\r\n\tAccording to the protection and control strategies in recent years; Although WHO has reduced the rates somewhat with the application of mass medication in children in places where the prevalence of roundworm is over 20%, to control morbidity and eliminate STN as a public health problem, the mathematical applications have been to apply the treatments to adults as well.
\r\n\r\n\tIn this book, roundworms transmitted through soil or arthropods; Developments in epidemiology, life cycles, pathophysiology, clinical diagnosis, management, and public health control in the world will be reviewed with the contribution of studies on this subject from past to present. In addition, this book aims to highlight the connection between helminths and autoimmune and allergic diseases: the determination, treatment, and control strategies.
",isbn:"978-1-80356-714-3",printIsbn:"978-1-80356-713-6",pdfIsbn:"978-1-80356-715-0",doi:null,price:0,priceEur:0,priceUsd:0,slug:null,numberOfPages:0,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isSalesforceBook:!1,isNomenclature:!1,hash:"5edc96349630be8bb4e67170be677d8c",bookSignature:"Dr. Nihal Dogan",publishedDate:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11801.jpg",keywords:"Ascaris, Trichuris, Hookworms, Strongyloides, Wuchereria, Brugia, Onchocerca, Trichinella, Larval Infection, Visceral Larva Migrans, Cutaneous Larva Migrans, Ocular",numberOfDownloads:null,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:null,numberOfDimensionsCitations:null,numberOfTotalCitations:null,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"March 23rd 2022",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"May 27th 2022",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"July 26th 2022",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"October 14th 2022",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"December 13th 2022",dateConfirmationOfParticipation:null,remainingDaysToSecondStep:"3 months",secondStepPassed:!0,areRegistrationsClosed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:4,editedByType:null,kuFlag:!1,biosketch:"A leading academic in parasitology at the Department of Microbiology at the Faculty of Medicine of Eskişehir Osmangazi University, expertise in hydatid cysts, toxoplasma, leishmania, parasitic diseases transmitted by water and intestinal parasites. She wrote numerous book chapters on infectious diseases, clinical parasitology, clinical microbiology, and medical microbiology laboratory applications and manuals.",coeditorOneBiosketch:null,coeditorTwoBiosketch:null,coeditorThreeBiosketch:null,coeditorFourBiosketch:null,coeditorFiveBiosketch:null,editors:[{id:"169552",title:"Dr.",name:"Nihal",middleName:null,surname:"Dogan",slug:"nihal-dogan",fullName:"Nihal Dogan",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/169552/images/system/169552.png",biography:"Prof. Dr Nihal Doğan is the leading academic in the Field of Parasitology at the Department of Microbiology at the Faculty of Medicine of Eskişehir Osmangazi University since 1993. She was granted a professorship in 2008 and has expertise in parasitology and epidemiology of parasitic diseases. She took part as an executive academic on 6 projects hydatid cysts, toxoplasma, leishmania, parasitic diseases transmitted by water and intestinal parasites. Her research is published in more than 40 national and international journals and she took part as a keynote speaker and as abstract and poster presenter in more than international and national congresses and conferences. She wrote numerous book chapters on infectious diseases, clinical parasitology, clinical microbiology and medical microbiology laboratory applications and manuals. \nShe concluded her Master and PhD Thesis at Eskişehir Anadolu University and Eskişehir Osmangazi University Medical Faculty and focused on the field of diagnosis and seroepidemiology of Toxoplasmosis. She visited the University of Virginia Department of Parasitology as a visiting researcher in 2003 for 3 months and worked on the diagnosis of Entamoeba histolytica and Universidad De Chile Faculty of Medicine as an observer researcher in 2016 for 1 month and worked on Trypanosomes.\nHer research interests include medical ethics, seroepidemiological survey; intestinal, blood, tissue and ocular parasites, vector-borne diseases, zoonotic parasites.",institutionString:"Eskisehir Osmangazi University",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"0",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:null}],coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"13",title:"Immunology and Microbiology",slug:"immunology-and-microbiology"}],chapters:null,productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},personalPublishingAssistant:{id:"466998",firstName:"Dragan",lastName:"Miljak",middleName:"Anton",title:"Mr.",imageUrl:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/466998/images/21564_n.jpg",email:"dragan@intechopen.com",biography:"As an Author Service Manager my responsibilities include monitoring and facilitating all publishing activities for authors and editors. 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Lymphocytic esophagitis is a very rare condition. In 2012, Haque
Moreover, since it is a novel entity and most of the studies are from North America, worldwide prevalence has not been evaluated.
\nA small amount of intraepithelial lymphocytes is normally present in the esophagus [4, 5]. A majority of these lymphocytes are CD8 T cells, whereas CD4 are a minority and usually present in the lamina propria. An increase in CD8 T cells is seen in peptic and eosinophilic esophagitis. In addition, this lymphocytosis is generally accompanied by eosinophils and/or neutrophils [5–8].
\nCompared to other esophageal pathologies, lymphocytic esophagitis is characterized by an isolated lymphocytosis. The main histologic findings are a dense peripapillary intraepithelial lymphocytic infiltrate, an intercellular edema known as spongiosis, as well as the absence or rarity of granulocytes (\nFigure 1\n) [1]. The intraepithelial lymphocytes express CD3, CD4, and CD8, as shown by immunohistochemistry [1, 9, 11].
\nLymphocytic esophagitic (H&E stain, original magnification ×40). Dense peripapillary lymphocytic infiltrate with spongiosis (arrow). Absence of neutrophils and eosinophils.
Unfortunately, because the histologic criteria are not yet standardized, it can sometimes lead to misdiagnosis. For instance, the presence of rare intraepithelial granulocytes is accepted in lymphocytic esophagitis [1, 2, 10, 11]. However, granulocytes can be found in various esophageal diseases, making diagnosis more difficult [11]. The acceptable number of granulocytes still needs to be better defined.
\nBecause the lymphocytosis is patchy and uneven, we suggest not to establish a minimum number of intraepithelial lymphocytes [2]. In fact, the various studies about this entity have all used different cutoff, ranging between 10 and 50 lymphocytes per high-power field (HPF) [2, 3, 12, 13].
\nFurthermore, lymphocytic esophagitis affects the whole esophagus, but predominantly the distal esophagus. Thus, multiple biopsies are necessary to avoid a false negative because the lymphocyte infiltrates are not distributed evenly throughout the entire esophagus [12].
\nThe mucosal involvement is considered mild if the intraepithelial lymphocytosis is only peripapillary and is severe if there is also an interperipapillary lymphocyte infiltration [12].
\nLymphocytic esophagitis seems to affect mostly women around 60 years old and smokers [2, 3, 10, 11]. The most common symptom is dysphagia [2, 8, 11, 13]. Nausea, vomiting, chest pain, heartburn, and episodes of impactions have also been reported; however, dysphagia remains the principal and most frequent complaint in 53% of cases [2, 3, 12]. Patients with lymphocytic esophagitis do not appear to show weight loss or fever.
\nThe most serious complication is esophageal perforation. In 10 years, two cases of perforation have been reported. One of the two perforations occurred after the removal of a piece of impacted meat, while the second case was a spontaneous microperforation [14, 15].
\nEndoscopically, the most frequent findings are a normal esophagus or esophagitis [2, 3, 11]. Up to 33% of cases from the cohort by Haque
The endoscopic features are variable and not specific, which makes it impossible to identify and diagnose lymphocytic esophagitis by only relying on symptoms and gastroscopy. It is still a histologic condition, which is why biopsy is essential for the diagnosis.
\nSome retrospective studies and case reports have tried to identify an association between lymphocytic esophagitis and other clinical conditions. Whether it was inflammatory bowel disease, gastroesophageal reflux disease, celiac disease, asthma, allergies, irritants, or connective tissue diseases (lupus, Behçet’s disease), no relationship could be identified [2, 11–13, 16].
\nLymphocytic esophagitis is isolated to the esophagus. It does not coexist with other digestive lymphocytosis such as lymphocytic colitis or lymphocytic gastritis. There is no correlation between these distinct entities. In a case series from Purdy
One of the main research efforts was to identify a relationship between lymphocytic esophagitis and reflux. Unfortunately, no association has been established between these two conditions [2, 12]. Indeed, only 22 out of 119 patients in the cohort from Haque
In the cohort from Rubio
Eosinophilic esophagitis has also been a subject of study and comparison with lymphocytic esophagitis. The clinical and endoscopic manifestations of lymphocytic esophagitis can be confused with those of eosinophilic esophagitis. It is only histology that allows us to differentiate these two entities. Felinization is not pathognomonic of eosinophilic esophagitis, hence the importance of biopsy [2].
\nIn a recent cohort from Rubio
Since 2014, an interest for esophageal motility disorders in lymphocytic esophagitis has arisen. Recent studies have demonstrated an association with achalasia and primary esophageal motility disorder (nutcracker esophagus, ineffective esophageal motility, and diffuse spasm) [18].
\nIn 2015, Xue
Treatment of lymphocytic esophagitis remains controversial. Very few studies addressed this subject. Because it is still a recent and rare entity, a majority of therapeutic trials have been reported in the form of case reports or retrospective studies.
\nProton pump inhibitor, topical or oral steroids as well as esophageal dilation or injections of Botox have been tried. All these treatments have been partially effective [3, 13–16, 19–21]. Nevertheless, it is too early to establish which treatment is better and should be recommended.
\nThe use of proton pump inhibitor is based on the belief that lymphocytic esophagitis may be associated with esophageal reflux. However, as mentioned earlier, this association remains unclear and unlikely. Nevertheless, given the low toxicity of proton pump inhibitors, we suggest using them as first line of treatment.
\nConcerning the efficacy of corticosteroids, it may suggest that lymphocytic and eosinophilic esophagitis belong to the same family.
\nUnfortunately, we have very little data on the clinical course of this condition. Cohen
Current available literature points out that lymphocytic esophagitis is a chronic condition [12]. The risk of esophageal neoplasia is still unknown.
\nLymphocytic esophagitis is a newly described clinical and histologic condition that will probably be increasingly recognized upon the next years. Recent publications have allowed us to establish clear criteria, thus facilitating the diagnosis. Clinicians need to be aware of this entity because lymphocytic esophagitis may eventually be in the diagnostic algorithm of dysphagia.
\nPathologists are increasingly recognizing this condition, which is an asset for research. With larger cohorts, we will be able to further characterize its worldwide epidemiology, clinical associations, as well as treatment and natural history. Single-cell analysis of the intraepithelial lymphocyte subtypes may help in understanding the pathophysiology of the condition and compare subgroups with compound eosinophilic esophagitis and those without. As Haque once said, “it is a condition in search of a disease.”
\nWe are grateful to Dre Amélie Therrien (Hôpital Saint-Luc, CHUM, Montréal) and Dre Elizabeth Arslanian (Hôpital Saint-Luc, CHUM, Montréal) for the critical review of the manuscript.
\n“Decompression fosters a means of progressively adjusting to a new normal, by allowing us to take a step back and reflect on the recent past before we leap ahead into unchartered waters of the future.” - Lt Col Dr Samir Rawat
Life is tough at Siachen glacier, in the Himalayas, India, the highest altitude battle zone in the world. A vast land spread over approximately 75 km, the glacier is deadly, because of sub-zero temperatures, frequent avalanches, high-altitude weather uncertainties, crevasses which go unnoticed, almost unimaginable and scary conditions for even soldiers to be. Soldiers deployed at the glacier typically spend three to four months in extreme conditions, highly vulnerable to fatal high altitude ailments like frost bites, chill blains and hypothermia. When soldiers return from active service in operational zones, they may find it difficult to immediately adapt to what seems to be a new reality now, they need some ‘time-off’ to adjust and acclimatize to out-of-operations conditions. Military psychologists [1], recommend a period of decompression- a release from compression, for soldiers returning from operational duties.
Given the adversity, the globe experienced in 2020, a global crisis of COVID-19 which ravaged the world order, destroyed poor and developed economies alike, exerted immense pressure on the mental health of people across the globe and pushed a whole civilization into nothing less than a warlike zone. The battle was with an unknown enemy- a virus that caught nations, societies and communities off-guard and thrust them into battle of survival. Traditional systems of social support, interpersonal relationships, easy access to resources became, which served as buffer to problems earlier, were challenged with most nations calling for lockdowns and social distancing as immediate strategies to curb the spread of the virus. This period has resulted in people losing control over their actions and emotions because of the suddenness and magnitude of change that the pandemic has brought in. Now, though the battle against the virus is far from over, we must move forward to normalcy, roll up our sleeves and put together strategies to bounce back- be adaptively resilient. Nearly a year long lockdown has exhausted our mental capacities, has been additionally difficult due to multiple roles that some of us are expected to take on, has changed how we approach life in general. For economies, global markets and multi-national organization, it has been a tough time and getting back to relative state of normalcy is a task that requires planning and organisation. Just as soldiers, when returning from the operational duties are allowed a period of decompression, a populace that has been wrecked by the pandemic be allowed a period of decompression.
In this article, we will introduce to the readers the concept of
A conceptual understanding of psychological decompression finds most mention in military literature; it refers to a process that allows soldiers returning from theatre of military operations and duties in war zones, to adapt to the home environment gradually, in a systematic manner with the aim to reduce the potential for maladaptive psychological well-being [2, 3]. Decompression is viewed as a period of transition between high-stress operational environment and home environment perceived to be relatively less stressful [3]. This organised period of transition is also known as third location decompression or TLD [4].
Psychological health issues experienced by soldiers returning from combat zone are well researched and documented. Highly volatile, ambiguous environments that theatre of operations are, exert mental pressure and stress on soldiers in spite of being trained in the use of arms and technological advances of militaries. Whether returning home victorious or mere deployment under volatile uncertain conditions or even peace-keeping operations, some amount of stress is innate and places them at higher risks for post-traumatic stress disorder, depression, alcohol or drugs abuse, and other co-morbidity conditions [5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10]. Thus, with high vulnerability to post-traumatic stress disorders and related adjustment issues it seems reasonable that there is a period of relative adjustment to reduce the risks of full-scale disorders.
A period of psychological decompression with a focus on rest, cognitive and emotional reappraisal may a-part solution for soldiers after deployment along with psycho-educational interventions. In one of the studies [11], it was found that soldiers returning from war who got little time to decompress between off-operational duties and enrollment into inherently stressful academic environments, showed higher levels of academic stress than soldiers who got plenty or enough time to ‘get back to the center’. Shea [11] noted that soldiers who did not get time to adjust to roles like that of a parent, husband, kin in their families, if were put through additional pressures of academic stress, would experience stress the most and not perform as per expectations. In another study, [though not documented as an empirical study] of how decompression got charted into after-deployment or homecoming programs for militaries across the globe, is after the Falklands War in 1982, British military personnel reached back home by either of two ways—entirely by sea, meant an additional week to return home or they ferried their journey by sea and air. Press reports of the time suggested that the soldiers who travelled by sea route, and spent more time between the war and homecoming had better psychological health than those who made the trip in a shorter time [12].
While engaging with the enemy on the ground, in the skies or even at sea are challenging environments, where military personnel go through immense psychological and mental changes, what could be as challenging, is to transition to environments that place different needs on their mental and psychological resources- like playing different roles, being available for their families, adjusting to non-combat environment. To successfully tread, they must bring about physical and psychological changes [13]. A line of thought also suggests that personnel returning from operational environments may in fact be happy about being home right after, however, at the cost of signs of mental health symptoms getting masked [14].
Though there is perhaps no absolute consensus on definitions of decompression and what comprises decompression programs, there is a general understanding that this period consists of rest, and restoration and should have psychologists or trained mental health professionals conduct psychological debriefing. There is a general belief that decompression should be closer or in close proximity to the unit or teams that were together in the operational tasks. We will discuss some of the aims of decompression in this section, namely, providing opportunity for emotional settling, a safe place to de-acclimatise, and an opportunity for structured debriefing to release tension.
Emotional decompression: combat or operational environments are marked by exposure to deprivation from resources, isolation and oftentimes, no communication with families for long spells, exposure to war atrocities that may result in acute or chronic psychosocial issues irrespective of the consequences of the operations [5, 15, 16]. The guilt of surviving when their colleagues suffered injuries or lay dead on the battlefield, anxiety about being away from the high-tension, sorrow could be some of the general emotional reactions. Some of these may go unnoticed or un-reported during or after deployment mainly because of the notions of military being a profession where emotions are not exhibited openly [17]. Similarly, emotions resulting from fear of being killed or due to degree of sustained injury [18] could also place individuals at higher risks of developing post-traumatic stress disorder or other adjustment issues [like substance abuse, depression, insomnia, cognitive overload, etc.]. Negative emotions are known to be detrimental to motivation, performance and sense of achievement not just in military but also in non-military environments [19, 20]. Thus, it becomes imperative that the negative emotions are acknowledged and strategies to manage these negative emotions such that these do not interfere with wellbeing, or spillover/displace to other areas of one’s functioning are made available. Third-location decompression is likely to provide with such much needed opportunities.
De-acclimatise: APA defines acclimatisation as adjustment or adaptation to new circumstances or environmental conditions, particularly the physiological changes that improve an individual’s ability to tolerate environmental alterations [21]. Extending on the element of adjustment or adaptation, we propose that decompression allows for de-acclimatization, which is to suggest that as the military or operational training trains the soldiers to be prepared for the volatility, vigilant, intense, sometimes dramatic nature of the battlefield; it is also, imperative that when the battle is over, soldiers unlearn some of the approaches to resilience and vigilance required during wartime and adapt to new realities and approaches for non-combat functioning.
Psychological debriefing: Research in the area of trauma and stress suggest that psychological debriefing has positive therapeutic effects for people with exposure to trauma and volatile conditions [22, 23, 24, 25]. Bartone and Adler [26] define debriefing [event-oriented after action debriefing] as a factual review of events, and reaction to events by the individual involved or the group/unit engaging in the events. In their classic research paper, they indicate the goals of debriefing to be—identification of lessons learned during operations which can direct actions in the future, resolve any misconceptions there could be, help soldiers paraphrase their battle experience positively, reduce sense of isolation and also make soldiers better aware of possible psychological symptoms resulting from stressful battle conditions.
Similar directions for the use or structure of debriefing are found in the work of Everly and Mitchell [2], who coined the term ‘critical incident stress debriefing’. According to CISD model [2], debriefing promotes emotional wellbeing by allowing opportunities for dialog to the soldier, where they can vent and work on their emotions, perceptions and appraisals of the critical events in the theatre of war. However, it is important to acknowledge that such expression of emotions can be overwhelming to soldiers, perhaps risking them to relive the events. Thus, the aim of psychological debriefing should be established and affirmed by psychologists and team leaders [or those who are close to the trauma context] before use to prevent this technique from being detrimental [27]. Post-mission debriefing sessions typically involve talking about critical or traumatic incidents during tour of duty [4]. While psychological debriefing may be seen as a viable technique for emergency responders, caregivers especially in the COVID times, the authors recommend the use of debriefing under strict vigilance and with caution, simply because pandemic has resulted in limited or depleted resources and the technique could in fact prove to be detrimental if missed shot. Debriefing could perhaps well be replaced with more effective techniques like cognitive therapy, mindfulness training [28, 29].
Fostering post-traumatic growth attitude: Decompression period can also be looked as a window of opportunity to foster growth-attitude among soldiers. Post-traumatic growth defined as positive and meaningful psychological change that an individual can experience after they have experienced a traumatic incident or event and are coping from it [30]. Though events like wars, or even calamities get associated with negative consequences, and changed worldviews, some may see these as opportunities to review their perceptions of world view before and after the events, restructure their thoughts and emotions and direct their action in order to grow, revitalize their self-concepts and relationships with others, from having experienced the events [31]. Thus, post-traumatic growth is essentially moving away from the baseline and toward growth in refurbishing the worldview, sense of control over what the future holds [31]. Research suggests that post-traumatic growth thoughts and attitudes are inversely related to post-traumatic stress symptoms [32, 33]. Decompression thus can be an important period when psychologists or professionals or team leaders can facilitate development of post-traumatic growth attitudes and cognitions. Post-traumatic growth perspective could prove useful in the post-COVID times with the virus having caused loss of enthusiasm and change in worldview with prolonged experiences of isolation, social distancing and uncertainty. For example, recent studies suggest emotional creativity, may result in post-traumatic growth attitude, thereby reduces the chances of full-blown post-traumatic stress disorder [34].
COVID-19 pandemic has brought about tectonic changes beyond the realm of imagination of most of societies, even for those who have experienced WW II, which so far was thought to be the most ravaging event of the century. Other epidemics [like SARS, plague, Ebola] and calamities have not had the magnitude of impact and consequences that COVID-19 has caused. Thus, it becomes essential that the available knowledge of the past from crisis management experiences be remodeled, reinvented and re-adapted to suit what may fit the bill for reconstruction post-COVID crisis.
Why a discussion on decompression becomes important lies in the spectrum of psychological, social and interpersonal impact COVID-19 virus has brought about. COVID-19 presents before us the most-multifaceted crisis the human race has seen, a battle where the enemy is unknown and unseen. No amount of intelligence and force mobilization can fully avert the mayhem that the virus resulted in. With some common knowledge or best described as available knowledge of how spread of the virus can be curtailed, governments across the world imposed lockdown of economies, restrictions on movement, curb of social and interpersonal interactions and what seemed to be business as usual was no longer the same. Medically, the rapid infection and contagion resulted in strained medical systems. Economically, it meant businesses were thrown into fiscal deficits and societies were propelled into threats of destabilisation and loss of normalcy. Beyond the socio-economic disaster that the pandemic has been, psychological impact has been beyond comprehension and indisputable [35, 36]. Research suggests that fear of the pandemic and its uncertain nature could be a precursor to stress disorders, anxiety and other related problems, depression and even substance abuse [37]. With businesses being affected, it has resulted in people losing their source of livelihood and thereby adds to the stress of managing families. These could have potentially triggered related problems of substance abuse and panic disorders [38]. For emergency responders, this has been a period of turmoil, both professionally and personally. Long working hours, limited resources, worries about those affected, fear of being infected, inadequate access to basic resources, not being allowed to meet own families, being continuously in the line of action, suddenly being forced into harm’s way has all resulted in psychological distress [39].
A general environment of despair and loss of hope has resulted from the experience of loss of loved ones or witnessing death in close proximity or sense of being lost. Being home bound or quarantined has resulted in sense of loneliness and isolation and curtailed scope of human-to-human interaction or social support. Measures put in place as first reaction to curb spread of virus like lockdown and social distancing are likely to result in far-reaching psychological problems which may keep brewing on the inside and erode the very fabric of human civilisation more than the damage caused by the virus itself. Thus, it has been nothing short of a psychological warfare.
Yet, in all this, it is important to acknowledge that survival instinct is innate in the human race and while the pandemic might have bogged down the spirit, the ability to bounce back higher and with far greater strength also are innate. Further to the discussion on post-traumatic growth, the application of the same may be exemplified in times to come. New learning gathered from the pandemic can be put to use to develop habits and systems which are resilient as well wean off behaviors (like addictions, behaviors detrimental to general hygiene, burnout at work, pollution, etc.) which are detrimental in survival of the species.
Most of decompression programs, as they exist in military organisations, agree on some of the core fundamentals like—belief that soldiers need some time-off after high-tension deployment, having collective decompression opportunities for those who experience challenging operations, providing for individual and group unwinding–rewinding sessions and focus of relaxation and rest. The aim of decompression programs is to restore and regain resilience in soldiers, authors of this article seek to provide and facilitate movement of societies, communities and organisations toward post-pandemic resilience and remodeling of mental capacities. The authors of this article, from their own experience of serving in the high-emotions theatre of war, volatile and uncertain battle grounds, as well as detailed research and empirical data (both internet data and personal communication) propose a nine-component model or 9-R model of decompression, see Figure 1. Authors also state firmly that an individual’s willingness and urge to change the status quo, resources available, learn new coping and adapt with resilience lie at the centre or core of any effective program.
Rest: Rest which can be understood as ceasing of any movement or activities in order to recover strength, especially after stressful event. Rest is a vital for better mental and physical health and people recovering from strains and illnesses are advised to observe period of rest to reinstate health and wellbeing [40, 41, 42]. Human downtime, is important not just for survival, but also for creativity and innovation. A period of rest could help individuals to break the chain of negative thoughts and habits they may have developed during the pandemic and develop new ways to move into new reality with a sense of growth and resilience [43].
Relaxation: relaxation defined as an emotional state of low tension, marked by absence of arousal [resulting from anger, fear, anxiety] is much researched and approved technique in stress management [44, 45]. Relaxation if practised consciously or mindfully is likely to result in reduction of physical and psychological stress. Empirical data suggest that relaxation- physical and mindful mental relaxation results in lowered anxiety levels during pandemic [36]. Relaxation can have benefits like normalizing heart rate, better sleep, lower fatigue, reduce muscle tension, most of which could be the result of heightened levels of anxiety for soldiers after deployment in warzone or COVID warriors with changes in their life circumstances.
Recognize achievement: Recognize one’s own and other’s achievement: In times like the pandemic or even battles, sense of self-worth and self-concepts may go through a sort of shift because the outcomes, personal loss, depletion of resources, and isolation. Dolan and Sanchez [46] suggest that in such times, being overly critical of oneself or others may be detrimental. A soldier who may have lost some of his fellow colleagues in the battle could already be struggling with guilt of survival or loss of a dear family member, may result in self-doubt of the caregiver. In such times, appreciation of their effort, could help in reinstating their belief in self-worth.
Reduce stigma: Stigma as defined by Goffman [47] is an attribute, of discrediting, reducing a person from a whole and usual person to a tainted, discounted one. By and large, intense situations like fighting a war or being involved in high-tension situations may be associated with a sense of bravado, valour and grit, there are certain inherent expectations especially and traditionally of how soldiers need to be—not come across as ones exhibiting emotions, being a team player. While most of these expectations may be occupational requirement, any deviation in following the same may have stigma attached to it. Decompression should be viewed as a period when such soldiers are provided with assistance to overcome fear of being stereotyped and steer clear any such detrimental thoughts they may have. In 2020, when most of the nations experienced the wrath of the virus, emergency first responders like medical professionals, doctors, police, pharmacos were the first to respond, which also placed them at a higher risk of infection and the risk of infection may get associated with stigma [48]. For instance, since the epicenter of the virus was located in one of the Asian countries, there were cases of discrimination being reported against foreigners of Asian origin [49, 50]. The debilitating effects of stigma place patient or affected groups of people at risk of being discriminated and isolated and thus lead to more psychological concerns. Now that societies take time to reflect before plunging into the future, measures should be taken to reduce the stigma and make available psychological assistance for people who could be at higher risks or being discriminated.
Regulated response: the pandemic has posed unique and unexpected challenges and health risks that place additional pressure on our coping resources. Collective restraint and control will enable our ability to curb the spread of the infection. The self-regulatory approach includes cognitive and emotional skills that allow us to intentionally control thoughts, emotions, and behavior [51]. A soldier’s ability to regulate during operations and even peace-keeping operations [which partly comes from military training], is critical to in sustaining military prudence and conforming to military norms and standards [52]. Decompression could be viewed as a period to strengthen self-regulatory habits such that soldiers restrain or control any spillover of negativity or other emotions like performance anxiety, extreme caution from highly charged combat environments into relatively docile family, interpersonal and social environments. Just like how soldiers are expected to observe restraint in their reactions, emotions, the pandemic has placed a demand on the civilian societies to control and manage their actions- like restrained movement, measures of hygiene, controlling substance abuse, etc. When working professionals return to workplace, it could be required of them to continue to observe limited interactions with their colleagues and also follow protocols such that they do not place themselves or others in the harm’s way.
Reflection: self-reflection is defined as an ability to willingly learn more about one’s fundamental purpose and to willingly exercise introspection [53]. As the world witnesses, almost a full range of change for example reorganization of lifestyle during and after the pandemic an ability to reflect on one’s thoughts, feelings and actions would be imperative [54]. During the decompression phase, reflection can help, steer clarity about the perceptions of the situation and how one approaches the change process. Reflection could be effective especially after a critical incident when certain milestones have been achieved or when one is trying to make sense of available information. A simple reflection of which habits [like social distancing, no smoking] helped in minimizing the effects of the virus or for soldiers reflecting on how training worked effectively during operations could go a long way in directing actions and thoughts for the future.
Reintegrate: any crisis brings with it some degree of loss of equilibrium. Golan [55] refers to a crisis as a sequence of events leading the movement from lack of equilibrium or disequilibrium to the state of equilibrium. Right after a war is fought or in this case a psychological war which is far from over, the definition of reality which existed has been challenged. Thus, as we take some time out, it is important that we re-assess the meaning and purpose of new reality and how best we respond to the changes that are resulting from a fairly long period of disruption. Reintegration would likely require making conscious changes in self and environment, organizations and communities. For example, organizations are putting together robust rehabilitation plans for employees coming back to work, religious communities which provided assistance to their members through meetings and congregations are moving to online modes of communication, etc.
Reboot: Albert Einstein exclaimed that in the midst of every crisis lies great opportunity. This crisis though has been an unsolicited one, has brought to the fore that issues like climate change, global healthcare systems, medical and scientific advances, need to dealt with foremost priority and shared responsibility among nations and global institutions which were caught off guard. Just as when soldiers return from theatre of war, can use their experience—how they survive with limited resources, how they follow a disciplined life, being vigilant; these life skills could be most beneficial to the non-military world which is dealing with the crisis. The pandemic with its mulling consequences of loss, grief and negative emotions has changed behaviours and thoughts which could be detrimental, for example, loss of a family member could make an individual overly cautious or being isolated could result in an individual showing asocial traits and other altered behaviors. These consequences may go unnoticed, however, could covertly damage the fabric of human interactions. It is a right time to slam hard on the reset/reboot button and aim at building conducive transition models holistically.
Reconstruction: Reconstruction in Myer and Zunin’s ‘Phase of Disaster’ theory [56] marks the stage of new beginning. This phase according to the theory is marked by individual and community effort to rebuild their lives while continuing to grieve the losses. Reconstruction particularly is the phase of recovery or conscious effort to move toward state of recovery. Most of the nations have now begun their journey of recovery, a pandemic-like crisis, which requires collective force mobilization efforts on the part of developed nations- in form of providing the necessary resources and developing nations and poorer economies to use this time to build stronger and sustainable systems for better future.
9-R model of decompression.
The authors hope and assert that the model will prove a new direction in our endeavour to move toward re-integration and reconstruction of what lay in front of us as a new reality now that it becomes evident that moving to relative normalcy as a necessity for sustenance of the civilization. The 9-R decompression model aims to be a start point for future research and development into strengthening our understanding of how to manage the effects of combat and war fatigue. The period of decompression may vary from person to person and like in counselling, eclectic or customized approach may be an apt pick to deal with individual’s socio-economic and psychological build.
In conclusion, the authors of the article promote the benefits of having a period of transition, between the social isolation that people around the globe have been forced to and going back to work or new reality. However, as psychologists and responsible leaders, it is also important to create awareness of the nature and the process of decompression, for it to be effective. Some research results suggest that if this transition is considered prolonged, this could have a negative impact on health and well-being of the individuals [57], thus caution and communication should be prioritized for decompression to be effective.
Decompression seems to be a viable solution given the necessity to tread being well and with relatively less damage to the foundation of the societies, organizations and communities. Thus, decompression programs need to be tailored to suit the requirements and could be coupled with other effective techniques and approaches—like post deployment longitudinal screening [58, 59], trauma-focused cognitive therapy [60] which have proven as if not more effective in managing psychological and physical wellbeing in the aftermath of a crisis.
Finally, the authors also acknowledge that thriving through calamities and disasters perhaps is partly innate. As a civilization, even when we face catastrophe like COVID-19 of sorts we are engineered in a way to sustain and thrive and some of us are likely to show exceptional courage and grit to turn a tragedy into testimony of progress and success and show the lead to way into a new future.
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All published Book Chapters are licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License. Monographs are licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0) license granted to all others. Our Copyright Policy aims to guarantee that original material is published while at the same time giving significant freedom to our Authors. IntechOpen upholds a flexible Copyright Policy meaning that there is no copyright transfer to the publisher and Authors hold exclusive copyright to their work.
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On September, 29th 2006 he has won a post PhD fellowship from the university of Bologna (from October 2006 to October 2008), at the competitive examination he was ranked first in the industrial engineering area. He extensively served as referee for several international journals. He is author/coauthor of more than 100 research papers. He has been involved in some projects supported by MURST and European Community. 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Delac received his B.Sc.E.E. degree in 2003 and is currentlypursuing a Ph.D. degree at the University of Zagreb, Faculty of Electrical Engineering andComputing. His current research interests are digital image analysis, pattern recognition andbiometrics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Zagreb",country:{name:"Croatia"}}},{id:"557",title:"Dr.",name:"Andon",middleName:"Venelinov",surname:"Topalov",slug:"andon-topalov",fullName:"Andon Topalov",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/557/images/1927_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Andon V. Topalov received the MSc degree in Control Engineering from the Faculty of Information Systems, Technologies, and Automation at Moscow State University of Civil Engineering (MGGU) in 1979. He then received his PhD degree in Control Engineering from the Department of Automation and Remote Control at Moscow State Mining University (MGSU), Moscow, in 1984. 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Aalborg University has Two Satellite Campuses, one in Copenhagen (Aalborg University Copenhagen) and the other in Esbjerg (Aalborg University Esbjerg).\n· He is a member of prestigious IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers), and IAENG (International Association of Engineers) organizations. \n· He is the chief Editor of the Journal of Software Engineering.\n· He is the member of the Editorial Board of International Journal of Computer Science and Software Technology (IJCSST) and International Journal of Computer Engineering and Information Technology. \n· He is also the Editor of Communication in Computer and Information Science CCIS-20 by Springer.\n· Reviewer For Many Conferences\nHe is the lead person in making collaboration agreements between Aalborg University and many universities of Pakistan, for which the MOU’s (Memorandum of Understanding) have been signed.\nProfessor Akbar is working in Academia since 1990, he started his career as a Lab demonstrator/TA at the University of Sussex. After finishing his P. hD degree in 1992, he served in the Industry as a Scientific Officer and continued his academic career as a visiting scholar for a number of educational institutions. In 1996 he joined National University of Science & Technology Pakistan (NUST) as an Associate Professor; NUST is one of the top few universities in Pakistan. In 1999 he joined an International Company Lineo Inc, Canada as Manager Compiler Group, where he headed the group for developing Compiler Tool Chain and Porting of Operating Systems for the BLACKfin processor. The processor development was a joint venture by Intel and Analog Devices. In 2002 Lineo Inc., was taken over by another company, so he joined Aalborg University Denmark as an Assistant Professor.\nProfessor Akbar has truly a multi-disciplined career and he continued his legacy and making progress in many areas of his interests both in teaching and research. 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Health is strongly related to the social determinants of health (job, income, education, and housing). When not properly supported by appropriate inter-sectoral policies, migration can expose the most vulnerable socioeconomic groups to significant problems. The protection of the health of migrants is an important investment of the public health because it promises benefits to both migrant population and natives. An essential aspect is to properly analyze the health needs of ethnic minorities. Both quantitative and qualitative research is necessary, and the involvement of the target communities is important. Another important aspect is the education and training of social and health workers involved in the care of migrants (with a multidisciplinary teamwork and “transcultural” approach), and the organization of services that can effectively be used. Finally, it is also essential to carry out an evaluation of health outcomes of the migrant population and the impact of adopted health policies. Protecting the health of ethnic minorities is both a challenge for governments and a test of the quality of their health systems.",book:{id:"5598",slug:"people-s-movements-in-the-21st-century-risks-challenges-and-benefits",title:"People's Movements in the 21st Century",fullTitle:"People's Movements in the 21st Century - Risks, Challenges and Benefits"},signatures:"Maurizio Marceca",authors:[{id:"192600",title:"Prof.",name:"Maurizio",middleName:null,surname:"Marceca",slug:"maurizio-marceca",fullName:"Maurizio Marceca"}]},{id:"53589",doi:"10.5772/66931",title:"Health-Related Quality of Life (HRQoL) among Elderly Turkish and Polish Migrants and German Natives: The Role of Age, Gender, Income, Discrimination and Social Support",slug:"health-related-quality-of-life-hrqol-among-elderly-turkish-and-polish-migrants-and-german-natives-th",totalDownloads:1489,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:8,abstract:"Background: Migration can negatively and positively influence health-related quality of life (HRQoL). Yet, little is known about the HRQoL of Turkish and Polish migrants and German natives.",book:{id:"5598",slug:"people-s-movements-in-the-21st-century-risks-challenges-and-benefits",title:"People's Movements in the 21st Century",fullTitle:"People's Movements in the 21st Century - Risks, Challenges and Benefits"},signatures:"Johanna Buchcik, Joachim Westenhöfer, Mick Fleming and Colin R.\nMartin",authors:[{id:"192396",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Johanna",middleName:null,surname:"Buchcik",slug:"johanna-buchcik",fullName:"Johanna Buchcik"},{id:"193514",title:"Prof.",name:"Joachim",middleName:null,surname:"Westenhöfer",slug:"joachim-westenhofer",fullName:"Joachim Westenhöfer"},{id:"193515",title:"Prof.",name:"Mick",middleName:null,surname:"Fleming",slug:"mick-fleming",fullName:"Mick Fleming"},{id:"193516",title:"Prof.",name:"Colin R.",middleName:null,surname:"Martin",slug:"colin-r.-martin",fullName:"Colin R. Martin"}]},{id:"53657",doi:"10.5772/66827",title:"Asians as Model Minorities: A Myth or Reality among Scientists and Engineers in Academia",slug:"asians-as-model-minorities-a-myth-or-reality-among-scientists-and-engineers-in-academia",totalDownloads:1535,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:4,abstract:"Asians from China, India, South Korea, and Taiwan constitute the largest non‐White group in academic science and engineering (S&E). Most of the studies in relation to race/ethnicity combine Asians into one category whether they are immigrants (foreign born) or US citizens. Research has suggested that job satisfaction differs with the type of citizenship status held by faculty members. However, what studies fail to notice is that Asian faculty members who are either born in the United States or are naturalized might experience very different levels of attitudes and satisfaction toward their job when compared with Asian faculty members who are foreign born and on temporary visa status, impacting retention. Do institutions recognize the differences between these two groups, or are Asian faculty members considered a “model minority” group and “problem‐free?” This is the question that this study aims to examine. Given the growing competition in S&E globally, matters pertaining to faculty members’ satisfaction, retention, and persistence will take a front seat among policy makers and university administrators. Data for this study come from the National Science Foundation’s Survey of Doctorate Recipients (SDR).",book:{id:"5598",slug:"people-s-movements-in-the-21st-century-risks-challenges-and-benefits",title:"People's Movements in the 21st Century",fullTitle:"People's Movements in the 21st Century - Risks, Challenges and Benefits"},signatures:"Meghna Sabharwal",authors:[{id:"192631",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Meghna",middleName:null,surname:"Sabharwal",slug:"meghna-sabharwal",fullName:"Meghna Sabharwal"}]},{id:"53671",doi:"10.5772/67004",title:"The New Actors of International Migration: A Comparative Analysis of Foreign Students’ Experiences in a Medium-Sized City in Turkey",slug:"the-new-actors-of-international-migration-a-comparative-analysis-of-foreign-students-experiences-in-",totalDownloads:1273,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:4,abstract:"International or foreign student migration is one of the topics that started to become a hot topic in many different countries because of various aspects. Lately, Turkey, especially in terms of higher education, can be seen as a country that sends students to study abroad but also attracts foreign students. With regard to Adnan Menderes University which is located in a medium‐sized city (Aydın), the main focus of this study is based on experiences of foreign students regarding prejudice, discrimination and racism. In addition to this, the topics such as to what extent are foreign students having difficulty to adapt to the life in Turkey, to what extent are the students satisfied with their lives in the country, in what way could foreign students who currently study in Turkey help to increase the foreign student population or sustain the student migration were examined. In this context, six different categories, such as students from Africa, Asia, South Caucasia, Middle East, Europe/Balkans and Europe/Other, were created. Surveys were applied to participants of the study group in line with a quantitative research scope.",book:{id:"5598",slug:"people-s-movements-in-the-21st-century-risks-challenges-and-benefits",title:"People's Movements in the 21st Century",fullTitle:"People's Movements in the 21st Century - Risks, Challenges and Benefits"},signatures:"Serdar Ünal",authors:[{id:"192402",title:"Dr.",name:"Serdar",middleName:null,surname:"Ünal",slug:"serdar-unal",fullName:"Serdar Ünal"}]},{id:"53486",doi:"10.5772/66824",title:"Immigration and Food Insecurity: The Canadian Experience—A Literature Review",slug:"immigration-and-food-insecurity-the-canadian-experience-a-literature-review",totalDownloads:2632,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:3,abstract:"Canada is a popular destination for immigrants and integration of newcomers is an important strategy for its demographic growth and economic development. Food insecurity disproportionately affects newcomers in Canada; unfortunately, they occupy the lower end of the socio‐economic spectrum and thus adding to the burden of socio‐cultural challenges they are already facing. The high level of food insecurity contributes to poor diet quality and the rise in overweight and other chronic health conditions and therefore to the loss of healthy immigrant status. Indeed, statistical evidence, mainly of the overall Canadian population, demonstrates that individuals living in food‐insecure households have higher rates of self‐reported poor health and chronic health conditions. Therefore, understanding and properly addressing the factors associated with food insecurity among Canadian immigrants is crucial for an adequate integration of immigrants. This chapter suggests that an adequate and appropriate understanding of food security for Canadian immigrant populations requires consideration of a cultural perspective in addition to the traditional individual, household and community levels and the development of measurement tools to capture this cultural dimension. It is proposed the concept of cultural food insecurity encompasses the four usual dimensions (availability, accessibility, utilization, and stability) and a newly proposed fifth cultural dimension. Future research should aim at validating the relevance of this cultural perspective as a fifth pillar for food security and developing measurement tools to assess it.",book:{id:"5598",slug:"people-s-movements-in-the-21st-century-risks-challenges-and-benefits",title:"People's Movements in the 21st Century",fullTitle:"People's Movements in the 21st Century - Risks, Challenges and Benefits"},signatures:"Diana Tarraf, Dia Sanou and Isabelle Giroux",authors:[{id:"192842",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Diana",middleName:null,surname:"Tarraf",slug:"diana-tarraf",fullName:"Diana Tarraf"},{id:"193533",title:"Dr.",name:"Dia",middleName:null,surname:"Sanou",slug:"dia-sanou",fullName:"Dia Sanou"},{id:"193603",title:"Dr.",name:"Isabelle",middleName:null,surname:"Giroux",slug:"isabelle-giroux",fullName:"Isabelle Giroux"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"53486",title:"Immigration and Food Insecurity: The Canadian Experience—A Literature Review",slug:"immigration-and-food-insecurity-the-canadian-experience-a-literature-review",totalDownloads:2636,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:3,abstract:"Canada is a popular destination for immigrants and integration of newcomers is an important strategy for its demographic growth and economic development. Food insecurity disproportionately affects newcomers in Canada; unfortunately, they occupy the lower end of the socio‐economic spectrum and thus adding to the burden of socio‐cultural challenges they are already facing. The high level of food insecurity contributes to poor diet quality and the rise in overweight and other chronic health conditions and therefore to the loss of healthy immigrant status. Indeed, statistical evidence, mainly of the overall Canadian population, demonstrates that individuals living in food‐insecure households have higher rates of self‐reported poor health and chronic health conditions. Therefore, understanding and properly addressing the factors associated with food insecurity among Canadian immigrants is crucial for an adequate integration of immigrants. This chapter suggests that an adequate and appropriate understanding of food security for Canadian immigrant populations requires consideration of a cultural perspective in addition to the traditional individual, household and community levels and the development of measurement tools to capture this cultural dimension. It is proposed the concept of cultural food insecurity encompasses the four usual dimensions (availability, accessibility, utilization, and stability) and a newly proposed fifth cultural dimension. Future research should aim at validating the relevance of this cultural perspective as a fifth pillar for food security and developing measurement tools to assess it.",book:{id:"5598",slug:"people-s-movements-in-the-21st-century-risks-challenges-and-benefits",title:"People's Movements in the 21st Century",fullTitle:"People's Movements in the 21st Century - Risks, Challenges and Benefits"},signatures:"Diana Tarraf, Dia Sanou and Isabelle Giroux",authors:[{id:"192842",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Diana",middleName:null,surname:"Tarraf",slug:"diana-tarraf",fullName:"Diana Tarraf"},{id:"193533",title:"Dr.",name:"Dia",middleName:null,surname:"Sanou",slug:"dia-sanou",fullName:"Dia Sanou"},{id:"193603",title:"Dr.",name:"Isabelle",middleName:null,surname:"Giroux",slug:"isabelle-giroux",fullName:"Isabelle Giroux"}]},{id:"53470",title:"Sociocultural Models of Second-Language Learning of Young Immigrants in Canada",slug:"sociocultural-models-of-second-language-learning-of-young-immigrants-in-canada",totalDownloads:1646,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"The most significant challenge for the minority immigrant is learning a new language. They arrive in a new culture and community hoping to master English quickly in order to achieve their academic and career goals. However, many immigrants have mentioned general barriers resulting from being unable to communicate with peers outside their cultural and linguistic group. Recent research has identified several cognitive variables such as vocabulary, reading aloud, and grammatical judgment related to second-language learning in immigrants; however, little attention was given to sociocultural factors such as acculturation, motivation, and cultural learning because learning a language is a necessary aspect of being socialized into a particular culture. This chapter reviews research of sociocultural models in relation to second-language learning of immigrant youth in Canada. We address this paradigm for research by incorporating both acculturation and sociolinguistic approaches, as well as more traditional cognitive-linguistic approaches, to models of second-language learning in immigrants.",book:{id:"5598",slug:"people-s-movements-in-the-21st-century-risks-challenges-and-benefits",title:"People's Movements in the 21st Century",fullTitle:"People's Movements in the 21st Century - Risks, Challenges and Benefits"},signatures:"Fanli Jia, Alexandra Gottardo and Aline Ferreira",authors:[{id:"192435",title:"Dr.",name:"Fanli",middleName:null,surname:"Jia",slug:"fanli-jia",fullName:"Fanli Jia"},{id:"194425",title:"Dr.",name:"Alexandra",middleName:null,surname:"Gottardo",slug:"alexandra-gottardo",fullName:"Alexandra Gottardo"},{id:"194656",title:"Dr.",name:"Aline",middleName:null,surname:"Ferreira",slug:"aline-ferreira",fullName:"Aline Ferreira"}]},{id:"53700",title:"Migration and Health from a Public Health Perspective",slug:"migration-and-health-from-a-public-health-perspective",totalDownloads:2420,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:8,abstract:"One of the main dimensions related to migration is that of health; this correlation is dynamic by nature and complex. Health is strongly related to the social determinants of health (job, income, education, and housing). When not properly supported by appropriate inter-sectoral policies, migration can expose the most vulnerable socioeconomic groups to significant problems. The protection of the health of migrants is an important investment of the public health because it promises benefits to both migrant population and natives. An essential aspect is to properly analyze the health needs of ethnic minorities. Both quantitative and qualitative research is necessary, and the involvement of the target communities is important. Another important aspect is the education and training of social and health workers involved in the care of migrants (with a multidisciplinary teamwork and “transcultural” approach), and the organization of services that can effectively be used. Finally, it is also essential to carry out an evaluation of health outcomes of the migrant population and the impact of adopted health policies. Protecting the health of ethnic minorities is both a challenge for governments and a test of the quality of their health systems.",book:{id:"5598",slug:"people-s-movements-in-the-21st-century-risks-challenges-and-benefits",title:"People's Movements in the 21st Century",fullTitle:"People's Movements in the 21st Century - Risks, Challenges and Benefits"},signatures:"Maurizio Marceca",authors:[{id:"192600",title:"Prof.",name:"Maurizio",middleName:null,surname:"Marceca",slug:"maurizio-marceca",fullName:"Maurizio Marceca"}]},{id:"53859",title:"Introductory Chapter: People's Movements in the 21st Century",slug:"introductory-chapter-people-s-movements-in-the-21st-century",totalDownloads:1504,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:null,book:{id:"5598",slug:"people-s-movements-in-the-21st-century-risks-challenges-and-benefits",title:"People's Movements in the 21st Century",fullTitle:"People's Movements in the 21st Century - Risks, Challenges and Benefits"},signatures:"Ingrid Muenstermann",authors:[{id:"77112",title:"Dr.",name:"Ingrid",middleName:null,surname:"Muenstermann",slug:"ingrid-muenstermann",fullName:"Ingrid Muenstermann"}]},{id:"53701",title:"The Immigrant Experience in V.S. Naipaul's The Enigma of Arrival and Z. Smith's White Teeth: An Exploration of Homi Bhabha's Postcolonial Theory",slug:"the-immigrant-experience-in-v-s-naipaul-s-the-enigma-of-arrival-and-z-smith-s-white-teeth-an-explora",totalDownloads:2112,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"V.S. Naipaul and Z. Smith, prominent postcolonial authors, reflect the condition of the immigrants suffering from cultural shock, hybridity, fragmentation and mimicry in the postcolonial Western societies in their novels, The Enigma of Arrival and White Teeth. The former portrays the desperate condition of an author doing his best to create his work in the post‐war West, in London and New York, trying to overcome his hybridity and adaptation problems due to his cultural background, and the latter sheds light on the cultural distress of two families from Bangladesh, immigrating to London, by stressing the conflicts between the Westerners and the Easterners and between the first and the second generations of immigrants. Thus, these two novels highlight the immigrant experience illustrating the impact of power relations between the former colonized and the former colonizer upon their relationship in the postcolonial era. In this study, the problems of immigrants in the post‐war West in these novels will be analysed in the light of Homi Bhabha's postcolonial theory, which puts forward such concepts as hybridity, mimicry, ambivalence, cultural differentiation and otherness. In this regard, Bhabha's theory will be adapted into these novels to identify cultural problems of immigrants in these works.",book:{id:"5598",slug:"people-s-movements-in-the-21st-century-risks-challenges-and-benefits",title:"People's Movements in the 21st Century",fullTitle:"People's Movements in the 21st Century - Risks, Challenges and Benefits"},signatures:"Berna Köseoğlu",authors:[{id:"148215",title:"Dr.",name:"Berna",middleName:null,surname:"Köseoğlu",slug:"berna-koseoglu",fullName:"Berna Köseoğlu"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"271",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:0},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:8,limit:8,total:0},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:91,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:108,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:33,numberOfPublishedChapters:333,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:14,numberOfPublishedChapters:145,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:144,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:126,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:113,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:23,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:13,numberOfOpenTopics:1,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:5,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-6580",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"6",text:"It is great to work with the IntechOpen to produce a worthwhile collection of research that also becomes a great educational resource and guide for future research endeavors.",author:{id:"259298",name:"Edward",surname:"Narayan",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",slug:"edward-narayan",institution:{id:"3",name:"University of Queensland",country:{id:null,name:"Australia"}}}},{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. 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She is currently an Adjunct Professor at Feevale University in Medicine and Biomedicine courses and a permanent professor of the Academic Master\\'s Degree in Virology. She has experience in the field of Microbiology, with an emphasis on Bacteriology, working mainly on the following topics: bacteriophages, bacterial resistance, clinical microbiology and food microbiology.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Feevale",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"229220",title:"Dr.",name:"Amjad",middleName:"Islam",surname:"Aqib",slug:"amjad-aqib",fullName:"Amjad Aqib",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/229220/images/system/229220.png",biography:"Dr. Amjad Islam Aqib obtained a DVM and MSc (Hons) from University of Agriculture Faisalabad (UAF), Pakistan, and a PhD from the University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences Lahore, Pakistan. Dr. Aqib joined the Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery at UAF for one year as an assistant professor where he developed a research laboratory designated for pathogenic bacteria. Since 2018, he has been Assistant Professor/Officer in-charge, Department of Medicine, Manager Research Operations and Development-ORIC, and President One Health Club at Cholistan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Bahawalpur, Pakistan. He has nearly 100 publications to his credit. His research interests include epidemiological patterns and molecular analysis of antimicrobial resistance and modulation and vaccine development against animal pathogens of public health concern.",institutionString:"Cholistan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences",institution:{name:"University of Agriculture Faisalabad",country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"333753",title:"Dr.",name:"Rais",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmed",slug:"rais-ahmed",fullName:"Rais Ahmed",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/333753/images/20168_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Agriculture Faisalabad",country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"62900",title:"Prof.",name:"Fethi",middleName:null,surname:"Derbel",slug:"fethi-derbel",fullName:"Fethi Derbel",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/62900/images/system/62900.jpeg",biography:"Professor Fethi Derbel was born in 1960 in Tunisia. He received his medical degree from the Sousse Faculty of Medicine at Sousse, University of Sousse, Tunisia. He completed his surgical residency in General Surgery at the University Hospital Farhat Hached of Sousse and was a member of the Unit of Liver Transplantation in the University of Rennes, France. He then worked in the Department of Surgery at the Sahloul University Hospital in Sousse. Professor Derbel is presently working at the Clinique les Oliviers, Sousse, Tunisia. His hospital activities are mostly concerned with laparoscopic, colorectal, pancreatic, hepatobiliary, and gastric surgery. He is also very interested in hernia surgery and performs ventral hernia repairs and inguinal hernia repairs. He has been a member of the GREPA and Tunisian Hernia Society (THS). During his residency, he managed patients suffering from diabetic foot, and he was very interested in this pathology. For this reason, he decided to coordinate a book project dealing with the diabetic foot. Professor Derbel has published many articles in journals and collaborates intensively with IntechOpen Access Publisher as an editor.",institutionString:"Clinique les Oliviers",institution:null},{id:"300144",title:"Dr.",name:"Meriem",middleName:null,surname:"Braiki",slug:"meriem-braiki",fullName:"Meriem Braiki",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/300144/images/system/300144.jpg",biography:"Dr. Meriem Braiki is a specialist in pediatric surgeon from Tunisia. She was born in 1985. She received her medical degree from the University of Medicine at Sousse, Tunisia. She achieved her surgical residency training periods in Pediatric Surgery departments at University Hospitals in Monastir, Tunis and France.\r\nShe is currently working at the Pediatric surgery department, Sidi Bouzid Hospital, Tunisia. Her hospital activities are mostly concerned with laparoscopic, parietal, urological and digestive surgery. She has published several articles in diffrent journals.",institutionString:"Sidi Bouzid Regional Hospital",institution:null},{id:"229481",title:"Dr.",name:"Erika M.",middleName:"Martins",surname:"de Carvalho",slug:"erika-m.-de-carvalho",fullName:"Erika M. de Carvalho",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/229481/images/6397_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Oswaldo Cruz Foundation",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"186537",title:"Prof.",name:"Tonay",middleName:null,surname:"Inceboz",slug:"tonay-inceboz",fullName:"Tonay Inceboz",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/186537/images/system/186537.jfif",biography:"I was graduated from Ege University of Medical Faculty (Turkey) in 1988 and completed his Med. PhD degree in Medical Parasitology at the same university. I became an Associate Professor in 2008 and Professor in 2014. I am currently working as a Professor at the Department of Medical Parasitology at Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey.\n\nI have given many lectures, presentations in different academic meetings. I have more than 60 articles in peer-reviewed journals, 18 book chapters, 1 book editorship.\n\nMy research interests are Echinococcus granulosus, Echinococcus multilocularis (diagnosis, life cycle, in vitro and in vivo cultivation), and Trichomonas vaginalis (diagnosis, PCR, and in vitro cultivation).",institutionString:"Dokuz Eylül University",institution:{name:"Dokuz Eylül University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"71812",title:"Prof.",name:"Hanem Fathy",middleName:"Fathy",surname:"Khater",slug:"hanem-fathy-khater",fullName:"Hanem Fathy Khater",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/71812/images/1167_n.jpg",biography:"Prof. Khater is a Professor of Parasitology at Benha University, Egypt. She studied for her doctoral degree, at the Department of Entomology, College of Agriculture, Food and Natural Resources, University of Missouri, Columbia, USA. She has completed her Ph.D. degrees in Parasitology in Egypt, from where she got the award for “the best scientific Ph.D. dissertation”. She worked at the School of Biological Sciences, Bristol, England, the UK in controlling insects of medical and veterinary importance as a grant from Newton Mosharafa, the British Council. Her research is focused on searching of pesticides against mosquitoes, house flies, lice, green bottle fly, camel nasal botfly, soft and hard ticks, mites, and the diamondback moth as well as control of several parasites using safe and natural materials to avoid drug resistances and environmental contamination.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Banha University",country:{name:"Egypt"}}},{id:"99780",title:"Prof.",name:"Omolade",middleName:"Olayinka",surname:"Okwa",slug:"omolade-okwa",fullName:"Omolade Okwa",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/99780/images/system/99780.jpg",biography:"Omolade Olayinka Okwa is presently a Professor of Parasitology at Lagos State University, Nigeria. She has a PhD in Parasitology (1997), an MSc in Cellular Parasitology (1992), and a BSc (Hons) Zoology (1990) all from the University of Ibadan, Nigeria. She teaches parasitology at the undergraduate and postgraduate levels. She was a recipient of a Commonwealth fellowship supported by British Council tenable at the Centre for Entomology and Parasitology (CAEP), Keele University, United Kingdom between 2004 and 2005. She was awarded an Honorary Visiting Research Fellow at the same university from 2005 to 2007. \nShe has been an external examiner to the Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Ibadan, MSc programme between 2010 and 2012. She is a member of the Nigerian Society of Experimental Biology (NISEB), Parasitology and Public Health Society of Nigeria (PPSN), Science Association of Nigeria (SAN), Zoological Society of Nigeria (ZSN), and is Vice Chairperson of the Organisation of Women in Science (OWSG), LASU chapter. She served as Head of Department of Zoology and Environmental Biology, Lagos State University from 2007 to 2010 and 2014 to 2016. She is a reviewer for several local and international journals such as Unilag Journal of Science, Libyan Journal of Medicine, Journal of Medicine and Medical Sciences, and Annual Research and Review in Science. \nShe has authored 45 scientific research publications in local and international journals, 8 scientific reviews, 4 books, and 3 book chapters, which includes the books “Malaria Parasites” and “Malaria” which are IntechOpen access publications.",institutionString:"Lagos State University",institution:{name:"Lagos State University",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"273100",title:"Dr.",name:"Vijay",middleName:null,surname:"Gayam",slug:"vijay-gayam",fullName:"Vijay Gayam",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/273100/images/system/273100.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Vijay Bhaskar Reddy Gayam is currently practicing as an internist at Interfaith Medical Center in Brooklyn, New York, USA. He is also a Clinical Assistant Professor at the SUNY Downstate University Hospital and Adjunct Professor of Medicine at the American University of Antigua. He is a holder of an M.B.B.S. degree bestowed to him by Osmania Medical College and received his M.D. at Interfaith Medical Center. His career goals thus far have heavily focused on direct patient care, medical education, and clinical research. He currently serves in two leadership capacities; Assistant Program Director of Medicine at Interfaith Medical Center and as a Councilor for the American\r\nFederation for Medical Research. As a true academician and researcher, he has more than 50 papers indexed in international peer-reviewed journals. He has also presented numerous papers in multiple national and international scientific conferences. His areas of research interest include general internal medicine, gastroenterology and hepatology. He serves as an editor, editorial board member and reviewer for multiple international journals. His research on Hepatitis C has been very successful and has led to multiple research awards, including the 'Equity in Prevention and Treatment Award” from the New York Department of Health Viral Hepatitis Symposium (2018) and the 'Presidential Poster Award” awarded to him by the American College of Gastroenterology (2018). He was also awarded 'Outstanding Clinician in General Medicine” by Venus International Foundation for his extensive research expertise and services, perform over and above the standard expected in the advancement of healthcare, patient safety and quality of care.",institutionString:"Interfaith Medical Center",institution:{name:"Interfaith Medical Center",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"93517",title:"Dr.",name:"Clement",middleName:"Adebajo",surname:"Meseko",slug:"clement-meseko",fullName:"Clement Meseko",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/93517/images/system/93517.jpg",biography:"Dr. Clement Meseko obtained DVM and PhD degree in Veterinary Medicine and Virology respectively. He has worked for over 20 years in both private and public sectors including the academia, contributing to knowledge and control of infectious disease. Through the application of epidemiological skill, classical and molecular virological skills, he investigates viruses of economic and public health importance for the mitigation of the negative impact on people, animal and the environment in the context of Onehealth. \r\nDr. Meseko’s field experience on animal and zoonotic diseases and pathogen dynamics at the human-animal interface over the years shaped his carrier in research and scientific inquiries. He has been part of the investigation of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza incursions in sub Saharan Africa and monitors swine Influenza (Pandemic influenza Virus) agro-ecology and potential for interspecies transmission. He has authored and reviewed a number of journal articles and book chapters.",institutionString:"National Veterinary Research Institute",institution:{name:"National Veterinary Research Institute",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"158026",title:"Prof.",name:"Shailendra K.",middleName:null,surname:"Saxena",slug:"shailendra-k.-saxena",fullName:"Shailendra K. Saxena",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRET3QAO/Profile_Picture_2022-05-10T10:10:26.jpeg",biography:"Professor Dr. Shailendra K. Saxena is a vice dean and professor at King George's Medical University, Lucknow, India. His research interests involve understanding the molecular mechanisms of host defense during human viral infections and developing new predictive, preventive, and therapeutic strategies for them using Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), HIV, and emerging viruses as a model via stem cell and cell culture technologies. His research work has been published in various high-impact factor journals (Science, PNAS, Nature Medicine) with a high number of citations. He has received many awards and honors in India and abroad including various Young Scientist Awards, BBSRC India Partnering Award, and Dr. JC Bose National Award of Department of Biotechnology, Min. of Science and Technology, Govt. of India. Dr. Saxena is a fellow of various international societies/academies including the Royal College of Pathologists, United Kingdom; Royal Society of Medicine, London; Royal Society of Biology, United Kingdom; Royal Society of Chemistry, London; and Academy of Translational Medicine Professionals, Austria. He was named a Global Leader in Science by The Scientist. He is also an international opinion leader/expert in vaccination for Japanese encephalitis by IPIC (UK).",institutionString:"King George's Medical University",institution:{name:"King George's Medical University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"94928",title:"Dr.",name:"Takuo",middleName:null,surname:"Mizukami",slug:"takuo-mizukami",fullName:"Takuo Mizukami",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/94928/images/6402_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"National Institute of Infectious Diseases",country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"233433",title:"Dr.",name:"Yulia",middleName:null,surname:"Desheva",slug:"yulia-desheva",fullName:"Yulia Desheva",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/233433/images/system/233433.png",biography:"Dr. Yulia Desheva is a leading researcher at the Institute of Experimental Medicine, St. Petersburg, Russia. She is a professor in the Stomatology Faculty, St. Petersburg State University. She has expertise in the development and evaluation of a wide range of live mucosal vaccines against influenza and bacterial complications. Her research interests include immunity against influenza and COVID-19 and the development of immunization schemes for high-risk individuals.",institutionString:'Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution "Institute of Experimental Medicine"',institution:null},{id:"238958",title:"Mr.",name:"Atamjit",middleName:null,surname:"Singh",slug:"atamjit-singh",fullName:"Atamjit Singh",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/238958/images/6575_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"252058",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Juan",middleName:null,surname:"Sulca",slug:"juan-sulca",fullName:"Juan Sulca",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/252058/images/12834_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"191392",title:"Dr.",name:"Marimuthu",middleName:null,surname:"Govindarajan",slug:"marimuthu-govindarajan",fullName:"Marimuthu Govindarajan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/191392/images/5828_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. M. Govindarajan completed his BSc degree in Zoology at Government Arts College (Autonomous), Kumbakonam, and MSc, MPhil, and PhD degrees at Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar, Tamil Nadu, India. He is serving as an assistant professor at the Department of Zoology, Annamalai University. His research interests include isolation, identification, and characterization of biologically active molecules from plants and microbes. He has identified more than 20 pure compounds with high mosquitocidal activity and also conducted high-quality research on photochemistry and nanosynthesis. He has published more than 150 studies in journals with impact factor and 2 books in Lambert Academic Publishing, Germany. He serves as an editorial board member in various national and international scientific journals.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"274660",title:"Dr.",name:"Damodar",middleName:null,surname:"Paudel",slug:"damodar-paudel",fullName:"Damodar Paudel",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/274660/images/8176_n.jpg",biography:"I am DrDamodar Paudel,currently working as consultant Physician in Nepal police Hospital.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"241562",title:"Dr.",name:"Melvin",middleName:null,surname:"Sanicas",slug:"melvin-sanicas",fullName:"Melvin Sanicas",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/241562/images/6699_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"117248",title:"Dr.",name:"Andrew",middleName:null,surname:"Macnab",slug:"andrew-macnab",fullName:"Andrew Macnab",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of British Columbia",country:{name:"Canada"}}},{id:"322007",title:"Dr.",name:"Maria Elizbeth",middleName:null,surname:"Alvarez-Sánchez",slug:"maria-elizbeth-alvarez-sanchez",fullName:"Maria Elizbeth Alvarez-Sánchez",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidad Autónoma de la Ciudad de México",country:{name:"Mexico"}}},{id:"337443",title:"Dr.",name:"Juan",middleName:null,surname:"A. Gonzalez-Sanchez",slug:"juan-a.-gonzalez-sanchez",fullName:"Juan A. Gonzalez-Sanchez",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Puerto Rico System",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"337446",title:"Dr.",name:"Maria",middleName:null,surname:"Zavala-Colon",slug:"maria-zavala-colon",fullName:"Maria Zavala-Colon",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Puerto Rico, Medical Sciences Campus",country:{name:"United States of America"}}}]}},subseries:{item:{id:"40",type:"subseries",title:"Ecosystems and Biodiversity",keywords:"Ecosystems, Biodiversity, Fauna, Taxonomy, Invasive Species, Destruction of Habitats, Overexploitation of Natural Resources, Pollution, Global Warming, Conservation of Natural Spaces, Bioremediation",scope:"
\r\n\tThe integration of tissues and organs throughout the mammalian body, as well as the expression, structure, and function of molecular and cellular components, is essential for modern physiology. The following concerns will be addressed in this Cell Physiology subject, which will consider all organ systems (e.g., brain, heart, lung, liver; gut, kidney, eye) and their interactions: (1) Neurodevelopment and Neurodevelopmental Disease (2) Free Radicals (3) Tumor Metastasis (4) Antioxidants (5) Essential Fatty Acids (6) Melatonin and (7) Lipid Peroxidation Products and Aging Physiology.
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Because of the close relationship between structure and function, studies in human physiology and anatomy seek to understand the mechanisms that help the human body function. The series on human physiology deals with the various mechanisms of interaction between the various organs, nerves, and cells in the human body.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/12.jpg",keywords:"Anatomy, Cells, Organs, Systems, Homeostasis, Functions"},{id:"13",title:"Plant Physiology",scope:"Plant Physiology explores fundamental processes in plants, and it includes subtopics such as plant nutrition, plant hormone, photosynthesis, respiration, and plant stress. In recent years, emerging technologies such as multi-omics, high-throughput technologies, and genome editing tools could assist plant physiologists in unraveling molecular mechanisms in specific critical pathways. The global picture of physiological processes in plants needs to be investigated continually to increase our knowledge, and the resulting technologies will benefit sustainable agriculture.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/13.jpg",keywords:"Plant Nutrition, Plant Hormone, Photosynthesis, Respiration, Plant Stress, Multi-omics, High-throughput Technology, Genome Editing"}],annualVolumeBook:{},thematicCollection:[],selectedSeries:null,selectedSubseries:null},seriesLanding:{item:{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",issn:"2631-6188",scope:"This series will provide a comprehensive overview of recent research trends in various Infectious Diseases (as per the most recent Baltimore classification). Topics will include general overviews of infections, immunopathology, diagnosis, treatment, epidemiology, etiology, and current clinical recommendations for managing infectious diseases. Ongoing issues, recent advances, and future diagnostic approaches and therapeutic strategies will also be discussed. This book series will focus on various aspects and properties of infectious diseases whose deep understanding is essential for safeguarding the human race from losing resources and economies due to pathogens.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/6.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"August 18th, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfPublishedChapters:126,numberOfPublishedBooks:13,editor:{id:"131400",title:"Prof.",name:"Alfonso J.",middleName:null,surname:"Rodriguez-Morales",fullName:"Alfonso J. Rodriguez-Morales",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/131400/images/system/131400.png",biography:"Dr. Rodriguez-Morales is an expert in tropical and emerging diseases, particularly zoonotic and vector-borne diseases (especially arboviral diseases). He is the president of the Travel Medicine Committee of the Pan-American Infectious Diseases Association (API), as well as the president of the Colombian Association of Infectious Diseases (ACIN). He is a member of the Committee on Tropical Medicine, Zoonoses, and Travel Medicine of ACIN. He is a vice-president of the Latin American Society for Travel Medicine (SLAMVI) and a Member of the Council of the International Society for Infectious Diseases (ISID). Since 2014, he has been recognized as a Senior Researcher, at the Ministry of Science of Colombia. He is a professor at the Faculty of Medicine of the Fundacion Universitaria Autonoma de las Americas, in Pereira, Risaralda, Colombia. He is an External Professor, Master in Research on Tropical Medicine and International Health, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain. He is also a professor at the Master in Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Universidad Científica del Sur, Lima, Peru. In 2021 he has been awarded the “Raul Isturiz Award” Medal of the API. Also, in 2021, he was awarded with the “Jose Felix Patiño” Asclepius Staff Medal of the Colombian Medical College, due to his scientific contributions to COVID-19 during the pandemic. He is currently the Editor in Chief of the journal Travel Medicine and Infectious Diseases. His Scopus H index is 47 (Google Scholar H index, 68).",institutionString:"Institución Universitaria Visión de las Américas, Colombia",institution:null},subseries:[{id:"3",title:"Bacterial Infectious Diseases",keywords:"Antibiotics, Biofilm, Antibiotic Resistance, Host-microbiota Relationship, Treatment, Diagnostic Tools",scope:"