability; easily fabricated, lightweight to wear, readout is simple and can be automated, insensitive to humidity make it advantageous in different clinical and radiation safety applications.
The Internet has irrevocably changed the dynamics of scholarly communication and publishing. Consequently, we find it necessary to indicate, unambiguously, our definition of what we consider to be a published scientific work.
",metaTitle:"Prior Publication Policy",metaDescription:"Prior Publication Policy",metaKeywords:null,canonicalURL:"/page/prior-publication-policy",contentRaw:'[{"type":"htmlEditorComponent","content":"A significant number of working papers, early drafts, and similar work in progress are openly shared online between members of the scientific community. It has become common to announce one’s own research on a personal website or a blog to gather comments and suggestions from other researchers. Such works and online postings are, indeed, published in the sense that they are made publicly available. However, this does not mean that if submitted for publication by IntechOpen they are not original works. We differentiate between reviewed and non-reviewed works when determining whether a work is original and has been published in a scholarly sense or not.
\\n\\nThe significance of Peer Review cannot be overstated when it comes to defining, in our terms, what constitutes a published scientific work. Peer Review is widely considered to be the cornerstone of modern publishing processes and the key value-adding contribution to a scholarly manuscript that a publisher can make.
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\\n\\nAll submitted manuscripts originating from a previously published conference paper must contain at least 50% of new original content to be accepted for review and considered for publication.
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\\n\\nSubmitted manuscripts stemming from a previous newspaper or magazine article will be accepted for review and considered for publication. However, Authors are strongly advised to report any such publication in an accompanying note to the External Editor.
\\n\\nAs with the conference papers and presentations, Authors should obtain any necessary permissions from the newspaper or magazine that published the work, and indicate that they have done so in a note to the External Editor.
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\\n\\nWhite papers, working papers, technical reports and all other forms of papers which fall within the scope of the ‘Luxembourg definition’ of grey literature do not pass through any extensive peer or editorial review and we do not consider them to be published in the scholarly sense.
\\n\\nAlthough such papers are regularly made publicly available via personal websites and institutional repositories, their general purpose is to gather comments and feedback from Authors’ colleagues in order to further improve a manuscript intended for future publication.
\\n\\nWhen submitting their work, Authors are required to disclose the existence of any publicly available earlier drafts in a note to the Academic Editor. In cases where earlier drafts of the submitted version of the manuscript are publicly available, any overlap between the versions will generally not be considered an instance of self-plagiarism.
\\n\\n4. SOCIAL MEDIA, BLOG & MESSAGE BOARD POSTINGS
\\n\\nWe feel that social media, blogs and message boards are generally used with the same intention as grey literature, to formulate ideas for a manuscript and gather early feedback from like-minded researchers in order to improve a particular piece of work before submitting it for publication. Therefore, we do not consider such internet postings to be publication in the scholarly sense.
\\n\\nNevertheless, Authors are encouraged to disclose the existence of any internet postings in which they outline and describe their research or posted passages of their manuscripts in a note to the Academic Editor. Please note that we will not strictly enforce this request in the same way that we would instructions we consider to be part of our conditions of acceptance for publication. We understand that it may be difficult to keep track of all one’s internet postings in which the researcher´s current work might be mentioned.
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\\n"}]'},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'A significant number of working papers, early drafts, and similar work in progress are openly shared online between members of the scientific community. It has become common to announce one’s own research on a personal website or a blog to gather comments and suggestions from other researchers. Such works and online postings are, indeed, published in the sense that they are made publicly available. However, this does not mean that if submitted for publication by IntechOpen they are not original works. We differentiate between reviewed and non-reviewed works when determining whether a work is original and has been published in a scholarly sense or not.
\n\nThe significance of Peer Review cannot be overstated when it comes to defining, in our terms, what constitutes a published scientific work. Peer Review is widely considered to be the cornerstone of modern publishing processes and the key value-adding contribution to a scholarly manuscript that a publisher can make.
\n\nOther than the issue of originality, research misconduct is another major issue that all publishers have to address. IntechOpen’s Retraction & Correction Policy and various publication ethics guidelines identify both redundant publication and (self)plagiarism to fall within the definition of research misconduct, thus constituting grounds for rejection or the issue of a Retraction if the work has already been published.
\n\nIn order to facilitate the tracking of a manuscript’s publishing history and its development from its earliest draft to the manuscript submitted, we encourage Authors to disclose any instances of a manuscript’s prior publication, whether it be through a conference presentation, a newspaper article, a working paper publicly available in a repository or a blog post.
\n\nA note to the Academic Editor containing detailed information about a submitted manuscript’s previous public availability is the preferred means of reporting prior publication. This helps us determine if there are any earlier versions of a manuscript that should be disclosed to our readers or if any of those earlier versions should be cited and listed in a manuscript’s references.
\n\nSome basic information about the editorial treatment of different varieties of prior publication is laid out below:
\n\n1. CONFERENCE PAPERS & PRESENTATIONS
\n\nGiven that conference papers and presentations generally pass through some sort of peer or editorial review, we consider them to be published in the accepted scholarly sense, particularly if they are published as a part of conference proceedings.
\n\nAll submitted manuscripts originating from a previously published conference paper must contain at least 50% of new original content to be accepted for review and considered for publication.
\n\nAuthors are required to report any links their manuscript might have with their earlier conference papers and presentations in a note to the Academic Editor, as well as in the manuscript itself. Additionally, Authors should obtain any necessary permissions from the publisher of their conference paper if copyright transfer occurred during the publishing process. Failure to do so may prevent Us from publishing an otherwise worthy work.
\n\n2. NEWSPAPER & MAGAZINE ARTICLES
\n\nNewspaper and magazine articles usually do not pass through any extensive peer or editorial review and we do not consider them to be published in the scholarly sense. Articles appearing in newspapers and magazines rarely possess the depth and structure characteristic of scholarly articles.
\n\nSubmitted manuscripts stemming from a previous newspaper or magazine article will be accepted for review and considered for publication. However, Authors are strongly advised to report any such publication in an accompanying note to the External Editor.
\n\nAs with the conference papers and presentations, Authors should obtain any necessary permissions from the newspaper or magazine that published the work, and indicate that they have done so in a note to the External Editor.
\n\n3. GREY LITERATURE
\n\nWhite papers, working papers, technical reports and all other forms of papers which fall within the scope of the ‘Luxembourg definition’ of grey literature do not pass through any extensive peer or editorial review and we do not consider them to be published in the scholarly sense.
\n\nAlthough such papers are regularly made publicly available via personal websites and institutional repositories, their general purpose is to gather comments and feedback from Authors’ colleagues in order to further improve a manuscript intended for future publication.
\n\nWhen submitting their work, Authors are required to disclose the existence of any publicly available earlier drafts in a note to the Academic Editor. In cases where earlier drafts of the submitted version of the manuscript are publicly available, any overlap between the versions will generally not be considered an instance of self-plagiarism.
\n\n4. SOCIAL MEDIA, BLOG & MESSAGE BOARD POSTINGS
\n\nWe feel that social media, blogs and message boards are generally used with the same intention as grey literature, to formulate ideas for a manuscript and gather early feedback from like-minded researchers in order to improve a particular piece of work before submitting it for publication. Therefore, we do not consider such internet postings to be publication in the scholarly sense.
\n\nNevertheless, Authors are encouraged to disclose the existence of any internet postings in which they outline and describe their research or posted passages of their manuscripts in a note to the Academic Editor. Please note that we will not strictly enforce this request in the same way that we would instructions we consider to be part of our conditions of acceptance for publication. We understand that it may be difficult to keep track of all one’s internet postings in which the researcher´s current work might be mentioned.
\n\nIn cases where there is any overlap between the Author´s submitted manuscript and related internet postings, we will generally not consider it to be an instance of self-plagiarism. This also holds true for any co-Author as well.
\n\nFor more information on this policy please contact permissions@intechopen.com.
\n\nPolicy last updated: 2017-03-20
\n'}]},successStories:{items:[]},authorsAndEditors:{filterParams:{},profiles:[{id:"396",title:"Dr.",name:"Vedran",middleName:null,surname:"Kordic",slug:"vedran-kordic",fullName:"Vedran Kordic",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/396/images/7281_n.png",biography:"After obtaining his Master's degree in Mechanical Engineering he continued his education at the Vienna University of Technology where he obtained his PhD degree in 2004. He worked as a researcher at the Automation and Control Institute, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Vienna University of Technology until 2008. His studies in robotics lead him not only to a PhD degree but also inspired him to co-found and build the International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems - world's first Open Access journal in the field of robotics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"TU Wien",country:{name:"Austria"}}},{id:"441",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Jaekyu",middleName:null,surname:"Park",slug:"jaekyu-park",fullName:"Jaekyu Park",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/441/images/1881_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"LG Corporation (South Korea)",country:{name:"Korea, South"}}},{id:"465",title:"Dr.",name:"Christian",middleName:null,surname:"Martens",slug:"christian-martens",fullName:"Christian Martens",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Rheinmetall (Germany)",country:{name:"Germany"}}},{id:"479",title:"Dr.",name:"Valentina",middleName:null,surname:"Colla",slug:"valentina-colla",fullName:"Valentina Colla",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/479/images/358_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sant'Anna School of Advanced Studies",country:{name:"Italy"}}},{id:"494",title:"PhD",name:"Loris",middleName:null,surname:"Nanni",slug:"loris-nanni",fullName:"Loris Nanni",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/494/images/system/494.jpg",biography:"Loris Nanni received his Master Degree cum laude on June-2002 from the University of Bologna, and the April 26th 2006 he received his Ph.D. in Computer Engineering at DEIS, University of Bologna. On September, 29th 2006 he has won a post PhD fellowship from the university of Bologna (from October 2006 to October 2008), at the competitive examination he was ranked first in the industrial engineering area. He extensively served as referee for several international journals. He is author/coauthor of more than 100 research papers. He has been involved in some projects supported by MURST and European Community. His research interests include pattern recognition, bioinformatics, and biometric systems (fingerprint classification and recognition, signature verification, face recognition).",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"496",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos",middleName:null,surname:"Leon",slug:"carlos-leon",fullName:"Carlos Leon",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Seville",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"512",title:"Dr.",name:"Dayang",middleName:null,surname:"Jawawi",slug:"dayang-jawawi",fullName:"Dayang Jawawi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Technology Malaysia",country:{name:"Malaysia"}}},{id:"528",title:"Dr.",name:"Kresimir",middleName:null,surname:"Delac",slug:"kresimir-delac",fullName:"Kresimir Delac",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/528/images/system/528.jpg",biography:"K. Delac received his B.Sc.E.E. degree in 2003 and is currentlypursuing a Ph.D. degree at the University of Zagreb, Faculty of Electrical Engineering andComputing. His current research interests are digital image analysis, pattern recognition andbiometrics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Zagreb",country:{name:"Croatia"}}},{id:"557",title:"Dr.",name:"Andon",middleName:"Venelinov",surname:"Topalov",slug:"andon-topalov",fullName:"Andon Topalov",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/557/images/1927_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Andon V. Topalov received the MSc degree in Control Engineering from the Faculty of Information Systems, Technologies, and Automation at Moscow State University of Civil Engineering (MGGU) in 1979. He then received his PhD degree in Control Engineering from the Department of Automation and Remote Control at Moscow State Mining University (MGSU), Moscow, in 1984. From 1985 to 1986, he was a Research Fellow in the Research Institute for Electronic Equipment, ZZU AD, Plovdiv, Bulgaria. In 1986, he joined the Department of Control Systems, Technical University of Sofia at the Plovdiv campus, where he is presently a Full Professor. He has held long-term visiting Professor/Scholar positions at various institutions in South Korea, Turkey, Mexico, Greece, Belgium, UK, and Germany. And he has coauthored one book and authored or coauthored more than 80 research papers in conference proceedings and journals. 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It is present in different machines we use every day; in fact, technical systems in our homes and all the industries are hard to imagine today without these concepts. Moreover, the same theories can be used for modelling life processes as a collection of inputs, outputs, plants and control loops. Feedback is one of the main concepts behind control; in particular, several examples of physiological control mechanisms for regulating life aspects can be found in the human anatomy, for example, blood pressure, cholesterol levels, body movements, the equilibrium, etc. Those processes can be damaged by the aging effects, diseases, accidents or when the mechanism has been broken and cannot be recovered naturally; consequently, it will be required external assistance. A relative new field in control theory is related with developing technology for helping with physiological and medicals problems. However, in comparison with machines, those physiological processes are highly nonlinear, with delays and slow responses. Another problem is when human becomes the operators using their capacities of decision making to close the control loop, as they are prone to errors and mistakes. For those reasons, the biomedical system needs to be carefully designed and several aspects have to be considered. This chapter gives a small review of some internal and external control processes within the human body and discusses how to interact with them for designing biomedical devices. Under this design scheme, a practical application of a smart electric wheelchair for assisting persons with strong disabilities is presented. These assistive robotic systems are in close contact with the user, and thus, it is determinant to have a user-friendly relation between the human and the interface. Therefore, intuitive interfaces were included in the design and an intelligent navigation assistant to guarantee a collision-free path.",book:{id:"5238",slug:"automation-and-control-trends",title:"Automation and Control Trends",fullTitle:"Automation and Control Trends"},signatures:"David Balderas and Mario Rojas",authors:[{id:"183076",title:"M.Sc.",name:"David",middleName:null,surname:"Balderas Silva",slug:"david-balderas-silva",fullName:"David Balderas Silva"},{id:"184877",title:"MSc.",name:"Mario",middleName:null,surname:"Rojas",slug:"mario-rojas",fullName:"Mario Rojas"}]},{id:"51070",title:"Fuzzy PD Controller in NAO System's Platform",slug:"fuzzy-pd-controller-in-nao-system-s-platform",totalDownloads:1607,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,abstract:"Humanoid robotic platforms rarely achieve the desire trajectory because of the deviation generated during the robot walking. This problem is due to different circumstances such as robot manufacturing, wear and tear of mechanic parts, or variations of floor flatness. Currently, one of the humanoid robots on the market is the robotic platform developed by Aldebaran Robotics called NAO robot, and it is used for different purposes where the robot needs to navigate into controlled spaces. NAO presents the issue of deviation during walking; therefore, a Fuzzy PD Controller is developed and implemented for this platform to reduce the orientation error and to ensure reliability during navigation. Inertial sensors are used to get the orientation reference and for feedback of the closed-loop control. Consequently, a robust control was implemented and tested in different conditions of floor and velocity during the robot’s navigation such as robot races and maze resolution. Experimental results show that fuzzy controller achieves significant improvements in the trajectories of NAO.",book:{id:"5238",slug:"automation-and-control-trends",title:"Automation and Control Trends",fullTitle:"Automation and Control Trends"},signatures:"Edgar Omar López‐Caudana and César Daniel González Gutiérrez",authors:[{id:"26464",title:"Dr.",name:"Edgar",middleName:"Omar",surname:"Lopez-Caudana",slug:"edgar-lopez-caudana",fullName:"Edgar Lopez-Caudana"},{id:"185936",title:"Mr.",name:"César Daniel",middleName:null,surname:"González Gutiérrez",slug:"cesar-daniel-gonzalez-gutierrez",fullName:"César Daniel González Gutiérrez"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"257",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:0},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:8,limit:8,total:0},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:90,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:107,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:33,numberOfPublishedChapters:330,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:14,numberOfPublishedChapters:145,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:139,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:123,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:112,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:21,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:10,numberOfOpenTopics:1,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:5,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-6580",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"6",text:"It is great to work with the IntechOpen to produce a worthwhile collection of research that also becomes a great educational resource and guide for future research endeavors.",author:{id:"259298",name:"Edward",surname:"Narayan",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",slug:"edward-narayan",institution:{id:"3",name:"University of Queensland",country:{id:null,name:"Australia"}}}},{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. The whole process of submitting an article and editing of the submitted article goes extremely smooth and fast, the number of reads and downloads of chapters is high, and the contributions are also frequently cited.",author:{id:"55578",name:"Antonio",surname:"Jurado-Navas",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRisIQAS/Profile_Picture_1626166543950",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",institution:{id:"720",name:"University of Malaga",country:{id:null,name:"Spain"}}}}]},series:{item:{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",issn:"2631-6218",scope:"\r\n\tThis book series will offer a comprehensive overview of recent research trends as well as clinical applications within different specialties of dentistry. Topics will include overviews of the health of the oral cavity, from prevention and care to different treatments for the rehabilitation of problems that may affect the organs and/or tissues present. 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",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/3.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"August 4th, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfPublishedBooks:9,editor:{id:"419588",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Sergio",middleName:"Alexandre",surname:"Gehrke",slug:"sergio-gehrke",fullName:"Sergio Gehrke",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000038WgMKQA0/Profile_Picture_2022-06-02T11:44:20.jpg",biography:"Dr. Sergio Alexandre Gehrke is a doctorate holder in two fields. The first is a Ph.D. in Cellular and Molecular Biology from the Pontificia Catholic University, Porto Alegre, Brazil, in 2010 and the other is an International Ph.D. in Bioengineering from the Universidad Miguel Hernandez, Elche/Alicante, Spain, obtained in 2020. In 2018, he completed a postdoctoral fellowship in Materials Engineering in the NUCLEMAT of the Pontificia Catholic University, Porto Alegre, Brazil. He is currently the Director of the Postgraduate Program in Implantology of the Bioface/UCAM/PgO (Montevideo, Uruguay), Director of the Cathedra of Biotechnology of the Catholic University of Murcia (Murcia, Spain), an Extraordinary Full Professor of the Catholic University of Murcia (Murcia, Spain) as well as the Director of the private center of research Biotecnos – Technology and Science (Montevideo, Uruguay). Applied biomaterials, cellular and molecular biology, and dental implants are among his research interests. He has published several original papers in renowned journals. In addition, he is also a Collaborating Professor in several Postgraduate programs at different universities all over the world.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidad Católica San Antonio de Murcia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},subseries:{paginationCount:2,paginationItems:[{id:"1",title:"Oral Health",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/1.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"173955",title:"Prof.",name:"Sandra",middleName:null,surname:"Marinho",slug:"sandra-marinho",fullName:"Sandra Marinho",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRGYMQA4/Profile_Picture_2022-06-01T13:22:41.png",biography:"Dr. Sandra A. Marinho is an Associate Professor and Brazilian researcher at the State University of Paraíba (Universidade Estadual da Paraíba- UEPB), Campus VIII, located in Araruna, state of Paraíba since 2011. She holds a degree in Dentistry from the Federal University of Alfenas (UNIFAL), while her specialization and professional improvement in Stomatology took place at Hospital Heliopolis (São Paulo, SP). Her qualifications are: a specialist in Dental Imaging and Radiology, Master in Dentistry (Periodontics) from the University of São Paulo (FORP-USP, Ribeirão Preto, SP), and Doctor (Ph.D.) in Dentistry (Stomatology Clinic) from Hospital São Lucas of the Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul (HSL-PUCRS, Porto Alegre, RS). She held a postdoctoral internship at the Federal University from Jequitinhonha and Mucuri Valleys (UFVJM, Diamantina, MG). She is currently a member of the Brazilian Society for Dental Research (SBPqO) and the Brazilian Society of Stomatology and Pathology (SOBEP). Dr. Marinho's experience in Dentistry mainly covers the following subjects: oral diagnosis, oral radiology; oral medicine; lesions and oral infections; oral pathology, laser therapy and epidemiological studies.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"State University of Paraíba",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"2",title:"Prosthodontics and Implant Dentistry",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/2.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"179568",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Wen Lin",middleName:null,surname:"Chai",slug:"wen-lin-chai",fullName:"Wen Lin Chai",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRHGAQA4/Profile_Picture_2022-05-23T14:31:12.png",biography:"Professor Dr. Chai Wen Lin is currently a lecturer at the Department of Restorative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry of the University of Malaya. She obtained a Master of Dental Science in 2006 and a Ph.D. in 2011. Her Ph.D. research work on the soft tissue-implant interface at the University of Sheffield has yielded several important publications in the key implant journals. She was awarded an Excellent Exchange Award by the University of Sheffield which gave her the opportunity to work at the famous Faculty of Dentistry of the University of Gothenburg, Sweden, under the tutelage of Prof. Peter Thomsen. In 2016, she was appointed as a visiting scholar at UCLA, USA, with attachment in Hospital Dentistry, and involvement in research work related to zirconia implant. In 2016, her contribution to dentistry was recognized by the Royal College of Surgeon of Edinburgh with her being awarded a Fellowship in Dental Surgery. She has authored numerous papers published both in local and international journals. She was the Editor of the Malaysian Dental Journal for several years. Her main research interests are implant-soft tissue interface, zirconia implant, photofunctionalization, 3D-oral mucosal model and pulpal regeneration.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Malaya",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Malaysia"}}},editorTwo:{id:"479686",title:"Dr.",name:"Ghee Seong",middleName:null,surname:"Lim",slug:"ghee-seong-lim",fullName:"Ghee Seong Lim",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00003ScjLZQAZ/Profile_Picture_2022-06-08T14:17:06.png",biography:"Assoc. Prof Dr. Lim Ghee Seong graduated with a Bachelor of Dental Surgery from University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur in 2008. He then pursued his Master in Clinical Dentistry, specializing in Restorative Dentistry at Newcastle University, Newcastle, UK, where he graduated with distinction. He has also been awarded the International Training Fellowship (Restorative Dentistry) from the Royal College of Surgeons. His passion for teaching then led him to join the faculty of dentistry at University Malaya and he has since became a valuable lecturer and clinical specialist in the Department of Restorative Dentistry. He is currently the removable prosthodontic undergraduate year 3 coordinator, head of the undergraduate module on occlusion and a member of the multidisciplinary team for the TMD clinic. He has previous membership in the British Society for Restorative Dentistry, the Malaysian Association of Aesthetic Dentistry and he is currently a lifetime member of the Malaysian Association for Prosthodontics. Currently, he is also the examiner for the Restorative Specialty Membership Examinations, Royal College of Surgeons, England. He has authored and co-authored handful of both local and international journal articles. His main interest is in prosthodontics, dental material, TMD and regenerative dentistry.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Malaya",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Malaysia"}}},editorThree:null}]},overviewPageOFChapters:{paginationCount:47,paginationItems:[{id:"82938",title:"Trauma from Occlusion: Practical Management Guidelines",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105960",signatures:"Prashanth Shetty, Shweta Hegde, Shubham Chelkar, Rahul Chaturvedi, Shruti Pochhi, Aakanksha Shrivastava, Dudala Lakshmi, Shreya Mukherjee, Pankaj Bajaj and Shahzada Asif Raza",slug:"trauma-from-occlusion-practical-management-guidelines",totalDownloads:11,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Dental Trauma",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11567.jpg",subseries:{id:"2",title:"Prosthodontics and Implant Dentistry"}}},{id:"82654",title:"Atraumatic Restorative Treatment: More than a Minimally Invasive Approach?",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105623",signatures:"Manal A. Ablal",slug:"atraumatic-restorative-treatment-more-than-a-minimally-invasive-approach",totalDownloads:3,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Dental Caries - The Selection of Restoration Methods and Restorative Materials",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11565.jpg",subseries:{id:"1",title:"Oral Health"}}},{id:"82608",title:"Early Management of Dental Trauma in the Era of COVID-19",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105992",signatures:"Khairul Bariah Chi Adam, Haszelini Hassan, Pram Kumar Subramaniam, Izzati Nabilah Ismail, Nor Adilah Harun and Naziyah Shaban Mustafa",slug:"early-management-of-dental-trauma-in-the-era-of-covid-19",totalDownloads:3,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Dental Trauma",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11567.jpg",subseries:{id:"2",title:"Prosthodontics and Implant Dentistry"}}},{id:"82767",title:"Teeth Avulsion",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105846",signatures:"Manal Abdalla Eltahir, Randa Fath Elrahman Ibrahim and Hanan Alharbi",slug:"teeth-avulsion",totalDownloads:20,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Dental Trauma",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11567.jpg",subseries:{id:"2",title:"Prosthodontics and Implant Dentistry"}}}]},overviewPagePublishedBooks:{paginationCount:9,paginationItems:[{type:"book",id:"6668",title:"Dental Caries",subtitle:"Diagnosis, Prevention and Management",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6668.jpg",slug:"dental-caries-diagnosis-prevention-and-management",publishedDate:"September 19th 2018",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Zühre Akarslan",hash:"b0f7667770a391f772726c3013c1b9ba",volumeInSeries:1,fullTitle:"Dental Caries - Diagnosis, Prevention and Management",editors:[{id:"171887",title:"Prof.",name:"Zühre",middleName:null,surname:"Akarslan",slug:"zuhre-akarslan",fullName:"Zühre Akarslan",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/171887/images/system/171887.jpg",biography:"Zühre Akarslan was born in 1977 in Cyprus. She graduated from Gazi University Faculty of Dentistry, Ankara, Turkey in 2000. \r\nLater she received her Ph.D. degree from the Oral Diagnosis and Radiology Department; which was recently renamed as Oral and Dentomaxillofacial Radiology, from the same university. \r\nShe is working as a full-time Associate Professor and is a lecturer and an academic researcher. \r\nHer expertise areas are dental caries, cancer, dental fear and anxiety, gag reflex in dentistry, oral medicine, and dentomaxillofacial radiology.",institutionString:"Gazi University",institution:{name:"Gazi University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}}]},{type:"book",id:"7139",title:"Current Approaches in Orthodontics",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7139.jpg",slug:"current-approaches-in-orthodontics",publishedDate:"April 10th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Belma Işık Aslan and Fatma Deniz Uzuner",hash:"2c77384eeb748cf05a898d65b9dcb48a",volumeInSeries:2,fullTitle:"Current Approaches in Orthodontics",editors:[{id:"42847",title:"Dr.",name:"Belma",middleName:null,surname:"Işik Aslan",slug:"belma-isik-aslan",fullName:"Belma Işik Aslan",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/42847/images/system/42847.jpg",biography:"Dr. Belma IşIk Aslan was born in 1976 in Ankara-TURKEY. After graduating from TED Ankara College in 1994, she attended to Gazi University, Faculty of Dentistry in Ankara. She completed her PhD in orthodontic education at Gazi University between 1999-2005. Dr. Işık Aslan stayed at the Providence Hospital Craniofacial Institude and Reconstructive Surgery in Michigan, USA for three months as an observer. She worked as a specialist doctor at Gazi University, Dentistry Faculty, Department of Orthodontics between 2005-2014. She was appointed as associate professor in January, 2014 and as professor in 2021. Dr. Işık Aslan still works as an instructor at the same faculty. She has published a total of 35 articles, 10 book chapters, 39 conference proceedings both internationally and nationally. Also she was the academic editor of the international book 'Current Advances in Orthodontics'. She is a member of the Turkish Orthodontic Society and Turkish Cleft Lip and Palate Society. She is married and has 2 children. Her knowledge of English is at an advanced level.",institutionString:"Gazi University Dentistry Faculty Department of Orthodontics",institution:null}]},{type:"book",id:"7572",title:"Trauma in Dentistry",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7572.jpg",slug:"trauma-in-dentistry",publishedDate:"July 3rd 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Serdar Gözler",hash:"7cb94732cfb315f8d1e70ebf500eb8a9",volumeInSeries:3,fullTitle:"Trauma in Dentistry",editors:[{id:"204606",title:"Dr.",name:"Serdar",middleName:null,surname:"Gözler",slug:"serdar-gozler",fullName:"Serdar Gözler",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/204606/images/system/204606.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Serdar Gözler has completed his undergraduate studies at the Marmara University Faculty of Dentistry in 1978, followed by an assistantship in the Prosthesis Department of Dicle University Faculty of Dentistry. Starting his PhD work on non-resilient overdentures with Assoc. Prof. Hüsnü Yavuzyılmaz, he continued his studies with Prof. Dr. Gürbüz Öztürk of Istanbul University Faculty of Dentistry Department of Prosthodontics, this time on Gnatology. He attended training programs on occlusion, neurology, neurophysiology, EMG, radiology and biostatistics. In 1982, he presented his PhD thesis \\Gerber and Lauritzen Occlusion Analysis Techniques: Diagnosis Values,\\ at Istanbul University School of Dentistry, Department of Prosthodontics. As he was also working with Prof. Senih Çalıkkocaoğlu on The Physiology of Chewing at the same time, Gözler has written a chapter in Çalıkkocaoğlu\\'s book \\Complete Prostheses\\ entitled \\The Place of Neuromuscular Mechanism in Prosthetic Dentistry.\\ The book was published five times since by the Istanbul University Publications. Having presented in various conferences about occlusion analysis until 1998, Dr. Gözler has also decided to use the T-Scan II occlusion analysis method. Having been personally trained by Dr. Robert Kerstein on this method, Dr. Gözler has been lecturing on the T-Scan Occlusion Analysis Method in conferences both in Turkey and abroad. Dr. Gözler has various articles and presentations on Digital Occlusion Analysis methods. 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The combination of electronics and computer science with biology and medicine has improved patient diagnosis, reduced rehabilitation time, and helped to facilitate a better quality of life. Nowadays, all medical imaging devices, medical instruments, or new laboratory techniques result from the cooperation of specialists in various fields. The series of Biomedical Engineering books covers such areas of knowledge as chemistry, physics, electronics, medicine, and biology. 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Dr. Koprowski has authored more than a hundred research papers with dozens in impact factor (IF) journals and has authored or co-authored six books. Additionally, he is the author of several national and international patents in the field of biomedical devices and imaging. Since 2011, he has been a reviewer of grants and projects (including EU projects) in biomedical engineering.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Silesia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Poland"}}},subseries:[{id:"7",title:"Bioinformatics and Medical Informatics",keywords:"Biomedical Data, Drug Discovery, Clinical Diagnostics, Decoding Human Genome, AI in Personalized Medicine, Disease-prevention Strategies, Big Data Analysis in Medicine",scope:"Bioinformatics aims to help understand the functioning of the mechanisms of living organisms through the construction and use of quantitative tools. The applications of this research cover many related fields, such as biotechnology and medicine, where, for example, Bioinformatics contributes to faster drug design, DNA analysis in forensics, and DNA sequence analysis in the field of personalized medicine. Personalized medicine is a type of medical care in which treatment is customized individually for each patient. Personalized medicine enables more effective therapy, reduces the costs of therapy and clinical trials, and also minimizes the risk of side effects. Nevertheless, advances in personalized medicine would not have been possible without bioinformatics, which can analyze the human genome and other vast amounts of biomedical data, especially in genetics. The rapid growth of information technology enabled the development of new tools to decode human genomes, large-scale studies of genetic variations and medical informatics. The considerable development of technology, including the computing power of computers, is also conducive to the development of bioinformatics, including personalized medicine. In an era of rapidly growing data volumes and ever lower costs of generating, storing and computing data, personalized medicine holds great promises. Modern computational methods used as bioinformatics tools can integrate multi-scale, multi-modal and longitudinal patient data to create even more effective and safer therapy and disease prevention methods. Main aspects of the topic are: Applying bioinformatics in drug discovery and development; Bioinformatics in clinical diagnostics (genetic variants that act as markers for a condition or a disease); Blockchain and Artificial Intelligence/Machine Learning in personalized medicine; Customize disease-prevention strategies in personalized medicine; Big data analysis in personalized medicine; Translating stratification algorithms into clinical practice of personalized medicine.",annualVolume:11403,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/7.jpg",editor:{id:"351533",title:"Dr.",name:"Slawomir",middleName:null,surname:"Wilczynski",fullName:"Slawomir Wilczynski",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000035U1loQAC/Profile_Picture_1630074514792",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Medical University of Silesia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Poland"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"5886",title:"Dr.",name:"Alexandros",middleName:"T.",surname:"Tzallas",fullName:"Alexandros Tzallas",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/5886/images/system/5886.png",institutionString:"University of Ioannina, Greece & Imperial College London",institution:{name:"University of Ioannina",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Greece"}}},{id:"257388",title:"Distinguished Prof.",name:"Lulu",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",fullName:"Lulu Wang",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRX6kQAG/Profile_Picture_1630329584194",institutionString:"Shenzhen Technology University",institution:{name:"Shenzhen Technology University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"225387",title:"Prof.",name:"Reda R.",middleName:"R.",surname:"Gharieb",fullName:"Reda R. Gharieb",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/225387/images/system/225387.jpg",institutionString:"Assiut University",institution:{name:"Assiut University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Egypt"}}}]},{id:"8",title:"Bioinspired Technology and Biomechanics",keywords:"Bioinspired Systems, Biomechanics, Assistive Technology, Rehabilitation",scope:'Bioinspired technologies take advantage of understanding the actual biological system to provide solutions to problems in several areas. Recently, bioinspired systems have been successfully employing biomechanics to develop and improve assistive technology and rehabilitation devices. The research topic "Bioinspired Technology and Biomechanics" welcomes studies reporting recent advances in bioinspired technologies that contribute to individuals\' health, inclusion, and rehabilitation. Possible contributions can address (but are not limited to) the following research topics: Bioinspired design and control of exoskeletons, orthoses, and prostheses; Experimental evaluation of the effect of assistive devices (e.g., influence on gait, balance, and neuromuscular system); Bioinspired technologies for rehabilitation, including clinical studies reporting evaluations; Application of neuromuscular and biomechanical models to the development of bioinspired technology.',annualVolume:11404,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/8.jpg",editor:{id:"144937",title:"Prof.",name:"Adriano",middleName:"De Oliveira",surname:"Andrade",fullName:"Adriano Andrade",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRC8QQAW/Profile_Picture_1625219101815",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Federal University of Uberlândia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"49517",title:"Prof.",name:"Hitoshi",middleName:null,surname:"Tsunashima",fullName:"Hitoshi Tsunashima",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYTP4QAO/Profile_Picture_1625819726528",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Nihon University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"425354",title:"Dr.",name:"Marcus",middleName:"Fraga",surname:"Vieira",fullName:"Marcus Vieira",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00003BJSgIQAX/Profile_Picture_1627904687309",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Federal de Goiás",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"196746",title:"Dr.",name:"Ramana",middleName:null,surname:"Vinjamuri",fullName:"Ramana Vinjamuri",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/196746/images/system/196746.jpeg",institutionString:"University of Maryland, Baltimore County",institution:{name:"University of Maryland, Baltimore County",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}]},{id:"9",title:"Biotechnology - Biosensors, Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering",keywords:"Biotechnology, Biosensors, Biomaterials, Tissue Engineering",scope:"The Biotechnology - Biosensors, Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering topic within the Biomedical Engineering Series aims to rapidly publish contributions on all aspects of biotechnology, biosensors, biomaterial and tissue engineering. We encourage the submission of manuscripts that provide novel and mechanistic insights that report significant advances in the fields. Topics can include but are not limited to: Biotechnology such as biotechnological products and process engineering; Biotechnologically relevant enzymes and proteins; Bioenergy and biofuels; Applied genetics and molecular biotechnology; Genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics; Applied microbial and cell physiology; Environmental biotechnology; Methods and protocols. Moreover, topics in biosensor technology, like sensors that incorporate enzymes, antibodies, nucleic acids, whole cells, tissues and organelles, and other biological or biologically inspired components will be considered, and topics exploring transducers, including those based on electrochemical and optical piezoelectric, thermal, magnetic, and micromechanical elements. Chapters exploring biomaterial approaches such as polymer synthesis and characterization, drug and gene vector design, biocompatibility, immunology and toxicology, and self-assembly at the nanoscale, are welcome. Finally, the tissue engineering subcategory will support topics such as the fundamentals of stem cells and progenitor cells and their proliferation, differentiation, bioreactors for three-dimensional culture and studies of phenotypic changes, stem and progenitor cells, both short and long term, ex vivo and in vivo implantation both in preclinical models and also in clinical trials.",annualVolume:11405,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/9.jpg",editor:{id:"126286",title:"Dr.",name:"Luis",middleName:"Jesús",surname:"Villarreal-Gómez",fullName:"Luis Villarreal-Gómez",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/126286/images/system/126286.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Autonomous University of Baja California",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"35539",title:"Dr.",name:"Cecilia",middleName:null,surname:"Cristea",fullName:"Cecilia Cristea",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYQ65QAG/Profile_Picture_1621007741527",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Iuliu Hațieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Romania"}}},{id:"40735",title:"Dr.",name:"Gil",middleName:"Alberto Batista",surname:"Gonçalves",fullName:"Gil Gonçalves",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYRLGQA4/Profile_Picture_1628492612759",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Aveiro",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Portugal"}}},{id:"211725",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Johann F.",middleName:null,surname:"Osma",fullName:"Johann F. Osma",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSDv7QAG/Profile_Picture_1626602531691",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidad de Los Andes",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Colombia"}}},{id:"69697",title:"Dr.",name:"Mani T.",middleName:null,surname:"Valarmathi",fullName:"Mani T. Valarmathi",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/69697/images/system/69697.jpg",institutionString:"Religen Inc. | A Life Science Company, United States of America",institution:null},{id:"205081",title:"Dr.",name:"Marco",middleName:"Vinícius",surname:"Chaud",fullName:"Marco Chaud",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSDGeQAO/Profile_Picture_1622624307737",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade de Sorocaba",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}}]}]}},libraryRecommendation:{success:null,errors:{},institutions:[]},route:{name:"profile.detail",path:"/profiles/54013",hash:"",query:{},params:{id:"54013"},fullPath:"/profiles/54013",meta:{},from:{name:null,path:"/",hash:"",query:{},params:{},fullPath:"/",meta:{}}}},function(){var m;(m=document.currentScript||document.scripts[document.scripts.length-1]).parentNode.removeChild(m)}()