Province-wise computed people load per tertiary care hospital in Pakistan.
\\n\\n
Released this past November, the list is based on data collected from the Web of Science and highlights some of the world’s most influential scientific minds by naming the researchers whose publications over the previous decade have included a high number of Highly Cited Papers placing them among the top 1% most-cited.
\\n\\nWe wish to congratulate all of the researchers named and especially our authors on this amazing accomplishment! We are happy and proud to share in their success!
Note: Edited in March 2021
\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:{caption:"Highly Cited",originalUrl:"/media/original/117"}},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'IntechOpen is proud to announce that 191 of our authors have made the Clarivate™ Highly Cited Researchers List for 2020, ranking them among the top 1% most-cited.
\n\nThroughout the years, the list has named a total of 261 IntechOpen authors as Highly Cited. Of those researchers, 69 have been featured on the list multiple times.
\n\n\n\nReleased this past November, the list is based on data collected from the Web of Science and highlights some of the world’s most influential scientific minds by naming the researchers whose publications over the previous decade have included a high number of Highly Cited Papers placing them among the top 1% most-cited.
\n\nWe wish to congratulate all of the researchers named and especially our authors on this amazing accomplishment! We are happy and proud to share in their success!
Note: Edited in March 2021
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\r\n\r\n\tThe book will have chapters on normal human sexuality, sexual health, Sexual dysfunction in the male and female, sexual dysfunction disorders related to libido, orgasm, ejaculation, erection, and genetic or hormonal or developmental or sexuo-erotic orientation defects.
\r\n\r\n\tThe book will also highlight the importance of sex counselors and therapists.
\r\n\tThere will be a chapter on secondary causes of sexual dysfunction disorders related to diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and obesity. A chapter on remedial measures to enhance sexual activity and maintain human relationships will be discussed. As there is a growing number of cancer survivors a chapter on cancer-related sexual dysfunction will be welcomed for including it.
A semi-magic square is an \n
A | \nB | \nC | \n\n\n | \n
E | \n\n\n | \n\n\n | \n\n\n | \n
s − C | \ns − \n | \ns − A | \ns − B | \n
s − \n | \ns − \n | \ns − E | \ns − \n | \n
where
\nThis result was developed by Rosser and Walker. Hendricks proved that the determinant of a pandiagonal magic square is zero. We note that every antipodal pair of elements add up to one-half of the magic constant. Al-Amerie considered in his M.Sc thesis some of the results here. There are three fundamental primitive pandiagonal squares which are 4 × 4. Kraitchik (see [3, 8]) has shown how to derive all pandiagonal squares from three particular ones.
\nWe define a certain class of \n
Definition 1: A \n
The following matrix is a possible form for this kind of squares:
\n\n\n | \n\n\n | \n\n\n | \n\n\n | \n\n\n | \n\n\n | \n
\n\n | \n\n\n | \n\n\n | \n\n\n | \n\n\n | \n\n\n | \n
\n\n | \n\n\n | \n\n\n | \n\n\n | \n\n\n | \n\n\n | \n
\n\n | \n\n\n | \n\n\n | \n\n\n | \n\n\n | \n\n\n | \n
\n\n | \n\n\n | \n\n\n | \n\n\n | \n\n\n | \n\n\n | \n
\n\n | \n\n\n | \n\n\n | \n\n\n | \n\n\n | \n\n\n | \n
where
\nNote that we have the following relations:
\nUsing Maple we can show that the \n
where
\nNote that the sum of all entries of the vectors is zero. For example:
\n−51 | \n39 | \n26 | \n0 | \n9 | \n13 | \n
54 | \n−10 | \n−2 | \n−5 | \n4 | \n−5 | \n
−5 | \n1 | \n2 | \n3 | \n17 | \n18 | \n
12 | \n3 | \n−1 | \n63 | \n−27 | \n−14 | \n
17 | \n8 | \n17 | \n−42 | \n22 | \n14 | \n
9 | \n−5 | \n−6 | \n17 | \n11 | \n10 | \n
has as nullspace \n
Definition 2: A \n
is called a compound magic square if the following relation holds:
\nIt is easy to check if the last relation guarantees that the square is a magic 8 × 8 square. In the same manner we can combine four panmagic squares in a magic square.
\nDefinition 3: Let \n
is called the compound \n
The condition \n
We prove first a simple result for a compound square of \n
Proposition 1: The compound \n
Proof: First we note that the vector
\nis a nonzero vector, which belongs to the nullspace of the square, since the squares have the same magic constant.
\nNow, the square \n
belongs to the nullspace of the square. To do this we compute the following matrix multiplication:
\nAccording to the choice of \n
Note that we used the relation \n
According to Al-Ashhab (see [3]) we can assume that the vectors in the nullspace of the pandiagonal magic square are
\nFurther, we can assume that
\nHence, we can assume that:
\nSince the sum of two pandiagonal magic squares is pandiagonal magic, we deduce that four rows in the matrix in Eq. (2) are redundant. Since we have the relations
\nthe application of elementary row operations on the matrix in Eq. (2) yields to
\nwhere
\nThis analysis enables us to conclude the following relations from (2):
\nIf we set
\nwhich is consistent with the previous relations, we conclude that the vector
\nbelongs to the nullspace of the square. We can make another choice as follows.
\nand we obtain a vector belonging to the nullspace of the square, which is
\nNow, the vectors \n
is linearly independent with the last two vectors, since its first two entries are not the opposite of the third and fourth entry. ⎕
\nFor example, the following square is a compound \n
0 | \n14 | \n−19 | \n13 | \n10 | \n5 | \n−22 | \n15 | \n
−12 | \n6 | \n7 | \n7 | \n−20 | \n13 | \n12 | \n3 | \n
23 | \n−9 | \n4 | \n−10 | \n26 | \n−11 | \n−6 | \n−1 | \n
−3 | \n−3 | \n16 | \n−2 | \n−8 | \n1 | \n24 | \n−9 | \n
−16 | \n25 | \n−17 | \n16 | \n−6 | \n16 | \n−20 | \n18 | \n
1 | \n−2 | \n2 | \n7 | \n−7 | \n5 | \n7 | \n3 | \n
21 | \n−12 | \n20 | \n−21 | \n24 | \n−14 | \n10 | \n−12 | \n
2 | \n−3 | \n3 | \n6 | \n−3 | \n1 | \n11 | \n−1 | \n
For this square we can construct as described the following two vectors in its nullspace
\nIn fact, its nullity is 3. Thus, these two vectors together with
\nform a basis of its nullspace.
\nWe prove now a similar result to the previous proposition, where we replace the \n
Proposition 2: The compound \n
Proof: First we note that the vector
\nis a nonzero vector, which belongs to the nullspace of the square, since the squares have the same magic constant.
\nWe look for scalars \n
We transform this equation into a linear system, in which we eliminate the redundant equations. The system becomes
\nFrom the definition of the panmagic square we know that
\nThus, due to Eqs. (3)–(5), we can reduce the linear system to the following
\nWe can verify using the computer that the coefficient matrix of this system has in general the rank four. Hence, we deduce that \n
Remark: We did not here make use of the relation \n
For example, the following square is a compound \n
−51 | \n39 | \n26 | \n0 | \n9 | \n13 | \n6 | \n17 | \n15 | \n−6 | \n0 | \n4 | \n
54 | \n−10 | \n−2 | \n−5 | \n4 | \n−5 | \n20 | \n5 | \n2 | \n0 | \n9 | \n0 | \n
−5 | \n1 | \n2 | \n3 | \n17 | \n18 | \n−24 | \n6 | \n7 | \n8 | \n19 | \n20 | \n
12 | \n3 | \n−1 | \n63 | \n−27 | \n−14 | \n18 | \n12 | \n8 | \n6 | \n−5 | \n−3 | \n
17 | \n8 | \n17 | \n−42 | \n22 | \n14 | \n12 | \n3 | \n12 | \n−8 | \n7 | \n10 | \n
9 | \n−5 | \n−6 | \n17 | \n11 | \n10 | \n4 | \n−7 | \n−8 | \n36 | \n6 | \n5 | \n
2 | \n53 | \n45 | \n−131 | \n33 | \n34 | \n59 | \n31 | \n34 | \n−137 | \n24 | \n25 | \n
−10 | \n0 | \n10 | \n11 | \n12 | \n13 | \n−44 | \n15 | \n14 | \n16 | \n17 | \n18 | \n
−89 | \n21 | \n22 | \n23 | \n29 | \n30 | \n−108 | \n26 | \n27 | \n28 | \n31 | \n32 | \n
143 | \n−21 | \n−22 | \n10 | \n−41 | \n−33 | \n149 | \n−12 | \n−13 | \n−47 | \n−19 | \n−22 | \n
1 | \n0 | \n−1 | \n22 | \n12 | \n2 | \n−4 | \n−5 | \n−6 | \n56 | \n−3 | \n−2 | \n
−11 | \n−17 | \n−18 | \n101 | \n−9 | \n−10 | \n−16 | \n−19 | \n−20 | \n120 | \n−14 | \n−15 | \n
Using the computer we can verify that its nullity is 3. In other words, the constructed subspace is the nullspace itself.
\nWe can generalize the previous result for an arbitrary number of squares involved in the compound square.
\nTheorem 1: Let \n
such that \n
possesses a \n
and
\nProof: We will check first that these vectors belong to the nullspace of the matrix. When we multiply the first vector with the matrix, we obtain a vector having in the first row
\nSince we know that
\nwe obtain zero in the second row of the vector. Since the third and fourth rows of the squares are complementary to the first two rows, we deduce that the third and fourth rows of the vector are also zero. Now, the fifth entry of the vector is
\nWe use the following relations according to our assumption
\nand obtain
\nWe continue checking all rows until we reach the last entry, which is
\nWe use
\nin order to obtain this value of the entry
\nHence, we finished checking the first vector.
\nNow, we turn our attention to the second vector. When we multiply the matrix with it, we obtain in the first entry.
Using the relations
\nwe deduce that the second entry is also zero. In a similar manner we can deal with the third and fourth entries. The fifth entry will be
\nWe use the relations
\nto obtain for the fifth entry.
\nWe continue checking the entries until we reach the last entry, which is
\nUsing the relations
\nwe get
\nHence, the second vector belongs to the nullspace of the (\n
Similarly, we can check that all the other vectors are included in the nullspace of the (\n
As before we deduce also that the second, third, and fourth entries are zero. The fifth entry is
\nWe use the relations
\nTherefore, this entry is
\nWhen we reach the (\n
We use the relations
\nto prove that this entry is
\nWe prove now that the vectors are linearly independent. Let \n
This leads us to the following vector which is a zero vector.
\nFrom the (\n
According to our assumptions we must have \n
Hence, we conclude that \n
The healthcare system practiced in Pakistan is a composite of two major fields of practice, i.e., modern medicine and Unani medicine. The former one is based on practicing the evidence-based modern medicine (allopathic medicine) delivered through public sector as well as private sector healthcare facilities. The latter field of practice for therapy is traditional treatment known as
The more vast healthcare system in Pakistan is the practice of modern medicine and hospitals, including both public and private sectors. Data from 2020 statistics show that there are almost 1282 public hospitals working throughout the country as general hospitals and specialized hospitals. Among the healthcare providers, the numbers of registered doctors, dentists, and nurses are 2,45,987; 27,360; and 1,16,659, respectively. Till the end of 2021, total numbers of districts in Pakistan are 160, which mean that there are approximately eight hospitals per district (1282/160). The total of Pakistani population as of 2020 is approximately 21,18,55,939 reported by United Nations report data that make about 2.83% of the total world population (Woldometers population report regarding Pakistan).
Table 1 represents people load per hospital calculated using the statistics tools on the basis of currently available data on the website of Pakistan Bureau of statistics, Government of Pakistan. Table 1 explores that province Punjab has the highest patient load per hospital versus as comparative to other provinces of Pakistan. The average life expectancy of the Pakistani population is reportedly increased to 67.3 years (2019 estimate), while the population growth rate showed a decline from 2% to 1.9%. Regarding the health expenditure in Pakistan, it is shown that Pakistan spends only a marginal of its GDP (1.2%) that is below the recommendation of the World Health Organization (5%) (https://www.geo.tv/latest/354581-pakistans-health-care-system-in-2020-hospitals-doctors-increase).
Provinces | Total people | Total districts | Approx. available hospitals | People load per hospital |
---|---|---|---|---|
Punjab | 110,012,042 | 36 | 36 × 8 = 288 | 110012042/288 = 381,986.76 |
KPK | 35,525,047 | 35 | 35 × 8 = 280 | 126,875.167 |
Sindh | 47,886,051 | 30 | 30 × 8 = 240 | 199,525.212 |
Baluchistan | 1,23,40000 | 26 | 26 × 8 = 208 | 59326.92 |
AJK | 4045,000 | 10 | 10 × 8 = 80 | 50562.5 |
Gilgit Baltistan | 883,799 | 14 | 14 × 8 = 112 | 7891.062 |
Islamabad Capital | 1,164,000 | 1 | 1 × 8 = 8 | 145500 |
Total districts | 211855939 | 160 | 160 × 8 = 1280 | 165512.452 |
Province-wise computed people load per tertiary care hospital in Pakistan.
KPK = Khyber Pakhtunkhwa; AJK = Azad Jammu & Kashmir.
Identifying the gaps and evaluating factors related to mortality should be prioritized as the first step for dissecting the threshold of diseases, allocating appropriate human and monetary resources, and designing health policies. The mortality rate estimates the number of deaths in a particular time and population [4]. These rates are an indirect measure of nutritional status as well as healthcare facilities of a region. Death rates are expressed per 1000 individuals; for example, a mortality rate of 5.5 per 1000 persons means 5.5 deaths or 0.55% out of the studied population. Reports explored that in Pakistan, life expectancy in males aged 1–4 years is better (41% lower death rate), while the death rate of males aged 35–39 years is higher as compared with other low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). It was well reported that a wide range of factors might expedite the death rates, for example, natural disasters, health conditions, environmental pollution, conflicts, human-made disasters in case of deadly infections, which rapidly propagate in response to higher population density [5, 6].
Mortality is classified into various categories, such as mortality due to various chronic diseases, age, and gender, to name a few (Table 2). Collectively, irrespective of the cause, mortality is expressed as crude death rate (CDR). Eq. (1) is a generic formula for the determination of the crude death rate CDR.
Types | Characteristics |
---|---|
Under 5 mortality | Under-5 mortality is also referred to as child mortality. UNICEF defines child mortality as child death that occurs between birth and age 5, while the rate is measured per 103 live births in a specific region. |
Infant mortality | Infant death rate refers to the death of those under the age of 1 year |
Gender-specific mortality rate | The death rate in males or females. For example, the female mortality rate is expressed as the “total number of female death ratio total number of females in a particular year.” The same is the case with a male mortality rate |
The mortality rate in a particular age group | Number of deaths in a particular age group ratio number of individuals living in that specific age group in a given time |
Diseases specific death rate | Number of deaths allocated to a particular disease or cause ratio the total population in that area in a given time point |
Maternal mortality rate | Loss of life of mothers due to the complications arising from pregnancy ratios total live births in a predefined time point. |
Infant mortality rate | Loss of life among children ages less than 1-year ratio total live births in a predefined time point |
Perinatal mortality rate | Also known as fetus or neonate deaths that occur intrauterine during pregnancy. Neonate deaths at 20 weeks or 28 weeks of gestation are also named stillbirths. Sometimes the stillbirths are measured in terms of fetus weight, i.e., 350 grams birth weight plus the sum of deaths among live babies who sustain life up to 7 completed days ratio total number of births in a year (C.D.C. definition) |
Classification of the frequently used measures of mortality.
*Mortality rate per 1,000 persons.
The global burden of CDR was plus seven deaths out of 1000 people per year (C.I.A., 2020). According to the World Health Organization report [7], major ten (10) global causes of death in the year 2019 were ischemic heart disease, stroke, pulmonary disease, respiratory infections, neonatal conditions, trachea, bronchus, lung cancers, neurological issues, diarrhea, hyperglycemia, and kidney diseases. Furthermore, World Health Organization (2016) showed around 56.9 million deaths globally due to various causes. Loss of life due to chronic disorders such as ischemic heart disease and stroke was the leading cause of 15.2 million deaths (2016) worldwide.
The burden associated with chronic diseases, particularly heart-related issues, on mortality and morbidity is overwhelming. Its gravity is, however, more momentous in lower and middle-income countries probably because of relatively unstable economy and inadequate allocation of national budget for healthcare sectors. It has been reported that approximately 50% of Pakistani people face at least one of the chronic disorder [8]. The prevalence of cardiovascular diseases (CVD) in Asian countries is reportedly high in Pakistan, India, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, and Nepal versus Chinese and Canadian subjects [9]. As of 2020, the overall death rate in Pakistan was 6.8/1,000 people, and Afghanistan was 13.89 deaths/100,000 population [10], Bangladesh 5.526/1000 person (2019). As mentioned, a wide array of factors could expedite this death rate associated with the chronic illnesses. For example, disproportionately high intake of salt and lipid consumption showed a positive association with mortality. It is, therefore, crucial to make education programs as part of the curriculum aiming to mitigate consumption of salt and
Tobacco consumption in Pakistan is very common. It was also reported that tobacco usage is significantly associated with various types of cancers, particularly with lung cancer. It increases the risk of mortality by almost 12 times, smokers are 2–4 times more prone to develop coronary heart disorder and two times at more risk to develop stroke [12, 13, 14]. Ahmed & Colleagues [15] during a survey conducted in Pakistan reported that tobacco usage is 36% and 9% among males and females, respectively. Moreover, it was also found that out of 36% almost 15% were young adult university students [16, 17]. Therefore, efforts are needed to reduce smoking tendency for reducing the overall burden of chronic diseases and mortality rates.
At the same time, appropriate measures should be taken to motivate the public for physical activity [18], which is reportedly linked with a decrease in health related issues and mortality rates in 17 countries (Asia and Western nations) [19]. Zhou and others [20] reported that regular workout is associated with reduced risk of mortality from all causes (46%), circulatory diseases (56%), and respiratory disorders (49%). It is noted that high workout is a relatively simple and highly recommended intervention strategy for the attenuation of mortality and CVDs across all age groups [18, 21].
Population growth rate determines the availability of health facilities to general public. If the medical facilities are not increased at rates to match the growing population, morbidity and mortality rates will ultimately rise. A recent meta-analysis recommended availability and access to hospitals and surgical care in developing countries [22]. It has been suggested in literature that changing the fertility and education rate and increasing human resources in medical care [23] should be one of the focus areas to address health-related issues.
The age-standardized cancer mortality rate in Pakistan is 48600 in male and 52500 in female reported by WHO cancer country profiles (2014), the death rate due to cancer in India was 0.44 million [24], Afghanistan (2015 data) 15,211, and the United States (2015 data) 667,333 cancer-related death [10].
Pakistan’s relatively high death rate (Global burden of diseases, 2010) is attributed to infections that affect the lower respiratory system, neonatal encephalopathy, and diarrheal diseases affecting all age groups and gender. However, after 1990, diarrheal diseases showed a declining trend in Pakistan; a 35% reduction was reported in 2010.
Air pollution in general and polluted in-house air from solid fuels affect the vulnerable segment of the Pakistani population. The rural–urban health disparities are also common in Pakistan. The majority of the population (60%) lives in a rural area where solid wood is burnt to generate energy. Further, poverty, accident, dietary insufficiency, sedentary lifestyle, higher carbohydrate have driven energy intake at the expense of the protein, negligible health insurance, and constrained access to hospitals are the major factors that accelerate the death rate. The actual mortality rate in Pakistan could be high as death records in the big city are maintained, but it is not usually reported in rural areas. It is, therefore, needed to consider more effective ways of registering death numbers.
Further, rural area where the majority of the population resides in Pakistan also faces a shortage of medical physicians. This scenario set the stage for an undiagnosed or unidentified cause of mortality. In conclusion, the death record, cause, and an appropriate number of medical physicians should be a national health policy priority.
Figure 1 shows major causes of death in LMICs. Some of the middle-income countries work on continuously improving their healthcare services and provision. For example, Malta et al. [25] reported a significant decline in mortality (35.3%) in Brazil, demonstrating the remarkable achievement in health sector reforms in this country, particularly when deaths related to neoplasms and diabetes have been reduced. On the contrary, some economically emerging nations displayed record-high mortality rates; for instance, 6 years of data from Nigeria show 2,198 deaths in 49,287 participants who were admitted to the hospital [26] (Figure 2).
Major 10 chronic disorders associated with causes of death in LMICs reported by WHO [
Crude death rate (per 1,000 people) in lower-income countries in selected lower-income countries during the year 2019 [data generated from
Abegunde et al. [27] published the burden of costs associated with chronic diseases in LMICs. The diseases burden due to chronic disorders in 23 LMICs was accountable for half (50%) of the total disease burden for the year 2005. Moreover, the death rates for men (54% higher) and women (86% higher) in 15 out of the 23 LMICs were higher versus the burden of the disease in men and women in high-income countries. Moreover, chronic diseases hardly hit women than men in the LMICs. Kassebaum et al. [28] documented that mother death ratios are 100 times more in LMICs than in developed nations, while the neonatal and fetal death rates are 10 times more than in high-income nations [29].
Crude death rate/1,000 people for various middle-income countries is presented in Figure 3. Serbia and Bulgaria have the highest mortality rate for all age groups and genders, followed by Russian Federation and Romania. World Health Organization demographic data show a death rate of 15.4/1,000 people. Compared with neighboring nations in the European States, the death rate in Bulgaria is attributed to chronic noninfectious diseases such as cardiovascular disorders and cancer diseases. Other leading factors might be contagious diseases, malnutrition, inadequate healthcare, violence, poverty, and accidents. Other countries with undesirable ranking concerning their high death rate in the European sides were Montenegro, Kosovo, and Albania. Three countries in the Asian continent, such as Pakistan, India, and Bangladesh, occupy a similar position on the ranking. In contrast, small countries such as Malaysia, Nepal, and the Philippines where death rates were comparatively low show significant positive progress in their healthcare system.
Crude death rate (per 1,000 people) in LMICs and their comparison in Pakistan.
Bangladesh shows maternal mortality as 176/100,000 live births during 2015 [30]. Compared with other countries (India, Congo, Guatemala, Kenya, and Zambia have 456,276 births), Pakistan reported 91,076 births with MMR 319 per 100,000 live births versus the average 124/100,000 live births in the other five countries. Regarding per 1,000 live births death rate, Pakistan’s performance on the ranking is not satisfactory, 49.4 compared with the average 20.4 in the other five countries. [31]. Likewise, Afghanistan has reportedly recorded high MMR at 400/100,000 live births versus other countries on this side of the world [32]. Iran’s neighboring country has reduced MMR from 48/100,000 to 16/100,000 over 17 years, meaning an annual decrease of 6.3% in MMR [33]. Associated factors for high mortality may include the following: Challenges include prolonged conflicts, political instability, high blood pressure due to persistent stress, infection, bleeding, obstructed labor, unsafe abortion, dietary deficiency, low education, and poor maternal and birth in health facilities with a skilled birth attendant and newborn, postpartum care.
The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) of the United Nations aim to attenuate neonatal mortality to 12 deaths/1,000 live births and under-5 mortality rates to 25 deaths/1,000 live births by 2030 [34]. African countries show a negative ranking regarding under-5 mortality 77.5 per 1000 live births and neonatal mortality 27.7 deaths/1000 live births compared with their Asian counterparts. South Asian nations present under-5 mortality as 42.1 per 1000 live births and neonatal mortality as 25.8 deaths per 1000 live births [35]. The under-5 death rate for Bangladesh was 133 in 1990, which reduced significantly to 30.2 deaths/1000 live births [36, 37], while that of Pakistan was 69.3/ 1000 live births and India 36.6 per 1000 live births [38, 39]. Baqui et al. [40] documented a comprehensive 7 years’ (2007–2013) work on neonatal mortality that involved 149570 live births. The data collection was carried out from six countries, such as rural areas of Bangladesh, Ghana, India, Pakistan, the United Republic of Tanzania, and Zambia. The overall neonatal mortality in the studied countries was 30.5 /1000 live births. Overall, neonatal mortality in Pakistan from the selected population was 47.4 versus Zambia 13.6. Regarding the total mortality rate within 24 hours for the selected nation, it was 14.1 /1000 live births. The country-wise trend showed 5.1 in Zambia versus 20.1 in India. Likewise, the first 24 hours were crucial as 46.3% of all neonatal deaths followed within this time (36.2% in Pakistan compared with 65.5% in Tanzania). In parallel, in the first 6 hours mortality was less, i.e., 8.3 deaths/1000 live births for the selected countries (31.9%). Another study reported the stillbirth rate in Pakistan as 53.5/1000 births compared with the average 23.2 in India, Pakistan, the Democratic Republic of Congo, Guatemala, Kenya, Zambia [31].
Based on the data presented, it is desirable to lower neonatal mortality within the first 24 hours by adopting high standard medical care for mothers and babies before pregnancy, during, and after birth. A study from Brazil conducted (Foz do Iguassu city, from 2012 to 2016) demonstrates the high rate of neonatal mortality under the age of 5 (61%) versus average neonatal mortality in Brazil. Some of the countries showed exceptional performance in reducing neonatal mortality. For example, Bangladesh has shown remarkable improvement in attenuating the national neonatal mortality rate (1993) as 52 per 1000 live births versus 28 per 1000 live births in 2014, reflecting a 46% reduction [30]. The associated factors were a congenital fetal anomaly and low birth weight [41]. Overall, it is documented that 27.8 million neonates could lose their lives across the nation (2018–2030) due to poor neonatal and maternal care [42]. Moreover, this study associated neonatal mortality with respiratory and cardiovascular disorders (43%) and low birth weight and preterm (33%); other key factors that could accelerate neonatal deaths were placenta, cord, and pregnancy complications. Likewise, poor-quality medical and surgical conditions were lead factors. Low birth weight and preterm (42%) were the factors leading to neonatal death after discharge [42]. Kruk et al. [43] recommend universal health coverage, bringing innovation to quality healthcare that could prevent 8·6 million deaths per year. Nutrition policies such as taking care of maternal nutrition, antenatal care, and promotion of breastfeeding can prevent many of the cases of neonatal mortality.
Age-specific and sex-specific cause of death (COD) determination is becoming very important task particularly for low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). It was reported that such countries lack the proper system to record COD in such countries. Therefore, a valid policy must be adopted for assessment and reporting of up-to-date health-related data so that mitigation policies may be implemented. Currently, Pakistan is facing double burden of malnutrition in addition to the high prevalence rates of chronic diseases. There is a lack of data management in the country, and we lack a consistent local registry on all-cause of mortality. However, on reviewing the mortality rate in LMICs, it could be suggested that 1) cheap, easily accessible healthcare system should be available to all levels of the population; 2) integrating human resources for the health promotion should work together for the common goal, i.e., uplift public health; 3) most of the hospitals in rural area face huge shortage of financial resources. Timely allocation and management of resources could bring positive changes in healthcare. 4) Openly accessible data for local population should be available and 5) healthcare facilities should be centralized using modern means to update the COD nationwide.
We really appreciate the School of Health Sciences, University of Management and Technology, Lahore, Pakistan administration to give free access for downloading and compiling the reference data for the write-up of this article.
Authors have not any type of conflict of interest regarding the publication of data.
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",metaTitle:"Retraction and Correction Policy",metaDescription:"Retraction and Correction Policy",metaKeywords:null,canonicalURL:"/page/retraction-and-correction-policy",contentRaw:'[{"type":"htmlEditorComponent","content":"IntechOpen’s Retraction and Correction Policy has been developed in accordance with the Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE) publication guidelines relating to scientific misconduct and research ethics:
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\\n\\nAny suggestions or comments on this Policy are welcome and may be sent to permissions@intechopen.com.
\\n\\nPolicy last updated: 2017-09-11
\\n"}]'},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'IntechOpen’s Retraction and Correction Policy has been developed in accordance with the Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE) publication guidelines relating to scientific misconduct and research ethics:
\n\n1. RETRACTIONS
\n\nA Retraction of a Chapter will be issued by the Academic Editor, either following an Author’s request to do so or when there is a 3rd party report of scientific misconduct. Upon receipt of a report by a 3rd party, the Academic Editor will investigate any allegations of scientific misconduct, working in cooperation with the Author(s) and their institution(s).
\n\nA formal Retraction will be issued when there is clear and conclusive evidence of any of the following:
\n\nPublishing of a Retraction Notice will adhere to the following guidelines:
\n\n1.2. REMOVALS AND CANCELLATIONS
\n\n2. STATEMENTS OF CONCERN
\n\nA Statement of Concern detailing alleged misconduct will be issued by the Academic Editor or publisher following a 3rd party report of scientific misconduct when:
\n\nIntechOpen believes that the number of occasions on which a Statement of Concern is issued will be very few in number. In all cases when such a decision has been taken by the Academic Editor the decision will be reviewed by another editor to whom the author can make representations.
\n\n3. CORRECTIONS
\n\nA Correction will be issued by the Academic Editor when:
\n\n3.1. ERRATUM
\n\nAn Erratum will be issued by the Academic Editor when it is determined that a mistake in a Chapter originates from the production process handled by the publisher.
\n\nA published Erratum will adhere to the Retraction Notice publishing guidelines outlined above.
\n\n3.2. CORRIGENDUM
\n\nA Corrigendum will be issued by the Academic Editor when it is determined that a mistake in a Chapter is a result of an Author’s miscalculation or oversight. A published Corrigendum will adhere to the Retraction Notice publishing guidelines outlined above.
\n\n4. FINAL REMARKS
\n\nIntechOpen wishes to emphasize that the final decision on whether a Retraction, Statement of Concern, or a Correction will be issued rests with the Academic Editor. The publisher is obliged to act upon any reports of scientific misconduct in its publications and to make a reasonable effort to facilitate any subsequent investigation of such claims.
\n\nIn the case of Retraction or removal of the Work, the publisher will be under no obligation to refund the APC.
\n\nThe general principles set out above apply to Retractions and Corrections issued in all IntechOpen publications.
\n\nAny suggestions or comments on this Policy are welcome and may be sent to permissions@intechopen.com.
\n\nPolicy last updated: 2017-09-11
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Stavrou",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8773.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"251855",title:"Prof.",name:"Dipti Ranjan",middleName:null,surname:"Sahu",slug:"dipti-ranjan-sahu",fullName:"Dipti Ranjan Sahu"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8447",title:"Density Functional Theory Calculations",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"430664e87463d090a0f03b1f096a7d9d",slug:"density-functional-theory-calculations",bookSignature:"Sergio Ricardo De Lazaro, Luis Henrique Da Silveira Lacerda and Renan Augusto Pontes Ribeiro",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8447.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"176017",title:"Prof.",name:"Sergio Ricardo De",middleName:null,surname:"Lazaro",slug:"sergio-ricardo-de-lazaro",fullName:"Sergio Ricardo De Lazaro"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9881",title:"Perovskite and Piezoelectric Materials",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8fa0e0f48567bbc50fbb3bfdde6f9a0b",slug:"perovskite-and-piezoelectric-materials",bookSignature:"Someshwar Pola, Neeraj Panwar and Indrani Coondoo",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9881.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"177037",title:"Dr.",name:"Someshwar",middleName:null,surname:"Pola",slug:"someshwar-pola",fullName:"Someshwar Pola"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7430",title:"Magnetometers",subtitle:"Fundamentals and Applications of Magnetism",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"0d7c0464c36927782cee8c9ef40efca6",slug:"magnetometers-fundamentals-and-applications-of-magnetism",bookSignature:"Sergio Curilef",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7430.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"125424",title:"Prof.",name:"Sergio",middleName:null,surname:"Curilef",slug:"sergio-curilef",fullName:"Sergio Curilef"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],booksByTopicTotal:67,seriesByTopicCollection:[],seriesByTopicTotal:0,mostCitedChapters:[{id:"50566",doi:"10.5772/63234",title:"Influences of Doping on Photocatalytic Properties of TiO2 Photocatalyst",slug:"influences-of-doping-on-photocatalytic-properties-of-tio2-photocatalyst",totalDownloads:5464,totalCrossrefCites:27,totalDimensionsCites:80,abstract:"As a kind of highly effective, low‐cost, and stable photocatalysts, TiO2 has received substantial public and scientific attention. However, it can only be activated under ultraviolet light irradiation due to its wide bandgap, high recombination, and weak separation efficiency of carriers. Doping is an effective method to extend the light absorption to the visible light region. In this chapter, we will address the importance of doping, different doping modes, preparation method, and photocatalytic mechanism in TiO2 photocatalysts. Thereafter, we will concentrate on Ti3+ self‐doping, nonmetal doping, metal doping, and codoping. Examples of progress can be given for each one of these four doping modes. The influencing factors of preparation method and doping modes on photocatalytic performance (spectrum response, carrier transport, interfacial electron transfer reaction, surface active sites, etc.) are summed up. The main objective is to study the photocatalytic processes, to elucidate the mechanistic models for a better understanding the photocatalytic reactions, and to find a method of enhancing photocatalytic activities.",book:{id:"5139",slug:"semiconductor-photocatalysis-materials-mechanisms-and-applications",title:"Semiconductor Photocatalysis",fullTitle:"Semiconductor Photocatalysis - Materials, Mechanisms and Applications"},signatures:"Fei Huang, Aihua Yan and Hui Zhao",authors:[{id:"178389",title:"Dr.",name:"Fei",middleName:null,surname:"Huang",slug:"fei-huang",fullName:"Fei Huang"},{id:"185126",title:"Dr.",name:"Aihua",middleName:null,surname:"Yan",slug:"aihua-yan",fullName:"Aihua Yan"},{id:"185127",title:"Ms.",name:"Hui",middleName:null,surname:"Zhao",slug:"hui-zhao",fullName:"Hui Zhao"}]},{id:"17184",doi:"10.5772/17039",title:"Polymer Nanocomposites: From Synthesis to Applications",slug:"polymer-nanocomposites-from-synthesis-to-applications",totalDownloads:17338,totalCrossrefCites:33,totalDimensionsCites:70,abstract:null,book:{id:"1045",slug:"nanocomposites-and-polymers-with-analytical-methods",title:"Nanocomposites and Polymers with Analytical Methods",fullTitle:"Nanocomposites and Polymers with Analytical Methods"},signatures:"S. Anandhan and S. Bandyopadhyay",authors:[{id:"27050",title:"Prof.",name:"Sri",middleName:null,surname:"Bandyopadhyay",slug:"sri-bandyopadhyay",fullName:"Sri Bandyopadhyay"},{id:"44992",title:"Prof.",name:"Anandhan",middleName:null,surname:"Srinivasan",slug:"anandhan-srinivasan",fullName:"Anandhan Srinivasan"}]},{id:"9725",doi:"10.5772/8508",title:"Biosynthesis and Application of Silver and Gold Nanoparticles",slug:"biosynthesis-and-application-of-silver-and-gold-nanoparticles",totalDownloads:27961,totalCrossrefCites:25,totalDimensionsCites:62,abstract:null,book:{id:"3621",slug:"silver-nanoparticles",title:"Silver Nanoparticles",fullTitle:"Silver Nanoparticles"},signatures:"Zygmunt Sadowski",authors:null},{id:"52860",doi:"10.5772/65937",title:"Cerium Oxide Nanostructures and their Applications",slug:"cerium-oxide-nanostructures-and-their-applications",totalDownloads:5467,totalCrossrefCites:25,totalDimensionsCites:58,abstract:"Due to excellent physical and chemical properties, cerium oxide (ceria, CeO2) has attracted much attention in recent years. This chapter aimed at providing some basic and fundamental properties of ceria, the importance of oxygen vacancies in this material, nano‐size effects and various synthesis strategies to form diverse structural morphologies. Finally, some key applications of ceria‐based nanostructures are reviewed. We conclude this chapter by expressing personal perspective on the probable challenges and developments of the controllable synthesis of CeO2 nanomaterials for various applications.",book:{id:"5510",slug:"functionalized-nanomaterials",title:"Functionalized Nanomaterials",fullTitle:"Functionalized Nanomaterials"},signatures:"Adnan Younis, Dewei Chu and Sean Li",authors:[{id:"191574",title:"Dr.",name:"Adnan",middleName:null,surname:"Younis",slug:"adnan-younis",fullName:"Adnan Younis"}]},{id:"17194",doi:"10.5772/21694",title:"Properties of Nanofillers in Polymer",slug:"properties-of-nanofillers-in-polymer",totalDownloads:20422,totalCrossrefCites:9,totalDimensionsCites:57,abstract:null,book:{id:"1045",slug:"nanocomposites-and-polymers-with-analytical-methods",title:"Nanocomposites and Polymers with Analytical Methods",fullTitle:"Nanocomposites and Polymers with Analytical Methods"},signatures:"Damien M. Marquis, Éric Guillaume and Carine Chivas-Joly",authors:[{id:"44307",title:"Dr.",name:"Damien",middleName:"Michel",surname:"Marquis",slug:"damien-marquis",fullName:"Damien Marquis"},{id:"44317",title:"Prof.",name:"Carine",middleName:null,surname:"Chivas-Joly",slug:"carine-chivas-joly",fullName:"Carine Chivas-Joly"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"38951",title:"Carbon Nanotube Transparent Electrode",slug:"carbon-nanotube-transparent-electrode",totalDownloads:4067,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:5,abstract:null,book:{id:"3077",slug:"syntheses-and-applications-of-carbon-nanotubes-and-their-composites",title:"Syntheses and Applications of Carbon Nanotubes and Their Composites",fullTitle:"Syntheses and Applications of Carbon Nanotubes and Their Composites"},signatures:"Jing Sun and Ranran Wang",authors:[{id:"153508",title:"Prof.",name:"Jing",middleName:null,surname:"Sun",slug:"jing-sun",fullName:"Jing Sun"},{id:"153596",title:"Ms.",name:"Ranran",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",slug:"ranran-wang",fullName:"Ranran Wang"}]},{id:"49413",title:"Electrodeposition of Nanostructure Materials",slug:"electrodeposition-of-nanostructure-materials",totalDownloads:3784,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:7,abstract:"We are conducting a multi-disciplinary research work that involves development of nanostructured thin films of semiconductors for different applications. Nanotechnology is widely considered to constitute the basis of the next technological revolution, following on from the first Industrial Revolution, which began around 1750 with the introduction of the steam engine and steelmaking. Nanotechnology is defined as the design, characterization, production, and application of materials, devices and systems by controlling shape and size of the nanoscale. The nanoscale itself is at present considered to cover the range from 1 to 100 nm. All samples prepared in thin film forms and the characterization revealed their nanostructure. The major exploitation of thin films has been in microelectronics, there are numerous and growing applications in communications, optical electronics, coatings of all kinds, and in energy generation. A great many sophisticated analytical instruments and techniques, largely developed to characterize thin films, have already become indispensable in virtually every scientific endeavor irrespective of discipline. Among all these techniques, electrodeposition is the most suitable technique for nanostructured thin films from aqueous solution served as samples under investigation. The electrodeposition of metallic layers from aqueous solution is based on the discharge of metal ions present in the electrolyte at a cathodic surface (the substrate or component.) The metal ions accept an electron from the electrically conducting material at the solid- electrolyte interface and then deposit as metal atoms onto the surface. The electrons necessary for this to occur are either supplied from an externally applied potential source or are surrendered by a reducing agent present in solution (electroless reduction). The metal ions themselves derive either from metal salts added to solution, or by the anodic dissolution of the so-called sacrificial anodes, made of the same metal that is to be deposited at the cathode.",book:{id:"4718",slug:"electroplating-of-nanostructures",title:"Electroplating of Nanostructures",fullTitle:"Electroplating of Nanostructures"},signatures:"Souad A. M. Al-Bat’hi",authors:[{id:"174793",title:"Dr.",name:"Mohamad",middleName:null,surname:"Souad",slug:"mohamad-souad",fullName:"Mohamad Souad"}]},{id:"54226",title:"Localized Surface Plasmon Resonance for Optical Fiber-Sensing Applications",slug:"localized-surface-plasmon-resonance-for-optical-fiber-sensing-applications",totalDownloads:2311,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:6,abstract:"It is well known that optical fiber sensors have attracted the attention of scientific community due to its intrinsic advantages, such as lightweight, small size, portability, remote sensing, immunity to electromagnetic interferences and the possibility of multiplexing several signals. This field has shown a dramatic growth thanks to the creation of sensitive thin films onto diverse optical fiber configurations. In this sense, a wide range of optical fiber devices have been successfully fabricated for monitoring biological, chemical, medical or physical parameters. In addition, the use of nanoparticles into the sensitive thin films has resulted in an enhancement in the response time, robustness or sensitivity in the optical devices, which is associated to the inherent properties of nanoparticles (high surface area ratio or porosity). Among all of them, the metallic nanoparticles are of great interest for sensing applications due to the presence of strong absorption bands in the visible and near-infrared regions, due to their localized surface plasmon resonances (LSPR). These optical resonances are due to the coupling of certain modes of the incident light to the collective oscillation of the conduction electrons of the metallic nanoparticles. The LSPR extinction bands are very useful for sensing applications as far as they can be affected by refractive index variations of the surrounding medium of the nanoparticles, and therefore, it is possible to create optical sensors with outstanding properties such as high sensitivity and optical self-reference. In this chapter, the attractive optical properties of metal nanostructures and their implementation into different optical fiber configuration for sensing or biosensing applications will be studied.",book:{id:"5721",slug:"nanoplasmonics-fundamentals-and-applications",title:"Nanoplasmonics",fullTitle:"Nanoplasmonics - Fundamentals and Applications"},signatures:"Pedro J. Rivero, Javier Goicoechea and Francisco J. Arregui",authors:[{id:"69816",title:"Dr.",name:"Javier",middleName:null,surname:"Goicoechea",slug:"javier-goicoechea",fullName:"Javier Goicoechea"},{id:"188796",title:"Dr.",name:"Pedro J.",middleName:null,surname:"Rivero",slug:"pedro-j.-rivero",fullName:"Pedro J. Rivero"},{id:"197277",title:"Dr.",name:"Francisco",middleName:null,surname:"Arregui",slug:"francisco-arregui",fullName:"Francisco Arregui"}]},{id:"25297",title:"Nanofabrication of Metal Oxide Patterns Using Self-Assembled Monolayers",slug:"nanofabrication-of-metal-oxide-patterns-using-self-assembled-monolayers",totalDownloads:3473,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:null,book:{id:"860",slug:"nanofabrication",title:"Nanofabrication",fullTitle:"Nanofabrication"},signatures:"Yoshitake Masuda",authors:[{id:"12385",title:"Dr.",name:"Yoshitake",middleName:null,surname:"Masuda",slug:"yoshitake-masuda",fullName:"Yoshitake Masuda"}]},{id:"77225",title:"Piezoelectricity and Its Applications",slug:"piezoelectricity-and-its-applications",totalDownloads:639,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,abstract:"The piezoelectric effect is extensively encountered in nature and many synthetic materials. Piezoelectric materials are capable of transforming mechanical strain and vibration energy into electrical energy. This property allows opportunities for implementing renewable and sustainable energy through power harvesting and self-sustained smart sensing in buildings. As the most common construction material, plain cement paste lacks satisfactory piezoelectricity and is not efficient at harvesting the electrical energy from the ambient vibrations of a building system. In recent years, many techniques have been proposed and applied to improve the piezoelectric capacity of cement-based composite, namely admixture incorporation and physical. The successful application of piezoelectric materials for sustainable building development not only relies on understanding the mechanism of the piezoelectric properties of various building components, but also the latest developments and implementations in the building industry. Therefore, this review systematically illustrates research efforts to develop new construction materials with high piezoelectricity and energy storage capacity. In addition, this article discusses the latest techniques for utilizing the piezoelectric materials in energy harvesters, sensors and actuators for various building systems. With advanced methods for improving the cementations piezoelectricity and applying the material piezoelectricity for different building functions, more renewable and sustainable building systems are anticipated.",book:{id:"10511",slug:"multifunctional-ferroelectric-materials",title:"Multifunctional Ferroelectric Materials",fullTitle:"Multifunctional Ferroelectric Materials"},signatures:"B. Chandra Sekhar, B. Dhanalakshmi, B. Srinivasa Rao, S. Ramesh, K. Venkata Prasad, P.S.V. Subba Rao and B. Parvatheeswara Rao",authors:[{id:"335022",title:"Dr.",name:"B. Chandra",middleName:null,surname:"Sekhar",slug:"b.-chandra-sekhar",fullName:"B. Chandra Sekhar"},{id:"422021",title:"Dr.",name:"B.",middleName:null,surname:"Dhanalakshmi",slug:"b.-dhanalakshmi",fullName:"B. Dhanalakshmi"},{id:"422022",title:"Dr.",name:"B.Srinivasa",middleName:null,surname:"Rao",slug:"b.srinivasa-rao",fullName:"B.Srinivasa Rao"},{id:"422023",title:"Dr.",name:"S.",middleName:null,surname:"Ramesh",slug:"s.-ramesh",fullName:"S. Ramesh"},{id:"422024",title:"Dr.",name:"K.Venkata",middleName:null,surname:"Prasad",slug:"k.venkata-prasad",fullName:"K.Venkata Prasad"},{id:"422025",title:"Dr.",name:"P.S.V",middleName:null,surname:"Subba Rao",slug:"p.s.v-subba-rao",fullName:"P.S.V Subba Rao"},{id:"422026",title:"Dr.",name:"B.Parvatheeswara",middleName:null,surname:"Rao",slug:"b.parvatheeswara-rao",fullName:"B.Parvatheeswara Rao"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"1169",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[{id:"79274",title:"Molecular Simulation of Cholesteric Liquid-Crystal Polyesteramides: Conformational and Structure Analysis by Rietveld Refinement",slug:"molecular-simulation-of-cholesteric-liquid-crystal-polyesteramides-conformational-and-structure-anal",totalDownloads:77,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100388",abstract:"Molecular modeling techniques are applied to polyesteramides designed as PNOBDME (C34H38N2O6)n and PNOBEE (C26H22N2O6)n, synthesized and characterized as cholesteric liquid crystals -through the condensation reaction between 4 and 4′-(terephthaloyl- diaminedibenzoic chloride (NOBC) and racemic glycol: DL-1,2 dodecanediol, or DL-1,2-butanediol, respectively, being chemical modifications of precursor multifunctional cholesteric LC polyesters, adding new properties but holding their helical macromolecular structures. Although the starting raw materials were racemic, these cholesteric LC polymers exhibit unexpected optical activity and chiral morphology. For that reason, conformational analysis is studied on the monomer models of PNOBDME and PNOBEE. Four helical conformers models, experimentally observed by NMR, are proposed for each cholesteric polyesteramide: Rgg, Rgt, Sgg, Sgt. Polymerization of the monomeric conformers, with minima energies, have been simulated and used to reproduce the crystalline fraction observed by x-ray diffraction. Three orders of chirality are observed in the structure of the polymer chains: One due to the asymmetric carbon atoms, a second chirality due to the two successive rotations of the benzene groups, along the main chain, within the monomer which implies the formation of helical molecules, for both R and S chirality and still, a third chirality corresponding to the twisting of the rigid/semirigid cholesteric LC polymer chains. All these factors contributing to the net optical activity observed in these materials. Crystal packing is simulated in triclinic primitive P1cells, with molecular chains oriented parallel to the z-axis (c lattice parameter equal to the pitch length of each simulated polymer helix) and parameters a, b, α, β and γ, obtained by Pawley refinement from the known structures of precursor polyesters. The simulated x-ray diffraction patterns of the proposed crystal models fit, after successive Pawley and Rietveld refinement cycles, the experimental WAXS. Powder Quantitative Phase Analysis applied to an ideal mixture with the four possible helical conformers, for each degree of polymerization, allows to refine their relative weight and determine the major phase relative amount. These results would confirm the theory of a preferable recrystallization, among the four possible helical diastereoisomers, depending on the synthetic conditions.",book:{id:"10957",title:"Liquid Crystals",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10957.jpg"},signatures:"Mercedes Pérez Méndez, José Fayos Alcañiz and Marc Meunier"},{id:"80636",title:"The LCD Interfacing and Programming",slug:"the-lcd-interfacing-and-programming",totalDownloads:203,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.102408",abstract:"This chapter will discuss 10 subchapters that will make it more detailed and easier for the reader to master and implement them in their project. Before discussing the subchapters in detail the author discusses the wide use of LCD in various equipment that needs display and the superiority of it compared to the conventional existing displays especially in the low energy consumption of it compare to the rest of the displays, then the author ended this general discussion by mentioning the type of LCD known in the market right now (passive matrix and active matrix). After discussing the LCD in general, the author starts discussing the detailed 10 subchapters. The 10 subchapters are 1. 2 × 16 LCD; 2. LCD controller; 3. LCD instructions; 4. LCD initialization; 5. More instructions; 6. LCD initialization subroutine; 7. Displaying a character on the LCD; 8. Displaying more than 1 character on the LCD; 9. A 4-bit mode 2 × 16 LCD module. To give the readers with a succinct overview of important details or interesting information, the author provides the summary of this chapter in subchapter 10. The author also provided the glossary to enable the readers to quickly study the general terms used in this chapter. Finally, the author provides some questions to enable the reader to test their own knowledge of this chapter. The references is also provided to enable the readers to refer to some articles as the sources of this subchapter and to enable them to enrich their knowledge of this chapter.",book:{id:"10957",title:"Liquid Crystals",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10957.jpg"},signatures:"Dahlan Sitompul and Poltak Sihombing"},{id:"80473",title:"Overview of Liquid Crystal Research: Computational Advancements, Challenges, Future Prospects and Applications",slug:"overview-of-liquid-crystal-research-computational-advancements-challenges-future-prospects-and-appli",totalDownloads:93,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101417",abstract:"Liquid crystal (LC) is a fascinating state of matter that combines order and mobility at multiple hierarchical levels, spanning from nanoscale to the macroscale, or from molecular to the macroscopic, and is composed of molecules and layers as thin as of a few nanometer in size. This unique combination allows such a system to adapt to a wide range of external stimuli, including temperature, magnetic field, electric field, mechanical stress, light, chemical reaction, and electrochemical response, by determining a new lowest energy configuration. Liquid crystalline nanostructures efficiently transmit and amplify information and attributes over macroscopic sizes due to their dynamic nature. The responsiveness and diversity of LCs provide enormous potential and challenges for fundamental scientific insights as well as opening the door to countless applied applications. Recent breakthroughs in nanotechnology have boosted the discipline, both in terms of theoretical simulations and the ability to fabricate nanoscale structures such as sub-wavelength gratings, nanoporous materials, and nanoparticles. Because LC materials are switchable, a new family of active plasmonic and nanophotonic devices is emerging, describing fascinating basic research processes as well as the creation of upgraded devices. This chapter discusses the fundamentals, computational advances, future prospects and challenges, as well as potential applications of LCs.",book:{id:"10957",title:"Liquid Crystals",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10957.jpg"},signatures:"Maria Malik, Muhammad Aamir Iqbal, Wajeehah Shahid, Syed Zaheer Ud Din, Mujtaba Ikram, Nadia Anwar, Samiah Shahid and Faryal Idrees"},{id:"80010",title:"Phase Transitions and Structure of Liquid Crystalline Cellulose Ether Solutions in a Magnetic Field and in Its Absence",slug:"phase-transitions-and-structure-of-liquid-crystalline-cellulose-ether-solutions-in-a-magnetic-field-",totalDownloads:95,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101451",abstract:"The results of research studies of a magnetic field effect on structure and phase transitions of liquid crystalline polymer systems are described. Influence of intensity of the magnetic field, molecular weight, and concentration of polymers in solutions on the phase diagrams is analyzed. The dependences of boundary curves on the chemical structure of polymers and solvents are discussed. Results of theoretical researches of the magnetic field effect on the diamagnetic macromolecule orientation in solutions are described. The shift of boundary curves of liquid crystalline cellulose derivative systems is compared with the energy of magnetic field stored by solutions.",book:{id:"10957",title:"Liquid Crystals",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10957.jpg"},signatures:"Sergey Vshivkov and Elena Rusinova"},{id:"78941",title:"High Precision Optical Wavefront Generation Using Liquid Crystal Spatial Light Modulator (LC-SLM)",slug:"high-precision-optical-wavefront-generation-using-liquid-crystal-spatial-light-modulator-lc-slm-",totalDownloads:180,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100379",abstract:"LC-SLM provides a flexible way to modulate the phase of light with the help of a grayscale pattern loaded on it. Nevertheless, the modulated phase profile is of relatively low accuracy due to the nonlinear and nonuniform response of the liquid crystal layer in the SLM. To improve the performance of LC-SLM on the wavefront generation, the nonlinear and nonuniform phase response needs to be calibrated and compensated effectively. In this chapter, we present some state-of-art methods to measure the phase modulation curve of the LC-SLM. Some methods to measure the static aberration caused by the backplane of the LC-SLM are then presented. 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We encourage the submission of manuscripts that provide novel and mechanistic insights that report significant advances in the fields. Topics can include but are not limited to: Biotechnology such as biotechnological products and process engineering; Biotechnologically relevant enzymes and proteins; Bioenergy and biofuels; Applied genetics and molecular biotechnology; Genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics; Applied microbial and cell physiology; Environmental biotechnology; Methods and protocols. Moreover, topics in biosensor technology, like sensors that incorporate enzymes, antibodies, nucleic acids, whole cells, tissues and organelles, and other biological or biologically inspired components will be considered, and topics exploring transducers, including those based on electrochemical and optical piezoelectric, thermal, magnetic, and micromechanical elements. Chapters exploring biomaterial approaches such as polymer synthesis and characterization, drug and gene vector design, biocompatibility, immunology and toxicology, and self-assembly at the nanoscale, are welcome. 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