Released this past November, the list is based on data collected from the Web of Science and highlights some of the world’s most influential scientific minds by naming the researchers whose publications over the previous decade have included a high number of Highly Cited Papers placing them among the top 1% most-cited.
\\n\\n
We wish to congratulate all of the researchers named and especially our authors on this amazing accomplishment! We are happy and proud to share in their success!
IntechOpen is proud to announce that 191 of our authors have made the Clarivate™ Highly Cited Researchers List for 2020, ranking them among the top 1% most-cited.
\n\n
Throughout the years, the list has named a total of 261 IntechOpen authors as Highly Cited. Of those researchers, 69 have been featured on the list multiple times.
\n\n\n\n
Released this past November, the list is based on data collected from the Web of Science and highlights some of the world’s most influential scientific minds by naming the researchers whose publications over the previous decade have included a high number of Highly Cited Papers placing them among the top 1% most-cited.
\n\n
We wish to congratulate all of the researchers named and especially our authors on this amazing accomplishment! We are happy and proud to share in their success!
Note: Edited in March 2021
\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"intechopen-supports-asapbio-s-new-initiative-publish-your-reviews-20220729",title:"IntechOpen Supports ASAPbio’s New Initiative Publish Your Reviews"},{slug:"webinar-introduction-to-open-science-wednesday-18-may-1-pm-cest-20220518",title:"Webinar: Introduction to Open Science | Wednesday 18 May, 1 PM CEST"},{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"9470",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Open Scientific Data - Why Choosing and Reusing the RIGHT DATA Matters",title:"Open Scientific Data",subtitle:"Why Choosing and Reusing the RIGHT DATA Matters",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"This book shows how the vision for open access to scientific data can be more readily achieved through a staged model that research funders, policy makers, scientists, and research organizations can adopt in their practice. Drawing on her own experiences with data processing, on early findings with open scientific data at CERN (the European Organization for Nuclear Research), and from case studies of shared clinical trial data, the author updates our understanding of research data - what it is; how it dynamically evolves across different scientific disciplines and across various stages of research practice; and how it can, and indeed should, be shared at any of those stages. The result is a flexible and pragmatic path for implementing open scientific data.",isbn:"978-1-83880-985-0",printIsbn:"978-1-83880-984-3",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83880-986-7",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.87201",price:119,priceEur:129,priceUsd:155,slug:"open-scientific-data-why-choosing-and-reusing-the-right-data-matters",numberOfPages:230,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:null,isInBkci:!1,hash:"898ef46a10e74ff18d1253b5200741ab",bookSignature:"Vera J. Lipton",publishedDate:"January 22nd 2020",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9470.jpg",numberOfDownloads:8744,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:0,numberOfDimensionsCitations:0,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:0,hasAltmetrics:1,numberOfTotalCitations:0,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"June 3rd 2019",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"June 24th 2019",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"August 23rd 2019",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"November 11th 2019",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"January 10th 2020",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6,7",editedByType:"Authored by",kuFlag:!0,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"307100",title:"Dr.",name:"Vera",middleName:null,surname:"Lipton",slug:"vera-lipton",fullName:"Vera Lipton",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/307100/images/system/307100.jpg",biography:"Dr. Vera J. Lipton is an advocate of open innovation, a data analyst, and an intellectual property counsel with over 15 years’ experience gained in Australia, Europe, and Asia. She is a faculty member at the Pafos Innovation Institute and a researcher with the Zvi Meitar Institute for Legal Implications of Emerging Technologies at IDC in Herzliya, the heart of data science in Israel. Previously, she spearheaded the National Patent Analytics Hub at IP Australia and, before that, worked as a technology transfer consultant for a medical software company. Vera’s research focuses on the legal and managerial aspects of digital and technological innovation, especially open knowledge and data, automation, and technology ethics.",institutionString:"Interdisciplinary Center, IDC, Herzliya, Israel",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"15",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"1",institution:{name:"Interdisciplinary Center Herzliya",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Israel"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"575",title:"Data Management System",slug:"information-and-knowledge-engineering-data-management-system"}],chapters:[{id:"71055",title:"Acknowledgements",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.91707",slug:"acknowledgements",totalDownloads:436,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Vera Lipton",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/71055",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/71055",authors:[{id:"307100",title:"Dr.",name:"Vera",surname:"Lipton",slug:"vera-lipton",fullName:"Vera Lipton"}],corrections:null},{id:"71056",title:"Foreword",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.91708",slug:"foreword",totalDownloads:467,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Marco Ricolfi",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/71056",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/71056",authors:[{id:"307100",title:"Dr.",name:"Vera",surname:"Lipton",slug:"vera-lipton",fullName:"Vera Lipton"},{id:"318786",title:"Dr.",name:"Marco",surname:"Ricolfi",slug:"marco-ricolfi",fullName:"Marco Ricolfi"}],corrections:null},{id:"71058",title:"Abstract",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.91711",slug:"abstract",totalDownloads:437,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Vera Lipton",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/71058",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/71058",authors:[{id:"307100",title:"Dr.",name:"Vera",surname:"Lipton",slug:"vera-lipton",fullName:"Vera Lipton"}],corrections:null},{id:"71059",title:"Introduction: Opening Up Data in Scientific Research",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.91719",slug:"introduction-opening-up-data-in-scientific-research",totalDownloads:588,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Vera Lipton",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/71059",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/71059",authors:[{id:"307100",title:"Dr.",name:"Vera",surname:"Lipton",slug:"vera-lipton",fullName:"Vera Lipton"}],corrections:null},{id:"71060",title:"The Case for Open Scientific Data: Theory, Benefits, Costs and Opportunities",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.91718",slug:"the-case-for-open-scientific-data-theory-benefits-costs-and-opportunities",totalDownloads:632,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Vera Lipton",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/71060",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/71060",authors:[{id:"307100",title:"Dr.",name:"Vera",surname:"Lipton",slug:"vera-lipton",fullName:"Vera Lipton"}],corrections:null},{id:"71061",title:"The Current Policies of Research Funders and Publishers",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.91717",slug:"the-current-policies-of-research-funders-and-publishers",totalDownloads:651,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Vera Lipton",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/71061",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/71061",authors:[{id:"307100",title:"Dr.",name:"Vera",surname:"Lipton",slug:"vera-lipton",fullName:"Vera Lipton"}],corrections:null},{id:"71062",title:"The Unclear Meaning of Open Scientific Data",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.91716",slug:"the-unclear-meaning-of-open-scientific-data",totalDownloads:671,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Vera Lipton",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/71062",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/71062",authors:[{id:"307100",title:"Dr.",name:"Vera",surname:"Lipton",slug:"vera-lipton",fullName:"Vera Lipton"}],corrections:null},{id:"71063",title:"Research Data Management at CERN",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.91715",slug:"research-data-management-at-cern",totalDownloads:813,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:null,signatures:"Vera Lipton",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/71063",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/71063",authors:[{id:"307100",title:"Dr.",name:"Vera",surname:"Lipton",slug:"vera-lipton",fullName:"Vera Lipton"}],corrections:null},{id:"71067",title:"Open Sharing of Clinical Trial Data",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.91714",slug:"open-sharing-of-clinical-trial-data",totalDownloads:691,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Vera Lipton",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/71067",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/71067",authors:[{id:"307100",title:"Dr.",name:"Vera",surname:"Lipton",slug:"vera-lipton",fullName:"Vera Lipton"}],corrections:null},{id:"71064",title:"Legal Issues Arising in Open Scientific Data",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.91713",slug:"legal-issues-arising-in-open-scientific-data",totalDownloads:671,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:null,signatures:"Vera Lipton",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/71064",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/71064",authors:[{id:"307100",title:"Dr.",name:"Vera",surname:"Lipton",slug:"vera-lipton",fullName:"Vera Lipton"}],corrections:null},{id:"71065",title:"The Staged Model for Open Scientific Data",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.91712",slug:"the-staged-model-for-open-scientific-data",totalDownloads:572,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:null,signatures:"Vera Lipton",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/71065",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/71065",authors:[{id:"307100",title:"Dr.",name:"Vera",surname:"Lipton",slug:"vera-lipton",fullName:"Vera Lipton"}],corrections:null},{id:"69661",title:"Conclusion: Towards Achievable and Sustainable Open Scientific Data",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.87631",slug:"conclusion-towards-achievable-and-sustainable-open-scientific-data",totalDownloads:659,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:null,signatures:"Vera Lipton",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/69661",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/69661",authors:[{id:"307100",title:"Dr.",name:"Vera",surname:"Lipton",slug:"vera-lipton",fullName:"Vera Lipton"}],corrections:null},{id:"71057",title:"Glossary",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.91710",slug:"glossary",totalDownloads:402,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Vera Lipton",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/71057",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/71057",authors:[{id:"307100",title:"Dr.",name:"Vera",surname:"Lipton",slug:"vera-lipton",fullName:"Vera Lipton"}],corrections:null},{id:"71119",title:"Appendix A",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.91782",slug:"appendix-a",totalDownloads:431,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Vera Lipton",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/71119",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/71119",authors:[{id:"307100",title:"Dr.",name:"Vera",surname:"Lipton",slug:"vera-lipton",fullName:"Vera Lipton"}],corrections:null},{id:"71066",title:"Bibliography",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.91709",slug:"bibliography",totalDownloads:623,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Vera Lipton",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/71066",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/71066",authors:[{id:"307100",title:"Dr.",name:"Vera",surname:"Lipton",slug:"vera-lipton",fullName:"Vera Lipton"}],corrections:null}],productType:{id:"3",title:"Monograph",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Authored by"},subseries:null,tags:null},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"1329",title:"New Research on Knowledge Management Models and Methods",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"bc95c6bc5f24c4b7df2b010eeead0d0f",slug:"new-research-on-knowledge-management-models-and-methods",bookSignature:"Huei-Tse Hou",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1329.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"96493",title:"Prof.",name:"Huei Tse",surname:"Hou",slug:"huei-tse-hou",fullName:"Huei Tse Hou"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"5144",title:"Big Data on Real-World Applications",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5c942ece49d87df7900f18463c798f26",slug:"big-data-on-real-world-applications",bookSignature:"Sebastian Ventura Soto, José M. Luna and Alberto Cano",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5144.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"136112",title:"Dr.",name:"Sebastian",surname:"Ventura Soto",slug:"sebastian-ventura-soto",fullName:"Sebastian Ventura Soto"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10208",title:"Data Integrity and Quality",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f8ed9de4128cec41977b8759bedd7adc",slug:"data-integrity-and-quality",bookSignature:"Santhosh Kumar Balan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10208.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"330426",title:"Dr.",name:"B. Santhosh",surname:"Kumar",slug:"b.-santhosh-kumar",fullName:"B. Santhosh Kumar"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8779",title:"Linked Open Data",subtitle:"Applications, Trends and Future Developments",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5860ff20764f7549ff218e9d5e112fef",slug:"linked-open-data-applications-trends-and-future-developments",bookSignature:"Kingsley Okoye",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8779.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"219803",title:"Dr.",name:"Kingsley",surname:"Okoye",slug:"kingsley-okoye",fullName:"Kingsley Okoye"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10693",title:"Open Data",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"0da9c2560358c1bc738e737aeb28f6a2",slug:"open-data",bookSignature:"Vijayalakshmi Kakulapati",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10693.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"355072",title:"Prof.",name:"Vijayalakshmi",surname:"Kakulapati",slug:"vijayalakshmi-kakulapati",fullName:"Vijayalakshmi Kakulapati"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1591",title:"Infrared Spectroscopy",subtitle:"Materials Science, Engineering and Technology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"99b4b7b71a8caeb693ed762b40b017f4",slug:"infrared-spectroscopy-materials-science-engineering-and-technology",bookSignature:"Theophile Theophanides",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1591.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"37194",title:"Dr.",name:"Theophile",surname:"Theophanides",slug:"theophile-theophanides",fullName:"Theophile Theophanides"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3161",title:"Frontiers in Guided Wave Optics and Optoelectronics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"deb44e9c99f82bbce1083abea743146c",slug:"frontiers-in-guided-wave-optics-and-optoelectronics",bookSignature:"Bishnu Pal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3161.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"4782",title:"Prof.",name:"Bishnu",surname:"Pal",slug:"bishnu-pal",fullName:"Bishnu Pal"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"371",title:"Abiotic Stress in Plants",subtitle:"Mechanisms and Adaptations",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"588466f487e307619849d72389178a74",slug:"abiotic-stress-in-plants-mechanisms-and-adaptations",bookSignature:"Arun Shanker and B. Venkateswarlu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/371.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"58592",title:"Dr.",name:"Arun",surname:"Shanker",slug:"arun-shanker",fullName:"Arun Shanker"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3092",title:"Anopheles mosquitoes",subtitle:"New insights into malaria vectors",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c9e622485316d5e296288bf24d2b0d64",slug:"anopheles-mosquitoes-new-insights-into-malaria-vectors",bookSignature:"Sylvie Manguin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3092.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"50017",title:"Prof.",name:"Sylvie",surname:"Manguin",slug:"sylvie-manguin",fullName:"Sylvie Manguin"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"72",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Theory, Properties, New Approaches",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d94ffa3cfa10505e3b1d676d46fcd3f5",slug:"ionic-liquids-theory-properties-new-approaches",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/72.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],ofsBooks:[]},correction:{item:{id:"79356",slug:"corrigendum-to-textured-bst-thin-film-on-silicon-substrate-preparation-and-its-applications-for-high",title:"Corrigendum to: Textured BST Thin Film on Silicon Substrate: Preparation and Its Applications for High Frequency Tunable Devices",doi:null,correctionPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/66064.pdf",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/66064",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/66064",totalDownloads:null,totalCrossrefCites:null,bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/66064",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/66064",chapter:{id:"62285",slug:"textured-bst-thin-film-on-silicon-substrate-preparation-and-its-applications-for-high-frequency-tuna",signatures:"Congchun Zhang, Jianze Huang, Chunsheng Yang and Guifu Ding",dateSubmitted:"February 7th 2018",dateReviewed:"June 3rd 2018",datePrePublished:"November 5th 2018",datePublished:"January 3rd 2019",book:{id:"7253",title:"Coatings and Thin-Film Technologies",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Coatings and Thin-Film Technologies",slug:"coatings-and-thin-film-technologies",publishedDate:"January 3rd 2019",bookSignature:"Jaime Andres Perez-Taborda and Alba G. Avila Bernal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7253.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"193020",title:"Dr.",name:"Jaime Andres",middleName:null,surname:"Perez Taborda",slug:"jaime-andres-perez-taborda",fullName:"Jaime Andres Perez Taborda"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:[{id:"33329",title:"Prof.",name:"guifu",middleName:null,surname:"Ding",fullName:"guifu Ding",slug:"guifu-ding",email:"gfding@sjtu.edu.cn",position:null,institution:{name:"Shanghai Jiao Tong University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"244624",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Congchun",middleName:null,surname:"Zhang",fullName:"Congchun Zhang",slug:"congchun-zhang",email:"zhcc@sjtu.edu.cn",position:null,institution:null},{id:"255541",title:"Mr.",name:"Jianze",middleName:null,surname:"Huang",fullName:"Jianze Huang",slug:"jianze-huang",email:"huangjz420@sjtu.edu.cn",position:null,institution:null},{id:"255547",title:"Mr.",name:"Chunsheng",middleName:null,surname:"Yang",fullName:"Chunsheng Yang",slug:"chunsheng-yang",email:"csyang@sjtu.edu.cn",position:null,institution:null}]}},chapter:{id:"62285",slug:"textured-bst-thin-film-on-silicon-substrate-preparation-and-its-applications-for-high-frequency-tuna",signatures:"Congchun Zhang, Jianze Huang, Chunsheng Yang and Guifu Ding",dateSubmitted:"February 7th 2018",dateReviewed:"June 3rd 2018",datePrePublished:"November 5th 2018",datePublished:"January 3rd 2019",book:{id:"7253",title:"Coatings and Thin-Film Technologies",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Coatings and Thin-Film Technologies",slug:"coatings-and-thin-film-technologies",publishedDate:"January 3rd 2019",bookSignature:"Jaime Andres Perez-Taborda and Alba G. Avila Bernal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7253.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"193020",title:"Dr.",name:"Jaime Andres",middleName:null,surname:"Perez Taborda",slug:"jaime-andres-perez-taborda",fullName:"Jaime Andres Perez Taborda"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:[{id:"33329",title:"Prof.",name:"guifu",middleName:null,surname:"Ding",fullName:"guifu Ding",slug:"guifu-ding",email:"gfding@sjtu.edu.cn",position:null,institution:{name:"Shanghai Jiao Tong University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"244624",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Congchun",middleName:null,surname:"Zhang",fullName:"Congchun Zhang",slug:"congchun-zhang",email:"zhcc@sjtu.edu.cn",position:null,institution:null},{id:"255541",title:"Mr.",name:"Jianze",middleName:null,surname:"Huang",fullName:"Jianze Huang",slug:"jianze-huang",email:"huangjz420@sjtu.edu.cn",position:null,institution:null},{id:"255547",title:"Mr.",name:"Chunsheng",middleName:null,surname:"Yang",fullName:"Chunsheng Yang",slug:"chunsheng-yang",email:"csyang@sjtu.edu.cn",position:null,institution:null}]},book:{id:"7253",title:"Coatings and Thin-Film Technologies",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Coatings and Thin-Film Technologies",slug:"coatings-and-thin-film-technologies",publishedDate:"January 3rd 2019",bookSignature:"Jaime Andres Perez-Taborda and Alba G. Avila Bernal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7253.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"193020",title:"Dr.",name:"Jaime Andres",middleName:null,surname:"Perez Taborda",slug:"jaime-andres-perez-taborda",fullName:"Jaime Andres Perez Taborda"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}},ofsBook:{item:{type:"book",id:"11489",leadTitle:null,title:"Satellite Systems - Applied Geodesy and Earth Observation",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"
\r\n\tGeodesy is one of the scientific disciplines that has benefited the most from advances in satellite technology since the first artificial satellite was launched into orbit. Higher-resolution mapping of the earth, higher accuracy geodetic position computations based on global geodetic reference systems, and a better understanding of dynamic processes have all been achieved as a result of data obtained from satellites and satellite systems. As satellites and satellite systems continue to advance, observations obtained provide more detailed and long-term data on the earth's dynamic processes, and predictions and models based on these data enable effective risk management and the improvement of future living conditions on the Earth. In this regard, the chapters on data processing and modeling methodologies, accompanied by significant case study examples, in this book in preparation aim to highlight the use and importance of satellite and satellite system observations in geodetic applications and Earth observation studies. The following are the major categories of themes that are intended to be discussed in the book's content: low-Earth-orbiting satellites; observation techniques, data processing, and achievements in the branch of Earth gravity field studies obtained with the contribution of these satellite missions data (CHAMP, GOCE, GRACE/GRACE-Follow On, and future concepts in satellite gravimetry), ii-) satellite altimetry; recent progress in the techniques and applications including marine gravity and sea-level change determination, coastal altimetry and inland water studies, iii-) global navigation satellite systems; geodetic positioning, GNSS meteorology, and GNSS reflectometry studies including new data processing strategies (multi-GNSS, PPP, RT-PPP) and case study examples in various application fields, iv-) remote sensing satellites in Earth observation, monitoring, and mapping surface deformations and natural disasters, environmental changes because of global warming and its consequences in vulnerable areas, and v-) global, regional and national geodetic reference frames, which are necessary for efficient utilization of the satellite-based techniques in geodetic applications and monitoring Earth dynamic processes. Within the scope of outlined content, this book is intended to be a useful reference for all researchers and practitioners from engineering and geoscience disciplines who conduct research and applications using satellite and satellite system data.
",isbn:"978-1-83969-741-8",printIsbn:"978-1-83969-740-1",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83969-742-5",doi:null,price:0,priceEur:0,priceUsd:0,slug:null,numberOfPages:0,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isSalesforceBook:!1,isNomenclature:!1,hash:"7c21d1a8ed9ad6be081d2e74d977d2bc",bookSignature:"Dr. Bihter Erol",publishedDate:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11489.jpg",keywords:"Satellite Gravimetry, Earth Gravity Field, Coastal Altimetry, Inland Altimetry, Geodetic Positioning, Measurement Errors, GNSS, ITRF, Geodetic Reference System, Polar Research, InSAR, Surface Deformations",numberOfDownloads:null,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:null,numberOfDimensionsCitations:null,numberOfTotalCitations:null,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"April 28th 2022",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"May 26th 2022",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"July 25th 2022",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"October 13th 2022",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"December 12th 2022",dateConfirmationOfParticipation:null,remainingDaysToSecondStep:"3 months",secondStepPassed:!0,areRegistrationsClosed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:4,editedByType:null,kuFlag:!1,biosketch:"A scientist in Geodesy has publications on Physical Geodesy, height systems, deformation monitoring, and positioning. She has research projects in her research fields and teaches in undergraduate and graduate programs. Member of International Association of Geodesy.",coeditorOneBiosketch:null,coeditorTwoBiosketch:null,coeditorThreeBiosketch:null,coeditorFourBiosketch:null,coeditorFiveBiosketch:null,editors:[{id:"75478",title:"Dr.",name:"Bihter",middleName:null,surname:"Erol",slug:"bihter-erol",fullName:"Bihter Erol",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/75478/images/system/75478.png",biography:"Dr. Bihter Erol earned a Ph.D. in geodesy from Istanbul Technical University (ITU) in 2007, and she is still a full-time associate professor at the ITU Geomatics Department. Her research interests in physical geodesy include the static and temporal determination of the Earth's gravity field, regional geoid modeling using terrestrial and airborne gravimetry, height systems, and structural deformation analyses. Dr. Bihter Erol has research experience in her field at various departments and institutes in Canada, Germany, and the Netherlands. She has numerous scientific journal articles, book chapters, and proceedings to her credit, as well as contributions as an editor and reviewer in geodetic journals, books, and proceedings. She participates in a number of international symposia organizations and scientific committees. She is a member of the ITU Gravity Research Group, supervises thesis studies in the ITU Graduate School's Geomatics and Geographical Information Technologies programs, and conducts research projects in her research fields.",institutionString:"Istanbul Technical University",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"1",institution:{name:"Istanbul Technical University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}}],coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"10",title:"Earth and Planetary Sciences",slug:"earth-and-planetary-sciences"}],chapters:null,productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},personalPublishingAssistant:{id:"466997",firstName:"Patricia",lastName:"Kerep",middleName:null,title:"Ms.",imageUrl:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/466997/images/21565_n.jpg",email:"patricia@intechopen.com",biography:"As an Author Service Manager my responsibilities include monitoring and facilitating all publishing activities for authors and editors. From chapter submission and review, to approval and revision, copyediting and design, until final publication, I work closely with authors and editors to ensure a simple and easy publishing process. I maintain constant and effective communication with authors, editors and reviewers, which allows for a level of personal support that enables contributors to fully"}},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"9870",title:"Geodetic Sciences",subtitle:"Theory, Applications and Recent Developments",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"505f1eb75eb5cdddda4ae1b5a779c654",slug:"geodetic-sciences-theory-applications-and-recent-developments",bookSignature:"Bihter Erol and Serdar Erol",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9870.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"75478",title:"Dr.",name:"Bihter",surname:"Erol",slug:"bihter-erol",fullName:"Bihter Erol"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"5962",title:"Estuary",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"43058846a64b270e9167d478e966161a",slug:"estuary",bookSignature:"William Froneman",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5962.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"109336",title:"Prof.",name:"William",surname:"Froneman",slug:"william-froneman",fullName:"William Froneman"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1591",title:"Infrared Spectroscopy",subtitle:"Materials Science, Engineering and Technology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"99b4b7b71a8caeb693ed762b40b017f4",slug:"infrared-spectroscopy-materials-science-engineering-and-technology",bookSignature:"Theophile Theophanides",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1591.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"37194",title:"Dr.",name:"Theophile",surname:"Theophanides",slug:"theophile-theophanides",fullName:"Theophile Theophanides"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3161",title:"Frontiers in Guided Wave Optics and Optoelectronics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"deb44e9c99f82bbce1083abea743146c",slug:"frontiers-in-guided-wave-optics-and-optoelectronics",bookSignature:"Bishnu Pal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3161.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"4782",title:"Prof.",name:"Bishnu",surname:"Pal",slug:"bishnu-pal",fullName:"Bishnu Pal"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"371",title:"Abiotic Stress in Plants",subtitle:"Mechanisms and Adaptations",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"588466f487e307619849d72389178a74",slug:"abiotic-stress-in-plants-mechanisms-and-adaptations",bookSignature:"Arun Shanker and B. Venkateswarlu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/371.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"58592",title:"Dr.",name:"Arun",surname:"Shanker",slug:"arun-shanker",fullName:"Arun Shanker"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3092",title:"Anopheles mosquitoes",subtitle:"New insights into malaria vectors",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c9e622485316d5e296288bf24d2b0d64",slug:"anopheles-mosquitoes-new-insights-into-malaria-vectors",bookSignature:"Sylvie Manguin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3092.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"50017",title:"Prof.",name:"Sylvie",surname:"Manguin",slug:"sylvie-manguin",fullName:"Sylvie Manguin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"72",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Theory, Properties, New Approaches",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d94ffa3cfa10505e3b1d676d46fcd3f5",slug:"ionic-liquids-theory-properties-new-approaches",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/72.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"2270",title:"Fourier Transform",subtitle:"Materials Analysis",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5e094b066da527193e878e160b4772af",slug:"fourier-transform-materials-analysis",bookSignature:"Salih Mohammed Salih",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2270.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"111691",title:"Dr.Ing.",name:"Salih",surname:"Salih",slug:"salih-salih",fullName:"Salih Salih"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"117",title:"Artificial Neural Networks",subtitle:"Methodological Advances and Biomedical Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:null,slug:"artificial-neural-networks-methodological-advances-and-biomedical-applications",bookSignature:"Kenji Suzuki",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/117.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"3095",title:"Prof.",name:"Kenji",surname:"Suzuki",slug:"kenji-suzuki",fullName:"Kenji Suzuki"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3828",title:"Application of Nanotechnology in Drug Delivery",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"51a27e7adbfafcfedb6e9683f209cba4",slug:"application-of-nanotechnology-in-drug-delivery",bookSignature:"Ali Demir Sezer",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3828.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"62389",title:"PhD.",name:"Ali Demir",surname:"Sezer",slug:"ali-demir-sezer",fullName:"Ali Demir Sezer"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},chapter:{item:{type:"chapter",id:"79086",title:"Mesenchymal Stem/Stromal Cells and Fibroblasts: Their Roles in Tissue Injury and Regeneration, and Age-Related Degeneration",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100556",slug:"mesenchymal-stem-stromal-cells-and-fibroblasts-their-roles-in-tissue-injury-and-regeneration-and-age",body:'
1. Introduction
Mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSCs) represent tissue-resident progenitor cells with multi-differentiation potential in vivo (stem cells) and in vitro (stromal cells) [1]. Although MSCs were first described several decades ago [2, 3], their nature, roles, definitions, and even name remain to be fully defined. The largest bone of contention lies in their designation as stem cells. Even Arnold Caplan, who first coined the term ‘mesenchymal stem cells’ [4], has suggested recently that it is time to change the name, to avoid unprecedented expectations of regrowth of new tissues and organs [5]. About 15 years ago, the International Society for Cellular Therapy set up minimal criteria for the definition of MSCs in vitro, which include plastic adherence, trilineage differentiation, and a set of negative and positive markers [6]. These initial efforts were further up-graded as the knowledge of the in-vitro properties of MSCs accumulated, in particular for their role in immunomodulation [7].
Great advances have been made in the in-vivo identification of human skeletal stem cells (SSCs). Following their identification in mouse bone marrow, Chan et al. unraveled the hierarchy of positive markers (i.e., podoplanin, CD73, CD164) and negative markers (i.e., CD146) of the self-renewing, multipotent human SSCs. These cells can be isolated from human fetal and adult adipose stroma following treatment with bone morphogenetic protein 2, and they can undergo local expansion in response to acute skeletal injury [8]. In addition, the same group recently identified a way to boost the endogenous SSCs to aid in the repair of worn out cartilage in osteoarthritis [9].
In contrast to the huge advances made in the field of bone-marrow-derived MSCs, the identity and role of MSCs resident in other tissues are still largely unknown. Initially, MSCs were believed to be common progenitors of all musculoskeletal tissues. On this basis, several hypotheses on the developmental origins of MSCs were put forward. The pericyte hypothesis, for example, suggested that MSCs are pericytes and are thus common to every vascularized tissue [10]. However, Guimarães-Camboa et al. rejected this theory, and revealed that pericytes do not behave as stem cells during aging and injury [11]. They traced transcription factor Tbx18 (as a selective marker of pericytes and vascular smooth muscle cells) to follow the fate of these cells in aging and in injury models in multiple adult organs. In this way they showed that pericytes maintained their identity through aging and in diverse pathological settings, and hence did not significantly contribute to other cell lineages [11]. Currently, what we do know is that MSCs are tissue-specific progenitors that can differentiate into their tissue of origin [12, 13] and exhibit tissue of origin-specific profiles and response to inflammatory stimuli [14]. Although MSCs have already been used in clinical practice in the form of cell injections for treatment of several degenerative disorders, unfortunately much of their reported anti-aging and regenerative potential remains unsupported [15, 16]. Hence, their potential in regenerative medicine is still largely underexploited.
Fibroblasts are historically even ‘older’ than MSCs, as they were first described over a century ago [17]. However the criteria for their definition is even more poorly established than that for MSCs [18, 19, 20]. Fibroblasts constitute the majority of the cells of the structural framework, or stroma, of almost all types of tissues [20]. Their main role is the secretion of extracellular matrix molecules, such as collagen, proteoglycans, and others. As the different types of collagen are the major component of tissues such as bone, cartilage, and skin, fibroblasts also have significant roles in tissue development, maintenance, and repair. Fibroblasts from different tissues were long considered as functionally homogenous cells, however significant differences in transcriptome, epigenome and function were demonstrated for synovial fibroblasts from different anatomical locations in joints [21]. Under certain conditions, fibroblasts can also transform into more aggressive phenotypes and contribute to disease pathophysiology, such as in cancers and rheumatoid arthritis [22].
Mesenchymal stem/stromal cells and fibroblasts share numerous common features, as has been reviewed elsewhere [20, 23]. As these cells participate in the common pathways of tissue development, maintenance and healing, either working together or in opposition, this chapter provides an overview of recent studies on these shared and opposing properties of MSCs and fibroblasts with a focus on tissue injury and age-related tissue degeneration, in particular in joint health and disease.
For the purpose of this review, we performed a literature search in PubMed according to the search terms and filters shown in Figure 1. To focus on human studies carried out in the past 5 years, we excluded all studies dealing with tumor research, which covers a particularly large research area. We included only those studies dealing with tissue injuries and regeneration, and age-related degeneration. Finally, we also discuss the options for diverting tissue healing processes toward morphological and functional regeneration, rather than the creation of poorly functioning scar tissue to cover such defects.
Figure 1.
The approach used to search and select the papers included in this review.
2. MSCs and fibroblasts in general: their common and distinct properties
A summary of the recent studies that have compared various tissue-derived MSCs and fibroblasts face to face is provided in Table 1. A schematic representation of the distinct and common features of MSCs and fibroblasts in health and disease, with a focus on human synovial joints is shown in Figure 2.
Inflammatory stimulation and subsequent treatment with dexamethasone; multidimensional molecular profiling
Induction of the secretion of cytokines, proteases, and other inflammation agonists and pro- and anti-inflammatory eicosanoids; dexamethasone down-regulated most cytokines and proteases, and pro- and anti-inflammatory eicosanoids; similar profiling for fibroblasts and MSCs
Dermis (healthy donor); Prostatic stromal myofibroblast cell line (ATTC, CRL-2854)
Immunophenotyping; immunomodulation (PBMC activated with PHA assay); angio-, adipo- and osteo-genesis in vitro
All cells expressed CD44 and FSP; similar expression of CD90 and CD105 between MSCs and myofibroblast; dermal fibroblasts completely negative; MSC unique anti-inflammatory and wound healing capacities
Different molecular signatures between MSCs and fibroblasts; homeobox genes with important roles in embryonic development were predominantly expressed in MSCs
Bone marrow; endometrium and FACS-isolated cells (PDGFRβ+ and CD146+)
Endometrium and FACS-isolated cells (PDGFRβ+ and CD146−)
Immunophenotyping; cell proliferation and migration; cytokine/ chemokine secretion profiling (+/-LPS)
Both types of MSCs have similar stem cell surface markers, and higher proliferation and migration potential compared to fibroblasts; bone-marrow-derived MSCs showed greater cytokine secretion after stimulation with LPS, in comparison to endometrium-derived MSCs and fibroblasts
Metabolically and hypoxia conditioned media from MSC and fibroblast migration assays
Both conditioned media have high concentrations of angiogenic factors; fibroblast-derived media attracted MSCs as efficiently as media produced by MSCs
Table 1.
Overview of recent studies with face-to-face comparisons of various tissue-derived MSCs and fibroblasts.
Schematic representation of the distinct and common features of MSCs and fibroblasts in health and disease, with a focus on human synovial joints. ECM, extracellular matrix.
2.1 Common properties: tissue remodeling and immunomodulation
In contrast to the extremely rare status of MSCs in almost all adult connective tissue (i.e., from 1 to 25 cells per 1,000,000 cells in bone marrow are MSCs [32, 33]), fibroblasts are the most abundant cell type in connective tissue [22]. Fibroblasts are the maintainers of extracellular matrix turnover, and they regulate several physiological processes. In contrast, MSCs are quiescent most of the time, but have self-renewing capacity. However, in response to certain stimuli, such as tissue injury, MSCs respond promptly, resulting in their activation and proliferation, and their differentiation into the terminal cell types that are required for regeneration following an injury [8, 33]. Both cell types can provide the stroma, in particular as collagen for tissues during injury and wound healing. However, it appears that the repair processes that result in formation of a functional tissue, such as collagen type II in cartilage injury, is a feature of MSCs, and particularly for those of the synovium [34]. Fibroblasts or other tissue-derived MSCs (e.g., bone marrow) might be responsible for the filling of defects in cartilage injury with only fibrous tissue; i.e., the fibrocartilage, which is a nonfunctional tissue [9, 35]. Although some early studies showed efficacy for fresh human skin allografts in the treatment of diabetic ulcers, severe burns, and other such injuries, recent studies have instead suggested that fibroblasts are more likely contaminants in such cell therapies, and thus they should be depleted so as not to impede the rejuvenation effects of stem cells [36]. There is also evidence that fibroblasts can undergo aggressive transformation in response to the tumor microenvironment, and thus contribute to disease pathophysiology, such as in cancers [22].
Immunomodulation is a fundamental characteristic of all stroma, which includes, in particular, immunosuppressive effects [37]. Jones et al. showed that stromal cells (e.g., chondrocytes, fibroblasts from synovial joints, lung, skin) can inhibit proliferation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells following polyclonal stimuli. In contrast to parenchymal cells, stromal cells showed antiproliferative functions, irrespective of their differentiation potential and/or content of progenitor cells [37].
During inflammation, proteins and lipids secreted by various cells act in a concerted fashion. Tahir et al. analyzed the formation of the most relevant inflammation mediators, including proteins and lipids, in human fibroblasts and MSCs upon inflammatory stimulation and subsequent treatment with dexamethasone [24]. They showed that fibroblasts and MSCs have similar secretion profiles for stimulation and modulation of inflammation [24].
In contrast, there are also studies that have provided evidence of greater anti-inflammatory and wound-healing features of MSCs in comparison to other stromal cells [25]. In an array of in-vitro tests to compare human artery-wall-derived MSCs with dermal fibroblasts and myofibroblasts, Pasanisi et al. showed some profound differences in the immunomodulatory properties between these cell types [25]. Both the dermal fibroblasts and myofibroblasts expressed very low levels of immunomodulatory and inflammation-related genes, and had lower immunosuppressive potential for proliferation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells in comparison to the femoral artery MSCs. They also suggested that the two highly sought after translational abilities, as anti-inflammatory and wound healing activities, are unique features of MSCs [25].
Although MSCs and fibroblasts share common sources for their isolation, such as adipose tissue, muscle, and skin, most recent studies have used bone marrow as the source of MSCs and skin as the source of fibroblasts. Following their plastic adherence after isolation and in-vitro culture expansion, fibroblasts are morphologically indistinguishable from MSCs, as they both have a spindle-shaped morphology [20]. They also both express the same positive mesenchymal markers, and both lack hematopoietic markers [19]. They also both show trilineage differentiation; i.e., adipogenesis, osteogenesis, and chondrogenesis [36]. Hence, the minimal criteria set by the International Society for Cellular Therapy to define MSCs [6] can also define fibroblasts [20]. Despite great effort, the lack of a specific marker to distinguish between MSCs and fibroblasts represents a major limit in the study of these cells [25].
2.2 Distinct properties: transcriptome profile and migration capacity
Haydont et al. recently performed a wide comparison of skin fibroblasts from three different locations in the deep dermis and hypodermis with five different tissue-derived MSCs [26]. Using genome-wide transcriptome profiling, they showed a clear ‘fibroblast’ molecular identity that did not segregate with the MSCs. The molecular signature that identified the fibroblasts comprised transcripts associated with hyaluronic acid, aggrecan, collagen processing, collagen fibril anchorage points, the elastic networks, and some others [26]. Similarly, using next-generation RNA sequencing, Taşkiran and Karaosmanoğlu showed that human primary bone marrow MSCs and human primary dermal fibroblasts have different molecular signatures [27]. In particular, a large group of genes that have important roles in embryonic development were highly expressed in MSCs; e.g., the homeobox genes. Aristaless-like homeobox family member ALX1 and distal-less homeobox DXL1, 5, and 6 are involved in craniofacial development, while short stature homeobox (SHOX) regulates expression of early osteogenic genes during cell differentiation. Taşkiran and Karaosmanoğlu suggested that MSCs are more appropriate for developmental and differentiation studies, compared to dermal fibroblasts [27].
Another feature that appears to be more attributed to MSCs is homing through migration. Intrinsic inflammatory characteristics have a pivotal role in stem-cell recruitment [28]. Bone marrow-derived MSCs have been demonstrated to migrate to the endometrium to contribute to the stem-cell reservoir and the regeneration of endometrial tissue [28]. Khatun et al. compared inflammation-driven migration of human bone-marrow-derived MSCs to MSCs and fibroblasts derived from the same niche (i.e., the endometrium). They showed that similar to bone-marrow-derived MSCs, endometrial MSCs showed high migration activity. However, the differentiation process toward stromal fibroblasts resulted in minimal migration [28].
3. MSCs and fibroblasts: their roles in tissue injury
A schematic representation of the interactions between MSCs and fibroblasts is shown in Figure 3. Following tissue injury through bone fracture, joint trauma, muscle tears, and skin wounds, for example, a well-orchestrated series of time-dependent and overlapping events takes place, including coagulation, inflammation, new tissue formation, and injury resolution. Each phase needs to be efficiently carried out to allow the further progression toward tissue regeneration.
Figure 3.
Schematic representation of the interactions between MSCs and fibroblasts as observed in the in vitro studies. ECM, extracellular matrix.
MSCs can secrete a variety of cytokines and growth factors that have immunosuppressive and antifibrotic properties, which can have beneficial influences in the healing process [38]. The failure of tissue regeneration most commonly results in chronic inflammation and/or fibrosis, which leads to damage of the adjacent tissues and/or formation of inferior nonfunctional tissue. Some tissues have poor healing capacities if a wound extends beyond the epidermis, such as skin and cartilage, in particular. It is not entirely clear whether this is due to the absence or ‘exhaustion’ of the endogenous MSCs in these tissues, due to disease or age [39, 40]. Fibrosis, or scarring, is defined as accelerated accumulation of extracellular matrix factors, as predominantly collagen type I, which can prevent regeneration of tissue. This can occur in virtually any tissue as a result of trauma, inflammation, immunological rejection, chemical toxicity, or oxidative stress [38]. Following cartilage surface injury, the hyaline cartilage that is predominantly collagen type II is replaced by collagen type I, which lacks the functional properties of cartilage, such as shock absorption and reduction of friction in the joint.
The antifibrotic effects of MSCs are not entirely understood, and they are likely to overlap with the MSC anti-inflammatory and angiogenic properties [38, 41]. However, MSCs secrete several cytokines and growth factors that inhibit fibroblasts [42]. Hepatocyte growth factor released by MSCs has been shown to down-regulate the expression of transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) and collagen type I and III by fibroblasts, and on the other hand, to up-regulate expression of matrix metalloproteinases 1, 3, and 13 in fibroblasts, thereby promoting turnover of the extracellular matrix [42]. In agreement with this, Yates et al. showed that co-transplantation of MSCs and fibroblasts reduces scarring of wounds [43]. They transplanted xenogeneic MSCs and showed that these augmented fibroblast proliferation and migration, and the extracellular matrix deposition that is critical for wound closure; this co-transplantation also reduced inflammation following wounding, an effect that was greater than seen for MSCs or fibroblasts alone. These data suggested complementary roles of MSCs and fibroblasts to normalize matrix regeneration during healing, and they demonstrated that even transiently engrafted cells can have a long-term impact via matrix modulation and ‘education’ of other tissue cells [43].
Domaszewska-Szostek et al. recently reviewed the available data on the efficiency of cell therapies for the treatment of chronic wounds, with these therapies including fibroblasts, keratinocytes, fibroblasts and keratinocytes together, bone-marrow-derived MSCs, and adipose tissue cells [44]. They showed that the majority of reports were on fibroblasts and keratinocytes, which included cell-based products that are already on the market. Based on the knowledge at the time, Domaszewska-Szostek et al. suggested that cell therapies in the treatment of chronic wounds showed immense potential. However, much is yet to be determined from both sides, in terms of both patients and cell therapies [44].
3.1 Skin injuries
While fibroblast-based substitutes have already been used in regenerative medicine, and in particular in regeneration of skin, a recent study by Paganelli et al. suggested that adipose-tissue-derived MSCs might represent a better alternative to fibroblasts in full-thickness skin injuries [29]. They showed that in-vitro adipose-tissue-derived MSCs produce a collagen- and fibronectin-containing dermal matrix that is more abundant than for fibroblasts [29]. Moreover, adipose-tissue-derived MSCs also served as modulators in the regeneration of tissue that was inflamed or scarred secondary to injuries such as burns or trauma. Liu et al. investigated the effects of adipose-tissue-derived MSCs on keloidal disease, which is a particular type of scarring that is considered to arise from excessive proliferation of fibroblasts and extracellular matrix deposition [45]. They used a starvation-induced conditioned medium from adipose-tissue-derived MSCs to treat human keloid-derived fibroblasts, and evaluated the fibroblast in-vitro proliferation, migration, and apoptosis. These human keloid-derived fibroblasts showed inhibited proliferation and collagen synthesis. They also used a keloid xenograft implantation animal model to assess the paracrine effects of conditioned medium from adipose-tissue-derived MSCs in vivo. They noted reduced inflammation and fibrosis in an in-vivo keloid model, which was seen as keloid shrinkage and reduced inflammatory cell accumulation, blood vessel density, and collagen deposition [45].
Han et al. took things a step further, and included a photobiomodulation pretreatment of adipose-derived MSCs before collection of their conditioned medium. Photobiomodulation is a laser treatment that uses low power and energy, but has been shown to induce positive photobiological processes in cells, such as regulation of cell secretion, and promotion of cell proliferation, differentiation, and migration, with enhanced immunological functions, and therefore, accelerated tissue repair [46]. However, when they cultured hypertrophic scar and keloid fibroblasts in conditioned medium from adipose MSCs pretreated with photobiomodulation therapy for 12, 24, and 48 h, there was inhibition of proliferation of these fibroblasts, and down-regulation of their profibrotic growth factors and collagen synthesis. They also suggested that the mechanism for this inhibition was related to down-regulation of TGF-β1 and Notch-1 expression [46].
In addition to adipose-tissue-derived MSCs, bone-marrow-derived MSC have shown benefits for keloids and hypertrophic scars. Fang et al. showed that bone-marrow-derived MSCs use a paracrine signaling mechanism to attenuate the fibroblast proliferative and profibrotic phenotypes derived from hypertrophic scars and keloids, and to inhibit extracellular matrix synthesis [47]. Using conditioned medium from bone-marrow MSCs, they showed significant inhibition of proliferation and migration of the fibroblasts from hypertrophic scars and keloids, in comparison with the use of conditioned medium from normal skin fibroblasts. Furthermore, they also reported that for conditioned medium from bone-marrow-derived MSCs, for both of these types of fibroblasts, there was decreased expression of profibrotic genes, including those for connective tissue growth factor, plasminogen activator inhibitor-1, TGF-β1, and TGF-β2, and increased expression of antifibrotic genes, including those for TGF-β3 and decorin. Moreover, they reported decreased expression of collagen I and fibronectin and low levels of hydroxyproline in the cell culture supernatant, which suggested that the conditioned medium from bone MSCs suppressed the synthesis of extracellular matrix in these fibroblasts [47].
Similar data were reported by Sato et al. for amnion-derived MSCs. Following harvesting of keloid, mature and normal fibroblasts, and their stimulation with TGF-β, they showed that conditioned medium obtained from the amnion-derived MSCs prevented proliferation and activation of the keloid fibroblasts [48].
Tooi et al. used a similar study design; however, they used conditioned medium from human placenta-derived MSCs to harvest exosomes, and examined their effects on normal adult dermal fibroblasts in vitro [49]. Exosomes contain nucleic acids, proteins, and lipids, and function as an intercellular communication vehicle for mediation of the paracrine effects of MSCs [49]. They reported positive effects of this treatment, and in particular, significant up-regulation of stemness-related genes, such as octamer-binding transcription factor 4 (Oct4) and NANOG homebox gene, and differentiation competence of fibroblasts to adipocytes and osteoblasts [49].
Hu et al. investigated the roles of exosomes derived from adipose MSCs in cutaneous wound healing [50]. In vitro, they showed that these exosomes can be taken up and internalized by fibroblasts, to stimulate cell migration and proliferation, and collagen synthesis, in a dose-dependent manner. In vivo, they demonstrated that these exosomes can be recruited to soft tissue wound areas in a mouse skin incision model, and that they significantly accelerated cutaneous wound healing. Following systemic administration of exosomes, they reported increased collagen I and III production in the early stage of wound healing, and inhibited collagen expression in the late stage, which might be favorable to reduce scar formation. Based on these results, they suggested that exomes can be used to facilitate cutaneous wound healing via optimizing the characteristics of fibroblasts [50].
Li et al. explored the paracrine effects of conditioned medium from umbilical-cord-derived MSCs on dermal fibroblasts [51]. They showed that this treatment increased the proliferation and migration of fibroblasts. Moreover, they also reported on their transition into a phenotype with a low myofibroblast formation capacity, a decreased ratio of TGF-β1/3, and an increased ratio of matrix metalloproteinase/ tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases. They also performed in-vivo wound healing assays. Full thickness skin excisional wounds treated with conditioned medium from umbilical-cord-derived MSCs showed accelerated healing, with fewer scars seen.
Pan et al. investigated the effects of conditioned medium derived from human amniotic MSCs on hydrogen-peroxide-induced senescence of human dermal fibroblasts. They showed that the conditioned medium derived from these cells significantly decreased senescence-associated β-galactosidase activity, and promoted proliferation of senescent human dermal fibroblasts [52]. Interestingly, they also showed the same effect using conditioned medium from human amniotic epithelial cells. These cells were isolated from the same amniotic tissue, and characterized by their similar immunophenotype to the MSCs, except for stage-specific embryonic antigen-4 as specific to MSCs, and their cobblestone-like morphology, in contrast to the MSC fibroblast morphology [52].
Gabrielyan et al. directly compared metabolically conditioned medium and hypoxia-conditioned medium derived from bone-marrow MSCs and skin fibroblasts, and evaluated their attraction of bone-marrow MSCs in two-dimensional migration assays [31]. They reported that the conditioned media from both types of cells had high concentrations of the angiogenic factors that are important for angiogenesis and cell migration. Having shown that both of the conditioned media produced by human skin fibroblasts attracted MSCs as efficiently as conditioned medium produced by human bone-marrow MSCs, these authors favored fibroblasts-derived metabolic conditioning as providing easier, cheaper, and faster access to chemoattractive agents [31].
3.2 Diabetic wounds
There are also several studies that have suggested superior effects of MSCs compared to fibroblasts for the stimulation of diabetic wound healing [30, 53]. Jung et al. compared the treatment effects of human umbilical-cord-blood-derived MSCs with those of fibroblasts on diabetic wound healing in vitro [30]. Using co-culture of diabetic fibroblasts with either healthy fibroblasts or umbilical-cord-blood-derived MSCs over 3 days, they measured cell proliferation and collagen synthesis and glycosaminoglycan levels, which are the major contributing factors to wound healing. The group treated with the umbilical-cord-blood-derived MSCs showed significantly greater collagen synthesis and glycosaminoglycan levels than the fibroblast-treated group [30]. Saheli et al. also focused on the interplay between MSCs and fibroblasts in diabetic wound healing, in both in-vivo and in-vitro diabetic models [53]. In vivo, in the group of diabetic wounds treated with MSC-derived conditioned medium, they demonstrated significantly greater wound closure, less pronounced inflammatory responses in the granulation tissue, better tissue remodeling, and more vascularization, compared with the nontreated diabetic wounds [53]. In vitro, they cultured human dermal fibroblasts in a high-glucose medium. When these fibroblasts were incubated in the presence of MSC-derived conditioned medium, they showed up-regulation of the genes encoding epidermal growth factor and basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), in addition to significantly greater cell viability/ proliferation, and migration. Based on these findings, they suggested that MSC-derived conditioned medium improves the activity of the fibroblasts in the diabetic microenvironment, and thus might promote wound repair and skin regeneration [53].
3.3 Ligament injuries
Similar to cartilage, ligaments have poor healing capacity due to hypocellularity and lack of cellular components for self-regeneration. Li et al. investigated differentiation of human amnion-derived MSCs into human anterior cruciate ligament fibroblasts in vitro using a Transwell co-culture system and induction with bFGF and TGF-β1 [54]. Following an array of gene and protein expression for ligament-specific molecules, they suggested Transwell co-cultures as an optimal system for differentiation of amnion-derived MSCs into ligament fibroblasts [54].
3.4 Periodontal disease and jaw injuries
Osteoradionecrosis of the jaw is a severe chronic adverse effect of ionizing radiation therapy to the head and neck region. It is manifested as soft tissue fibrosis, chronic inflammation of the bone, and osteonecrosis of the maxillofacial region, with histopathological formation phases that are very similar to those of chronic wounds [55]. Zhuang and Zou reported inhibitory effects of irradiation-activated-gingival fibroblasts on osteogenic differentiation of human bone-derived MSCs [56]. They showed that exosome-mediated delivery of miR-23a from irradiation-activated fibroblasts inhibited osteogenesis of bone MSCs via directly targeting C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 12 (CXCL12) [56]. Under this pathological condition, rather than working hand in hand, fibroblasts and MSCs appeared to be on opposing sides of the tissue healing process.
A similar situation has been reported for periodontal diseases. These encompass a wide variety of chronic inflammatory conditions in the gingiva (i.e., soft tissue surrounding the teeth) and the periodontal connective tissues, such as the bone and ligaments [57]. Periodontal disease begins with gingivitis, as localized inflammation of the gingiva that is initiated by bacteria in the dental plaque. If untreated, gingivitis can progress to loss of the gingiva, bone and ligaments, which creates the deep periodontal ‘pockets’ that are a hallmark of this disease, and which can eventually lead to tooth loss [57]. Periodontal ligaments have MSCs that can form fibroblasts, cementoblasts, and osteoblasts, and can thus be used for periodontal regenerative therapy. However, the fate of their differentiation is under the control of the periodontal cells, either via direct contact or via secretion of humoral factors. Kaneda-Ikeda et al. clarified the regulatory mechanism for MSC differentiation by humoral factors from gingival fibroblasts [58]. They indirectly co-cultured human ilium-derived MSCs with human gingival fibroblasts under osteogenic or growth conditions. Interestingly, they reported that humoral factors released by gingival fibroblasts suppressed osteogenesis of MSCs. This effect was regulated by miRNAs and undifferentiated MSC markers [58].
4. MSCs and fibroblasts: their roles in age-related tissue degeneration
With aging, and in particular with degenerative disorders of the musculoskeletal system such as osteoarthritis and osteoporosis, MSCs appear to be ‘exhausted’, with a lack of regenerative potential [33, 40, 59], or their regenerative potential is diverted from functional to production of nonfunctional cell types, such as adipocytes and fibroblasts [60, 61]. Fibroblasts, on the other hand undergo hyperproliferation resulting in age-related fibrosis of many tissues and organs, in particularly skin, lung, kidney, liver and heart [23].
4.1 Intravertebral disc degeneration
Degeneration of the intervertebral discs is strongly implicated as a cause of lower back pain, which has been shown to affect up to 85% of people at some point during their lives [62]. Although it is most commonly manifested in adulthood and its progression is closely linked to aging, changes in the cellular microenvironment of the discs can begin as early as a few years after birth [62]. Inflammation has been correlated with degenerative disc disease, but its role in discogenic pain and hernia regression remains controversial. Inflammatory responses might be involved in the onset of the disease, although it is also crucial for maintenance of tissue homeostasis [63].
Clinical studies that have used autologous or allogeneic MSCs to treat patients with back pain have reported some encouraging results [64]. There is also evidence that fibroblasts injected into the degenerated discs remain viable, and thus might represent an effective therapy for prevention or for delay of degenerative diseases of the discs. However these data were obtained in animal models only [65].
Shi et al. showed that transplantation of human dermal fibroblasts into degenerating intervertebral discs of rabbits can significantly increase the markers of disc regeneration (e.g., disc height, collagen type I and II gene expression, proteoglycan content). In comparison to transplantation of rabbit dermal fibroblasts, these results showed similar regenerative trends, but these trends did not reach significant difference. This study also showed that the human cells transplanted into rabbit discs did not induce immune response in the rabbit cells [66].
4.2 Bone degeneration
In addition to disc degeneration, most elderly people develop bone loss with age [54]. The most common clinical manifestation of bone loss is osteoporosis associated with an increased risk of fractures, which can also lead to death. In 2017, new fragility fractures in the EU6 were estimated at 2.7 million, with an associated annual cost of €37.5 billion and a loss of 1.0 million quality-adjusted life years [67]. As osteoblasts have a central role in the process of bone formation, the direct reprogramming of fibroblasts into osteoblasts might be a new way to treat bone fractures in elderly individuals. Chang et al. recently reviewed a large body of literature and proposed several clinical applications of a direct conversion method for generating osteoblasts in patients [68]. Successful direct conversion of fibroblasts into osteoblasts was reported previously in 2015, using defined transcription factors, such as Osterix, runt-related transcription factor 2 (Runx2), Oct3/4, and L-myc [69]. Despite this, Chang et al. concluded that more work is needed to determine the best way to directly reprogram somatic cells into osteoblasts for optimal clinical use. They also suggested that in addition to successful fibroblast-to-osteoblast conversion, future studies will need to consider the optimal cellular microenvironment to promote osteoblast survival and bone formation in patients [68]. The microenvironment is a common component and factor with immense importance for efficacy of cell therapies of any kind [70].
5. MSCs and fibroblasts: their roles in immunological disorders
5.1 Rheumatoid arthritis
Under normal conditions, the joint membrane, i.e. synovium represent the site of the two closely related cell types: i.e., fibroblast-like synoviocytes and synovial MSCs. These can work hand in hand as immunomodulatory cells to control the magnitude of immune responses. Rheumatoid arthritis is a chronic autoimmune disease that manifests as polyarthritis with joint destruction [71]. The main pathological characteristic of this rheumatic disease is increased proliferation of fibroblasts and accumulation of inflammatory cells, which results in the formation of the ‘pannus’. Interestingly, based on the evidence from animal models, Matsuo et al. suggested that resident fibroblasts account for the pathology of rheumatoid arthritis, and not bone-marrow-derived and circulating cells [71]. In addition, genetic lineage tracing studies have suggested that fibroblasts in rheumatoid arthritis originate from local proliferation of resident fibroblasts, differentiation of pericytes and MSCs, and transition of endothelial cells [71]. The main targets in this disease are thus inflammatory cytokines and leukocytes. As MSCs are immunosuppressive, they have great potential in therapies for this inflammatory disease [72]. However, it appears that the swamping of the microenvironment in rheumatoid arthritis with inflammatory cells and cytokines causes loss of efficacy in the responses of the endogenous joint-resident MSCs to the exaggerated immune response. In addition, synovial fibroblasts are likely to derive from synovial-membrane-derived MSCs, which can also to give rise to fibroblast-like synoviocytes, as key players in perpetuation of joint inflammation and destruction in rheumatoid arthritis [73].
5.2 Systemic sclerosis
Systemic sclerosis is a rare autoimmune rheumatic disease that is characterized by excessive production and accumulation of collagen in different tissues. The physiopathology of systemic sclerosis has still not been completely elucidated, although roles for fibroblasts, endothelial cells, immune cells, and oxidative stress have been demonstrated [74]. Several studies have established the beneficial effects of administration of MSCs from various tissue sources in different preclinical models that are characterized by local or systemic fibrosis. Clinical studies are, however, still falling behind. On the other hand, MSCs from patients with systemic sclerosis have been shown to constitutively express factors that stimulate fibrotic and angiogenic processes. This might indicate that MSCs are altered by the environment secondary to the onset of the disease, or that they might participate in the physiopathology of the disease [75]. Hence, the rationale for using allogenic MSCs in systemic sclerosis (as well as in other autoimmune diseases) is based on the possibility that autologous MSCs will be altered in these diseases [74].
6. MSCs and fibroblasts: how to boost their complementary tissue regeneration
6.1 In-vitro approaches
As MSCs represent rare cell populations in vivo, their in-vitro expansion is an often-unavoidable step in the preparation for these cell therapies. Currently, MSC expansion is most commonly achieved via cultivation on tissue culture plastics with the addition of 10% fetal bovine serum. Van et al. investigated the feasibility of human fibroblast-derived extracellular matrix as an alternative for in-vitro cell expansion [76]. Such fibroblast-derived extracellular matrix was obtained from decellularized extracellular matrix derived from in-vitro-cultured human lung fibroblasts. Using umbilical-cord-blood-derived MSCs, they directly compared cell cultivation on tissue culture plastics, fibronectin-coated tissue culture plastics, and human fibroblast-derived extracellular matrix. They showed that the last of these, the human fibroblast-derived extracellular matrix, improved cell proliferation, migration, and osteogenesis, as well as the expression of stemness and engraftment-related markers of MSCs. Furthermore, they showed superior in-vivo effects of MSCs pre-conditioned on human fibroblast-derived matrix in an emphysema animal model (i.e., a lung disease). Based on this, they suggested that human fibroblast-derived matrix represents a naturally derived biomimetic microenvironment with potential for practical applications in regenerative medicine [76].
Adipose-derived MSCs represent the preferable autologous source of MSCs in regenerative medicine in general, due to their indispensability in adults. Sivan et al. standardized their in-vitro culture conditions for differentiation of adipose-derived MSCs into dermal-like fibroblasts, which can synthesize extracellular matrix proteins [77]. Given that adipose-derived MSCs are multipotent in nature and might develop into undesirable tissues upon transplantation, the diverting of these MSCs to a more committed, fibroblast lineage appears like a better option in skin tissue engineering. To promote commitment of these MSCs into fibroblasts, they used a special biomimetic matrix composite that was pre-coated with fibrinogen, fibronectin, gelatin, hyaluronic acid, and human platelet growth factors. When MSCs were cultured on this composite with the presence of differentiation medium supplemented with fibroblast-conditioned medium and growth factors, they showed up-regulation of fibroblast-specific protein-1 and a panel of extracellular matrix molecules that were specific to the dermis, such as fibrillin-1, collagen I, collagen IV, and elastin. As fibroblasts derived from adipose MSCs can synthesize elastin, this is an added advantage for successful skin tissue engineering, compared to fibroblasts from skin biopsies [77].
To boost the combined tissue-healing effects of MSCs and fibroblasts, several tissue engineering approaches are being investigated. To enhance resistance to oxidative stress and the paracrine potential of MSCs, Costa et al. formulated MSC spheroids encapsulated in alginate microbeads [78]. This three-dimensional formulation showed increased angiogenic and chemotactic potential relative to encapsulated single cells. As the encapsulated MSCs promoted formation of tube-like structures and migration of fibroblasts into the wounded area, these authors suggested that such a model setting can be used for wound repair and regeneration processes [78].
As oxygen represents an important factor in tissue healing, hyperbaric oxygen therapy is an effective adjunct treatment for ischemic disorders, such as chronic wounds. Engel et al. showed beneficial effects of hyperbaric oxygen therapy on mono-cultures and co-cultures of human adipose-derived MSCs and fibroblasts [79]. The results of this study suggested that hyperbaric oxygen therapy leads to immunomodulatory and proangiogenetic effects in a wound-like environment, where adipose-derived MSCs and fibroblasts collaborated toward efficient wound healing [79].
In addition to cell therapies where formulation for clinical use still represents immense challenges, great hope has also been put into the cell-free formulations for use in regenerative medicine. Several studies have explored the effects of conditioned media from various tissue-derived MSCs on fibroblasts (as described in 3.1). Conditioned medium is a cell-free formulation, and it basically defines the adult stem-cell secretome.The majority of studies that used conditioned medium to enhance fibroblast properties, harvested the medium from two-dimensional cultures of MSCs from various tissue sources. Using a polystyrene scaffold, Kim et al. created a three-dimensional culture of perivascular cells, which represented a more physiologically appropriate system to harvest conditioned medium [80]. They used this medium to investigate the effects on the migration and proliferation of human keratinocytes and fibroblasts. The migration of both of these types of cells, and also the proliferation of keratinocytes, were significantly greater with the conditioned medium from this three-dimensional culture system. They also reported greater expression of type I collagen, specific expression of some other factors (e.g., thioredoxin), and more small particles such as CD63-positive extracellular vesicles, which were shown to stimulate keratinocyte migration. Based on these data, the three-dimensional cultures have the potential to be considered as future wound-healing remedies.
An in-vivo alternative to conditioned medium produced by in-vitro cultured MSCs was tested by Cerny et al. [81]. They used wound fluid samples from fingertip injuries and split skin donor sites under occlusive dressings, to evaluate the effects of paracrine factors in the wound fluid (secretome) on migration and proliferation of MSCs and fibroblasts. Under these conditions, MSCs showed significant increases in both migration and proliferation, while fibroblasts showed a significant increase in migration only. Hence, the paracrine factors in the wound fluid can modulate the wound-healing process, and can reduce scar-tissue formation [81].
6.2 In-vivo approaches
When it comes to in-vivo approaches to stimulate endogenous MSCs and fibroblasts, platelet-rich plasma has been widely studied and is used in clinical practice. Platelet-rich plasma contains higher concentrations of platelets than whole blood, as typically three-fold to five-fold higher compared with normal plasma (normal: 150,000 to 300,000 platelets per microliter) [82]. This platelet concentrate has been shown to have anti-inflammatory effects through growth factors, such as TGF-β and insulin-like growth factor 1, and also stimulatory effects on MSCs and fibroblasts [82].
Stessuk et al. evaluated the combined effects of platelet-rich plasma and conditioned medium from adipose-derived MSCs on fibroblasts and keratinocytes in vitro. They showed significant proliferation of both cell types, and also significant migration of fibroblasts treated with both components, which suggested the potential of this combination for healing and re-epithelialization of chronic wounds in vivo [83].
The major issue of unpredictable and difficult-to-replicate in-vivo effects of MSC therapies is most probably the microenvironment that these cell injections are delivered into. In healthy tissues, stem cells reside within a complex microenvironment that comprises cellular, structural, and signaling cues that collectively maintain stemness and modulate tissue homeostasis [70]. Following tissue injury, substantial changes are made to this unique cell environment, which will influence the regulation of stem-cell differentiation, trophic signaling, and tissue healing. Bogdanowicz and Lu reviewed recent studies on how microenvironmental cues modulate MSC responses following connective tissue injury, and how this microenvironment can be programmed for stem-cell-guided tissue regeneration [70]. Based on their revised data, these authors suggested that the cell microenvironment should be conducive to stem-cell lineage commitment, biomimetic tissue regeneration, and ultimately, restoration of physiological functions. In this light, specific attention should be directed to methods for standardization of experimental conditions both in vitro and in vivo, and in particular to optimization of cell seeding densities and cell sources [70].
To mimic the optimal microenvironment for MSCs, several novel technological approaches are being developed. Combining human fibroblast-derived matrix and the biocompatible polymer hydrogel (i.e., polyvinyl alcohol), Ha et al. demonstrated cytocompatibility with human MSCs [84]. Moreover, this advanced wound healing therapy was shown to be efficient in full-thickness wound repair in a preclinical model [84].
6.3 Converting fibroblasts to MSCs
When it comes to vascular damage, vascular-wall-derived MSCs might be particularly well suited for resolution of such injuries. Recently, Steens et al. developed a method for direct conversion of human skin fibroblasts into vascular MSCs. They directed cell-fate conversion through induction of ectopic expression of the highly vascular MSC-specific HOX genes, including HOXB7, HOXC6, and HOXC8, while bypassing pluripotency. The converted MSCs showed classical multipotent MSC characteristics in vitro (i.e., multipotency, clonogenicity), and were selectively associated with vascular structures in vivo. With respect to their therapeutic potential, these cells suppressed lymphocyte proliferation in vitro, while in a mouse model of radiation-induced pneumopathy in vivo, they protected the mice against vascular damage, as also for ex-vivo cultured human lung tissue [85]. These data suggested an efficient strategy for treatment of vascular diseases, such as hypertension, ischemic diseases, vascular lesions, and others.
In addition to genetic manipulation to convert fibroblasts to MSCs, there is also a chemical method available to convert primary human dermal fibroblasts into multipotent, induced MSC-like cells. Using a defined cocktail of small molecules and growth factors, (six chemical inhibitors, plus TGF-β, bFGF, and leukemia inhibitory factor), Lai et al. converted human fibroblasts into inducible MSCs in a monolayer culture over 6 days, with 38% conversion rate [86]. The inducible MSCs behaved like primary bone-marrow-derived MSCs in terms of their multipotency, clonogenicity, molecular signatures, and surface marker expression profile. Moreover, these MSCs were as effectively as bone-marrow-derived MSCs in their significant protection against fatality with endotoxin-induced acute lung injury in a mouse model. Based on these data, the authors suggested that this chemical conversion of fibroblasts to MSCs is superior to the genetic approach, as this latter might have the risk of insertional mutagenesis [86].
7. Conclusions
The relative failure of decades-long endeavors to establish a clear definition for both MSCs and fibroblasts appears to be a result of the complementary and overlapping roles these cells have in cell homeostasis and tissue development and injury. Indeed, due to the similarities in their morphologies, immunophenotypes, and connective tissue stroma formation, MSCs and fibroblasts are indistinguishable in most in-vitro settings. However, in-vivo studies, and in particular recent studies using modern analytics such as next-generation sequencing, have indicated that a line can be drawn to distinguish between MSCs and fibroblasts. On the other hand, several studies have demonstrated that it is the cellular therapies that combine both of these cell types that represent the optimal approach for future development of tissue-regenerating strategies.
Acknowledgments
Janja Zupan was funded by UK Arthritis Research (2016–2018) and is currently part of the P3-0298 Research Programme “Genes, hormones and personality changes in metabolic disorders’, and is Leader of the J3-1749 Research Project “Mesenchymal stem cells-the keepers of tissue endogenous regenerative capacity facing up to aging of the musculoskeletal system”, both, funded by the Slovenian Research Agency. The author would like to thank Chris Berrie for scientific English editing of the manuscript.
Conflicts of interest
The author declares that there are no conflicts of interest.
Nomenclature
bFGF
basic fibroblast growth factor
CXCL12
C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 12
MSCs
mesenchymal stem/stromal cells
OCT-4
octamer-binding transcription factor 4
SHOX
short stature homeobox
TGF-β1
transforming growth factor β1
\n',keywords:"Mesenchymal stem/stromal cells, fibroblasts, tissue injury, age-related tissue degeneration, tissue regeneration",chapterPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/79086.pdf",chapterXML:"https://mts.intechopen.com/source/xml/79086.xml",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/79086",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/79086",totalDownloads:174,totalViews:0,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:3,totalAltmetricsMentions:0,introChapter:null,impactScore:2,impactScorePercentile:76,impactScoreQuartile:4,hasAltmetrics:0,dateSubmitted:"June 26th 2021",dateReviewed:"September 21st 2021",datePrePublished:"November 2nd 2021",datePublished:"December 22nd 2021",dateFinished:"October 22nd 2021",readingETA:"0",abstract:"Mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSCs) and fibroblasts are present in normal tissues to support tissue homeostasis. Both share common pathways and have a number of common features, such as a spindle-shaped morphology, connective tissue localization, and multipotency. In inflammation, a nonspecific response to injury, fibroblasts and MSC are the main players. Two mechanisms of their mode of action have been defined: immunomodulation and regeneration. Following tissue injury, MSCs are activated, and they multiply and differentiate, to mitigate the damage. With aging and, in particular, in degenerative disorders of the musculoskeletal system (i.e., joint and bone disorders), the regenerative capacity of MSCs appears to be lost or diverted into the production of other nonfunctional cell types, such as adipocytes and fibroblasts. Fibroblasts are stromal cells that provide the majority of the structural framework of almost all types of tissues; i.e., the stroma. As such, fibroblasts also have significant roles in tissue development, maintenance, and repair. In their immunosuppressive role, MSCs and fibroblasts contribute to the normal resolution of inflammation that is a prerequisite for successful tissue repair. In this chapter, we review the common and opposing properties of different tissue-derived MSCs and fibroblasts under physiological and pathophysiological conditions. We consider injury and age-related degeneration of various tissues, and also some immunological disorders. Specifically, we address the distinct and common features of both cell types in health and disease, with a focus on human synovial joints. Finally, we also discuss the possible approaches to boost the complementary roles of MSCs and fibroblasts, to promote successful tissue regeneration.",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/79086",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/79086",book:{id:"9659",slug:"fibroblasts-advances-in-inflammation-autoimmunity-and-cancer"},signatures:"Janja Zupan",authors:[{id:"336273",title:"Assistant Prof.",name:"Janja",middleName:null,surname:"Zupan",fullName:"Janja Zupan",slug:"janja-zupan",email:"janja.zupan@ffa.uni-lj.si",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/336273/images/14853_n.jpeg",institution:{name:"University of Ljubljana",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Slovenia"}}}],sections:[{id:"sec_1",title:"1. Introduction",level:"1"},{id:"sec_2",title:"2. MSCs and fibroblasts in general: their common and distinct properties",level:"1"},{id:"sec_2_2",title:"2.1 Common properties: tissue remodeling and immunomodulation",level:"2"},{id:"sec_3_2",title:"2.2 Distinct properties: transcriptome profile and migration capacity",level:"2"},{id:"sec_5",title:"3. MSCs and fibroblasts: their roles in tissue injury",level:"1"},{id:"sec_5_2",title:"3.1 Skin injuries",level:"2"},{id:"sec_6_2",title:"3.2 Diabetic wounds",level:"2"},{id:"sec_7_2",title:"3.3 Ligament injuries",level:"2"},{id:"sec_8_2",title:"3.4 Periodontal disease and jaw injuries",level:"2"},{id:"sec_10",title:"4. MSCs and fibroblasts: their roles in age-related tissue degeneration",level:"1"},{id:"sec_10_2",title:"4.1 Intravertebral disc degeneration",level:"2"},{id:"sec_11_2",title:"4.2 Bone degeneration",level:"2"},{id:"sec_13",title:"5. MSCs and fibroblasts: their roles in immunological disorders",level:"1"},{id:"sec_13_2",title:"5.1 Rheumatoid arthritis",level:"2"},{id:"sec_14_2",title:"5.2 Systemic sclerosis",level:"2"},{id:"sec_16",title:"6. MSCs and fibroblasts: how to boost their complementary tissue regeneration",level:"1"},{id:"sec_16_2",title:"6.1 In-vitro approaches",level:"2"},{id:"sec_17_2",title:"6.2 In-vivo approaches",level:"2"},{id:"sec_18_2",title:"6.3 Converting fibroblasts to MSCs",level:"2"},{id:"sec_20",title:"7. Conclusions",level:"1"},{id:"sec_21",title:"Acknowledgments",level:"1"},{id:"sec_24",title:"Conflicts of interest",level:"1"},{id:"sec_23",title:"Nomenclature",level:"1"}],chapterReferences:[{id:"B1",body:'Bianco P, Cao X, Frenette PS, Mao JJ, Robey PG, Simmons PJ, et al. The meaning, the sense and the significance: translating the science of mesenchymal stem cells into medicine. Nat Med 2013;19(1):35-42. https://www.nature.com/articles/nm.3028.pdf'},{id:"B2",body:'Friedenstein AJ, Chailakhjan RK, Lalykina KS. The development of fibroblast colonies in monolayer cultures of guinea pig bone marrow and spleen cells. Cell Prolif 1970;3(4):393-403.'},{id:"B3",body:'Pittenger M, Mackay A, Beck S, Jaiswal R, Douglas R, Mosca J, et al. Multilineage potential of adult human mesenchymal stem cells. Science 1999;284(5411):143-7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.284.5411.143'},{id:"B4",body:'Caplan AI. Mesenchymal stem cells. J Orthop Res 1991;9(5):641-50. http://doi.wiley.com/10.1002/jor.1100090504'},{id:"B5",body:'Caplan AI. Mesenchymal stem cells: time to change the Name! Stem Cells Transl Med 2017;6(6):1445-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/284522046.'},{id:"B6",body:'Dominici M, Le Blanc K, Mueller I, Slaper-Cortenbach I, Marini F, Krause D, et al. Minimal criteria for defining multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells. The International Society for Cellular Therapy position statement. Cytotherapy2006;8(4):315-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16923606'},{id:"B7",body:'Viswanathan S, Shi Y, Galipeau J, Krampera M, Leblanc K. Mesenchymal stem versus stromal cells : International Society for Cell & Gene Therapy ( ISCT Ò ) Mesenchymal Stromal Cell committee. Cytotherapy 2019;21(10):1019-24. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcyt.2019.08.002'},{id:"B8",body:'Chan CKF, Gulati GS, Sinha R, Tompkins JV, Lopez M, Carter AC, et al. Identification of the human skeletal stem cell. Cell 2018;175(1):43-56.e21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30241615'},{id:"B9",body:'Murphy MP, Koepke LS, Lopez MT, Tong X, Ambrosi TH, Gulati GS, et al. Articular cartilage regeneration by activated skeletal stem cells. Nat Med 2020;26(10):1583-92. https://www.nature.com/articles/s41591-020-1013-2'},{id:"B10",body:'Crisan M, Yap S, Casteilla L, Chen CW, Corselli M, Park TS, et al. A perivascular origin for mesenchymal stem cells in multiple human organs. Cell Stem Cell 2008;3(3):301-13. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1934590908003378?via%3Dihub'},{id:"B11",body:'Guimarães-Camboa N, Cattaneo P, Sun Y, Moore-Morris T, Gu Y, Dalton ND, et al. Pericytes of multiple organs do not behave as mesenchymal stem cells in vivo. Cell Stem Cell 2017;20(3):345-359.e5. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28111199/'},{id:"B12",body:'Pizzute T, Lynch K, Pei M. Impact of tissue-specific stem cells on lineage-specific differentiation: a focus on the musculoskeletal system. Stem Cell Rev Reports 2015;11(1):119-32. /pmc/articles/PMC4326629/'},{id:"B13",body:'Sacchetti B, Funari A, Remoli C, Giannicola G, Kogler G, Liedtke S, et al. No identical “mesenchymal stem cells” at different times and sites: human committed progenitors of distinct origin and differentiation potential are incorporated as adventitial cells in microvessels. Stem Cell Reports 2016;6(6):897-913. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2213671116300662?via%3Dihub'},{id:"B14",body:'Burja B, Barlič A, Erman A, Mrak-Poljšak K, Tomšič M, Sodin-Semrl S, et al. Human mesenchymal stromal cells from different tissues exhibit unique responses to different inflammatory stimuli. Curr Res Transl Med 2020;68(4):217-24. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2452318620300398'},{id:"B15",body:'Deans RJ, Gunter KC, Dominici M, Forte M. Part 5: Unproven cell therapies and the commercialization of cell-based products. Cytotherapy 2016;18(1):138-42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcyt.2015.11.001'},{id:"B16",body:'Sipp D, Robey PG, Turner L. Clear up this stem-cell mess. Nature 2018;561(7724):455-7. https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-018-06756-9'},{id:"B17",body:'Molenaar JC. From the library of the Netherlands Journal of Medicine. Rudolf Virchow: Die Cellularpathologie in ihrer Begründung auf physiologische und pathologische Gewebelehre; 1858. Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd 2003;147(45):2236-44. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14640063/'},{id:"B18",body:'Haniffa MA, Collin MP, Buckley CD, Dazzi F. Mesenchymal stem cells: the fibroblasts’ new clothes? Haematologica 2009;94(2):258-63.'},{id:"B19",body:'Denu RA, Nemcek S, Bloom DD, Goodrich AD, Kim J, Mosher DF, et al. Fibroblasts and Mesenchymal Stromal/Stem Cells Are Phenotypically Indistinguishable. Acta Haematol 2016;136(2):85-97. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27188909/'},{id:"B20",body:'Soundararajan M, Kannan S. Fibroblasts and mesenchymal stem cells: two sides of the same coin? J Cell Physiol 2018;233(12):9099-109.'},{id:"B21",body:'Frank-Bertoncelj M, Trenkmann M, Klein K, Karouzakis E, Rehrauer H, Bratus A, et al. Epigenetically-driven anatomical diversity of synovial fibroblasts guides joint-specific fibroblast functions. Nat Commun 2017;8(1):1-14. www.nature.com/naturecommunications'},{id:"B22",body:'Aghakhani S, Zerrouk N, Niarakis A. Metabolic reprogramming of fibroblasts as therapeutic target in rheumatoid arthritis and cancer: deciphering key mechanisms using computational systems biology approaches. Cancers (Basel) 2020;13(1):35. https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6694/13/1/35'},{id:"B23",body:'Ichim TE, O’Heeron P, Kesari S. Fibroblasts as a practical alternative to mesenchymal stem cells. J Transl Med 2018;16(1):1-9. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12967-018-1536-1'},{id:"B24",body:'Tahir A, Bileck A, Muqaku B, Niederstaetter L, Kreutz D, Mayer RL, et al. Combined proteome and eicosanoid profiling approach for revealing implications of human fibroblasts in chronic inflammation. Anal Chem 2017;89(3):1945-54. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28208246/'},{id:"B25",body:'Pasanisi E, Ciavarella C, Valente S, Ricci F, Pasquinelli G. Differentiation and plasticity of human vascular wall mesenchymal stem cells, dermal fibroblasts and myofibroblasts: a critical comparison including ultrastructural evaluation of osteogenic potential. Ultrastruct Pathol 2019;43(6):261-72. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31589079/'},{id:"B26",body:'Haydont V, Neiveyans V, Perez P, Busson É, Lataillade JJ, Asselineau D, et al. Fibroblasts from the human skin dermo-hypodermal junction are distinct from dermal papillary and reticular fibroblasts and from mesenchymal stem cells and exhibit a specific molecular Profile Related to Extracellular Matrix Organization and modeling. Cells 2020;9(2):368. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32033496/'},{id:"B27",body:'Taşkiran EZ, Karaosmanoğlu B. Transcriptome analysis reveals differentially expressed genes between human primary bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells and human primary dermal fibroblasts. Turkish J Biol 2019;43(1):21-7. /pmc/articles/PMC6426640/'},{id:"B28",body:'Khatun M, Sorjamaa A, Kangasniemi M, Sutinen M, Salo T, Liakka A, et al. Niche matters: the comparison between bone marrow stem cells and endometrial stem cells and stromal fibroblasts reveal distinct migration and cytokine profiles in response to inflammatory stimulus. PLoS One 2017;12(4):e0175986. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28419140/'},{id:"B29",body:'Paganelli A, Benassi L, Rossi E, Magnoni C. Extracellular matrix deposition by adipose-derived stem cells and fibroblasts: a comparative study. Arch Dermatol Res 2020;312(4):295-9. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00403-019-01997-8'},{id:"B30",body:'Jung JA, Yoon YD, Lee HW, Kang SR, Han SK. Comparison of human umbilical cord blood-derived mesenchymal stem cells with healthy fibroblasts on wound-healing activity of diabetic fibroblasts. Int Wound J [Internet]. 2018 Feb 1 [cited 2021 Jun 3];15(1):133-9. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29115054/'},{id:"B31",body:'Gabrielyan A, Neumann E, Gelinsky M, Rösen-Wolff A. Metabolically conditioned media derived from bone marrow stromal cells or human skin fibroblasts act as effective chemoattractants for mesenchymal stem cells. Stem Cell Res Ther 2017;8(1):212. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28969687/'},{id:"B32",body:'Worthley DL, Churchill M, Compton JT, Tailor Y, Rao M, Si Y, et al. Gremlin 1 identifies a skeletal stem cell with bone, cartilage, and reticular stromal potential. Cell 2015;160(1-2):269-84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2014.11.042'},{id:"B33",body:'Čamernik K, Barlič A, Drobnič M, Marc J, Jeras M, Zupan J. Mesenchymal stem cells in the musculoskeletal system: from animal models to human tissue regeneration? Stem Cell Rev Reports 2018;14(3):346-69. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12015-018-9800-6'},{id:"B34",body:'Roelofs AJ, Zupan J, Riemen AHK, Kania K, Ansboro S, White N, et al. Joint morphogenetic cells in the adult mammalian synovium. Nat Commun 2017;8:15040. https://www.nature.com/articles/ncomms15040.pdf'},{id:"B35",body:'Mithoefer K, Mcadams T, Williams RJ, Kreuz PC, Mandelbaum BR. Clinical efficacy of the microfracture technique for articular cartilage repair in the knee: an evidence-based systematic analysis. Am J Sports Med 2009;37(10):2053-63. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19251676/'},{id:"B36",body:'Brohem CA, De Carvalho CM, Radoski CL, Santi FC, Baptista MC, Swinka BB, et al. Comparison between fibroblasts and mesenchymal stem cells derived from dermal and adipose tissue. Int J Cosmet Sci 2013;35(5):448-57.'},{id:"B37",body:'Jones S, Horwood N, Cope A, Dazzi F. The antiproliferative effect of mesenchymal stem cells is a fundamental property shared by all stromal cells. J Immunol 2007;179(5):2824-31. http://www.jimmunol.org/content/179/5/2824'},{id:"B38",body:'Spees JL, Lee RH, Gregory CA. Mechanisms of mesenchymal stem/stromal cell function. Stem Cell Res Ther 2016;7(1):125. https://stemcellres.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13287-016-0363-7'},{id:"B39",body:'Čamernik K, Mihelič A, Mihalič R, Marolt Presen D, Janež A, Trebše R, et al. Increased exhaustion of the subchondral bone-derived mesenchymal stem/ stromal cells in primary versus dysplastic osteoarthritis. Stem Cell Rev Reports 2020;16(4):742-54. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12015-020-09964-x'},{id:"B40",body:'Partridge L, Deelen J, Slagboom PE. Facing up to the global challenges of ageing. Nature 2018;561(7721):45-56. http://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-018-0457-8'},{id:"B41",body:'Ayala-Cuellar AP, Kang JH, Jeung EB, Choi KC. Roles of mesenchymal stem cells in tissue regeneration and immunomodulation. Biomol Ther 2019;27(1):25-33.'},{id:"B42",body:'Jackson WM, Nesti LJ, Tuan RS. Mesenchymal stem cell therapy for attenuation of scar formation during wound healing. Stem Cell Res Ther 2012;3(3):20. /pmc/articles/PMC3392767/'},{id:"B43",body:'Yates CC, Rodrigues M, Nuschke A, Johnson ZI, Whaley D, Stolz D, et al. Multipotent stromal cells/mesenchymal stem cells and fibroblasts combine to minimize skin hypertrophic scarring. Stem Cell Res Ther 2017;8(1):1-13.'},{id:"B44",body:'Domaszewska-Szostek A, Krzyżanowska M, Siemionow M. Cell-based therapies for chronic wounds tested in clinical studies: review. Ann Plast Surg 2019;83(6):e96-109. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31335465/'},{id:"B45",body:'Liu J, Ren J, Su L, Cheng S, Zhou J, Ye X, et al. Human adipose tissue-derived stem cells inhibit the activity of keloid fibroblasts and fibrosis in a keloid model by paracrine signaling. Burns 2018;44(2):370-85. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29029852/'},{id:"B46",body:'Han B, Fan J, Liu L, Tian J, Gan C, Yang Z, et al. Adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells treatments for fibroblasts of fibrotic scar via downregulating TGF-β1 and Notch-1 expression enhanced by photobiomodulation therapy. Lasers Med Sci 2019;34(1). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30367294/'},{id:"B47",body:'Fang F, Huang RL, Zheng Y, Liu M, Huo R. Bone marrow derived mesenchymal stem cells inhibit the proliferative and profibrotic phenotype of hypertrophic scar fibroblasts and keloid fibroblasts through paracrine signaling. J Dermatol Sci 2016;83(2):95-105. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27211019/'},{id:"B48",body:'Sato C, Yamamoto Y, Funayama E, Furukawa H, Oyama A, Murao N, et al. Conditioned medium obtained from amnion-derived mesenchymal stem cell culture prevents activation of keloid fibroblasts. Plast Reconstr Surg 2018;141(2):390-8. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29369991/'},{id:"B49",body:'Tooi M, Komaki M, Morioka C, Honda I, Iwasaki K, Yokoyama N, et al. Placenta mesenchymal stem cell derived exosomes confer plasticity on fibroblasts. J Cell Biochem 2016;117(7):1658-70. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26640165/'},{id:"B50",body:'Hu L, Wang J, Zhou X, Xiong Z, Zhao J, Yu R, et al. Exosomes derived from human adipose mensenchymal stem cells accelerates cutaneous wound healing via optimizing the characteristics of fibroblasts. Sci Rep 2016;6:32993. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27615560/'},{id:"B51",body:'Li M, Luan F, Zhao Y, Hao H, Liu J, Dong L, et al. Mesenchymal stem cell-conditioned medium accelerates wound healing with fewer scars. Int Wound J 2017;14(1):64-73. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26635066/'},{id:"B52",body:'Pan C, Lang H, Zhang T, Wang R, Lin X, Shi P, et al. Conditioned medium derived from human amniotic stem cells delays H2O2-induced premature senescence in human dermal fibroblasts. Int J Mol Med 2019;44(5):1629-40. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31545472/'},{id:"B53",body:'Saheli M, Bayat M, Ganji R, Hendudari F, Kheirjou R, Pakzad M, et al. Human mesenchymal stem cells-conditioned medium improves diabetic wound healing mainly through modulating fibroblast behaviors. Arch Dermatol Res 2020;312(5):325-36. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31786709/'},{id:"B54",body:'Li Y, Liu Z, Jin Y, Zhu X, Wang S, Yang J, et al. Differentiation of human amniotic mesenchymal stem cells into human anterior cruciate ligament fibroblast cells by in vitro coculture. Biomed Res Int 2017;2017. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29085840/'},{id:"B55",body:'Straub JM, New J, Hamilton CD, Lominska C, Shnayder Y, Thomas SM. Radiation-induced fibrosis: mechanisms and implications for therapy. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2015;141(11):1985-94. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00432-015-1974-6'},{id:"B56",body:'Zhuang X mei, Zhou B. Exosome secreted by human gingival fibroblasts in radiation therapy inhibits osteogenic differentiation of bone mesenchymal stem cells by transferring miR-23a. Biomed Pharmacother 2020;131:110672. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32889404/'},{id:"B57",body:'Kinane DF, Stathopoulou PG, Papapanou PN. Periodontal diseases. Nat Rev Dis Prim 2017;3:17038. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28805207/'},{id:"B58",body:'Kaneda-Ikeda E, Iwata T, Mizuno N, Nagahara T, Kajiya M, Ouhara K, et al. Regulation of osteogenesis via miR-101-3p in mesenchymal stem cells by human gingival fibroblasts. J Bone Miner Metab 2020;38(4):442-55. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31970478/'},{id:"B59",body:'Čamernik K, Mihelič A, Mihalič R, Haring G, Herman S, Marolt Presen D, et al. Comprehensive analysis of skeletal muscle- and bone-derived mesenchymal stem/stromal cells in patients with osteoarthritis and femoral neck fracture. Stem Cell Res Ther 2020;11(1):146. https://stemcellres.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13287-020-01657-z'},{id:"B60",body:'Rosen CJ, Bouxsein ML. Mechanisms of disease: is osteoporosis the obesity of bone? Nat Clin Pract Rheumatol 2006;2(1):35-43. http://www.nature.com/doifinder/10.1038/ncprheum0070'},{id:"B61",body:'Pino AM, Rosen CJ, Rodríguez JP. In osteoporosis, differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) improves bone marrow adipogenesis. Biol Res 2012;45:279-87. http://www.scielo.cl/pdf/bres/v45n3/art09.pdf'},{id:"B62",body:'Smith LJ, Nerurkar NL, Choi KS, Harfe BD, Elliott DM. Degeneration and regeneration of the intervertebral disc: lessons from development. DMM Dis Model Mech 2011;4(1):31-41. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21123625/'},{id:"B63",body:'Molinos M, Almeida CR, Caldeira J, Cunha C, Gonçalves RM, Barbosa MA. Inflammation in intervertebral disc degeneration and regeneration Vol. 12, Journal of the Royal Society Interface. Royal Society of London; 2015. /pmc/articles/PMC4345483/'},{id:"B64",body:'Ashinsky B, Smith HE, Mauck RL, Gullbrand SE. Intervertebral disc degeneration and regeneration: a motion segment perspective. Eur Cell Mater 2021;41:370-80. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/'},{id:"B65",body:'Ural IH, Alptekin K, Ketenci A, Solakoglu S, Alpak H, Özyalçın S. Fibroblast transplantation results to the degenerated rabbit lumbar intervertebral discs. Open Orthop J 2017;11(1):404-16. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28603572/'},{id:"B66",body:'Shi P, Chee A, Liu W, Chou PH, Zhu J, An HS. Therapeutic effects of cell therapy with neonatal human dermal fibroblasts and rabbit dermal fibroblasts on disc degeneration and inflammation. Spine J 2019;19(1):171-81. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30142460/'},{id:"B67",body:'Borgström F, Karlsson L, Ortsäter G, Norton N, Halbout P, Cooper C, et al. Fragility fractures in Europe: burden, management and opportunities. Arch Osteoporos 2020;15(1):59. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs11657-020-0706-y'},{id:"B68",body:'Chang Y, Cho B, Kim S, Kim J. Direct conversion of fibroblasts to osteoblasts as a novel strategy for bone regeneration in elderly individuals Vol. 51, Experimental and Molecular Medicine 2019;51(5):54. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31073120/'},{id:"B69",body:'Yamamoto K, Kishida T, Sato Y, Nishioka K, Ejima A, Fujiwara H, et al. Direct conversion of human fibroblasts into functional osteoblasts by defined factors. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2015;112(19):6152-7. www.pnas.org/cgi/doi/10.1073/pnas.1420713112'},{id:"B70",body:'Bogdanowicz DR, Lu HH. Designing the stem cell microenvironment for guided connective tissue regeneration. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2017;1410(1):3-25.'},{id:"B71",body:'Matsuo Y, Saito T, Yamamoto A, Kohsaka H. Origins of fibroblasts in rheumatoid synovial tissues: implications from organ fibrotic models. Mod Rheumatol 2018;28(4):579-82. https://www.tandfonline.com/action/journalInformation?journalCode=imor20'},{id:"B72",body:'De Bari C. Are mesenchymal stem cells in rheumatoid arthritis the good or bad guys? Arthritis Res Ther 2015;17(1):1-9. https://arthritis-research.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13075-015-0634-1'},{id:"B73",body:'El-Jawhari JJ, El-Sherbiny YM, Jones EA, McGonagle D. Mesenchymal stem cells, autoimmunity and rheumatoid arthritis. QJM 2014;107(7):505-14. /pmc/articles/PMC4071294/'},{id:"B74",body:'Rozier P, Maria A, Goulabchand R, Jorgensen C, Guilpain P, Noël D. Mesenchymal stem cells in systemic sclerosis: allogenic or autologous pproaches for therapeutic use? Front Immunol 2018;9:2938. www.frontiersin.org'},{id:"B75",body:'Rosa I, Romano E, Fioretto BS, Matucci-Cerinic M, Manetti M. Adipose-derived stem cells: Pathophysiologic implications vs therapeutic potential in systemic sclerosis. World J Stem Cells. 2021;13(1):30-48. https://www.wjgnet.com/1948-0210/full/v13/i1/30.htm'},{id:"B76",body:'Van SY, Noh YK, Kim SW, Oh YM, Kim IH, Park K. Human umbilical cord blood mesenchymal stem cells expansion via human fibroblast-derived matrix and their potentials toward regenerative application. Cell Tissue Res 2019;376(2):233-45. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00441-018-2971-2'},{id:"B77",body:'Sivan U, Jayakumar K, Krishnan LK. Matrix-directed differentiation of human adipose- derived mesenchymal stem cells to dermal-like fibroblasts that produce extracellular matrix. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2016;10(10):E546-58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.trsl.2010.06.007'},{id:"B78",body:'Costa MHG, McDevitt TC, Cabral JMS, da Silva CL, Ferreira FC. Tridimensional configurations of human mesenchymal stem/stromal cells to enhance cell paracrine potential towards wound healing processes. J Biotechnol. 2017;262:28-39. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S016816561731684X?via%3Dihub'},{id:"B79",body:'Engel P, Ranieri M, Felthaus O, Geis S, Haubner F, Aung T, et al. Effect of HBO therapy on adipose-derived stem cells, fibroblasts and co-cultures: In vitro study of oxidative stress, angiogenic potential and production of pro-inflammatory growth factors in co-cultures. Clin Hemorheol Microcirc 2020;76(4):459-71. https://content.iospress.com/articles/clinical-hemorheology-and-microcirculation/ch209222'},{id:"B80",body:'Kim MH, Wu WH, Choi JH, Kim JH, Hong SH, Jun JH, et al. Conditioned medium from the three-dimensional culture of human umbilical cord perivascular cells accelerate the migration and proliferation of human keratinocyte and fibroblast. J Biomater Sci Polym Ed 2018;29(7-9):1066-80. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28589787/'},{id:"B81",body:'Cerny MK, Hopfner U, Kirsch M, Haas EM, Wu F, Giunta R, et al. Occlusive dressing-induced secretomes influence the migration and proliferation of mesenchymal stem cells and fibroblasts differently. Eur J Med Res2018;23(1):60. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30585140/'},{id:"B82",body:'Southworth TM, Naveen NB, Tauro TM, Leong NL, Cole BJ. The use of platelet-rich plasma in symptomatic knee osteoarthritis. J Knee Surg 2019;32(1):37-45. https://www.thieme-connect.com/products/ejournals/abstract/10.1055/s-0038-1675170'},{id:"B83",body:'Stessuk T, Puzzi MB, Chaim EA, Alves PCM, de Paula EV, Forte A, et al. Platelet-rich plasma (PRP) and adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells: stimulatory effects on proliferation and migration of fibroblasts and keratinocytes in vitro. Arch Dermatol Res 2016;308(7):511-20. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27394438/'},{id:"B84",body:'Ha SS, Song ES, Du P, Suhaeri M, Lee JH, Park K. Novel ECM patch combines poly(vinyl alcohol), human fibroblast-derived matrix, and mesenchymal stem cells for advanced wound healing. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2020;6(7):4266-75. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33463354/'},{id:"B85",body:'Steens J, Unger K, Klar L, Neureiter A, Wieber K, Hess J, et al. Direct conversion of human fibroblasts into therapeutically active vascular wall-typical mesenchymal stem cells. Cell Mol Life Sci 2020;77(17):3401-22. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00018-019-03358-0'},{id:"B86",body:'Lai PL, Lin H, Chen SF, Yang SC, Hung KH, Chang CF, et al. Efficient generation of chemically induced mesenchymal stem cells from human dermal fibroblasts. Sci Rep 2017;7:44534. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28303927/'}],footnotes:[],contributors:[{corresp:"yes",contributorFullName:"Janja Zupan",address:"janja.zupan@ffa.uni-lj.si",affiliation:'
Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Clinical Biochemistry, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
Quasicrystals are objects with aperiodic order and no translational symmetry. These “peculiar” objects, deemed in and out of existence by theoretical considerations, have been discovered in 1982 by Shechtman [1], in agreement with previous predictions [2, 3]. Shechtman’s discovery was honored with the award of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 2011. Believed to be rare in nature initially, up to this date there have been found roughly one hundred quasicrystal phases that exhibit diffraction patterns showing quasiperiodic structures in metallic systems [4, 5]. Quasicrystals were first constructed as aperiodic tilings defined by an initial set of prototiles and their matching rules; constructing these tilings meant aggregating tiles onto an initial patch so as to fill space, ideally without gaps or defects. Likewise, quasicrystals in physical materials are formed by atoms accumulating to one another according to the geometry of their chemical bonding. Curiously, the localized growth patterns would give rise to structures which exhibit long-range and nonlocal order, and mathematical constructions were later discovered for creating geometrically perfect, infinite quasi-periodic tilings of space. In material science, new electron crystallography methods and techniques have been developed to study the structure and geometrical patterns of quasicrystal approximants [6, 7, 8], revealing unique atom configurations of complicated quasicrystal approximant structures [7, 8].
Complex and varied in their structure, quasicrystals translate their intrinsic nonlocal properties into nonlocal dynamic patterns [9]. The empire problem is an investigation into the nonlocal patterns that are imposed within a quasicrystal by a finite patch, where just a few tiles can have a global influence in the tiling so as to force an infinite arrangement of other tiles throughout the quasicrystal [10]. Initial research into calculating empires—a term originally coined by Conway [11]—focused on the various manifestations of the Penrose tiling [12] such as the decorated kites-and-darts, where Ammann bars would indicate the forced tiles [10], and the multi-grid method, where algebraic constraints can be employed [13]. More recently, the cut-and-project technique [14, 15]—where the geometry of convex polytopes comes into play—has been implemented into a most efficient method of computing empires [16]. The cut-and-project method offers the most generality and has been used to calculate empires for the Penrose tiling and other quasicrystals that are projections of cubic lattices Zn [16, 17]. Quasicrystals that are projections of non-cubic lattices (e.g., the Elser-Sloane tiling as a projection of the E8 lattice to E4) are more restrictive and some modifications to the cut-and-project method have been made in order to correctly compute the tilings and their empires [18]. The cut-and-project formalism can also be altered to calculate the space of all tilings that are allowed by a given patch, wherein the set of forced tiles of the patch’s empire is precisely the mutual intersection of all tilings which contain that patch [15].
The interest in the nonlocal nature of empires has led to further explorations into how multiple empires can interact within a given quasicrystal, where separate patches can impose geometric restrictions on each other no matter how far apart they may be located within the tiling. These interactions can be used to define rules (similar to cellular automata) to see what dynamics emerge from a game-of-life style evolution of the quasicrystal and for the first time such a simulation with nonlocal rules has been performed [17].
The empires can be used to recover information from the higher dimensional lattice from which the quasicrystal was projected, filtering out any defects in the quasicrystal and therefore providing an error self-correction tool for quasicrystal growth [16]. In terms of quasicrystal dynamics, the empires provide us with the opportunity of developing algorithms to study the behavior and interactions of quasicrystalline patches based on nonlocal rules—a very rich area of exploration.
In this chapter we review the nonlocal properties of quasicrystals and the studies done to generate and analyze the empires and we discuss some of the findings and their possible implications.
2. Empires in quasicrystals
Empires represent thus all the tiles forced into existence at all distances by a quasicrystal patch. When it comes to analyzing the forced tile distribution in a quasicrystal, we differentiate between the local and nonlocal configurations. The tiles surrounding the vertex, that is the tiles that share one vertex, form the vertex patch. The local empire is the union of forced tiles that are in the immediate vicinity of an emperor, be it a vertex or a patch, where there are no “free” tiles in between the emperor and the forced tiles. The forced tiles that are at a distance from the emperor form the nonlocal part of the empire.
2.1 Methods for generating empires
Several methods for generating the empires in quasicrystals have been discussed in [16]. The Fibonacci-Grid method employs the Penrose tiling decoration using Amman bars that form a grid of five sets of parallel lines [10, 19]. The grid constructed with the Amman bars is, in fact, a Fibonacci grid [20]. When Amman lines intersect in a certain configuration, a tile or a set of tiles are forced. The multigrid method [13] describes a tiling that can be constructed using a dual of a pentagrid, a superposition of five distinct families of hyperplanes in the case of Penrose tiling. It can be used for generating empires in cases where the dual grid for the quasicrystal has a simple representation, but it is not effective when the quasicrystal has a defect, as its dual is no longer a perfect multigrid.
The most efficient method of generating empires in quasicrystals is the cut-and-project method. While the cut-and-project method and the multigrid one are mathematically equivalent in their use of generating empires, the cut-and-project method provides us with the possibility of recovering the initial mother lattice, even for defected quasicrystals [16]. The method has also been applied to projections of non-cubic lattices, making it of general use [18].
When we project from a lattice Λ⊂ENπ∥,π⊥ onto orthogonal subspaces E∥,E⊥, the cut-window, which is a convex volume W in the perpendicular space E⊥, determines the points selected to have their projections included in the tiling of the subspace E∥, acting thus as an acceptance domain for the tiling. Once the tiling is generated, all the tiles in a given local patch can be traced back to the mother lattice, giving a restriction on the cut-window. The possibility-space-window represents the union of all cut-windows that satisfy the restriction—all the tiles in the possibility-space-window can legally coexist with the chosen patch. The empire-window represents the intersection of all the possible cut-windows—all the tiles inside the empire-window must coexist with the initial patch. This in turn acts as the cut-window for the forced tiles, the patch’s empire.1
For cubic lattices (Λ=ZN) the cut-window is sufficient for determining the tiles which fill the tiling space E⊥, but it needs to be sub-divided into regions acting as acceptance domains for individual tiles, when projecting non-cubic lattices.
To review some of the results of applying the cut-and-project method to the calculation of empires, we will give several examples in 2D and 3D cases.
2.2 Empires in 2D
For the 2D case, we will consider the Penrose tiling, a non-periodic tiling, a quasicrystal configuration that can be generated using an aperiodic set of prototiles. The 2D Penrose tiling, when projected from the cubic lattice Z5, has eight vertex types: D, J, K, Q, S, S3, S4 and S5 [21, 22]. In Figure 1, we show the empires for three of the vertex types that do not present five-fold symmetry (D, K, S4) computed with the cut-and-project method along with their possibility space [16]. The S4 vertex has the densest empire, while the D vertex has no forced tiles. The density of the empire depends on the size of the empire window, individual for each vetex type. In Figure 2, we show the empires and the possibility space of the five-fold symmetry vertex types, S5 (the star) and S (the sun) [16]. The empires of all 8 vertex types are displayed in [16].
Figure 1.
Empire calculation of the vertex types D (left), K (middle) and S4 (right). The red tiles represent the vertex patch and the green tiles represent the empire. The enlarged vertex patch is shown in the right corner for each case. The pictures for all vertex types have been published in [16], Figures 13 and 14.
Figure 2.
Empire calculation for the vertex types S5 (left) and S (right). The red tiles represent the vertex patch and the green tiles represent the empire. The enlarged vertex patch is shown in the right corner for each case. The pictures for all vertex types have been published in [16], Figures 13 and 14.
2.3 Empires in 3D
The cut-and-project method described above can be used also for computing the empires of a given patch in 3D, e.g., an Amman tiling defined by a projection of Z6 to E3 [18]. In Figure 3, we show three orientations of the empires of two of the vertex types for this projection and we can see they differ in structure, as well as in density. Two other vertex types together with their empires are shown in [18].
Figure 3.
Vertex configurations and their empires for the Ammann tiling as projected from Z6 to E3. The tiles of this quasicrystal are all rhombohedrons, and the vertex configurations are analogous to those of the Penrose tiling. The empires are shown in three orientations below the vertex configurations. Other two vertex configurations and their empires have been shown in [18] Figure 9.
Furthermore, the method can be used also for non-cubic lattices, but it requires some adjustment, as the proper selection of the tiles becomes more complex. It has been shown [18] that the cut-window must be sub-divided into regions, which act as acceptance domains for individual tiles and can be used to compute both the relative frequencies of the vertex’s configuration and the empire of a given tile configuration. The authors have used the method to compute the frequencies and sectors for an icosahedral projection of the D6 lattice to E3, which has 36 vertex configurations [23] and have compared their findings with previous results [23, 24, 25].
3. Quasicrystal dynamics
The inherent nonlocal properties of quasicrystals allow us to study different dynamical models of self-interaction and interactions between different vertex configurations in quasicrystals, using the empires. Several game-of-life [21] algorithms have been previously studied on Penrose tiling, but they have either considered a periodic grid [26] or they have considered only local rules [27, 28]. Recently, for the first time, a game-of-life scenario has been simulated using nonlocal rules on a two-dimensional qusicrystal, the Penrose tiling, in [17]. In this simulation, for the K vertex type, the emperor and its local patch are treated as a quasiparticle, a glider. The empire acts as a field and the interaction between two quasiparticles is modeled as the interaction between empires.
Several rules have been employed to describe both the self-interaction and the two-particle interactions. Firstly, the neighbors where the vertex patch is allowed to move are constrained by the higher dimensional projection, being the closest neighbors of the same vertex type in the perpendicular space. This approach differs from previous studies that consider the nearest neighbors situated in the local 2D representation [27, 28]. In Figure 4, one can see the K vertex type and 2D representation of the nearest neighbors in the perpendicular space that we have considered [17]. The distribution of the neighbors is interesting, as it surrounds an S vertex patch (sun) on one side and an S5 vertex patch (star) on the other side. We will expand on this configuration in the next section.
Figure 4.
The K vertex type surrounded by the eight possible neighbors. The orange dots represent the position of the K vertices that surround the star and sun vertex patches.
Secondly, the vertex never stays in the same position for two consecutive frames, being thus forced to move to one of the allowed neighbors in its immediate vicinity. Depending on the intrinsic configuration of the vertex patch, some vertices allow more freedom of movement than others. For example, a vertex with a five-fold symmetry will tend to perform a “circular” motion around its axis of symmetry, a rotation, while a vertex without the five-fold symmetry, like the K vertex, will have the possibility to propagate forward, the translational movement being a sequence of rotations around different centers.
Moreover, the particle moves following the “least change” rule, which states that the particle should move to the position (or one of the positions) where the result of that movement implies that the number of tiles changed in the empire is minimum. In other words, the particle will follow the path that requires the least number of changes in the tiles in the empire, while not being allowed to stay in the same position for two consecutive frames. When there is more than one choice that obeys the aforementioned rules, a random-hinge variable is introduced such that the particle will chose one of the favored positions. Due to the syntactical freedom provided by this choice, the path of a particle, unless constrained otherwise, is impossible to predict with 100% accuracy.
For the case of two-particle interactions, one more arbitrary constraint is introduced, where the local patches of the two particles are not allowed to overlap. A detailed discussion of the algorithm and the simulation setup can be found in [17].2
Besides the initial conditions, meaning the vertex type configuration and the initial position of the particles in the two-particle interaction case, the movement of the particles is influenced solely by their empires and their possibility space. When the empire changes, the possibility space changes as well, constraining the next move due to the new spatial configuration. The empire and the possibility space create a feedback loop of influence, which for an infinite quasicrystal propagates instantly at infinite distances.
One of the most interesting findings is that in the case of the two-particle interactions, the particles get locked in an oscillation type movement when they are in proximity. If we consider an analogy between the “least change” principle—the number of tiles that change between two steps is minimum—and a minimum energy principle, the system tends to reach a minimum energy state in oscillation. This is similar with the time crystal scenarios [29, 30, 31, 32] where a system disturbed by a periodic signal reaches a quasistable state in which it oscillates at a period different from the period of the external kick. In this case, a quasiparticle will draw stability from its empire interaction with other quasiparticles’ empires—a nonlocal induced stability.
4. Empires and higher dimensional representations
Quasicrystals projected from a higher dimensional lattice, Z5 for example, show several properties dictated from the representation in the high dimension, like the symmetry and the vertex and empire distribution. As discussed previously, for the K vertex type, the nearest neighbors considered in the game-of-life scenario are also dictated by the higher dimensional lattice from which the tiling is projected, being the closest neighbors in the perpendicular space [17].
In Figure 4, we have shown the K vertex type with its eight neighbors that surround a sun and a star configuration. Figure 5 shows the sun vertex patch surrounded by the five orientations of the K vertex type. This is a more complex structure that has five-fold symmetry. When choosing only the sun configurations that are bordered by the K-type vertices, we observe that these configurations come from two different regions in the perpendicular space. In Figure 6, we show the 2D distribution of the K-type vertices, plotted in two different colors, corresponding to the two distinct regions in the perpendicular space from which the vertices are projected. The vertices form interesting patterns on the Penrose tiling. Figure 7 shows a zoom-in region where only the sun configurations surrounded by K-type vertices are plotted also in different colors.
Figure 5.
The sun configuration surrounded by the five different orientations of the K-type vertex patch.
Figure 6.
The K-type vertex distribution plotted in two different colors, one for each of the distinct regions in the perpendicular space from where these configurations are projected.
Figure 7.
Sun configurations surrounded by the five orientations of the K-type vertex plotted in two different colors corresponding to the two distinct regions in the perpendicular space from where these configurations are projected.
We have performed several studies of the empires of the K-type vertices that surround sun configurations. When analyzing just the K-sun configurations projected from the same region in the perpendicular space we are looking at the empire distributions, considering the empires from the K vertices. We consider one sun configuration to be completed, when all the K vertices surrounding it have their empires turned on. One of the interesting findings is that regardless of the number of completed suns—K vertex empires turned on—no other K vertex type surrounding a sun is covered by these empires. The K vertex patch tiles closest to the center—the sun—remain uncovered by the empires from the other suns. This is valid also for the case in which the sun configurations are projected from the other region in the perpendicular space. Provided these configurations are from the same region in the perpendicular space, there are some tiles in the K vertices that are not covered by empires coming from different suns—a “selective” nonlocality constrained by the higher dimensional representation. In Figure 8, we show the K-sun configurations side-by-side from both distinct regions in the perpendicular space.
Figure 8.
Sun configurations surrounded by K vertex types from different regions in the perpendicular space displayed side-by-side. The black tiles represent the vertices with their empires turned on. The empires are colored in green.
5. Conclusions
In this chapter we have reviewed several properties of quasicrystals, their nonlocal empires, and the methods used to generate the quasicrystal configurations and the empires of their vertices. We have studied quasicrystals projected from higher dimensions, Z5 to 2D (the Penrose tiling), Z6 to E3 and D6 to E3 for the 3D case. For several vertex configurations, we have analyzed their empires—the nonlocal distribution of their forced tiles—in relation to the higher dimension representation. These nonlocal properties allow us to study the quasicrystal dynamics in a novel way, a nonlocal game-of-life approach, in which the empires and the possibility space dictate the movement and trajectory of the chosen quasiparticle configurations. Case studies of two-particle interactions based on nonlocal rules, while not exhaustive, are showing important similarities with other experimental physics discoveries, like time crystals. The research into the inherent nonlocality of quasicrystals proves very rich in describing the various quasicrystal configurations and their correlation with high dimensional representations. These studies open up a new, but very promising avenue of research that can bridge together different fields, like physics in high dimensions, gauge and group theory, phason dynamics and advanced material science.
Acknowledgments
We acknowledge the many discussions had with Richard Clawson about this project and we thank him for his useful comments and suggestions.
\n',keywords:"quasicrystals, empire, nonlocality, Penrose tiling, cut-and-project",chapterPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/70230.pdf",chapterXML:"https://mts.intechopen.com/source/xml/70230.xml",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/70230",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/70230",totalDownloads:1142,totalViews:0,totalCrossrefCites:0,dateSubmitted:"April 19th 2019",dateReviewed:"October 21st 2019",datePrePublished:"November 26th 2019",datePublished:"July 22nd 2020",dateFinished:"November 26th 2019",readingETA:"0",abstract:"In quasicrystals, any given local patch—called an emperor—forces at all distances the existence of accompanying tiles—called the empire—revealing thus their inherent nonlocality. In this chapter, we review and compare the methods currently used for generating the empires, with a focus on the cut-and-project method, which can be generalized to calculate empires for any quasicrystals that are projections of cubic lattices. Projections of non-cubic lattices are more restrictive and some modifications to the cut-and-project method must be made in order to correctly compute the tilings and their empires. Interactions between empires have been modeled in a game-of-life approach governed by nonlocal rules and will be discussed in 2D and 3D quasicrystals. These nonlocal properties and the consequent dynamical evolution have many applications in quasicrystals research, and we will explore the connections with current material science experimental research.",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/70230",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/70230",signatures:"Fang Fang, Sinziana Paduroiu, Dugan Hammock and Klee Irwin",book:{id:"9205",type:"book",title:"Electron Crystallography",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Electron Crystallography",slug:"electron-crystallography",publishedDate:"July 22nd 2020",bookSignature:"Devinder Singh and Simona Condurache-Bota",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9205.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",isbn:"978-1-83880-190-8",printIsbn:"978-1-83880-189-2",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83968-284-1",isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,editors:[{id:"184180",title:"Dr.",name:"Devinder",middleName:null,surname:"Singh",slug:"devinder-singh",fullName:"Devinder Singh"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:[{id:"302431",title:"Dr.",name:"Fang",middleName:null,surname:"Fang",fullName:"Fang Fang",slug:"fang-fang",email:"fang@quantumgravityresearch.org",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institution:{name:"Quantum Gravity Research",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"302434",title:"Dr.",name:"Sinziana",middleName:null,surname:"Paduroiu",fullName:"Sinziana Paduroiu",slug:"sinziana-paduroiu",email:"sinziana.paduroiu@gmail.com",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institution:{name:"Quantum Gravity Research",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"302436",title:"MSc.",name:"Dugan",middleName:null,surname:"Hammock",fullName:"Dugan Hammock",slug:"dugan-hammock",email:"dugan@quantumgravityresearch.org",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institution:{name:"Quantum Gravity Research",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"308562",title:"Mr.",name:"Klee",middleName:null,surname:"Irwin",fullName:"Klee Irwin",slug:"klee-irwin",email:"Klee@QuantumGravityResearch.org",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institution:{name:"Quantum Gravity Research",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}],sections:[{id:"sec_1",title:"1. Introduction",level:"1"},{id:"sec_2",title:"2. Empires in quasicrystals",level:"1"},{id:"sec_2_2",title:"2.1 Methods for generating empires",level:"2"},{id:"sec_3_2",title:"2.2 Empires in 2D",level:"2"},{id:"sec_4_2",title:"2.3 Empires in 3D",level:"2"},{id:"sec_6",title:"3. Quasicrystal dynamics",level:"1"},{id:"sec_7",title:"4. Empires and higher dimensional representations",level:"1"},{id:"sec_8",title:"5. Conclusions",level:"1"},{id:"sec_9",title:"Acknowledgments",level:"1"}],chapterReferences:[{id:"B1",body:'Shechtman D, Blech I, Gratias D, Cahn JW. Metallic phase with long-range orientational order and no translational symmetry. Physical Review Letters. 1984;53:1951. DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.53.1951'},{id:"B2",body:'Kleinert H, Maki K. Lattice textures in cholesteric liquid crystals. Fortschritte der Physik. 1981;29:219259. DOI: 10.1002/prop.19810290503'},{id:"B3",body:'Levine D, Steinhardt PJ. Quasicrystals: A new class of ordered structures. Physical Review Letters. 1984;53:2477. DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.53.2477'},{id:"B4",body:'Murr LE. Aperiodic crystal structures: Quasicrystals. Handbook of Materials Structures, Properties, Processing and Performance. Switzerland: Springer; 2014. pp. 1-9. DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-01815-7'},{id:"B5",body:'Steurer W. Twenty years of structure research on quasicrystals. Part I. Pentagonal, octagonal, decagonal and dodecagonal quasicrystals. Zeitschrift für Kristallographie – Crystalline Materials. 2004;219:391-446. DOI: 10.1524/zkri.219.7.391.35643'},{id:"B6",body:'Hovmoller S, Hovmoller ZL, Zou X, Grushko B. Structures of pseudo-decagonal approximants in Al-Co-Ni. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, Series A. 2012;370:2949. DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2011.0310'},{id:"B7",body:'Singh D, Yun Y, Wan W, Grushko B, Zou X, Hovmoller S. A complex pseudo-decagonal quasicrystalapproximant, Al37CoNi15.5, solved by rotation electron diffraction. Journal of Applied Crystallography. 2014;47:215. DOI: 10.1107/S1600576713029294'},{id:"B8",body:'Singh D, Yun Y, Wan W, Grushko B, Zou X, Hovmoller S. Structure determination of a pseudo-decagonal quasicrystal approximant by the strong-reflections approach and rotation electron diffraction. Journal of Applied Crystallography. 2016;49:433-441. DOI: 10.1107/S1600576716000042'},{id:"B9",body:'Nagao K, Inuzuka T, Nishimoto K, Edagawa K. Experimental observation of quasicrystal growth. Physical Review Letters. 2015;115:075501. DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.115.075501'},{id:"B10",body:'Grunbaum B, Shephard GC. Tilings and Patterns. New York: W. H. Freeman and Company; 1987. DOI: 0.1002/crat.2170260812'},{id:"B11",body:'Conway JH. Triangle tessellations of the plane. American Mathematical Monthly. 1965;72:915'},{id:"B12",body:'Penrose R. The role of aesthetics in pure and applied mathematical research. Bulletin of the Institute of Mathematics and Its Applications. 1974;10:266'},{id:"B13",body:'Effinger L. The empire problem in penrose tilings [thesis]. Williamstown US: Williams College; 2006'},{id:"B14",body:'Socolar JES, Steinhardt PJ. Quasicrystals. II. Unit-cell configurations. Physical Review B. 1986;34:617. DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevB.34.617'},{id:"B15",body:'Senechal MJ. Quasicrystals and Geometry. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 1995. DOI: 10.1002/adma.19970091217'},{id:"B16",body:'Fang F, Hammock D, Irwin K. Methods for calculating empires in quasicrystals. MDPI Crystals. 2017;7:304. DOI: 10.3390/cryst7100304'},{id:"B17",body:'Fang F, Paduroiu S, Hammock D, Irwin K. Non-local game of life in 2D quasicrystals. MDPI Crystals. 2018;8:416. DOI: 10.3390/cryst8110416'},{id:"B18",body:'Hammock D, Fang F, Irwin K. Quasicrystal tilings in three dimensions and their empires. MDPI Crystals. 2018;8:370. DOI: 10.3390/cryst8100370'},{id:"B19",body:'Minnick L. Generalized forcing in aperiodic tilings [thesis]. Williams College; 1998'},{id:"B20",body:'Fang F, Irwin K. An icosahedral quasicrystal and E8 derived quasicrystals. arXiv:1511.07786. 2015'},{id:"B21",body:'Gardner M. Mathematical games the fantastic combinations of John Conways new solitaire game of ‘life’. Scientific American. 1970;223:120'},{id:"B22",body:'de Bruijn NG. Algebraic theory of Penroses non-periodic tilings. Proceedings of the Koninklijke Nederlandse Akademie van Wetenschappen. 1981;84:53. DOI: 0.1016/1385-7258(81)90017-2'},{id:"B23",body:'Papadopolos Z, Kramer P, Zeidler D. The F-type icosahedral phase: Tiling and vertex models. Journal of Non-Crystalline Solids. 1993;153:215. DOI: 10.1016/0022-3093(93)90345-X'},{id:"B24",body:'Kramer P, Papadopolos Z, Zeidler D. Symmetries of icosahedral quasicrystals. In: Gruber B, Biedenharn LC, Doebner HD, editors. Symmetries in Science V. Boston: Springer; 2011. p. 395. DOI:10.1007/978-1-4615-3696-3_19'},{id:"B25",body:'Kramer P. Modelling of Quasicrystals. Physica Scripta. 1993;T49:343. DOI: 10.1088/0031-8949/1993/T49A/060'},{id:"B26",body:'Bailey DA, Lindsey KA. Game of Life on Penrose Tilings. arXiv:1708.09301. 2017'},{id:"B27",body:'Owens N, Stepney S. Investigations of Game of Life Cellular Automata Rules on Penrose Tilings: Lifetime and Ash Statistics. Automata-2008. Bristol: Luniver Press; 2008. p. 1'},{id:"B28",body:'Owens NDL, Stepney S. Investigations of game of life cellular automata rules on Penrose tilings: Lifetime, ash, and oscillator statistics. Journal of Cellular Automata. 2010;5:207'},{id:"B29",body:'Wilczek F. Quantum time crystals. Physical Review Letters. 2012;109:160401. DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.109.160401'},{id:"B30",body:'Else DV, Nayak C. Classification of topological phases in periodically driven interacting systems. Physical Review B. 2016;93:201103. DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevB.93.201103'},{id:"B31",body:'Zhang J, Hess PW, Kyprianidis A, Becker P, Lee A, Smith J, et al. Observation of a discrete time crystal. Nature. 2017;543:217. DOI: 10.1038/nature21413'},{id:"B32",body:'Sacha K, Zakrzewski J. Time crystals: A review. Reports on Progress in Physics. 2018;81:016401. DOI: 10.1088/1361-6633/aa8b38'}],footnotes:[{id:"fn1",explanation:"For a detailed description of this method and a comparison with the other methods, please refer to [16]."},{id:"fn2",explanation:"Movies from the simulations can be watched on https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL-kqKejCypNT990P0h2CFhrRCpaH9e858."}],contributors:[{corresp:"yes",contributorFullName:"Fang Fang",address:"fang@quantumgravityresearch.org",affiliation:'
'}],corrections:null},book:{id:"9205",type:"book",title:"Electron Crystallography",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Electron Crystallography",slug:"electron-crystallography",publishedDate:"July 22nd 2020",bookSignature:"Devinder Singh and Simona Condurache-Bota",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9205.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",isbn:"978-1-83880-190-8",printIsbn:"978-1-83880-189-2",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83968-284-1",isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,editors:[{id:"184180",title:"Dr.",name:"Devinder",middleName:null,surname:"Singh",slug:"devinder-singh",fullName:"Devinder Singh"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}},profile:{item:{id:"52402",title:"Mr.",name:"Moo Song",middleName:null,surname:"Kim",email:"moosongkim@hyosung.com",fullName:"Moo Song Kim",slug:"moo-song-kim",position:null,biography:null,institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",totalCites:0,totalChapterViews:"0",outsideEditionCount:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalEditedBooks:"0",personalWebsiteURL:null,twitterURL:null,linkedinURL:null,institution:{name:"Hyosung Corporation (South Korea)",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Korea, South"}}},booksEdited:[],chaptersAuthored:[{id:"23054",title:"Flame Retardancy and Dyeing Fastness of Flame Retardant Polyester Fibers",slug:"flame-retardancy-and-dyeing-fastness-of-flame-retardant-polyester-fibers",abstract:null,signatures:"Seung Cheol Yang, Moo Song Kim and Maeng-Sok Kim",authors:[{id:"36593",title:"Dr.",name:"SeungCheol",surname:"Yang",fullName:"SeungCheol Yang",slug:"seungcheol-yang",email:"imsoo@hyosung.com"},{id:"52402",title:"Mr.",name:"Moo Song",surname:"Kim",fullName:"Moo Song Kim",slug:"moo-song-kim",email:"moosongkim@hyosung.com"},{id:"52403",title:"Mr.",name:"Maeng-Sok",surname:"Kim",fullName:"Maeng-Sok Kim",slug:"maeng-sok-kim",email:"amms@hyosung.com"}],book:{id:"1351",title:"Natural Dyes",slug:"natural-dyes",productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume"}}}],collaborators:[{id:"36799",title:"Dr.",name:"Meritxell",surname:"Martí",slug:"meritxell-marti",fullName:"Meritxell Martí",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Institute of Advanced Chemistry of Catalonia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"37404",title:"Distinguished Prof.",name:"Mohamed",surname:"Ramadan",slug:"mohamed-ramadan",fullName:"Mohamed Ramadan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"National Research Centre",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Egypt"}}},{id:"40315",title:"Dr.",name:"Rattanaphol",surname:"Mongkholrattanasit",slug:"rattanaphol-mongkholrattanasit",fullName:"Rattanaphol Mongkholrattanasit",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/40315/images/147_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Rajamangala University of Technology Phra Nakhon",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Thailand"}}},{id:"42380",title:"Dr.",name:"Yuki",surname:"Morimoto",slug:"yuki-morimoto",fullName:"Yuki Morimoto",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"RIKEN",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"42763",title:"Prof.",name:"Ashis Kumar",surname:"Samanta",slug:"ashis-kumar-samanta",fullName:"Ashis Kumar Samanta",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/42763/images/system/42763.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Ashis Kumar Samanta is presently a professor and former Head of Department of the Department of Jute and Fibre Technology, University of Calcutta, India. He was previously the chairman of the Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) TXD-07 Committee for Speciality Chemicals and Dyestuff; chairman, Board of Studies (BOS), Bachelor of Fashion and Apparel Design, University of Calcutta; and a regional board member for South East Asia for the American Association of Textile Chemists and Colorists (AATCC), USA. He was a Professor In Charge at the Institute of Jute Technology (IJT), India. From 2009 to 2011, dr. Samanta was a member of the Governing Council of IJT for three terms. He has also been a member of the Research Advisory Committee of the Indian Council of Agricultural Research, National Institute of Research on Jute and Allied Fibre Technology (ICAR-NIRJAFT); an expert member of the Technical Advisory Committee for Khadi and Textiles at the Mahatma Gandhi Institute for Rural Industrialization (MGIRI); member of BOS for Bachelor of Design (Textiles), Viswabharati; member of the Ph.D. Committee in Textile Technology, University of Calcutta; and the former chairman/convener and co-chairman of the Textile Engineering Division, WBSC of IE(I). \n\n\nHe served as the assistant director of the Manmade Textiles Research Association (MANTRA), Surat, from 1997 to 1998. He is an expert member of WG-31 on Natural materials for Textiles under ISO-TC-38 and attended the plenary meetings of ISO-TC-38. On behalf of BIS, Dr. Samanta collaborated with other experts to develop ten BIS Test Standards and five ISO Test Standards for natural dyes. He has run and completed sixteen research-and-development projects and two HRD projects.\n\n\nDr. Samanta is the recipient of numerous awards, including the Bharat Nirman Award in Jute and Textile Technology Education and Research in 2014; Eminent Engineer Award in 2019; Triguna Charan Sen Award in 1996 and 2014; Subject Paper Award in 2006; and a Special Merit Award in 2007, all from the Institution of Engineers (India) IE(I). He is the reviewer of many international journals including Textile Research Journal, Journal of Natural Fibres, Journal of Industrial Textiles, Journal of Textile Institute, Indian Journal of Fibre and Textile Research, Journal of Fibres and Polymers, Coloration Technology, Journal of Cleaner Production, Journal of BioResource and Technology and Indian Journal of Natural Fibres.\n\nHe is an editorial board member for five national and international journals. To date, he has mentored twelve Ph.D. students and is currently mentoring three more. \n\n\nHis main areas of research are chemical processing and finishing including natural dyes, nanomaterials, and phase change materials. He has more than 300 publications, including 135 research papers, 55 technical articles, 108 conference papers, 10 book chapters, 11 training manuals, and 4 books, to his credit.",institutionString:"University of Calcutta",institution:{name:"University of Calcutta",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"50085",title:"Mr.",name:"Adwaita",surname:"Konar",slug:"adwaita-konar",fullName:"Adwaita Konar",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"87912",title:"Prof.",name:"Jiří",surname:"Kryštůfek",slug:"jiri-krystufek",fullName:"Jiří Kryštůfek",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Technical University of Liberec",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Czech Republic"}}},{id:"87913",title:"Prof.",name:"Jakub",surname:"Wiener",slug:"jakub-wiener",fullName:"Jakub Wiener",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Technical University of Liberec",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Czech Republic"}}},{id:"87915",title:"Dr.",name:"Jarmila",surname:"Studničková",slug:"jarmila-studnickova",fullName:"Jarmila Studničková",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Technical University of Liberec",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Czech Republic"}}},{id:"92546",title:"Dr.",name:"Daisaku",surname:"Arita",slug:"daisaku-arita",fullName:"Daisaku Arita",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Institute of Systems, Information Technologies and Nanotechnologies",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}}]},generic:{page:{slug:"about-open-access",title:"About Open Access and Open Science",intro:"
"Open access contributes to scientific excellence and integrity. It opens up research results to wider analysis. It allows research results to be reused for new discoveries. And it enables the multi-disciplinary research that is needed to solve global 21st century problems. Open access connects science with society. It allows the public to engage with research. To go behind the headlines. And look at the scientific evidence. And it enables policy makers to draw on innovative solutions to societal challenges".
\n\n
Carlos Moedas, the European Commissioner for Research Science and Innovation at the STM Annual Frankfurt Conference, October 2016.
",metaTitle:"About Open Access",metaDescription:"Open access contributes to scientific excellence and integrity. It opens up research results to wider analysis. It allows research results to be reused for new discoveries. And it enables the multi-disciplinary research that is needed to solve global 21st century problems. Open access connects science with society. It allows the public to engage with research. To go behind the headlines. And look at the scientific evidence. And it enables policy makers to draw on innovative solutions to societal challenges.\n\nCarlos Moedas, the European Commissioner for Research Science and Innovation at the STM Annual Frankfurt Conference, October 2016.",metaKeywords:null,canonicalURL:"about-open-access",contentRaw:'[{"type":"htmlEditorComponent","content":"
Open Access background
\\n\\n
The Open Access publishing movement started in the early 2000s when academic leaders from around the world participated in the formation of the Budapest Initiative. They developed recommendations for an Open Access publishing process, “which has worked for the past decade to provide the public with unrestricted, free access to scholarly research—much of which is publicly funded. Making the research publicly available to everyone—free of charge and without most copyright and licensing restrictions—will accelerate scientific research efforts and allow authors to reach a larger number of readers” (reference: http://www.budapestopenaccessinitiative.org)
\\n\\n
IntechOpen’s co-founders, both scientists themselves, created the company while undertaking research in robotics at Vienna University. Their goal was to spread research freely “for scientists, by scientists’ to the rest of the world via the Open Access publishing model. The company soon became a signatory of the Budapest Initiative, which currently has more than 1000 supporting organizations worldwide, ranging from universities to funders.
\\n\\n
At IntechOpen today, we are still as committed to working with organizations and people who care about scientific discovery, to putting the academic needs of the scientific community first, and to providing an Open Access environment where scientists can maximize their contribution to scientific advancement. By opening up access to the world’s scientific research articles and book chapters, we aim to facilitate greater opportunity for collaboration, scientific discovery and progress. We subscribe wholeheartedly to the Open Access definition:
\\n\\n
“By “open access” to [peer-reviewed research literature], we mean its free availability on the public internet, permitting any users to read, download, copy, distribute, print, search, or link to the full texts of these articles, crawl them for indexing, pass them as data to software, or use them for any other lawful purpose, without financial, legal, or technical barriers other than those inseparable from gaining access to the internet itself. The only constraint on reproduction and distribution, and the only role for copyright in this domain, should be to give authors control over the integrity of their work and the right to be properly acknowledged and cited” (reference: http://www.budapestopenaccessinitiative.org)
\\n\\n
Open Access Standards followed by IntechOpen
\\n\\n
OAI-PMH
\\n\\n
As a firm believer in the wider dissemination of knowledge, IntechOpen supports the Open Access Initiative Protocol for Metadata Harvesting (OAI-PMH Version 2.0). Read more
\\n\\n
License
\\n\\n
Book chapters published in edited volumes are distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License (CC BY 3.0). IntechOpen upholds a very flexible Copyright Policy. There is no copyright transfer to the publisher and Authors retain exclusive copyright to their work. All Monographs/Compacts are distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0). Read more
\\n\\n
Peer Review Policies
\\n\\n
All scientific works are Peer Reviewed prior to publishing. Read more
\\n\\n
OA Publishing Fees
\\n\\n
The Open Access publishing model employed by IntechOpen eliminates subscription charges and pay-per-view fees, enabling readers to access research at no cost. In order to sustain operations and keep our publications freely accessible we levy an Open Access Publishing Fee for manuscripts, which helps us cover the costs of editorial work and the production of books. Read more
\\n\\n
Digital Archiving Policy
\\n\\n
IntechOpen is committed to ensuring the long-term preservation and the availability of all scholarly research we publish. We employ a variety of means to enable us to deliver on our commitments to the scientific community. Apart from preservation by the Croatian National Library (for publications prior to April 18, 2018) and the British Library (for publications after April 18, 2018), our entire catalogue is preserved in the CLOCKSS archive.
\\n\\n
Open Science
\\n\\n
Open Science is transparent and accessible knowledge that is shared and developed through collaborative networks.
\\n\\n
Open Science is about increased rigour, accountability, and reproducibility for research. It is based on the principles of inclusion, fairness, equity, and sharing, and ultimately seeks to change the way research is done, who is involved and how it is valued. It aims to make research more open to participation, review/refutation, improvement and (re)use for the world to benefit.
\\n\\n
Open Science refers to doing traditional science with more transparency involved at various stages, for example by openly sharing code and data. It implies a growing set of practices - within different disciplines - aiming at:
\\n\\n
\\n\\t
Promoting open and publicly accessible education tools
\\n\\t
Transparency in experimental methodology, observation, and collection of data
\\n\\t
Reproducible research data and re-analysis
\\n\\t
Public availability and re-usability of scientific data
\\n\\t
Public accessibility and transparency of scientific communication
\\n\\t
Transparent peer-review and publishing practices
\\n\\t
Using web-based tools to facilitate scientific collaboration
\\n\\t
Supporting exchange of knowledge and research materials between disciplines
\\n\\t
Supporting exchange of knowledge and research materials between scientific communities and industry.
\\n
\\n\\n
We aim at improving the quality and availability of scholarly communication by promoting and practicing:
The Open Access publishing movement started in the early 2000s when academic leaders from around the world participated in the formation of the Budapest Initiative. They developed recommendations for an Open Access publishing process, “which has worked for the past decade to provide the public with unrestricted, free access to scholarly research—much of which is publicly funded. Making the research publicly available to everyone—free of charge and without most copyright and licensing restrictions—will accelerate scientific research efforts and allow authors to reach a larger number of readers” (reference: http://www.budapestopenaccessinitiative.org)
\n\n
IntechOpen’s co-founders, both scientists themselves, created the company while undertaking research in robotics at Vienna University. Their goal was to spread research freely “for scientists, by scientists’ to the rest of the world via the Open Access publishing model. The company soon became a signatory of the Budapest Initiative, which currently has more than 1000 supporting organizations worldwide, ranging from universities to funders.
\n\n
At IntechOpen today, we are still as committed to working with organizations and people who care about scientific discovery, to putting the academic needs of the scientific community first, and to providing an Open Access environment where scientists can maximize their contribution to scientific advancement. By opening up access to the world’s scientific research articles and book chapters, we aim to facilitate greater opportunity for collaboration, scientific discovery and progress. We subscribe wholeheartedly to the Open Access definition:
\n\n
“By “open access” to [peer-reviewed research literature], we mean its free availability on the public internet, permitting any users to read, download, copy, distribute, print, search, or link to the full texts of these articles, crawl them for indexing, pass them as data to software, or use them for any other lawful purpose, without financial, legal, or technical barriers other than those inseparable from gaining access to the internet itself. The only constraint on reproduction and distribution, and the only role for copyright in this domain, should be to give authors control over the integrity of their work and the right to be properly acknowledged and cited” (reference: http://www.budapestopenaccessinitiative.org)
\n\n
Open Access Standards followed by IntechOpen
\n\n
OAI-PMH
\n\n
As a firm believer in the wider dissemination of knowledge, IntechOpen supports the Open Access Initiative Protocol for Metadata Harvesting (OAI-PMH Version 2.0). Read more
\n\n
License
\n\n
Book chapters published in edited volumes are distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License (CC BY 3.0). IntechOpen upholds a very flexible Copyright Policy. There is no copyright transfer to the publisher and Authors retain exclusive copyright to their work. All Monographs/Compacts are distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0). Read more
\n\n
Peer Review Policies
\n\n
All scientific works are Peer Reviewed prior to publishing. Read more
\n\n
OA Publishing Fees
\n\n
The Open Access publishing model employed by IntechOpen eliminates subscription charges and pay-per-view fees, enabling readers to access research at no cost. In order to sustain operations and keep our publications freely accessible we levy an Open Access Publishing Fee for manuscripts, which helps us cover the costs of editorial work and the production of books. Read more
\n\n
Digital Archiving Policy
\n\n
IntechOpen is committed to ensuring the long-term preservation and the availability of all scholarly research we publish. We employ a variety of means to enable us to deliver on our commitments to the scientific community. Apart from preservation by the Croatian National Library (for publications prior to April 18, 2018) and the British Library (for publications after April 18, 2018), our entire catalogue is preserved in the CLOCKSS archive.
\n\n
Open Science
\n\n
Open Science is transparent and accessible knowledge that is shared and developed through collaborative networks.
\n\n
Open Science is about increased rigour, accountability, and reproducibility for research. It is based on the principles of inclusion, fairness, equity, and sharing, and ultimately seeks to change the way research is done, who is involved and how it is valued. It aims to make research more open to participation, review/refutation, improvement and (re)use for the world to benefit.
\n\n
Open Science refers to doing traditional science with more transparency involved at various stages, for example by openly sharing code and data. It implies a growing set of practices - within different disciplines - aiming at:
\n\n
\n\t
Promoting open and publicly accessible education tools
\n\t
Transparency in experimental methodology, observation, and collection of data
\n\t
Reproducible research data and re-analysis
\n\t
Public availability and re-usability of scientific data
\n\t
Public accessibility and transparency of scientific communication
\n\t
Transparent peer-review and publishing practices
\n\t
Using web-based tools to facilitate scientific collaboration
\n\t
Supporting exchange of knowledge and research materials between disciplines
\n\t
Supporting exchange of knowledge and research materials between scientific communities and industry.
\n
\n\n
We aim at improving the quality and availability of scholarly communication by promoting and practicing:
\n\n
\n\t
Open Access
\n\t
Open Data
\n\t
Open Metrics and Impact
\n\t
Open Source
\n
\n\n
\n'}]},successStories:{items:[]},authorsAndEditors:{filterParams:{sort:"-totalCites"},profiles:[{id:"352625",title:"Dr.",name:"Nanjappa",middleName:null,surname:"Ashwath",slug:"nanjappa-ashwath",fullName:"Nanjappa Ashwath",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00003633Y6QAI/Profile_Picture_1616134000897",biography:"Associate Professor Nanjappa Ashwath is a plant scientist researching on mine site rehabilitation and native species over the last 30 years. His speciality is in finding the right plant species to a degraded site to ensure that the established species will survive and provide long term ecosystem services. He has researched on restoring uranium mines, coal mines, metalliferous mines, mangrove habitats, roadside verges and railway embankments. He teaches into Australian Botany and Landscape Ecology & Management. Assoc Prof Ashwath supervises post graduate students on a range of topics, including phytoremediation, phytocapping and mine site restoration. His contribution to research at CQU has won him the Vice Chancellor’s Award for research. He has authored/co-authored over 200 publications and serves in the editorial committees of ~10 journals.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Central Queensland University",country:{name:"Australia"}}},{id:"131328",title:"Prof.",name:"Abdennasser",middleName:null,surname:"Chebira",slug:"abdennasser-chebira",fullName:"Abdennasser Chebira",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/131328/images/system/131328.jpg",biography:"Dr. Abdennasser Chebira received his Ph.D. degree in Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences from PARIS XI University, Orsay, France, in 1994. Since September 1994 he works as Professor Assistant at Sénart Institute of Technology of PARIS XII – Val de Marne University. He is a staff researcher at Images, Signal and Intelligent Systems Laboratory (LISSI / EA 3956) of this University. His current research works concern selforganizing neural network based multi-modeling, hybrid neural based information processing systems; Neural based data fusion and complexity estimation.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"262400",title:"Dr.",name:"Thiago Lopes",middleName:null,surname:"Rocha",slug:"thiago-lopes-rocha",fullName:"Thiago Lopes Rocha",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Federal de Goiás",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"327936",title:"Dr.",name:"Mohamed",middleName:null,surname:"Anli",slug:"mohamed-anli",fullName:"Mohamed Anli",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"512",title:"Dr.",name:"Dayang",middleName:null,surname:"Jawawi",slug:"dayang-jawawi",fullName:"Dayang Jawawi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Technology Malaysia",country:{name:"Malaysia"}}},{id:"197120",title:"Mr.",name:"Habib Ur",middleName:null,surname:"Rehman",slug:"habib-ur-rehman",fullName:"Habib Ur Rehman",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Agriculture Faisalabad",country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"328192",title:"Dr.",name:"Sameer",middleName:null,surname:"Kumar",slug:"sameer-kumar",fullName:"Sameer Kumar",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Central University of Kerala",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"1024",title:"Dr.",name:"Keinosuke",middleName:null,surname:"Matsumoto",slug:"keinosuke-matsumoto",fullName:"Keinosuke Matsumoto",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Osaka Prefecture University",country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"66560",title:"Dr.",name:"Nicole",middleName:null,surname:"Verrills",slug:"nicole-verrills",fullName:"Nicole Verrills",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Newcastle Australia",country:{name:"Australia"}}},{id:"197632",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Karolína",middleName:null,surname:"Barinková",slug:"karolina-barinkova",fullName:"Karolína Barinková",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Pavol Jozef Šafárik",country:{name:"Slovakia"}}},{id:"328704",title:"Dr.",name:"Esther",middleName:null,surname:"Carrillo-Pérez",slug:"esther-carrillo-perez",fullName:"Esther Carrillo-Pérez",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidad de Sonora",country:{name:"Mexico"}}},{id:"66816",title:"Dr.",name:"Iwao",middleName:null,surname:"Emura",slug:"iwao-emura",fullName:"Iwao Emura",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Nagaoka Red Cross Hospital",country:{name:"Japan"}}}],filtersByRegion:[{group:"region",caption:"North America",value:1,count:13389},{group:"region",caption:"Middle and South America",value:2,count:11660},{group:"region",caption:"Africa",value:3,count:4168},{group:"region",caption:"Asia",value:4,count:22334},{group:"region",caption:"Australia and Oceania",value:5,count:2019},{group:"region",caption:"Europe",value:6,count:33642}],offset:12,limit:12,total:135275},chapterEmbeded:{data:{}},editorApplication:{success:null,errors:{}},ofsBooks:{filterParams:{hasNoEditors:"1",sort:"-date",topicId:"16"},books:[],filtersByTopic:[{group:"topic",caption:"Agricultural and Biological Sciences",value:5,count:27},{group:"topic",caption:"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology",value:6,count:7},{group:"topic",caption:"Business, Management and Economics",value:7,count:4},{group:"topic",caption:"Chemistry",value:8,count:16},{group:"topic",caption:"Computer and Information Science",value:9,count:18},{group:"topic",caption:"Earth and Planetary Sciences",value:10,count:8},{group:"topic",caption:"Engineering",value:11,count:42},{group:"topic",caption:"Environmental Sciences",value:12,count:5},{group:"topic",caption:"Immunology and Microbiology",value:13,count:8},{group:"topic",caption:"Materials Science",value:14,count:17},{group:"topic",caption:"Mathematics",value:15,count:9},{group:"topic",caption:"Medicine",value:16,count:68},{group:"topic",caption:"Nanotechnology and Nanomaterials",value:17,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Neuroscience",value:18,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutical Science",value:19,count:7},{group:"topic",caption:"Physics",value:20,count:6},{group:"topic",caption:"Psychology",value:21,count:5},{group:"topic",caption:"Robotics",value:22,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Social Sciences",value:23,count:7},{group:"topic",caption:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",value:25,count:2}],offset:0,limit:12,total:null},popularBooks:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"7827",title:"Interpersonal Relationships",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ebf41f4d17c75010eb3294cc8cac3d47",slug:"interpersonal-relationships",bookSignature:"Martha Peaslee Levine",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7827.jpg",editors:[{id:"186919",title:"Dr.",name:"Martha",middleName:null,surname:"Peaslee Levine",slug:"martha-peaslee-levine",fullName:"Martha Peaslee Levine"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10808",title:"Current Concepts in Dental Implantology",subtitle:"From Science to Clinical Research",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4af8830e463f89c57515c2da2b9777b0",slug:"current-concepts-in-dental-implantology-from-science-to-clinical-research",bookSignature:"Dragana Gabrić and Marko Vuletić",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10808.jpg",editors:[{id:"26946",title:"Prof.",name:"Dragana",middleName:null,surname:"Gabrić",slug:"dragana-gabric",fullName:"Dragana Gabrić"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10796",title:"Extracellular Vesicles",subtitle:"Role in Diseases, Pathogenesis and Therapy",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"eb5407fcf93baff7bca3fae5640153a2",slug:"extracellular-vesicles-role-in-diseases-pathogenesis-and-therapy",bookSignature:"Manash K. Paul",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10796.jpg",editors:[{id:"319365",title:"Assistant Prof.",name:"Manash K.",middleName:null,surname:"Paul",slug:"manash-k.-paul",fullName:"Manash K. Paul"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10908",title:"Advances in Decision Making",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"126486f7f91e18e2e3539a32c38be7b1",slug:"advances-in-decision-making",bookSignature:"Fausto Pedro García Márquez",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10908.jpg",editors:[{id:"22844",title:"Prof.",name:"Fausto Pedro",middleName:null,surname:"García Márquez",slug:"fausto-pedro-garcia-marquez",fullName:"Fausto Pedro García Márquez"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"95",title:"Applications and Experiences of Quality Control",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4bcb22b1eee68210a977a97d5a0f363a",slug:"applications-and-experiences-of-quality-control",bookSignature:"Ognyan Ivanov",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/95.jpg",editors:[{id:"22230",title:"Prof.",name:"Ognyan",middleName:null,surname:"Ivanov",slug:"ognyan-ivanov",fullName:"Ognyan Ivanov"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"2160",title:"MATLAB",subtitle:"A Fundamental Tool for Scientific Computing and Engineering Applications - Volume 1",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"dd9c658341fbd264ed4f8d9e6aa8ca29",slug:"matlab-a-fundamental-tool-for-scientific-computing-and-engineering-applications-volume-1",bookSignature:"Vasilios N. Katsikis",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2160.jpg",editors:[{id:"12289",title:"Prof.",name:"Vasilios",middleName:"N.",surname:"Katsikis",slug:"vasilios-katsikis",fullName:"Vasilios Katsikis"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"3560",title:"Advances in Landscape Architecture",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a20614517ec5f7e91188fe8e42832138",slug:"advances-in-landscape-architecture",bookSignature:"Murat Özyavuz",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3560.jpg",editors:[{id:"93073",title:"Dr.",name:"Murat",middleName:null,surname:"Ozyavuz",slug:"murat-ozyavuz",fullName:"Murat Ozyavuz"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10739",title:"Global Decline of Insects",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"543783652b9092962a8fa4bed38eeb17",slug:"global-decline-of-insects",bookSignature:"Hamadttu Abdel Farag El-Shafie",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10739.jpg",editors:[{id:"192142",title:"Dr.",name:"Hamadttu",middleName:null,surname:"Abdel Farag El-Shafie",slug:"hamadttu-abdel-farag-el-shafie",fullName:"Hamadttu Abdel Farag El-Shafie"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10911",title:"Higher Education",subtitle:"New Approaches to Accreditation, Digitalization, and Globalization in the Age of Covid",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"223a02337498e535e967174c1f648fbc",slug:"higher-education-new-approaches-to-accreditation-digitalization-and-globalization-in-the-age-of-covid",bookSignature:"Lee Waller and Sharon Waller",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10911.jpg",editors:[{id:"263301",title:"Dr.",name:"Lee",middleName:null,surname:"Waller",slug:"lee-waller",fullName:"Lee Waller"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"3568",title:"Recent Advances in Plant in vitro Culture",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"830bbb601742c85a3fb0eeafe1454c43",slug:"recent-advances-in-plant-in-vitro-culture",bookSignature:"Annarita Leva and Laura M. R. Rinaldi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3568.jpg",editors:[{id:"142145",title:"Dr.",name:"Annarita",middleName:null,surname:"Leva",slug:"annarita-leva",fullName:"Annarita Leva"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"3737",title:"MATLAB",subtitle:"Modelling, Programming and Simulations",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:null,slug:"matlab-modelling-programming-and-simulations",bookSignature:"Emilson Pereira Leite",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3737.jpg",editors:[{id:"12051",title:"Prof.",name:"Emilson",middleName:null,surname:"Pereira Leite",slug:"emilson-pereira-leite",fullName:"Emilson Pereira Leite"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"1770",title:"Gel Electrophoresis",subtitle:"Principles and Basics",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"279701f6c802cf02deef45103e0611ff",slug:"gel-electrophoresis-principles-and-basics",bookSignature:"Sameh Magdeldin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1770.jpg",editors:[{id:"123648",title:"Dr.",name:"Sameh",middleName:null,surname:"Magdeldin",slug:"sameh-magdeldin",fullName:"Sameh Magdeldin"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],offset:12,limit:12,total:4798},hotBookTopics:{hotBooks:[],offset:0,limit:12,total:null},publish:{},publishingProposal:{success:null,errors:{}},books:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"7827",title:"Interpersonal Relationships",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ebf41f4d17c75010eb3294cc8cac3d47",slug:"interpersonal-relationships",bookSignature:"Martha Peaslee Levine",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7827.jpg",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",numberOfDownloads:7175,editors:[{id:"186919",title:"Dr.",name:"Martha",middleName:null,surname:"Peaslee Levine",slug:"martha-peaslee-levine",fullName:"Martha Peaslee Levine"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10808",title:"Current Concepts in Dental Implantology",subtitle:"From Science to Clinical Research",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4af8830e463f89c57515c2da2b9777b0",slug:"current-concepts-in-dental-implantology-from-science-to-clinical-research",bookSignature:"Dragana Gabrić and Marko Vuletić",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10808.jpg",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",numberOfDownloads:1981,editors:[{id:"26946",title:"Prof.",name:"Dragana",middleName:null,surname:"Gabrić",slug:"dragana-gabric",fullName:"Dragana Gabrić"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10796",title:"Extracellular Vesicles",subtitle:"Role in Diseases, Pathogenesis and Therapy",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"eb5407fcf93baff7bca3fae5640153a2",slug:"extracellular-vesicles-role-in-diseases-pathogenesis-and-therapy",bookSignature:"Manash K. Paul",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10796.jpg",publishedDate:"July 20th 2022",numberOfDownloads:2308,editors:[{id:"319365",title:"Assistant Prof.",name:"Manash K.",middleName:null,surname:"Paul",slug:"manash-k.-paul",fullName:"Manash K. Paul"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10908",title:"Advances in Decision Making",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"126486f7f91e18e2e3539a32c38be7b1",slug:"advances-in-decision-making",bookSignature:"Fausto Pedro García Márquez",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10908.jpg",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",numberOfDownloads:1473,editors:[{id:"22844",title:"Prof.",name:"Fausto Pedro",middleName:null,surname:"García Márquez",slug:"fausto-pedro-garcia-marquez",fullName:"Fausto Pedro García Márquez"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"95",title:"Applications and Experiences of Quality Control",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4bcb22b1eee68210a977a97d5a0f363a",slug:"applications-and-experiences-of-quality-control",bookSignature:"Ognyan Ivanov",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/95.jpg",publishedDate:"April 26th 2011",numberOfDownloads:318571,editors:[{id:"22230",title:"Prof.",name:"Ognyan",middleName:null,surname:"Ivanov",slug:"ognyan-ivanov",fullName:"Ognyan Ivanov"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"2160",title:"MATLAB",subtitle:"A Fundamental Tool for Scientific Computing and Engineering Applications - Volume 1",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"dd9c658341fbd264ed4f8d9e6aa8ca29",slug:"matlab-a-fundamental-tool-for-scientific-computing-and-engineering-applications-volume-1",bookSignature:"Vasilios N. Katsikis",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2160.jpg",publishedDate:"September 26th 2012",numberOfDownloads:271836,editors:[{id:"12289",title:"Prof.",name:"Vasilios",middleName:"N.",surname:"Katsikis",slug:"vasilios-katsikis",fullName:"Vasilios Katsikis"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"3560",title:"Advances in Landscape Architecture",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a20614517ec5f7e91188fe8e42832138",slug:"advances-in-landscape-architecture",bookSignature:"Murat Özyavuz",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3560.jpg",publishedDate:"July 1st 2013",numberOfDownloads:243450,editors:[{id:"93073",title:"Dr.",name:"Murat",middleName:null,surname:"Ozyavuz",slug:"murat-ozyavuz",fullName:"Murat Ozyavuz"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10739",title:"Global Decline of Insects",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"543783652b9092962a8fa4bed38eeb17",slug:"global-decline-of-insects",bookSignature:"Hamadttu Abdel Farag El-Shafie",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10739.jpg",publishedDate:"July 20th 2022",numberOfDownloads:1582,editors:[{id:"192142",title:"Dr.",name:"Hamadttu",middleName:null,surname:"Abdel Farag El-Shafie",slug:"hamadttu-abdel-farag-el-shafie",fullName:"Hamadttu Abdel Farag El-Shafie"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10911",title:"Higher Education",subtitle:"New Approaches to Accreditation, Digitalization, and Globalization in the Age of Covid",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"223a02337498e535e967174c1f648fbc",slug:"higher-education-new-approaches-to-accreditation-digitalization-and-globalization-in-the-age-of-covid",bookSignature:"Lee Waller and Sharon Waller",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10911.jpg",publishedDate:"July 13th 2022",numberOfDownloads:2082,editors:[{id:"263301",title:"Dr.",name:"Lee",middleName:null,surname:"Waller",slug:"lee-waller",fullName:"Lee Waller"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"3568",title:"Recent Advances in Plant in vitro Culture",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"830bbb601742c85a3fb0eeafe1454c43",slug:"recent-advances-in-plant-in-vitro-culture",bookSignature:"Annarita Leva and Laura M. R. Rinaldi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3568.jpg",publishedDate:"October 17th 2012",numberOfDownloads:256294,editors:[{id:"142145",title:"Dr.",name:"Annarita",middleName:null,surname:"Leva",slug:"annarita-leva",fullName:"Annarita Leva"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],latestBooks:[{type:"book",id:"10808",title:"Current Concepts in Dental Implantology",subtitle:"From Science to Clinical Research",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4af8830e463f89c57515c2da2b9777b0",slug:"current-concepts-in-dental-implantology-from-science-to-clinical-research",bookSignature:"Dragana Gabrić and Marko Vuletić",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10808.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",editors:[{id:"26946",title:"Prof.",name:"Dragana",middleName:null,surname:"Gabrić",slug:"dragana-gabric",fullName:"Dragana Gabrić"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11328",title:"Botulinum Toxin",subtitle:"Recent Topics and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"7dd05a316001cef143e209eda51387a7",slug:"botulinum-toxin-recent-topics-and-applications",bookSignature:"Suna Sabuncuoglu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11328.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",editors:[{id:"270856",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Suna",middleName:null,surname:"Sabuncuoglu",slug:"suna-sabuncuoglu",fullName:"Suna Sabuncuoglu"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11085",title:"Polycystic Ovary Syndrome",subtitle:"Functional Investigation and Clinical Application",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"3066dd3ff29e1fac072fd60b08d4d3e7",slug:"polycystic-ovary-syndrome-functional-investigation-and-clinical-application",bookSignature:"Zhengchao Wang",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11085.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",editors:[{id:"204883",title:"Dr.",name:"Zhengchao",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",slug:"zhengchao-wang",fullName:"Zhengchao Wang"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10833",title:"Tumor Angiogenesis and Modulators",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f29b575c46128b2da061ef7f9bd1070b",slug:"tumor-angiogenesis-and-modulators",bookSignature:"Ke Xu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10833.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",editors:[{id:"59529",title:"Dr.",name:"Ke",middleName:null,surname:"Xu",slug:"ke-xu",fullName:"Ke Xu"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11356",title:"Molecular Cloning",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"671c629dd86e97f0fb467b9e70e92296",slug:"molecular-cloning",bookSignature:"Sadık Dincer, Hatice Aysun Mercimek Takcı and Melis Sumengen Ozdenef",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11356.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",editors:[{id:"188141",title:"Prof.",name:"Sadik",middleName:null,surname:"Dincer",slug:"sadik-dincer",fullName:"Sadik Dincer"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7827",title:"Interpersonal Relationships",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ebf41f4d17c75010eb3294cc8cac3d47",slug:"interpersonal-relationships",bookSignature:"Martha Peaslee Levine",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7827.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",editors:[{id:"186919",title:"Dr.",name:"Martha",middleName:null,surname:"Peaslee Levine",slug:"martha-peaslee-levine",fullName:"Martha Peaslee Levine"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10908",title:"Advances in Decision Making",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"126486f7f91e18e2e3539a32c38be7b1",slug:"advances-in-decision-making",bookSignature:"Fausto Pedro García Márquez",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10908.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",editors:[{id:"22844",title:"Prof.",name:"Fausto Pedro",middleName:null,surname:"García Márquez",slug:"fausto-pedro-garcia-marquez",fullName:"Fausto Pedro García Márquez"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10669",title:"Corrosion",subtitle:"Fundamentals and Protection Mechanisms",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4a76d54f8a40fc2e7002a8d13fd617c1",slug:"corrosion-fundamentals-and-protection-mechanisms",bookSignature:"Fahmina Zafar, Anujit Ghosal and Eram Sharmin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10669.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",editors:[{id:"89672",title:"Dr.",name:"Fahmina",middleName:null,surname:"Zafar",slug:"fahmina-zafar",fullName:"Fahmina Zafar"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10677",title:"Advanced Topics of Topology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"bf964c52f9e653fac20a7fcab58070e5",slug:"advanced-topics-of-topology",bookSignature:"Francisco Bulnes",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10677.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",editors:[{id:"92918",title:"Dr.",name:"Francisco",middleName:null,surname:"Bulnes",slug:"francisco-bulnes",fullName:"Francisco Bulnes"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11195",title:"Recent Advances in Biometrics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"2d32e33e0f499cb5241734bb75dd2a83",slug:"recent-advances-in-biometrics",bookSignature:"Muhammad Sarfraz",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11195.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",editors:[{id:"215610",title:"Prof.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Sarfraz",slug:"muhammad-sarfraz",fullName:"Muhammad Sarfraz"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},subject:{topic:{id:"1130",title:"Euthenics",slug:"euthenics",parent:{id:"200",title:"Public Health",slug:"medicine-public-health"},numberOfBooks:4,numberOfSeries:0,numberOfAuthorsAndEditors:102,numberOfWosCitations:421,numberOfCrossrefCitations:253,numberOfDimensionsCitations:589,videoUrl:null,fallbackUrl:null,description:null},booksByTopicFilter:{topicId:"1130",sort:"-publishedDate",limit:12,offset:0},booksByTopicCollection:[{type:"book",id:"6013",title:"Well-being and Quality of Life",subtitle:"Medical Perspective",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8ce9412b0c4cf7532a3ed3269e5a8ebf",slug:"well-being-and-quality-of-life-medical-perspective",bookSignature:"Mukadder Mollaoglu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6013.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"43900",title:"Prof.",name:"Mukadder",middleName:null,surname:"Mollaoğlu",slug:"mukadder-mollaoglu",fullName:"Mukadder Mollaoğlu"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"5963",title:"Functional Food",subtitle:"Improve Health through Adequate Food",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a7e56600bbbb1d3ed63d334cc575dc14",slug:"functional-food-improve-health-through-adequate-food",bookSignature:"Maria Chavarri Hueda",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5963.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"150285",title:"Dr.",name:"María",middleName:null,surname:"Chávarri Hueda",slug:"maria-chavarri-hueda",fullName:"María Chávarri Hueda"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"5176",title:"Nutritional Deficiency",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a2e20dabc8ed6fbaef3686be8c6fce99",slug:"nutritional-deficiency",bookSignature:"Pınar Erkekoglu and Belma Kocer-Gumusel",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5176.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"109978",title:"Prof.",name:"Pınar",middleName:null,surname:"Erkekoglu",slug:"pinar-erkekoglu",fullName:"Pınar Erkekoglu"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1419",title:"Nutrition, Well-Being and Health",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"cb4a765eccac4539851ea572efb58806",slug:"nutrition-well-being-and-health",bookSignature:"Jaouad Bouayed and Torsten Bohn",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1419.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"34084",title:"Dr.",name:"Jaouad",middleName:null,surname:"Bouayed",slug:"jaouad-bouayed",fullName:"Jaouad Bouayed"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],booksByTopicTotal:4,seriesByTopicCollection:[],seriesByTopicTotal:0,mostCitedChapters:[{id:"55808",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.69127",title:"The Role of Legumes in Human Nutrition",slug:"the-role-of-legumes-in-human-nutrition",totalDownloads:5436,totalCrossrefCites:63,totalDimensionsCites:109,abstract:"Legumes are valued worldwide as a sustainable and inexpensive meat alternative and are considered the second most important food source after cereals. Legumes are nutritionally valuable, providing proteins (20–45%) with essential amino acids, complex carbohydrates (±60%) and dietary fibre (5–37%). Legumes also have no cholesterol and are generally low in fat, with ±5% energy from fat, with the exception of peanuts (±45%), chickpeas (±15%) and soybeans (±47%) and provide essential minerals and vitamins. In addition to their nutritional superiority, legumes have also been ascribed economical, cultural, physiological and medicinal roles owing to their possession of beneficial bioactive compounds. Research has shown that most of the bioactive compounds in legumes possess antioxidant properties, which play a role in the prevention of some cancers, heart diseases, osteoporosis and other degenerative diseases. Because of their composition, legumes are attractive to health conscious consumers, celiac and diabetic patients as well as consumers concerned with weight management. The incorporation of legumes in diets, especially in developing countries, could play a major role in eradicating protein-energy malnutrition especially in developing Afro-Asian countries. Legumes could be a base for the development of many functional foods to promote human health.",book:{id:"5963",slug:"functional-food-improve-health-through-adequate-food",title:"Functional Food",fullTitle:"Functional Food - Improve Health through Adequate Food"},signatures:"Yvonne Maphosa and Victoria A. Jideani",authors:[{id:"201151",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Yvonne",middleName:null,surname:"Maphosa",slug:"yvonne-maphosa",fullName:"Yvonne Maphosa"}]},{id:"29979",doi:"10.5772/25344",title:"The Therapeutic Benefits of Essential Oils",slug:"the-therapeutic-benefits-of-essential-oils",totalDownloads:24100,totalCrossrefCites:43,totalDimensionsCites:103,abstract:null,book:{id:"1419",slug:"nutrition-well-being-and-health",title:"Nutrition, Well-Being and Health",fullTitle:"Nutrition, Well-Being and Health"},signatures:"Abdelouaheb Djilani and Amadou Dicko",authors:[{id:"63044",title:"Prof.",name:"Jilani",middleName:null,surname:"AbdelWahab",slug:"jilani-abdelwahab",fullName:"Jilani AbdelWahab"},{id:"116762",title:"Prof.",name:"Amadou",middleName:null,surname:"Dicko",slug:"amadou-dicko",fullName:"Amadou Dicko"}]},{id:"29974",doi:"10.5772/29471",title:"Antioxidant and Pro-Oxidant Effects of Polyphenolic Compounds and Structure-Activity Relationship Evidence",slug:"antioxidant-and-prooxidant-effect-of-polyphenol-compounds-and-structure-activity-relationship-eviden",totalDownloads:8702,totalCrossrefCites:12,totalDimensionsCites:82,abstract:null,book:{id:"1419",slug:"nutrition-well-being-and-health",title:"Nutrition, Well-Being and Health",fullTitle:"Nutrition, Well-Being and Health"},signatures:"Estela Guardado Yordi, Enrique Molina Pérez, Maria João Matos and Eugenio Uriarte Villares",authors:[{id:"78010",title:"MSc.",name:"Estela",middleName:null,surname:"Guardado Yordi",slug:"estela-guardado-yordi",fullName:"Estela Guardado Yordi"},{id:"79173",title:"Dr.",name:"Enrique",middleName:null,surname:"Molina Perez",slug:"enrique-molina-perez",fullName:"Enrique Molina Perez"},{id:"97576",title:"Dr.",name:"Eugenio",middleName:null,surname:"Uriarte Villares",slug:"eugenio-uriarte-villares",fullName:"Eugenio Uriarte Villares"},{id:"120476",title:"Dr.",name:"Maria",middleName:null,surname:"Joao Matos",slug:"maria-joao-matos",fullName:"Maria Joao Matos"}]},{id:"29981",doi:"10.5772/25862",title:"Health-Promoting Food Ingredients and Functional Food Processing",slug:"health-promoting-food-ingredients-development-and-processing",totalDownloads:6210,totalCrossrefCites:12,totalDimensionsCites:34,abstract:null,book:{id:"1419",slug:"nutrition-well-being-and-health",title:"Nutrition, Well-Being and Health",fullTitle:"Nutrition, Well-Being and Health"},signatures:"Lizhe Wang and Torsten Bohn",authors:[{id:"64795",title:"Dr.",name:"Lizhe",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",slug:"lizhe-wang",fullName:"Lizhe Wang"}]},{id:"55507",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.69170",title:"Fermented Pulse-Based Food Products in Developing Nations as Functional Foods and Ingredients",slug:"fermented-pulse-based-food-products-in-developing-nations-as-functional-foods-and-ingredients",totalDownloads:2090,totalCrossrefCites:12,totalDimensionsCites:27,abstract:"Pulses play a significant and diverse role in the agricultural systems and diets of underprivileged populations worldwide. They are ideal produce for reducing poverty, improving human health and nutrition, and enhancing resilience of the ecosystem. Fermentation is a processing technique that has been used for decades to transform food produce with improved health, functional, and nutraceutical benefits. In tandem with the United Nations’ (UN’s) sustainable development goal Number 3, fermented food products from pulses with health benefits align with this initiative to end hunger, achieve food security, and improve nutrition. In solidarity with the celebration of International Year of Pulses 2016 (IYP2016) and considering the relative neglect of pulses as compared with other food groups, this chapter would be vital in positioning pulses and fermented products from them as readily available functional foods. With increased interest in fermentation, fermented pulse-based foods have been identified as excellent sources of bioactive and functional foods. Thus, fermented pulse-based products present a viable alternative, relatively available, affordable, and cheap source of foods with properties beyond that of basic nutrition.",book:{id:"5963",slug:"functional-food-improve-health-through-adequate-food",title:"Functional Food",fullTitle:"Functional Food - Improve Health through Adequate Food"},signatures:"Oluwafemi Ayodeji Adebo, Patrick Berka Njobeh, Janet Adeyinka\nAdebiyi, Sefater Gbashi, Judith Zanele Phoku and Eugenie Kayitesi",authors:[{id:"60387",title:"Prof.",name:"Patrick Berka",middleName:null,surname:"Njobeh",slug:"patrick-berka-njobeh",fullName:"Patrick Berka Njobeh"},{id:"201370",title:"Dr.",name:"Oluwafemi",middleName:"Ayodeji",surname:"Adebo",slug:"oluwafemi-adebo",fullName:"Oluwafemi Adebo"},{id:"201371",title:"Dr.",name:"Eugenie",middleName:null,surname:"Kayitesi",slug:"eugenie-kayitesi",fullName:"Eugenie Kayitesi"},{id:"201372",title:"MSc.",name:"Janet",middleName:null,surname:"Adebiyi",slug:"janet-adebiyi",fullName:"Janet Adebiyi"},{id:"201373",title:"Dr.",name:"Sefater",middleName:null,surname:"Gbashi",slug:"sefater-gbashi",fullName:"Sefater Gbashi"},{id:"201376",title:"Dr.",name:"Judith",middleName:null,surname:"Phoku",slug:"judith-phoku",fullName:"Judith Phoku"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"55808",title:"The Role of Legumes in Human Nutrition",slug:"the-role-of-legumes-in-human-nutrition",totalDownloads:5436,totalCrossrefCites:63,totalDimensionsCites:109,abstract:"Legumes are valued worldwide as a sustainable and inexpensive meat alternative and are considered the second most important food source after cereals. Legumes are nutritionally valuable, providing proteins (20–45%) with essential amino acids, complex carbohydrates (±60%) and dietary fibre (5–37%). Legumes also have no cholesterol and are generally low in fat, with ±5% energy from fat, with the exception of peanuts (±45%), chickpeas (±15%) and soybeans (±47%) and provide essential minerals and vitamins. In addition to their nutritional superiority, legumes have also been ascribed economical, cultural, physiological and medicinal roles owing to their possession of beneficial bioactive compounds. Research has shown that most of the bioactive compounds in legumes possess antioxidant properties, which play a role in the prevention of some cancers, heart diseases, osteoporosis and other degenerative diseases. Because of their composition, legumes are attractive to health conscious consumers, celiac and diabetic patients as well as consumers concerned with weight management. The incorporation of legumes in diets, especially in developing countries, could play a major role in eradicating protein-energy malnutrition especially in developing Afro-Asian countries. Legumes could be a base for the development of many functional foods to promote human health.",book:{id:"5963",slug:"functional-food-improve-health-through-adequate-food",title:"Functional Food",fullTitle:"Functional Food - Improve Health through Adequate Food"},signatures:"Yvonne Maphosa and Victoria A. Jideani",authors:[{id:"201151",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Yvonne",middleName:null,surname:"Maphosa",slug:"yvonne-maphosa",fullName:"Yvonne Maphosa"}]},{id:"29979",title:"The Therapeutic Benefits of Essential Oils",slug:"the-therapeutic-benefits-of-essential-oils",totalDownloads:24099,totalCrossrefCites:43,totalDimensionsCites:103,abstract:null,book:{id:"1419",slug:"nutrition-well-being-and-health",title:"Nutrition, Well-Being and Health",fullTitle:"Nutrition, Well-Being and Health"},signatures:"Abdelouaheb Djilani and Amadou Dicko",authors:[{id:"63044",title:"Prof.",name:"Jilani",middleName:null,surname:"AbdelWahab",slug:"jilani-abdelwahab",fullName:"Jilani AbdelWahab"},{id:"116762",title:"Prof.",name:"Amadou",middleName:null,surname:"Dicko",slug:"amadou-dicko",fullName:"Amadou Dicko"}]},{id:"50716",title:"Anemia During Pregnancy",slug:"anemia-during-pregnancy",totalDownloads:3849,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:11,abstract:"Anemia during pregnancy is a considerable health problem, with around two-fifths of pregnant women worldwide being anemic. Many gynecological and infectious diseases are predisposing factors for anemia during pregnancy. Anemia during pregnancy—especially the severe form—can lead to various maternal and perinatal adverse effects such as preterm labor, low birth weight, and intrauterine fetal death. It is one of the leading causes of maternal mortality. Therefore, preventive measures are needed if anemia and its adverse effects are to be prevented. Iron and folic acid supplements are the cornerstone for the prevention of anemia during pregnancy and one of the earliest preventive measures adopted in antenatal care. Other measures to prevent anemia during pregnancy include the fortification of principle foods with iron, increasing health and nutritional awareness, combating parasitic infections, and improvement in sanitation. There is a controversy concerning the benefit of other elements such as zinc, copper, and magnesium, so the use of these elements is not widely adopted for the prevention of anemia.",book:{id:"5176",slug:"nutritional-deficiency",title:"Nutritional Deficiency",fullTitle:"Nutritional Deficiency"},signatures:"Ishag Adam and Abdelaziem A. Ali",authors:[{id:"180747",title:"Prof.",name:"Ishag",middleName:null,surname:"Adam",slug:"ishag-adam",fullName:"Ishag Adam"}]},{id:"54920",title:"Physical Activity, Body Image, and Subjective Well‐Being",slug:"physical-activity-body-image-and-subjective-well-being",totalDownloads:2065,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:3,abstract:"The notion of well‐being is in tight relation and sometimes used intercheangebly, with quality of life, physical and mental health promotion, good living, or happyness. Physical appearance is one of the first individual characteristics noticed by others and has an important impact on social interactions and therefore has become very important construct in contemporary societies. The aim of this chapter is to discuss the influence of physical exercise on the subjective well‐being dimension related to better health and eventually happiness. In contrast, the physical inactivity determined by the increasing amount of time spent in sedentary activities is becoming an issue with serious consequences, being the cause of more than 5 million death/year globally. Physical activity favorably influences mental health, improves the emotional state and reduces the incidence and severity of diseases and pathological conditions, such as cardiovascular disease, type II diabetes, osteoarthritis, osteoporosis, and obesity. Promoting physical activity, physical and health education and sport as healthy lifestyle components in schools, universities and lifelong learning targets the enhacement of vigour, resilience, employement, and social outcomes for graduates and comunities. Motives of physical inactivity were discussed aiming to underpin possible remedial solution for better health, quality of life and well-being.",book:{id:"6013",slug:"well-being-and-quality-of-life-medical-perspective",title:"Well-being and Quality of Life",fullTitle:"Well-being and Quality of Life - Medical Perspective"},signatures:"Cristiana Lucretia Pop",authors:[{id:"196213",title:"Dr.",name:"Cristiana Lucretia",middleName:null,surname:"Pop",slug:"cristiana-lucretia-pop",fullName:"Cristiana Lucretia Pop"}]},{id:"51044",title:"An Integrated Approach to Iron Deficiency Anemia",slug:"an-integrated-approach-to-iron-deficiency-anemia",totalDownloads:1584,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,abstract:"Iron deficiency is a common nutritional disorder in developing countries and contributes significantly to reduced work productivity and economic output as well as to increased morbidity and mortality. There are well-established biochemical tests for assessing iron status in developed countries. However, cost and interference from infectious conditions make it difficult to assess iron status in many developing country settings. Examination of the hemoglobin distribution in the population and assessment of the hemoglobin response to supplementation are alternative approaches to define iron status and the nature of anemia. Prevention and control of iron deficiency requires the combined approach of dietary improvement, fortification of a common staple food when feasible, and appropriate iron supplementation for infants and pregnant women. In all these intervention activities, operational research is needed to improve effectiveness. In addition, controlling iron deficiency requires coordination with other nutrition and primary health care programs as part of an integrated approach to improved health and nutrition of the population. A randomized, controlled double-blind clinical trial was conducted to compare the efficacy and safety of herbal medicinal treatment syrup Sharbat-a-Folad versus syrup Ferplex for the treatment of iron deficiency anemia (IDA).",book:{id:"5176",slug:"nutritional-deficiency",title:"Nutritional Deficiency",fullTitle:"Nutritional Deficiency"},signatures:"Halima Nazar and Khan Usmanghani",authors:[{id:"179274",title:"Dr.",name:"Halima",middleName:null,surname:"Nazar",slug:"halima-nazar",fullName:"Halima Nazar"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"1130",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:0},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:8,limit:8,total:0},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:90,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:107,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:33,numberOfPublishedChapters:330,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:14,numberOfPublishedChapters:145,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:139,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:122,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:112,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:21,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:10,numberOfOpenTopics:1,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:5,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-6580",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. The whole process of submitting an article and editing of the submitted article goes extremely smooth and fast, the number of reads and downloads of chapters is high, and the contributions are also frequently cited.",author:{id:"55578",name:"Antonio",surname:"Jurado-Navas",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRisIQAS/Profile_Picture_1626166543950",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",institution:{id:"720",name:"University of Malaga",country:{id:null,name:"Spain"}}}},{id:"6",text:"It is great to work with the IntechOpen to produce a worthwhile collection of research that also becomes a great educational resource and guide for future research endeavors.",author:{id:"259298",name:"Edward",surname:"Narayan",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",slug:"edward-narayan",institution:{id:"3",name:"University of Queensland",country:{id:null,name:"Australia"}}}}]},series:{item:{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",issn:"2753-6580",scope:"
\r\n\tTransforming our World: the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development endorsed by United Nations and 193 Member States, came into effect on Jan 1, 2016, to guide decision making and actions to the year 2030 and beyond. Central to this Agenda are 17 Goals, 169 associated targets and over 230 indicators that are reviewed annually. The vision envisaged in the implementation of the SDGs is centered on the five Ps: People, Planet, Prosperity, Peace and Partnership. This call for renewed focused efforts ensure we have a safe and healthy planet for current and future generations.
\r\n
\r\n\t
\r\n
\r\n\tThis Series focuses on covering research and applied research involving the five Ps through the following topics:
\r\n
\r\n\t
\r\n
\r\n\t1. Sustainable Economy and Fair Society that relates to SDG 1 on No Poverty, SDG 2 on Zero Hunger, SDG 8 on Decent Work and Economic Growth, SDG 10 on Reduced Inequalities, SDG 12 on Responsible Consumption and Production, and SDG 17 Partnership for the Goals
\r\n
\r\n\t
\r\n
\r\n\t2. Health and Wellbeing focusing on SDG 3 on Good Health and Wellbeing and SDG 6 on Clean Water and Sanitation
\r\n
\r\n\t
\r\n
\r\n\t3. Inclusivity and Social Equality involving SDG 4 on Quality Education, SDG 5 on Gender Equality, and SDG 16 on Peace, Justice and Strong Institutions
\r\n
\r\n\t
\r\n
\r\n\t4. Climate Change and Environmental Sustainability comprising SDG 13 on Climate Action, SDG 14 on Life Below Water, and SDG 15 on Life on Land
\r\n
\r\n\t
\r\n
\r\n\t5. Urban Planning and Environmental Management embracing SDG 7 on Affordable Clean Energy, SDG 9 on Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure, and SDG 11 on Sustainable Cities and Communities.
\r\n
\r\n\t
\r\n
\r\n\tThe series also seeks to support the use of cross cutting SDGs, as many of the goals listed above, targets and indicators are all interconnected to impact our lives and the decisions we make on a daily basis, making them impossible to tie to a single topic.
",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/24.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"August 2nd, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfPublishedBooks:1,editor:{id:"262440",title:"Prof.",name:"Usha",middleName:null,surname:"Iyer-Raniga",slug:"usha-iyer-raniga",fullName:"Usha Iyer-Raniga",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRYSXQA4/Profile_Picture_2022-02-28T13:55:36.jpeg",biography:"Usha Iyer-Raniga is a professor in the School of Property and Construction Management at RMIT University. Usha co-leads the One Planet Network’s Sustainable Buildings and Construction Programme (SBC), a United Nations 10 Year Framework of Programmes on Sustainable Consumption and Production (UN 10FYP SCP) aligned with Sustainable Development Goal 12. The work also directly impacts SDG 11 on Sustainable Cities and Communities. She completed her undergraduate degree as an architect before obtaining her Masters degree from Canada and her Doctorate in Australia. Usha has been a keynote speaker as well as an invited speaker at national and international conferences, seminars and workshops. Her teaching experience includes teaching in Asian countries. She has advised Austrade, APEC, national, state and local governments. She serves as a reviewer and a member of the scientific committee for national and international refereed journals and refereed conferences. She is on the editorial board for refereed journals and has worked on Special Issues. Usha has served and continues to serve on the Boards of several not-for-profit organisations and she has also served as panel judge for a number of awards including the Premiers Sustainability Award in Victoria and the International Green Gown Awards. Usha has published over 100 publications, including research and consulting reports. Her publications cover a wide range of scientific and technical research publications that include edited books, book chapters, refereed journals, refereed conference papers and reports for local, state and federal government clients. She has also produced podcasts for various organisations and participated in media interviews. She has received state, national and international funding worth over USD $25 million. Usha has been awarded the Quarterly Franklin Membership by London Journals Press (UK). Her biography has been included in the Marquis Who's Who in the World® 2018, 2016 (33rd Edition), along with approximately 55,000 of the most accomplished men and women from around the world, including luminaries as U.N. Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon. In 2017, Usha was awarded the Marquis Who’s Who Lifetime Achiever Award.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"RMIT University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Australia"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},subseries:{paginationCount:5,paginationItems:[{id:"91",title:"Sustainable Economy and Fair Society",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/91.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"181603",title:"Dr.",name:"Antonella",middleName:null,surname:"Petrillo",slug:"antonella-petrillo",fullName:"Antonella Petrillo",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/181603/images/system/181603.jpg",biography:"Antonella Petrillo, Ph.D., is a professor in the Department of Engineering, University of Naples “Parthenope,” Italy. She received her Ph.D. in Mechanical Engineering from the University of Cassino and Southern Lazio, Italy. Her research interests include multi-criteria decision analysis, industrial plants, logistics, manufacturing, and safety. She serves as an associate editor for the International Journal of the Analytic Hierarchy Process and is an editorial board member for several other journals. She is also a member of the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) Academy.",institutionString:"Parthenope University of Naples",institution:{name:"Parthenope University of Naples",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"92",title:"Health and Wellbeing",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/92.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"348225",title:"Prof.",name:"Ann",middleName:null,surname:"Hemingway",slug:"ann-hemingway",fullName:"Ann Hemingway",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000035LZFoQAO/Profile_Picture_2022-04-11T14:55:40.jpg",biography:"Professor Hemingway is a public health researcher, Bournemouth University, undertaking international and UK research focused on reducing inequalities in health outcomes for marginalised and excluded populations and more recently focused on equine assisted interventions.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Bournemouth University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"93",title:"Inclusivity and Social Equity",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/93.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"210060",title:"Prof. Dr.",name:"Ebba",middleName:null,surname:"Ossiannilsson",slug:"ebba-ossiannilsson",fullName:"Ebba Ossiannilsson",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002g6LkBQAU/Profile_Picture_2022-02-28T13:31:48.png",biography:"Professor Dr. Ebba Ossiannilsson is an independent researcher, expert, consultant, quality auditor and influencer in the fields of open, flexible online and distance learning (OFDL) and the 'new normal'. Her focus is on quality, innovation, leadership, and personalised learning. She works primarily at the strategic and policy levels, both nationally and internationally, and with key international organisations. She is committed to promoting and improving OFDL in the context of SDG4 and the future of education. Ossiannilsson has more than 20 years of experience in her current field, but more than 40 years in the education sector. She works as a reviewer and expert for the European Commission and collaborates with the Joint Research Centre for Quality in Open Education. Ossiannilsson also collaborates with ITCILO and ICoBC (International Council on Badges and Credentials). She is a member of the ICDE Board of Directors and has previously served on the boards of EDEN and EUCEN. Ossiannilsson is a quality expert and reviewer for ICDE, EDEN and the EADTU. She chairs the ICDE OER Advocacy Committee and is a member of the ICDE Quality Network. She is regularly invited as a keynote speaker at conferences. She is a guest editor for several special issues and a member of the editorial board of several scientific journals. She has published more than 200 articles and is currently working on book projects in the field of OFDL. Ossiannilsson is a visiting professor at several international universities and was recently appointed Professor and Research Fellow at Victoria University of Wellington, NZ. Ossiannilsson has been awarded the following fellowships: EDEN Fellows, EDEN Council of Fellows, and Open Education Europe. She is a ICDE OER Ambassador, Open Education Europe Ambassador, GIZ Ambassador for Quality in Digital Learning, and part of the Globe-Community of Digital Learning and Champion of SPARC Europe. On a national level, she is a quality developer at the Swedish Institute for Standards (SIS) and for ISO. She is a member of the Digital Skills and Jobs Coalition Sweden and Vice President of the Swedish Association for Distance Education. She is currently working on a government initiative on quality in distance education at the National Council for Higher Education. She holds a Ph.D. from the University of Oulu, Finland.",institutionString:"Swedish Association for Distance Education, Sweden",institution:null},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"94",title:"Climate Change and Environmental Sustainability",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/94.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"61855",title:"Dr.",name:"Yixin",middleName:null,surname:"Zhang",slug:"yixin-zhang",fullName:"Yixin Zhang",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYWJgQAO/Profile_Picture_2022-06-09T11:36:35.jpg",biography:"Professor Yixin Zhang is an aquatic ecologist with over 30 years of research and teaching experience in three continents (Asia, Europe, and North America) in Stream Ecology, Riparian Ecology, Urban Ecology, and Ecosystem Restoration and Aquatic Conservation, Human-Nature Interactions and Sustainability, Urbanization Impact on Aquatic Ecosystems. He got his Ph.D. in Animal Ecology at Umeå University in Sweden in 1998. He conducted postdoc research in stream ecology at the University of California at Santa Barbara in the USA. After that, he was a postdoc research fellow at the University of British Columbia in Canada to do research on large-scale stream experimental manipulation and watershed ecological survey in temperate rainforests of BC. He was a faculty member at the University of Hong Kong to run ecological research projects on aquatic insects, fishes, and newts in Tropical Asian streams. He also conducted research in streams, rivers, and caves in Texas, USA, to study the ecology of macroinvertebrates, big-claw river shrimp, fish, turtles, and bats. Current research interests include trophic flows across ecosystems; watershed impacts of land-use change on biodiversity and ecosystem functioning; ecological civilization and water resource management; urban ecology and urban/rural sustainable development.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Soochow University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"China"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"95",title:"Urban Planning and Environmental Management",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/95.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"181079",title:"Dr.",name:"Christoph",middleName:null,surname:"Lüthi",slug:"christoph-luthi",fullName:"Christoph Lüthi",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRHSqQAO/Profile_Picture_2022-04-12T15:51:33.png",biography:"Dr. Christoph Lüthi is an urban infrastructure planner with over 25 years of experience in planning and design of urban infrastructure in middle and low-income countries. He holds a Master’s Degree in Urban Development Planning from the University College of London (UCL), and a Ph.D. in Urban Planning & Engineering from TU Berlin. He has conducted applied research on urban planning and infrastructure issues in over 20 countries in Africa and Asia. In 2005 he joined Eawag-Sandec as Leader of the Strategic Environmental Sanitation Planning Group. Since 2015 he heads the research department Sanitation, Water and Solid Waste for Development (Sandec) at the Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Research and Technology (Eawag).",institutionString:"Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Switzerland",institution:{name:"Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Switzerland"}}},editorTwo:{id:"290571",title:"Dr.",name:"Rui Alexandre",middleName:null,surname:"Castanho",slug:"rui-alexandre-castanho",fullName:"Rui Alexandre Castanho",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/290571/images/system/290571.jpg",biography:"Rui Alexandre Castanho has a master\\'s degree in Planning, Audit, and Control in Urban Green Spaces and an international Ph.D. in Sustainable Planning in Borderlands. Currently, he is a professor at WSB University, Poland, and a visiting professor at the University of Johannesburg, South Africa. Dr. Castanho is a post-doc researcher on the GREAT Project, University of Azores, Ponta Delgada, Portugal. He collaborates with the Environmental Resources Analysis Research Group (ARAM), University of Extremadura (UEx), Spain; VALORIZA - Research Center for the Enhancement of Endogenous Resources, Polytechnic Institute of Portalegre (IPP), Portugal; Centre for Tourism Research, Development and Innovation (CITUR), Madeira, Portugal; and AQUAGEO Research Group, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Brazil.",institutionString:"University of Johannesburg, South Africa and WSB University, Poland",institution:{name:"University of Johannesburg",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"South Africa"}}},editorThree:null}]},overviewPageOFChapters:{paginationCount:9,paginationItems:[{id:"82936",title:"Soil Degradation Processes Linked to Long-Term Forest-Type Damage",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.106390",signatures:"Pavel Samec, Aleš Kučera and Gabriela Tomášová",slug:"soil-degradation-processes-linked-to-long-term-forest-type-damage",totalDownloads:2,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Forest Degradation Under Global Change",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11457.jpg",subseries:{id:"94",title:"Climate Change and Environmental Sustainability"}}},{id:"82777",title:"Sustainability and Social Investment: Community Microhydropower Systems in the Dominican Republic",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105995",signatures:"Michela Izzo, Alberto Sánchez and Rafael Fonseca",slug:"sustainability-and-social-investment-community-microhydropower-systems-in-the-dominican-republic",totalDownloads:4,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Globalization and Sustainability - Recent Advances, New Perspectives and Emerging Issues",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11476.jpg",subseries:{id:"91",title:"Sustainable Economy and Fair Society"}}},{id:"82387",title:"Kept Promises? The Evolution of the EU Financial Contribution to Climate Change",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105541",signatures:"Cecilia Camporeale, Roberto Del Ciello and Mario Jorizzo",slug:"kept-promises-the-evolution-of-the-eu-financial-contribution-to-climate-change",totalDownloads:11,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:[{name:"Mario",surname:"Jorizzo"},{name:"Cecilia",surname:"Camporeale"},{name:"ROBERTO",surname:"DEL CIELLO"}],book:{title:"Globalization and Sustainability - Recent Advances, New Perspectives and Emerging Issues",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11476.jpg",subseries:{id:"91",title:"Sustainable Economy and Fair Society"}}},{id:"82524",title:"Italy’s Small Exporting Companies: Globalization and Sustainability Issues",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105542",signatures:"Roberta Pace and Francesca Mandanici",slug:"italy-s-small-exporting-companies-globalization-and-sustainability-issues",totalDownloads:13,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Globalization and Sustainability - Recent Advances, New Perspectives and Emerging Issues",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11476.jpg",subseries:{id:"91",title:"Sustainable Economy and Fair Society"}}}]},overviewPagePublishedBooks:{paginationCount:1,paginationItems:[{type:"book",id:"10897",title:"Food Systems Resilience",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10897.jpg",slug:"food-systems-resilience",publishedDate:"July 13th 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Ana I. Ribeiro-Barros, Daniel S. Tevera, Luís F. Goulao and Lucas D. Tivana",hash:"ae9dd92f53433e4607f1db188dc649b4",volumeInSeries:1,fullTitle:"Food Systems Resilience",editors:[{id:"171036",title:"Dr.",name:"Ana I.",middleName:null,surname:"Ribeiro-Barros",slug:"ana-i.-ribeiro-barros",fullName:"Ana I. Ribeiro-Barros",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/171036/images/system/171036.jpg",biography:"Ana I. Ribeiro-Barros, Ph.D., is the director of the Tropical College, University of Lisbon (ULisboa). She obtained a Ph.D. in Plant Molecular Biology from Wageningen University, the Netherlands. She is also a senior researcher, head of the lab, and professor at the School of Agriculture, ULisboa, and an invited professor at Nova University Lisbon (NOVA), Eduardo Mondlane University (UEM), and Gorongosa National Park (GNP). She is a member of the Coordination and Scientific Committees of the doctoral program “Tropical Knowledge and Management” (NOVA), Master in Biotechnology (UEM), and Master in Conservation Biology (GNP); and a national expert for Food and Nutrition Security and Sustainable Agriculture - High-Level Policy Dialogue EU-Africa. Her research expertise and interests are centered on biodiversity, environmental sustainability, agro-ecological approaches, and food and nutritional security.",institutionString:"University of Lisbon",institution:{name:"University of Lisbon",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Portugal"}}}]}]},openForSubmissionBooks:{paginationCount:1,paginationItems:[{id:"11478",title:"Recent Advances in the Study of Dyslexia",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11478.jpg",hash:"26764a18c6b776698823e0e1c3022d2f",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:3,submissionDeadline:"June 30th 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"294281",title:"Prof.",name:"Jonathan",surname:"Glazzard",slug:"jonathan-glazzard",fullName:"Jonathan Glazzard"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}]},onlineFirstChapters:{paginationCount:10,paginationItems:[{id:"82903",title:"Walking Accessibility to Primary Healthcare Services: An Inequity Factor for Olders in the Lisbon Metropolitan Area (Portugal)",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.106265",signatures:"Eduarda Marques da Costa, Ana Louro, Nuno Marques da Costa, Mariana Dias and Marcela Barata",slug:"walking-accessibility-to-primary-healthcare-services-an-inequity-factor-for-olders-in-the-lisbon-met",totalDownloads:4,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Social Aspects of Ageing - Selected Challenges, Analyses, and Solutions",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11479.jpg",subseries:{id:"90",title:"Human Development"}}},{id:"82622",title:"Contemporary Geographical Gerontology: Reconciling Space and Place in Population Ageing",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105863",signatures:"Hamish Robertson",slug:"contemporary-geographical-gerontology-reconciling-space-and-place-in-population-ageing",totalDownloads:13,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:[{name:"Hamish",surname:"Robertson"}],book:{title:"Social Aspects of Ageing - Selected Challenges, Analyses, and Solutions",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11479.jpg",subseries:{id:"90",title:"Human Development"}}},{id:"82610",title:"Perspective Chapter: The Role of Learning Styles in Active Learning",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105964",signatures:"Armando Lozano-Rodríguez, Fernanda Inez García-Vázquez and José Luis García-Cué",slug:"perspective-chapter-the-role-of-learning-styles-in-active-learning",totalDownloads:11,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Active Learning - Research and Practice",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11481.jpg",subseries:{id:"89",title:"Education"}}},{id:"81909",title:"Educational Paradigm with Ubuntu Mindset: Implications for Sustainable Development Goals in Education",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104929",signatures:"George Frempong and Raavee Kadam",slug:"educational-paradigm-with-ubuntu-mindset-implications-for-sustainable-development-goals-in-education",totalDownloads:7,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Active Learning - Research and Practice",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11481.jpg",subseries:{id:"89",title:"Education"}}},{id:"82243",title:"The Language that Grade R Students Use to Achieve the Envisaged Mathematics Outcomes, a South African Perspective",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105446",signatures:"Shakespear M. Chiphambo and Nosisi N. Feza",slug:"the-language-that-grade-r-students-use-to-achieve-the-envisaged-mathematics-outcomes-a-south-african",totalDownloads:3,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Active Learning - Research and Practice",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11481.jpg",subseries:{id:"89",title:"Education"}}},{id:"82394",title:"Learning by Doing Active Social Learning",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105523",signatures:"Anat Raviv",slug:"learning-by-doing-active-social-learning",totalDownloads:11,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Active Learning - Research and Practice",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11481.jpg",subseries:{id:"89",title:"Education"}}},{id:"82310",title:"Knowledge of Intergenerational Contact to Combat Ageism towards Older People",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105592",signatures:"Alice Nga Lai Kwong",slug:"knowledge-of-intergenerational-contact-to-combat-ageism-towards-older-people",totalDownloads:15,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Social Aspects of Ageing - Selected Challenges, Analyses, and Solutions",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11479.jpg",subseries:{id:"90",title:"Human Development"}}},{id:"81993",title:"Emergent Chemistry: Using Visualizations to Develop Abstract Thinking and a Sense of Scale Within the Preschool Setting",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105216",signatures:"Karina Adbo",slug:"emergent-chemistry-using-visualizations-to-develop-abstract-thinking-and-a-sense-of-scale-within-the",totalDownloads:7,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Active Learning - Research and Practice",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11481.jpg",subseries:{id:"89",title:"Education"}}},{id:"82252",title:"Early Childhood: Enriched Environments and Roles of Caring Adults",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105157",signatures:"Analía Mignaton",slug:"early-childhood-enriched-environments-and-roles-of-caring-adults",totalDownloads:4,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Active Learning - Research and Practice",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11481.jpg",subseries:{id:"89",title:"Education"}}},{id:"81996",title:"Perspective Chapter: New Active Learning Models in Africa",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105217",signatures:"Fred Awaah, Cosmas Lambini Kombat and Emmanuel Okyere Ekwam",slug:"perspective-chapter-new-active-learning-models-in-africa",totalDownloads:9,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Active Learning - Research and Practice",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11481.jpg",subseries:{id:"89",title:"Education"}}}]},subseriesFiltersForOFChapters:[{caption:"Human Development",value:90,count:3,group:"subseries"},{caption:"Education",value:89,count:7,group:"subseries"}],publishedBooks:{paginationCount:13,paginationItems:[{type:"book",id:"7102",title:"Pneumonia",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7102.jpg",slug:"pneumonia",publishedDate:"May 11th 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Nima Rezaei",hash:"9fd70142814192dcec58a176749f1b60",volumeInSeries:13,fullTitle:"Pneumonia",editors:[{id:"116250",title:"Dr.",name:"Nima",middleName:null,surname:"Rezaei",slug:"nima-rezaei",fullName:"Nima Rezaei",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/116250/images/system/116250.jpg",institutionString:"Tehran University of Medical Sciences",institution:{name:"Tehran University of Medical Sciences",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Iran"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9615",title:"Chikungunya Virus",subtitle:"A Growing Global Public Health Threat",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9615.jpg",slug:"chikungunya-virus-a-growing-global-public-health-threat",publishedDate:"February 9th 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Jean Engohang-Ndong",hash:"c960d94a63867dd12a8ab15176a3ff06",volumeInSeries:12,fullTitle:"Chikungunya Virus - A Growing Global Public Health Threat",editors:[{id:"180733",title:"Dr.",name:"Jean",middleName:null,surname:"Engohang-Ndong",slug:"jean-engohang-ndong",fullName:"Jean Engohang-Ndong",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/180733/images/system/180733.png",institutionString:"Kent State University",institution:{name:"Kent State University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9619",title:"Epstein-Barr Virus",subtitle:"New Trends",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9619.jpg",slug:"epstein-barr-virus-new-trends",publishedDate:"December 22nd 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Emmanuel Drouet",hash:"a2128c53becb6064589570cbe8d976f8",volumeInSeries:11,fullTitle:"Epstein-Barr Virus - New Trends",editors:[{id:"188773",title:"Prof.",name:"Emmanuel",middleName:null,surname:"Drouet",slug:"emmanuel-drouet",fullName:"Emmanuel Drouet",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/188773/images/system/188773.png",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Grenoble Alpes University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"France"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9525",title:"Insights Into Drug Resistance in Staphylococcus aureus",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9525.jpg",slug:"insights-into-drug-resistance-in-staphylococcus-aureus",publishedDate:"December 8th 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Amjad Aqib",hash:"98bb6c1ddb067da67185c272f81c0a27",volumeInSeries:10,fullTitle:"Insights Into Drug Resistance in Staphylococcus aureus",editors:[{id:"229220",title:"Dr.",name:"Amjad",middleName:"Islam",surname:"Aqib",slug:"amjad-aqib",fullName:"Amjad Aqib",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/229220/images/system/229220.png",institutionString:"Cholistan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences",institution:{name:"University of Agriculture Faisalabad",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Pakistan"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9614",title:"Advances in Candida albicans",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9614.jpg",slug:"advances-in-candida-albicans",publishedDate:"November 17th 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Xinhui Wang",hash:"31d6882518ca749b12715266eed0a018",volumeInSeries:9,fullTitle:"Advances in Candida albicans",editors:[{id:"296531",title:"Dr.",name:"Xinhui",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",slug:"xinhui-wang",fullName:"Xinhui Wang",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/296531/images/system/296531.jpg",institutionString:"Qinghai Normal University",institution:{name:"University of Luxembourg",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Luxembourg"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9528",title:"Current Topics and Emerging Issues in Malaria Elimination",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9528.jpg",slug:"current-topics-and-emerging-issues-in-malaria-elimination",publishedDate:"July 21st 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Alfonso J. Rodriguez-Morales",hash:"7f178329cc42e691efe226b32f14e2ea",volumeInSeries:8,fullTitle:"Current Topics and Emerging Issues in Malaria Elimination",editors:[{id:"131400",title:"Prof.",name:"Alfonso J.",middleName:null,surname:"Rodriguez-Morales",slug:"alfonso-j.-rodriguez-morales",fullName:"Alfonso J. Rodriguez-Morales",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/131400/images/system/131400.png",institutionString:"Institución Universitaria Visión de las Américas, Colombia",institution:null}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9613",title:"Dengue Fever in a One Health Perspective",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9613.jpg",slug:"dengue-fever-in-a-one-health-perspective",publishedDate:"October 28th 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Márcia Aparecida Sperança",hash:"77ecce8195c11092230b4156df6d83ff",volumeInSeries:7,fullTitle:"Dengue Fever in a One Health Perspective",editors:[{id:"176579",title:"Dr.",name:"Márcia Aparecida",middleName:null,surname:"Sperança",slug:"marcia-aparecida-speranca",fullName:"Márcia Aparecida Sperança",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/176579/images/system/176579.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Federal do ABC",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"7981",title:"Overview on Echinococcosis",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7981.jpg",slug:"overview-on-echinococcosis",publishedDate:"April 22nd 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Fethi Derbel and Meriem Braiki",hash:"24dee9209f3fd6b7cd28f042da0076f0",volumeInSeries:6,fullTitle:"Overview on Echinococcosis",editors:[{id:"62900",title:"Prof.",name:"Fethi",middleName:null,surname:"Derbel",slug:"fethi-derbel",fullName:"Fethi Derbel",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/62900/images/system/62900.jpeg",institutionString:"Clinique les Oliviers",institution:null}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"7887",title:"Hepatitis B and C",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7887.jpg",slug:"hepatitis-b-and-c",publishedDate:"April 8th 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Luis Rodrigo",hash:"8dd6dab483cf505d83caddaeaf497f2c",volumeInSeries:5,fullTitle:"Hepatitis B and C",editors:[{id:"73208",title:"Prof.",name:"Luis",middleName:null,surname:"Rodrigo",slug:"luis-rodrigo",fullName:"Luis Rodrigo",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/73208/images/system/73208.jpg",institutionString:"University of Oviedo",institution:{name:"University of Oviedo",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"7839",title:"Malaria",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7839.jpg",slug:"malaria",publishedDate:"December 11th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Fyson H. Kasenga",hash:"91cde4582ead884cb0f355a19b67cd56",volumeInSeries:4,fullTitle:"Malaria",editors:[{id:"86725",title:"Dr.",name:"Fyson",middleName:"Hanania",surname:"Kasenga",slug:"fyson-kasenga",fullName:"Fyson Kasenga",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/86725/images/system/86725.jpg",institutionString:"Malawi Adventist University",institution:{name:"Malawi Adventist University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Malawi"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"7123",title:"Current Topics in Neglected Tropical Diseases",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7123.jpg",slug:"current-topics-in-neglected-tropical-diseases",publishedDate:"December 4th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Alfonso J. Rodriguez-Morales",hash:"61c627da05b2ace83056d11357bdf361",volumeInSeries:3,fullTitle:"Current Topics in Neglected Tropical Diseases",editors:[{id:"131400",title:"Prof.",name:"Alfonso J.",middleName:null,surname:"Rodriguez-Morales",slug:"alfonso-j.-rodriguez-morales",fullName:"Alfonso J. Rodriguez-Morales",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/131400/images/system/131400.png",institutionString:"Institución Universitaria Visión de las Américas, Colombia",institution:null}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"7064",title:"Current Perspectives in Human Papillomavirus",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7064.jpg",slug:"current-perspectives-in-human-papillomavirus",publishedDate:"May 2nd 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Shailendra K. Saxena",hash:"d92a4085627bab25ddc7942fbf44cf05",volumeInSeries:2,fullTitle:"Current Perspectives in Human Papillomavirus",editors:[{id:"158026",title:"Prof.",name:"Shailendra K.",middleName:null,surname:"Saxena",slug:"shailendra-k.-saxena",fullName:"Shailendra K. Saxena",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRET3QAO/Profile_Picture_2022-05-10T10:10:26.jpeg",institutionString:"King George's Medical University",institution:{name:"King George's Medical University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}]},subseriesFiltersForPublishedBooks:[{group:"subseries",caption:"Bacterial Infectious Diseases",value:3,count:2},{group:"subseries",caption:"Parasitic Infectious Diseases",value:5,count:4},{group:"subseries",caption:"Viral Infectious Diseases",value:6,count:7}],publicationYearFilters:[{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2022",value:2022,count:2},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2021",value:2021,count:4},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2020",value:2020,count:3},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2019",value:2019,count:3},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2018",value:2018,count:1}],authors:{paginationCount:30,paginationItems:[{id:"425474",title:"Mr.",name:"Jasper",middleName:"Okoro Godwin",surname:"Okoro Godwin Elechi",slug:"jasper-okoro-godwin-elechi",fullName:"Jasper Okoro Godwin Elechi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/425474/images/19990_n.jpg",biography:"Mr. Elechi is an innovative and passionate food professional and educator who can collaborate across boundaries with an integrated aspiration of innovation to provide good, sustainable, and healthy food solutions that promote human health and conserve planetary health. He has a special interest in innovative food product development, nutrition, indigenous food products, biotechnology, bioeconmy, sustainable global food systems transformation, food safety Nanotechnology, and Nanomaterials. He has carried out independent research and publications in these areas. He possesses comprehensive knowledge and technical know-how on nutritional formulation and production of healthy and sustainable foods from locally available underutilized Cereal-Legume crops for combating food security and malnutrition in developing communities.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"307387",title:"Dr.",name:"Cecilia",middleName:null,surname:"Camporeale",slug:"cecilia-camporeale",fullName:"Cecilia Camporeale",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"National Agency For New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development",country:{name:"Italy"}}},{id:"296882",title:"Dr.",name:"Mario",middleName:null,surname:"Jorizzo",slug:"mario-jorizzo",fullName:"Mario Jorizzo",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"National Agency For New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development",country:{name:"Italy"}}},{id:"307388",title:"Dr.",name:"ROBERTO",middleName:null,surname:"DEL CIELLO",slug:"roberto-del-ciello",fullName:"ROBERTO DEL CIELLO",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"National Agency For New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development",country:{name:"Italy"}}},{id:"437647",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Fernando",middleName:null,surname:"Teixeira",slug:"fernando-teixeira",fullName:"Fernando Teixeira",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Évora",country:{name:"Portugal"}}},{id:"423338",title:"Dr.",name:"Harjeet",middleName:null,surname:"Singh",slug:"harjeet-singh",fullName:"Harjeet Singh",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Chitkara University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"443635",title:"Dr.",name:"Suruchi",middleName:null,surname:"Jindal",slug:"suruchi-jindal",fullName:"Suruchi Jindal",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Punjab Agricultural University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"426265",title:"Mrs.",name:"Inonge",middleName:null,surname:"Chibua",slug:"inonge-chibua",fullName:"Inonge Chibua",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Botswana",country:{name:"Botswana"}}},{id:"426266",title:"Ms.",name:"Mesha",middleName:null,surname:"Mbisana",slug:"mesha-mbisana",fullName:"Mesha Mbisana",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Botswana",country:{name:"Botswana"}}},{id:"426264",title:"Mr.",name:"Samuel",middleName:null,surname:"Raditloko",slug:"samuel-raditloko",fullName:"Samuel Raditloko",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Botswana",country:{name:"Botswana"}}},{id:"426394",title:"Dr.",name:"Mags",middleName:null,surname:"Adams",slug:"mags-adams",fullName:"Mags Adams",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Central Lancashire",country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}},{id:"441182",title:"Dr.",name:"Neil",middleName:null,surname:"Wilson",slug:"neil-wilson",fullName:"Neil Wilson",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Central Lancashire",country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}},{id:"425171",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Tanya",middleName:null,surname:"Zerbian",slug:"tanya-zerbian",fullName:"Tanya Zerbian",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Central Lancashire",country:{name:"Cyprus"}}},{id:"424714",title:"Prof.",name:"Elke",middleName:null,surname:"Stedefeldt",slug:"elke-stedefeldt",fullName:"Elke Stedefeldt",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Federal University of Sao Paulo",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"425244",title:"Dr.",name:"Rayane",middleName:"Stephanie Gomes",surname:"Stephanie Gomes De Freitas",slug:"rayane-stephanie-gomes-de-freitas",fullName:"Rayane Stephanie Gomes De Freitas",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Federal University of Sao Paulo",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"424688",title:"Dr.",name:"Bart",middleName:null,surname:"de Steenhuijsen Piters",slug:"bart-de-steenhuijsen-piters",fullName:"Bart de Steenhuijsen Piters",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Wageningen University & Research",country:{name:"Netherlands"}}},{id:"429404",title:"Dr.",name:"Emma",middleName:null,surname:"Termeer",slug:"emma-termeer",fullName:"Emma Termeer",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Wageningen University & Research",country:{name:"Netherlands"}}},{id:"429407",title:"Dr.",name:"Herman",middleName:null,surname:"Brouwer",slug:"herman-brouwer",fullName:"Herman Brouwer",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Wageningen University & Research",country:{name:"Netherlands"}}},{id:"429406",title:"Dr.",name:"Hubert",middleName:null,surname:"Fonteijn",slug:"hubert-fonteijn",fullName:"Hubert Fonteijn",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Wageningen University & Research",country:{name:"Netherlands"}}},{id:"427504",title:"Dr.",name:"Kriengsak",middleName:null,surname:"Chareonwongsak",slug:"kriengsak-chareonwongsak",fullName:"Kriengsak Chareonwongsak",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"423333",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Shivani",middleName:null,surname:"Sood",slug:"shivani-sood",fullName:"Shivani Sood",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"452297",title:"Mr.",name:"Cornelius",middleName:null,surname:"Smah Adamu",slug:"cornelius-smah-adamu",fullName:"Cornelius Smah Adamu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"452296",title:"Mr.",name:"Ikechukwu",middleName:null,surname:"U. Nwiyi",slug:"ikechukwu-u.-nwiyi",fullName:"Ikechukwu U. Nwiyi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"423395",title:"Assistant Prof.",name:"Adane",middleName:null,surname:"Atara Debessa",slug:"adane-atara-debessa",fullName:"Adane Atara Debessa",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"426267",title:"Mr.",name:"Banyaladzi",middleName:null,surname:"Paphane",slug:"banyaladzi-paphane",fullName:"Banyaladzi Paphane",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"483388",title:"Dr.",name:"Berhanu",middleName:null,surname:"Denu",slug:"berhanu-denu",fullName:"Berhanu Denu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"483387",title:"Dr.",name:"Degefa",middleName:null,surname:"Tolossa",slug:"degefa-tolossa",fullName:"Degefa Tolossa",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"426059",title:"Dr.",name:"Dikabo",middleName:null,surname:"Mogopodi",slug:"dikabo-mogopodi",fullName:"Dikabo Mogopodi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"422909",title:"Dr.",name:"Dorcas Stella",middleName:null,surname:"Shumba",slug:"dorcas-stella-shumba",fullName:"Dorcas Stella Shumba",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"429405",title:"Dr.",name:"Deborah",middleName:null,surname:"Bakker",slug:"deborah-bakker",fullName:"Deborah Bakker",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null}]}},subseries:{item:{id:"26",type:"subseries",title:"Machine Learning and Data Mining",keywords:"Intelligent Systems, Machine Learning, Data Science, Data Mining, Artificial Intelligence",scope:"The scope of machine learning and data mining is immense and is growing every day. It has become a massive part of our daily lives, making predictions based on experience, making this a fascinating area that solves problems that otherwise would not be possible or easy to solve. This topic aims to encompass algorithms that learn from experience (supervised and unsupervised), improve their performance over time and enable machines to make data-driven decisions. It is not limited to any particular applications, but contributions are encouraged from all disciplines.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/26.jpg",hasOnlineFirst:!0,hasPublishedBooks:!0,annualVolume:11422,editor:{id:"24555",title:"Dr.",name:"Marco Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Aceves Fernandez",slug:"marco-antonio-aceves-fernandez",fullName:"Marco Antonio Aceves Fernandez",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/24555/images/system/24555.jpg",biography:"Dr. Marco Antonio Aceves Fernandez obtained his B.Sc. (Eng.) in Telematics from the Universidad de Colima, Mexico. He obtained both his M.Sc. and Ph.D. from the University of Liverpool, England, in the field of Intelligent Systems. He is a full professor at the Universidad Autonoma de Queretaro, Mexico, and a member of the National System of Researchers (SNI) since 2009. Dr. Aceves Fernandez has published more than 80 research papers as well as a number of book chapters and congress papers. He has contributed in more than 20 funded research projects, both academic and industrial, in the area of artificial intelligence, ranging from environmental, biomedical, automotive, aviation, consumer, and robotics to other applications. He is also a honorary president at the National Association of Embedded Systems (AMESE), a senior member of the IEEE, and a board member of many institutions. His research interests include intelligent and embedded systems.",institutionString:"Universidad Autonoma de Queretaro",institution:{name:"Autonomous University of Queretaro",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,series:{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",issn:"2633-1403"},editorialBoard:[{id:"43680",title:"Prof.",name:"Ciza",middleName:null,surname:"Thomas",slug:"ciza-thomas",fullName:"Ciza Thomas",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/43680/images/system/43680.jpeg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Government of Kerala",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"16614",title:"Prof.",name:"Juan Ignacio",middleName:null,surname:"Guerrero Alonso",slug:"juan-ignacio-guerrero-alonso",fullName:"Juan Ignacio Guerrero Alonso",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002g6HB8QAM/Profile_Picture_1627901127555",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Seville",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"3095",title:"Prof.",name:"Kenji",middleName:null,surname:"Suzuki",slug:"kenji-suzuki",fullName:"Kenji Suzuki",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/3095/images/1592_n.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Chicago",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"214067",title:"Dr.",name:"W. David",middleName:null,surname:"Pan",slug:"w.-david-pan",fullName:"W. David Pan",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSEI9QAO/Profile_Picture_1623656213532",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Alabama in Huntsville",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"72920",title:"Prof.",name:"Yves",middleName:"Philippe",surname:"Rybarczyk",slug:"yves-rybarczyk",fullName:"Yves Rybarczyk",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/72920/images/system/72920.jpeg",institutionString:"Dalarna University, Faculty of Data and Information Sciences",institution:{name:"Dalarna University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Sweden"}}}]},onlineFirstChapters:{paginationCount:2,paginationItems:[{id:"82483",title:"Oxidative Stress in Cardiovascular Diseases",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105891",signatures:"Laura Mourino-Alvarez, Tamara Sastre-Oliva, Nerea Corbacho-Alonso and Maria G. Barderas",slug:"oxidative-stress-in-cardiovascular-diseases",totalDownloads:10,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Importance of Oxidative Stress and Antioxidant System in Health and Disease",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11671.jpg",subseries:{id:"15",title:"Chemical Biology"}}},{id:"82291",title:"The Role of Oxidative Stress in the Onset and Development of Age-Related Macular Degeneration",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105599",signatures:"Emina Čolak, Lepša Žorić, Miloš Mirković, Jana Mirković, Ilija Dragojević, Dijana Mirić, Bojana Kisić and Ljubinka Nikolić",slug:"the-role-of-oxidative-stress-in-the-onset-and-development-of-age-related-macular-degeneration",totalDownloads:13,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Importance of Oxidative Stress and Antioxidant System in Health and Disease",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11671.jpg",subseries:{id:"15",title:"Chemical Biology"}}}]},publishedBooks:{paginationCount:2,paginationItems:[{type:"book",id:"9525",title:"Insights Into Drug Resistance in Staphylococcus aureus",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9525.jpg",slug:"insights-into-drug-resistance-in-staphylococcus-aureus",publishedDate:"December 8th 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Amjad Aqib",hash:"98bb6c1ddb067da67185c272f81c0a27",volumeInSeries:10,fullTitle:"Insights Into Drug Resistance in Staphylococcus aureus",editors:[{id:"229220",title:"Dr.",name:"Amjad",middleName:"Islam",surname:"Aqib",slug:"amjad-aqib",fullName:"Amjad Aqib",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/229220/images/system/229220.png",institutionString:"Cholistan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences",institution:{name:"University of Agriculture Faisalabad",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Pakistan"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9614",title:"Advances in Candida albicans",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9614.jpg",slug:"advances-in-candida-albicans",publishedDate:"November 17th 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Xinhui Wang",hash:"31d6882518ca749b12715266eed0a018",volumeInSeries:9,fullTitle:"Advances in Candida albicans",editors:[{id:"296531",title:"Dr.",name:"Xinhui",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",slug:"xinhui-wang",fullName:"Xinhui Wang",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/296531/images/system/296531.jpg",institutionString:"Qinghai Normal University",institution:{name:"University of Luxembourg",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Luxembourg"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}]},testimonialsList:[{id:"18",text:"It was great publishing with IntechOpen, the process was straightforward and I had support all along.",author:{id:"71579",name:"Berend",surname:"Olivier",institutionString:"Utrecht University",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/71579/images/system/71579.png",slug:"berend-olivier",institution:{id:"253",name:"Utrecht University",country:{id:null,name:"Netherlands"}}}},{id:"8",text:"I work with IntechOpen for a number of reasons: their professionalism, their mission in support of Open Access publishing, and the quality of their peer-reviewed publications, but also because they believe in equality.",author:{id:"202192",name:"Catrin",surname:"Rutland",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/202192/images/system/202192.png",slug:"catrin-rutland",institution:{id:"134",name:"University of Nottingham",country:{id:null,name:"United Kingdom"}}}},{id:"27",text:"The opportunity to work with a prestigious publisher allows for the possibility to collaborate with more research groups interested in animal nutrition, leading to the development of new feeding strategies and food valuation while being more sustainable with the environment, allowing more readers to learn about the subject.",author:{id:"175967",name:"Manuel",surname:"Gonzalez Ronquillo",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/175967/images/system/175967.png",slug:"manuel-gonzalez-ronquillo",institution:{id:"6221",name:"Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México",country:{id:null,name:"Mexico"}}}}]},submityourwork:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:90,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:107,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:33,numberOfPublishedChapters:330,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:14,numberOfPublishedChapters:145,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:139,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:122,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:112,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:21,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:10,numberOfOpenTopics:1,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:5,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-6580",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],subseriesList:[{id:"7",title:"Bioinformatics and Medical Informatics",scope:"Bioinformatics aims to help understand the functioning of the mechanisms of living organisms through the construction and use of quantitative tools. The applications of this research cover many related fields, such as biotechnology and medicine, where, for example, Bioinformatics contributes to faster drug design, DNA analysis in forensics, and DNA sequence analysis in the field of personalized medicine. Personalized medicine is a type of medical care in which treatment is customized individually for each patient. Personalized medicine enables more effective therapy, reduces the costs of therapy and clinical trials, and also minimizes the risk of side effects. Nevertheless, advances in personalized medicine would not have been possible without bioinformatics, which can analyze the human genome and other vast amounts of biomedical data, especially in genetics. The rapid growth of information technology enabled the development of new tools to decode human genomes, large-scale studies of genetic variations and medical informatics. The considerable development of technology, including the computing power of computers, is also conducive to the development of bioinformatics, including personalized medicine. In an era of rapidly growing data volumes and ever lower costs of generating, storing and computing data, personalized medicine holds great promises. Modern computational methods used as bioinformatics tools can integrate multi-scale, multi-modal and longitudinal patient data to create even more effective and safer therapy and disease prevention methods. Main aspects of the topic are: Applying bioinformatics in drug discovery and development; Bioinformatics in clinical diagnostics (genetic variants that act as markers for a condition or a disease); Blockchain and Artificial Intelligence/Machine Learning in personalized medicine; Customize disease-prevention strategies in personalized medicine; Big data analysis in personalized medicine; Translating stratification algorithms into clinical practice of personalized medicine.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/7.jpg",keywords:"Biomedical Data, Drug Discovery, Clinical Diagnostics, Decoding Human Genome, AI in Personalized Medicine, Disease-prevention Strategies, Big Data Analysis in Medicine"},{id:"8",title:"Bioinspired Technology and Biomechanics",scope:'Bioinspired technologies take advantage of understanding the actual biological system to provide solutions to problems in several areas. Recently, bioinspired systems have been successfully employing biomechanics to develop and improve assistive technology and rehabilitation devices. The research topic "Bioinspired Technology and Biomechanics" welcomes studies reporting recent advances in bioinspired technologies that contribute to individuals\' health, inclusion, and rehabilitation. Possible contributions can address (but are not limited to) the following research topics: Bioinspired design and control of exoskeletons, orthoses, and prostheses; Experimental evaluation of the effect of assistive devices (e.g., influence on gait, balance, and neuromuscular system); Bioinspired technologies for rehabilitation, including clinical studies reporting evaluations; Application of neuromuscular and biomechanical models to the development of bioinspired technology.',coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/8.jpg",keywords:"Bioinspired Systems, Biomechanics, Assistive Technology, Rehabilitation"},{id:"9",title:"Biotechnology - Biosensors, Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering",scope:"The Biotechnology - Biosensors, Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering topic within the Biomedical Engineering Series aims to rapidly publish contributions on all aspects of biotechnology, biosensors, biomaterial and tissue engineering. We encourage the submission of manuscripts that provide novel and mechanistic insights that report significant advances in the fields. Topics can include but are not limited to: Biotechnology such as biotechnological products and process engineering; Biotechnologically relevant enzymes and proteins; Bioenergy and biofuels; Applied genetics and molecular biotechnology; Genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics; Applied microbial and cell physiology; Environmental biotechnology; Methods and protocols. Moreover, topics in biosensor technology, like sensors that incorporate enzymes, antibodies, nucleic acids, whole cells, tissues and organelles, and other biological or biologically inspired components will be considered, and topics exploring transducers, including those based on electrochemical and optical piezoelectric, thermal, magnetic, and micromechanical elements. Chapters exploring biomaterial approaches such as polymer synthesis and characterization, drug and gene vector design, biocompatibility, immunology and toxicology, and self-assembly at the nanoscale, are welcome. Finally, the tissue engineering subcategory will support topics such as the fundamentals of stem cells and progenitor cells and their proliferation, differentiation, bioreactors for three-dimensional culture and studies of phenotypic changes, stem and progenitor cells, both short and long term, ex vivo and in vivo implantation both in preclinical models and also in clinical trials.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/9.jpg",keywords:"Biotechnology, Biosensors, Biomaterials, Tissue Engineering"}],annualVolumeBook:{},thematicCollection:[],selectedSeries:null,selectedSubseries:null},seriesLanding:{item:{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",issn:"2631-5343",scope:"Biomedical Engineering is one of the fastest-growing interdisciplinary branches of science and industry. The combination of electronics and computer science with biology and medicine has improved patient diagnosis, reduced rehabilitation time, and helped to facilitate a better quality of life. Nowadays, all medical imaging devices, medical instruments, or new laboratory techniques result from the cooperation of specialists in various fields. The series of Biomedical Engineering books covers such areas of knowledge as chemistry, physics, electronics, medicine, and biology. This series is intended for doctors, engineers, and scientists involved in biomedical engineering or those wanting to start working in this field.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/7.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"August 3rd, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfPublishedChapters:107,numberOfPublishedBooks:12,editor:{id:"50150",title:"Prof.",name:"Robert",middleName:null,surname:"Koprowski",fullName:"Robert Koprowski",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYTYNQA4/Profile_Picture_1630478535317",biography:"Robert Koprowski, MD (1997), PhD (2003), Habilitation (2015), is an employee of the University of Silesia, Poland, Institute of Computer Science, Department of Biomedical Computer Systems. For 20 years, he has studied the analysis and processing of biomedical images, emphasizing the full automation of measurement for a large inter-individual variability of patients. Dr. Koprowski has authored more than a hundred research papers with dozens in impact factor (IF) journals and has authored or co-authored six books. Additionally, he is the author of several national and international patents in the field of biomedical devices and imaging. Since 2011, he has been a reviewer of grants and projects (including EU projects) in biomedical engineering.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Silesia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Poland"}}},subseries:[{id:"7",title:"Bioinformatics and Medical Informatics",keywords:"Biomedical Data, Drug Discovery, Clinical Diagnostics, Decoding Human Genome, AI in Personalized Medicine, Disease-prevention Strategies, Big Data Analysis in Medicine",scope:"Bioinformatics aims to help understand the functioning of the mechanisms of living organisms through the construction and use of quantitative tools. The applications of this research cover many related fields, such as biotechnology and medicine, where, for example, Bioinformatics contributes to faster drug design, DNA analysis in forensics, and DNA sequence analysis in the field of personalized medicine. Personalized medicine is a type of medical care in which treatment is customized individually for each patient. Personalized medicine enables more effective therapy, reduces the costs of therapy and clinical trials, and also minimizes the risk of side effects. Nevertheless, advances in personalized medicine would not have been possible without bioinformatics, which can analyze the human genome and other vast amounts of biomedical data, especially in genetics. The rapid growth of information technology enabled the development of new tools to decode human genomes, large-scale studies of genetic variations and medical informatics. The considerable development of technology, including the computing power of computers, is also conducive to the development of bioinformatics, including personalized medicine. In an era of rapidly growing data volumes and ever lower costs of generating, storing and computing data, personalized medicine holds great promises. Modern computational methods used as bioinformatics tools can integrate multi-scale, multi-modal and longitudinal patient data to create even more effective and safer therapy and disease prevention methods. Main aspects of the topic are: Applying bioinformatics in drug discovery and development; Bioinformatics in clinical diagnostics (genetic variants that act as markers for a condition or a disease); Blockchain and Artificial Intelligence/Machine Learning in personalized medicine; Customize disease-prevention strategies in personalized medicine; Big data analysis in personalized medicine; Translating stratification algorithms into clinical practice of personalized medicine.",annualVolume:11403,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/7.jpg",editor:{id:"351533",title:"Dr.",name:"Slawomir",middleName:null,surname:"Wilczynski",fullName:"Slawomir Wilczynski",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000035U1loQAC/Profile_Picture_1630074514792",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Medical University of Silesia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Poland"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"5886",title:"Dr.",name:"Alexandros",middleName:"T.",surname:"Tzallas",fullName:"Alexandros Tzallas",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/5886/images/system/5886.png",institutionString:"University of Ioannina, Greece & Imperial College London",institution:{name:"University of Ioannina",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Greece"}}},{id:"257388",title:"Distinguished Prof.",name:"Lulu",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",fullName:"Lulu Wang",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRX6kQAG/Profile_Picture_1630329584194",institutionString:"Shenzhen Technology University",institution:{name:"Shenzhen Technology University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"225387",title:"Prof.",name:"Reda R.",middleName:"R.",surname:"Gharieb",fullName:"Reda R. Gharieb",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/225387/images/system/225387.jpg",institutionString:"Assiut University",institution:{name:"Assiut University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Egypt"}}}]},{id:"8",title:"Bioinspired Technology and Biomechanics",keywords:"Bioinspired Systems, Biomechanics, Assistive Technology, Rehabilitation",scope:'Bioinspired technologies take advantage of understanding the actual biological system to provide solutions to problems in several areas. Recently, bioinspired systems have been successfully employing biomechanics to develop and improve assistive technology and rehabilitation devices. The research topic "Bioinspired Technology and Biomechanics" welcomes studies reporting recent advances in bioinspired technologies that contribute to individuals\' health, inclusion, and rehabilitation. Possible contributions can address (but are not limited to) the following research topics: Bioinspired design and control of exoskeletons, orthoses, and prostheses; Experimental evaluation of the effect of assistive devices (e.g., influence on gait, balance, and neuromuscular system); Bioinspired technologies for rehabilitation, including clinical studies reporting evaluations; Application of neuromuscular and biomechanical models to the development of bioinspired technology.',annualVolume:11404,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/8.jpg",editor:{id:"144937",title:"Prof.",name:"Adriano",middleName:"De Oliveira",surname:"Andrade",fullName:"Adriano Andrade",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRC8QQAW/Profile_Picture_1625219101815",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Federal University of Uberlândia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"49517",title:"Prof.",name:"Hitoshi",middleName:null,surname:"Tsunashima",fullName:"Hitoshi Tsunashima",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYTP4QAO/Profile_Picture_1625819726528",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Nihon University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"425354",title:"Dr.",name:"Marcus",middleName:"Fraga",surname:"Vieira",fullName:"Marcus Vieira",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00003BJSgIQAX/Profile_Picture_1627904687309",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Federal de Goiás",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"196746",title:"Dr.",name:"Ramana",middleName:null,surname:"Vinjamuri",fullName:"Ramana Vinjamuri",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/196746/images/system/196746.jpeg",institutionString:"University of Maryland, Baltimore County",institution:{name:"University of Maryland, Baltimore County",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}]},{id:"9",title:"Biotechnology - Biosensors, Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering",keywords:"Biotechnology, Biosensors, Biomaterials, Tissue Engineering",scope:"The Biotechnology - Biosensors, Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering topic within the Biomedical Engineering Series aims to rapidly publish contributions on all aspects of biotechnology, biosensors, biomaterial and tissue engineering. We encourage the submission of manuscripts that provide novel and mechanistic insights that report significant advances in the fields. Topics can include but are not limited to: Biotechnology such as biotechnological products and process engineering; Biotechnologically relevant enzymes and proteins; Bioenergy and biofuels; Applied genetics and molecular biotechnology; Genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics; Applied microbial and cell physiology; Environmental biotechnology; Methods and protocols. Moreover, topics in biosensor technology, like sensors that incorporate enzymes, antibodies, nucleic acids, whole cells, tissues and organelles, and other biological or biologically inspired components will be considered, and topics exploring transducers, including those based on electrochemical and optical piezoelectric, thermal, magnetic, and micromechanical elements. Chapters exploring biomaterial approaches such as polymer synthesis and characterization, drug and gene vector design, biocompatibility, immunology and toxicology, and self-assembly at the nanoscale, are welcome. Finally, the tissue engineering subcategory will support topics such as the fundamentals of stem cells and progenitor cells and their proliferation, differentiation, bioreactors for three-dimensional culture and studies of phenotypic changes, stem and progenitor cells, both short and long term, ex vivo and in vivo implantation both in preclinical models and also in clinical trials.",annualVolume:11405,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/9.jpg",editor:{id:"126286",title:"Dr.",name:"Luis",middleName:"Jesús",surname:"Villarreal-Gómez",fullName:"Luis Villarreal-Gómez",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/126286/images/system/126286.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Autonomous University of Baja California",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"35539",title:"Dr.",name:"Cecilia",middleName:null,surname:"Cristea",fullName:"Cecilia Cristea",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYQ65QAG/Profile_Picture_1621007741527",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Iuliu Hațieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Romania"}}},{id:"40735",title:"Dr.",name:"Gil",middleName:"Alberto Batista",surname:"Gonçalves",fullName:"Gil Gonçalves",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYRLGQA4/Profile_Picture_1628492612759",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Aveiro",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Portugal"}}},{id:"211725",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Johann F.",middleName:null,surname:"Osma",fullName:"Johann F. Osma",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSDv7QAG/Profile_Picture_1626602531691",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidad de Los Andes",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Colombia"}}},{id:"69697",title:"Dr.",name:"Mani T.",middleName:null,surname:"Valarmathi",fullName:"Mani T. Valarmathi",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/69697/images/system/69697.jpg",institutionString:"Religen Inc. | A Life Science Company, United States of America",institution:null},{id:"205081",title:"Dr.",name:"Marco",middleName:"Vinícius",surname:"Chaud",fullName:"Marco Chaud",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSDGeQAO/Profile_Picture_1622624307737",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade de Sorocaba",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}}]}]}},libraryRecommendation:{success:null,errors:{},institutions:[]},route:{name:"profile.detail",path:"/profiles/52402",hash:"",query:{},params:{id:"52402"},fullPath:"/profiles/52402",meta:{},from:{name:null,path:"/",hash:"",query:{},params:{},fullPath:"/",meta:{}}}},function(){var e;(e=document.currentScript||document.scripts[document.scripts.length-1]).parentNode.removeChild(e)}()