Chapters authored
Aflatoxins: Toxicity, Occurrences and Chronic Exposure
Aflatoxins, a carcinogenic group of mycotoxins, are naturally occurring toxic fungi that cause illness in both animals and humans. Predominantly found in hot and humid areas, aflatoxins are generated by Aspergillus fungi and are found in a large percentage of the world’s food supply. Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), being the most potent of the over 18 aflatoxins discovered, is most noted for its role in the development of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in humans and animals, unfortunately, many features of the illnesses it causes and the mechanisms that produce them, remain unexplained. This review examined AFB1 metabolism; its epoxidation and DNA adduction, its correlations to cancer initiation and the mechanisms that underpin it, the synergistic interactions with stunted growth associated with AFB1 intake and kwashiorkor, involvement of oxidative stress and reactive oxygen species. Its harmful effects, including growth retardation, starvation, and immunotoxicity, were also discussed, delving into new findings of AFB1 contamination in worldwide food sources. This review indicated that AFB1 is commonly found in high concentrations in food supplies, notably in maize. To lessen the global burden of AFB1 toxicity, data gathered through this review emphasized the necessity to apply novel and existing techniques to prevent these toxins on other diseases.
Part of the book: Aflatoxins
Aspergillus and Aspergillosis in People with Chronic Diseases
Numerous human diseases are caused by Aspergillus species. Mold infections can be more severe in people with weakened immune systems and chronic illnesses. People with underlying chronic conditions are more likely to contract an Aspergillus infection than immunocompromised patients, who are more likely to develop an invasive infection with these opportunistic molds. These disorders include Aspergillus bronchitis, allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis, diabetes, cystic fibrosis, severe asthma with fungal sensitivity, and other inflammatory and allergic conditions. The impact of Aspergillus infections in patients with selected chronic infections and the treatment of these infections are discussed in this review along with the most recent research on these topics.
Part of the book: Aspergillus and Aspergillosis