\\n\\n
IntechOpen was founded by scientists, for scientists, in order to make book publishing accessible around the globe. Over the last two decades, this has driven Open Access (OA) book publishing whilst levelling the playing field for global academics. Through our innovative publishing model and the support of the research community, we have now published over 5,700 Open Access books and are visited online by over three million academics every month. These researchers are increasingly working in broad technology-based subjects, driving multidisciplinary academic endeavours into human health, environment, and technology.
\\n\\nBy listening to our community, and in order to serve these rapidly growing areas which lie at the core of IntechOpen's expertise, we are launching a portfolio of Open Science journals:
\\n\\nAll three journals will publish under an Open Access model and embrace Open Science policies to help support the changing needs of academics in these fast-moving research areas. There will be direct links to preprint servers and data repositories, allowing full reproducibility and rapid dissemination of published papers to help accelerate the pace of research. Each journal has renowned Editors in Chief who will work alongside a global Editorial Board, delivering robust single-blind peer review. Supported by our internal editorial teams, this will ensure our authors will receive a quick, user-friendly, and personalised publishing experience.
\\n\\n"By launching our journals portfolio we are introducing new, dedicated homes for interdisciplinary technology-focused researchers to publish their work, whilst embracing Open Science and creating a unique global home for academics to disseminate their work. We are taking a leap toward Open Science continuing and expanding our fundamental commitment to openly sharing scientific research across the world, making it available for the benefit of all." Dr. Sara Uhac, IntechOpen CEO
\\n\\n"Our aim is to promote and create better science for a better world by increasing access to information and the latest scientific developments to all scientists, innovators, entrepreneurs and students and give them the opportunity to learn, observe and contribute to knowledge creation. Open Science promotes a swifter path from research to innovation to produce new products and services." Alex Lazinica, IntechOpen founder
\\n\\nIn conclusion, Natalia Reinic Babic, Head of Journal Publishing and Open Science at IntechOpen adds:
\\n\\n“On behalf of the journal team I’d like to thank all our Editors in Chief, Editorial Boards, internal supporting teams, and our scientific community for their continuous support in making this portfolio a reality - we couldn’t have done it without you! With your support in place, we are confident these journals will become as impactful and successful as our book publishing program and bring us closer to a more open (science) future.”
\\n\\nWe invite you to visit the journals homepage and learn more about the journal’s Editorial Boards, scope and vision as all three journals are now open for submissions.
\\n\\nFeel free to share this news on social media and help us mark this memorable moment!
\\n\\n\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:{caption:"",originalUrl:"/media/original/237"}},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'
After years of being acknowledged as the world's leading publisher of Open Access books, today, we are proud to announce we’ve successfully launched a portfolio of Open Science journals covering rapidly expanding areas of interdisciplinary research.
\n\n\n\nIntechOpen was founded by scientists, for scientists, in order to make book publishing accessible around the globe. Over the last two decades, this has driven Open Access (OA) book publishing whilst levelling the playing field for global academics. Through our innovative publishing model and the support of the research community, we have now published over 5,700 Open Access books and are visited online by over three million academics every month. These researchers are increasingly working in broad technology-based subjects, driving multidisciplinary academic endeavours into human health, environment, and technology.
\n\nBy listening to our community, and in order to serve these rapidly growing areas which lie at the core of IntechOpen's expertise, we are launching a portfolio of Open Science journals:
\n\nAll three journals will publish under an Open Access model and embrace Open Science policies to help support the changing needs of academics in these fast-moving research areas. There will be direct links to preprint servers and data repositories, allowing full reproducibility and rapid dissemination of published papers to help accelerate the pace of research. Each journal has renowned Editors in Chief who will work alongside a global Editorial Board, delivering robust single-blind peer review. Supported by our internal editorial teams, this will ensure our authors will receive a quick, user-friendly, and personalised publishing experience.
\n\n"By launching our journals portfolio we are introducing new, dedicated homes for interdisciplinary technology-focused researchers to publish their work, whilst embracing Open Science and creating a unique global home for academics to disseminate their work. We are taking a leap toward Open Science continuing and expanding our fundamental commitment to openly sharing scientific research across the world, making it available for the benefit of all." Dr. Sara Uhac, IntechOpen CEO
\n\n"Our aim is to promote and create better science for a better world by increasing access to information and the latest scientific developments to all scientists, innovators, entrepreneurs and students and give them the opportunity to learn, observe and contribute to knowledge creation. Open Science promotes a swifter path from research to innovation to produce new products and services." Alex Lazinica, IntechOpen founder
\n\nIn conclusion, Natalia Reinic Babic, Head of Journal Publishing and Open Science at IntechOpen adds:
\n\n“On behalf of the journal team I’d like to thank all our Editors in Chief, Editorial Boards, internal supporting teams, and our scientific community for their continuous support in making this portfolio a reality - we couldn’t have done it without you! With your support in place, we are confident these journals will become as impactful and successful as our book publishing program and bring us closer to a more open (science) future.”
\n\nWe invite you to visit the journals homepage and learn more about the journal’s Editorial Boards, scope and vision as all three journals are now open for submissions.
\n\nFeel free to share this news on social media and help us mark this memorable moment!
\n\n\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"intechopen-supports-asapbio-s-new-initiative-publish-your-reviews-20220729",title:"IntechOpen Supports ASAPbio’s New Initiative Publish Your Reviews"},{slug:"webinar-introduction-to-open-science-wednesday-18-may-1-pm-cest-20220518",title:"Webinar: Introduction to Open Science | Wednesday 18 May, 1 PM CEST"},{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"8929",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Modern Beekeeping - Bases for Sustainable Production",title:"Modern Beekeeping",subtitle:"Bases for Sustainable Production",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"Beekeeping worldwide has seen remarkable development in the face of the growing demand for products from bees by consumers who demand increasingly innocuous products that do not harm the environment. However, it should be noted that, recently, problems have arisen in beekeeping production that could become restrictive factors for the worldwide development of beekeeping. This book includes, in simple and accessible terms, very relevant topics such as the effect of pesticides, the impact of diseases and their management, production and analysis of pollen present in honey, DNA analysis, and sustainable management, among others. This book is answering an expected need for accurate and international information for the productive sector.",isbn:"978-1-83880-156-4",printIsbn:"978-1-83880-155-7",pdfIsbn:"978-1-78985-493-0",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.82888",price:119,priceEur:129,priceUsd:155,slug:"modern-beekeeping-bases-for-sustainable-production",numberOfPages:202,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:null,isInBkci:!1,hash:"cbf5aca68ed2c6690ad99f68aaaddcaf",bookSignature:"Ramón Eduardo Rebolledo Ranz",publishedDate:"August 26th 2020",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8929.jpg",numberOfDownloads:8058,numberOfWosCitations:4,numberOfCrossrefCitations:12,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:1,numberOfDimensionsCitations:23,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:1,hasAltmetrics:1,numberOfTotalCitations:39,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"March 26th 2019",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"September 2nd 2019",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"November 1st 2019",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"January 20th 2020",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"March 20th 2020",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"193813",title:"Dr.",name:"Ramón Eduardo",middleName:null,surname:"Rebolledo Ranz",slug:"ramon-eduardo-rebolledo-ranz",fullName:"Ramón Eduardo Rebolledo Ranz",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/193813/images/system/193813.png",biography:"Ramón Eduardo Rebolledo Ranz received an Agricultural Engineering degree from the Austral University of Chile in 1986 and a Doctor of Agricultural Engineering with a mention in Plant Protection from the Polytechnic University of Madrid in 1994. He has worked on more than seventeen research projects on agricultural entomology, biodiversity, and beekeeping. He has published eighty-five scientific articles in national and foreign specialty journals. He has written one book and five book chapters in his specialty. In addition, he has been editor of four books on applied entomology. He has presented more than 100 works in different national and international scientific congresses on entomology and beekeeping. He has directed more than eighty undergraduate and graduate degree theses. He is a member of the scientific communities of beekeeping and entomology and has continued to organize more than twenty scientific congresses and seminars in his specialty. He is a reviewer for scientific journals and books. He has been president and director of different scientific societies and advisor to the Chilean Beekeeping Network, where he is also a consultant to the Latin American Beekeeping Federation for the congresses held in different countries. He is also an advisor to private companies in the agricultural sector on beekeeping and pest control issues.",institutionString:"University of La Frontera",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"3",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"3",institution:{name:"University of La Frontera",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Chile"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"332",title:"Melittology",slug:"entomology-melittology"}],chapters:[{id:"68866",title:"Effects of Pesticides and Adjuvants on the Honey Bee, Apis mellifera: An Updated Bibliographic Review",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.89082",slug:"effects-of-pesticides-and-adjuvants-on-the-honey-bee-em-apis-mellifera-em-an-updated-bibliographic-r",totalDownloads:976,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:3,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The European or western honey bee, Apis mellifera, pollinates approximately 75% of crop species in agricultural and horticultural production systems worldwide at a value of $170–$200 billion per year. While foraging for pollen and nectar in flowering plants, honey bees may be exposed to insecticides; however, they may also be exposed to a multitude of other pesticides and compounds including: fungicides, insect growth regulators, herbicides, and adjuvants. Previous and recent studies show that these pesticides and compounds are directly or indirectly harmful to honey bees, which could negatively impact pollination and colony health. Fungicides can directly and indirectly affect honey bees, and enhance the toxicity (synergize) of certain insecticides, thus increasing their toxic effects to honey bees. Insect growth regulators negatively affect larvae, which impacts brood production in honey bee colonies. Herbicides can indirectly affect honey bee populations by reducing the availability of flowering plants, which decreases pollen and nectar sources during foraging, and consequently reduces colony survival during the winter. Adjuvants, especially surfactants, are a component of pesticide formulations, and are indirectly harmful to honey bees. This book chapter provides a detailed discussion of the effects of fungicides, insect growth regulators, herbicides, and adjuvants on honey bees.",signatures:"Raymond A. Cloyd",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/68866",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/68866",authors:[{id:"14208",title:"Dr.",name:"Raymond A.",surname:"Cloyd",slug:"raymond-a.-cloyd",fullName:"Raymond A. Cloyd"}],corrections:null},{id:"71161",title:"Detailed Review on Pesticidal Toxicity to Honey Bees and Its Management",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.91196",slug:"detailed-review-on-pesticidal-toxicity-to-honey-bees-and-its-management",totalDownloads:1056,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:6,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"This chapter deals with the effects of different pesticides used in agro-ecosystem on honey bees and other pollinators and probable measures to manage this escalating problem of global decline of managed as well as the wild insect pollinators. This chapter describes different routes from which pollinators, especially honey bees get exposed to the different toxicants, followed by poisoning symptoms in honey bees. Further, this chapter focuses on the classification of different toxicants in different classes as per their nature. Finally, the management of these different toxicants and their toxicity to avoid bee poisoning has been considered in the later portion of the chapter.",signatures:"Gaurava Kumar, Swoyam Singh and Rukesh Pramod Kodigenahalli Nagarajaiah",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/71161",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/71161",authors:[{id:"305621",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Gaurava",surname:"Kumar",slug:"gaurava-kumar",fullName:"Gaurava Kumar"},{id:"315507",title:"Dr.",name:"Swoyam",surname:"Singh",slug:"swoyam-singh",fullName:"Swoyam Singh"},{id:"315508",title:"Dr.",name:"Rukesh",surname:"Pramod K.N.",slug:"rukesh-pramod-k.n.",fullName:"Rukesh Pramod K.N."}],corrections:null},{id:"70468",title:"Commercial Pollination of Apple Orchards: Val di Non Case Study",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.90429",slug:"commercial-pollination-of-apple-orchards-val-di-non-case-study",totalDownloads:792,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"This chapter presents the results of a survey conducted in spring 2019 within the beekeepers who rent their colonies for the pollination of apple orchards in Val di Non, an alpine area in North Italy. The commercial pollination of apple orchards in this area is managed in an associated form by their cooperatives. The survey, carried out in collaboration with the local farmer cooperatives, submitted to the beekeepers a questionnaire containing questions on the economic and apidological aspects of their migratory beekeeping. The answers, referring to 43 questionnaires, show that beekeepers mostly: plan the migration itinerary at the beginning of the year; proceed to balance the colonies of honey bees before the pollination of the apple orchards; believe that the strength of the colonies must affect the pollination fee paid by the farmers and that the concentration of the colonies for the pollination of crops is not a relevant factor in the spread of bee diseases. The winter losses of honey bee colonies suffered by the responding beekeepers are on average 11.9%. The average cost of feeding the honey bee colony amounts to 19.1 €/colony. Finally, there is a wide interest in beekeepers to ensure the honey bee colonies.",signatures:"Luciano Pilati, Paolo Fontana and Gino Angeli",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/70468",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/70468",authors:[{id:"254966",title:"Dr.",name:"Luciano",surname:"Pilati",slug:"luciano-pilati",fullName:"Luciano Pilati"},{id:"256655",title:"Dr.",name:"Paolo",surname:"Fontana",slug:"paolo-fontana",fullName:"Paolo Fontana"},{id:"311904",title:"Dr.",name:"Gino",surname:"Angeli",slug:"gino-angeli",fullName:"Gino Angeli"}],corrections:null},{id:"69986",title:"Melissopalynological Analysis of Honeys from Paderu Forest Division of Visakhapatnam District in Andhra Pradesh, India",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.88908",slug:"melissopalynological-analysis-of-honeys-from-paderu-forest-division-of-visakhapatnam-district-in-and",totalDownloads:630,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"Palynological examination of 17 honey samples procured from 8 localities in Paderu forest division in Visakhapatnam district, Andhra Pradesh, India, produced assemblage of pollen in terms of quantity and diversity. According to melissopalynological assessment of the honey samples, 6 were unifloral, i.e., 3 from Ageratum conyzoides and 1 each from Schleichera oleosa, Psidium guajava, and Mimosa pudica, and 11 were multifloral. The dominant taxa include Mimosa pudica, Syzygium cumini, and Centipeda minima. The taxa such as Terminalia arjuna, Dendrophthoe falcata, Lamiaceae, Asteraceae, and Phyllanthus emblica were minor sources of nectar and bee forage, as indicated by low frequencies of their pollen. The numerous pollen types and their diversity show that bees travel considerable distance to collect the nectar for honey production.",signatures:"Ravula Devender, Hari Ramakrisha and Sonte Niranjan",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/69986",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/69986",authors:[{id:"302533",title:"Prof.",name:"Ramakrishna",surname:"Hari",slug:"ramakrishna-hari",fullName:"Ramakrishna Hari"},{id:"304159",title:"Dr.",name:"Ravula",surname:"Devender",slug:"ravula-devender",fullName:"Ravula Devender"}],corrections:null},{id:"72529",title:"Application of Environmental DNA: Honey Bee behavior and Ecosystems for Sustainable Beekeeping",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.92717",slug:"application-of-environmental-dna-honey-bee-behavior-and-ecosystems-for-sustainable-beekeeping",totalDownloads:591,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:3,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Honey prices can vary widely depending on the production areas and/or the nectar plants, and quality control, therefore, is of great significance. Also, the identification of the nectar plants is one of the major concerns regardless of the purposes of beekeeping, namely, commercial, recreational, or for environmental education. In recent years, the scope for the application of eDNA technology has been expanding. We conducted an eDNA analysis of the 14 types of honey sold in supermarkets. The result showed that all of the honey samples contained DNA of several plants and revealed that there was no monofloral honey. In addition, there were cases where there was a discrepancy between the plants listed on the labels and the species whose DNA was the most prominent in the sample. DNA analysis of honey is considered to have the potential to enhance exponentially the understanding of the plant species that honeybees used as nectar plants and their proportions.",signatures:"Tomonori Matsuzawa, Ryo Kohsaka and Yuta Uchiyama",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/72529",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/72529",authors:[{id:"312052",title:"Dr.",name:"Yuta",surname:"Uchiyama",slug:"yuta-uchiyama",fullName:"Yuta Uchiyama"},{id:"312054",title:"MSc.",name:"Tomonori",surname:"Matsuzawa",slug:"tomonori-matsuzawa",fullName:"Tomonori Matsuzawa"},{id:"312077",title:"Prof.",name:"Ryo",surname:"Kohsaka",slug:"ryo-kohsaka",fullName:"Ryo Kohsaka"}],corrections:null},{id:"70613",title:"Beekeeping: Sustainable Livelihoods and Agriculture Production in Nepal",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.90707",slug:"beekeeping-sustainable-livelihoods-and-agriculture-production-in-nepal",totalDownloads:799,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:3,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Nepal has tremendous opportunities on the beekeeping due to the richness in the honeybee’s species and the availability of plenty pasture diversity. There exist four native honeybee’s species Apis florea, Apis dorsata, and Apis laboriosa are open nesting and Apis cerena halfway domesticated types. The beekeeping practices and production of the honey have been increased during the 10 years. Along with this, the natural honey export was also increased in recent years. The beekeeping in Nepal contributes to the economics boost up of the rural and marginalized landless farmers. Besides the economic contribution from the bees’ products, beekeeping enhances the pollination services assuring the crop yields and helping to maintain the natural biodiversity from the Terai to the high Himalayans. Beekeeping gives the mutual benefits to both beekeeper and the crop farmers on the economic returns from the selling of the bee products and beehives and also increases the yields of the pollination-dependent crops by ensuring the efficient pollination services. These perspectives of beekeeping enhance the livelihoods of the farmers through the sustainable practices of beekeeping.",signatures:"Kedar Devkota",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/70613",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/70613",authors:[{id:"299740",title:"Dr.",name:"Kedar",surname:"Devkota",slug:"kedar-devkota",fullName:"Kedar Devkota"}],corrections:null},{id:"70297",title:"American Foulbrood and the Risk in the Use of Antibiotics as a Treatment",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.90303",slug:"american-foulbrood-and-the-risk-in-the-use-of-antibiotics-as-a-treatment",totalDownloads:650,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"Honeybees (Apis mellifera) crucially pollinate agricultural crops and endemic species, in addition to producing various apiculture products. The most economically relevant and abundant beehive product is honey, a sweet substance made from the secretions of melliferous plants. Honey is a natural food rich in nutrients, including certain bioactive compounds inherited from floral nectar and pollen. Among the most dangerous diseases for bees is American foulbrood. Spores of the causative microorganism, Paenibacillus larvae, can contaminate larvae food or the operculum wax in which larval stages of honeybees are kept. Infection is further promoted by common apiculture practices, such as reusing inert material contaminated with spores, even after months of storage. American foulbrood is untreatable, and management implicates completely incinerating the infected hive and all material that could have come into contact with pathogenic spores. The purpose of such drastic measures is to decrease propagation risk for other beehives. While evidence indicates that antibiotics could effectively control and combat this disease; antibiotic use is prohibited in most honey-producing countries due to increased risks to microbial resistance. Antibiotic residues in honey can affect consumer health, since the natural biological attributes of honey can be altered.",signatures:"Enrique Mejias",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/70297",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/70297",authors:[{id:"191583",title:"Dr.",name:"Enrique",surname:"Mejias",slug:"enrique-mejias",fullName:"Enrique Mejias"}],corrections:null},{id:"69826",title:"Kikuji Yamaguchi Principles of Natural Beekeeping: A Novel Bio-Method of Natural Beekeeping for High Quality Royal Jelly Production",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.89647",slug:"kikuji-yamaguchi-principles-of-natural-beekeeping-a-novel-bio-method-of-natural-beekeeping-for-high-",totalDownloads:828,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Many serious problems, such as artificial control and overworking of honey bee colonies, deterioration of bee products due to incorrect treatment and inadequate environments, have been postulated in recent beekeeping which should be resolved for sustainable development of modern highly profitable beekeeping in the future. Thus, a novel beekeeping method, Kikuji Yamaguchi Method of Natural Beekeeping (KYAMENABEE), was established for the natural royal jelly (RJ) preparation and the biological and pharmacological properties were examined for evaluation of the authenticity of royal jelly products. RJ samples prepared by KYAMENABEE and ordinal beekeeping were subjected to the quantitative analyses of 10HDA and MRJP1 multimer, identification of functional substance based on the effective growth and development of queen bees, stability of the functional substance, proliferative activity of human and animal cells. The content of 10HDA and MRJP1 multimer in RJ prepared by KYAMENABEE were significantly higher than that prepared by ordinal beekeeping. The biological and pharmacological activities were also superior for RJ prepared by KYAMENABEE than that by ordinal beekeeping. Thus, it might be important to use a novel beekeeping method, KYAMENABEE, in order to produce high quality RJ for sustainable development of biopharmaceutical beekeeping.",signatures:"Kikuji Yamaguchi",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/69826",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/69826",authors:[{id:"305685",title:"Dr.",name:"Kikuji",surname:"Yamaguchi",slug:"kikuji-yamaguchi",fullName:"Kikuji Yamaguchi"}],corrections:null},{id:"69859",title:"Diagnostic Radioentomology",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.89005",slug:"diagnostic-radioentomology",totalDownloads:476,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Apart from the Neotropical flesh eating Trigona species, all existing bees are pollen feeding. Approximately 5% of these form colonies. In honeybees, colony health is evaluated by measuring seasonal hive weight increases and by visual inspections. However, rather than indicating good colony health, hive weight increases can be attributed to increases in stores from foragers feeding precociously during times of colony stress. Additionally, the subjective nature of these methods, leads to large errors. Visual inspections with stingless bee colonies are particularly invasive. Many bees die during inspections because they drown in spilt honey. Re-sealing the hive also kills bees, and the queen risks being squashed. Nevertheless, studies on bees continue as new, improved methods emerge to replace the old. Diagnostic Radioentomology is an innovative, non-invasive, imaging method for studying insects. Since development, it has been adopted by universities, synchrotron facilities and CT scanners to study morphology, physiology and behaviour of insects and has been hailed as the ‘Gold Standard’ for honeybee monitoring. In 2008, it was described as an emerging non-invasive technique for behavioural, evolutionary and classical biologists who choose to study animals without harming them. This chapter describes methods and includes examples of research conducted using Diagnostic Radioentomology.",signatures:"Mark Greco",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/69859",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/69859",authors:[{id:"304165",title:"Dr.",name:"Mark",surname:"Greco",slug:"mark-greco",fullName:"Mark Greco"}],corrections:null},{id:"70501",title:"Southeast Asian Meliponiculture for Sustainable Livelihood",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.90344",slug:"southeast-asian-meliponiculture-for-sustainable-livelihood",totalDownloads:1262,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:4,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Stingless bees (Apidae: Meliponini) are one of the most important pollinators of native plants and economic crops in tropical and subtropical parts of the world. They not only establish large perennial colonies with complex social organization but also have a diverse nesting biology. The economic utilization of a total of 60 stingless bee species in Asia has been reported. The current status of meliponiculture in Southeast Asia is mainly focused on pollination utilization and honey and propolis production. This chapter shows that small-scale beekeeping of stingless bees, which is suitable for the flowering pattern in the tropics, is one of the best potential alternative opportunities. The cost-effectiveness analysis based on production yield, investment cost, and profit-return rate is reviewed. 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Staphylococcus spp. and Streptococcus spp. that are Gram positive cocci are the main pathogens in several infections. Virulence factors such as usual and unusual surface proteins encoded by resistance genes are the main causes of pathogenesis. Multidrug-resistant pathogens that are the main causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide have the ability to synthesize a number of destructive enzymes encoded by resistance genes such as ?-lactamases. Resistant pathogens such as methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), Streptococcus pneumoniae, Group A, and Group B Streptococcus have emerged throughout the world. To eliminate these resistant pathogens that cause untreatable, acute, and chronic infections, different new antimicrobials must be developed and used. The goal of this book is to provide the latest information about the above topics.",isbn:"978-1-78984-473-3",printIsbn:"978-1-78984-472-6",pdfIsbn:"978-1-78985-941-6",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.77863",price:119,priceEur:129,priceUsd:155,slug:"staphylococcus-and-streptococcus",numberOfPages:120,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isSalesforceBook:!1,isNomenclature:!1,hash:"b9ddbf132ac8ea9d2a7613836e5a27ca",bookSignature:"Sahra Kırmusaoğlu",publishedDate:"March 11th 2020",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8032.jpg",keywords:null,numberOfDownloads:6301,numberOfWosCitations:1,numberOfCrossrefCitations:2,numberOfDimensionsCitations:4,numberOfTotalCitations:7,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"October 24th 2018",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"January 29th 2019",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"March 30th 2019",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"June 18th 2019",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"August 17th 2019",dateConfirmationOfParticipation:null,remainingDaysToSecondStep:"4 years",secondStepPassed:!0,areRegistrationsClosed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,biosketch:null,coeditorOneBiosketch:null,coeditorTwoBiosketch:null,coeditorThreeBiosketch:null,coeditorFourBiosketch:null,coeditorFiveBiosketch:null,editors:[{id:"179460",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Sahra",middleName:null,surname:"Kırmusaoğlu",slug:"sahra-kirmusaoglu",fullName:"Sahra Kırmusaoğlu",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/179460/images/system/179460.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Kırmusaoğlu, PhD, is an assistant professor of Microbiology\nat the Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, T.C. Haliç\nUniversity. She specialized in Microbiology at Abant Izzet Baysal\nUniversity (Biology Department), Turkey. Her previous experience\nincludes laboratory manager at microbiology laboratories in several\nresearch and private hospitals. Throughout her career, she collaborated\nwith academicians/researchers from Abant Izzate Baysal University (AIBU), Middle East Technical University (METU), and Istanbul\nUniversity Cerrahpaşa Faculty of Medicine, and has participated in various research projects.\nDr. Kırmusaoğlu’s research interests include medical microbiology, pathogenic bacteria, bacterial biofilms, antibiofilm and antibacterial activity, bacterial drug resistance, pathogen–host interactions, pathogenesis, molecular microbiology, and microbiota. She has published several international research articles, books, book chapters, and congress proceedings.\nShe is also the editor of Disinfection, Bacterial Pathogenesis and Antibacterial Control,\nand Antimicrobials, Antibiotic Resistance, Antibiofilm Strategies and Activity Methods\npublished by IntechOpen. In addition to these, she wrote the book Genel Biyoloji Laboratuvar\nKılavuzu (General Biology Laboratory Manual) published by Hipokrat Publisher.\nShe has contributed to a chapter translation of the book Sherris Medical Microbiology\nby Ryan et al. as one of the translation authors of Sherris Tıbbi Mikrobiyoloji, which is a\nTurkish translated book edited by Prof. Dr. Dürdal Us and Prof. Dr. Ahmet Başustaoğlu.",institutionString:"Haliç University",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"6",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"5",institution:{name:"Haliç University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}}],coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"409",title:"Bacteriology",slug:"biochemistry-genetics-and-molecular-biology-microbiology-bacteriology"}],chapters:[{id:"70748",title:"Introductory Chapter: An Overview of the Genus Staphylococcus and Streptococcus",slug:"introductory-chapter-an-overview-of-the-genus-em-staphylococcus-em-and-em-streptococcus-em-",totalDownloads:835,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"179460",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Sahra",surname:"Kırmusaoğlu",slug:"sahra-kirmusaoglu",fullName:"Sahra Kırmusaoğlu"}]},{id:"66603",title:"Virulence Factors of Streptococcus mutans Related to Dental Caries",slug:"virulence-factors-of-em-streptococcus-mutans-em-related-to-dental-caries",totalDownloads:1108,totalCrossrefCites:1,authors:[{id:"282054",title:"Ph.D.",name:"María Alejandra",surname:"Bojanich",slug:"maria-alejandra-bojanich",fullName:"María Alejandra Bojanich"},{id:"292367",title:"Mr.",name:"Mariano Daniel",surname:"Orlietti",slug:"mariano-daniel-orlietti",fullName:"Mariano Daniel Orlietti"}]},{id:"68220",title:"Toward Better Understanding on How Group A Streptococcus Manipulates Human Fibrinolytic System",slug:"toward-better-understanding-on-how-group-a-em-streptococcus-em-manipulates-human-fibrinolytic-system",totalDownloads:816,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"290636",title:"Dr.",name:"Ruby",surname:"Law",slug:"ruby-law",fullName:"Ruby Law"},{id:"300264",title:"Dr.",name:"Adam J.",surname:"Quek",slug:"adam-j.-quek",fullName:"Adam J. 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From chapter submission and review, to approval and revision, copy-editing and design, until final publication, I work closely with authors and editors to ensure a simple and easy publishing process. I maintain constant and effective communication with authors, editors and reviewers, which allows for a level of personal support that enables contributors to fully commit and concentrate on the chapters they are writing, editing, or reviewing. I assist authors in the preparation of their full chapter submissions and track important deadlines and ensure they are met. I help to coordinate internal processes such as linguistic review, and monitor the technical aspects of the process. As an ASM I am also involved in the acquisition of editors. Whether that be identifying an exceptional author and proposing an editorship collaboration, or contacting researchers who would like the opportunity to work with IntechOpen, I establish and help manage author and editor acquisition and contact."}},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"6148",title:"Bacterial Pathogenesis and Antibacterial Control",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"92128a5094670f6b0c9321640f60d3a3",slug:"bacterial-pathogenesis-and-antibacterial-control",bookSignature:"Sahra",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6148.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"179460",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Sahra",surname:"Kırmusaoğlu",slug:"sahra-kirmusaoglu",fullName:"Sahra Kırmusaoğlu"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8133",title:"Pathogenic Bacteria",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"b26e69f94525a38ead8ac88e3c68631a",slug:"pathogenic-bacteria",bookSignature:"Sahra Kırmusaoğlu and Sonia Bhonchal Bhardwaj",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8133.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"179460",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Sahra",surname:"Kırmusaoğlu",slug:"sahra-kirmusaoglu",fullName:"Sahra Kırmusaoğlu"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8427",title:"Antimicrobials, Antibiotic Resistance, Antibiofilm Strategies and Activity Methods",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"0fdedc9bf6c23241235a0ae011c0304c",slug:"antimicrobials-antibiotic-resistance-antibiofilm-strategies-and-activity-methods",bookSignature:"Sahra Kırmusaoğlu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8427.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"179460",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Sahra",surname:"Kırmusaoğlu",slug:"sahra-kirmusaoglu",fullName:"Sahra Kırmusaoğlu"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6601",title:"Disinfection",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ea121cf9b26d006bc6d7c7f92195852d",slug:"disinfection",bookSignature:"Sahra Kırmusaoğlu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6601.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"179460",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Sahra",surname:"Kırmusaoğlu",slug:"sahra-kirmusaoglu",fullName:"Sahra Kırmusaoğlu"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"2796",title:"Lactic Acid Bacteria",subtitle:"R & D for Food, Health and Livestock Purposes",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8d625f084ccba1e96cc326406074fe3f",slug:"lactic-acid-bacteria-r-d-for-food-health-and-livestock-purposes",bookSignature:"Marcelino Kongo",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2796.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"138356",title:"Dr.",name:"J. 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About 96% of life materials consist of carbon, hydrogen, and nitrogen elements. Almost 50% of the known elements are at measurable concentrations in life system. In humans and other mammals, physiological activities of 23 elements are known, 11 of which are classified as trace elements (TEs). TEs consist of transition elements [vanadium, chromium, manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), cobalt, copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), and molybdenum] and non-metal elements [selenium (Se), fluorine, and iodine]. TEs are, unlike sodium, calcium, magnesium, potassium, and chlorine, which are considered as macronutrients and required at larger amounts, fall into the micro-nutrient category, which is required at negligible levels (usually lower than 100 mg/day). Major and TEs play an essential role in human health. Lack or abundance of these elements due to natural or man-made reasons can lead to critical clinic consequences [1–4].
\nA tooth consists of hard tissue (enamel, dentine, and cement) and soft tissue (pulp and periodontal ligaments), and has TE in its structure. A tooth has a multicellular structure which can cooperate functionally with maxillofacial area [5].
\nEnamel is the hard tissue that covers the surface of the tooth. The function of this layer is to protect dentine-pulp complex. Enamel is the hardest and most resistant tissue in the body. It consists of 95% inorganic material (calcium hydroxyapatite crystals), 2% organic material (proteins such as amylogenic, enameline, ameloblastin, and tuftelin, among others), and 3% water [6–8]. A negligible part of the 95% inorganic material is represented by TEs. As a result of the analyses conducted using different methods in tooth enameling several chemical components are observed. These components include phosphorus (P), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), zinc (Zn), lead (Pb), cobalt (Co), fluorine (F), iron (Fe), aluminum (Al), and selenium (Se). Inorganic structure of enamel consists of 36.1 Ca, 17.3 P, 3.0 carbon oxide, 0.5 Mg, 0.2 Na, 0.3 potassium (K), 0.016 F, 0.1 sulfur (S), 0.01 copper (Cu), 0.016 Zn, 0.003 silicon (Si); and low levels of silver (Ag), strontium (Sr), barium (Ba), chromium (Cr), manganese (Mn), vanadium (V), aluminum (Al), lithium (Li), and selenium (Se). TE is placed in the human tooth enamel from the environment during and after the mineralization and maturation period of the tooth [9].
\nThe dentin consists of 70% inorganic material (hydroxyapatite crystals and TEs), 18% organic material (type I collagen fiber and proteins such as osteonectin, osteopontin, osteoclastin-like dentin Gla protein, dentin phosphorene, dentin matrix protein, and dentin sialoprotein) and 12% water [6–8].
\nThe inorganic material of dentin contains about 40 elements, ranging from 1000 ppm (i.e., Zn, Sr., Fe, Al, B, Ba, Pb, etc.) to 100 ppb (i.e., Ni, Li, Ag, As, Se, Nb, Hg, etc.) [10–12].
\nThe ratio of TE in human dentin varies according to age and sex. Cobalt can be higher in women, while lead can be higher in men [13].
\nCementum is a special connective tissue that connects the periodontal ligament to the root surface, covering the outermost layer of the calcite matrix on the root surface [14].
\nCement is a vascular and unlimited mineralized tissue. It is the interface between dentin and periodontal ligament and contributes to the repair and renewal of periodontal tissue after injury [15].
\nThe inorganic component of cement is similar to bone, dentin, and enamel. The basic mineral component of the cement is hydroxyapatite with amorphous calcium phosphate (Ca10 (PO4) 6 (OH) 2). The crystallinity of the cement inorganic component is lower than other calcifying tissues [16]. As a result, cement is decalcified more easily, while it has a tendency to coalesce for the adsorption of surrounding ions (i.e., fluoride). In general, the cement of adult mature teeth has higher fluoride content compared to other calcifying tissues. Mg content of the cement is about half of that in the dentin. There is a gradual increase in Mg in the deep layers of the cement [14].
\nTooth pulp developing from dental papilla consists of odontoblast, fibroblast, blood, and neural veins [17]. Odontoblast cells are the most important cells of the pulp. As the cells responsible for the construction of dentin and pre-dentin, they are also responsible for reparative dentin make-up in pathological cases [5, 18]. Pulp cells, especially fibroblasts, produce several inflammatory mediators such as IL-8, IL-6, and vascular endothelial growth factor in cases which threaten the health of the pulp. Tooth pulp performs a series of biological activities such as nutrition, sensitiveness, construction, and protection. The change in blood pressure and flow in the veins coming from apical region essentially affects the health of the pulp. When tooth pulp is damaged due to mechanical, chemical, thermal and microbial irritants, local tissue reactions and lymphatic, vascular inflammatory responses occur. The existence of dentin affected by oral bacteria which lead to the formation of caries is most important reasons for pulp inflammation [19].
\nDental caries is a microbiological infectious disease of the teeth that results in the destruction of dental calcified tissues. There must be three factors for the formation of dental caries; bacteria (from mutans Streptococci and Lactobacillus species), susceptible tooth surface (host), and nutrient (diet) to provide bacterial growth [20, 21]. Changes in the density of TEs due to some environmental and genetic impacts have some effects on human and dental health. The change in density of some elements can lead to dental caries. Based on the previous studies on humans and animals, some classifications have been made on the impact of TE on dental caries [4, 9].
\nIn addition, there is another classification with regard to the impact of TE on dental health:
\nThe effect on dental and oral tissues of elements and their features.
\nFluoride is an essential part of the organized matrix in hard tissues such as teeth and bones and is found in the form of fluorapatite. In addition, it can combine with calcium and stimulate osteoblastic activity. The daily recommended amount of fluoride is 0.7 mg for 1–3 ages, 1 mg for 4–8 ages, 2 mg for 9–13 ages, 3 mg for 14–18 ages, 4 mg for males above 18 years of age and 3 mg for females above 18 years of age.
\nFluoride need of the body is met by drinking water, food, and tea [22].
\nThe most well-known function of fluorine is a prevention of tooth caries. As a result of the changes created by this function dental structure, the resistance of enamel increases. In addition, it prevents the proliferation of bacteria in dental plaque. It also accelerates remineralization [4, 23].
\nHowever, during calcification of the teeth, it can lead to dental fluorosis due to excessive fluorine concentration. Dental fluorosis is a kind of enamel hypoplasia. Dental fluorosis has varying strengths from lesions in the form of white small spots on the enamel to loss of material in dental structure. The impact of excessive fluoride intake on the dental structure is a function of such factors as the fluoride concentration in drinking water, exposure amount, exposure period, and development period of the tooth [24, 25].
\nVanadium is found naturally in the soil, water, and air. Natural sources of vanadium include continental dust, sea aerosol, and volcanic emissions. The release of vanadium is associated with industrial sources such as oil refineries and power plants, especially using vanadium-rich petroleum and coal. Most foods contain naturally low vanadium concentrations. Sea products generally contain vanadium at a higher concentration than the meat of land animals. Daily vanadium uptake was reported in the range of 0.01–0.02 mg [26].
\nAlthough the role of vanadium in the development of dental caries is not clear, animal studies showed that it reduces dental caries. It is seen that when hamsters on Cariogenic diet are given vanadium, the formation of dental caries decreased. In addition, a study conducted on rats reported that when they are given intraperitoneal vanadium, the formation of dental caries reduced. On the contrary, some studies on monkeys showed that monkeys fed with water including vanadium content suffered from higher dental caries incidents [4].
\nStrontium is an element found everywhere in the environment. Stable and radioactive strontium compounds are used in many industrial processes and find applications in research and medical fields. Although strontium is not considered an important element and does not have a known biological role, it is present in all living organisms. Strontium resembles calcium element in its properties; like calcium, it is taken up and is preferably implanted into the bone. Strontium may have both beneficial and deleterious effects on humans, depending on the amount received [27].
\nHigh strontium content is related to low caries incidence. Epidemiological studies conducted on males determined that dental caries cases involve high strontium content. One study compared good and decayed enamels and found out that strontium was higher in the good enamel. In addition, it is reported that strontium ratio in tooth decreased with aging; strontium ratio is found to be higher in young people compared to the elderly [4].
\nApatites with strontium settlement are more difficult to remove from enamel compared to pure calcium component and it is stated that solution of enamel remineralized without strontium is more difficult than enamel remineralized with strontium. For this reason, it is believed that strontium adds resistance to hydroxyapatites against the solution. Strontium settlement in tooth enamel makes apatite crystal more resistant to caries due to the hetero-ionic change of calcium. The resistance of apatite crystals against demineralization which occurs as a result of acid attacks is increased [28].
\nMore than 90% of lithium is eliminated from the human body through the kidney. The human serum has been reported to have a lithium half-life of less than 24 hours [29].
\nLithium exposure through drinking water and other environmental sources can also affect thyroid function. Lithium is used in the treatment of bipolar disorders. Lithium is found to have an indirect relationship with tooth caries. It is reported that dental caries incidence reduces in the existence of lithium. One study conducted to control the relation between lithium and dental caries determined that it reduced the dental caries incidence in humans [4]. It has also been reported the histopathologic changes in the structure of salivary glands [30].
\nLithium exposure through drinking water and other environmental sources can also affect thyroid function [31
Copper plays an essential role in our metabolism as it is involved in the functions of several critical enzymes [28, 32].
\nCopper is defined as a material which increases caries. In decayed teeth, a higher level of copper is found compared to healthy teeth. Higher caries prevalence is found to be related to the existence of copper in water, food, soil or vegetables [4].
\nConducted studies showed that serum copper level is significantly higher in patients with oral leukoplakia and oral submucous fibrosis and also malignant tumors such as squamous cell carcinoma [22].
\nCopper concentration is found to be higher compared to the enamel of healthy and primary teeth than the enamel of decayed teeth [25].
\nRecommended daily copper level is 340 mcg/day for 1–3 ages, 440 mcg/day for 4–8 ages, 700 mcg/day for 9–13 ages, 890 mcg/day for 14–18 ages, 900 mcg/day for males and females above 18 years of age, and 1000 mcg/day for pregnant and 1300 mcg/day for nursing women.
\nCopper is mostly found in oysters, sea animals with shell, whole grains, hazelnuts, potatoes, greeneries with dark leaves, dried fruits and animal products such as kidneys and livers [22].
\nSelenium is a vital trace element which is an essential component of antioxidant enzymes. Selenium salts are required for several cellular functions in the human body but their excessive amount is toxic [33].
\nSelenium is found in liver, kidneys, sea products, meat, grains, grain products, milk products, fruits, and vegetables. The recommended daily intake is 70 micrograms [22].
\nSelenium is a non-metallic element which is found epidemically in nature and absorbed by the body through food or inhalation. Selenium is reported to be involved in synthetic hydroxyapatite as anionic Se+4 through phosphate change with selenite. The ionic radius of Se+4 (0.50 Å) is higher than P+5 (Phosphate) (0.35 Å) value. For this reason, the fabric parameter increases after it is settled in synthetic hydroxyapatites [34–36].
\nIt is found out that selenium leads to structural changes in dental dentin and mandibular condyles. Increase in dental caries emerged in the case of selenium intake. Some studies show that there is a direct relationship between caries sensitiveness and selenium ejected with urine [4].
\nIt is reported that selenium is settled in the micro-crystal structure of the enamel at the beginning of the decay and made it more sensitive toward dissolution [25].
\nIn addition, it is reported that decrease in selenium level in the body leads to oxidative stresses. A recent study found out that patients with oral mucositis due to a high level of chemotherapy effectively reduced the term and seriousness of oral mucositis and, in addition, sufficient selenium reinforcement can produce cytoprotective impact and antiulcer activity [22, 37].
\nManganese content in food products varies considerably. It is highest in peanuts and grains; it is found in lowest concentration in milk products, meat, poultry, fish, and sea products. In addition, manganese can be found in coffee and tea which constitute 10% of daily intake. The body of an adult has 15 mg manganese on average which is typically seen in the nucleic acid. The daily requirement is approximately 2–5 mg/day. Manganese functions are considered as an enzyme activator and a part of metalloenzymes. Manganese is found in all mammal tissues at concentrations varying from 0.3 to 2.9 ug manganese/g. Tissues rich in mitochondria and pigments (for example, retina, dark skin) tend to have high manganese concentrations. Bones, livers, pancreas, and kidneys typically have higher manganese concentrations than other tissues. The most important manganese store is in the bones. There are 49 elements in enamel hydroxyapatite crystals; one of them is manganese, which is usually in very slight percentages. The manganese concentrations in enamel are between 0.08 and 20 ppm, equivalent to 0.08–20 mg/kg and dentine between 0.6 and 1000 ppm. Mn concentration is at enamel-dentin limit at the external surface of enamel and higher at permanent dentition compared to primary dentition [29, 30].
\nManganese is a TE which can be included in enamel through food, air, and water. In addition, Mn has the potential of changing Ca place at HAP. Several studies reported that Mn has the ability to include in synthetic HAP without degrading the crystal area size [34, 38].
\nManganese is increasingly related to decay prevalence. One study found out that in areas where manganese content is higher, dental caries incidence in males increased. Therefore, it is emphasized that manganese encourages caries [4].
\nThere are 2–4 grams of zinc scattered throughout the human body. Zinc is stored in the prostate, eye parts, brain, muscles, bones, kidney, and liver. It is the second most abundant transition metal in organisms after iron and is the only metal seen in all enzyme classes. In blood plasma, zinc is carried and bound to albumin (60%) and transferrin (10%). Zinc concentration in blood plasma always remains unchanged regardless of the zinc intake [22, 39, 40].
\nThe daily average requirement of zinc is 15–20 mg/day. Approximately 2–5 mg/day is expelled through pancreas and intestines. Plasma zinc level decreases in such cases as pregnancy, loss of liquid, oral contraceptive usage, blood loss, acute myocardial infarction, infections, and malignity [41].
\nZinc plays an essential role in cell reproduction, differentiation, and metabolic activities. Zinc also supports normal growth in pregnancy, childhood, and adolescence periods [28, 42, 43]. Zinc is mostly found in animal products like meat, milk, and in fishes. Zinc bio adjustment is low in phytonutrients [22].
\nThe role of zinc in the development of dental caries is controversial. One study which analyzed the existence of TEs in children found zinc levels of children with more dental caries to be higher. In addition, it has been found out that zinc concentration in caries enamel of milk teeth was higher. However, another study showed that existence of zinc in saliva decreased the development of dental caries [4, 44, 45].
\nContrary to the foregoing, zinc is added to oral health products in order to control plaques, reduce halitosis and delay tartar development. The zinc released from mouthwash solutions and toothpastes can continue to exist in plaque and saliva for a long time. Low zinc concentrations can reduce enamel demineralization. However, their anticariogenic impact is still controversial. Zinc deficiency is reported to be a potential risk factor for oral and periodontal patients. Parakeratotic changes in cheeks, tongue, and esophagus are indicators of zinc deficiency. Serum zinc level has been found to be at lower levels in patients with potentially premalignant disorders such as oral leukoplakia [22, 43, 46].
\nCadmium is found in some vegetables (leaved vegetables, potatoes, grains, and seeds) and animal food (liver and kidney). The moment cadmium enters the body, it accumulates in the liver and bones and is expelled very slowly (cadmium reference). Cadmium is an active element in soil and can be received by plants easily. As a result of being received by plants and entering the food chain or possibility of reaching water environment by being washed from the soil, it creates a significant environmental problem. In addition, the downward carriage of cadmium from the soil with chelating agents accelerates and it can lead to pollution in drinking and irrigation waters as it enters underground water sources [47, 48]. Exposure to cadmium is related to some various systematic health impacts such as kidney failure, skeleton disorders, and cardiovascular diseases [49]. Cadmium can be released from intraoral alloys in dentistry patients and accumulate in teeth and mouth tissues, which are strictly bound to metallothioneins [50]. The relation has been found between cadmium and the increase in decay prevalence. However, it is stated that settlement of cadmium in teeth after growth is not effective on caries. Some studies conducted on test animals indicate that there is a strong relationship between the formation of dental caries and cadmium intake in dental development period [4]. The increase of exposure to and dispersion of this toxic material is becoming increasingly important on the systematic and oral health of sensitive populations such as children [49].
\nPeople can be exposed to lead through contaminated food and beverage, resulting from industrial activity [51]. Lead is added to the food chain especially through vegetables growing on contaminated soil. Lead can be transferred with plants and grass from contaminated soil, which potentially leads to the accumulation of toxic metals in vegetating ruminants and especially in cattle. The accumulation of lead creates toxic effects in cattle; it also leads to toxic effects in people who consume meat and milk contaminated with toxic metals [52].
\nIt is a harmful and toxic metal for the human body. Lead has the ability to translocation with Ca+2 at the HAP of teeth. For this reason, it downsizes the HAP crystals [34, 53].
\nLead is transferred to the tissues of the body such as teeth through environment or nutrition. It is determined to have an encouraging effect on dental caries. In addition, it is found out that lead increases the formation of enamel hypoplasia. A positive correlation has been found between saliva lead levels and decay development of children with early childhood decays. Thus, lead plays an essential role in the development of new caries lesions [4, 53, 54].
\nUnlike other TE, iron (Fe) is abundant in nature and a biologically essential component of every living organism. Nevertheless, despite geological abundance, when oxygen contacts iron, hardly soluble oxides are created. For this reason, it is not easily received by organisms [55].
\nThese are most common dietary resources for iron: liver, meat, poultry products and fish; cereals, green leafy vegetables, pulses, nuts, oilseeds, and dried fruits [22].
\nAs an essential element, iron mostly enters the body with green vegetables. It is reported that iron concentrations are low in enamel [34].
\nThe amount of Fe is 4–5 gm in healthy individuals. Iron (Fe) is a trace metal that is necessary to ensure that almost all organisms survive. Participation in heme and iron–sulfur cluster containing proteins allows Fe to participate in a variety of vital functions such as oxygen transport, DNA synthesis, metabolic energy, and cellular respiration [56].
\nSome studies reported that iron can act as preventive for dental caries. The study reported that adding 2 mmol/L FeSO4.7H2O to acidic drinks reduced mineral loss and human enamel preserved the surface microhardness [57, 58].
\nIn addition, some iron addition products used for iron deficiency anemia are reported to have a cariostatic effect and delayed the emergence of dental caries in human teeth. As a result of iron deficiency, angular cheilitis, atrophic glossitis, diffused oral mucosal atrophy, candidal infections, oral premalignant lesions, and stomatitis can be seen in the oral region [22].
\nBesides all these explanations, some factors change the density of the TEs on the teeth such as exposure to electromagnetic fields, Wi-Fi, radio frequencies emitted from mobile phones, environmental pollution, excessive fertilization of soil, natural disasters, and dental anomalies [3, 27, 49, 50].
\nGlioblastoma multiforme (GBM), classified as grade IV glioma, is highly invasive, heterogeneous, and malignant primary brain tumor. It accounts for ~57% of all gliomas and ~ 48% of all primary malignant central nervous system (CNS) tumors [1, 2]. Such tumors are associated with poor quality of life of the patient due to progressive decline in neurologic function, thus making a huge impact on the patients, care givers, and their families. The standard treatment includes multimodal approach involving maximal surgical resection followed by radiotherapy, systemic therapy (chemotherapy, targeted therapy), and supportive care; however, long-term survival is exceptional. Despite the treatment, these tumors regrow and that too with aggressive phenotype, which worsen the symptoms leading to prognosis with average overall survival time < 14.6 months for primary GBM patients and < 6.9 months for recurrent GBM patients [3]. Understanding the molecular mechanism involved in therapeutic resistance and tumor regrowth despite standard treatment is imperative.
In this regard, researchers have identified existence of cancer stem cells (CSCs) in a variety of cancers that play crucial role in tumor initiation, maintenance, resistance to therapy, recurrence, metastasis, and generation of more aggressive phenotype [4]. These properties of CSC are manifested by their potential to self-renew, proliferate, ability to differentiate in multiple phenotypes, plasticity, quiescence, and dormancy. It is suggested that these CSCs originate either from normal stem cells that were already present in tissue or can be generated from dedifferentiation of somatic cells from bulk of tumor. Based on the properties of CSCs, they pose not only a barrier for anticancer therapy but also are responsible for recurrence into more aggressive phenotype. Various researchers have shown that CSC escape anticancer therapy due to their ability to enter dormancy, plasticity, renewal, and regrowth into heterogeneous group of tumor cells. Of interest, recent evidences have suggested that these CSCs are further enriched in response to standard radio-chemotherapy, which may be responsible for tumor regrowth and aggressive phenotype. These enriched CSCs might be result from the existing population of CSCs that evades the therapy or as per recent evidences, can be generated from non-CSCs from the bulk of tumor in response to therapy. Of note, CSCs have been identified in HGG cases also known as glioma stem cells (GSCs) that contribute to tumor heterogeneity and resistance to therapies, thus a major contributor of tumor recurrence. These GSCs are considered as a potential therapeutic target, therefore understanding the molecular pathways that drive GSCs becomes imperative [5]. In this book chapter, we have discussed about the properties of cancer stem cells, cell surface markers, signaling pathways, and mechanism of resistance to therapies and ways by which these pathways can be targeted using different chemotherapeutic agents.
Stem cells are specialized cells present in our body that possess properties such as capacity to self-renew, proliferate, and differentiate into multiple cell types. This quality of self-renewal along with associated signaling pathways is shared between both stem cells and cancer stem cells with added feature of oncogenicity in CSCs. The most common pathways that drive multipotency and self-renewal of stem cells include the Notch, Sonic hedgehog (Shh), and Wnt signaling pathways [4]. Due to activation of oncogenic pathways, CSCs can give rise to tumor mass consisting of heterogeneous cell population. Initially, Bonnet and Dick characterized CSCs in acute myeloid leukemia as leukemia-initiating cell that possessed properties of leukemia stem cell [6]. Later, such cells were also identified in a variety of solid tumors, including prostate [7], colon [8], lung [9], ovarian [10], and brain [11] tumors. It is hypothesized that CSCs are the seed of a tumor that are responsible for tumorigenesis by initiation, maintenance, propagation, resistance to therapy, recurrence as well as progression of the tumor [12].
In brain tumors, presence of CSC has been identified and characterized by various groups and are defined as GSCs or glioma initiating cells [11]. When cultured, these cells grown into neurospheres that constitute of cells that express SC markers including Nestin and CD133. When these cells are injected into nude mice, they lead to tumor formation due to their SC properties [13]. To add further, various groups have utilized properties of stem cells that are present in brain predominantly in subventricular zone (SVZ) to initiate tumor by exposure to chemicals (ethylnitrosourea) or viruses (avian sarcoma virus) in animals that strongly support the importance of stem cells in tumor formation [7, 14, 15]. These cells contribute to tumor heterogeneity and plasticity and have shown resistance to therapies and thus have emerged as a major contributor of tumor recurrence [5, 16, 17]. These CSCs are also influenced by micro environmental conditions such as nutrient deprivation, hypoxia, pH, vasculature, radiation, and chemotherapeutic treatment (explained in detail in coming sections) [16, 17, 18, 19].
Several putative GSC surface markers, such as CD133, CD15, and CD44, and GSC transcription factors, such as SRY-box transcription factor 2 (SOX2), octamer-binding transcription factor 4 (OCT4), and NANOG, have been discovered [20, 21]. However, before its clinical implication, higher sensitivity and specificity of these GSC markers need to be established [21, 22].
In order to maintain stemness properties, GSCs depend upon number of signaling pathways that also support them to sustain under adverse conditions during tumorigenesis [23, 24, 25]. To understand the process of stemness in GSC, the signaling pathways that are also a part of normal neuronal stem cells are discussed. These pathways mainly include Notch, bone morphogenic proteins (BMPs), NF-
Notch signaling pathway is crucial in developmental process and plays a major role during embryonic development. This pathway regulates cellular proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis, and cell lineage decisions. In GSCs, Notch signaling pathways are highly active, which in turn maintain stemness by inhibiting differentiation. Notch signaling is also involved in oncogenic transformation. It has been identified that inhibition of Notch signaling decreases oncogenic potential of GSCs [26, 27].
BMP group of molecules belongs to the transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) superfamily of proteins. BMPs plays role during embryogenesis, development as well as adult tissue homeostasis. It interacts with different signaling molecules including Wnt/
Wnt/β-catenin signaling is a highly conserved pathway that regulates cellular proliferation, differentiation, migration, genetic stability, apoptosis, and stem cell renewal. This pathway also regulates NSC expansion and promotes astroglial lineage differentiation during neural development [33, 34]. In GSC,
The EGFR pathway is one of the most crucial pathways involved in cellular processes including proliferation, differentiation, migration, and apoptosis in a variety of cells including stem cells. Dysregulation of this pathway has been linked to cancer. Critical role of EGFR has been identified in NSCs as well [40, 41, 42]. In GSC EGFR works through activation of
The Shh signaling pathway is crucial for proper embryonic development as it governs tissue polarity, patterning maintenance, cellular proliferation, intercellular communication, and differentiation [44, 45]. Persistent Shh pathway signaling has been observed in the subventricular zone of adult brain where it plays a critical role in regional specification and maintenance of NSCs [46]. Aberrant regulation of the Shh pathway due to mutation has been identified to cause tumorigenesis in a wide variety of cancer tissues including gliomas and GSCs. This pathway is highly active in GSCs where it regulates stemness genes and thus maintains self-renewal of GSC and promotes tumorigenesis and inhibition of Shh signaling reduces both stemness as well as
Resistance of CSCs toward therapies resulting in their enrichment and regrowth of tumor due to proliferation of these cells has been suggested by various researchers [48, 49, 50]. In HGG, despite the effectiveness of TMZ in removing the bulk tumor cells, regrowth with a more aggressive phenotype is inevitable, and researchers have identified critical role of CSCs in such regrowth. For instance, in HGG, treatment with therapeutic doses of temozolomide (TMZ) leads to expansion of GSCs pool in both patient-derived and established glioma cell lines. Such expansions are reported not only due to enrichment and proliferation of existing CSCs but also due to interconversion between differentiated tumor cells and GSCs [18]. Similarly, bevacizumab (VEGF antibody) although reduces GBM tumor growth, it is followed by tumor regrowth where the role of autocrine signaling through the VEGF-VEGFR2-Neuropilin-1 (NRP1) axis leads to enrichment of active VEGFR2 GSC subset in human GBM cells [51]. It is evident that the therapeutics evoke enrichment of CSCs involving multiple mechanisms. Thus, understanding various ways by which CSCs escape the radio- and chemotherapy, more effective treatment modalities can be developed. Broadly, in CSCs various different mechanism such as epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), multiple drug resistance (MDR) dormancy, tumor environment contribute to resistance toward therapeutics and other adverse conditions faced by them in tumor microenvironment and are discussed as follows.
GSCs possess better DNA repair capacity as compared with bulk tumor cells [52]. These cells express higher levels of DNA repair enzymes such as O6-methylguanine-methyltransferase (MGMT), which are responsible for therapy resistance against DNA alkylating agents such as TMZ [53, 54, 55, 56]. However, there are contradictory studies that also suggest that TMZ resistance in GSCs is independent of MGMT status and alternate pathways might be involved [57, 58]. Further, preferential expression of DNA checkpoint kinases 1 (Chk1) and 2 (Chk2) lead to more efficient repair of DNA damage in CD133-positive glioma cells than CD133-negative glioma cells [54]. Other transcriptional regulators such as BMI, DNA-PK, poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase-1, hnRNP U, and histone H1, which play a role in DNA double-strand break repair, are highly expressed in CD133-positive GBM cells and play pivotal role in GSCs’ functions [59, 60].
EMT involves phenotypic changes in cells from epithelial to mesenchymal type involving high expression of markers such as N-cadherin and vimentin under various physiological as well as pathological conditions including cancer [61]. Interestingly, CSCs also share the EMT-like cell features [62], and it is believed that the link between EMT and CSCs might be responsible for cancer drug resistance acquisition and plasticity resulting in cancer cells transformation into the malignant cells and
As the understanding of CSC biology has improved, it has been identified that CSCs can exist in proliferative or dormant state. Dormant CSCs maintain a low metabolic activity, however, show similarities with the normal proliferative counterpart in terms of stemness and other signaling pathways. For instance, dormant stem cells are low in metabolic activity that preferentially utilize the glycolytic pathway and produce low levels of levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) [68]. However, these dormant/quiescent cells demonstrate high plasticity and can be reactivated to reenter proliferative stage and lead to tumor formation. Such dormant cells are also chemoresistant due to their dormant nature; interestingly, proliferative CSC can also enter dormancy in response to chemotherapeutics agents. In GBM, existence of a relatively quiescent subset of GSCs has been observed, which is responsible for maintaining the long-term tumor growth and responsible for recurrence by entering into highly proliferative cells upon receiving proper signals [69].
Various anti-apoptotic protein such as B-cell lymphoma-2 (BCL-2), BCL2 like 1 (BCL2L1), myeloid cell leukemia-1, MCL1 and BCL-xL are highly expressed in GSCs than differentiated bulk tumor cells. These proteins not only play role in GSCs maintenance but also provide survival advantage to these cells against various chemotherapeutic agents [70]. Other mediator of GSCs resistance includes BMI1, a GSC-enriched protein that inhibits p53-mediated apoptosis against TMZ [71]. Inhibition of such anti-apoptotic pathways can increase sensitivity of GSCs against different therapeutic agents.
Stem cells express higher levels of several ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters resulting in efflux ability for various antineoplastic drugs [72]. In GSCs, increased
GSCs show metabolic adaptations to survive adverse conditions of tumor microenvironment that includes low pH, hypoxia, and low nutrient supply; at the same time they proliferate at a high rate to maintain their stemness [16, 17]. Majority of GSCs rely on glucose uptake via high-affinity glucose transporter 3 (GLUT3) to provide carbon source for nucleotide biosynthesis for rapid proliferating cells along with high energy demands [78, 79, 80]. These cells also highly express glutamine synthetase as compared with differentiated glioma cells for higher glutamine uptake, which acts as preferential source for
Autophagy is a catabolic pathway which is a cellular stress response under physiological as well as pathological conditions. This pathways acts by removal of damaged macromolecules such as proteins, nucleic acid, and lipids and recycles them for cellular processes and thus promotes cell survival; however, defect or dysregulation of such pathway may lead to cell death [84]. Role of autophagy is well established in a variety of cancers including GBM where it can play a role in cell survival or cell death [84, 85]. Autophagy also contributes to the maintenance of stemness characteristics of GSCs as well as provides chemoresistance to CSC against therapeutic agents [19, 86]. Inhibition of autophagy sensitizes GSCs towards a variety of therapeutic agents [19, 87, 88, 89]. Interestingly, other studies demonstrated that induction of autophagy by mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) inhibitors as well as curcumin-induced autophagy shows anti proliferative effect, induces differentiation and also improves sensitivity of GSC towards DNA damaging agents [90, 91, 92]. Together, these results suggest that GSCs require a balanced level of autophagy, too much or too little can significantly affect their stemness potential and resistance toward therapeutics. Further, role of autophagy has also been shown to support motility/migration capacity of GSCs [93]. However, role of autophagy in suppression of the self-renewal ability and tumorigenicity of GSCs has also been demonstrated where autophagy mediates Notch1 degradation [94]. Thus, role of autophagy in GSCs is crucial for maintenance of stemness as well as chemotherapeutic agents; targeting such pathway appears as a p These cells also highly express glutamine synthetase otential strategy to make the existing treatment more effective.
Besides the signaling pathways and genetic signature of GSCs, extracellular environment also called as microenvironment in which these cells resides also plays crucial role in its functions and determines response towards therapeutic agents [95]. It has been identified that GSCs reside in inner tumor mass where rapid growth and high energy requirement of these cells along with neovasculature result in hypoxic conditions as well as low pH [29, 96]. These adverse conditions further promote expression of GSC markers and associated phenotype [97]. Various hypoxia and acidic pH-induced genes such as hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) 1 and 2alpha and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) are highly expressed in GSCs that contribute to GSC functions [98, 99]. It has been shown that in GSCs Notch signaling and MGMT expression are also regulated by HIF-1α, resulting in GSC stemness and also resistance toward TMZ [100, 101]. Further, hypoxic GSCs release extracellular vesicles that deliver HIF-1α induced miR-30b-3p that further activates STAT3 pathway and promotes TMZ resistance [102]. Further, it has been identified that TMZ increases the GSC pool in non-GSC subpopulations, indicating that non-GSC shows plasticity and can be converted to GSCs that might be responsible for resistance as well as regrowth of the tumor [18, 19]. Together, these findings suggest that
Various signaling pathways such as Notch and SHH are active in GSCs compared with bulk tumor cells [103]. Further, in response to TMZ treatment of GSCs from primary GBM cells resulted in upregulation of
Despite extensive research in oncology, the target is being missed leading to recurrence in a variety of high-grade tumors including malignant gliomas. With advancement in understanding of GSCs and its capacity of initiation, progression, resistance as well as recurrence of tumor, they appear as most promising target to treat cancers such as HGG. The drugs that can target GSC are being developed using multiple strategist including molecular targeting, autophagy inhibition, drug repositioning, and indirect targeting of GSC niches [17, 21, 106].
GSCs are regulated by various pathways involving differential expression of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), Notch1, sonic hedgehog (Shh), and STAT3, as well as related signaling pathways.
As discussed earlier, CD133 is the most well-characterized cell surface marker for GSCs, which has become a potential target for antibody-based therapy. Different immunotherapeutic approaches such use of synthetic monoclonal antibody, dual-antigen T cell engager, and chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell have been utilized to target CD133+ GSCs. RW03 (anti-CD133 antibody) targets self-renewal ability of GSCs without effecting its proliferative capacity and could be a promising strategy in targeting GSCs [107]. Further, photothermal therapy has also shown selective efficacy in diminishing CD133-positive cells both
EGFR, a receptor tyrosine kinase, which is highly expressed in GSCs, is crucial for its survival, self-renewal, and tumorigenicity. Of importance, EGFR variant III (EGFRvIII) mutation is most commonly detectable (25–33%) in GBM cases [109]. Thus, EGFR inhibition becomes a potential target to inhibit GSCs proliferation, self-renewal, and induction of apoptosis [110]. EGFR inhibition in fact enhanced chemo- and radio-sensitivity of human glioma CSCs. Various reversible and irreversible inhibits of EGFR are available that can bind EGFR alone or along with its co-receptor HER2 [111, 112]. First-generation EGFR TKIs include gefitinib and erlotinib that can reversibly bind EGFR along with HER2; however, less than 20% of patients presented a response to these treatments [112, 113]. Irreversible inhibitor of EGFR, osimertinib, has shown efficiency in crossing the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and significantly inhibits GBM tumorigenesis
Various signaling pathways such as Notch and SHH are active in GSCs compared with bulk tumor cells [114]. Further, in response to TMZ treatment of GSCs from primary GBM cells resulted in upregulation of
Shh/Gli signaling that regulates GSCs cell proliferation, stem cell fate determination, and differentiation has also appeared as potential target for GSCs therapeutics [124]. Inhibition of hedgehog pathway by LDE225 induces autophagic cell death in GSCs with higher sensitivity of CD133-positive cells than CD133-negative cells [125]. LDE225 inhibits expression and nuclear translocation of Gli proteins, a transcriptional effectors of the Shh signaling pathway [126]. Casein kinase 2 (CK2) is another target to inhibit Shh/Gli signaling via transcriptional activation of β-catenin [127] and inhibition of CK2 by, CX-4945 (silmitasertib), reduces MGMT expression and sensitized tumor cells to TMZ [128].
Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) that regulates multiple processes such as cell cycle and survival, regulation, immune response, and differentiation, tumorigenic transformation has also been implicated in GSC maintenance [129, 130]. Resveratrol (RV), a polyphenol present in grapes, a tumor preventive agent targets STAT3 signaling. In glioma, RV has shown antineoplastic actions by apoptosis induction and improving radio sensitivity of GSCs CD133+ cell population along with reducing of tumorigenic potential. Furthermore, RV also modulates Wnt signaling pathway and EMT activators, thereby regulating stemness of GSCs and reducing cellular motility [131, 132]. Another molecule that inhibits STAT pathway is WP1066, which is an analog of the natural product caffeic acid benzyl ester and targets GSCs. This molecule has shown promising results in clinical trial for patients with recurrent malignant glioma [133]. Other STAT3 inhibitors, STX-0119 and WP1066 have shown ability to suppress GSC proliferation
GSCs are localized in specific niches, which have been identified as protective microenvironments in GBM. Five types of GSC niches have been identified where different cell types exists and have specific singling pathways: peri-vascular, peri-arteriolar, peri-hypoxic, peri-immune, and extracellular matrix out of which peri-vascular niche is the most frequently described GSC [135]. GSC microenvironment lacks organizations and has compromised BBB, higher levels of hypoxia, and excessive angiogenesis making it a target for anti-angiogenic therapy [136, 137].
Drug repositioning also called as repurpose drugs is a growing concept that explores pre-existing a well-established drug to treat diseases aside from the intended ones. This concept results in lowering the overall developmental cost, time and risk assessments, as the efficacy and safety of the original drug have already been well accessed and approved by regulatory authorities [138]. In case of GSCs, repurpose drugs are being tested and have shown encouraging results. Especially, anti-diabetes drugs have been most well studied with promising results in GSCs targeting. Metformin, successfully used for type 2 diabetes mellitus, has entered phase I clinical trial for GBM in combination with TMZ [139]. Metformin preferentially acts in GSCs by inhibiting Akt activation and also induces conversion on GSCs to non-GSCs [140, 141]. Similarly glimepiride, another anti-diabetes drug, impairs GSCs by targeting glycolytic flux and increases its radio sensitivity to GBM [791]. Further, more repurpose drugs need to be identified that can effectively target GSCs along with its associated mechanism before it can be used in clinical application [138].
Autophagy is a cellular stress response, which can either promote survival or cell death. Our laboratory along with others has identified that autophagy is required for maintenance of GSCs and also plays a role in resistance of GSCs toward chemotherapy [19, 142, 143]. Targeting autophagy by commonly used agent chloroquine (CQ), which blocks the fusion of autophagosomes with lysosomes, has been shown to inhibit GSCs as well as sensitized them toward chemotherapeutic agents [19, 144]. This drug has also entered multiple clinical trials as an adjuvant treatment for GBM; where its antitumor effects of CQ are not limited to GSCs [145]. Further, combination of autophagy inhibitors with radiation effectively induced apoptosis and inhibited tumorosphere formation in GSCs [146, 147]. More selective autophagy inhibitor NSC185058, antagonist of autophagy-related 4B, inhibits tumorigenic potential of GSCs and enhances GBM sensitivity to radiotherapy in xenograft mouse models [148].
Treatment of HGG remains challenging. With identification of GSCs and their properties to resist treatment and repopulate the original tumor, a big momentum has been created in the development of novel therapeutics. Such therapeutic will involve a combination of drugs that controls the bulk tumor mass along with CSCs-directed agents. It has been identified that GSCs are responsible for tumorigenesis, therapeutic resistance, and tumor recurrence, and thus GSC-targeting drugs are being developed for improvement of treatment regime. These GSCs can survive cancer treatment by activating multiple mechanisms such as EMT, signaling pathways to regulate self-renewal, its interaction with tumor microenvironment, higher expression of drug transporters or detoxification proteins, plasticity, autophagy induction, anti-apoptotic mechanism, induction of dormant phenotype, and many others to overcome the toxic effects of therapeutics. With knowledge of these pathways, anticancer therapeutics are targeted against GSCs, which includes directing specific and pathways that regulate GSCs and protect them from therapeutic stress. Such GSC-directed drugs can be combined with agents that are currently in use to achieve better survival rates of cancer patients.
Identification of bioactive products and their molecular mechanisms that can modulate GSCs needs to be incorporated in treatment regime of HGG patients. With recent advancements in the field of high-throughput screening and genetic and epigenetic signatures, specific targeted drugs that can target bulk tumor with minimal generation of induced GSCs along with combination of drug that can target GSCs can be developed. Furthermore, tumor microenvironment that significantly regulates GSCs is also a potential target to prevent rate of dedifferentiation. It is important to consider that current therapeutic can result in conversion of non-GSC to GSCs; therefore, newer drugs or combinations need to be developed that can prevent this detrimental conversion. More stringent strategies involving GSC-targeted therapy along with glioma molecular subtypes need to be designed for selective and effective clinical trials.
However, most therapeutic agents have failed to be approved for clinical application or during clinical trials due to lack of understanding of the underlying mechanisms or failure to consider individual characteristics of the tumor. Further investigation of the molecular pathways that drive GSCs and make them resistant to therapies along with subtype-specific pathways of GSCs is required. Such studies will significantly improve not only the understanding of disease but will also direct the development of highly specific drugs with minimal side effects along with improved patient outcome.
The authors would like to acknowledge the funding support from Department of Biotechnology Bio-CARe grant, Govt. of India (BT/P19357/BIC/101/927/2016 to M.T.) and Intramural Research Grant by SGPGIMS (PGI/DIR/RC/36/2021) to LKS.
The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.
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The Corresponding Author (acting on behalf of all Authors) and INTECHOPEN LIMITED, incorporated and registered in England and Wales with company number 11086078 and a registered office at 5 Princes Gate Court, London, United Kingdom, SW7 2QJ conclude the following Agreement regarding the publication of a Book Chapter:
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\n\nLast updated: 2020-11-27
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This chapter tries to answer at least a few questions about corruption and the causes for it, its consequences and how to deal with it successfully.",book:{id:"6487",slug:"trade-and-global-market",title:"Trade and Global Market",fullTitle:"Trade and Global Market"},signatures:"Štefan Šumah",authors:[{id:"228073",title:"Mr.",name:"Stefan",middleName:null,surname:"Sumah",slug:"stefan-sumah",fullName:"Stefan Sumah"}]},{id:"55499",title:"Human Resources Management in Nonprofit Organizations: A Case Study of Istanbul Foundation for Culture and Arts",slug:"human-resources-management-in-nonprofit-organizations-a-case-study-of-istanbul-foundation-for-cultur",totalDownloads:2387,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"The aim of this study is to investigate the efficiency and importance of human resources management in nonprofit organizations. The understanding was included to the literature as personnel management at the beginning of the twentieth century and it turned into an approach as human resources management in the 1980s. It could be observed that many organizations, which deem the human as the most critical stakeholder, adopt a traditional way of personnel management in operating human resources. The employees play a key role in the success of an organization. For this reason, subjects such as recruitment, training, development, career management, performance appraisal, occupational health, and safety are the fundamental functions of human resources management. The study examines to what extent these roles are evaluated through a case study. The subject matter of the study is the most powerful culture and art foundation in Turkey. Compared to many other nonprofit organizations, the foundation actively performs a variety of services within a year worldwide. The fact that the total number of employees might rise up to 800, including the field personnel, indicates the need of a good functioning human resources management. The human resources practices of the foundation are examined and evaluated within that scope.",book:{id:"5826",slug:"issues-of-human-resource-management",title:"Issues of Human Resource Management",fullTitle:"Issues of Human Resource Management"},signatures:"Beste Gökçe Parsehyan",authors:[{id:"189113",title:"Dr.",name:"Beste",middleName:null,surname:"Gokce Parsehyan",slug:"beste-gokce-parsehyan",fullName:"Beste Gokce Parsehyan"}]},{id:"59152",title:"Marketing Strategies for the Social Good",slug:"marketing-strategies-for-the-social-good",totalDownloads:1651,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,abstract:"Social network sites (SNS) have proven to be a good environment to promote and sell goods and services, but marketing is more than creating commercial strategies. Social marketing strategies can also be used to promote behavioral change and help individuals transform their lives, achieve well-being, and adopt prosocial behaviors. In this chapter, we seek to analyze with a netnographic study, how SNS are being employed by nonprofits and nongovernment organizations (NGOs) to enable citizens and consumers to participate in different programs and activities that promote social transformation and well-being. A particular interest is to identify how organizations are using behavioral economic tactics to nudge individuals and motivate them to engage in prosocial actions. By providing an understanding on how SNS can provide an adequate environment for the design of social marketing strategies, we believe our work has practical implications both for academicians and marketers who want to contribute in the transformation of consumer behavior and the achievement of well-being and social change.",book:{id:"6583",slug:"marketing",title:"Marketing",fullTitle:"Marketing"},signatures:"Alicia De La Pena",authors:[{id:"196878",title:"Dr.",name:"Alicia",middleName:null,surname:"De La Pena",slug:"alicia-de-la-pena",fullName:"Alicia De La Pena"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"4",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[{id:"82982",title:"The Well-Being in the Children and Adolescents with ADHD: Possible Influencing Factors and How to Improve It",slug:"the-well-being-in-the-children-and-adolescents-with-adhd-possible-influencing-factors-and-how-to-imp",totalDownloads:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.106596",abstract:"In recent years, academics have increasingly emphasized the importance of research into the well-being of children and adolescents. This is because well-being plays an important role in the development of children and adolescents. The literature reports that high levels of well-being facilitate positive functioning in children and adolescents. They contribute to the overall development of the individual and are a key factor in helping children and adolescents to integrate into society. ADHD, the most prevalent neurodevelopmental disorder, affects more than 5% of children and adolescents, and the distress caused by its symptom can seriously undermine the well-being of children and adolescents. Therefore, this chapter discusses this noticeable issue focusing on the following key parts: An understanding of the well-being in children and adolescents, the factors that affect the well-being of children and adolescents with ADHD, and how to improve the well-being of children and adolescents with ADHD.",book:{id:"11444",title:"Happiness - Biopsychosocial and Anthropological Perspectives",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11444.jpg"},signatures:"Jenson Yin and Jie Luo"},{id:"82949",title:"Corruption and Deterioration of Democracy: The Brazilian Lesson",slug:"corruption-and-deterioration-of-democracy-the-brazilian-lesson",totalDownloads:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.106194",abstract:"Although it has emerged, nationally and internationally, as one of the largest investigations against political corruption, Operation Car Wash—at its peak of popular prestige—cleared the path for the political rise of Jair Bolsonaro to the Presidency of the Republic of Brazil. And by doing so, to a certain extent, it paved the way for a set of arbitrary practices that today threaten and weaken the main Brazilian democratic institutions. Brazilian democracy today pays a high price for the Judiciary’s lethargic and condescending response to the unorthodox and illegal practices of Federal Judge Sérgio Moro during the golden years of Operation Car Wash (2014–2018). The lesson that the Brazilian episode brings to the international legal community is that the constant disrespect for the rules of due criminal procedure in large cases of corruption erodes the institutional bases that support the proper confrontation of this type of crime. The pertinent fight against corruption in a democracy can only take place in strict obedience to the law.",book:{id:"11772",title:"Corruption - New Insights",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11772.jpg"},signatures:"Fabio Roberto D’Avila and Theodoro Balducci de Oliveira"},{id:"82867",title:"Indigenous Cultural Expressions and Methodological Frameworks: Some Thoughts",slug:"indigenous-cultural-expressions-and-methodological-frameworks-some-thoughts",totalDownloads:2,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.106236",abstract:"Within the contemporary global world, there appears to be an inevitable lag between the changing factual reality and the concepts and categories scholars use to analyze it, i.e., “indigenous peoples,” “traditional oral expressions,” “ethnicity,” “cultural identity,” and “cultural heritage.” But are these discrepancies insurmountable? This article delves into such mismatches, examining the relentless search for heuristic instruments to deal with the diverse indigenous artistic expressions in their socio-historical and political contexts. It presents some thoughts about the methodological frameworks used to ponder indigenous cultural expressions. The main argument is based on ethnographic research among Zoque and Mayan peoples in the states of Oaxaca and Chiapas in Southern Mexico, while establishing a dialog with ethnographies by other authors on different indigenous regions.",book:{id:"11434",title:"Indigenous Populations - Perspectives From Scholars and Practitioners in Contemporary Times",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11434.jpg"},signatures:"Marina Alonso-Bolaños"},{id:"82930",title:"Psychosocial Factors Linked to Severe Mental Disorders in a Convenience Sample of Teenage Students",slug:"psychosocial-factors-linked-to-severe-mental-disorders-in-a-convenience-sample-of-teenage-students",totalDownloads:5,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104936",abstract:"Students with severe mental disorders (SMDs) are a vulnerable population with higher risks of early school dropout than the general population. Our aim has been to define psychosocial factors of students aged 12–18 years who have been diagnosed with severe mental disorders. So, we have defined the psychosocial factors of a group of students aged 12 to 18 years who have been diagnosed with a SMD. We have made the selection of the sample through an intentional nonprobability sampling. One hundred and nine cases of students were analyzed. We have analyzed the evolution of the student throughout their academic history until the moment in which they are hospitalized in serious condition by means of an exploratory factor analysis, with the application of the KMO sample adequacy of 0.776 and the significance of Bartlett’s test of sphericity p < .001, we have obtained a high correlation between the variables. The factors obtained are study limitations, symptomatology representation, study facilitators, other limitations. The results show that it is necessary to take into account the conditions that prevent them from permanence, inclusion, coexistence, and educational achievement. Likewise, symptomatic expression and family support are key elements in improving the educational process of pupils with SMD. These factors allow us to infer pedagogical practices that are more appropriate to their needs.",book:{id:"10671",title:"Adolescences",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10671.jpg"},signatures:"Cristina Sánchez Romero and Francisco Crespo Molero"},{id:"82928",title:"Utilizing Environmental Analytical Chemistry to Establish Culturally Appropriate Community Partnerships",slug:"utilizing-environmental-analytical-chemistry-to-establish-culturally-appropriate-community-partnersh",totalDownloads:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.106237",abstract:"In the United States, minority communities are disproportionately exposed to environmental contaminants due to a combination of historically discriminatory based racial policies and a lack of social political capital. American Indian/Alaska Native (AI/AN) communities have additional factors that increase the likelihood of contaminant exposure. Some of these factors include the disparity of social, cultural, and political representation, differences in cultural understandings between AI/AN communities and western populations, and the unique history of tribal sovereignty in the US. Since the 1990s, research from both private and federal organizations have sought to increase research with AI/AN communities. However, although rooted in beneficence, the rift in cultural upbringing can lead to negative outcomes as well as further isolation and misrepresentation of AI/AN communities. Environmental analytical chemistry (EAC) is one approach that provides a means to establish productive and culturally appropriate collaborations with AI/AN populations. EAC is a more holistic approach that incorporates numerous elements and disciplines to understand underlying environmental questions, while allowing direct input from AI/AN communities. Additionally, EAC allows for a myriad of experimental approaches that can be designed for each unique tribal community, to maintain cultural respect and probe individual nuanced questions.",book:{id:"11434",title:"Indigenous Populations - Perspectives From Scholars and Practitioners in Contemporary Times",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11434.jpg"},signatures:"Jonathan Credo, Jani C. Ingram, Margaret Briehl and Francine C. Gachupin"},{id:"82845",title:"Revisiting Crisis Governance: Toward Collaborative Crisis Management",slug:"revisiting-crisis-governance-toward-collaborative-crisis-management",totalDownloads:3,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.106129",abstract:"This chapter attends to three main modes of crisis governance: centralization, decentralization, and collaborative crisis management (CCM). While the first two modes focus almost exclusively on government actors, CCM goes beyond them by involving private sectors and civil society. CCM is a more robust form of crisis governance since it combines knowledge and resources from multiple actors, which is a key to managing the more complex nature of modern crises. This chapter uses the case of Indonesia in dealing with the COVID-19 pandemic to show the dynamics of crisis governance. Indonesia moved from a centralized mode of crisis governance toward a more decentralized one. Simultaneously, there were several collaborative initiatives involving multiple stakeholders to deal with the crisis, such as in the case of SONJO. The case illustrates that while CCM provides a more effective response, it has some limitations as it has a smaller scale, may create internal conflict, lacks sustainability, and has a nonbinding character. The experience of Indonesia lends the lesson that for CCM to be robust crisis governance, and there needs to be a clear arrangement to boost its scale, manage internal conflict, improve sustainability, and induce a more permanent and binding framework.",book:{id:"11439",title:"Crisis Management - Principles, Roles and Application",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11439.jpg"},signatures:"Gabriel Lele"}],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:276},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:8,limit:8,total:0},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:90,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:107,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:33,numberOfPublishedChapters:330,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:18,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:14,numberOfPublishedChapters:145,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:139,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:122,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:112,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:21,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:10,numberOfOpenTopics:1,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:5,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-6580",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"6",text:"It is great to work with the IntechOpen to produce a worthwhile collection of research that also becomes a great educational resource and guide for future research endeavors.",author:{id:"259298",name:"Edward",surname:"Narayan",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",slug:"edward-narayan",institution:{id:"3",name:"University of Queensland",country:{id:null,name:"Australia"}}}},{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. The whole process of submitting an article and editing of the submitted article goes extremely smooth and fast, the number of reads and downloads of chapters is high, and the contributions are also frequently cited.",author:{id:"55578",name:"Antonio",surname:"Jurado-Navas",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRisIQAS/Profile_Picture_1626166543950",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",institution:{id:"720",name:"University of Malaga",country:{id:null,name:"Spain"}}}}]},series:{item:{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",issn:"2633-1403",scope:"Artificial Intelligence (AI) is a rapidly developing multidisciplinary research area that aims to solve increasingly complex problems. In today's highly integrated world, AI promises to become a robust and powerful means for obtaining solutions to previously unsolvable problems. 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Prior to his appointment at Stellenbosch University, he has been at the University of Pretoria, Department of Computer Science (1998-2018), where he was appointed as South Africa Research Chair in Artifical Intelligence (2007-2018), the head of the Department of Computer Science (2008-2017), and Director of the Institute for Big Data and Data Science (2017-2018). In addition to a number of research articles, he has written two books, Computational Intelligence: An Introduction and Fundamentals of Computational Swarm Intelligence.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Stellenbosch University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"South Africa"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},subseries:{paginationCount:5,paginationItems:[{id:"91",title:"Sustainable Economy and Fair Society",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/91.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,annualVolume:11975,editor:{id:"181603",title:"Dr.",name:"Antonella",middleName:null,surname:"Petrillo",slug:"antonella-petrillo",fullName:"Antonella Petrillo",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/181603/images/system/181603.jpg",biography:"Antonella Petrillo, Ph.D., is a professor in the Department of Engineering, University of Naples “Parthenope,” Italy. She received her Ph.D. in Mechanical Engineering from the University of Cassino and Southern Lazio, Italy. Her research interests include multi-criteria decision analysis, industrial plants, logistics, manufacturing, and safety. She serves as an associate editor for the International Journal of the Analytic Hierarchy Process and is an editorial board member for several other journals. She is also a member of the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) Academy.",institutionString:"Parthenope University of Naples",institution:{name:"Parthenope University of Naples",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"92",title:"Health and Wellbeing",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/92.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,annualVolume:11976,editor:{id:"348225",title:"Prof.",name:"Ann",middleName:null,surname:"Hemingway",slug:"ann-hemingway",fullName:"Ann Hemingway",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000035LZFoQAO/Profile_Picture_2022-04-11T14:55:40.jpg",biography:"Professor Hemingway is a public health researcher, Bournemouth University, undertaking international and UK research focused on reducing inequalities in health outcomes for marginalised and excluded populations and more recently focused on equine assisted interventions.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Bournemouth University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"93",title:"Inclusivity and Social Equity",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/93.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,annualVolume:11977,editor:{id:"210060",title:"Prof. Dr.",name:"Ebba",middleName:null,surname:"Ossiannilsson",slug:"ebba-ossiannilsson",fullName:"Ebba Ossiannilsson",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002g6LkBQAU/Profile_Picture_2022-02-28T13:31:48.png",biography:"Professor Dr. Ebba Ossiannilsson is an independent researcher, expert, consultant, quality auditor and influencer in the fields of open, flexible online and distance learning (OFDL) and the 'new normal'. Her focus is on quality, innovation, leadership, and personalised learning. She works primarily at the strategic and policy levels, both nationally and internationally, and with key international organisations. She is committed to promoting and improving OFDL in the context of SDG4 and the future of education. Ossiannilsson has more than 20 years of experience in her current field, but more than 40 years in the education sector. She works as a reviewer and expert for the European Commission and collaborates with the Joint Research Centre for Quality in Open Education. Ossiannilsson also collaborates with ITCILO and ICoBC (International Council on Badges and Credentials). She is a member of the ICDE Board of Directors and has previously served on the boards of EDEN and EUCEN. Ossiannilsson is a quality expert and reviewer for ICDE, EDEN and the EADTU. She chairs the ICDE OER Advocacy Committee and is a member of the ICDE Quality Network. She is regularly invited as a keynote speaker at conferences. She is a guest editor for several special issues and a member of the editorial board of several scientific journals. She has published more than 200 articles and is currently working on book projects in the field of OFDL. Ossiannilsson is a visiting professor at several international universities and was recently appointed Professor and Research Fellow at Victoria University of Wellington, NZ. Ossiannilsson has been awarded the following fellowships: EDEN Fellows, EDEN Council of Fellows, and Open Education Europe. She is a ICDE OER Ambassador, Open Education Europe Ambassador, GIZ Ambassador for Quality in Digital Learning, and part of the Globe-Community of Digital Learning and Champion of SPARC Europe. On a national level, she is a quality developer at the Swedish Institute for Standards (SIS) and for ISO. She is a member of the Digital Skills and Jobs Coalition Sweden and Vice President of the Swedish Association for Distance Education. She is currently working on a government initiative on quality in distance education at the National Council for Higher Education. She holds a Ph.D. from the University of Oulu, Finland.",institutionString:"Swedish Association for Distance Education, Sweden",institution:null},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"94",title:"Climate Change and Environmental Sustainability",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/94.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,annualVolume:11978,editor:{id:"61855",title:"Dr.",name:"Yixin",middleName:null,surname:"Zhang",slug:"yixin-zhang",fullName:"Yixin Zhang",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYWJgQAO/Profile_Picture_2022-06-09T11:36:35.jpg",biography:"Professor Yixin Zhang is an aquatic ecologist with over 30 years of research and teaching experience in three continents (Asia, Europe, and North America) in Stream Ecology, Riparian Ecology, Urban Ecology, and Ecosystem Restoration and Aquatic Conservation, Human-Nature Interactions and Sustainability, Urbanization Impact on Aquatic Ecosystems. He got his Ph.D. in Animal Ecology at Umeå University in Sweden in 1998. He conducted postdoc research in stream ecology at the University of California at Santa Barbara in the USA. After that, he was a postdoc research fellow at the University of British Columbia in Canada to do research on large-scale stream experimental manipulation and watershed ecological survey in temperate rainforests of BC. He was a faculty member at the University of Hong Kong to run ecological research projects on aquatic insects, fishes, and newts in Tropical Asian streams. He also conducted research in streams, rivers, and caves in Texas, USA, to study the ecology of macroinvertebrates, big-claw river shrimp, fish, turtles, and bats. Current research interests include trophic flows across ecosystems; watershed impacts of land-use change on biodiversity and ecosystem functioning; ecological civilization and water resource management; urban ecology and urban/rural sustainable development.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Soochow University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"China"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"95",title:"Urban Planning and Environmental Management",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/95.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,annualVolume:11979,editor:{id:"181079",title:"Dr.",name:"Christoph",middleName:null,surname:"Lüthi",slug:"christoph-luthi",fullName:"Christoph Lüthi",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRHSqQAO/Profile_Picture_2022-04-12T15:51:33.png",biography:"Dr. Christoph Lüthi is an urban infrastructure planner with over 25 years of experience in planning and design of urban infrastructure in middle and low-income countries. He holds a Master’s Degree in Urban Development Planning from the University College of London (UCL), and a Ph.D. in Urban Planning & Engineering from TU Berlin. He has conducted applied research on urban planning and infrastructure issues in over 20 countries in Africa and Asia. In 2005 he joined Eawag-Sandec as Leader of the Strategic Environmental Sanitation Planning Group. Since 2015 he heads the research department Sanitation, Water and Solid Waste for Development (Sandec) at the Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Research and Technology (Eawag).",institutionString:"Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Switzerland",institution:{name:"Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Switzerland"}}},editorTwo:{id:"290571",title:"Dr.",name:"Rui Alexandre",middleName:null,surname:"Castanho",slug:"rui-alexandre-castanho",fullName:"Rui Alexandre Castanho",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/290571/images/system/290571.jpg",biography:"Rui Alexandre Castanho has a master\\'s degree in Planning, Audit, and Control in Urban Green Spaces and an international Ph.D. in Sustainable Planning in Borderlands. Currently, he is a professor at WSB University, Poland, and a visiting professor at the University of Johannesburg, South Africa. 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His present research includes organic synthesis, drug discovery and development, biochemistry, nanoscience, and nanotechnology.",institutionString:"Visiting Scientist at Lipid Nanostructures Laboratory, Centre for Smart Materials, School of Natural Sciences, University of Central Lancashire",institution:null},{id:"428125",title:"Dr.",name:"Vinayak",middleName:null,surname:"Adimule",slug:"vinayak-adimule",fullName:"Vinayak Adimule",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/428125/images/system/428125.jpg",biography:"Dr. Vinayak Adimule, MSc, Ph.D., is a professor and dean of R&D, Angadi Institute of Technology and Management, India. He has 15 years of research experience as a senior research scientist and associate research scientist in R&D organizations. He has published more than fifty research articles as well as several book chapters. He has two Indian patents and two international patents to his credit. Dr. Adimule has attended, chaired, and presented papers at national and international conferences. He is a guest editor for Topics in Catalysis and other journals. He is also an editorial board member, life member, and associate member for many international societies and research institutions. His research interests include nanoelectronics, material chemistry, artificial intelligence, sensors and actuators, bio-nanomaterials, and medicinal chemistry.",institutionString:"Angadi Institute of Technology and Management",institution:null},{id:"284317",title:"Prof.",name:"Kantharaju",middleName:null,surname:"Kamanna",slug:"kantharaju-kamanna",fullName:"Kantharaju Kamanna",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/284317/images/21050_n.jpg",biography:"Prof. K. Kantharaju has received Bachelor of science (PCM), master of science (Organic Chemistry) and Doctor of Philosophy in Chemistry from Bangalore University. He worked as a Executive Research & Development @ Cadila Pharmaceuticals Ltd, Ahmedabad. He received DBT-postdoc fellow @ Molecular Biophysics Unit, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore under the supervision of Prof. P. Balaram, later he moved to NIH-postdoc researcher at Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, USA, after his return from postdoc joined NITK-Surthakal as a Adhoc faculty at department of chemistry. Since from August 2013 working as a Associate Professor, and in 2016 promoted to Profeesor in the School of Basic Sciences: Department of Chemistry and having 20 years of teaching and research experiences.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Rani Channamma University, Belagavi",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"158492",title:"Prof.",name:"Yusuf",middleName:null,surname:"Tutar",slug:"yusuf-tutar",fullName:"Yusuf Tutar",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/158492/images/system/158492.jpeg",biography:"Prof. Dr. Yusuf Tutar conducts his research at the Hamidiye Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, Division of Biochemistry, University of Health Sciences, Turkey. He is also a faculty member in the Molecular Oncology Program. He obtained his MSc and Ph.D. at Oregon State University and Texas Tech University, respectively. He pursued his postdoctoral studies at Rutgers University Medical School and the National Institutes of Health (NIH/NIDDK), USA. His research focuses on biochemistry, biophysics, genetics, molecular biology, and molecular medicine with specialization in the fields of drug design, protein structure-function, protein folding, prions, microRNA, pseudogenes, molecular cancer, epigenetics, metabolites, proteomics, genomics, protein expression, and characterization by spectroscopic and calorimetric methods.",institutionString:"University of Health Sciences",institution:null},{id:"180528",title:"Dr.",name:"Hiroyuki",middleName:null,surname:"Kagechika",slug:"hiroyuki-kagechika",fullName:"Hiroyuki Kagechika",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/180528/images/system/180528.jpg",biography:"Hiroyuki Kagechika received his bachelor’s degree and Ph.D. in Pharmaceutical Sciences from the University of Tokyo, Japan, where he served as an associate professor until 2004. He is currently a professor at the Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering (IBB), Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU). From 2010 to 2012, he was the dean of the Graduate School of Biomedical Science. Since 2012, he has served as the vice dean of the Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences. He has been the director of the IBB since 2020. Dr. Kagechika’s major research interests are the medicinal chemistry of retinoids, vitamins D/K, and nuclear receptors. He has developed various compounds including a drug for acute promyelocytic leukemia.",institutionString:"Tokyo Medical and Dental University",institution:{name:"Tokyo Medical and Dental University",country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"94311",title:"Prof.",name:"Martins",middleName:"Ochubiojo",surname:"Ochubiojo Emeje",slug:"martins-ochubiojo-emeje",fullName:"Martins Ochubiojo Emeje",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/94311/images/system/94311.jpeg",biography:"Martins Emeje obtained a BPharm with distinction from Ahmadu Bello University, Nigeria, and an MPharm and Ph.D. from the University of Nigeria (UNN), where he received the best Ph.D. award and was enlisted as UNN’s “Face of Research.” He established the first nanomedicine center in Nigeria and was the pioneer head of the intellectual property and technology transfer as well as the technology innovation and support center. Prof. Emeje’s several international fellowships include the prestigious Raman fellowship. He has published more than 150 articles and patents. He is also the head of R&D at NIPRD and holds a visiting professor position at Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Nigeria. He has a postgraduate certificate in Project Management from Walden University, Minnesota, as well as a professional teaching certificate and a World Bank certification in Public Procurement. Prof. Emeje was a national chairman of academic pharmacists in Nigeria and the 2021 winner of the May & Baker Nigeria Plc–sponsored prize for professional service in research and innovation.",institutionString:"National Institute for Pharmaceutical Research and Development",institution:{name:"National Institute for Pharmaceutical Research and Development",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"436430",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Mesut",middleName:null,surname:"Işık",slug:"mesut-isik",fullName:"Mesut Işık",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/436430/images/19686_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Bilecik University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"268659",title:"Ms.",name:"Xianquan",middleName:null,surname:"Zhan",slug:"xianquan-zhan",fullName:"Xianquan Zhan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/268659/images/8143_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Zhan received his undergraduate and graduate training in the fields of preventive medicine and epidemiology and statistics at the West China University of Medical Sciences in China during 1989 to 1999. He received his post-doctoral training in oncology and cancer proteomics for two years at the Cancer Research Institute of Human Medical University in China. In 2001, he went to the University of Tennessee Health Science Center (UTHSC) in USA, where he was a post-doctoral researcher and focused on mass spectrometry and cancer proteomics. Then, he was appointed as an Assistant Professor of Neurology, UTHSC in 2005. He moved to the Cleveland Clinic in USA as a Project Scientist/Staff in 2006 where he focused on the studies of eye disease proteomics and biomarkers. He returned to UTHSC as an Assistant Professor of Neurology in the end of 2007, engaging in proteomics and biomarker studies of lung diseases and brain tumors, and initiating the studies of predictive, preventive, and personalized medicine (PPPM) in cancer. In 2010, he was promoted to Associate Professor of Neurology, UTHSC. Currently, he is a Professor at Xiangya Hospital of Central South University in China, Fellow of Royal Society of Medicine (FRSM), the European EPMA National Representative in China, Regular Member of American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS), European Cooperation of Science and Technology (e-COST) grant evaluator, Associate Editors of BMC Genomics, BMC Medical Genomics, EPMA Journal, and Frontiers in Endocrinology, Executive Editor-in-Chief of Med One. He has\npublished 116 peer-reviewed research articles, 16 book chapters, 2 books, and 2 US patents. His current main research interest focuses on the studies of cancer proteomics and biomarkers, and the use of modern omics techniques and systems biology for PPPM in cancer, and on the development and use of 2DE-LC/MS for the large-scale study of human proteoforms.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Xiangya Hospital Central South University",country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"40482",title:null,name:"Rizwan",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmad",slug:"rizwan-ahmad",fullName:"Rizwan Ahmad",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/40482/images/system/40482.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Rizwan Ahmad is a University Professor and Coordinator, Quality and Development, College of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman bin Faisal University, Saudi Arabia. Previously, he was Associate Professor of Human Function, Oman Medical College, Oman, and SBS University, Dehradun. Dr. Ahmad completed his education at Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh. He has published several articles in peer-reviewed journals, chapters, and edited books. His area of specialization is free radical biochemistry and autoimmune diseases.",institutionString:"Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University",institution:{name:"Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University",country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}},{id:"41865",title:"Prof.",name:"Farid A.",middleName:null,surname:"Badria",slug:"farid-a.-badria",fullName:"Farid A. Badria",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/41865/images/system/41865.jpg",biography:"Farid A. Badria, Ph.D., is the recipient of several awards, including The World Academy of Sciences (TWAS) Prize for Public Understanding of Science; the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) Gold Medal for best invention; Outstanding Arab Scholar, Kuwait; and the Khwarizmi International Award, Iran. He has 250 publications, 12 books, 20 patents, and several marketed pharmaceutical products to his credit. He continues to lead research projects on developing new therapies for liver, skin disorders, and cancer. Dr. Badria was listed among the world’s top 2% of scientists in medicinal and biomolecular chemistry in 2019 and 2020. He is a member of the Arab Development Fund, Kuwait; International Cell Research Organization–United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (ICRO–UNESCO), Chile; and UNESCO Biotechnology France",institutionString:"Mansoura University",institution:{name:"Mansoura University",country:{name:"Egypt"}}},{id:"329385",title:"Dr.",name:"Rajesh K.",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Singh",slug:"rajesh-k.-singh",fullName:"Rajesh K. Singh",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/329385/images/system/329385.png",biography:"Dr. Singh received a BPharm (2003) and MPharm (2005) from Panjab University, Chandigarh, India, and a Ph.D. (2013) from Punjab Technical University (PTU), Jalandhar, India. He has more than sixteen years of teaching experience and has supervised numerous postgraduate and Ph.D. students. He has to his credit more than seventy papers in SCI- and SCOPUS-indexed journals, fifty-five conference proceedings, four books, six Best Paper Awards, and five projects from different government agencies. He is currently an editorial board member of eight international journals and a reviewer for more than fifty scientific journals. He received Top Reviewer and Excellent Peer Reviewer Awards from Publons in 2016 and 2017, respectively. He is also on the panel of The International Reviewer for reviewing research proposals for grants from the Royal Society. He also serves as a Publons Academy mentor and Bentham brand ambassador.",institutionString:"Punjab Technical University",institution:{name:"Punjab Technical University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"142388",title:"Dr.",name:"Thiago",middleName:"Gomes",surname:"Gomes Heck",slug:"thiago-gomes-heck",fullName:"Thiago Gomes Heck",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/142388/images/7259_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Regional do Noroeste do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"336273",title:"Assistant Prof.",name:"Janja",middleName:null,surname:"Zupan",slug:"janja-zupan",fullName:"Janja Zupan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/336273/images/14853_n.jpeg",biography:"Janja Zupan graduated in 2005 at the Department of Clinical Biochemistry (superviser prof. dr. Janja Marc) in the field of genetics of osteoporosis. Since November 2009 she is working as a Teaching Assistant at the Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Clinical Biochemistry. In 2011 she completed part of her research and PhD work at Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh. She finished her PhD entitled The influence of the proinflammatory cytokines on the RANK/RANKL/OPG in bone tissue of osteoporotic and osteoarthritic patients in 2012. From 2014-2016 she worked at the Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Aberdeen as a postdoctoral research fellow on UK Arthritis research project where she gained knowledge in mesenchymal stem cells and regenerative medicine. She returned back to University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Pharmacy in 2016. She is currently leading project entitled Mesenchymal stem cells-the keepers of tissue endogenous regenerative capacity facing up to aging of the musculoskeletal system funded by Slovenian Research Agency.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Ljubljana",country:{name:"Slovenia"}}},{id:"357453",title:"Dr.",name:"Radheshyam",middleName:null,surname:"Maurya",slug:"radheshyam-maurya",fullName:"Radheshyam Maurya",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/357453/images/16535_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Hyderabad",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"418340",title:"Dr.",name:"Jyotirmoi",middleName:null,surname:"Aich",slug:"jyotirmoi-aich",fullName:"Jyotirmoi Aich",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000038Ugi5QAC/Profile_Picture_2022-04-15T07:48:28.png",biography:"Biotechnologist with 15 years of research including 6 years of teaching experience. Demonstrated record of scientific achievements through consistent publication record (H index = 13, with 874 citations) in high impact journals such as Nature Communications, Oncotarget, Annals of Oncology, PNAS, and AJRCCM, etc. Strong research professional with a post-doctorate from ACTREC where I gained experimental oncology experience in clinical settings and a doctorate from IGIB where I gained expertise in asthma pathophysiology. A well-trained biotechnologist with diverse experience on the bench across different research themes ranging from asthma to cancer and other infectious diseases. An individual with a strong commitment and innovative mindset. Have the ability to work on diverse projects such as regenerative and molecular medicine with an overall mindset of improving healthcare.",institutionString:"DY Patil Deemed to Be University",institution:null},{id:"349288",title:"Prof.",name:"Soumya",middleName:null,surname:"Basu",slug:"soumya-basu",fullName:"Soumya Basu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000035QxIDQA0/Profile_Picture_2022-04-15T07:47:01.jpg",biography:"Soumya Basu, Ph.D., is currently working as an Associate Professor at Dr. D. Y. Patil Biotechnology and Bioinformatics Institute, Dr. D. Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune, Maharashtra, India. With 16+ years of trans-disciplinary research experience in Drug Design, development, and pre-clinical validation; 20+ research article publications in journals of repute, 9+ years of teaching experience, trained with cross-disciplinary education, Dr. Basu is a life-long learner and always thrives for new challenges.\r\nHer research area is the design and synthesis of small molecule partial agonists of PPAR-γ in lung cancer. She is also using artificial intelligence and deep learning methods to understand the exosomal miRNA’s role in cancer metastasis. Dr. Basu is the recipient of many awards including the Early Career Research Award from the Department of Science and Technology, Govt. of India. She is a reviewer of many journals like Molecular Biology Reports, Frontiers in Oncology, RSC Advances, PLOS ONE, Journal of Biomolecular Structure & Dynamics, Journal of Molecular Graphics and Modelling, etc. She has edited and authored/co-authored 21 journal papers, 3 book chapters, and 15 abstracts. She is a Board of Studies member at her university. She is a life member of 'The Cytometry Society”-in India and 'All India Cell Biology Society”- in India.",institutionString:"Dr. D.Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune",institution:{name:"Dr. D.Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"354817",title:"Dr.",name:"Anubhab",middleName:null,surname:"Mukherjee",slug:"anubhab-mukherjee",fullName:"Anubhab Mukherjee",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://intech-files.s3.amazonaws.com/0033Y0000365PbRQAU/ProfilePicture%202022-04-15%2005%3A11%3A18.480",biography:"A former member of Laboratory of Nanomedicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard University, Boston, USA, Dr. Anubhab Mukherjee is an ardent votary of science who strives to make an impact in the lives of those afflicted with cancer and other chronic/acute ailments. He completed his Ph.D. from CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad, India, having been skilled with RNAi, liposomal drug delivery, preclinical cell and animal studies. He pursued post-doctoral research at College of Pharmacy, Health Science Center, Texas A & M University and was involved in another postdoctoral research at Department of Translational Neurosciences and Neurotherapeutics, John Wayne Cancer Institute, Santa Monica, California. In 2015, he worked in Harvard-MIT Health Sciences & Technology as a visiting scientist. He has substantial experience in nanotechnology-based formulation development and successfully served various Indian organizations to develop pharmaceuticals and nutraceutical products. He is an inventor in many US patents and an author in many peer-reviewed articles, book chapters and books published in various media of international repute. Dr. Mukherjee is currently serving as Principal Scientist, R&D at Esperer Onco Nutrition (EON) Pvt. Ltd. and heads the Hyderabad R&D center of the organization.",institutionString:"Esperer Onco Nutrition Pvt Ltd.",institution:null},{id:"319365",title:"Assistant Prof.",name:"Manash K.",middleName:null,surname:"Paul",slug:"manash-k.-paul",fullName:"Manash K. Paul",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/319365/images/system/319365.png",biography:"Manash K. Paul is a Principal Investigator and Scientist at the University of California Los Angeles. He has contributed significantly to the fields of stem cell biology, regenerative medicine, and lung cancer. His research focuses on various signaling processes involved in maintaining stem cell homeostasis during the injury-repair process, deciphering lung stem cell niche, pulmonary disease modeling, immuno-oncology, and drug discovery. He is currently investigating the role of extracellular vesicles in premalignant lung cell migration and detecting the metastatic phenotype of lung cancer via machine-learning-based analyses of exosomal signatures. Dr. Paul has published in more than fifty peer-reviewed international journals and is highly cited. He is the recipient of many awards, including the UCLA Vice Chancellor’s award, a senior member of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE), and an editorial board member for several international journals.",institutionString:"University of California Los Angeles",institution:{name:"University of California Los Angeles",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"311457",title:"Dr.",name:"Júlia",middleName:null,surname:"Scherer Santos",slug:"julia-scherer-santos",fullName:"Júlia Scherer Santos",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/311457/images/system/311457.jpg",biography:"Dr. Júlia Scherer Santos works in the areas of cosmetology, nanotechnology, pharmaceutical technology, beauty, and aesthetics. Dr. Santos also has experience as a professor of graduate courses. Graduated in Pharmacy, specialization in Cosmetology and Cosmeceuticals applied to aesthetics, specialization in Aesthetic and Cosmetic Health, and a doctorate in Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology. Teaching experience in Pharmacy and Aesthetics and Cosmetics courses. She works mainly on the following subjects: nanotechnology, cosmetology, pharmaceutical technology, aesthetics.",institutionString:"Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora",institution:{name:"Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"219081",title:"Dr.",name:"Abdulsamed",middleName:null,surname:"Kükürt",slug:"abdulsamed-kukurt",fullName:"Abdulsamed Kükürt",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/219081/images/system/219081.png",biography:"Dr. Kükürt graduated from Uludağ University in Turkey. He started his academic career as a Research Assistant in the Department of Biochemistry at Kafkas University. In 2019, he completed his Ph.D. program in the Department of Biochemistry at the Institute of Health Sciences. He is currently working at the Department of Biochemistry, Kafkas University. He has 27 published research articles in academic journals, 11 book chapters, and 37 papers. He took part in 10 academic projects. He served as a reviewer for many articles. He still serves as a member of the review board in many academic journals. He is currently working on the protective activity of phenolic compounds in disorders associated with oxidative stress and inflammation.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Kafkas University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"178366",title:"Dr.",name:"Volkan",middleName:null,surname:"Gelen",slug:"volkan-gelen",fullName:"Volkan Gelen",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/178366/images/system/178366.jpg",biography:"Volkan Gelen is a Physiology specialist who received his veterinary degree from Kafkas University in 2011. Between 2011-2015, he worked as an assistant at Atatürk University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Physiology. In 2016, he joined Kafkas University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Physiology as an assistant professor. Dr. Gelen has been engaged in various academic activities at Kafkas University since 2016. There he completed 5 projects and has 3 ongoing projects. He has 60 articles published in scientific journals and 20 poster presentations in scientific congresses. His research interests include physiology, endocrine system, cancer, diabetes, cardiovascular system diseases, and isolated organ bath system studies.",institutionString:"Kafkas University",institution:{name:"Kafkas University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"418963",title:"Dr.",name:"Augustine Ododo",middleName:"Augustine",surname:"Osagie",slug:"augustine-ododo-osagie",fullName:"Augustine Ododo Osagie",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/418963/images/16900_n.jpg",biography:"Born into the family of Osagie, a prince of the Benin Kingdom. I am currently an academic in the Department of Medical Biochemistry, University of Benin. Part of the duties are to teach undergraduate students and conduct academic research.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Benin",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"192992",title:"Prof.",name:"Shagufta",middleName:null,surname:"Perveen",slug:"shagufta-perveen",fullName:"Shagufta Perveen",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/192992/images/system/192992.png",biography:"Prof. Shagufta Perveen is a Distinguish Professor in the Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Dr. Perveen has acted as the principal investigator of major research projects funded by the research unit of King Saud University. She has more than ninety original research papers in peer-reviewed journals of international repute to her credit. She is a fellow member of the Royal Society of Chemistry UK and the American Chemical Society of the United States.",institutionString:"King Saud University",institution:{name:"King Saud University",country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}},{id:"49848",title:"Dr.",name:"Wen-Long",middleName:null,surname:"Hu",slug:"wen-long-hu",fullName:"Wen-Long Hu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/49848/images/system/49848.jpg",biography:"Wen-Long Hu is Chief of the Division of Acupuncture, Department of Chinese Medicine at Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, as well as an adjunct associate professor at Fooyin University and Kaohsiung Medical University. Wen-Long is President of Taiwan Traditional Chinese Medicine Medical Association. He has 28 years of experience in clinical practice in laser acupuncture therapy and 34 years in acupuncture. He is an invited speaker for lectures and workshops in laser acupuncture at many symposiums held by medical associations. He owns the patent for herbal preparation and producing, and for the supercritical fluid-treated needle. Dr. Hu has published three books, 12 book chapters, and more than 30 papers in reputed journals, besides serving as an editorial board member of repute.",institutionString:"Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital",institution:{name:"Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital",country:{name:"Taiwan"}}},{id:"298472",title:"Prof.",name:"Andrey V.",middleName:null,surname:"Grechko",slug:"andrey-v.-grechko",fullName:"Andrey V. Grechko",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/298472/images/system/298472.png",biography:"Andrey Vyacheslavovich Grechko, Ph.D., Professor, is a Corresponding Member of the Russian Academy of Sciences. He graduated from the Semashko Moscow Medical Institute (Semashko National Research Institute of Public Health) with a degree in Medicine (1998), the Clinical Department of Dermatovenerology (2000), and received a second higher education in Psychology (2009). Professor A.V. Grechko held the position of Сhief Physician of the Central Clinical Hospital in Moscow. He worked as a professor at the faculty and was engaged in scientific research at the Medical University. Starting in 2013, he has been the initiator of the creation of the Federal Scientific and Clinical Center for Intensive Care and Rehabilitology, Moscow, Russian Federation, where he also serves as Director since 2015. He has many years of experience in research and teaching in various fields of medicine, is an author/co-author of more than 200 scientific publications, 13 patents, 15 medical books/chapters, including Chapter in Book «Metabolomics», IntechOpen, 2020 «Metabolomic Discovery of Microbiota Dysfunction as the Cause of Pathology».",institutionString:"Federal Research and Clinical Center of Intensive Care Medicine and Rehabilitology",institution:null},{id:"199461",title:"Prof.",name:"Natalia V.",middleName:null,surname:"Beloborodova",slug:"natalia-v.-beloborodova",fullName:"Natalia V. Beloborodova",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/199461/images/system/199461.jpg",biography:'Natalia Vladimirovna Beloborodova was educated at the Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, with a degree in pediatrics in 1980, a Ph.D. in 1987, and a specialization in Clinical Microbiology from First Moscow State Medical University in 2004. She has been a Professor since 1996. Currently, she is the Head of the Laboratory of Metabolism, a division of the Federal Research and Clinical Center of Intensive Care Medicine and Rehabilitology, Moscow, Russian Federation. N.V. Beloborodova has many years of clinical experience in the field of intensive care and surgery. She studies infectious complications and sepsis. She initiated a series of interdisciplinary clinical and experimental studies based on the concept of integrating human metabolism and its microbiota. Her scientific achievements are widely known: she is the recipient of the Marie E. Coates Award \\"Best lecturer-scientist\\" Gustafsson Fund, Karolinska Institutes, Stockholm, Sweden, and the International Sepsis Forum Award, Pasteur Institute, Paris, France (2014), etc. Professor N.V. 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This series is intended for doctors, engineers, and scientists involved in biomedical engineering or those wanting to start working in this field.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/7.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"August 3rd, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfPublishedChapters:107,numberOfPublishedBooks:12,editor:{id:"50150",title:"Prof.",name:"Robert",middleName:null,surname:"Koprowski",fullName:"Robert Koprowski",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYTYNQA4/Profile_Picture_1630478535317",biography:"Robert Koprowski, MD (1997), PhD (2003), Habilitation (2015), is an employee of the University of Silesia, Poland, Institute of Computer Science, Department of Biomedical Computer Systems. For 20 years, he has studied the analysis and processing of biomedical images, emphasizing the full automation of measurement for a large inter-individual variability of patients. Dr. Koprowski has authored more than a hundred research papers with dozens in impact factor (IF) journals and has authored or co-authored six books. Additionally, he is the author of several national and international patents in the field of biomedical devices and imaging. Since 2011, he has been a reviewer of grants and projects (including EU projects) in biomedical engineering.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Silesia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Poland"}}},subseries:[{id:"7",title:"Bioinformatics and Medical Informatics",keywords:"Biomedical Data, Drug Discovery, Clinical Diagnostics, Decoding Human Genome, AI in Personalized Medicine, Disease-prevention Strategies, Big Data Analysis in Medicine",scope:"Bioinformatics aims to help understand the functioning of the mechanisms of living organisms through the construction and use of quantitative tools. The applications of this research cover many related fields, such as biotechnology and medicine, where, for example, Bioinformatics contributes to faster drug design, DNA analysis in forensics, and DNA sequence analysis in the field of personalized medicine. Personalized medicine is a type of medical care in which treatment is customized individually for each patient. Personalized medicine enables more effective therapy, reduces the costs of therapy and clinical trials, and also minimizes the risk of side effects. Nevertheless, advances in personalized medicine would not have been possible without bioinformatics, which can analyze the human genome and other vast amounts of biomedical data, especially in genetics. The rapid growth of information technology enabled the development of new tools to decode human genomes, large-scale studies of genetic variations and medical informatics. The considerable development of technology, including the computing power of computers, is also conducive to the development of bioinformatics, including personalized medicine. In an era of rapidly growing data volumes and ever lower costs of generating, storing and computing data, personalized medicine holds great promises. Modern computational methods used as bioinformatics tools can integrate multi-scale, multi-modal and longitudinal patient data to create even more effective and safer therapy and disease prevention methods. Main aspects of the topic are: Applying bioinformatics in drug discovery and development; Bioinformatics in clinical diagnostics (genetic variants that act as markers for a condition or a disease); Blockchain and Artificial Intelligence/Machine Learning in personalized medicine; Customize disease-prevention strategies in personalized medicine; Big data analysis in personalized medicine; Translating stratification algorithms into clinical practice of personalized medicine.",annualVolume:11403,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/7.jpg",editor:{id:"351533",title:"Dr.",name:"Slawomir",middleName:null,surname:"Wilczynski",fullName:"Slawomir Wilczynski",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000035U1loQAC/Profile_Picture_1630074514792",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Medical University of Silesia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Poland"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"5886",title:"Dr.",name:"Alexandros",middleName:"T.",surname:"Tzallas",fullName:"Alexandros Tzallas",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/5886/images/system/5886.png",institutionString:"University of Ioannina, Greece & Imperial College London",institution:{name:"University of Ioannina",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Greece"}}},{id:"257388",title:"Distinguished Prof.",name:"Lulu",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",fullName:"Lulu Wang",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRX6kQAG/Profile_Picture_1630329584194",institutionString:"Shenzhen Technology University",institution:{name:"Shenzhen Technology University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"225387",title:"Prof.",name:"Reda R.",middleName:"R.",surname:"Gharieb",fullName:"Reda R. Gharieb",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/225387/images/system/225387.jpg",institutionString:"Assiut University",institution:{name:"Assiut University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Egypt"}}}]},{id:"8",title:"Bioinspired Technology and Biomechanics",keywords:"Bioinspired Systems, Biomechanics, Assistive Technology, Rehabilitation",scope:'Bioinspired technologies take advantage of understanding the actual biological system to provide solutions to problems in several areas. Recently, bioinspired systems have been successfully employing biomechanics to develop and improve assistive technology and rehabilitation devices. The research topic "Bioinspired Technology and Biomechanics" welcomes studies reporting recent advances in bioinspired technologies that contribute to individuals\' health, inclusion, and rehabilitation. Possible contributions can address (but are not limited to) the following research topics: Bioinspired design and control of exoskeletons, orthoses, and prostheses; Experimental evaluation of the effect of assistive devices (e.g., influence on gait, balance, and neuromuscular system); Bioinspired technologies for rehabilitation, including clinical studies reporting evaluations; Application of neuromuscular and biomechanical models to the development of bioinspired technology.',annualVolume:11404,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/8.jpg",editor:{id:"144937",title:"Prof.",name:"Adriano",middleName:"De Oliveira",surname:"Andrade",fullName:"Adriano Andrade",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRC8QQAW/Profile_Picture_1625219101815",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Federal University of Uberlândia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"49517",title:"Prof.",name:"Hitoshi",middleName:null,surname:"Tsunashima",fullName:"Hitoshi Tsunashima",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYTP4QAO/Profile_Picture_1625819726528",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Nihon University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"425354",title:"Dr.",name:"Marcus",middleName:"Fraga",surname:"Vieira",fullName:"Marcus Vieira",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00003BJSgIQAX/Profile_Picture_1627904687309",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Federal de Goiás",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"196746",title:"Dr.",name:"Ramana",middleName:null,surname:"Vinjamuri",fullName:"Ramana Vinjamuri",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/196746/images/system/196746.jpeg",institutionString:"University of Maryland, Baltimore County",institution:{name:"University of Maryland, Baltimore County",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}]},{id:"9",title:"Biotechnology - Biosensors, Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering",keywords:"Biotechnology, Biosensors, Biomaterials, Tissue Engineering",scope:"The Biotechnology - Biosensors, Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering topic within the Biomedical Engineering Series aims to rapidly publish contributions on all aspects of biotechnology, biosensors, biomaterial and tissue engineering. We encourage the submission of manuscripts that provide novel and mechanistic insights that report significant advances in the fields. Topics can include but are not limited to: Biotechnology such as biotechnological products and process engineering; Biotechnologically relevant enzymes and proteins; Bioenergy and biofuels; Applied genetics and molecular biotechnology; Genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics; Applied microbial and cell physiology; Environmental biotechnology; Methods and protocols. Moreover, topics in biosensor technology, like sensors that incorporate enzymes, antibodies, nucleic acids, whole cells, tissues and organelles, and other biological or biologically inspired components will be considered, and topics exploring transducers, including those based on electrochemical and optical piezoelectric, thermal, magnetic, and micromechanical elements. Chapters exploring biomaterial approaches such as polymer synthesis and characterization, drug and gene vector design, biocompatibility, immunology and toxicology, and self-assembly at the nanoscale, are welcome. Finally, the tissue engineering subcategory will support topics such as the fundamentals of stem cells and progenitor cells and their proliferation, differentiation, bioreactors for three-dimensional culture and studies of phenotypic changes, stem and progenitor cells, both short and long term, ex vivo and in vivo implantation both in preclinical models and also in clinical trials.",annualVolume:11405,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/9.jpg",editor:{id:"126286",title:"Dr.",name:"Luis",middleName:"Jesús",surname:"Villarreal-Gómez",fullName:"Luis Villarreal-Gómez",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/126286/images/system/126286.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Autonomous University of Baja California",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"35539",title:"Dr.",name:"Cecilia",middleName:null,surname:"Cristea",fullName:"Cecilia Cristea",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYQ65QAG/Profile_Picture_1621007741527",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Iuliu Hațieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Romania"}}},{id:"40735",title:"Dr.",name:"Gil",middleName:"Alberto Batista",surname:"Gonçalves",fullName:"Gil Gonçalves",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYRLGQA4/Profile_Picture_1628492612759",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Aveiro",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Portugal"}}},{id:"211725",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Johann F.",middleName:null,surname:"Osma",fullName:"Johann F. 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