Array element geometrical parameters.
\\n\\n
IntechOpen was founded by scientists, for scientists, in order to make book publishing accessible around the globe. Over the last two decades, this has driven Open Access (OA) book publishing whilst levelling the playing field for global academics. Through our innovative publishing model and the support of the research community, we have now published over 5,700 Open Access books and are visited online by over three million academics every month. These researchers are increasingly working in broad technology-based subjects, driving multidisciplinary academic endeavours into human health, environment, and technology.
\\n\\nBy listening to our community, and in order to serve these rapidly growing areas which lie at the core of IntechOpen's expertise, we are launching a portfolio of Open Science journals:
\\n\\nAll three journals will publish under an Open Access model and embrace Open Science policies to help support the changing needs of academics in these fast-moving research areas. There will be direct links to preprint servers and data repositories, allowing full reproducibility and rapid dissemination of published papers to help accelerate the pace of research. Each journal has renowned Editors in Chief who will work alongside a global Editorial Board, delivering robust single-blind peer review. Supported by our internal editorial teams, this will ensure our authors will receive a quick, user-friendly, and personalised publishing experience.
\\n\\n"By launching our journals portfolio we are introducing new, dedicated homes for interdisciplinary technology-focused researchers to publish their work, whilst embracing Open Science and creating a unique global home for academics to disseminate their work. We are taking a leap toward Open Science continuing and expanding our fundamental commitment to openly sharing scientific research across the world, making it available for the benefit of all." Dr. Sara Uhac, IntechOpen CEO
\\n\\n"Our aim is to promote and create better science for a better world by increasing access to information and the latest scientific developments to all scientists, innovators, entrepreneurs and students and give them the opportunity to learn, observe and contribute to knowledge creation. Open Science promotes a swifter path from research to innovation to produce new products and services." Alex Lazinica, IntechOpen founder
\\n\\nIn conclusion, Natalia Reinic Babic, Head of Journal Publishing and Open Science at IntechOpen adds:
\\n\\n“On behalf of the journal team I’d like to thank all our Editors in Chief, Editorial Boards, internal supporting teams, and our scientific community for their continuous support in making this portfolio a reality - we couldn’t have done it without you! With your support in place, we are confident these journals will become as impactful and successful as our book publishing program and bring us closer to a more open (science) future.”
\\n\\nWe invite you to visit the journals homepage and learn more about the journal’s Editorial Boards, scope and vision as all three journals are now open for submissions.
\\n\\nFeel free to share this news on social media and help us mark this memorable moment!
\\n\\n\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:{caption:"",originalUrl:"/media/original/237"}},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'
After years of being acknowledged as the world's leading publisher of Open Access books, today, we are proud to announce we’ve successfully launched a portfolio of Open Science journals covering rapidly expanding areas of interdisciplinary research.
\n\n\n\nIntechOpen was founded by scientists, for scientists, in order to make book publishing accessible around the globe. Over the last two decades, this has driven Open Access (OA) book publishing whilst levelling the playing field for global academics. Through our innovative publishing model and the support of the research community, we have now published over 5,700 Open Access books and are visited online by over three million academics every month. These researchers are increasingly working in broad technology-based subjects, driving multidisciplinary academic endeavours into human health, environment, and technology.
\n\nBy listening to our community, and in order to serve these rapidly growing areas which lie at the core of IntechOpen's expertise, we are launching a portfolio of Open Science journals:
\n\nAll three journals will publish under an Open Access model and embrace Open Science policies to help support the changing needs of academics in these fast-moving research areas. There will be direct links to preprint servers and data repositories, allowing full reproducibility and rapid dissemination of published papers to help accelerate the pace of research. Each journal has renowned Editors in Chief who will work alongside a global Editorial Board, delivering robust single-blind peer review. Supported by our internal editorial teams, this will ensure our authors will receive a quick, user-friendly, and personalised publishing experience.
\n\n"By launching our journals portfolio we are introducing new, dedicated homes for interdisciplinary technology-focused researchers to publish their work, whilst embracing Open Science and creating a unique global home for academics to disseminate their work. We are taking a leap toward Open Science continuing and expanding our fundamental commitment to openly sharing scientific research across the world, making it available for the benefit of all." Dr. Sara Uhac, IntechOpen CEO
\n\n"Our aim is to promote and create better science for a better world by increasing access to information and the latest scientific developments to all scientists, innovators, entrepreneurs and students and give them the opportunity to learn, observe and contribute to knowledge creation. Open Science promotes a swifter path from research to innovation to produce new products and services." Alex Lazinica, IntechOpen founder
\n\nIn conclusion, Natalia Reinic Babic, Head of Journal Publishing and Open Science at IntechOpen adds:
\n\n“On behalf of the journal team I’d like to thank all our Editors in Chief, Editorial Boards, internal supporting teams, and our scientific community for their continuous support in making this portfolio a reality - we couldn’t have done it without you! With your support in place, we are confident these journals will become as impactful and successful as our book publishing program and bring us closer to a more open (science) future.”
\n\nWe invite you to visit the journals homepage and learn more about the journal’s Editorial Boards, scope and vision as all three journals are now open for submissions.
\n\nFeel free to share this news on social media and help us mark this memorable moment!
\n\n\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"webinar-introduction-to-open-science-wednesday-18-may-1-pm-cest-20220518",title:"Webinar: Introduction to Open Science | Wednesday 18 May, 1 PM CEST"},{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"},{slug:"introducing-intechopen-book-series-a-new-publishing-format-for-oa-books-20210915",title:"Introducing IntechOpen Book Series - A New Publishing Format for OA Books"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"3622",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Climbing and Walking Robots",title:"Climbing and Walking Robots",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"Nowadays robotics is one of the most dynamic fields of scientific researches. The shift\r\nof robotics researches from manufacturing to services applications is clear. During the\r\nlast decades interest in studying climbing and walking robots has been increased. This\r\nincreasing interest has been in many areas that most important ones of them are: mechanics,\r\nelectronics, medical engineering, cybernetics, controls, and computers. \r\nToday’s climbing and walking robots are a combination of manipulative, perceptive, communicative, and\r\ncognitive abilities and they are capable of performing many tasks in industrial and non-\r\nindustrial environments. Surveillance, planetary exploration, emergence rescue operations,\r\nreconnaissance, petrochemical applications, construction, entertainment, personal services,\r\nintervention in severe environments, transportation, medical and etc are some applications\r\nfrom a very diverse application fields of climbing and walking robots. By great progress in\r\nthis area of robotics it is anticipated that next generation climbing and walking robots will\r\nenhance lives and will change the way the human works, thinks and makes decisions.\r\nThis book presents the state of the art achievments, recent developments, applications and\r\nfuture challenges of climbing and walking robots. These are presented in 24 chapters by authors throughtot the world The book serves as a reference especially for the researchers\r\nwho are interested in mobile robots. It also is useful for industrial engineers and graduate\r\nstudents in advanced study.",isbn:null,printIsbn:"978-953-307-030-8",pdfIsbn:"978-953-51-5887-5",doi:"10.5772/200",price:159,priceEur:175,priceUsd:205,slug:"climbing-and-walking-robots",numberOfPages:518,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:null,isInBkci:!1,hash:null,bookSignature:"Behnam Miripour",publishedDate:"March 1st 2010",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3622.jpg",numberOfDownloads:92864,numberOfWosCitations:92,numberOfCrossrefCitations:90,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:5,numberOfDimensionsCitations:284,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:6,hasAltmetrics:1,numberOfTotalCitations:466,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:null,dateEndSecondStepPublish:null,dateEndThirdStepPublish:null,dateEndFourthStepPublish:null,dateEndFifthStepPublish:null,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:1,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6,7",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"5507",title:"Dr.",name:"Behnam",middleName:null,surname:"Miripour-Fard",slug:"behnam-miripour-fard",fullName:"Behnam Miripour-Fard",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/5507/images/system/5507.jpg",biography:"Behnam Miripour Fard received his B.Sc. and Ph.D. degrees in Mechanical Engineering from the University of Guilan, Iran, in 2005 and 2013, respectively. He also received his M. Sc. degree in Mechanical Engineering from Bu-Ali Sina University, Iran, in 2008. From Apr. 2012 to Oct. 2012, he was a Visiting PhD Student at Robotics Institute of Carnegie Mellon University, USA, under supervision of Professor C. G. Atkeson. He is currently an Assistant Professor and the Head of the Robotics Eng. Dept. of the Hamedan University of Technology. Dr. Behnam Miripour Fard is the author/coauthor of over 25 technical publications, proceedings, editorials and books. He has been a Member of Iranian Elite Foundation and Inventors Association since 2007.He is also a reviewer of the Journal of Robotica and International Journal of Engineering. His research interests include; Dynamical modeling of Mechanical systems, Path Planning and Control of Humanoid Biped Robots, Limit Cycle Walking, Disturbance Rejection of Legged Locomotion, Predictive Dynamics, Optimal Control, Hybrid Dynamical Modeling, Receding Horizon control, and Bio-mimetic approaches in robotics.",institutionString:null,position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"0",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"1",institution:null}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"1302",title:"Mobile Robot",slug:"robotic-mapping-mobile-robot"}],chapters:[{id:"10079",title:"A Survey of Technologies and Applications for Climbing Robots Locomotion and Adhesion",doi:"10.5772/8826",slug:"a-survey-of-technologies-and-applications-for-climbing-robots-locomotion-and-adhesion",totalDownloads:4324,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:29,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Manuel F. Silva and J. A. Tenreiro Machado",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/10079",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/10079",authors:[null],corrections:null},{id:"10081",title:"Mechanical Synthesis for Easy and Fast Operation in Climbing and Walking Robots",doi:"10.5772/8828",slug:"mechanical-synthesis-for-easy-and-fast-operation-in-climbing-and-walking-robots",totalDownloads:4221,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:4,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Antonio Gonzalez-Rodriguez, Angel G. Gonzalez-Rodriguez and Rafael Morales",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/10081",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/10081",authors:[null],corrections:null},{id:"10086",title:"A Wheel-based Stair-climbing Robot with a Hopping Mechanism",doi:"10.5772/8833",slug:"a-wheel-based-stair-climbing-robot-with-a-hopping-mechanism",totalDownloads:4902,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:2,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Koki Kikuchi, Naoki Bushida, Keisuke Sakaguchi, Yasuhiro Chiba, Hiroshi Otsuka, Yusuke Saito, Masamitsu Hirano and Shunya Kobayashi",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/10086",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/10086",authors:[null],corrections:null},{id:"10094",title:"Motion Control of a Four-wheel-drive Omnidirectional Wheelchair with High Step Climbing Capability",doi:"10.5772/8841",slug:"motion-control-of-a-four-wheel-drive-omnidirectional-wheelchair-with-high-step-climbing-capability",totalDownloads:4553,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:3,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Masayoshi Wada",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/10094",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/10094",authors:[null],corrections:null},{id:"10096",title:"Stair Climbing Robots and High-Grip Crawler",doi:"10.5772/8843",slug:"stair-climbing-robots-and-high-grip-crawler",totalDownloads:7960,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:2,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Kan Yoneda, Yusuke Ota and Shigeo Hirose",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/10096",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/10096",authors:[null],corrections:null},{id:"10093",title:"A Climbing-Flying Robot for Power Line Inspection",doi:"10.5772/8840",slug:"a-climbing-flying-robot-for-power-line-inspection",totalDownloads:5234,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:4,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Jaka Katrasnik, Franjo Pernus and Bostjan Likar",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/10093",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/10093",authors:[null],corrections:null},{id:"10085",title:"A Fuzzy Control Based Stair-Climbing Service Robot",doi:"10.5772/8832",slug:"a-fuzzy-control-based-stair-climbing-service-robot",totalDownloads:3402,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Ming-Shyan Wang",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/10085",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/10085",authors:[null],corrections:null},{id:"10074",title:"Evolutionary Multi-Objective Optimization for Biped Walking of Humanoid Robot",doi:"10.5772/8821",slug:"evolutionary-multi-objective-optimization-for-biped-walking-of-humanoid-robot",totalDownloads:2624,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Toshihiko Yanase and Hitoshi Iba",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/10074",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/10074",authors:[null],corrections:null},{id:"10080",title:"On Adjustable Stiffness Artificial Tendonsin Bipedal Walking Energetics",doi:"10.5772/8827",slug:"on-adjustable-stiffness-artificial-tendonsin-bipedal-walking-energetics",totalDownloads:2470,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Reza Ghorbani and Qiong Wu",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/10080",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/10080",authors:[null],corrections:null},{id:"10076",title:"Mathematical Modelling and Simulation of Combined Trajectory Paths of a Seven Link Biped Robot",doi:"10.5772/8823",slug:"mathematical-modelling-and-simulation-of-combined-trajectory-paths-of-a-seven-link-biped-robot",totalDownloads:2706,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:2,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Ahmad Bagheri, Behnam Miripour-Fard and Peiman Naseradin Mousavi",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/10076",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/10076",authors:[null],corrections:null},{id:"10089",title:"Bipedal Walking Control Based on the Assumption of the Point-Contact: Sagittal Motion Control and Stabilization",doi:"10.5772/8836",slug:"bipedal-walking-control-based-on-the-assumption-of-the-point-contact-sagittal-motion-control-and-sta",totalDownloads:2537,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Tadayoshi Aoyama, Kosuke Sekiyama, Yasuhisa Hasegawa and Toshio Fukuda",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/10089",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/10089",authors:[null],corrections:null},{id:"10092",title:"Simulated Regulator to Synthesize ZMP Manipulation and Foot Location for Autonomous Control of Biped Robots",doi:"10.5772/8839",slug:"simulated-regulator-to-synthesize-zmp-manipulation-and-foot-location-for-autonomous-control-of-biped",totalDownloads:2514,totalCrossrefCites:6,totalDimensionsCites:14,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Tomomichi Sugihara",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/10092",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/10092",authors:[null],corrections:null},{id:"10078",title:"Nonlinear H(inf)˜ Control Applied to Biped Robots",doi:"10.5772/8825",slug:"nonlinear-h-inf-control-applied-to-biped-robots",totalDownloads:2129,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:2,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Adriano A. G. Siqueira, Marco H. Terra and Leonardo Tubota",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/10078",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/10078",authors:[null],corrections:null},{id:"10077",title:"Method to Estimate the Basin of Attraction and Speed Switch Control for the Underactuated Biped Robot",doi:"10.5772/8824",slug:"method-to-estimate-the-basin-of-attraction-and-speed-switch-control-for-the-underactuated-biped-robo",totalDownloads:3378,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Yantao Tian, Limei Liu, Xiaoliang Huang, Jianfei Li and Zhen Sui",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/10077",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/10077",authors:[null],corrections:null},{id:"10087",title:"Zappa, a Compliant Quasi-Passive Biped Robot with a Tail and Elastic Knees",doi:"10.5772/8834",slug:"zappa-a-compliant-quasi-passive-biped-robot-with-a-tail-and-elastic-knees",totalDownloads:2733,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Felix Monasterio-Huelin, Alvaro Gutierrez and Fernando J. Berenguer",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/10087",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/10087",authors:[null],corrections:null},{id:"10090",title:"Quadrupedal Gait Generation Based on Human Feeling for Animal Type Robot",doi:"10.5772/8837",slug:"quadrupedal-gait-generation-based-on-human-feeling-for-animal-type-robot",totalDownloads:2656,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Hidekazu Suzuki and Hitoshi Nishi",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/10090",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/10090",authors:[null],corrections:null},{id:"10095",title:"Gait Based Directional Bias Detection of Four-Legged Walking Robots",doi:"10.5772/8842",slug:"gait-based-directional-bias-detection-of-four-legged-walking-robots",totalDownloads:2918,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Wei-Chung Teng and Ding-Jie Huang",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/10095",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/10095",authors:[null],corrections:null},{id:"10075",title:"Locomotion Analysis of Hexapod Robot",doi:"10.5772/8822",slug:"locomotion-analysis-of-hexapod-robot",totalDownloads:6002,totalCrossrefCites:34,totalDimensionsCites:39,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Xilun Ding, Zhiying Wang, Alberto Rovetta and J.M. Zhu",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/10075",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/10075",authors:[null],corrections:null},{id:"10091",title:"In Situ Self-Reconfiguration of Hexapod Robot OSCAR Using Biologically Inspired Approaches",doi:"10.5772/8838",slug:"in-situ-self-reconfiguration-of-hexapod-robot-oscar-using-biologically-inspired-approaches",totalDownloads:2883,totalCrossrefCites:15,totalDimensionsCites:16,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Bojan Jakimovski and Erik Maehle",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/10091",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/10091",authors:[null],corrections:null},{id:"10082",title:"Softly Stable Walk Using Phased Compliance Control with Virtual Force for Multi-Legged Walking Robot",doi:"10.5772/8829",slug:"softly-stable-walk-using-phased-compliance-control-with-virtual-force-for-multi-legged-walking-robot",totalDownloads:2257,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Qingjiu Huang",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/10082",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/10082",authors:[null],corrections:null},{id:"10073",title:"Biohybrid Walking Microrobot with Self-Assembled Cardiomyocytes",doi:"10.5772/8820",slug:"biohybrid-walking-microrobot-with-self-assembled-cardiomyocytes",totalDownloads:2470,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Jinseok Kim, Eui-Sung Yoon and Sukho Park",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/10073",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/10073",authors:[null],corrections:null},{id:"10083",title:"Theoretical and Experimental Study for Queueing System with Walking Distance",doi:"10.5772/8830",slug:"theoretical-and-experimental-study-for-queueing-system-with-walking-distance",totalDownloads:3567,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Daichi Yanagisawa, Yushi Suma, Akiyasu Tomoeda, Ayako Kimura, Kazumichi Ohtsuka and Katsuhiro Nishinari",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/10083",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/10083",authors:[null],corrections:null},{id:"10088",title:"Intention-Based Walking Support for Paraplegia Patients with Robot Suit HAL",doi:"10.5772/8835",slug:"intention-based-walking-support-for-paraplegia-patients-with-robot-suit-hal",totalDownloads:5448,totalCrossrefCites:15,totalDimensionsCites:158,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:null,signatures:"Kenta Suzuki, Gouji Mito, Hiroaki Kawamoto, Yasuhisa Hasegawa and Yoshiyuki Sankai",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/10088",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/10088",authors:[null],corrections:null},{id:"10084",title:"Development of Vision Based Person Following Module for Mobile Robots in RT-Middleware",doi:"10.5772/8831",slug:"development-of-vision-based-person-following-module-for-mobile-robots-in-rt-middleware",totalDownloads:2785,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Hiroshi Takemura, Zentaro Nemoto, Keita Ito and Hiroshi Mizoguchi",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/10084",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/10084",authors:[null],corrections:null},{id:"12295",title:"A-B Autonomy of a Shape-shifting Robot 'AMOEBA-I' for USAR",doi:"10.5772/10421",slug:"a-b-autonomy-of-a-shape-shifting-robot-amoeba-i-for-usar",totalDownloads:2468,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Yuechao Wang, Jinguo Liu and Bin Li",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/12295",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/12295",authors:[null],corrections:null},{id:"12296",title:"The Rh-1 Full-Size Humanoid Robot: Control System Design and Walking Pattern Generation",doi:"10.5772/10422",slug:"the-rh-1-full-size-humanoid-robot-control-system-design-and-walking-pattern-generation",totalDownloads:3730,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:3,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Mario Arbulu, Dmitry Kaynov and Carlos Balaguer",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/12296",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/12296",authors:[null],corrections:null}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},subseries:null,tags:null},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"6109",title:"Mobile Robots",subtitle:"Perception & Navigation",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8118f1daeb4d79aa1a234ae61a1fbf55",slug:"mobile_robots_perception_navigation",bookSignature:"Sascha Kolski",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6109.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"150980",title:"Dr.",name:"Sascha",surname:"Kolski",slug:"sascha-kolski",fullName:"Sascha Kolski"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1591",title:"Infrared Spectroscopy",subtitle:"Materials Science, Engineering and Technology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"99b4b7b71a8caeb693ed762b40b017f4",slug:"infrared-spectroscopy-materials-science-engineering-and-technology",bookSignature:"Theophile Theophanides",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1591.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"37194",title:"Dr.",name:"Theophile",surname:"Theophanides",slug:"theophile-theophanides",fullName:"Theophile Theophanides"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3161",title:"Frontiers in Guided Wave Optics and Optoelectronics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"deb44e9c99f82bbce1083abea743146c",slug:"frontiers-in-guided-wave-optics-and-optoelectronics",bookSignature:"Bishnu Pal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3161.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"4782",title:"Prof.",name:"Bishnu",surname:"Pal",slug:"bishnu-pal",fullName:"Bishnu Pal"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3092",title:"Anopheles mosquitoes",subtitle:"New insights into malaria vectors",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c9e622485316d5e296288bf24d2b0d64",slug:"anopheles-mosquitoes-new-insights-into-malaria-vectors",bookSignature:"Sylvie Manguin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3092.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"50017",title:"Prof.",name:"Sylvie",surname:"Manguin",slug:"sylvie-manguin",fullName:"Sylvie Manguin"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"371",title:"Abiotic Stress in Plants",subtitle:"Mechanisms and Adaptations",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"588466f487e307619849d72389178a74",slug:"abiotic-stress-in-plants-mechanisms-and-adaptations",bookSignature:"Arun Shanker and B. Venkateswarlu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/371.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"58592",title:"Dr.",name:"Arun",surname:"Shanker",slug:"arun-shanker",fullName:"Arun Shanker"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"72",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Theory, Properties, New Approaches",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d94ffa3cfa10505e3b1d676d46fcd3f5",slug:"ionic-liquids-theory-properties-new-approaches",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/72.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"314",title:"Regenerative Medicine and Tissue Engineering",subtitle:"Cells and Biomaterials",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"bb67e80e480c86bb8315458012d65686",slug:"regenerative-medicine-and-tissue-engineering-cells-and-biomaterials",bookSignature:"Daniel Eberli",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/314.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"6495",title:"Dr.",name:"Daniel",surname:"Eberli",slug:"daniel-eberli",fullName:"Daniel Eberli"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"57",title:"Physics and Applications of Graphene",subtitle:"Experiments",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"0e6622a71cf4f02f45bfdd5691e1189a",slug:"physics-and-applications-of-graphene-experiments",bookSignature:"Sergey Mikhailov",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/57.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"16042",title:"Dr.",name:"Sergey",surname:"Mikhailov",slug:"sergey-mikhailov",fullName:"Sergey Mikhailov"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1373",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Applications and Perspectives",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5e9ae5ae9167cde4b344e499a792c41c",slug:"ionic-liquids-applications-and-perspectives",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1373.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"2270",title:"Fourier Transform",subtitle:"Materials Analysis",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5e094b066da527193e878e160b4772af",slug:"fourier-transform-materials-analysis",bookSignature:"Salih Mohammed Salih",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2270.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"111691",title:"Dr.Ing.",name:"Salih",surname:"Salih",slug:"salih-salih",fullName:"Salih Salih"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],ofsBooks:[]},correction:{item:{id:"64890",slug:"erratum-emergency-operations-of-sudden-water-pollution-accidents",title:"Erratum - Emergency Operations of Sudden Water Pollution Accidents",doi:null,correctionPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/64890.pdf",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/64890",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/64890",totalDownloads:null,totalCrossrefCites:null,bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/64890",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/64890",chapter:{id:"64626",slug:"emergency-operations-of-sudden-water-pollution-accidents",signatures:"Jin Quan, Lingzhong Kong, Xiaohui Lei and Mingna Wang",dateSubmitted:null,dateReviewed:"October 15th 2018",datePrePublished:null,datePublished:"December 19th 2018",book:{id:"8874",title:"Emergency Operation Technologies for Sudden Water Pollution Accidents in the Middle Route of South-to-North Water Diversion Project",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Emergency Operation Technologies for Sudden Water Pollution Accidents in the Middle Route of South-to-North Water Diversion Project",slug:"emergency-operation-technologies-for-sudden-water-pollution-accidents-in-the-middle-route-of-south-to-north-water-diversion-project",publishedDate:"December 19th 2018",bookSignature:"Xiaohui Lei",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8874.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY-NC 4.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"282118",title:"Dr.",name:"Xiaohui",middleName:null,surname:"Lei",slug:"xiaohui-lei",fullName:"Xiaohui Lei"}],productType:{id:"4",title:"Compact",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Authored by"}},authors:[{id:"280923",title:"Dr.",name:"Lingzhong",middleName:null,surname:"Kong",fullName:"Lingzhong Kong",slug:"lingzhong-kong",email:"lzkong@126.com",position:null,institution:null}]}},chapter:{id:"64626",slug:"emergency-operations-of-sudden-water-pollution-accidents",signatures:"Jin Quan, Lingzhong Kong, Xiaohui Lei and Mingna Wang",dateSubmitted:null,dateReviewed:"October 15th 2018",datePrePublished:null,datePublished:"December 19th 2018",book:{id:"8874",title:"Emergency Operation Technologies for Sudden Water Pollution Accidents in the Middle Route of South-to-North Water Diversion Project",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Emergency Operation Technologies for Sudden Water Pollution Accidents in the Middle Route of South-to-North Water Diversion Project",slug:"emergency-operation-technologies-for-sudden-water-pollution-accidents-in-the-middle-route-of-south-to-north-water-diversion-project",publishedDate:"December 19th 2018",bookSignature:"Xiaohui Lei",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8874.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY-NC 4.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"282118",title:"Dr.",name:"Xiaohui",middleName:null,surname:"Lei",slug:"xiaohui-lei",fullName:"Xiaohui Lei"}],productType:{id:"4",title:"Compact",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Authored by"}},authors:[{id:"280923",title:"Dr.",name:"Lingzhong",middleName:null,surname:"Kong",fullName:"Lingzhong Kong",slug:"lingzhong-kong",email:"lzkong@126.com",position:null,institution:null}]},book:{id:"8874",title:"Emergency Operation Technologies for Sudden Water Pollution Accidents in the Middle Route of South-to-North Water Diversion Project",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Emergency Operation Technologies for Sudden Water Pollution Accidents in the Middle Route of South-to-North Water Diversion Project",slug:"emergency-operation-technologies-for-sudden-water-pollution-accidents-in-the-middle-route-of-south-to-north-water-diversion-project",publishedDate:"December 19th 2018",bookSignature:"Xiaohui Lei",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8874.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY-NC 4.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"282118",title:"Dr.",name:"Xiaohui",middleName:null,surname:"Lei",slug:"xiaohui-lei",fullName:"Xiaohui Lei"}],productType:{id:"4",title:"Compact",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Authored by"}}},ofsBook:{item:{type:"book",id:"9669",leadTitle:null,title:"Recent Advances in Rice Research",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"“Recent Advances in Rice Research” is an interdisciplinary book dealing with diverse topics related to recent developments in rice research. The book discusses the latest research activities in the field of hybrid rice, various metabolites produced in rice and its biology, stress studies, and strategies to combat various biotic and abiotic stresses as well as rice economics, value addition, and product development. The book is written by an international team of researchers from all over the globe sharing their results in the field of rice research. I am hopeful that the scientific information available in this book will provide advanced knowledge for rice researchers, students, life scientists, and interested readers on some of the latest developments in rice research.",isbn:"978-1-83881-032-0",printIsbn:"978-1-83881-031-3",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83881-036-8",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.87472",price:119,priceEur:129,priceUsd:155,slug:"recent-advances-in-rice-research",numberOfPages:258,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isSalesforceBook:!1,isNomenclature:!1,hash:"12b06cc73e89af1e104399321cc16a75",bookSignature:"Mahmood-ur- Rahman Ansari",publishedDate:"March 3rd 2021",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9669.jpg",keywords:null,numberOfDownloads:6850,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:6,numberOfDimensionsCitations:18,numberOfTotalCitations:24,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"May 25th 2020",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"June 15th 2020",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"August 14th 2020",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"November 2nd 2020",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"January 1st 2021",dateConfirmationOfParticipation:null,remainingDaysToSecondStep:"2 years",secondStepPassed:!0,areRegistrationsClosed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,biosketch:"Dr. Ansari has published over 40 papers in international peer-reviewed journals in the field of molecular biology, biotechnology, and bioinformatics. He is a member of various international professional societies and a founding member of the Pakistan Society for Computational Biology.",coeditorOneBiosketch:null,coeditorTwoBiosketch:null,coeditorThreeBiosketch:null,coeditorFourBiosketch:null,coeditorFiveBiosketch:null,editors:[{id:"185476",title:"Dr.",name:"Mahmood-ur-Rahman",middleName:null,surname:"Ansari",slug:"mahmood-ur-rahman-ansari",fullName:"Mahmood-ur-Rahman Ansari",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/185476/images/system/185476.jpg",biography:"Mahmood-ur-Rahman Ansari, Ph.D., is an Associate Professor of Molecular Biology at the Department of Bioinformatics and Biotechnology, GC University – Faisalabad, Pakistan. He received his BSc (Hons) in Plant Breeding and Genetics from the University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan, in 2003. He obtained an MPhil and Ph.D. in Molecular Biology from the National Centre of Excellence in Molecular Biology, Lahore, Pakistan, in 2006 and 2011, respectively. He has published more than eighty papers in international peer-reviewed journals in the fields of molecular biology, biotechnology, and bioinformatics. He has also published more than fifteen book chapters and edited four books. His research interest is to understand the molecular mechanisms of stress tolerance in plants. He has been involved in the genetic modification of rice and cotton, their greenhouse and field testing, as well as biosafety studies. He is a member of various national and international professional societies.",institutionString:"Government College University, Faisalabad",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"5",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"4",institution:{name:"Government College University, Faisalabad",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Pakistan"}}}],coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"29",title:"Agronomy",slug:"agronomy"}],chapters:[{id:"73630",title:"Introductory Chapter: Recent Advances in Rice Biotechnology for Abiotic Stress Tolerance",slug:"introductory-chapter-recent-advances-in-rice-biotechnology-for-abiotic-stress-tolerance",totalDownloads:401,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"185476",title:"Dr.",name:"Mahmood-ur-Rahman",surname:"Ansari",slug:"mahmood-ur-rahman-ansari",fullName:"Mahmood-ur-Rahman Ansari"},{id:"252871",title:"Ms.",name:"Munazza",surname:"Ijaz",slug:"munazza-ijaz",fullName:"Munazza Ijaz"},{id:"309846",title:"Dr.",name:"Roshina",surname:"Shahzadi",slug:"roshina-shahzadi",fullName:"Roshina Shahzadi"},{id:"332231",title:"Dr.",name:"Shazia Anwer",surname:"Bukhari",slug:"shazia-anwer-bukhari",fullName:"Shazia Anwer Bukhari"},{id:"332232",title:"Prof.",name:"Akmaral U.",surname:"Issayeva",slug:"akmaral-u.-issayeva",fullName:"Akmaral U. Issayeva"}]},{id:"73489",title:"Hybrid Rice Research: Current Status and Prospects",slug:"hybrid-rice-research-current-status-and-prospects",totalDownloads:940,totalCrossrefCites:3,authors:[{id:"194074",title:"Dr.",name:"Sanghamitra",surname:"Samantaray",slug:"sanghamitra-samantaray",fullName:"Sanghamitra Samantaray"},{id:"322112",title:"Dr.",name:"Ramlakhan",surname:"Verma",slug:"ramlakhan-verma",fullName:"Ramlakhan Verma"},{id:"328991",title:"Ms.",name:"Debarchana",surname:"Jena",slug:"debarchana-jena",fullName:"Debarchana Jena"},{id:"328992",title:"Mrs.",name:"Diptibala",surname:"Rout",slug:"diptibala-rout",fullName:"Diptibala Rout"},{id:"328993",title:"Mrs.",name:"Vineeta",surname:"Singh",slug:"vineeta-singh",fullName:"Vineeta Singh"},{id:"328994",title:"Mr.",name:"Manish",surname:"Kumar Ahlavat",slug:"manish-kumar-ahlavat",fullName:"Manish Kumar Ahlavat"},{id:"328995",title:"Mr.",name:"Pandurang",surname:"Arsode",slug:"pandurang-arsode",fullName:"Pandurang Arsode"},{id:"328996",title:"Dr.",name:"Jawahar Lal",surname:"Katara",slug:"jawahar-lal-katara",fullName:"Jawahar Lal Katara"},{id:"328997",title:"Dr.",name:"Prakash",surname:"Singh",slug:"prakash-singh",fullName:"Prakash Singh"}]},{id:"73521",title:"Hybrid Rice in Africa: Progress, Prospects, and Challenges",slug:"hybrid-rice-in-africa-progress-prospects-and-challenges",totalDownloads:432,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"322158",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Samuel Oppong",surname:"Abebrese",slug:"samuel-oppong-abebrese",fullName:"Samuel Oppong Abebrese"},{id:"342463",title:"Dr.",name:"Alex",surname:"Yeboah",slug:"alex-yeboah",fullName:"Alex Yeboah"}]},{id:"73451",title:"Phenolic Compounds and Potential Health Benefits of Pigmented Rice",slug:"phenolic-compounds-and-potential-health-benefits-of-pigmented-rice",totalDownloads:669,totalCrossrefCites:2,authors:[{id:"323780",title:"Assistant Prof.",name:"Prinya",surname:"Wongsa",slug:"prinya-wongsa",fullName:"Prinya Wongsa"}]},{id:"74206",title:"Computational Analysis of Rice Transcriptomic and Genomic Datasets in Search for SNPs Involved in Flavonoid Biosynthesis",slug:"computational-analysis-of-rice-transcriptomic-and-genomic-datasets-in-search-for-snps-involved-in-fl",totalDownloads:339,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"306581",title:"Dr.",name:"Zeti-Azura",surname:"Mohamed-Hussein",slug:"zeti-azura-mohamed-hussein",fullName:"Zeti-Azura Mohamed-Hussein"},{id:"326905",title:"Dr.",name:"Rabiatul-Adawiah",surname:"Zainal-Abidin",slug:"rabiatul-adawiah-zainal-abidin",fullName:"Rabiatul-Adawiah Zainal-Abidin"}]},{id:"72661",title:"Current Applicable DNA Markers for Marker Assisted Breeding in Rice (Oryza sativa L.)",slug:"current-applicable-dna-markers-for-marker-assisted-breeding-in-rice-em-oryza-sativa-em-l-",totalDownloads:580,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"322182",title:"Dr.",name:"Nor’Aishah",surname:"Hasan",slug:"nor'aishah-hasan",fullName:"Nor’Aishah Hasan"},{id:"330260",title:"Dr.",name:"Mohd Rafii",surname:"Yusoff",slug:"mohd-rafii-yusoff",fullName:"Mohd Rafii Yusoff"},{id:"330261",title:"Dr.",name:"Abdul Rahim",surname:"Harun",slug:"abdul-rahim-harun",fullName:"Abdul Rahim Harun"},{id:"330262",title:"Dr.",name:"Faiz",surname:"Ahmad",slug:"faiz-ahmad",fullName:"Faiz Ahmad"}]},{id:"73865",title:"Pathogens Transmitted through Contaminated Rice",slug:"pathogens-transmitted-through-contaminated-rice",totalDownloads:603,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"322536",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Leka",surname:"Lutpiatina",slug:"leka-lutpiatina",fullName:"Leka Lutpiatina"}]},{id:"73418",title:"Nitrogen Use Efficiency in Rice under Abiotic Stress: Plant Breeding Approach",slug:"nitrogen-use-efficiency-in-rice-under-abiotic-stress-plant-breeding-approach",totalDownloads:733,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"266125",title:"Prof.",name:"Tofazzal",surname:"Islam",slug:"tofazzal-islam",fullName:"Tofazzal Islam"},{id:"322243",title:"Dr.",name:"Satyen",surname:"Mondal",slug:"satyen-mondal",fullName:"Satyen Mondal"},{id:"322253",title:"Dr.",name:"Jamil",surname:"Hasan",slug:"jamil-hasan",fullName:"Jamil Hasan"},{id:"329440",title:"Dr.",name:"Priya Lal",surname:"Biswas",slug:"priya-lal-biswas",fullName:"Priya Lal Biswas"},{id:"329441",title:"MSc.",name:"Emam",surname:"Ahmed",slug:"emam-ahmed",fullName:"Emam Ahmed"},{id:"329442",title:"MSc.",name:"Tuhin",surname:"Halder",slug:"tuhin-halder",fullName:"Tuhin Halder"},{id:"329443",title:"Dr.",name:"Amina",surname:"Khatun",slug:"amina-khatun",fullName:"Amina Khatun"},{id:"329445",title:"Dr.",name:"Muhammad",surname:"Nasim",slug:"muhammad-nasim",fullName:"Muhammad Nasim"},{id:"329448",title:"Dr.",name:"Evangelina S.",surname:"Ella",slug:"evangelina-s.-ella",fullName:"Evangelina S. Ella"},{id:"329450",title:"Dr.",name:"Md. Panna",surname:"Ali",slug:"md.-panna-ali",fullName:"Md. Panna Ali"},{id:"331022",title:"Dr.",name:"Endang M.",surname:"Septiningsih",slug:"endang-m.-septiningsih",fullName:"Endang M. Septiningsih"}]},{id:"73228",title:"Adaptive Mechanisms of Root System of Rice for Withstanding Osmotic Stress",slug:"adaptive-mechanisms-of-root-system-of-rice-for-withstanding-osmotic-stress",totalDownloads:439,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"322667",title:"Prof.",name:"Arif Hasan Khan",surname:"Robin",slug:"arif-hasan-khan-robin",fullName:"Arif Hasan Khan Robin"},{id:"322844",title:"Mrs.",name:"Afsana",surname:"Hannan",slug:"afsana-hannan",fullName:"Afsana Hannan"},{id:"329290",title:"Mr.",name:"Md. Najmol",surname:"Hoque",slug:"md.-najmol-hoque",fullName:"Md. Najmol Hoque"},{id:"329291",title:"Prof.",name:"Lutful",surname:"Hassan",slug:"lutful-hassan",fullName:"Lutful Hassan"}]},{id:"73360",title:"Does the Incidence of COVID-19 Pandemic Affect Rice Yield? Lessons from Southeast Nigeria",slug:"does-the-incidence-of-covid-19-pandemic-affect-rice-yield-lessons-from-southeast-nigeria",totalDownloads:1006,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"323692",title:"Dr.",name:"Nnaemeka Success",surname:"Esiobu",slug:"nnaemeka-success-esiobu",fullName:"Nnaemeka Success Esiobu"}]},{id:"74912",title:"Advances in Rice Postharvest Loss Reduction Strategies in Africa through Low Grade Broken Rice Fractions and Husk Value Addition",slug:"advances-in-rice-postharvest-loss-reduction-strategies-in-africa-through-low-grade-broken-rice-fract",totalDownloads:364,totalCrossrefCites:1,authors:[{id:"322662",title:"Dr.",name:"Danbaba",surname:"Nahemiah",slug:"danbaba-nahemiah",fullName:"Danbaba Nahemiah"},{id:"333682",title:"Dr.",name:"Iro",surname:"Nkama",slug:"iro-nkama",fullName:"Iro Nkama"},{id:"333684",title:"Dr.",name:"Paul Yahaya",surname:"Idakwo",slug:"paul-yahaya-idakwo",fullName:"Paul Yahaya Idakwo"},{id:"333685",title:"Dr.",name:"Mamudu",surname:"Halidu Badau",slug:"mamudu-halidu-badau",fullName:"Mamudu Halidu Badau"},{id:"333686",title:"Dr.",name:"Aliyu",surname:"Umar",slug:"aliyu-umar",fullName:"Aliyu Umar"}]},{id:"73617",title:"Improving the Efficacy of Climate Policy in the Indonesian Rice Sector: The Potential Use of Perceived-Impact Measures in Targeting Policy Beneficiaries",slug:"improving-the-efficacy-of-climate-policy-in-the-indonesian-rice-sector-the-potential-use-of-perceive",totalDownloads:348,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"322095",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Mohammad",surname:"Rondhi",slug:"mohammad-rondhi",fullName:"Mohammad Rondhi"},{id:"322172",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Ahmad Fatikhul",surname:"Khasan",slug:"ahmad-fatikhul-khasan",fullName:"Ahmad Fatikhul Khasan"},{id:"322173",title:"MSc.",name:"Anik",surname:"Suwandari",slug:"anik-suwandari",fullName:"Anik Suwandari"},{id:"322174",title:"Dr.",name:"Rokhani",surname:null,slug:"rokhani",fullName:"Rokhani null"},{id:"330752",title:"Dr.",name:"Yasuhiro",surname:"Mori",slug:"yasuhiro-mori",fullName:"Yasuhiro Mori"},{id:"330754",title:"Prof.",name:"Takumi",surname:"Kondo",slug:"takumi-kondo",fullName:"Takumi Kondo"},{id:"330755",title:"Mr.",name:"Ahmad",surname:"Asrofi",slug:"ahmad-asrofi",fullName:"Ahmad Asrofi"}]}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},personalPublishingAssistant:{id:"270941",firstName:"Sandra",lastName:"Maljavac",middleName:null,title:"Ms.",imageUrl:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/270941/images/7824_n.jpg",email:"sandra.m@intechopen.com",biography:"As an Author Service Manager my responsibilities include monitoring and facilitating all publishing activities for authors and editors. From chapter submission and review, to approval and revision, copyediting and design, until final publication, I work closely with authors and editors to ensure a simple and easy publishing process. I maintain constant and effective communication with authors, editors and reviewers, which allows for a level of personal support that enables contributors to fully commit and concentrate on the chapters they are writing, editing, or reviewing. I assist authors in the preparation of their full chapter submissions and track important deadlines and ensure they are met. I help to coordinate internal processes such as linguistic review, and monitor the technical aspects of the process. As an ASM I am also involved in the acquisition of editors. Whether that be identifying an exceptional author and proposing an editorship collaboration, or contacting researchers who would like the opportunity to work with IntechOpen, I establish and help manage author and editor acquisition and contact."}},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"6635",title:"Protein-Protein Interaction Assays",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"1bed553d74f0565c89758a7159647634",slug:"protein-protein-interaction-assays",bookSignature:"Mahmood-ur-Rahman Ansari",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6635.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"185476",title:"Dr.",name:"Mahmood-ur-Rahman",surname:"Ansari",slug:"mahmood-ur-rahman-ansari",fullName:"Mahmood-ur-Rahman Ansari"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7998",title:"Advances in Cotton Research",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"1314df548efed081946065c425eb56b7",slug:"advances-in-cotton-research",bookSignature:"Mahmood-ur-Rahman Ansari",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7998.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"185476",title:"Dr.",name:"Mahmood-ur-Rahman",surname:"Ansari",slug:"mahmood-ur-rahman-ansari",fullName:"Mahmood-ur-Rahman Ansari"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6776",title:"Global Wheat Production",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a4a538078961a10a051b00f639173d52",slug:"global-wheat-production",bookSignature:"Shah Fahad, Abdul Basir and Muhammad Adnan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6776.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"194771",title:"Dr.",name:"Shah",surname:"Fahad",slug:"shah-fahad",fullName:"Shah Fahad"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6366",title:"Rice Crop",subtitle:"Current Developments",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"628970142dadbc03cfa7f6aca1e19781",slug:"rice-crop-current-developments",bookSignature:"Farooq Shah, Zafar Hayat Khan and Amjad Iqbal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6366.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"211419",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Farooq",surname:"Shah",slug:"farooq-shah",fullName:"Farooq Shah"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6796",title:"Grasses as Food and Feed",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"447c0887d0c1c6c543d44cc4c2eaba29",slug:"grasses-as-food-and-feed",bookSignature:"Zerihun Tadele",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6796.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"176084",title:"Dr.",name:"Zerihun",surname:"Tadele",slug:"zerihun-tadele",fullName:"Zerihun Tadele"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8021",title:"Protecting Rice Grains in the Post-Genomic Era",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"da2fb173333a52251e111630fc322765",slug:"protecting-rice-grains-in-the-post-genomic-era",bookSignature:"Yulin Jia",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8021.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"168971",title:"Dr.",name:"Yulin",surname:"Jia",slug:"yulin-jia",fullName:"Yulin Jia"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6611",title:"Biological Approaches for Controlling Weeds",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"af536d9838613522ead4e0996c97a08a",slug:"biological-approaches-for-controlling-weeds",bookSignature:"Ramalingam Radhakrishnan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6611.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"219072",title:"Prof.",name:"Ramalingam",surname:"Radhakrishnan",slug:"ramalingam-radhakrishnan",fullName:"Ramalingam Radhakrishnan"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8153",title:"Agronomy",subtitle:"Climate Change & Food Security",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"2c01368bbeacbbedeb3681ea0c037dbe",slug:"agronomy-climate-change-food-security",bookSignature:"Amanullah",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8153.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"178825",title:"Dr.",name:"Dr.",surname:"Amanullah",slug:"dr.-amanullah",fullName:"Dr. Amanullah"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7552",title:"Soybean",subtitle:"Biomass, Yield and Productivity",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9dc4bfbef17ec4e8b46de07238453a23",slug:"soybean-biomass-yield-and-productivity",bookSignature:"Minobu Kasai",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7552.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"29226",title:"Dr.",name:"Minobu",surname:"Kasai",slug:"minobu-kasai",fullName:"Minobu Kasai"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10896",title:"Integrative Advances in Rice Research",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"47659401ffe512c28313440110c0a903",slug:"integrative-advances-in-rice-research",bookSignature:"Min Huang",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10896.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"189829",title:"Dr.",name:"Min",surname:"Huang",slug:"min-huang",fullName:"Min Huang"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},chapter:{item:{type:"chapter",id:"69452",title:"An Overview on Synthesis Techniques for Near-Field Focused Antennas",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.89600",slug:"an-overview-on-synthesis-techniques-for-near-field-focused-antennas",body:'
Many wireless systems require directive antennas for proper operation. These are antennas that are able to radiate most of their input power into a limited angular sector. Indeed, above feature can improve either the spatial resolution of a localization system or the sensitivity of a remote measurement system, reduce the interference level with other wireless systems, and increase either the transfer efficiency of wireless power transfer systems or the signal-to-noise ratio in radio communication links. As it is well known to antenna designers, antenna directivity can be increased at the expense of electrically larger antennas, namely antennas that are large in terms of the free-space wavelength. Indeed, electrically large antenna arrays are becoming popular in several industrial applications, indoor wireless communication systems, and even in consumer electronic goods.
Let us consider a specific wireless system whose frequency band is assigned, as well as the typical expected distance between the transmitting antenna and the target (transponder, receiving antenna, material sample under analysis, scatterer, etc.). Then, when enlarging the transmitting antenna size to increase its directivity, it must be considered that the boundary of the antenna far-field region moves far from the antenna itself and the target may end up with belonging to the antenna radiative near-field region, where conventional antenna far-field parameters, as radiation pattern, array factor, half-power beamwidth and gain, all become meaningless. Therefore, different design criteria must be considered when synthetizing the excitations of a large array or the layout of a large aperture antenna. It is worth noting that above phenomenon may not be rare in real-world short-range wireless systems with operating frequencies larger than a few GHz (microwave frequencies and beyond).
In above situations, the most evident design criterion consists in exploiting the well-known optical focusing concept. Indeed, by simply controlling the phase of the array element currents (or equivalent currents on the antenna aperture), it is possible to achieve a constructive combination, namely an in-phase summation, of the fields radiated by the array basic radiators at an assigned point in the antenna radiative near-field region, i.e., the focal point, where the target may be located. It is worth noting that when the assigned focal point moves far from the antenna, beyond the boundary of the far-field region, the above phase profile smoothly converges to that of a conventional far-field focused antenna (simply named as unfocused antenna in the following), i.e., a constant phase profile for a broadside antenna or a linear phase profile for a phased array, as expected.
At the focal region, the power density radiated by an NFF antenna is larger than that radiated by an unfocused antenna with equal size and input power. Equivalently, the NFF antenna can guarantee at the targeted focal point an assigned power density as for the unfocused antenna, but with a lower far-field radiation, thereby limiting the coupling with nearby wireless systems. In the following section, a planar array of printed patches operating at the 2.4 GHz ISM band will be used to quantify above advantages as well as to introduce the parameters that can be used to characterize NFF antennas.
The usefulness of an NFF antenna has been demonstrated in several applications [1]: remote sensing of material sample properties with high sensitivity and high spatial resolution, wireless power transfer at distances larger than those achieved with magnetic coupling, reliable radio-frequency identification systems, effective biomedical devices, dedicated short-range communication (DSRC) systems, among many others.
Almost any antenna technology can be used to realize NFF antennas, as it is just required to modify the layout of a conventional unfocused antenna to get the proper phase profile of the radiation currents on the array/aperture surface. An overview of the different technologies that have been applied to prototype NFF antennas can be found in [2]. Among them, it is worth mentioning reflectarrays and transmitarrays, linear and planar arrays (made of dipoles, patches, dielectric resonator antennas), planar slotted waveguide antennas, lens antennas, dielectrically loaded horn antennas, elliptical reflectors, substrate integrated waveguide (SIW) antennas, leaky wave antennas, and Fresnel Zone Plate Lens antennas. A number of more recent papers deal with the design of focused metasurface antennas [3, 4]. With respect to the layouts of conventional unfocused antennas, the implementation of the focusing phase profile for the array currents only requires small layout modifications, as the adjustment of the feeding network in microstrip arrays, or the tuning of the geometrical parameters of the quasi-periodic cells in reflectarrays/transmitarrays, or the tapering of the guiding structure in leaky-wave antennas. The required array excitation profile can be derived by either the basic phase-conjugate approach or
Let us consider a planar array of 8 × 8 linearly polarized inset-fed patches resonating at 2.4 GHz, which are realized on a thin grounded dielectric layer (FR-4 substrate with a relative dielectric constant of
8 × 8 planar array layout. The inset shows the dimensions of the array elements separated at 0.6λ in both directions (0.6λ = 7.5 cm at 2.4 GHz).
Dimensions of the array element (mm) | |||
---|---|---|---|
30 | 29.5 | ||
1.5 | 10 | ||
3.0 | 9.0 |
Array element geometrical parameters.
To focus the field radiated by the patches at the assigned focal point, the phase of the array element excitations can be simply derived by imposing a phase shift that compensates for the distance between the assigned focal point
where
If the focal point is assumed at
E-field distribution along
As verified in many NFF antennas whose synthesis uses the CP approach [1], the field amplitude peak does not coincide with the assigned focal point, it being located between the focal point and the antenna aperture. Indeed, for an assigned focal point, the CP is the approach that maximizes the field amplitude at that point, although it does not correspond to the field peak in the antenna near-field region. This well-known phenomenon (focal shift) is simply due to the fact that the field radiated by each array element increases as the observation point moves close to the antenna surface. For the planar array considered here, the focal shift is around 12 cm. It is apparent that it is possible to increase the focal distance needed to evaluate the phase profile in Eq. (1) until the field amplitude peak moves at the desired location.
The field focusing boosts a focal spot around a field amplitude peak, whose −3 dB size along three orthogonal axes is used to quantify the achieved focusing effect [1]: the −3 dB width along the focal point direction (depth of focus, DoF); the −3 dB width of the focal spot along two orthogonal axes perpendicular to the focal point direction (width of focus, WoF). For the NFF planar array considered here, a DoF of 40 cm and a WoF of 10 cm are obtained, as shown in Figure 3 where the field distribution over different planes is given. In Figure 3(a), the field distribution at a plane parallel to the array,
8 × 8 NFF array normalized field distribution over different planes: (a) XY plane with
As shown in [1], DoF and WoF are related to the normalized geometrical parameters
In the previous section, the CP approach has been introduced, where a simple closed-form expression for the phase profile allows to obtain a limited focal spot by in-phase addition of all array-element contributions at a given point located in the array NF region. One issue inherent to the CP approach is that no coupling between array elements is taken into account. Indeed, the geometrical distribution of the array elements and the focal point position determine on their own the feeding phase of each array element (see Eq. (1)).
The mutual coupling between the array elements is included if a synthesis method based on the optimization of the power transmission efficiency (PTE) between the transmitting array antenna and a test receiving antenna is adopted [5]. When the testing antenna is located into the radiative NF region or far-field region of the transmitting array, the above optimization problem naturally yields to an NFF array or a conventional unfocused array, respectively. The technique is based on using the scattering matrix
where
The optimization parameter PTE is defined as the ratio between the power delivered to the load connected to the testing antenna and the power transmitted by the array:
Expressing the vectors
where
It is also possible to apply the proposed technique to a circularly polarized (C-Pol) array by considering a C-Pol single-port microstrip patch as an array element, to obtain the scattering matrix as presented in [6]. Here, a pin-fed rectangular patch with two squares cutting off two opposite corners is used to obtain a C-Pol near field. The authors have also presented an in-line-fed patch with an L-shape slot and cutoff corners to obtain a single-port C-Pol patch. These two different elements have been used to implement two different 4×4 NFF array prototypes. After applying the PTE technique, the corresponding excitations generate an NFF spot with an axial ratio below 1 dB.
The PTE approach can be generalized to consider multiple receiving ports when the receiving antenna is an array. In [7], the authors extend the application of the technique to optimize the PTE between two linearly polarized arrays. The mutual coupling between the two arrays is included through the above matrix
Another interesting feature of the PTE technique is that it is able to determine the optimal feeding values of a transmitting array even when the testing antenna radiates in presence of an unknown medium. This medium can be around the testing antenna in its nearby scenario, or the antenna can be inside the unknown medium. This application is presented in [8], where a dielectric slab is placed between the transmitting and receiving antennas. In this case, the scattering matrix
In all previous examples, the optimal feeding excitation of the transmitting antenna leads to a single focal spot in the NF region. Recently, in [9], the authors have proposed this technique to get a flat-top radiation pattern, for both NF and far-field (FF) applications. In particular, for the NF application, it is necessary to define a number of testing ports and their location in order to impose the flat-top E-field distribution in the targeted zone. The flat-top distribution is obtained by imposing equal values for the power of the outgoing waves at all testing ports; under this, Eq. (3) cannot be solved as an eigenvalue problem, as yielding to an optimization problem in which both the objective function and the constraints are quadratic functions (quadratically constrained quadratic program). By imposing some simplifications under FF assumptions and using weighting coefficients to reduce the ripple presented in the NF region, the authors are able to derive linearly constrained quadratic programming:
where the vector
As the PTE maximization approach is based on the S matrix evaluation, it works for any value of the focal distance. When the array is in free space and the receiving antenna lies in the array radiative near-field region, it is expected that the PTE solution approaches that predicted by the CP technique.
More recently, Cicchetti et al. [10, 11] presented an interesting and flexible NF synthesis procedure based on the eigenfields of the radiation matrix of the antenna array. Once a surface close to the antenna has been assigned, the active power passing through that surface can be optimized or a specific field pattern can be synthesized. The synthesis surface can be either opened or closed and surrounding the antenna; the field synthesis can be based on both the electric and magnetic fields, or the electric field only. In [11], a set of different complex NF distributions have been considered for a numerical validation of the proposed synthesis procedure: tilted Bessel beams, orbital angular momentum (OAM) Bessel beams and Airy beams.
The most popular approaches to the design of NFF antennas are based on assigning a required field distribution in the antenna NF region, and not only the targeted focal point positions. In some cases, such field distribution is completely assigned (it is usually referred to as a shaped field distribution or a 3D field distribution), while it is only partially specified in other cases (as for example at certain locations, such as the assigned focal points or volumes). Moreover, in some cases, a realistic field distribution is required, while some schematic values suffice for the algorithms to converge for other cases.
By specifying a target field distribution, some of the limitations of previous methods are overcome, as far as any requirement may be included for the field: multiple focal spots, arbitrary focusing volumes, a vanishing field at certain positions, a complete 3D field distribution. This fact leads to a wider range of potential applications and scenarios where NFF antennas might be useful, or even considered as a subset of NF problems. The price to pay is the complexity of the algorithms, usually associated to higher computational costs too.
The way in which specifications are given or treated differs from one method to another. However, the most significant differences between the methodologies are given by the type of algorithms used to get a solution, and not by the potential applications for each method. Most of the methods make use of different optimization schemes in order to minimize a cost function designed according to the requirements, which accounts for the distance between the targeted field distribution and that associated to a given array excitation vector. In some of the methods, additional constraints are included in the optimization in order to deal with different types of requirements, in many cases related to technological issues such as implementation or manufacturing simplifications.
Although this is a general framework, differences in the statement of the problem arise between methods solving different implementation problems or facing with different applications.
Direct optimization is not the only way to deal with NF focusing based on a given field distribution. Other techniques have been proposed to achieve the desired distribution through iterative methods using intersection approach (IA), machine learning, genetic algorithms (GA), or compressive sensing frameworks, among others. Although all of them include the minimization of the distance between target and achieved distributions, the statement of the problem is different from direct optimization, so they are studied separately in the following.
In a general optimization problem, a cost function is designed and minimized so that the resulting solution fulfills the specifications. This means that the key point is the definition of a proper cost function that must account for the requirements. In case of NFF antennas, different sets of requirements may lead to different procedures. For example, the number of assigned focal points might vary depending on the method, or even a complete 3D field distribution might be specified. Even more, other requirements might be accounted for, as those regarding manufacturing issues, radiation properties, etc.
As a pioneer work, [12] presented a method intended to synthesize an assigned shaped NF distribution. Although it is not strictly a focusing method, it is based on ideas that became the bases for next NFF optimization-based methods. In particular, a certain NF distribution is assigned through a set of field samples, and the relation between these samples and the excitation weights to be applied to the elements of the array is represented in a matrix formulation, then solving the optimization least-squares problem given by
where
Let us consider first those methods aimed at getting a single focal spot. A direct optimization of the aperture field of an antenna to obtain a targeted focal spot is proposed in [13, 14], where the scalar case is considered. A focal point in the antenna broadside direction (
where it is stated that the aperture field,
In [14], the focal spot is allowed to be designed in positions out of the broadside axis, and a further cost function to be minimized is defined as the infinite norm of the field samples in each aperture zone, where
The field at the focal point
An interesting example is presented in [17], where a complete set of techniques are combined to obtain the weights to be applied to an array so that a designed focal spot is achieved with a minimum number of elements. This method may be included in the general class of
where the parameter
Additionally, an important effort is made both in defining the target field distribution that better suits the given radiating structure, and taking into account the desired control over SLL. Also, in postprocessing, the results are checked to avoid
Once the optimization framework is developed to deal with a single focal spot problem, the straightforward extension is using it to include other requirements such as multiple focal spots (
where
The use of different constraints or the optimization of different parameters present in the formulation as arguments to be calculated allow accounting for technological issues: considering both the amplitude and phase of the weights or only the phase [22], accounting for coupling effects between the elements of the array through an impedance matrix [23], or allowing for nonuniform structures where the location of the elements of the array may also be optimized [20].
Another direct optimization approach is presented in [24, 25]. Although [24] is intended for a scalar case in multifocusing applications and [25] is presented as a method for a complete optimization of the radiated field, accounting for its three components, both methods are based on the maximization of the real part of the field radiated at the focal points with additional constraints to vanish the imaginary part of the field and to control the field level at positions apart from the focal points. The choice of a real value field at the focal point does not reduce the degrees of freedom of the problem as far as it represents a simple change of the overall phase reference. For the single-spot focusing problem, the maximization problem becomes:
where
with
In case of the methods presented in [24, 25], it is also important to point out the differences between the scalar and vector cases, as the scalar case seems to represent a simplified formulation perfectly suitable for focusing applications, while the vector case fits a complete shaping of the 3D NF distribution, accounting for the three components of the radiated field.
Both multifocusing and 3D field shaping are addressed in [26], where multitarget time reversal is proposed as the foundation of a method also involving optimization. This interesting work shows how multifocusing and 3D NF shaping are closely linked, so that the statement of the problem in both cases is equivalent, simply selecting a different number of specified positions in the near-field region. Another example is presented in [27], where the cost function is minimized by resorting to the Steepest-Descent method, with two particularities: only the phase of the excitations is calculated, and the CP approach is used to establish an initial guess of the solution in the iterative procedure, thereby improving the speed of convergence.
A step beyond is given by [28, 29], where both near- and far-field specifications are considered, simultaneously. Although synthesizing an FF pattern with NF constraints is not a novel topic, considering simultaneous synthesis for both regions is an interesting improvement from the NFF perspective, as in this case, some applications such as wireless power transfer, may benefit from constraints in the FF region, while it is actually the NF region that represents the main subject of interest. Optimization is again the basis of the proposed methodology, which begins with the definition of a cost function balancing near- and far-field requirements. The NF term is based on the same principles as in the previous methods, while the FF term is defined as in typical FF synthesis algorithms. A trade-off between both terms is controlled using a multiplier that properly balances both requirements. The general formulation proposed in this work is:
where
minimizing the distance between the target or specified distributions and the achieved ones in
so that the applied excitations are reduced.
By using all the previously mentioned ideas, multifocusing combined with any type of FF requirement may be addressed, resulting in a set of weights to be applied to the array so that the resulting radiated field distribution fulfills all the specifications at one time.
Iterative algorithms represent an alternative method to obtain a field distribution
The algorithms are initialized establishing a starting solution, generally an initial guess of
The different versions using this technique mainly differ in the following aspects: the regions where
One common characteristic of these techniques is that all of them relate
In this contest, [30] applies above iterative procedure to obtain an NFF antenna with a radial line slot array (RLSA). In this case, both the forward and backward propagations are performed in terms of plane wave spectrum (PWS) propagation and the FT is used to compute the PWS from each field distribution and vice versa. The field spectra at the two planes (
where
Once
More recently, [31] applies a similar procedure to the synthesis of a millimeter-wave reflector antenna. In this case, PO is used to calculate the
In this case, the proposed technique just considers a phase-only synthesis (POS) so that the computed
The previous contributions have presented results to obtain a focal spot at a given distance along the aperture broadside direction. In [32], a 3D shaping of the NF distribution is presented, which can be seen as a generalization of the previous techniques when defining a different mask at multiple planes along
An RLSA of 12 cm radius working at 30 GHz is synthesized and prototyped, obtaining a uniform spot along
In [33], the use of optimization techniques is proposed to perform one of the above-mentioned projectors inside an iterative algorithm of IA. The combination of an optimization technique inside the IA iterative algorithm can be seen as a generalization of the IA to the problem of antenna FF radiation pattern synthesis, by taking advantage of the optimization technique properties applied to given steps of the iterative procedure. In particular, in [34], the LMA is proposed as an optimization technique to perform the
The application of this generalized IA to an NF focusing problem has been presented in [35] to synthesize a reflectarray antenna with a quite zone in its NF region (5.3 × 5.3
noticing that
The results achieved with this hybrid technique clearly improves those presented in [21] where only the LMA is directly applied as optimization technique using Eq. (10) without considering the IA iterative algorithm. The quite zone achieved using IA with LMA is 7.3 × 7.3
The main drawback of this technique is the high computational cost required by the LMA to evaluate the gradient, as far as it performs multiple evaluations of the NF at the focusing region from the known field at the aperture. This drawback can be overcome by applying the differential technique presented in [36] where the new
Additional methods have been proposed to solve NF problems from an assigned field distribution but by using approaches that cannot be considered into previous categories.
As a first example, in the pioneer work presented in [38], a unified approach for the synthesis of an assigned NF distribution is based on the decomposition of both the amplitude and phase reference patterns in terms of the coefficients of spherical vector wave functions. This formulation leads to a set of linear equations that may be solved to calculate the complex excitations to be applied to certain array structures. This method is intended for NF synthesis problems, but it is also the background for the already cited work [12], which tries to overcome the limitations of this method by becoming also the pioneer method in optimization through the specification of a reference NF distribution.
Another approach, based on machine learning, was proposed in [39], where a trained neural network (NN) is used to relate a targeted near-field distribution to the corresponding radiating element excitations. In an NN, a mapping between input and output data is established through a previous training process where the system
That in [39] is not the first technique making use of machine learning methods. In [23], support vector machines (SVMs), and in particular, the so-called support vector regression framework is used together with the previously mentioned optimization scheme. However, it is not used to solve the NF synthesis problem but to calculate a model of the radiating system accounting for coupling effects, individual radiation patterns of the array elements, nonuniformities, nonidealities or any realistic effect that might affect the global behavior of the antenna. SVMs are able to extract such model from known patterns consisting on effective feedings applied to the array and samples of the resulting field distribution. These patterns may be obtained through measurements or simulations, provided that they are able to account for all above effects. The obtained model is incorporated into the optimization so that it becomes much more accurate and realistic.
It is interesting to relate [39] with [40]. At first glance, the two methods appear as being completely different. However, the internal structure of an NN is an approximation of the represented function as a combination of local or global basis functions, just as it is proposed in [40] to represent the field distribution for multiple focusing points. In [40], the field close to the antenna aperture is calculated from the expansion of the field distribution in these basis functions, although through analytical formulation instead of training data.
Although it is related to optimization, the approach in [41, 42] is based in a least-squares calculation, to generate a quiet zone, i.e., a local plane-wave field generated in an assigned volume of the NF region. The oscillation of the amplitude and phase of the field distribution in such volume is minimized, as well as the field outside the quiet zone in order to reduce multipath interferences. The proposed formulation of the problem is a quite standard LS case whose solution is well known and directly applied.
In [43], an unconventional approach combining NF-FF transformation and a GA is proposed. A desired NF distribution is assigned and its corresponding FF distribution is calculated. Then, an FF synthesis method based on a GA approach is used to determine the excitations of an array of short dipoles. GAs are known to be excellent global optimizers, as they are based on the so-called
Although most of the papers here referenced present simulation and experimental results for planar arrays, it is worth mentioning that in many cases, the proposed synthesis technique can be easily extended to conformal arrays. Indeed, the phase compensation required to focus the near-field radiated by an antenna array can also be obtained by controlling the physical distance between each array element and the assigned focal point, namely using a conformal array. In this context, Otera [44] showed that a curved slotted waveguide array is effective to get a focusing effect if the phase variation along the guiding structure is properly combined with the waveguide curve shape. More recently, a detailed analysis of an NFF leaky wave array antenna based on a curved slotted SIW has been presented in [45]. In that paper, the authors use the further degree-of-freedom represented by the array linear shape (namely, the spatial location of each slot) to improve the control of the array focus steering when the latter is achieved through frequency variation. The shape of the linear slotted SIW is approximated with an
As already introduced through [45], another interesting aspect when designing NFF antennas is the analysis of the synthetized near-field pattern vs. frequency, especially when such a dependence is exploited on purpose to implement a low-cost focus steering. The frequency dependence of the involved traveling wave phase constant (as in series-fed arrays, leaky wave antennas, etc.) and free-space phase constant can be easily introduced in most of the previous synthesis techniques, if the higher computational costs can be tolerated. Not surprisingly, most of the papers presenting NFF antennas with frequency focus steering use a CP-based synthesis approach. In this context, a NFF planar array is proposed in [46] to implement a two-dimensional microwave imaging system, where the focal point steering is obtained by using frequency scan (from 8.5 to 11.5 GHz) and phase shift between 8 series-fed parallel linear arrays, in the two planes orthogonal to the array surface, respectively. The details of the array design process are given in [47], where the phase synthesis is based on the quadratic approximation of the phase profile calculated by the robust and valuable CP approach. The quadratic phase approximation helps to control the focus steering independently along the two principal planes, as far as the required focus displacement from the broadside direction is relatively small.
Finally, it is worth noting some recent investigations on focused antennas implementation for wireless power transfer by exploiting frequency-diverse arrays or time-modulated arrays [48].
Focusing and shaping the field radiated by an antenna in its radiative near-field region may be important to improve the performance of several wireless systems based on short-range radio links at microwave and millimeter-wave frequency bands, as for instance radio links for effective wireless power (and data) transfer. In this chapter, it has been shown that the large number of available synthesis techniques can efficiently solve many real-world focusing problems, when different requirements on the antenna near field are assigned.
Future work could deal with comparing and merging the presented synthesis techniques with the well-known focusing techniques developed at the optical region, as well as with those techniques usually applied when the target is closer to the antenna, in its reactive near-field region. Interest is also devoted to potential radio link architectures where both the transmitting and receiving antennas are relatively large with respect to their separation distance, and a simultaneous synthesis of the coupled NFF antennas is required.
Finally, a larger and larger utilization of near-field focused antennas in practical scenarios is desirable, as they can improve the performance of the short-range wireless systems with a very limited increase of the antenna layout complexity and realization costs.
This work was supported in part by the Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades under project TEC2017-86619-R (ARTEINE) and by the Gobierno del Principado de Asturias/FEDER under project GRUPIN-IDI/2018/000191.
The fast and uncontrolled growing population is a result of urbanization and industrialization. States economic growth is dependent on the number of working industries in it. Also, to fulfill the demands of growing population textile, food, petrochemical, plastic, leather, and metal factories are emerging day by day [1, 2, 3]. Each of these industries helps to the mankind for their betterment and responsible for creating several pollutants, destroying agricultural lands and natural habitats. On the other hand, all these industries are working on non-renewable energy sources like wood, coal, natural gas, and petroleum products [4, 5]. Non-renewable energy sources are of one-time use, once used one cannot utilize them again. Two main problems are associated with non-renewable energy sources firstly when they burnt the produces harmful pollutants which is not acceptable [6, 7]. From past couple of decades scientific community, is engaged to solve the pollutants removal/degradation problems which are not economical. When fossil fuel gets extensively used, they produce global warming. Global warming is mainly caused by carbon dioxide emission. Carbon dioxide is when produce it remains in the atmosphere and absorbs the harmful infrared radiations which are reflected from earth surface. Secondly, after consumption these energy sources are going to be extinct as their availability is limited [8]. Geographically, non-renewable energy stock is located only to certain territories hence, it might be the reason for clashes between energy enriched and energy deficient countries which may leads to the world war again. Because of all these problems like pollution, environmental and health hazards the use of non-renewable energy sources for long period are not viable [9, 10].
Use of renewable energy sources like solar energy, hydro energy, wind energy, geothermal energy and nuclear energy are the only alternatives for all above said problems. Major advantages of renewable energy sources are that they when used does not create any type of pollution as well as one can use them in cyclic manner. Only one thing that we must keep in mind that these can not be used directly as an energy, but one must convert in the form of energy [11]. Also, sometimes for the energy conversion process complex, huge and expensive machinery may require. The ultimate solution for all above discussed problems is the use of hydrogen energy. The sustainable and better future is the motivation for the production and use of hydrogen energy.
Hydrogen gas is also known as a green fuel, as it when used does not produced any harmful and toxic pollutants. Hydrogen is a very first element from the periodic table with symbol H and atomic number 1. It is present in a S block, first A (IA) group with electronic configuration 1S1. Because of only one electron present in its outermost shell, it can form only a single sigma bond with many other atoms. It is a nontoxic, colorless, odorless, and combustible element. Hydrogen is a nonmetal, present in a gaseous form under normal conditions. Hydrogen is at the top list in terms of abundance in the universe. Many studies shows that hydrogen is not only present on the planet earth but also it is present on and other planets too. Stars are producing helium from hydrogen under high temperature and pressure at their core. Being a smallest and lightest element hydrogen atom consist of one proton and one electron without any neutron.
Hydrogen has three isotopes adds proton (H), deuterium (D) and tritium (T) along with these chemists succeeded in the synthesis of 4H and 7H in a laboratory, which are not occurring naturally. Arrhenius theory of acids and bases is very useful in chemical science is depends on the hydrogen. Most of the chemical compounds which are synthesized in lab or naturally occurring are bonded to hydrogen because of its high reactivity. Water is a most important source for living organisms which is also known as a universal solvent is composed of two hydrogens and one oxygen. In the present chapter, different sources of hydrogen as an energy with photocatalytic hydrogen production methods mechanism from water and toxic hydrogen sulfide is depicted along with respective photocatalytic reaction setup for the generation of hydrogen. Both water and H2S splitting set ups are being reported in our latest work with the help of organic and inorganic semiconductor and composite photocatalyst materials.
After realizing the importance of hydrogen in clean energy and future fuel till date, many methods are well known for the generation of hydrogen.
Hydrogen can be produced mainly from biological, electrolytic, photocatalytic, steam reforming and thermochemical methods as shown in Figure 1. Microorganisms (algae and bacteria) can also be responsible for the generation of hydrogen using biological processes. Water can be spilt by using both electrolytic and sunlight (photo) into hydrogen and oxygen. Also, hydrogen sulfide can used as a rich source for hydrogen, which photocatalytically splits into hydrogen as a clean energy and sulfur for agriculture [12].
Hydrogen production methods.
Microorganisms such as algae and bacteria in absence of sunlight with organic matter can produce hydrogen using many biological reactions. In this method bacteria (microorganisms) break down the organic matter such as biomass, sugar, corn or waste and releases hydrogen gas. This method is also known as dark fermentation as no light is involved [13]. Biological method is under research and development stage as the efficiency of this process is not up to the mark.
Natural gas, coal, hydrocarbons and biomass is also rich with the hydrogen content. Thermal process like steam reforming is responsible for releasing hydrogen from these sources. Hydrogen when combines with carbon produces a hydrocarbon which are available naturally and are one of the main sources of hydrogen. Hydrocarbons like methane, ethane and propane (alkene and alkyne) are key compounds of hydrogen. More than 90% of hydrogen which we get nowadays is coming from hydrocarbons which has a fossil origin. These hydrocarbons are quite stable than the other sources of hydrogen and does not leave hydrogen easily unless catalysis process is used. Breaking of sigma bond present in carbon and hydrogen is most difficult but can be achieved by steam reforming in case of methane.
Generally, in steam reforming process water (steam) and methane are mixed in presence of catalyst (noble metals) inside a tube in appropriate proportion. Main advantage of using this process to produce hydrogen is that many companies/industries are already with all the equipment’s setups are present. Perfect engineering and research and development in hydrogen generation from hydrocarbons field will fulfill the need of many upcoming generations [14].
This method uses electricity to get hydrogen and oxygen from decomposition of water. Now a days electrolytic water splitting is well developed and available in market commercially. This method is more efficient as compared to previous methods for production of hydrogen. Ultra-pure hydrogen can be produced by using electrolysis method. Also, bulk amount of hydrogen can be produced using this method but, the assembly required for this purpose is expensive [15]. Excess amount of energy is required in the form of overpotential to overcome activation barriers. If excess energy is not supplied the rate of hydrogen production is merely slow. Lately, hydrogen production using this method is not in demand as hydrogen can be generated in affordably amount from fossil fuels.
In any chemical conversion reactants are converted into useful products either by photocatalytic or thermal reaction. The photocatalysis reaction method in which light/ photon is used to stimulate a photocatalyst substance (catalyst) which alters the rate of chemical reactions/process favorably without taking actual part in chemical process. Photocatalysis can also explained as a process in which light energy is used to activate the substance, which enhances the rate of a reaction without used in the chemical reaction [16]. Generally, electron-hole pairs are generated after absorption of light when the energy of the incident light/photons exact matches or exceeds the bandgap of that semiconductor photocatalyst material.
In presence of light photocatalyst material shift the electron from valance band (VB) to the conduction band (CB). VB which has oxidative potential of +1.0 to +3.5 V versus the normal hydrogen electrode (NHE), and CB have a chemical potential of +0.5 to −1.5 V versus the NHE, hence they can act as reductants. Figure 2describes, photocatalysis method in three steps (1) migration of electrons (negative charge) from VB to CB, by leaving exact vacant holes (positive charge), (2) movement of excited holes and electrons to the surface and (3) excited electrons-holes they react with absorbed electron donors and electron acceptors for reduction and oxidation reactions. Along with proper band gap of semiconductor photocatalyst material its charge recombination rate, mobility and lifetime of electron and holes also plays a crucial role in overall hydrogen production [17].
Mechanism of photocatalytic H2 production.
Recently, charge recombination is delayed using either use of co-catalyst (platinum) on the surface of semiconductor photocatalyst which boosts the overall efficiency of hydrogen. Sacrificial agents such as methanol, EDTA, sulfides, sulfates and benzyl alcohol are also act as an oxygen scavenger in the process by enhancing the total yield of hydrogen production. After first report on TiO2 for hydrogen production by Gratzel
Many attempts were taken place for the construction and engineering of setup for photocatalytic hydrogen generation [16]. Depending on the light source used (in sunlight or in a lab) reaction setup is modified, and the simplest form is described here with schematic representation Figure 3.
Schematic representation of photocatalytic water splitting, (a) Light source fitted vertically in quartz tube having water circulation, (b) photoreactor, (c) a eudiometric tube.
Generally, photocatalytic hydrogen production experiments were carried out in a wooden cupboard box which is known as a photocatalytic water splitting setup. This box is having the dimensions around 30 × 30 × 30 inch with closed wooden/stainless steel chamber with observing window as shown in schematic. Figure 3 represents the schematic of setup and can be divided into three main parts as shown in figure. Firstly, the light source fitted vertically in quartz tube having water circulation (a) arrangement for cooling purpose. 400–600 W lamp with emission wavelength 200–800 nm can be used depending upon the photocatalyst. Secondly, inside this box a two neck 250 mL borosilicate round bottom flask (b) act as a photoreactor. In photoreactor water, co-catalyst, magnetic needle and scavenger are added. Lastly, produced H2 in a reactor is collected in a eudiometric tube (c) for characterization on gas chromatography (GC). The eudiometer tube is with a saturated solution of sodium chloride (NaCl) to avoid the dissolution of evolved gases [16].
Irritating smell of H2S gas is the reason for less research and development in this area as compared to water splitting. Earlier, Claus process is used for H2S splitting which is mainly focused on sulfur and not on hydrogen. Photocatalytic H2S splitting experiments for the generation of H2 can be performed under light source or in sunlight depending upon the band gap of semiconductor photocatalyst [21, 22]. For light source (under lamp) an assembly is kept in a fuming hood to avoid bad smell and a schematic representation of a setup is shown in Figure 4. This setup can be divided in A to I parts as shown below.
Photocatalytic H2S splitting reaction setup.
For avoiding over heating of the photoreactor (D) throughout the photo-reaction water circulation is added, Photoreactors are of various capacity (100 to 1000 mL) can be used, the quantity of photocatalyst (0.05 to 1 gram) was decided in every photoreaction. A source of light (F) of intensity 450–600 W can be used as discussed in above water splitting set up. Hydrogen sulfide generated in (A-B) and collected extra amount in (C) is bubbled through the solution in the photoreactor under continuous stirring (E). Bubble rate differs as the capacity of photoreactor changes. The excess H2S was trapped in NaOH solution (G-H). The amount of evolved H2 was measured using graduated gas burette (I).
Large scale production of hydrogen using toxic H2S is also possible like water splitting as discussed above in water splitting setup section.
Large scale production of hydrogen energy from water splitting is also possible by using this reaction setup. Appropriate photocatalyst with suitable band gap and light frequency source can leads to enhance hydrogen production. Quantity of photocatalyst and capacity of photoreactor promises the large-scale production of hydrogen energy. It can be achieved with proper engineering inside the lab as well as on roof of the lab under natural sunlight. Large scale production of hydrogen using toxic H2S is also possible like water splitting as discussed above. Hydrogen is a clean energy which have applications in soil refining, methanol generation, steel production and ammonia production. Nowadays, it is also used for all type of transportation (alternative for Compressed Natural Gas, CNG), power generation, homes and fuel in jets and ships. Recently, the worlds first hydrogen-powered train rolled in Germany. After this many countries tested hydrogen fuel-cell passenger trains. Also, a UK-based car manufacturer company produced a two-seater hydrogen vehicle. The US, Europe and China are the top consumers of hydrogen mainly in refineries sector. Alas, all these emerging hydrogen applications are not economical than the other energy resources as hydrogen costs around USD 12–16/Kg.
Nowadays, the production of H2 gas is not a new to a scientific community but the ways of transportation and storage of it is under continuous research. Transportation is mainly taking place either by road or by water routs in a cryogenic or compressed cylinders. As hydrogen is having low density the transportation is difficult and expensive so, for transporting H2 from industry to working sites is achieved using pipelines [23]. In many cases gas is compressed and then filled in appropriate cylinders as per the quantity and requirement. Laboratories and research centers require hydrogen in small quantities and transportation of such cylinders can be takes place using small trolleys. On the other hand, the amount of hydrogen required for industrial purpose is in large quantities which are once received by transported kept in a gas bank.
Storage of hydrogen gas as a future fuel is important because one cannot produce it efficiently and in large amount at the domestic or small industry level. For storage purpose research centers, industries and automobiles have well engineered tanks. The concept of adsorption is utilized for storage of gas, here a porous material with large surface areas like activated carbon are needed. In absorption metals are combined with hydrogen atoms to form a metal hydride. Palladium, zirconium and other transition metals are also reported for the large amount of gas absorption [24, 25].
Recently, photocatalytic solar hydrogen production from water splitting on a 100 m2 scale panel, carbon films, closed systems, plates and sheets is demonstrated by K. Domen research group. A 100 m2 array of panel reactors and other setup types effective for more than 90 days. Lately, chemical combination between hydrogen and boron or nitrogen is under investigation. During this combination hydrogen molecules are dissociated and forms hydrogen atoms which then goes in the empty spaces between the metals lattice structure [26].
Hydrogen produced from electrolytic, biological, steam reforming and photocatalytic methods can be utilized as a clean energy source. Still, plenty of research and development is needed to enhance the efficiency and to reduce the overall economy of the process. Though the various hydrogen production methods which are discussed here are better and less expensive, an effective method need to be developed for future energy crises. Photocatalytic hydrogen generation from water and hydrogen sulfide splitting using available setup is with opportunities to development for young researchers. Besides the transportation and storage of hydrogen gas it must be considered in a frame of the energy system globally.
As a company committed to the wider dissemination of knowledge, IntechOpen supports the OAI Metadata Harvesting Protocol (OAI-PMH Version 2.0).
',metaTitle:"OAI-PMH",metaDescription:"As a firm believer in the wider dissemination of knowledge, IntechOpen supports the OAI Metadata Harvesting Protocol (OAI-PMH Version 2.0).",metaKeywords:null,canonicalURL:"/page/oai-pmh",contentRaw:'[{"type":"htmlEditorComponent","content":"The OAI-PMH (Open Archives Initiative Protocol for Metadata Harvesting) is used to govern the collection of metadata descriptions and enables other archives to access our database. The Protocol has been developed by the Open Archives Initiative, based on ensuring interoperability standards in order to ease and promote broader and more efficient dissemination of information within the scientific community.
\\n\\nWe have adopted the Protocol to increase the number of readers of our publications. All our Works are more widely accessible, with resulting benefits for scholars, researchers, students, libraries, universities and other academic institutions. Through this method of exposing metadata, IntechOpen enables citation indexes, scientific search engines, scholarly databases, and scientific literature collections to gather metadata from our repository and make our publications available to a broader academic audience.
\\n\\nAs a Registered Data Provider, metadata for published Books and Chapters are available via our interface at the base URL: http://mts.intechopen.com/oai/index.php
\\n\\nREQUESTS
\\n\\nYou can find out more about the Protocol by visiting the Open Archives website. For additional questions please contact us at ai@intechopen.com.
\\n\\nDATABASES
\\n\\nDatabases, repositories and search engines that provide services based on metadata harvested using the OAI metadata harvesting protocol include:
\\n\\nBASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine
\\n\\nOne of the world's most powerful search engines, used primarily for academic Open Access web resources.
\\n\\n\\n\\nA search engine for online catalogues of publications from all over the world.
\\n"}]'},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'The OAI-PMH (Open Archives Initiative Protocol for Metadata Harvesting) is used to govern the collection of metadata descriptions and enables other archives to access our database. The Protocol has been developed by the Open Archives Initiative, based on ensuring interoperability standards in order to ease and promote broader and more efficient dissemination of information within the scientific community.
\n\nWe have adopted the Protocol to increase the number of readers of our publications. All our Works are more widely accessible, with resulting benefits for scholars, researchers, students, libraries, universities and other academic institutions. Through this method of exposing metadata, IntechOpen enables citation indexes, scientific search engines, scholarly databases, and scientific literature collections to gather metadata from our repository and make our publications available to a broader academic audience.
\n\nAs a Registered Data Provider, metadata for published Books and Chapters are available via our interface at the base URL: http://mts.intechopen.com/oai/index.php
\n\nREQUESTS
\n\nYou can find out more about the Protocol by visiting the Open Archives website. For additional questions please contact us at ai@intechopen.com.
\n\nDATABASES
\n\nDatabases, repositories and search engines that provide services based on metadata harvested using the OAI metadata harvesting protocol include:
\n\nBASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine
\n\nOne of the world's most powerful search engines, used primarily for academic Open Access web resources.
\n\n\n\nA search engine for online catalogues of publications from all over the world.
\n'}]},successStories:{items:[]},authorsAndEditors:{filterParams:{},profiles:[{id:"396",title:"Dr.",name:"Vedran",middleName:null,surname:"Kordic",slug:"vedran-kordic",fullName:"Vedran Kordic",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/396/images/7281_n.png",biography:"After obtaining his Master's degree in Mechanical Engineering he continued his education at the Vienna University of Technology where he obtained his PhD degree in 2004. He worked as a researcher at the Automation and Control Institute, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Vienna University of Technology until 2008. His studies in robotics lead him not only to a PhD degree but also inspired him to co-found and build the International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems - world's first Open Access journal in the field of robotics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"TU Wien",country:{name:"Austria"}}},{id:"441",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Jaekyu",middleName:null,surname:"Park",slug:"jaekyu-park",fullName:"Jaekyu Park",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/441/images/1881_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"LG Corporation (South Korea)",country:{name:"Korea, South"}}},{id:"465",title:"Dr",name:"Christian",middleName:null,surname:"Martens",slug:"christian-martens",fullName:"Christian Martens",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"479",title:"Dr.",name:"Valentina",middleName:null,surname:"Colla",slug:"valentina-colla",fullName:"Valentina Colla",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/479/images/358_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sant'Anna School of Advanced Studies",country:{name:"Italy"}}},{id:"494",title:"PhD",name:"Loris",middleName:null,surname:"Nanni",slug:"loris-nanni",fullName:"Loris Nanni",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/494/images/system/494.jpg",biography:"Loris Nanni received his Master Degree cum laude on June-2002 from the University of Bologna, and the April 26th 2006 he received his Ph.D. in Computer Engineering at DEIS, University of Bologna. On September, 29th 2006 he has won a post PhD fellowship from the university of Bologna (from October 2006 to October 2008), at the competitive examination he was ranked first in the industrial engineering area. He extensively served as referee for several international journals. He is author/coauthor of more than 100 research papers. He has been involved in some projects supported by MURST and European Community. His research interests include pattern recognition, bioinformatics, and biometric systems (fingerprint classification and recognition, signature verification, face recognition).",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"496",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos",middleName:null,surname:"Leon",slug:"carlos-leon",fullName:"Carlos Leon",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Seville",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"512",title:"Dr.",name:"Dayang",middleName:null,surname:"Jawawi",slug:"dayang-jawawi",fullName:"Dayang Jawawi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Technology Malaysia",country:{name:"Malaysia"}}},{id:"528",title:"Dr.",name:"Kresimir",middleName:null,surname:"Delac",slug:"kresimir-delac",fullName:"Kresimir Delac",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/528/images/system/528.jpg",biography:"K. Delac received his B.Sc.E.E. degree in 2003 and is currentlypursuing a Ph.D. degree at the University of Zagreb, Faculty of Electrical Engineering andComputing. His current research interests are digital image analysis, pattern recognition andbiometrics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Zagreb",country:{name:"Croatia"}}},{id:"557",title:"Dr.",name:"Andon",middleName:"Venelinov",surname:"Topalov",slug:"andon-topalov",fullName:"Andon Topalov",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/557/images/1927_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Andon V. Topalov received the MSc degree in Control Engineering from the Faculty of Information Systems, Technologies, and Automation at Moscow State University of Civil Engineering (MGGU) in 1979. He then received his PhD degree in Control Engineering from the Department of Automation and Remote Control at Moscow State Mining University (MGSU), Moscow, in 1984. From 1985 to 1986, he was a Research Fellow in the Research Institute for Electronic Equipment, ZZU AD, Plovdiv, Bulgaria. In 1986, he joined the Department of Control Systems, Technical University of Sofia at the Plovdiv campus, where he is presently a Full Professor. He has held long-term visiting Professor/Scholar positions at various institutions in South Korea, Turkey, Mexico, Greece, Belgium, UK, and Germany. And he has coauthored one book and authored or coauthored more than 80 research papers in conference proceedings and journals. His current research interests are in the fields of intelligent control and robotics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Technical University of Sofia",country:{name:"Bulgaria"}}},{id:"585",title:"Prof.",name:"Munir",middleName:null,surname:"Merdan",slug:"munir-merdan",fullName:"Munir Merdan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/585/images/system/585.jpg",biography:"Munir Merdan received the M.Sc. degree in mechanical engineering from the Technical University of Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina, in 2001, and the Ph.D. degree in electrical engineering from the Vienna University of Technology, Vienna, Austria, in 2009.Since 2005, he has been at the Automation and Control Institute, Vienna University of Technology, where he is currently a Senior Researcher. His research interests include the application of agent technology for achieving agile control in the manufacturing environment.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"605",title:"Prof",name:"Dil",middleName:null,surname:"Hussain",slug:"dil-hussain",fullName:"Dil Hussain",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/605/images/system/605.jpg",biography:"Dr. Dil Muhammad Akbar Hussain is a professor of Electronics Engineering & Computer Science at the Department of Energy Technology, Aalborg University Denmark. Professor Akbar has a Master degree in Digital Electronics from Govt. College University, Lahore Pakistan and a P-hD degree in Control Engineering from the School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of Sussex United Kingdom. Aalborg University has Two Satellite Campuses, one in Copenhagen (Aalborg University Copenhagen) and the other in Esbjerg (Aalborg University Esbjerg).\n· He is a member of prestigious IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers), and IAENG (International Association of Engineers) organizations. \n· He is the chief Editor of the Journal of Software Engineering.\n· He is the member of the Editorial Board of International Journal of Computer Science and Software Technology (IJCSST) and International Journal of Computer Engineering and Information Technology. \n· He is also the Editor of Communication in Computer and Information Science CCIS-20 by Springer.\n· Reviewer For Many Conferences\nHe is the lead person in making collaboration agreements between Aalborg University and many universities of Pakistan, for which the MOU’s (Memorandum of Understanding) have been signed.\nProfessor Akbar is working in Academia since 1990, he started his career as a Lab demonstrator/TA at the University of Sussex. After finishing his P. hD degree in 1992, he served in the Industry as a Scientific Officer and continued his academic career as a visiting scholar for a number of educational institutions. In 1996 he joined National University of Science & Technology Pakistan (NUST) as an Associate Professor; NUST is one of the top few universities in Pakistan. In 1999 he joined an International Company Lineo Inc, Canada as Manager Compiler Group, where he headed the group for developing Compiler Tool Chain and Porting of Operating Systems for the BLACKfin processor. The processor development was a joint venture by Intel and Analog Devices. In 2002 Lineo Inc., was taken over by another company, so he joined Aalborg University Denmark as an Assistant Professor.\nProfessor Akbar has truly a multi-disciplined career and he continued his legacy and making progress in many areas of his interests both in teaching and research. He has contributed in stochastic estimation of control area especially, in the Multiple Target Tracking and Interactive Multiple Model (IMM) research, Ball & Beam Control Problem, Robotics, Levitation Control. He has contributed in developing Algorithms for Fingerprint Matching, Computer Vision and Face Recognition. He has been supervising Pattern Recognition, Formal Languages and Distributed Processing projects for several years. He has reviewed many books on Management, Computer Science. Currently, he is an active and permanent reviewer for many international conferences and symposia and the program committee member for many international conferences.\nIn teaching he has taught the core computer science subjects like, Digital Design, Real Time Embedded System Programming, Operating Systems, Software Engineering, Data Structures, Databases, Compiler Construction. In the Engineering side, Digital Signal Processing, Computer Architecture, Electronics Devices, Digital Filtering and Engineering Management.\nApart from his Academic Interest and activities he loves sport especially, Cricket, Football, Snooker and Squash. He plays cricket for Esbjerg city in the second division team as an opener wicket keeper batsman. He is a very good player of squash but has not played squash since his arrival in Denmark.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"611",title:"Prof.",name:"T",middleName:null,surname:"Nagarajan",slug:"t-nagarajan",fullName:"T Nagarajan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universiti Teknologi Petronas",country:{name:"Malaysia"}}}],filtersByRegion:[{group:"region",caption:"North America",value:1,count:6654},{group:"region",caption:"Middle and South America",value:2,count:5944},{group:"region",caption:"Africa",value:3,count:2452},{group:"region",caption:"Asia",value:4,count:12681},{group:"region",caption:"Australia and Oceania",value:5,count:1014},{group:"region",caption:"Europe",value:6,count:17700}],offset:12,limit:12,total:133952},chapterEmbeded:{data:{}},editorApplication:{success:null,errors:{}},ofsBooks:{filterParams:{hasNoEditors:"0",sort:"dateEndThirdStepPublish",src:"R-SLS"},books:[{type:"book",id:"11369",title:"RNA Viruses",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"52f8a3a1486912beae40b34ac557fed3",slug:null,bookSignature:"Ph.D. Yogendra Shah",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11369.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"278914",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Yogendra",surname:"Shah",slug:"yogendra-shah",fullName:"Yogendra Shah"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11027",title:"Basics of Hypoglycemia",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"98ebc1e36d02be82c204b8fd5d24f97a",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Alok Raghav",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11027.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"334465",title:"Dr.",name:"Alok",surname:"Raghav",slug:"alok-raghav",fullName:"Alok Raghav"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11124",title:"Next-Generation Textiles",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"093f9e26bb829b8d414d13626aea1086",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Hassan Ibrahim",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11124.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"90645",title:"Dr.",name:"Hassan",surname:"Ibrahim",slug:"hassan-ibrahim",fullName:"Hassan Ibrahim"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11610",title:"New Insights in Herbicide Science",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"eb3830b8176caf3d1fd52c32313c5168",slug:null,bookSignature:"Ph.D. Kassio Ferreira Mendes",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11610.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"197720",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Kassio",surname:"Ferreira Mendes",slug:"kassio-ferreira-mendes",fullName:"Kassio Ferreira Mendes"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11561",title:"Zeolite From Wastes - New Perspectives on Innovative Resources and Their Valorization Process",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"3ed0dfd842de9cd1143212415903e6ad",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Claudia Belviso",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11561.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"61457",title:"Dr.",name:"Claudia",surname:"Belviso",slug:"claudia-belviso",fullName:"Claudia Belviso"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11709",title:"Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"cc0e61f864a2a8a9595f4975ce301f70",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Shilpa Mehta and Dr. Resmy Palliyil Gopi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11709.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"342545",title:"Dr.",name:"Shilpa",surname:"Mehta",slug:"shilpa-mehta",fullName:"Shilpa Mehta"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11524",title:"Fuzzy Control Systems",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"84908e027f884ec3fcbaea42eb69b698",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Hayri Baytan Ozmen",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11524.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"198122",title:"Dr.",name:"Hayri Baytan",surname:"Ozmen",slug:"hayri-baytan-ozmen",fullName:"Hayri Baytan Ozmen"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11703",title:"Fluorescence Imaging - Recent Advances and Applications",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"728ff3bfc75ad2c9a39c338b52ae1893",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Raffaello Papadakis",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11703.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"251885",title:"Dr.",name:"Raffaello",surname:"Papadakis",slug:"raffaello-papadakis",fullName:"Raffaello Papadakis"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11729",title:"Circumcision - Advances and New Perspectives",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"d4761c03b5694edec9f7fc48092549ce",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Ahmad Zaghal and Dr. Ali El Safadi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11729.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"240621",title:"Dr.",name:"Ahmad",surname:"Zaghal",slug:"ahmad-zaghal",fullName:"Ahmad Zaghal"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11833",title:"Ozone Research - Recent Advances",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"1e789b57319be85ed0a32e569967d822",slug:null,bookSignature:"Associate Prof. Taner Yonar",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11833.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"190012",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Taner",surname:"Yonar",slug:"taner-yonar",fullName:"Taner Yonar"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11710",title:"Lifestyle-Related Diseases and Metabolic Syndrome",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"c556d78df6bb93e8e3973ce0a9547ea8",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Naofumi Shiomi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11710.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"163777",title:"Dr.",name:"Naofumi",surname:"Shiomi",slug:"naofumi-shiomi",fullName:"Naofumi Shiomi"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11577",title:"Tick-Borne Diseases - A Review and an Update of Knowledge on Infections in Human and Animal Population",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"3d72ae651ee2a04b2368bf798a3183ca",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Elisa Pieragostini",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11577.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"51521",title:"Prof.",name:"Elisa",surname:"Pieragostini",slug:"elisa-pieragostini",fullName:"Elisa Pieragostini"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],filtersByTopic:[{group:"topic",caption:"Agricultural and Biological Sciences",value:5,count:39},{group:"topic",caption:"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology",value:6,count:13},{group:"topic",caption:"Business, Management and Economics",value:7,count:7},{group:"topic",caption:"Chemistry",value:8,count:23},{group:"topic",caption:"Computer and Information Science",value:9,count:24},{group:"topic",caption:"Earth and Planetary Sciences",value:10,count:16},{group:"topic",caption:"Engineering",value:11,count:66},{group:"topic",caption:"Environmental Sciences",value:12,count:10},{group:"topic",caption:"Immunology and Microbiology",value:13,count:16},{group:"topic",caption:"Materials Science",value:14,count:25},{group:"topic",caption:"Mathematics",value:15,count:11},{group:"topic",caption:"Medicine",value:16,count:120},{group:"topic",caption:"Nanotechnology and Nanomaterials",value:17,count:6},{group:"topic",caption:"Neuroscience",value:18,count:4},{group:"topic",caption:"Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutical Science",value:19,count:9},{group:"topic",caption:"Physics",value:20,count:9},{group:"topic",caption:"Psychology",value:21,count:10},{group:"topic",caption:"Robotics",value:22,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Social Sciences",value:23,count:9},{group:"topic",caption:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",value:25,count:4}],offset:12,limit:12,total:424},popularBooks:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"10858",title:"MOOC (Massive Open Online Courses)",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d32f86793bc72dde32532f509b1ec5b0",slug:"mooc-massive-open-online-courses-",bookSignature:"Dragan Cvetković",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10858.jpg",editors:[{id:"101330",title:"Dr.",name:"Dragan",middleName:"Mladen",surname:"Cvetković",slug:"dragan-cvetkovic",fullName:"Dragan Cvetković"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10195",title:"Serotonin and the CNS",subtitle:"New Developments in Pharmacology and Therapeutics",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"7ed9d96da98233a885bd2869a8056c36",slug:"serotonin-and-the-cns-new-developments-in-pharmacology-and-therapeutics",bookSignature:"Berend Olivier",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10195.jpg",editors:[{id:"71579",title:"Prof.",name:"Berend",middleName:null,surname:"Olivier",slug:"berend-olivier",fullName:"Berend Olivier"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10755",title:"Corporate Governance",subtitle:"Recent Advances and Perspectives",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ffe06d1d5c4bf0fc2e63511825fe1257",slug:"corporate-governance-recent-advances-and-perspectives",bookSignature:"Okechukwu Lawrence Emeagwali and Feyza Bhatti",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10755.jpg",editors:[{id:"196317",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Okechukwu Lawrence",middleName:null,surname:"Emeagwali",slug:"okechukwu-lawrence-emeagwali",fullName:"Okechukwu Lawrence Emeagwali"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11120",title:"Environmental Impact and Remediation of Heavy Metals",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9e77514288e7394f1e6cd13481af3509",slug:"environmental-impact-and-remediation-of-heavy-metals",bookSignature:"Hosam M. Saleh and Amal I. Hassan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11120.jpg",editors:[{id:"144691",title:"Prof.",name:"Hosam M.",middleName:null,surname:"Saleh",slug:"hosam-m.-saleh",fullName:"Hosam M. Saleh"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10901",title:"Grapes and Wine",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5d7f2aa74874444bc6986e613ccebd7c",slug:"grapes-and-wine",bookSignature:"Antonio Morata, Iris Loira and Carmen González",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10901.jpg",editors:[{id:"180952",title:"Prof.",name:"Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Morata",slug:"antonio-morata",fullName:"Antonio Morata"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11080",title:"Engineering Principles",subtitle:"Welding and Residual Stresses",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6c07a13a113bce94174b40096f30fb5e",slug:"engineering-principles-welding-and-residual-stresses",bookSignature:"Kavian Omar Cooke and Ronaldo Câmara Cozza",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11080.jpg",editors:[{id:"138778",title:"Dr.",name:"Kavian",middleName:"Omar",surname:"Cooke",slug:"kavian-cooke",fullName:"Kavian Cooke"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11332",title:"Essential Oils",subtitle:"Advances in Extractions and Biological Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"742e6cae3a35686f975edc8d7f9afa94",slug:"essential-oils-advances-in-extractions-and-biological-applications",bookSignature:"Mozaniel Santana de Oliveira and Eloisa Helena de Aguiar Andrade",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11332.jpg",editors:[{id:"195290",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Mozaniel",middleName:null,surname:"Santana De Oliveira",slug:"mozaniel-santana-de-oliveira",fullName:"Mozaniel Santana De Oliveira"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11029",title:"Hepatitis B",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"609701f502efc3538c112ff47a2c2119",slug:"hepatitis-b",bookSignature:"Luis Rodrigo",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11029.jpg",editors:[{id:"73208",title:"Prof.",name:"Luis",middleName:null,surname:"Rodrigo",slug:"luis-rodrigo",fullName:"Luis Rodrigo"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9537",title:"Human Rights in the Contemporary World",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"54f05b93812fd434f3962956d6413a6b",slug:"human-rights-in-the-contemporary-world",bookSignature:"Trudy Corrigan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9537.jpg",editors:[{id:"197557",title:"Dr.",name:"Trudy",middleName:null,surname:"Corrigan",slug:"trudy-corrigan",fullName:"Trudy Corrigan"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11371",title:"Cerebral Circulation",subtitle:"Updates on Models, Diagnostics and Treatments of Related Diseases",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e2d3335445d2852d0b906bb9750e939f",slug:"cerebral-circulation-updates-on-models-diagnostics-and-treatments-of-related-diseases",bookSignature:"Alba Scerrati, Luca Ricciardi and Flavia Dones",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11371.jpg",editors:[{id:"182614",title:"Dr.",name:"Alba",middleName:null,surname:"Scerrati",slug:"alba-scerrati",fullName:"Alba Scerrati"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11012",title:"Radiopharmaceuticals",subtitle:"Current Research for Better Diagnosis and Therapy",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f9046d6f96148b285e776f384991120d",slug:"radiopharmaceuticals-current-research-for-better-diagnosis-and-therapy",bookSignature:"Farid A. Badria",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11012.jpg",editors:[{id:"41865",title:"Prof.",name:"Farid A.",middleName:null,surname:"Badria",slug:"farid-a.-badria",fullName:"Farid A. Badria"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9974",title:"E-Learning and Digital Education in the Twenty-First Century",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"88b58d66e975df20425fc1dfd22d53aa",slug:"e-learning-and-digital-education-in-the-twenty-first-century",bookSignature:"M. Mahruf C. Shohel",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9974.jpg",editors:[{id:"94099",title:"Dr.",name:"M. Mahruf C.",middleName:null,surname:"Shohel",slug:"m.-mahruf-c.-shohel",fullName:"M. Mahruf C. Shohel"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],offset:12,limit:12,total:4420},hotBookTopics:{hotBooks:[],offset:0,limit:12,total:null},publish:{},publishingProposal:{success:null,errors:{}},books:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"10858",title:"MOOC (Massive Open Online Courses)",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d32f86793bc72dde32532f509b1ec5b0",slug:"mooc-massive-open-online-courses-",bookSignature:"Dragan Cvetković",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10858.jpg",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",numberOfDownloads:1677,editors:[{id:"101330",title:"Dr.",name:"Dragan",middleName:"Mladen",surname:"Cvetković",slug:"dragan-cvetkovic",fullName:"Dragan Cvetković"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10195",title:"Serotonin and the CNS",subtitle:"New Developments in Pharmacology and Therapeutics",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"7ed9d96da98233a885bd2869a8056c36",slug:"serotonin-and-the-cns-new-developments-in-pharmacology-and-therapeutics",bookSignature:"Berend Olivier",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10195.jpg",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",numberOfDownloads:1337,editors:[{id:"71579",title:"Prof.",name:"Berend",middleName:null,surname:"Olivier",slug:"berend-olivier",fullName:"Berend Olivier"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10755",title:"Corporate Governance",subtitle:"Recent Advances and Perspectives",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ffe06d1d5c4bf0fc2e63511825fe1257",slug:"corporate-governance-recent-advances-and-perspectives",bookSignature:"Okechukwu Lawrence Emeagwali and Feyza Bhatti",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10755.jpg",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",numberOfDownloads:1309,editors:[{id:"196317",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Okechukwu Lawrence",middleName:null,surname:"Emeagwali",slug:"okechukwu-lawrence-emeagwali",fullName:"Okechukwu Lawrence Emeagwali"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11120",title:"Environmental Impact and Remediation of Heavy Metals",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9e77514288e7394f1e6cd13481af3509",slug:"environmental-impact-and-remediation-of-heavy-metals",bookSignature:"Hosam M. Saleh and Amal I. Hassan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11120.jpg",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",numberOfDownloads:847,editors:[{id:"144691",title:"Prof.",name:"Hosam M.",middleName:null,surname:"Saleh",slug:"hosam-m.-saleh",fullName:"Hosam M. Saleh"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10901",title:"Grapes and Wine",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5d7f2aa74874444bc6986e613ccebd7c",slug:"grapes-and-wine",bookSignature:"Antonio Morata, Iris Loira and Carmen González",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10901.jpg",publishedDate:"June 15th 2022",numberOfDownloads:2273,editors:[{id:"180952",title:"Prof.",name:"Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Morata",slug:"antonio-morata",fullName:"Antonio Morata"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11080",title:"Engineering Principles",subtitle:"Welding and Residual Stresses",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6c07a13a113bce94174b40096f30fb5e",slug:"engineering-principles-welding-and-residual-stresses",bookSignature:"Kavian Omar Cooke and Ronaldo Câmara Cozza",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11080.jpg",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",numberOfDownloads:591,editors:[{id:"138778",title:"Dr.",name:"Kavian",middleName:"Omar",surname:"Cooke",slug:"kavian-cooke",fullName:"Kavian Cooke"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11332",title:"Essential Oils",subtitle:"Advances in Extractions and Biological Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"742e6cae3a35686f975edc8d7f9afa94",slug:"essential-oils-advances-in-extractions-and-biological-applications",bookSignature:"Mozaniel Santana de Oliveira and Eloisa Helena de Aguiar Andrade",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11332.jpg",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",numberOfDownloads:515,editors:[{id:"195290",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Mozaniel",middleName:null,surname:"Santana De Oliveira",slug:"mozaniel-santana-de-oliveira",fullName:"Mozaniel Santana De Oliveira"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11029",title:"Hepatitis B",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"609701f502efc3538c112ff47a2c2119",slug:"hepatitis-b",bookSignature:"Luis Rodrigo",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11029.jpg",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",numberOfDownloads:413,editors:[{id:"73208",title:"Prof.",name:"Luis",middleName:null,surname:"Rodrigo",slug:"luis-rodrigo",fullName:"Luis Rodrigo"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9537",title:"Human Rights in the Contemporary World",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"54f05b93812fd434f3962956d6413a6b",slug:"human-rights-in-the-contemporary-world",bookSignature:"Trudy Corrigan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9537.jpg",publishedDate:"June 8th 2022",numberOfDownloads:2194,editors:[{id:"197557",title:"Dr.",name:"Trudy",middleName:null,surname:"Corrigan",slug:"trudy-corrigan",fullName:"Trudy Corrigan"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11371",title:"Cerebral Circulation",subtitle:"Updates on Models, Diagnostics and Treatments of Related Diseases",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e2d3335445d2852d0b906bb9750e939f",slug:"cerebral-circulation-updates-on-models-diagnostics-and-treatments-of-related-diseases",bookSignature:"Alba Scerrati, Luca Ricciardi and Flavia Dones",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11371.jpg",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",numberOfDownloads:341,editors:[{id:"182614",title:"Dr.",name:"Alba",middleName:null,surname:"Scerrati",slug:"alba-scerrati",fullName:"Alba Scerrati"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],latestBooks:[{type:"book",id:"10755",title:"Corporate Governance",subtitle:"Recent Advances and Perspectives",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ffe06d1d5c4bf0fc2e63511825fe1257",slug:"corporate-governance-recent-advances-and-perspectives",bookSignature:"Okechukwu Lawrence Emeagwali and Feyza Bhatti",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10755.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",editors:[{id:"196317",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Okechukwu Lawrence",middleName:null,surname:"Emeagwali",slug:"okechukwu-lawrence-emeagwali",fullName:"Okechukwu Lawrence Emeagwali"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11029",title:"Hepatitis B",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"609701f502efc3538c112ff47a2c2119",slug:"hepatitis-b",bookSignature:"Luis Rodrigo",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11029.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",editors:[{id:"73208",title:"Prof.",name:"Luis",middleName:null,surname:"Rodrigo",slug:"luis-rodrigo",fullName:"Luis Rodrigo"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10774",title:"Model Organisms in Plant Genetics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f6624b58571ac10c9b636c5d85ec5e54",slug:"model-organisms-in-plant-genetics",bookSignature:"Ibrokhim Y. Abdurakhmonov",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10774.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",editors:[{id:"213344",title:"Prof.",name:"Ibrokhim Y.",middleName:null,surname:"Abdurakhmonov",slug:"ibrokhim-y.-abdurakhmonov",fullName:"Ibrokhim Y. Abdurakhmonov"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11332",title:"Essential Oils",subtitle:"Advances in Extractions and Biological Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"742e6cae3a35686f975edc8d7f9afa94",slug:"essential-oils-advances-in-extractions-and-biological-applications",bookSignature:"Mozaniel Santana de Oliveira and Eloisa Helena de Aguiar Andrade",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11332.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",editors:[{id:"195290",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Mozaniel",middleName:null,surname:"Santana De Oliveira",slug:"mozaniel-santana-de-oliveira",fullName:"Mozaniel Santana De Oliveira"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11080",title:"Engineering Principles",subtitle:"Welding and Residual Stresses",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6c07a13a113bce94174b40096f30fb5e",slug:"engineering-principles-welding-and-residual-stresses",bookSignature:"Kavian Omar Cooke and Ronaldo Câmara Cozza",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11080.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",editors:[{id:"138778",title:"Dr.",name:"Kavian",middleName:"Omar",surname:"Cooke",slug:"kavian-cooke",fullName:"Kavian Cooke"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10839",title:"Protein Detection",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"2f1c0e4e0207fc45c936e7d22a5369c4",slug:"protein-detection",bookSignature:"Yusuf Tutar and Lütfi Tutar",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10839.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",editors:[{id:"158492",title:"Prof.",name:"Yusuf",middleName:null,surname:"Tutar",slug:"yusuf-tutar",fullName:"Yusuf Tutar"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10858",title:"MOOC (Massive Open Online Courses)",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d32f86793bc72dde32532f509b1ec5b0",slug:"mooc-massive-open-online-courses-",bookSignature:"Dragan Cvetković",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10858.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",editors:[{id:"101330",title:"Dr.",name:"Dragan",middleName:"Mladen",surname:"Cvetković",slug:"dragan-cvetkovic",fullName:"Dragan Cvetković"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11371",title:"Cerebral Circulation",subtitle:"Updates on Models, Diagnostics and Treatments of Related Diseases",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e2d3335445d2852d0b906bb9750e939f",slug:"cerebral-circulation-updates-on-models-diagnostics-and-treatments-of-related-diseases",bookSignature:"Alba Scerrati, Luca Ricciardi and Flavia Dones",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11371.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",editors:[{id:"182614",title:"Dr.",name:"Alba",middleName:null,surname:"Scerrati",slug:"alba-scerrati",fullName:"Alba Scerrati"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11120",title:"Environmental Impact and Remediation of Heavy Metals",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9e77514288e7394f1e6cd13481af3509",slug:"environmental-impact-and-remediation-of-heavy-metals",bookSignature:"Hosam M. Saleh and Amal I. Hassan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11120.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",editors:[{id:"144691",title:"Prof.",name:"Hosam M.",middleName:null,surname:"Saleh",slug:"hosam-m.-saleh",fullName:"Hosam M. Saleh"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10696",title:"Applications of Calorimetry",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8c87f7e2199db33b5dd7181f56973a97",slug:"applications-of-calorimetry",bookSignature:"José Luis Rivera Armenta and Cynthia Graciela Flores Hernández",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10696.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",editors:[{id:"107855",title:"Dr.",name:"Jose Luis",middleName:null,surname:"Rivera Armenta",slug:"jose-luis-rivera-armenta",fullName:"Jose Luis Rivera Armenta"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},subject:{topic:{id:"397",title:"Cytogenetics",slug:"cytogenetics",parent:{id:"54",title:"Human Genetics",slug:"human-genetics"},numberOfBooks:3,numberOfSeries:0,numberOfAuthorsAndEditors:51,numberOfWosCitations:37,numberOfCrossrefCitations:23,numberOfDimensionsCitations:50,videoUrl:null,fallbackUrl:null,description:null},booksByTopicFilter:{topicId:"397",sort:"-publishedDate",limit:12,offset:0},booksByTopicCollection:[{type:"book",id:"8073",title:"Chromosomal Abnormalities",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6a9d3c58434edf5e65f9849a6858edfe",slug:"chromosomal-abnormalities",bookSignature:"Tülay Aşkın Çelik and Subrata Dey",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8073.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"74041",title:"Dr.",name:"Tulay",middleName:null,surname:"Askin Celik",slug:"tulay-askin-celik",fullName:"Tulay Askin Celik"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6920",title:"Cytogenetics",subtitle:"Past, Present and Further Perspectives",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d72001eed508dfa72d9a68e1de28bb4b",slug:"cytogenetics-past-present-and-further-perspectives",bookSignature:"Marcelo Larramendy and Sonia Soloneski",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6920.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"14764",title:"Dr.",name:"Marcelo L.",middleName:null,surname:"Larramendy",slug:"marcelo-l.-larramendy",fullName:"Marcelo L. Larramendy"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1721",title:"Recent Trends in Cytogenetic Studies",subtitle:"Methodologies and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"0087ed85088a960b84ae536fe7204ee9",slug:"recent-trends-in-cytogenetic-studies-methodologies-and-applications",bookSignature:"Padma Tirunilai",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1721.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"87653",title:"Prof.",name:"Padma",middleName:null,surname:"Tirunilai",slug:"padma-tirunilai",fullName:"Padma Tirunilai"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],booksByTopicTotal:3,seriesByTopicCollection:[],seriesByTopicTotal:0,mostCitedChapters:[{id:"30743",doi:"10.5772/35890",title:"Chromosomes as Tools for Discovering Biodiversity – The Case of Erythrinidae Fish Family",slug:"chromosomes-as-tools-for-discovering-biodiversity-the-case-of-erythrinidae-fish-family-",totalDownloads:2050,totalCrossrefCites:12,totalDimensionsCites:30,abstract:null,book:{id:"1721",slug:"recent-trends-in-cytogenetic-studies-methodologies-and-applications",title:"Recent Trends in Cytogenetic Studies",fullTitle:"Recent Trends in Cytogenetic Studies - Methodologies and Applications"},signatures:"Marcelo de Bello Cioffi, Wagner Franco Molina, Roberto Ferreira Artoni and Luiz Antonio Carlos Bertollo",authors:[{id:"92318",title:"Prof.",name:"Roberto",middleName:null,surname:"Artoni",slug:"roberto-artoni",fullName:"Roberto Artoni"},{id:"106252",title:"Dr.",name:"Luiz",middleName:"Antonio Carlos",surname:"Bertollo",slug:"luiz-bertollo",fullName:"Luiz Bertollo"},{id:"106412",title:"MSc.",name:"Marcelo",middleName:null,surname:"Cioffi",slug:"marcelo-cioffi",fullName:"Marcelo Cioffi"},{id:"134346",title:"Dr.",name:"Wagner",middleName:null,surname:"Molina",slug:"wagner-molina",fullName:"Wagner Molina"}]},{id:"30736",doi:"10.5772/34200",title:"\ufeffCytogenetic Analysis of Primary Cultures and Cell Lines: Generalities, Applications and Protocols",slug:"cytogenetic-from-primary-cultures-and-cell-lines-applications-protocols-and-nomenclature",totalDownloads:10275,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:4,abstract:null,book:{id:"1721",slug:"recent-trends-in-cytogenetic-studies-methodologies-and-applications",title:"Recent Trends in Cytogenetic Studies",fullTitle:"Recent Trends in Cytogenetic Studies - Methodologies and Applications"},signatures:"Sandra Milena Rondón Lagos and Nelson Enrique Rangel Jiménez",authors:[{id:"99161",title:"Dr.",name:"Sandra Milena",middleName:null,surname:"Rondón-Lagos",slug:"sandra-milena-rondon-lagos",fullName:"Sandra Milena Rondón-Lagos"},{id:"108130",title:"MSc.",name:"Nelson Enrique",middleName:null,surname:"Rangel Jimenez",slug:"nelson-enrique-rangel-jimenez",fullName:"Nelson Enrique Rangel Jimenez"}]},{id:"63313",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.80486",title:"Cytogenetics in the Study of Chromosomal Rearrangement during Wheat Evolution and Breeding",slug:"cytogenetics-in-the-study-of-chromosomal-rearrangement-during-wheat-evolution-and-breeding",totalDownloads:1144,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:3,abstract:"Cytogenetic methods such as chromosome banding and in situ hybridization remain relevant in the post-genomic era, especially for allopolyploid species where genome duplication in some cases makes it difficult to assess the reorganization of chromosomes during evolution. In this review, we give a brief description of cytogenetic methods for the analysis of homoeological chromosomes in cereals. Emphasis is placed on the development of methods for the study of polyploid wheat and its progenitors and on tandem repeats and retrotransposons as markers to evaluate chromosome reorganization throughout evolution and breeding. The most effective cytological probes used for the identification of chromosomes in wheat and Triticeae species by fluorescence and genomic in situ hybridization are described. Particular attention is paid to ribosomal genes used as markers in phylogenetic studies and for chromosome identification. Utility of these cytogenetic methods in the evaluation of breeding lines is demonstrated. A strategy for cytological analysis of wheat hybrids according to the degree of relationships between the species involved in crosses is also discussed.",book:{id:"6920",slug:"cytogenetics-past-present-and-further-perspectives",title:"Cytogenetics",fullTitle:"Cytogenetics - Past, Present and Further Perspectives"},signatures:"Elena A. Salina and Irina G. Adonina",authors:null},{id:"62252",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.78767",title:"Karyology of the Bats from the Russian Far East",slug:"karyology-of-the-bats-from-the-russian-far-east",totalDownloads:1245,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:2,abstract:"Recent studies based on morphologic and molecular genetic data have revealed quite a serious variety in the trans-Palearctic species, which brought about taxonomic status changes in 14 of 18 Russian Far Eastern bat species. Far Eastern bat status revisions resulted in species growth whose chromosome characteristics have been described either under other names or have not been studied at all. This paper has inventoried bat chromosome research in the Russian Far East and neighboring regions and has improved the accuracy of chromosome characteristics for 17 of 18 valid species today. For the first time, the karyotypes and their variation type for the valid bat species in the Russian Far East have been described.",book:{id:"6920",slug:"cytogenetics-past-present-and-further-perspectives",title:"Cytogenetics",fullTitle:"Cytogenetics - Past, Present and Further Perspectives"},signatures:"Uliana V. Gorobeyko and Irina V. Kartavtseva",authors:null},{id:"30737",doi:"10.5772/36413",title:"Microtechnologies Enable Cytogenetics",slug:"microtechnologies-enable-cytogenetics-",totalDownloads:1625,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,abstract:null,book:{id:"1721",slug:"recent-trends-in-cytogenetic-studies-methodologies-and-applications",title:"Recent Trends in Cytogenetic Studies",fullTitle:"Recent Trends in Cytogenetic Studies - Methodologies and Applications"},signatures:"Dorota Kwasny, Indumathi Vedarethinam, Pranjul Shah, Maria Dimaki and Winnie E. Svendsen",authors:[{id:"108258",title:"Dr.",name:"Winnie",middleName:null,surname:"Svendsen",slug:"winnie-svendsen",fullName:"Winnie Svendsen"},{id:"135599",title:"MSc.",name:"Dorota",middleName:null,surname:"Kwasny",slug:"dorota-kwasny",fullName:"Dorota Kwasny"},{id:"135601",title:"Dr.",name:"Pranjul",middleName:null,surname:"Shah",slug:"pranjul-shah",fullName:"Pranjul Shah"},{id:"135602",title:"MSc.",name:"Indumathi",middleName:null,surname:"Vedarethinam",slug:"indumathi-vedarethinam",fullName:"Indumathi Vedarethinam"},{id:"135604",title:"Dr.",name:"Maria",middleName:null,surname:"Dimaki",slug:"maria-dimaki",fullName:"Maria Dimaki"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"63136",title:"Cytogenomic Microarray Testing",slug:"cytogenomic-microarray-testing",totalDownloads:1378,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"Cytogenomic microarray testing allows the detection of submicroscopic genomic rearrangements, commonly denominated copy number variations (CNVs) that are implicated with many neurodevelopmental disorders, dysmorphic features, multiple congenital anomalies, hematological and solid tumors, and complex disorders and traits in both humans and animals. On the other hand, this approach is also widely used for the identification of structural variations that are applied as a biomarker in pharmacogenomics, agriculture, and animal selection and breeding. The chromosomal microarray analysis (CMA) has been applied for over a decade to screen for submicroscopic genomic gains and losses in DNA sample in both diagnostic and functional scenarios. Herein, we present an overview of the fundamental concepts of cytogenomics and its potential application in human genetic diagnosis, agrigenomics, mutagenesis, and pharmacogenomics.",book:{id:"6920",slug:"cytogenetics-past-present-and-further-perspectives",title:"Cytogenetics",fullTitle:"Cytogenetics - Past, Present and Further Perspectives"},signatures:"Irene Plaza Pinto, Alex da Cruz, Emília Costa, Samara Pereira, Lysa\nMinasi and Aparecido da Cruz",authors:null},{id:"68521",title:"The Risk of Chromosomal Abnormalities in Cases of Minor and Major Fetal Anomalies in the Second Trimester",slug:"the-risk-of-chromosomal-abnormalities-in-cases-of-minor-and-major-fetal-anomalies-in-the-second-trim",totalDownloads:862,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"Currently, noninvasive intrauterine screening for most chromosome abnormalities is available, but ultrasound examinations also play an important role during pregnancy, by drawing the attention to the suspect of a possible abnormality. Fetal ultrasound disorders can be classified into two major groups: (1) Major abnormalities are actually diagnosed malformations that are often associated with certain chromosome abnormalities but may be associated with other disorders (multiplex malformation) and may occur as isolated disorders (e.g., cardiac disorders, duodenal atresia, omphalocele, cystic hygroma (CH)). (2) Minor anomalies (“soft markers”) are not abnormal in themselves but are mild abnormalities that may occur in normal pregnancy but also increase the risk of certain chromosome aberrations. The minor anomalies in the second trimester include thickened nuchal fold (NF), mild ventriculomegaly, pyelectasis, hyperechogenic bowels, hyperechogenic papillary muscle, and shorter long bones. Plexus choroid cyst which is classified as a minor marker does not increase the risk of Down syndrome but increases the risk of trisomy 18 (Edwards syndrome). We want to emphasize the importance of screening of minor and major ultrasound abnormalities in detecting chromosomal abnormalities in the second trimester.",book:{id:"8073",slug:"chromosomal-abnormalities",title:"Chromosomal Abnormalities",fullTitle:"Chromosomal Abnormalities"},signatures:"Artúr Beke and Aténé Simonyi",authors:[{id:"211641",title:"Dr.",name:"Artúr",middleName:null,surname:"Beke",slug:"artur-beke",fullName:"Artúr Beke"},{id:"302526",title:"MSc.",name:"Aténé",middleName:null,surname:"Simonyi",slug:"atene-simonyi",fullName:"Aténé Simonyi"}]},{id:"72977",title:"Introductory Chapter: Chromosomal Abnormalities",slug:"introductory-chapter-chromosomal-abnormalities",totalDownloads:651,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:null,book:{id:"8073",slug:"chromosomal-abnormalities",title:"Chromosomal Abnormalities",fullTitle:"Chromosomal Abnormalities"},signatures:"Tülay Aşkin Çelik",authors:[{id:"74041",title:"Dr.",name:"Tulay",middleName:null,surname:"Askin Celik",slug:"tulay-askin-celik",fullName:"Tulay Askin Celik"}]},{id:"71339",title:"The Energy as a Determinant Factor in the Ethiopathogeny of Chromosomal Abnormalities. The Unsuspected Bioenergetic Role of Melanin",slug:"the-energy-as-a-determinant-factor-in-the-ethiopathogeny-of-chromosomal-abnormalities-the-unsuspecte",totalDownloads:627,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"In the study of chromosomal abnormalities, in genetics, and in medicine in general, attention is rarely paid to the role of energy in the healthy subject and in the sick patient. The research on the chromosomal anomalies that are constantly published, does not mention the energy necessary for the biochemical processes involved in the function, replication and formation of genes, to be carried out in an adequate way. It seems that it is assumed that energy levels are always fine or at least did not have a significant role in the conditions associated with what we call chromosomal anomalies. A characteristic of the cell nucleus that has gone unnoticed is that it contains neither mitochondria nor ATP, much less glucose. Perhaps because of this, some researchers and clinicians come to think that the nucleus of cells does not require energy. The purpose of this work is to draw attention to the importance of energy levels in all the metabolic processes of the cell; and to make known that glucose is not an energy source, as it is only a source of carbon chains; and finally remark that our body, through melanin, can take energy directly from light.",book:{id:"8073",slug:"chromosomal-abnormalities",title:"Chromosomal Abnormalities",fullTitle:"Chromosomal Abnormalities"},signatures:"Arturo Solis Herrera",authors:[{id:"280131",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Arturo",middleName:null,surname:"Solis Herrera",slug:"arturo-solis-herrera",fullName:"Arturo Solis Herrera"}]},{id:"70204",title:"Impact of Biological Factors Related to Maternal Aging: Risk of Childbirth with Down Syndrome",slug:"impact-of-biological-factors-related-to-maternal-aging-risk-of-childbirth-with-down-syndrome",totalDownloads:754,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"Maternal aging and different biological factors play an important role in the birth of Down syndrome baby. Hormones play a crucial role for the maintenance of female sex cycle and oocyte maturation. Disparity in the level of these hormones during menstrual cycle has profound effect on female reproductive system. Hormonal imbalance also affects meiotic process and integrity of spindle structure and leads to nondisjunction of chromosome. Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) play a crucial role in ovarian aging and nondisjunction of chromosomes. FSH stands as a hormonal indicator for ovarian aging, and its high level is responsible for aneuploid birth. Advanced chronological age of mother, ovarian aging, environmental factors and accelerated telomere shortening at older reproductive age are found to be risk factors for the birth of trisomy 21 Down syndrome.",book:{id:"8073",slug:"chromosomal-abnormalities",title:"Chromosomal Abnormalities",fullTitle:"Chromosomal Abnormalities"},signatures:"Subrata Kumar Dey, Pranami Bhaumik and Mandar Bhattacharya",authors:[{id:"31178",title:"Prof.",name:"Subrata",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Dey",slug:"subrata-dey",fullName:"Subrata Dey"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"397",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:0},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:0,limit:8,total:null},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:89,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:104,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:31,numberOfPublishedChapters:315,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:11,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:141,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:8,numberOfPublishedChapters:129,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:113,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:105,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:5,numberOfOpenTopics:1,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:14,numberOfOpenTopics:5,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"6",text:"It is great to work with the IntechOpen to produce a worthwhile collection of research that also becomes a great educational resource and guide for future research endeavors.",author:{id:"259298",name:"Edward",surname:"Narayan",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",slug:"edward-narayan",institution:{id:"3",name:"University of Queensland",country:{id:null,name:"Australia"}}}},{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. The whole process of submitting an article and editing of the submitted article goes extremely smooth and fast, the number of reads and downloads of chapters is high, and the contributions are also frequently cited.",author:{id:"55578",name:"Antonio",surname:"Jurado-Navas",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRisIQAS/Profile_Picture_1626166543950",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",institution:{id:"720",name:"University of Malaga",country:{id:null,name:"Spain"}}}}]},series:{item:{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",issn:"2631-6188",scope:"This series will provide a comprehensive overview of recent research trends in various Infectious Diseases (as per the most recent Baltimore classification). Topics will include general overviews of infections, immunopathology, diagnosis, treatment, epidemiology, etiology, and current clinical recommendations for managing infectious diseases. Ongoing issues, recent advances, and future diagnostic approaches and therapeutic strategies will also be discussed. This book series will focus on various aspects and properties of infectious diseases whose deep understanding is essential for safeguarding the human race from losing resources and economies due to pathogens.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/6.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"June 25th, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfPublishedBooks:13,editor:{id:"131400",title:"Prof.",name:"Alfonso J.",middleName:null,surname:"Rodriguez-Morales",slug:"alfonso-j.-rodriguez-morales",fullName:"Alfonso J. Rodriguez-Morales",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/131400/images/system/131400.png",biography:"Dr. Rodriguez-Morales is an expert in tropical and emerging diseases, particularly zoonotic and vector-borne diseases (especially arboviral diseases). He is the president of the Travel Medicine Committee of the Pan-American Infectious Diseases Association (API), as well as the president of the Colombian Association of Infectious Diseases (ACIN). He is a member of the Committee on Tropical Medicine, Zoonoses, and Travel Medicine of ACIN. He is a vice-president of the Latin American Society for Travel Medicine (SLAMVI) and a Member of the Council of the International Society for Infectious Diseases (ISID). Since 2014, he has been recognized as a Senior Researcher, at the Ministry of Science of Colombia. He is a professor at the Faculty of Medicine of the Fundacion Universitaria Autonoma de las Americas, in Pereira, Risaralda, Colombia. He is an External Professor, Master in Research on Tropical Medicine and International Health, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain. He is also a professor at the Master in Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Universidad Científica del Sur, Lima, Peru. In 2021 he has been awarded the “Raul Isturiz Award” Medal of the API. Also, in 2021, he was awarded with the “Jose Felix Patiño” Asclepius Staff Medal of the Colombian Medical College, due to his scientific contributions to COVID-19 during the pandemic. He is currently the Editor in Chief of the journal Travel Medicine and Infectious Diseases. His Scopus H index is 47 (Google Scholar H index, 68).",institutionString:"Institución Universitaria Visión de las Américas, Colombia",institution:null},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},subseries:{paginationCount:4,paginationItems:[{id:"3",title:"Bacterial Infectious Diseases",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/3.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!1,editor:null,editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"4",title:"Fungal Infectious Diseases",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/4.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"174134",title:"Dr.",name:"Yuping",middleName:null,surname:"Ran",slug:"yuping-ran",fullName:"Yuping Ran",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bS9d6QAC/Profile_Picture_1630330675373",biography:"Dr. Yuping Ran, Professor, Department of Dermatology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China. Completed the Course Medical Mycology, the Centraalbureau voor Schimmelcultures (CBS), Fungal Biodiversity Centre, Netherlands (2006). International Union of Microbiological Societies (IUMS) Fellow, and International Emerging Infectious Diseases (IEID) Fellow, Centers for Diseases Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, USA. Diploma of Dermatological Scientist, Japanese Society for Investigative Dermatology. Ph.D. of Juntendo University, Japan. Bachelor’s and Master’s degree, Medicine, West China University of Medical Sciences. Chair of Sichuan Medical Association Dermatology Committee. General Secretary of The 19th Annual Meeting of Chinese Society of Dermatology and the Asia Pacific Society for Medical Mycology (2013). In charge of the Annual Medical Mycology Course over 20-years authorized by National Continue Medical Education Committee of China. Member of the board of directors of the Asia-Pacific Society for Medical Mycology (APSMM). Associate editor of Mycopathologia. Vice-chief of the editorial board of Chinses Journal of Mycology, China. Board Member and Chair of Mycology Group of Chinese Society of Dermatology.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sichuan University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"China"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"5",title:"Parasitic Infectious Diseases",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/5.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"67907",title:"Dr.",name:"Amidou",middleName:null,surname:"Samie",slug:"amidou-samie",fullName:"Amidou Samie",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/67907/images/system/67907.jpg",biography:"Dr. Amidou Samie is an Associate Professor of Microbiology at the University of Venda, in South Africa, where he graduated for his PhD in May 2008. He joined the Department of Microbiology the same year and has been giving lectures on topics covering parasitology, immunology, molecular biology and industrial microbiology. He is currently a rated researcher by the National Research Foundation of South Africa at category C2. He has published widely in the field of infectious diseases and has overseen several MSc’s and PhDs. His research activities mostly cover topics on infectious diseases from epidemiology to control. His particular interest lies in the study of intestinal protozoan parasites and opportunistic infections among HIV patients as well as the potential impact of childhood diarrhoea on growth and child development. He also conducts research on water-borne diseases and water quality and is involved in the evaluation of point-of-use water treatment technologies using silver and copper nanoparticles in collaboration with the University of Virginia, USA. He also studies the use of medicinal plants for the control of infectious diseases as well as antimicrobial drug resistance.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Venda",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"South Africa"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"6",title:"Viral Infectious Diseases",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/6.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"158026",title:"Prof.",name:"Shailendra K.",middleName:null,surname:"Saxena",slug:"shailendra-k.-saxena",fullName:"Shailendra K. Saxena",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRET3QAO/Profile_Picture_2022-05-10T10:10:26.jpeg",biography:"Professor Dr. Shailendra K. Saxena is a vice dean and professor at King George's Medical University, Lucknow, India. His research interests involve understanding the molecular mechanisms of host defense during human viral infections and developing new predictive, preventive, and therapeutic strategies for them using Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), HIV, and emerging viruses as a model via stem cell and cell culture technologies. His research work has been published in various high-impact factor journals (Science, PNAS, Nature Medicine) with a high number of citations. He has received many awards and honors in India and abroad including various Young Scientist Awards, BBSRC India Partnering Award, and Dr. JC Bose National Award of Department of Biotechnology, Min. of Science and Technology, Govt. of India. Dr. Saxena is a fellow of various international societies/academies including the Royal College of Pathologists, United Kingdom; Royal Society of Medicine, London; Royal Society of Biology, United Kingdom; Royal Society of Chemistry, London; and Academy of Translational Medicine Professionals, Austria. He was named a Global Leader in Science by The Scientist. He is also an international opinion leader/expert in vaccination for Japanese encephalitis by IPIC (UK).",institutionString:"King George's Medical University",institution:{name:"King George's Medical University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null}]},overviewPageOFChapters:{paginationCount:10,paginationItems:[{id:"82380",title:"Evolution of Parasitism and Pathogenic Adaptations in Certain Medically Important Fungi",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105206",signatures:"Gokul Shankar Sabesan, Ranjit Singh AJA, Ranjith Mehenderkar and Basanta Kumar Mohanty",slug:"evolution-of-parasitism-and-pathogenic-adaptations-in-certain-medically-important-fungi",totalDownloads:3,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Fungal Infectious Diseases - Annual Volume 2022",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11400.jpg",subseries:{id:"4",title:"Fungal Infectious Diseases"}}},{id:"82367",title:"Spatial Variation and Factors Associated with Unsuppressed HIV Viral Load among Women in an HIV Hyperendemic Area of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105547",signatures:"Adenike O. Soogun, Ayesha B.M. Kharsany, Temesgen Zewotir and Delia North",slug:"spatial-variation-and-factors-associated-with-unsuppressed-hiv-viral-load-among-women-in-an-hiv-hype",totalDownloads:7,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"HIV-AIDS - Updates, Perspectives and Applications",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11575.jpg",subseries:{id:"6",title:"Viral Infectious Diseases"}}},{id:"82193",title:"Enterococcal Infections: Recent Nomenclature and emerging trends",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104792",signatures:"Kavita Raja",slug:"enterococcal-infections-recent-nomenclature-and-emerging-trends",totalDownloads:6,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Streptococcal Infections",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10828.jpg",subseries:{id:"3",title:"Bacterial Infectious Diseases"}}},{id:"82207",title:"Management Strategies in Perinatal HIV",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105451",signatures:"Kayla Aleshire and Rima Bazzi",slug:"management-strategies-in-perinatal-hiv",totalDownloads:7,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"HIV-AIDS - Updates, Perspectives and Applications",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11575.jpg",subseries:{id:"6",title:"Viral Infectious Diseases"}}}]},overviewPagePublishedBooks:{paginationCount:13,paginationItems:[{type:"book",id:"6667",title:"Influenza",subtitle:"Therapeutics and Challenges",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6667.jpg",slug:"influenza-therapeutics-and-challenges",publishedDate:"September 19th 2018",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Shailendra K. Saxena",hash:"105e347b2d5dbbe6b593aceffa051efa",volumeInSeries:1,fullTitle:"Influenza - Therapeutics and Challenges",editors:[{id:"158026",title:"Prof.",name:"Shailendra K.",middleName:null,surname:"Saxena",slug:"shailendra-k.-saxena",fullName:"Shailendra K. Saxena",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRET3QAO/Profile_Picture_2022-05-10T10:10:26.jpeg",biography:"Professor Dr. Shailendra K. Saxena is a vice dean and professor at King George's Medical University, Lucknow, India. His research interests involve understanding the molecular mechanisms of host defense during human viral infections and developing new predictive, preventive, and therapeutic strategies for them using Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), HIV, and emerging viruses as a model via stem cell and cell culture technologies. His research work has been published in various high-impact factor journals (Science, PNAS, Nature Medicine) with a high number of citations. He has received many awards and honors in India and abroad including various Young Scientist Awards, BBSRC India Partnering Award, and Dr. JC Bose National Award of Department of Biotechnology, Min. of Science and Technology, Govt. of India. Dr. Saxena is a fellow of various international societies/academies including the Royal College of Pathologists, United Kingdom; Royal Society of Medicine, London; Royal Society of Biology, United Kingdom; Royal Society of Chemistry, London; and Academy of Translational Medicine Professionals, Austria. He was named a Global Leader in Science by The Scientist. He is also an international opinion leader/expert in vaccination for Japanese encephalitis by IPIC (UK).",institutionString:"King George's Medical University",institution:{name:"King George's Medical University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}}]},{type:"book",id:"7064",title:"Current Perspectives in Human Papillomavirus",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7064.jpg",slug:"current-perspectives-in-human-papillomavirus",publishedDate:"May 2nd 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Shailendra K. Saxena",hash:"d92a4085627bab25ddc7942fbf44cf05",volumeInSeries:2,fullTitle:"Current Perspectives in Human Papillomavirus",editors:[{id:"158026",title:"Prof.",name:"Shailendra K.",middleName:null,surname:"Saxena",slug:"shailendra-k.-saxena",fullName:"Shailendra K. Saxena",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRET3QAO/Profile_Picture_2022-05-10T10:10:26.jpeg",biography:"Professor Dr. Shailendra K. Saxena is a vice dean and professor at King George's Medical University, Lucknow, India. His research interests involve understanding the molecular mechanisms of host defense during human viral infections and developing new predictive, preventive, and therapeutic strategies for them using Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), HIV, and emerging viruses as a model via stem cell and cell culture technologies. His research work has been published in various high-impact factor journals (Science, PNAS, Nature Medicine) with a high number of citations. He has received many awards and honors in India and abroad including various Young Scientist Awards, BBSRC India Partnering Award, and Dr. JC Bose National Award of Department of Biotechnology, Min. of Science and Technology, Govt. of India. Dr. Saxena is a fellow of various international societies/academies including the Royal College of Pathologists, United Kingdom; Royal Society of Medicine, London; Royal Society of Biology, United Kingdom; Royal Society of Chemistry, London; and Academy of Translational Medicine Professionals, Austria. He was named a Global Leader in Science by The Scientist. He is also an international opinion leader/expert in vaccination for Japanese encephalitis by IPIC (UK).",institutionString:"King George's Medical University",institution:{name:"King George's Medical University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}}]},{type:"book",id:"7123",title:"Current Topics in Neglected Tropical Diseases",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7123.jpg",slug:"current-topics-in-neglected-tropical-diseases",publishedDate:"December 4th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Alfonso J. Rodriguez-Morales",hash:"61c627da05b2ace83056d11357bdf361",volumeInSeries:3,fullTitle:"Current Topics in Neglected Tropical Diseases",editors:[{id:"131400",title:"Prof.",name:"Alfonso J.",middleName:null,surname:"Rodriguez-Morales",slug:"alfonso-j.-rodriguez-morales",fullName:"Alfonso J. Rodriguez-Morales",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/131400/images/system/131400.png",biography:"Dr. Rodriguez-Morales is an expert in tropical and emerging diseases, particularly zoonotic and vector-borne diseases (especially arboviral diseases). He is the president of the Travel Medicine Committee of the Pan-American Infectious Diseases Association (API), as well as the president of the Colombian Association of Infectious Diseases (ACIN). He is a member of the Committee on Tropical Medicine, Zoonoses, and Travel Medicine of ACIN. He is a vice-president of the Latin American Society for Travel Medicine (SLAMVI) and a Member of the Council of the International Society for Infectious Diseases (ISID). Since 2014, he has been recognized as a Senior Researcher, at the Ministry of Science of Colombia. He is a professor at the Faculty of Medicine of the Fundacion Universitaria Autonoma de las Americas, in Pereira, Risaralda, Colombia. He is an External Professor, Master in Research on Tropical Medicine and International Health, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain. He is also a professor at the Master in Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Universidad Científica del Sur, Lima, Peru. In 2021 he has been awarded the “Raul Isturiz Award” Medal of the API. Also, in 2021, he was awarded with the “Jose Felix Patiño” Asclepius Staff Medal of the Colombian Medical College, due to his scientific contributions to COVID-19 during the pandemic. He is currently the Editor in Chief of the journal Travel Medicine and Infectious Diseases. His Scopus H index is 47 (Google Scholar H index, 68).",institutionString:"Institución Universitaria Visión de las Américas, Colombia",institution:null}]},{type:"book",id:"7839",title:"Malaria",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7839.jpg",slug:"malaria",publishedDate:"December 11th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Fyson H. Kasenga",hash:"91cde4582ead884cb0f355a19b67cd56",volumeInSeries:4,fullTitle:"Malaria",editors:[{id:"86725",title:"Dr.",name:"Fyson",middleName:"Hanania",surname:"Kasenga",slug:"fyson-kasenga",fullName:"Fyson Kasenga",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/86725/images/system/86725.jpg",biography:"Dr. Kasenga is a graduate of Tumaini University, Kilimanjaro Christian Medical College, Moshi, Tanzania and Umeå University, Sweden. He obtained a Master’s degree in Public Health and PhD in Public Health and Epidemiology. He has a background in Clinical Medicine and has taken courses at higher diploma levels in public health from University of Transkei, Republic of South Africa, and African Medical and Research Foundation (AMREF) in Nairobi, Kenya. Dr. Kasenga worked in different places in and outside Malawi, and has held various positions, such as Licensed Medical Officer, HIV/AIDS Programme Officer, HIV/AIDS resource person in the International Department of Diakonhjemet College, Oslo, Norway. He also managed an Integrated HIV/AIDS Prevention programme for over 5 years. He is currently working as a Director for the Health Ministries Department of Malawi Union of the Seventh Day Adventist Church. Dr. Kasenga has published over 5 articles on HIV/AIDS issues focusing on Prevention of Mother to Child Transmission of HIV (PMTCT), including a book chapter on HIV testing counseling (currently in press). Dr. Kasenga is married to Grace and blessed with three children, a son and two daughters: Happy, Lettice and Sungani.",institutionString:"Malawi Adventist University",institution:{name:"Malawi Adventist University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Malawi"}}}]}]},openForSubmissionBooks:{paginationCount:3,paginationItems:[{id:"11601",title:"Econometrics - Recent Advances and Applications",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11601.jpg",hash:"bc8ab49e2cf436c217a49ca8c12a22eb",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:3,submissionDeadline:"May 13th 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"452331",title:"Dr.",name:"Brian",surname:"Sloboda",slug:"brian-sloboda",fullName:"Brian Sloboda"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{id:"12141",title:"Leadership - Advancing Great Leadership Practices and Good Leaders",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/12141.jpg",hash:"85f77453916f1d80d80d88ee4fd2f2d1",secondStepPassed:!1,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:2,submissionDeadline:"July 1st 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"420133",title:"Dr.",name:"Joseph",surname:"Crawford",slug:"joseph-crawford",fullName:"Joseph Crawford"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{id:"12139",title:"Global Market and Trade",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/12139.jpg",hash:"fa34af07c3a9657fa670404202f8cba5",secondStepPassed:!1,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:2,submissionDeadline:"July 21st 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"243649",title:"Dr.Ing.",name:"Ireneusz",surname:"Miciuła",slug:"ireneusz-miciula",fullName:"Ireneusz Miciuła"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}]},onlineFirstChapters:{paginationCount:19,paginationItems:[{id:"82196",title:"Multi-Features Assisted Age Invariant Face Recognition and Retrieval Using CNN with Scale Invariant Heat Kernel Signature",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104944",signatures:"Kamarajugadda Kishore Kumar and Movva Pavani",slug:"multi-features-assisted-age-invariant-face-recognition-and-retrieval-using-cnn-with-scale-invariant-",totalDownloads:6,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Pattern Recognition - New Insights",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11442.jpg",subseries:{id:"26",title:"Machine Learning and Data Mining"}}},{id:"82063",title:"Evaluating Similarities and Differences between Machine Learning and Traditional Statistical Modeling in Healthcare Analytics",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105116",signatures:"Michele Bennett, Ewa J. Kleczyk, Karin Hayes and Rajesh Mehta",slug:"evaluating-similarities-and-differences-between-machine-learning-and-traditional-statistical-modelin",totalDownloads:6,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Machine Learning and Data Mining - Annual Volume 2022",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11422.jpg",subseries:{id:"26",title:"Machine Learning and Data Mining"}}},{id:"81791",title:"Self-Supervised Contrastive Representation Learning in Computer Vision",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104785",signatures:"Yalin Bastanlar and Semih Orhan",slug:"self-supervised-contrastive-representation-learning-in-computer-vision",totalDownloads:26,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Pattern Recognition - New Insights",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11442.jpg",subseries:{id:"26",title:"Machine Learning and Data Mining"}}},{id:"79345",title:"Application of Jump Diffusion Models in Insurance Claim Estimation",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.99853",signatures:"Leonard Mushunje, Chiedza Elvina Mashiri, Edina Chandiwana and Maxwell Mashasha",slug:"application-of-jump-diffusion-models-in-insurance-claim-estimation-1",totalDownloads:8,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Data Clustering",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10820.jpg",subseries:{id:"26",title:"Machine Learning and Data Mining"}}},{id:"81557",title:"Object Tracking Using Adapted Optical Flow",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.102863",signatures:"Ronaldo Ferreira, Joaquim José de Castro Ferreira and António José Ribeiro Neves",slug:"object-tracking-using-adapted-optical-flow",totalDownloads:16,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Information Extraction and Object Tracking in Digital Video",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10652.jpg",subseries:{id:"24",title:"Computer Vision"}}},{id:"81558",title:"Thresholding Image Techniques for Plant Segmentation",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104587",signatures:"Miguel Ángel Castillo-Martínez, Francisco Javier Gallegos-Funes, Blanca E. Carvajal-Gámez, Guillermo Urriolagoitia-Sosa and Alberto J. Rosales-Silva",slug:"thresholding-image-techniques-for-plant-segmentation",totalDownloads:20,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Information Extraction and Object Tracking in Digital Video",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10652.jpg",subseries:{id:"24",title:"Computer Vision"}}},{id:"81471",title:"Semantic Map: Bringing Together Groups and Discourses",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.103818",signatures:"Theodore Chadjipadelis and Georgia Panagiotidou",slug:"semantic-map-bringing-together-groups-and-discourses",totalDownloads:19,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Data Clustering",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10820.jpg",subseries:{id:"26",title:"Machine Learning and Data Mining"}}},{id:"79491",title:"Fuzzy Perceptron Learning for Non-Linearly Separable Patterns",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101312",signatures:"Raja Kishor Duggirala",slug:"fuzzy-perceptron-learning-for-non-linearly-separable-patterns",totalDownloads:17,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:[{name:"Raja Kishor",surname:"Duggirala"}],book:{title:"Data Clustering",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10820.jpg",subseries:{id:"26",title:"Machine Learning and Data Mining"}}},{id:"81234",title:"Cognitive Visual Tracking of Hand Gestures in Real-Time RGB Videos",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.103170",signatures:"Richa Golash and Yogendra Kumar Jain",slug:"cognitive-visual-tracking-of-hand-gestures-in-real-time-rgb-videos",totalDownloads:39,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Information Extraction and Object Tracking in Digital Video",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10652.jpg",subseries:{id:"24",title:"Computer Vision"}}},{id:"81331",title:"Machine Learning Algorithm-Based Contraceptive Practice among Ever-Married Women in Bangladesh: A Hierarchical Machine Learning Classification Approach",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.103187",signatures:"Iqramul Haq, Md. Ismail Hossain, Md. Moshiur Rahman, Md. Injamul Haq Methun, Ashis Talukder, Md. Jakaria Habib and Md. Sanwar Hossain",slug:"machine-learning-algorithm-based-contraceptive-practice-among-ever-married-women-in-bangladesh-a-hie",totalDownloads:20,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Machine Learning and Data Mining - Annual Volume 2022",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11422.jpg",subseries:{id:"26",title:"Machine Learning and Data Mining"}}}]},subseriesFiltersForOFChapters:[{caption:"Applied Intelligence",value:22,count:1,group:"subseries"},{caption:"Computer Vision",value:24,count:8,group:"subseries"},{caption:"Machine Learning and Data Mining",value:26,count:10,group:"subseries"}],publishedBooks:{paginationCount:9,paginationItems:[{type:"book",id:"10654",title:"Brain-Computer Interface",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10654.jpg",slug:"brain-computer-interface",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Vahid Asadpour",hash:"a5308884068cc53ed31c6baba756857f",volumeInSeries:9,fullTitle:"Brain-Computer Interface",editors:[{id:"165328",title:"Dr.",name:"Vahid",middleName:null,surname:"Asadpour",slug:"vahid-asadpour",fullName:"Vahid Asadpour",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/165328/images/system/165328.jpg",institutionString:"Kaiser Permanente Southern California",institution:null}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"10859",title:"Data Mining",subtitle:"Concepts and Applications",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10859.jpg",slug:"data-mining-concepts-and-applications",publishedDate:"March 30th 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Ciza Thomas",hash:"63a4e514e537d3962cf53ef1c6b9d5eb",volumeInSeries:8,fullTitle:"Data Mining - Concepts and Applications",editors:[{id:"43680",title:"Prof.",name:"Ciza",middleName:null,surname:"Thomas",slug:"ciza-thomas",fullName:"Ciza Thomas",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/43680/images/system/43680.jpeg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Government of Kerala",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"10651",title:"Machine Learning",subtitle:"Algorithms, Models and Applications",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10651.jpg",slug:"machine-learning-algorithms-models-and-applications",publishedDate:"December 22nd 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Jaydip Sen",hash:"6208156401c496e0a4ca5ff4265324cc",volumeInSeries:7,fullTitle:"Machine Learning - Algorithms, Models and Applications",editors:[{id:"4519",title:"Prof.",name:"Jaydip",middleName:null,surname:"Sen",slug:"jaydip-sen",fullName:"Jaydip Sen",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/4519/images/system/4519.jpeg",institutionString:"Praxis Business School",institution:null}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9869",title:"Self-Driving Vehicles and Enabling Technologies",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9869.jpg",slug:"self-driving-vehicles-and-enabling-technologies",publishedDate:"September 22nd 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Marian Găiceanu",hash:"fd451ca2e4785ef098e04b7d695a18d9",volumeInSeries:6,fullTitle:"Self-Driving Vehicles and Enabling Technologies",editors:[{id:"169608",title:"Prof.",name:"Marian",middleName:null,surname:"Găiceanu",slug:"marian-gaiceanu",fullName:"Marian Găiceanu",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/169608/images/system/169608.png",institutionString:'"Dunarea de Jos" University of Galati',institution:{name:'"Dunarea de Jos" University of Galati',institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Romania"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9958",title:"Artificial Intelligence",subtitle:"Latest Advances, New Paradigms and Novel Applications",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9958.jpg",slug:"artificial-intelligence-latest-advances-new-paradigms-and-novel-applications",publishedDate:"September 1st 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Eneko Osaba, Esther Villar, Jesús L. Lobo and Ibai Laña",hash:"39648fbfdaa11385097d62b1f13aad54",volumeInSeries:5,fullTitle:"Artificial Intelligence - Latest Advances, New Paradigms and Novel Applications",editors:[{id:"221364",title:"Dr.",name:"Eneko",middleName:null,surname:"Osaba",slug:"eneko-osaba",fullName:"Eneko Osaba",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/221364/images/system/221364.jpg",institutionString:"TECNALIA Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9963",title:"Advances and Applications in Deep Learning",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9963.jpg",slug:"advances-and-applications-in-deep-learning",publishedDate:"December 9th 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Marco Antonio Aceves-Fernandez",hash:"0d51ba46f22e55cb89140f60d86a071e",volumeInSeries:4,fullTitle:"Advances and Applications in Deep Learning",editors:[{id:"24555",title:"Dr.",name:"Marco Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Aceves Fernandez",slug:"marco-antonio-aceves-fernandez",fullName:"Marco Antonio Aceves Fernandez",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/24555/images/system/24555.jpg",institutionString:"Universidad Autonoma de Queretaro",institution:{name:"Autonomous University of Queretaro",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"7656",title:"Fuzzy Logic",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7656.jpg",slug:"fuzzy-logic",publishedDate:"February 5th 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Constantin Volosencu",hash:"54f092d4ffe0abf5e4172a80025019bc",volumeInSeries:3,fullTitle:"Fuzzy Logic",editors:[{id:"1063",title:"Prof.",name:"Constantin",middleName:null,surname:"Volosencu",slug:"constantin-volosencu",fullName:"Constantin Volosencu",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/1063/images/system/1063.png",institutionString:"Polytechnic University of Timişoara",institution:{name:"Polytechnic University of Timişoara",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Romania"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"7726",title:"Swarm Intelligence",subtitle:"Recent Advances, New Perspectives and Applications",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7726.jpg",slug:"swarm-intelligence-recent-advances-new-perspectives-and-applications",publishedDate:"December 4th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Javier Del Ser, Esther Villar and Eneko Osaba",hash:"e7ea7e74ce7a7a8e5359629e07c68d31",volumeInSeries:2,fullTitle:"Swarm Intelligence - Recent Advances, New Perspectives and Applications",editors:[{id:"49813",title:"Dr.",name:"Javier",middleName:null,surname:"Del Ser",slug:"javier-del-ser",fullName:"Javier Del Ser",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/49813/images/system/49813.png",institutionString:"Tecnalia Research & Innovation",institution:null}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"7723",title:"Artificial Intelligence",subtitle:"Applications in Medicine and Biology",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7723.jpg",slug:"artificial-intelligence-applications-in-medicine-and-biology",publishedDate:"July 31st 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Marco Antonio Aceves-Fernandez",hash:"a3852659e727f95c98c740ed98146011",volumeInSeries:1,fullTitle:"Artificial Intelligence - Applications in Medicine and Biology",editors:[{id:"24555",title:"Dr.",name:"Marco Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Aceves Fernandez",slug:"marco-antonio-aceves-fernandez",fullName:"Marco Antonio Aceves Fernandez",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/24555/images/system/24555.jpg",institutionString:"Universidad Autonoma de Queretaro",institution:{name:"Autonomous University of Queretaro",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}]},subseriesFiltersForPublishedBooks:[{group:"subseries",caption:"Computational Neuroscience",value:23,count:1},{group:"subseries",caption:"Evolutionary Computation",value:25,count:1},{group:"subseries",caption:"Machine Learning and Data Mining",value:26,count:3},{group:"subseries",caption:"Applied Intelligence",value:22,count:4}],publicationYearFilters:[{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2022",value:2022,count:2},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2021",value:2021,count:3},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2020",value:2020,count:2},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2019",value:2019,count:2}],authors:{paginationCount:301,paginationItems:[{id:"116250",title:"Dr.",name:"Nima",middleName:null,surname:"Rezaei",slug:"nima-rezaei",fullName:"Nima Rezaei",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/116250/images/system/116250.jpg",biography:"Professor Nima Rezaei obtained an MD from Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Iran. He also obtained an MSc in Molecular and Genetic Medicine, and a Ph.D. in Clinical Immunology and Human Genetics from the University of Sheffield, UK. He also completed a short-term fellowship in Pediatric Clinical Immunology and Bone Marrow Transplantation at Newcastle General Hospital, England. Dr. Rezaei is a Full Professor of Immunology and Vice Dean of International Affairs and Research, at the School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, and the co-founder and head of the Research Center for Immunodeficiencies. He is also the founding president of the Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN). Dr. Rezaei has directed more than 100 research projects and has designed and participated in several international collaborative projects. He is an editor, editorial assistant, or editorial board member of more than forty international journals. He has edited more than 50 international books, presented more than 500 lectures/posters in congresses/meetings, and published more than 1,100 scientific papers in international journals.",institutionString:"Tehran University of Medical Sciences",institution:{name:"Tehran University of Medical Sciences",country:{name:"Iran"}}},{id:"180733",title:"Dr.",name:"Jean",middleName:null,surname:"Engohang-Ndong",slug:"jean-engohang-ndong",fullName:"Jean Engohang-Ndong",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/180733/images/system/180733.png",biography:"Dr. Jean Engohang-Ndong was born and raised in Gabon. After obtaining his Associate Degree of Science at the University of Science and Technology of Masuku, Gabon, he continued his education in France where he obtained his BS, MS, and Ph.D. in Medical Microbiology. He worked as a post-doctoral fellow at the Public Health Research Institute (PHRI), Newark, NJ for four years before accepting a three-year faculty position at Brigham Young University-Hawaii. Dr. Engohang-Ndong is a tenured faculty member with the academic rank of Full Professor at Kent State University, Ohio, where he teaches a wide range of biological science courses and pursues his research in medical and environmental microbiology. Recently, he expanded his research interest to epidemiology and biostatistics of chronic diseases in Gabon.",institutionString:"Kent State University",institution:{name:"Kent State University",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"188773",title:"Prof.",name:"Emmanuel",middleName:null,surname:"Drouet",slug:"emmanuel-drouet",fullName:"Emmanuel Drouet",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/188773/images/system/188773.png",biography:"Emmanuel Drouet, PharmD, is a Professor of Virology at the Faculty of Pharmacy, the University Grenoble-Alpes, France. As a head scientist at the Institute of Structural Biology in Grenoble, Dr. Drouet’s research investigates persisting viruses in humans (RNA and DNA viruses) and the balance with our host immune system. He focuses on these viruses’ effects on humans (both their impact on pathology and their symbiotic relationships in humans). He has an excellent track record in the herpesvirus field, and his group is engaged in clinical research in the field of Epstein-Barr virus diseases. He is the editor of the online Encyclopedia of Environment and he coordinates the Universal Health Coverage education program for the BioHealth Computing Schools of the European Institute of Science.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Grenoble Alpes University",country:{name:"France"}}},{id:"131400",title:"Prof.",name:"Alfonso J.",middleName:null,surname:"Rodriguez-Morales",slug:"alfonso-j.-rodriguez-morales",fullName:"Alfonso J. Rodriguez-Morales",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/131400/images/system/131400.png",biography:"Dr. Rodriguez-Morales is an expert in tropical and emerging diseases, particularly zoonotic and vector-borne diseases (especially arboviral diseases). He is the president of the Travel Medicine Committee of the Pan-American Infectious Diseases Association (API), as well as the president of the Colombian Association of Infectious Diseases (ACIN). He is a member of the Committee on Tropical Medicine, Zoonoses, and Travel Medicine of ACIN. He is a vice-president of the Latin American Society for Travel Medicine (SLAMVI) and a Member of the Council of the International Society for Infectious Diseases (ISID). Since 2014, he has been recognized as a Senior Researcher, at the Ministry of Science of Colombia. He is a professor at the Faculty of Medicine of the Fundacion Universitaria Autonoma de las Americas, in Pereira, Risaralda, Colombia. He is an External Professor, Master in Research on Tropical Medicine and International Health, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain. He is also a professor at the Master in Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Universidad Científica del Sur, Lima, Peru. In 2021 he has been awarded the “Raul Isturiz Award” Medal of the API. Also, in 2021, he was awarded with the “Jose Felix Patiño” Asclepius Staff Medal of the Colombian Medical College, due to his scientific contributions to COVID-19 during the pandemic. He is currently the Editor in Chief of the journal Travel Medicine and Infectious Diseases. His Scopus H index is 47 (Google Scholar H index, 68).",institutionString:"Institución Universitaria Visión de las Américas, Colombia",institution:null},{id:"332819",title:"Dr.",name:"Chukwudi Michael",middleName:"Michael",surname:"Egbuche",slug:"chukwudi-michael-egbuche",fullName:"Chukwudi Michael Egbuche",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/332819/images/14624_n.jpg",biography:"I an Dr. Chukwudi Michael Egbuche. I am a Senior Lecturer in the Department of Parasitology and Entomology, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Nnamdi Azikiwe University",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"284232",title:"Mr.",name:"Nikunj",middleName:"U",surname:"Tandel",slug:"nikunj-tandel",fullName:"Nikunj Tandel",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/284232/images/8275_n.jpg",biography:'Mr. Nikunj Tandel has completed his Master\'s degree in Biotechnology from VIT University, India in the year of 2012. He is having 8 years of research experience especially in the field of malaria epidemiology, immunology, and nanoparticle-based drug delivery system against the infectious diseases, autoimmune disorders and cancer. He has worked for the NIH funded-International Center of Excellence in Malaria Research project "Center for the study of complex malaria in India (CSCMi)" in collaboration with New York University. The preliminary objectives of the study are to understand and develop the evidence-based tools and interventions for the control and prevention of malaria in different sites of the INDIA. Alongside, with the help of next-generation genomics study, the team has studied the antimalarial drug resistance in India. Further, he has extended his research in the development of Humanized mice for the study of liver-stage malaria and identification of molecular marker(s) for the Artemisinin resistance. At present, his research focuses on understanding the role of B cells in the activation of CD8+ T cells in malaria. Received the CSIR-SRF (Senior Research Fellow) award-2018, FIMSA (Federation of Immunological Societies of Asia-Oceania) Travel Bursary award to attend the IUIS-IIS-FIMSA Immunology course-2019',institutionString:"Nirma University",institution:{name:"Nirma University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"334383",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Simone",middleName:"Ulrich",surname:"Ulrich Picoli",slug:"simone-ulrich-picoli",fullName:"Simone Ulrich Picoli",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/334383/images/15919_n.jpg",biography:"Graduated in Pharmacy from Universidade Luterana do Brasil (1999), Master in Agricultural and Environmental Microbiology from Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (2002), Specialization in Clinical Microbiology from Universidade de São Paulo, USP (2007) and PhD in Sciences in Gastroenterology and Hepatology (2012). She is currently an Adjunct Professor at Feevale University in Medicine and Biomedicine courses and a permanent professor of the Academic Master\\'s Degree in Virology. She has experience in the field of Microbiology, with an emphasis on Bacteriology, working mainly on the following topics: bacteriophages, bacterial resistance, clinical microbiology and food microbiology.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Feevale",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"229220",title:"Dr.",name:"Amjad",middleName:"Islam",surname:"Aqib",slug:"amjad-aqib",fullName:"Amjad Aqib",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/229220/images/system/229220.png",biography:"Dr. Amjad Islam Aqib obtained a DVM and MSc (Hons) from University of Agriculture Faisalabad (UAF), Pakistan, and a PhD from the University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences Lahore, Pakistan. Dr. Aqib joined the Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery at UAF for one year as an assistant professor where he developed a research laboratory designated for pathogenic bacteria. Since 2018, he has been Assistant Professor/Officer in-charge, Department of Medicine, Manager Research Operations and Development-ORIC, and President One Health Club at Cholistan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Bahawalpur, Pakistan. He has nearly 100 publications to his credit. His research interests include epidemiological patterns and molecular analysis of antimicrobial resistance and modulation and vaccine development against animal pathogens of public health concern.",institutionString:"Cholistan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences",institution:null},{id:"62900",title:"Prof.",name:"Fethi",middleName:null,surname:"Derbel",slug:"fethi-derbel",fullName:"Fethi Derbel",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/62900/images/system/62900.jpeg",biography:"Professor Fethi Derbel was born in 1960 in Tunisia. He received his medical degree from the Sousse Faculty of Medicine at Sousse, University of Sousse, Tunisia. He completed his surgical residency in General Surgery at the University Hospital Farhat Hached of Sousse and was a member of the Unit of Liver Transplantation in the University of Rennes, France. He then worked in the Department of Surgery at the Sahloul University Hospital in Sousse. Professor Derbel is presently working at the Clinique les Oliviers, Sousse, Tunisia. His hospital activities are mostly concerned with laparoscopic, colorectal, pancreatic, hepatobiliary, and gastric surgery. He is also very interested in hernia surgery and performs ventral hernia repairs and inguinal hernia repairs. He has been a member of the GREPA and Tunisian Hernia Society (THS). During his residency, he managed patients suffering from diabetic foot, and he was very interested in this pathology. For this reason, he decided to coordinate a book project dealing with the diabetic foot. Professor Derbel has published many articles in journals and collaborates intensively with IntechOpen Access Publisher as an editor.",institutionString:"Clinique les Oliviers",institution:null},{id:"300144",title:"Dr.",name:"Meriem",middleName:null,surname:"Braiki",slug:"meriem-braiki",fullName:"Meriem Braiki",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/300144/images/system/300144.jpg",biography:"Dr. Meriem Braiki is a specialist in pediatric surgeon from Tunisia. She was born in 1985. She received her medical degree from the University of Medicine at Sousse, Tunisia. She achieved her surgical residency training periods in Pediatric Surgery departments at University Hospitals in Monastir, Tunis and France.\r\nShe is currently working at the Pediatric surgery department, Sidi Bouzid Hospital, Tunisia. Her hospital activities are mostly concerned with laparoscopic, parietal, urological and digestive surgery. She has published several articles in diffrent journals.",institutionString:"Sidi Bouzid Regional Hospital",institution:null},{id:"229481",title:"Dr.",name:"Erika M.",middleName:"Martins",surname:"de Carvalho",slug:"erika-m.-de-carvalho",fullName:"Erika M. de Carvalho",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/229481/images/6397_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Oswaldo Cruz Foundation",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"186537",title:"Prof.",name:"Tonay",middleName:null,surname:"Inceboz",slug:"tonay-inceboz",fullName:"Tonay Inceboz",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/186537/images/system/186537.jfif",biography:"I was graduated from Ege University of Medical Faculty (Turkey) in 1988 and completed his Med. PhD degree in Medical Parasitology at the same university. I became an Associate Professor in 2008 and Professor in 2014. I am currently working as a Professor at the Department of Medical Parasitology at Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey.\n\nI have given many lectures, presentations in different academic meetings. I have more than 60 articles in peer-reviewed journals, 18 book chapters, 1 book editorship.\n\nMy research interests are Echinococcus granulosus, Echinococcus multilocularis (diagnosis, life cycle, in vitro and in vivo cultivation), and Trichomonas vaginalis (diagnosis, PCR, and in vitro cultivation).",institutionString:"Dokuz Eylül University",institution:{name:"Dokuz Eylül University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"71812",title:"Prof.",name:"Hanem Fathy",middleName:"Fathy",surname:"Khater",slug:"hanem-fathy-khater",fullName:"Hanem Fathy Khater",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/71812/images/1167_n.jpg",biography:"Prof. Khater is a Professor of Parasitology at Benha University, Egypt. She studied for her doctoral degree, at the Department of Entomology, College of Agriculture, Food and Natural Resources, University of Missouri, Columbia, USA. She has completed her Ph.D. degrees in Parasitology in Egypt, from where she got the award for “the best scientific Ph.D. dissertation”. She worked at the School of Biological Sciences, Bristol, England, the UK in controlling insects of medical and veterinary importance as a grant from Newton Mosharafa, the British Council. Her research is focused on searching of pesticides against mosquitoes, house flies, lice, green bottle fly, camel nasal botfly, soft and hard ticks, mites, and the diamondback moth as well as control of several parasites using safe and natural materials to avoid drug resistances and environmental contamination.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Banha University",country:{name:"Egypt"}}},{id:"99780",title:"Prof.",name:"Omolade",middleName:"Olayinka",surname:"Okwa",slug:"omolade-okwa",fullName:"Omolade Okwa",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/99780/images/system/99780.jpg",biography:"Omolade Olayinka Okwa is presently a Professor of Parasitology at Lagos State University, Nigeria. She has a PhD in Parasitology (1997), an MSc in Cellular Parasitology (1992), and a BSc (Hons) Zoology (1990) all from the University of Ibadan, Nigeria. She teaches parasitology at the undergraduate and postgraduate levels. She was a recipient of a Commonwealth fellowship supported by British Council tenable at the Centre for Entomology and Parasitology (CAEP), Keele University, United Kingdom between 2004 and 2005. She was awarded an Honorary Visiting Research Fellow at the same university from 2005 to 2007. \nShe has been an external examiner to the Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Ibadan, MSc programme between 2010 and 2012. She is a member of the Nigerian Society of Experimental Biology (NISEB), Parasitology and Public Health Society of Nigeria (PPSN), Science Association of Nigeria (SAN), Zoological Society of Nigeria (ZSN), and is Vice Chairperson of the Organisation of Women in Science (OWSG), LASU chapter. She served as Head of Department of Zoology and Environmental Biology, Lagos State University from 2007 to 2010 and 2014 to 2016. She is a reviewer for several local and international journals such as Unilag Journal of Science, Libyan Journal of Medicine, Journal of Medicine and Medical Sciences, and Annual Research and Review in Science. \nShe has authored 45 scientific research publications in local and international journals, 8 scientific reviews, 4 books, and 3 book chapters, which includes the books “Malaria Parasites” and “Malaria” which are IntechOpen access publications.",institutionString:"Lagos State University",institution:{name:"Lagos State University",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"273100",title:"Dr.",name:"Vijay",middleName:null,surname:"Gayam",slug:"vijay-gayam",fullName:"Vijay Gayam",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/273100/images/system/273100.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Vijay Bhaskar Reddy Gayam is currently practicing as an internist at Interfaith Medical Center in Brooklyn, New York, USA. He is also a Clinical Assistant Professor at the SUNY Downstate University Hospital and Adjunct Professor of Medicine at the American University of Antigua. He is a holder of an M.B.B.S. degree bestowed to him by Osmania Medical College and received his M.D. at Interfaith Medical Center. His career goals thus far have heavily focused on direct patient care, medical education, and clinical research. He currently serves in two leadership capacities; Assistant Program Director of Medicine at Interfaith Medical Center and as a Councilor for the American\r\nFederation for Medical Research. As a true academician and researcher, he has more than 50 papers indexed in international peer-reviewed journals. He has also presented numerous papers in multiple national and international scientific conferences. His areas of research interest include general internal medicine, gastroenterology and hepatology. He serves as an editor, editorial board member and reviewer for multiple international journals. His research on Hepatitis C has been very successful and has led to multiple research awards, including the 'Equity in Prevention and Treatment Award” from the New York Department of Health Viral Hepatitis Symposium (2018) and the 'Presidential Poster Award” awarded to him by the American College of Gastroenterology (2018). He was also awarded 'Outstanding Clinician in General Medicine” by Venus International Foundation for his extensive research expertise and services, perform over and above the standard expected in the advancement of healthcare, patient safety and quality of care.",institutionString:"Interfaith Medical Center",institution:{name:"Interfaith Medical Center",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"93517",title:"Dr.",name:"Clement",middleName:"Adebajo",surname:"Meseko",slug:"clement-meseko",fullName:"Clement Meseko",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/93517/images/system/93517.jpg",biography:"Dr. Clement Meseko obtained DVM and PhD degree in Veterinary Medicine and Virology respectively. He has worked for over 20 years in both private and public sectors including the academia, contributing to knowledge and control of infectious disease. Through the application of epidemiological skill, classical and molecular virological skills, he investigates viruses of economic and public health importance for the mitigation of the negative impact on people, animal and the environment in the context of Onehealth. \r\nDr. Meseko’s field experience on animal and zoonotic diseases and pathogen dynamics at the human-animal interface over the years shaped his carrier in research and scientific inquiries. He has been part of the investigation of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza incursions in sub Saharan Africa and monitors swine Influenza (Pandemic influenza Virus) agro-ecology and potential for interspecies transmission. He has authored and reviewed a number of journal articles and book chapters.",institutionString:"National Veterinary Research Institute",institution:{name:"National Veterinary Research Institute",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"158026",title:"Prof.",name:"Shailendra K.",middleName:null,surname:"Saxena",slug:"shailendra-k.-saxena",fullName:"Shailendra K. Saxena",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRET3QAO/Profile_Picture_2022-05-10T10:10:26.jpeg",biography:"Professor Dr. Shailendra K. Saxena is a vice dean and professor at King George's Medical University, Lucknow, India. His research interests involve understanding the molecular mechanisms of host defense during human viral infections and developing new predictive, preventive, and therapeutic strategies for them using Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), HIV, and emerging viruses as a model via stem cell and cell culture technologies. His research work has been published in various high-impact factor journals (Science, PNAS, Nature Medicine) with a high number of citations. He has received many awards and honors in India and abroad including various Young Scientist Awards, BBSRC India Partnering Award, and Dr. JC Bose National Award of Department of Biotechnology, Min. of Science and Technology, Govt. of India. Dr. Saxena is a fellow of various international societies/academies including the Royal College of Pathologists, United Kingdom; Royal Society of Medicine, London; Royal Society of Biology, United Kingdom; Royal Society of Chemistry, London; and Academy of Translational Medicine Professionals, Austria. He was named a Global Leader in Science by The Scientist. He is also an international opinion leader/expert in vaccination for Japanese encephalitis by IPIC (UK).",institutionString:"King George's Medical University",institution:{name:"King George's Medical University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"94928",title:"Dr.",name:"Takuo",middleName:null,surname:"Mizukami",slug:"takuo-mizukami",fullName:"Takuo Mizukami",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/94928/images/6402_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"National Institute of Infectious Diseases",country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"233433",title:"Dr.",name:"Yulia",middleName:null,surname:"Desheva",slug:"yulia-desheva",fullName:"Yulia Desheva",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/233433/images/system/233433.png",biography:"Dr. Yulia Desheva is a leading researcher at the Institute of Experimental Medicine, St. Petersburg, Russia. She is a professor in the Stomatology Faculty, St. Petersburg State University. She has expertise in the development and evaluation of a wide range of live mucosal vaccines against influenza and bacterial complications. Her research interests include immunity against influenza and COVID-19 and the development of immunization schemes for high-risk individuals.",institutionString:'Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution "Institute of Experimental Medicine"',institution:null},{id:"238958",title:"Mr.",name:"Atamjit",middleName:null,surname:"Singh",slug:"atamjit-singh",fullName:"Atamjit Singh",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/238958/images/6575_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"333753",title:"Dr.",name:"Rais",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmed",slug:"rais-ahmed",fullName:"Rais Ahmed",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/333753/images/20168_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"252058",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Juan",middleName:null,surname:"Sulca",slug:"juan-sulca",fullName:"Juan Sulca",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/252058/images/12834_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"191392",title:"Dr.",name:"Marimuthu",middleName:null,surname:"Govindarajan",slug:"marimuthu-govindarajan",fullName:"Marimuthu Govindarajan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/191392/images/5828_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. M. Govindarajan completed his BSc degree in Zoology at Government Arts College (Autonomous), Kumbakonam, and MSc, MPhil, and PhD degrees at Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar, Tamil Nadu, India. He is serving as an assistant professor at the Department of Zoology, Annamalai University. His research interests include isolation, identification, and characterization of biologically active molecules from plants and microbes. He has identified more than 20 pure compounds with high mosquitocidal activity and also conducted high-quality research on photochemistry and nanosynthesis. He has published more than 150 studies in journals with impact factor and 2 books in Lambert Academic Publishing, Germany. He serves as an editorial board member in various national and international scientific journals.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"274660",title:"Dr.",name:"Damodar",middleName:null,surname:"Paudel",slug:"damodar-paudel",fullName:"Damodar Paudel",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/274660/images/8176_n.jpg",biography:"I am DrDamodar Paudel,currently working as consultant Physician in Nepal police Hospital.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"241562",title:"Dr.",name:"Melvin",middleName:null,surname:"Sanicas",slug:"melvin-sanicas",fullName:"Melvin Sanicas",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/241562/images/6699_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"337446",title:"Dr.",name:"Maria",middleName:null,surname:"Zavala-Colon",slug:"maria-zavala-colon",fullName:"Maria Zavala-Colon",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Puerto Rico, Medical Sciences Campus",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"338856",title:"Mrs.",name:"Nur Alvira",middleName:null,surname:"Pascawati",slug:"nur-alvira-pascawati",fullName:"Nur Alvira Pascawati",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universitas Respati Yogyakarta",country:{name:"Indonesia"}}},{id:"441116",title:"Dr.",name:"Jovanka M.",middleName:null,surname:"Voyich",slug:"jovanka-m.-voyich",fullName:"Jovanka M. Voyich",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Montana State University",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"330412",title:"Dr.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Farhab",slug:"muhammad-farhab",fullName:"Muhammad Farhab",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Agriculture Faisalabad",country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"349495",title:"Dr.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Ijaz",slug:"muhammad-ijaz",fullName:"Muhammad Ijaz",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences",country:{name:"Pakistan"}}}]}},subseries:{item:{id:"26",type:"subseries",title:"Machine Learning and Data Mining",keywords:"Intelligent Systems, Machine Learning, Data Science, Data Mining, Artificial Intelligence",scope:"The scope of machine learning and data mining is immense and is growing every day. It has become a massive part of our daily lives, making predictions based on experience, making this a fascinating area that solves problems that otherwise would not be possible or easy to solve. This topic aims to encompass algorithms that learn from experience (supervised and unsupervised), improve their performance over time and enable machines to make data-driven decisions. It is not limited to any particular applications, but contributions are encouraged from all disciplines.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/26.jpg",hasOnlineFirst:!0,hasPublishedBooks:!0,annualVolume:11422,editor:{id:"24555",title:"Dr.",name:"Marco Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Aceves Fernandez",slug:"marco-antonio-aceves-fernandez",fullName:"Marco Antonio Aceves Fernandez",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/24555/images/system/24555.jpg",biography:"Dr. Marco Antonio Aceves Fernandez obtained his B.Sc. (Eng.) in Telematics from the Universidad de Colima, Mexico. He obtained both his M.Sc. and Ph.D. from the University of Liverpool, England, in the field of Intelligent Systems. He is a full professor at the Universidad Autonoma de Queretaro, Mexico, and a member of the National System of Researchers (SNI) since 2009. Dr. Aceves Fernandez has published more than 80 research papers as well as a number of book chapters and congress papers. He has contributed in more than 20 funded research projects, both academic and industrial, in the area of artificial intelligence, ranging from environmental, biomedical, automotive, aviation, consumer, and robotics to other applications. He is also a honorary president at the National Association of Embedded Systems (AMESE), a senior member of the IEEE, and a board member of many institutions. His research interests include intelligent and embedded systems.",institutionString:"Universidad Autonoma de Queretaro",institution:{name:"Autonomous University of Queretaro",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,series:{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",issn:"2633-1403"},editorialBoard:[{id:"43680",title:"Prof.",name:"Ciza",middleName:null,surname:"Thomas",slug:"ciza-thomas",fullName:"Ciza Thomas",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/43680/images/system/43680.jpeg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Government of Kerala",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"16614",title:"Prof.",name:"Juan Ignacio",middleName:null,surname:"Guerrero Alonso",slug:"juan-ignacio-guerrero-alonso",fullName:"Juan Ignacio Guerrero Alonso",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002g6HB8QAM/Profile_Picture_1627901127555",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Seville",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"3095",title:"Prof.",name:"Kenji",middleName:null,surname:"Suzuki",slug:"kenji-suzuki",fullName:"Kenji Suzuki",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/3095/images/1592_n.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Chicago",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"214067",title:"Dr.",name:"W. David",middleName:null,surname:"Pan",slug:"w.-david-pan",fullName:"W. David Pan",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSEI9QAO/Profile_Picture_1623656213532",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Alabama in Huntsville",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"72920",title:"Prof.",name:"Yves",middleName:"Philippe",surname:"Rybarczyk",slug:"yves-rybarczyk",fullName:"Yves Rybarczyk",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/72920/images/system/72920.jpeg",institutionString:"Dalarna University, Faculty of Data and Information Sciences",institution:{name:"Dalarna University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Sweden"}}}]},onlineFirstChapters:{paginationCount:14,paginationItems:[{id:"82103",title:"The Role of Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress and Its Regulation in the Progression of Neurological and Infectious Diseases",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105543",signatures:"Mary Dover, Michael Kishek, Miranda Eddins, Naneeta Desar, Ketema Paul and Milan Fiala",slug:"the-role-of-endoplasmic-reticulum-stress-and-its-regulation-in-the-progression-of-neurological-and-i",totalDownloads:6,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Updates on Endoplasmic Reticulum",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11674.jpg",subseries:{id:"14",title:"Cell and Molecular Biology"}}},{id:"80954",title:"Ion Channels and Neurodegenerative Disease Aging Related",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.103074",signatures:"Marika Cordaro, Salvatore Cuzzocrea and Rosanna Di Paola",slug:"ion-channels-and-neurodegenerative-disease-aging-related",totalDownloads:6,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Ion Channels - From Basic Properties to Medical Treatment",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10838.jpg",subseries:{id:"14",title:"Cell and Molecular Biology"}}},{id:"81647",title:"Diabetes and Epigenetics",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104653",signatures:"Rasha A. Alhazzaa, Thomas Heinbockel and Antonei B. Csoka",slug:"diabetes-and-epigenetics",totalDownloads:26,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Epigenetics to Optogenetics - A New Paradigm in the Study of Biology",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9672.jpg",subseries:{id:"14",title:"Cell and Molecular Biology"}}},{id:"81099",title:"SK Channels and Heart Disease",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104115",signatures:"Katherine Zhong, Shawn Kant, Frank Sellke and Jun Feng",slug:"sk-channels-and-heart-disease",totalDownloads:21,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Ion Channels - From Basic Properties to Medical Treatment",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10838.jpg",subseries:{id:"14",title:"Cell and Molecular Biology"}}},{id:"80967",title:"Hot on the Trail of Skin Inflammation: Focus on TRPV1/TRPV3 Channels in Psoriasis",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.103792",signatures:"Lisa S. Martin, Emma Fraillon, Fabien P. Chevalier and Bérengère Fromy",slug:"hot-on-the-trail-of-skin-inflammation-focus-on-trpv1-trpv3-channels-in-psoriasis",totalDownloads:36,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Ion Channels - From Basic Properties to Medical Treatment",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10838.jpg",subseries:{id:"14",title:"Cell and Molecular Biology"}}},{id:"80952",title:"TRPV Family Ion Channels in the Mammary Epithelium: Role in Normal Tissue Homeostasis and along Breast Cancer Progression",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.103665",signatures:"Sari Susanna Tojkander",slug:"trpv-family-ion-channels-in-the-mammary-epithelium-role-in-normal-tissue-homeostasis-and-along-breas",totalDownloads:19,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Ion Channels - From Basic Properties to Medical Treatment",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10838.jpg",subseries:{id:"14",title:"Cell and Molecular Biology"}}},{id:"80157",title:"Structural Determinants for Ligand Accommodation in Voltage Sensors",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.102094",signatures:"Abigail García-Morales, Aylin López-Palestino and Daniel Balleza",slug:"structural-determinants-for-ligand-accommodation-in-voltage-sensors",totalDownloads:100,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Ion Channels - From Basic Properties to Medical Treatment",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10838.jpg",subseries:{id:"14",title:"Cell and Molecular Biology"}}},{id:"79690",title:"Mitochondrial Channels and their Role in Cardioprotection",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101127",signatures:"Keerti Mishra and Min Luo",slug:"mitochondrial-channels-and-their-role-in-cardioprotection",totalDownloads:100,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Ion Channels - From Basic Properties to Medical Treatment",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10838.jpg",subseries:{id:"14",title:"Cell and Molecular Biology"}}},{id:"78415",title:"Epigenetic",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.99964",signatures:"Mehmet Ünal",slug:"epigenetic",totalDownloads:150,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Epigenetics to Optogenetics - A New Paradigm in the Study of Biology",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9672.jpg",subseries:{id:"14",title:"Cell and Molecular Biology"}}},{id:"77443",title:"Cyanobacterial Phytochromes in Optogenetics",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.97522",signatures:"Sivasankari Sivaprakasam, Vinoth Mani, Nagalakshmi Balasubramaniyan and David Ravindran Abraham",slug:"cyanobacterial-phytochromes-in-optogenetics",totalDownloads:197,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Epigenetics to Optogenetics - A New Paradigm in the Study of Biology",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9672.jpg",subseries:{id:"14",title:"Cell and Molecular Biology"}}},{id:"75979",title:"Spatiotemporal Regulation of Cell–Cell Adhesions",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.97009",signatures:"Brent M. Bijonowski",slug:"spatiotemporal-regulation-of-cell-cell-adhesions",totalDownloads:180,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Epigenetics to Optogenetics - A New Paradigm in the Study of Biology",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9672.jpg",subseries:{id:"14",title:"Cell and Molecular Biology"}}},{id:"76646",title:"Functional Mechanism of Proton Pump-Type Rhodopsins Found in Various Microorganisms as a Potential Effective Tool in Optogenetics",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.97589",signatures:"Jun Tamogami and Takashi Kikukawa",slug:"functional-mechanism-of-proton-pump-type-rhodopsins-found-in-various-microorganisms-as-a-potential-e",totalDownloads:216,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Epigenetics to Optogenetics - A New Paradigm in the Study of Biology",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9672.jpg",subseries:{id:"14",title:"Cell and Molecular Biology"}}},{id:"76510",title:"Evolution of Epigenome as the Blueprint for Carcinogenesis",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.97379",signatures:"Zeenat Farooq, Ambreen Shah, Mohammad Tauseef, Riyaz A. Rather and Mumtaz Anwar",slug:"evolution-of-epigenome-as-the-blueprint-for-carcinogenesis",totalDownloads:196,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Epigenetics to Optogenetics - A New Paradigm in the Study of Biology",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9672.jpg",subseries:{id:"14",title:"Cell and Molecular Biology"}}},{id:"74615",title:"Diet-Epigenome Interactions: Epi-Drugs Modulating the Epigenetic Machinery During Cancer Prevention",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.95374",signatures:"Fadime Eryılmaz Pehlivan",slug:"diet-epigenome-interactions-epi-drugs-modulating-the-epigenetic-machinery-during-cancer-prevention",totalDownloads:377,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,authors:[{name:"Fadime",surname:"Eryılmaz Pehlivan"}],book:{title:"Epigenetics to Optogenetics - A New Paradigm in the Study of Biology",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9672.jpg",subseries:{id:"14",title:"Cell and Molecular Biology"}}}]},publishedBooks:{paginationCount:1,paginationItems:[{type:"book",id:"10654",title:"Brain-Computer Interface",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10654.jpg",slug:"brain-computer-interface",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Vahid Asadpour",hash:"a5308884068cc53ed31c6baba756857f",volumeInSeries:9,fullTitle:"Brain-Computer Interface",editors:[{id:"165328",title:"Dr.",name:"Vahid",middleName:null,surname:"Asadpour",slug:"vahid-asadpour",fullName:"Vahid Asadpour",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/165328/images/system/165328.jpg",institutionString:"Kaiser Permanente Southern California",institution:null}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}]},testimonialsList:[{id:"18",text:"It was great publishing with IntechOpen, the process was straightforward and I had support all along.",author:{id:"71579",name:"Berend",surname:"Olivier",institutionString:"Utrecht University",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/71579/images/system/71579.png",slug:"berend-olivier",institution:{id:"253",name:"Utrecht University",country:{id:null,name:"Netherlands"}}}},{id:"8",text:"I work with IntechOpen for a number of reasons: their professionalism, their mission in support of Open Access publishing, and the quality of their peer-reviewed publications, but also because they believe in equality.",author:{id:"202192",name:"Catrin",surname:"Rutland",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/202192/images/system/202192.png",slug:"catrin-rutland",institution:{id:"134",name:"University of Nottingham",country:{id:null,name:"United Kingdom"}}}},{id:"27",text:"The opportunity to work with a prestigious publisher allows for the possibility to collaborate with more research groups interested in animal nutrition, leading to the development of new feeding strategies and food valuation while being more sustainable with the environment, allowing more readers to learn about the subject.",author:{id:"175967",name:"Manuel",surname:"Gonzalez Ronquillo",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/175967/images/system/175967.png",slug:"manuel-gonzalez-ronquillo",institution:{id:"6221",name:"Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México",country:{id:null,name:"Mexico"}}}}]},submityourwork:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:89,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:104,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:31,numberOfPublishedChapters:314,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:11,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:141,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:8,numberOfPublishedChapters:129,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:113,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:105,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:5,numberOfOpenTopics:1,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:14,numberOfOpenTopics:5,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],subseriesList:[],annualVolumeBook:{},thematicCollection:[{type:"book",id:"11664",title:"Recent Advances in Sensing Technologies for Environmental Control and Monitoring",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"cf1ee76443e393bc7597723c3ee3e26f",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Toonika Rinken and Dr. Kairi Kivirand",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11664.jpg",editedByType:null,submissionDeadline:"May 4th 2022",editors:[{id:"24687",title:"Dr.",name:"Toonika",middleName:null,surname:"Rinken",slug:"toonika-rinken",fullName:"Toonika Rinken",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRhRjQAK/Profile_Picture_1636637493542",biography:"Toonika Rinken is an associate professor in environmental chemistry and is leading a biosensor development lab at the Institute of Chemistry in the University of Tartu, Estonia. She received her PhD degree in chemistry in 2000 in the same university for the modeling and calibration studies of biosensors and has passed professional self-improvement in Uppsala (Sweden) and Gröningen (the Netherlands). Dr. Rinken's research activities are focused on the studies and development of biosensing systems for automatic monitoring along with testing and application of biosensor based analytical systems.",institutionString:"University of Tartu",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"5",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"5",institution:{name:"University of Tartu",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Estonia"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"11665",title:"Recent Advances in Wildlife Management",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"73da0df494a1a56ab9c4faf2ee811899",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Farzana Khan Perveen",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11665.jpg",editedByType:null,submissionDeadline:"May 25th 2022",editors:[{id:"75563",title:"Dr.",name:"Farzana Khan",middleName:null,surname:"Perveen",slug:"farzana-khan-perveen",fullName:"Farzana Khan Perveen",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/75563/images/system/75563.jpg",biography:"Dr. Farzana Khan Perveen (FLS; Gold Medalist) obtained her BSc (Hons) and MSc in Entomology from the University of Karachi, Pakistan, and MAS (Monbusho Scholarship) in Agronomy from Nagoya University, Japan, and a Ph.D. in Toxicology from the University of Karachi. She is the founder of the Department of Zoology and former controller of examinations at Shaheed Benazir Bhutto University, Hazara University, and Kohat University of Science and Technology. She is the author of 150 high-impact research papers, 135 abstracts, 40 authored books, 9 chapters, and 9 edited books. She is also a student supervisor. Her fields of interest are entomology, toxicology, forensic entomology.",institutionString:"Classes et Events in Sciences (C.E.S.)",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"6",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"7",institution:null}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"12223",title:"Sustainable Management of Natural Resources",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"1881a08bbd8f5dc1102c5cb7c635bc35",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Mohd Nazip Suratman and Dr. Engku Azlin Rahayu Engku Ariff",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/12223.jpg",editedByType:null,submissionDeadline:"July 19th 2022",editors:[{id:"144417",title:"Dr.",name:"Mohd Nazip",middleName:null,surname:"Suratman",slug:"mohd-nazip-suratman",fullName:"Mohd Nazip Suratman",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/144417/images/system/144417.jpg",biography:"Mohd Nazip Suratman is a Professor of Forestry at the Faculty of Applied Sciences, and a Principal Fellow at the Institute for Biodiversity and Sustainable Development, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), Malaysia, He earned a B. Sc in Forestry from Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM) and an M. S from the University of Nebraska-Lincoln (UNL), USA. He was then honored with a prestigious fellowship from the Canadian Commonwealth to pursue a Ph.D. degree at the University of British Columbia (UBC), Canada, where he worked on the application of remote sensing for forest resources management. He has been involved in numerous collaborative international research projects that led to publications in reputable journals. Altogether, he has published a total of 14 books and more than 200 research publications. His research interests cover several aspects of forestry, mainly forest modeling, forest ecology, and biodiversity. He received the UiTM’s Best Researcher and Top Talent Awards in 2015 and 2021, respectively. He served as the Deputy Vice-Chancellor (Research and Innovation) from 2018 to 2021.",institutionString:"Universiti Teknologi MARA",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"6",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"3",institution:{name:"Universiti Teknologi MARA",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Malaysia"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}],selectedSeries:null,selectedSubseries:null},seriesLanding:{item:null},libraryRecommendation:{success:null,errors:{},institutions:[]},route:{name:"profile.detail",path:"/profiles/46473",hash:"",query:{},params:{id:"46473"},fullPath:"/profiles/46473",meta:{},from:{name:null,path:"/",hash:"",query:{},params:{},fullPath:"/",meta:{}}}},function(){var e;(e=document.currentScript||document.scripts[document.scripts.length-1]).parentNode.removeChild(e)}()