The WRF model configuration used in the simulations.
\\n\\n
Dr. Pletser’s experience includes 30 years of working with the European Space Agency as a Senior Physicist/Engineer and coordinating their parabolic flight campaigns, and he is the Guinness World Record holder for the most number of aircraft flown (12) in parabolas, personally logging more than 7,300 parabolas.
\\n\\nSeeing the 5,000th book published makes us at the same time proud, happy, humble, and grateful. This is a great opportunity to stop and celebrate what we have done so far, but is also an opportunity to engage even more, grow, and succeed. It wouldn't be possible to get here without the synergy of team members’ hard work and authors and editors who devote time and their expertise into Open Access book publishing with us.
\\n\\nOver these years, we have gone from pioneering the scientific Open Access book publishing field to being the world’s largest Open Access book publisher. Nonetheless, our vision has remained the same: to meet the challenges of making relevant knowledge available to the worldwide community under the Open Access model.
\\n\\nWe are excited about the present, and we look forward to sharing many more successes in the future.
\\n\\nThank you all for being part of the journey. 5,000 times thank you!
\\n\\nNow with 5,000 titles available Open Access, which one will you read next?
\\n\\nRead, share and download for free: https://www.intechopen.com/books
\\n\\n\\n\\n
\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:null},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'
Preparation of Space Experiments edited by international leading expert Dr. Vladimir Pletser, Director of Space Training Operations at Blue Abyss is the 5,000th Open Access book published by IntechOpen and our milestone publication!
\n\n"This book presents some of the current trends in space microgravity research. The eleven chapters introduce various facets of space research in physical sciences, human physiology and technology developed using the microgravity environment not only to improve our fundamental understanding in these domains but also to adapt this new knowledge for application on earth." says the editor. Listen what else Dr. Pletser has to say...
\n\n\n\nDr. Pletser’s experience includes 30 years of working with the European Space Agency as a Senior Physicist/Engineer and coordinating their parabolic flight campaigns, and he is the Guinness World Record holder for the most number of aircraft flown (12) in parabolas, personally logging more than 7,300 parabolas.
\n\nSeeing the 5,000th book published makes us at the same time proud, happy, humble, and grateful. This is a great opportunity to stop and celebrate what we have done so far, but is also an opportunity to engage even more, grow, and succeed. It wouldn't be possible to get here without the synergy of team members’ hard work and authors and editors who devote time and their expertise into Open Access book publishing with us.
\n\nOver these years, we have gone from pioneering the scientific Open Access book publishing field to being the world’s largest Open Access book publisher. Nonetheless, our vision has remained the same: to meet the challenges of making relevant knowledge available to the worldwide community under the Open Access model.
\n\nWe are excited about the present, and we look forward to sharing many more successes in the future.
\n\nThank you all for being part of the journey. 5,000 times thank you!
\n\nNow with 5,000 titles available Open Access, which one will you read next?
\n\nRead, share and download for free: https://www.intechopen.com/books
\n\n\n\n
\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"webinar-introduction-to-open-science-wednesday-18-may-1-pm-cest-20220518",title:"Webinar: Introduction to Open Science | Wednesday 18 May, 1 PM CEST"},{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"},{slug:"introducing-intechopen-book-series-a-new-publishing-format-for-oa-books-20210915",title:"Introducing IntechOpen Book Series - A New Publishing Format for OA Books"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"6674",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Contemporary Pedagogies in Teacher Education and Development",title:"Contemporary Pedagogies in Teacher Education and Development",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:'As with most dynamic activities that are based on social and cultural contexts and rely on interactions, education is a complex and often ambiguous endeavor. Despite this complexity, scholars and educators are often required to find ways of defining and explaining what "good" teaching is and to incorporate these conclusions into teacher education. This book contains eight scholarly articles from various countries around the world and offers unique and up-to-date perspectives on relevant practices and pedagogies for teachers\' professional education and development. In this international book, it is argued that there is a significant inspiration and enrichment to be gained by investigating the policies and practices of teacher education systems from all over the world.',isbn:"978-1-78923-545-6",printIsbn:"978-1-78923-544-9",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83881-638-4",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71989",price:119,priceEur:129,priceUsd:155,slug:"contemporary-pedagogies-in-teacher-education-and-development",numberOfPages:144,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:null,isInBkci:!1,hash:"33d1ab42e6304ea91a1ee326da9b4101",bookSignature:"Yehudith Weinberger and Zipora Libman",publishedDate:"August 22nd 2018",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6674.jpg",numberOfDownloads:13088,numberOfWosCitations:21,numberOfCrossrefCitations:29,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:0,numberOfDimensionsCitations:41,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:1,hasAltmetrics:1,numberOfTotalCitations:91,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"November 3rd 2017",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"December 8th 2017",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"January 23rd 2018",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"April 13th 2018",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"June 12th 2018",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"201297",title:"Dr.",name:"Yehudith",middleName:null,surname:"Weinberger",slug:"yehudith-weinberger",fullName:"Yehudith Weinberger",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/201297/images/4991_n.png",biography:"Dr. Yehudith Weinberger, B.Sc. (Biology), M.A. (Science Education), Ph.D. (Education), is the Rector of Kibbutzim College of Education, Technology and the Arts, the largest teacher education college in Israel. She serves as a referent of the Ministry of Education for new academic programs that are submitted by Education Colleges to the Council for Higher Education in Israel. Her major areas of expertise are: development of higher order thinking, empathy in education, and teacher education. She is the author of two books (in Hebrew): The Development of Thinking: A Challenge in Teacher Education (2005) and Thinking Chemistry: Integration of Cognitive and Didactic Aspects into General and Physical Chemistry Laboratory Activities (2007). Additionally, she edited the book: Education in an era of uncertainty (2016).",institutionString:null,position:"Rector",outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"1",institution:null}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:{id:"229516",title:"Dr.",name:"Zipora",middleName:null,surname:"Libman",slug:"zipora-libman",fullName:"Zipora Libman",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/229516/images/6281_n.jpg",biography:'Prof. Zipora Libman (Ph.D.) is the President of the Kibbutzim College of Education in Tel-Aviv, Israel. Her research interests center on Teacher Education, assessment, and policy in education. Prof. Libman is the author and co-author of many publications and has given numerous invited talks and tutorials. Her last book entitled \\"Learning, Understanding, Knowing: Exploring Pathways to Constructivist Teaching \\" was published in 2014. During the years of 2008 -2011, Prof. Libman served as a member of the Israeli Council for Higher Education, providing expertise on teacher training and on issues relating to policy and quality assurance in higher education. Prof. Libman serves also as a reviewer for the following periodicals: Guilui Daat, Review of Educational Research and Studies in Educational Evaluation.',institutionString:null,position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"0",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:null},coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"265",title:"Education",slug:"social-sciences-education"}],chapters:[{id:"61592",title:"Educating Professional Teachers in Finland through the Continuous Improvement of Teacher Education Programmes",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.77979",slug:"educating-professional-teachers-in-finland-through-the-continuous-improvement-of-teacher-education-p",totalDownloads:1950,totalCrossrefCites:11,totalDimensionsCites:14,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The chapter analyses teacher professionalism and how professional teachers are educated in Finland and will be educated in future. Second, successes and challenges in the Finnish educational context and the role of teachers in education are discussed. The third section examines shortly primary and secondary teacher education at the University of Helsinki as an example of a teacher education programme in Finland. The main topic concerns how Finnish teacher education is aimed to be improved through broad-based collaboration. The Minister of Education nominated 100 experts from universities, the ministry, the teachers’ union, student unions and municipal union to a Finnish Teacher Education Forum and asked them to analyse research outcomes related to teacher education, to identify best practices based on teacher education strategies and policy documents in other countries, organise a national brainstorming process related to the renewal of teacher education and, finally, prepare a Development Programme for Teachers’ Pre- and In-service Education (life-long professional development) in Finland. Furthermore, the forum was asked to identify key actions to undertake to improve teacher education and support the implementation of the development programme, and also to create the conditions through financing pilot projects and organising meetings for the renewal of Finnish teacher education through professional development projects.",signatures:"Jari Lavonen",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/61592",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/61592",authors:[{id:"235077",title:"Prof.",name:"Jari",surname:"Lavonen",slug:"jari-lavonen",fullName:"Jari Lavonen"}],corrections:null},{id:"60901",title:"Power and Empowerment in Schools",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.76483",slug:"power-and-empowerment-in-schools",totalDownloads:1374,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"This chapter sets out to discuss the tenants of power and empowerment as features of teachers' professional knowledge. At the root of empowerment is power and this power works to shape the experiences of every individual within the school institution. While teachers may not have the ability to control some aspects of how power is operationalized within the school institution, teachers do have control over how they perceive and operationalize power in the classroom. As such, it is argued that the effective and conscious operationalization of this power is a key aspect of the professional development of teachers. This chapter explores the concepts of power and empowerment, their various conceptualizations and their implications on classroom teaching and learning processes. Through embracing empowerment as an educational philosophy, an account of how teachers can generate empowering learning environments for their students will be provided.",signatures:"Aishling Flaherty",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/60901",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/60901",authors:[{id:"238930",title:"Dr.",name:"Aishling",surname:"Flaherty",slug:"aishling-flaherty",fullName:"Aishling Flaherty"}],corrections:null},{id:"60568",title:"Curriculum Ideologies Reflecting Pre-Service Teachers’ Stances toward Inclusive Education",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.76326",slug:"curriculum-ideologies-reflecting-pre-service-teachers-stances-toward-inclusive-education",totalDownloads:1066,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"This chapter presents the results of the study of pre-service teachers’ curriculum ideologies and what kind of belief stances about inclusive education they reflect. The chapter also provides insights into the steps the schools are taking toward inclusive school culture in Finland. The data were collected from 115 pre-service teachers in connection with two undergraduate study courses within the Primary School Teacher Education (PSTE) program. Their written reflections were interpreted through the lenses of curriculum ideology framework and inclusive education reform agenda. The findings reveal two types of tensions between pre-service teachers’ curriculum ideologies: “knowledge versus experience” and “adoption versus reconstruction.” These tensions reflect pre-service teachers’ prerequisites for working in inclusive settings and ways to interpret the inclusive agenda stated by the international and national declarations. The results are discussed and suggestions are made for ways to enhance the implementation of inclusive education and develop teacher education.",signatures:"Marita Mäkinen",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/60568",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/60568",authors:[{id:"233591",title:"Prof.",name:"Marita",surname:"Mäkinen",slug:"marita-makinen",fullName:"Marita Mäkinen"}],corrections:null},{id:"61746",title:"Facilitation of Teachers’ Professional Development through Principals’ Instructional Supervision and Teachers’ Knowledge- Management Behaviors",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.77978",slug:"facilitation-of-teachers-professional-development-through-principals-instructional-supervision-and-t",totalDownloads:3304,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:2,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"With the rise of global competition and the focus on teacher quality, teacher professional development is becoming increasingly crucial, and the stress and challenges for principals are more severe than ever. Teachers can improve their professional abilities through principals’ instructional supervision and their own knowledge-management (KM) behaviors to benefit students. Thus, this chapter analyzes the relationship among principals’ instructional supervision, teachers’ KM, and teachers’ professional development. The author believes that principals’ instructional supervision and effective KM can facilitate the professional development of teachers. The author also believes the readers can know the relationships among them, and teachers’ professional development can be improved through principal’s instructional supervision and teachers’ KM behaviors.",signatures:"Chien-Chin Chen",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/61746",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/61746",authors:[{id:"232569",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Chien Chih",surname:"Chen",slug:"chien-chih-chen",fullName:"Chien Chih Chen"}],corrections:null},{id:"62395",title:"Knowing Pedagogical Dialogues for Learning: Establishing a Repertoire of Classroom Interaction Practices as Core Teaching Practice",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.78968",slug:"knowing-pedagogical-dialogues-for-learning-establishing-a-repertoire-of-classroom-interaction-practi",totalDownloads:1144,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Pedagogical talk in classroom lessons forms the dynamism of teaching and learning. Understanding how talk functions and influences learning in highly nuanced ways is a fundamental matter for understanding professional practice, and indeed teacher efficacy. However, it is often the case that preservice teacher’s (PSTs) explicit knowledge about the role of dialogue for accomplishing lessons hovers above understanding and enacting a repertoire of talk moves that ‘actively’ promotes student learning and agency. Indeed, both a meta-awareness of dialogic approaches to teaching, and a metalanguage language for talking about talk in lessons, is generally limited to cursory knowings focused on questioning. Arguably, this limitation has the potential to restrict student learning when PSTs begin their teaching careers. The chapter draws on a three-year empirical study conducted in a teacher education faculty in rural Australia. The study centred on supporting PSTs understand dialogicality as core to teaching and to practise enacting quality pedagogical dialogues in classrooms with students. Specifically, this chapter argues that to be productive it is necessary for PSTs to understand, develop and practise a repertoire of interactive talk moves that treat student contributions in discussions as critical for the accomplishment of productive learning experiences.",signatures:"Christine Edwards-Groves",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/62395",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/62395",authors:[{id:"218422",title:"Dr.",name:"Christine",surname:"Edwards-Groves",slug:"christine-edwards-groves",fullName:"Christine Edwards-Groves"}],corrections:null},{id:"61647",title:"Challenges in Addressing Metacognition in Professional Development Programs in the Context of Instruction of Higher- Order Thinking",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.76592",slug:"challenges-in-addressing-metacognition-in-professional-development-programs-in-the-context-of-instru",totalDownloads:1158,totalCrossrefCites:6,totalDimensionsCites:10,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"This study investigates challenges in addressing metacognition in professional development (PD) programs addressing instruction of higher-order thinking (HOT). A set of semi-structured interviews was conducted with 18 instructional leaders who had prominent roles in large-scale implementation programs designed to teach HOT. Most participants (n = 15) expressed the opinion that metacognition is valuable in teaching HOT yet, reported that metacognitive teaching is rare in wide-scale efforts to implement HOT. They explained that the major reason for this gap is teachers’ fragile knowledge of metacognition. The analysis shows a deficiency in teachers’ general metacognitive knowledge, deficiency in the more specific metastrategic knowledge (MSK) regarding individual thinking strategies, and deficiencies in relevant pedagogical knowledge. Implications are discussed.",signatures:"Anat Zohar and Elina Lustov",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/61647",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/61647",authors:[{id:"237008",title:"Dr.",name:"Anat",surname:"Zohar",slug:"anat-zohar",fullName:"Anat Zohar"},{id:"237020",title:"MSc.",name:"Elina",surname:"Lustov",slug:"elina-lustov",fullName:"Elina Lustov"}],corrections:null},{id:"61129",title:"Preparing Educational Hackers",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.77036",slug:"preparing-educational-hackers",totalDownloads:1145,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"As technology creates change at a faster pace than ever before, education battles to remain relevant. With no one right way to design schools, some teachers are hacking—that is, acting innovatively—in the public K-12 system. This chapter discusses a qualitative research aimed at examining characteristics and conditions under which teachers hack their classroom pedagogy in disruptive innovation, emphasizing the study’s implications for teacher education. Participants were eight public school teachers from Massachusetts with more than 1 year experience in the profession, working in the classroom at the time of the study, and demonstrating pedagogic innovation. The results show recurring notions connected to teachers as hackers, their professional identities, the ways they act, and common characteristics of idealism, motivation, reflection, adaptation, and resourcefulness. The framework of hacking to describe innovative actions of public school teachers adds to existing terminology and offers a fresh lens through which to view and re-structure teacher education. The recommendations can serve as a north star for preparing teachers to reform the twenty-first century public school system from within.",signatures:"Maya Wizel",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/61129",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/61129",authors:[{id:"233820",title:"Dr.",name:"Maya",surname:"Wizel",slug:"maya-wizel",fullName:"Maya Wizel"}],corrections:null},{id:"60297",title:"Teachers’ Knowledge of Curriculum Integration: A Current Challenge for Finnish Subject Teachers",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.75870",slug:"teachers-knowledge-of-curriculum-integration-a-current-challenge-for-finnish-subject-teachers",totalDownloads:1951,totalCrossrefCites:9,totalDimensionsCites:12,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The purpose of this chapter is to explore and analyze the kind of knowledge curriculum integration (CI) required of teachers and how teacher education should be developed to prepare teachers better for CI. 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\r\n\tSales is not just another department or a function in most companies. It is the human face of the organization and it provides the lifeline (revenue) to survive and thrive. It stands in the front line of organizational change due to ever-evolving business dynamics. Ensuring sales sustainability and the ability to lead organizational transformations is the focus of this book.
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\r\n\tThe use of the data tsunami to generate insights that make the sales process more personalized and more relevant to both consumers and business customers is the new normal. Sales team engagement and the use of analytics to manage the complex sales engagements (non-transactional sales) provides great opportunities and challenges for sales managers and salespeople alike. A new breed of sales organizations needs to evolve soon and needs to integrate future organizational models. Finally, ensuring the efficiency and productivity of the end-to-end sales process with its new circular nature will be discussed and explored. This book intends to provide the reader with a comprehensive review of the current and future state of sales dynamics. Covering critical pillars such as data-driven insights, organizational integration, and innovation in the sales process, tools and leadership.
The distribution and transmission of electric energy sectors are greatly affected by the climatic changes due to the global warming. Climate (and its change) is the main external agent that affects the electric energy distribution and transmission in all the world. The situation is aggravated by the increase of frequency of extreme events like tornadoes and severe storms associated to heavy rainfall, windstorms and high lightning incidence rate. Thus, studies providing useful information of the atmospheric conditions in extreme situations are essential not only for the electric energy sector but also for the national economy and people welfare. In this sense, recently the National Institute for Space Research (INPE), Brazil, and Energy Power Company developed a cooperative project aimed to mitigate the impacts of severe events. This is the first project of the Research and Development Program of the National Agency of Electric Energy (ANEEL) aimed to identify, monitoring and anticipate the occurrence of atypical severe storms that may cause climatic disasters of high impact on the electric energy distribution and socioeconomic sector. One of the project components is to identify the atmospheric conditions responsible for the severe storm events and the use of a high resolution regional numerical model to obtain the meteorological variables (for example, temperature, winds, pressure, precipitation) that describe in an adequate way the atmospheric conditions favorable for the occurrence of severe storms. The study to be presented here makes part of the above project. In this chapter the event of storms in Mato do Grosso do Sul State, Brazil that occurred on 5 December 2015 is studied.
\nEpisodes of intense rainfall and strong winds affected the south of Mato Grosso do Sul State, (Figure 1) during December 2015. Events of severe weather conditions can have harmful impacts on the people life since they cause floods, damage residences, interrupt the vehicles traffic and affect the energy distribution and agricultural actives [1, 2]. This chapter has a two-fold objectives: (1) to analyze the synoptic conditions and social impacts of the rainstorm that occurred on 5 December 2015; (2) to simulate the atmospheric conditions that caused this severe event using a state-of-art regional climate model. The use of a numerical model can give useful information on the evolution of synoptic systems responsible for severe events, which will occur in future and thus can be used to forecast these events. This study is not concentrate on the evaluation of the impacts on people, i.e. it is focused on the predictive model about the meteorological aspects of the storm. The chapter is organized as it follows: Section 2 presents the Data and Methodology; An analyzes of the synoptic conditions and social impacts are shown in Sections 3 and 4, respectively; Section 5 show the numerical simulations and the conclusions are presented in the final of the chapter.
\nModel domain of the WRF-NMM 9 km. MS in the figure indicates the location of the Mato Grosso do Sul state.
Mato do Grosso do Sul State is located in the Center-West Region of Brazil (Figure 1) It occupies an area of 357.125 km2 with a population of more than 2,5 million of habitants and has a tropical climate. Three vegetation types are present in the region: pasture (east), swampland (west) and tropical forest (south).
\nIn order to analyze the synoptic systems responsible for the severe event on 5 December 2015 data of meteorological variables obtained from the global forecast system (GFS—http://nomadis.ndc.noaa/data/gfsanl) analysis are used. To identify the synoptic conditions on 5 December 2015 GOES satellite images are used (http://satellite.cptec.inpe.br/home/novoSite/index.jsp). The state-of-art numerical model used is the Weather Research and Forecasting-Nonhydrostatic Mesoscale Model (WRF-NMM) [3]. The damage effect of the rainstorm was illustrated using information of news agencies.
\nThe Non-hydrostatic Mesoscale Model (NMM) core of the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) system is a next-generation mesoscale forecast model. The NMM model was developed by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)/National Centers for Environment Prediction (NCEP) based on the Eta model and replaces it in 2005. The model has been designed to be an efficient and flexible mesoscale modeling system for use across a broad range of weather forecast and idealized research applications, with an emphasis on horizontal grid sizes in the range of 1–10 km. although the NMM is a fully compressible, nonhydrostatic mesoscale model it has a hydrostatic option [3]. The model uses a terrain following hybrid sigma-pressure vertical coordinate. A version of WRF-NMM tailored for hurricane forecasting, HWRF (hurricane weather research and forecasting), became operational in 2007.
\nThe WRF/NMM model with 9 km of horizontal resolution was introduced in 2015 in the team of models of the Center of Weather Prediction and Climate Studies (CPTEC) from INPE. The model domain cover the entire South America, with 615X1392 WE/SN grid points.
\nIn the simulation presented in this study, the model was integrated for a period of 84 h, starting from 1200 UTC 04 December 2015 (with spin-up of 12 h). A single domain with 9 km horizontal spatial resolution was configured. Initial and boundary conditions are derived from 6 h global analysis and forecast at 0.25° × 0.25° grids generated by the National Center for Environmental Prediction (NCEP)\'s global forecast system (GFS). Analysis fields, including temperature, moisture, geopotential height and wind are interpolated to the mesoscale grid. These derived fields served as initial conditions for the present experiments. The domain is configured with vertical structure of 38 unequally spaced sigma (non-dimensional pressure) levels. The physical parameterizations used in this study are Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory (GFDL) [4, 5] for long and short wave radiation, Noah Land surface scheme [6] for land surface, Mellor-Yamada-Janjic (MYJ) scheme [7] for planetary boundary layer, Ferrier scheme [8] for microphysics, and Janjic similarity scheme [9] for surface layer. Table 1 shows the model configuration of the present study.
\nHorizontal spatial resolution | \n9 km | \n
Simulation duration | \n84 h | \n
Initial and boundary conditions | \n0.25 × 0.25 GFS Operational Model | \n
Integration time step | \n15 s | \n
Map projection | \nRotated latitude and longitude | \n
Grid points WE/SN | \n615 × 1392 | \n
Center domain | \n58.234 W, 21.633S | \n
Horizontal grid system | \nArakawa E-grid | \n
Vertical co-ordinate | \n38 hybrid levels | \n
Radiation parameterization | \nGFDL/GFDL | \n
Surface layer parameterization | \nJanjic similarity scheme | \n
Land surface parameterization | \nNoah Land surface scheme | \n
Cumulus parameterization | \nBetts-Miller-Janjic scheme | \n
PBL parameterization | \nMellor-Yamada-Janjic. | \n
Microphysics | \nFerrier scheme | \n
The WRF model configuration used in the simulations.
The use of the WRF model for studies of severe storms can be seen for example in [10, 11, 12].
\nRecently, a comparison of the results of the three operational models (WRF, Eta, BRAMS) of CPTEC was made. Tests of accuracy applied to the model results indicated that the WRF model has a better skill and computational performance (not published yet). So, in the present study a subjective (visual) method is used to analyze the WRF simulation of the storm.
\nThe methodology used in the present study makes part of the cooperative project INPE-Energisa Company. Particularly, the use of the high resolution WRF model to predict severe storms is unique. So, the results obtained here may contribute to a better understanding of severe storms conditions and their prediction.
\nFigure 2a–f show satellite images for the day 5 December 2015 at 0600 UTC, 0900 UTC, 1200 UTC, 1500 UTC, 1800 UTC and 2100 UTC, respectively. As can be seen, strong convective activity started to develop in the south of Mato Grosso do Sul State during the dawn of day 5 December (Figure 2b and c). In the afternoon many convective clouds developed in most of the state (Figure 2e and f). These convective clouds were associated with the occurrence of heavy rainfall and strong wind in the region. The values of the Convective Available Potential Energy (CAPE) [13] (Figure 3) indicate that the atmosphere became unstable between 0600 UTC and 1200 UTC (Figure 3a and b, respectively) remaining unstable during the afternoon (Figure 3c). This atmospheric instability was caused by the onset of a weak cold front, as shown in Figure 2a and b and Figure 4a and b.
\nSatellite images for day 5 December 2015 at (a) 0600 UTC, (b) 0900 UTC, (c) 1200 UTC, (d) 1500 UTC, (e) 1800 UTC, and (f) 2100 UTC (source: . (
Values of CAPE for day 5 December 2015 at (a) 0600 UTC, (b) 1200 UTC, and (c) 1800 UTC (source:
Sea level surface pressure at (a) 0600 UTC and (b) 1200 UTC for day 5 December 2015. The blue line indicates the position of the cold front. B refers to the position of an extratropical cyclone.
The presence of the cold front in the south of Mato do Grosso State provoked the change in the direction of low level winds, as can be seen in Figure 5. As can be noted in this figure, northwest strong winds (around 20 m s−1) over Bolivia (come from Amazon region) were directed to the north of Argentina. As the cold front advanced, the direction of the winds over Bolivia changed towards the east and a convergence of mass was created due to the reduction of the magnitude of the strong northwest winds and the confluence with the south winds associated with the high pressure system behind the cold front.
\nLow level winds at 850 hPa at 0000 UTC, 0600 UTC, 1200 UTC and 1800 UTC for day 5 December 2015 (source: global forecast system, GFS).
At high levels (at 350 hPa) northwest winds, which come from Amazon region, were also noted (Figure 6). These winds rotated in a counter-clockwise direction when they reached Bolivia. It is noted that over the Mato Grosso do Sul State a region of difluence of winds occurred during the day which was associated with convective clouds of large vertical extension. This provoked the heavy rainfall and low level strong winds in many regions of the state.
\nHigh level winds and divergence of mass at 200 hPa at 0000 UTC, 0600 UTC, 1200 UTC and 1800 UTC for day 5 December 2015 (source: global forecast system, GFS).
The heavy rainfall and strong winds that occurred in the south of Mato do Grosso do Sul State on 5 December 2015 caused damage effects in the region. In the city of Campo Grande (capital of the state) the heavy rainfall persisted by 1 h and 30 min, causing threw down trees and floods in many places. In Jardim, a city at 270 km far from Campo Grande, the strong winds of 42 km h−1 also caused harmful effects. Many trees fell down, inclusively over cars, and a circus tumbled due to the intense winds. After the windstorm many residences remained with lack of electric energy by almost 2 h. On 7 December around 100 domiciles retained without electric energy in some places of the city of Jardim. In the highway MS-289, between Amambai e Coronel Sapucaia (two cities of Mato Grosso do Sul State), there was an overflow of a stream let so that the vehicle traffic was interrupted. The storm provoked the interdiction of 14 cities in the south of the state. Figure 7 illustrates the damage effects in the region.
\nDamage effects caused by the storms on 5 December 2015 in Mato do Grosso do Sul state. Source:
In this section the WRF model is used to simulate the atmospheric conditions during the rainstorm on 5 December 2015. We used the WRF-NMM version 3.6.1 [3, 14, 15]. Details of the physical parameterization and model integration were given by [2].
\nAs can be seen in Figure 8a and b, the sea level surface pressure field is well simulated by the model. There is good agreement between the position of the low pressure center associated with the cold front in the model and observations (point B in Figure 4). The change in the direction of low level winds due to the cold front is captured by the model (Figures 5 and 9). The model is able to simulate the region of divergence of mass in upper levels over the study region (Figures 6 and 10).
\nSimulated sea-level pressure on day 5 December 2015 at (a) 0600 UTC and (b) 1200 UTC.
Simulated low level wind at 850 hPa for day 5 December 2015 at 0600 UTC, 1200 UTC, 1800 UTC, and 2100 UTC. Units: m s−1.
Simulated divergence (×10−5 s−1) and high level wind at 200 hPa (m s−1) for day 5 December 2015 at 0600 UTC, 1200 UTC, 1800 UTC and 2100 UTC.
The results presented above suggest that the present model may be an useful tool to forecast future events of severe weather. Nevertheless, many other experiments must be performed to have a better assessment of the model simulations.
\nIn this study the synoptic conditions and social impacts of the severe event on 5 December 2015 in the south of Mato Grosso do Sul State, Brazil were analyzed. The results showed that the heavy rainfall and strong winds caused floods, damage in several residences and affected the distribution of electric energy not only in the region but also in the interior of the state. The synoptic analyzes showed that the windstorm was caused by a region of wind difluence at high levels which was associated with convective clouds of large vertical development. The WRF model was used to simulate the atmospheric conditions in this severe event. The modeled values of some meteorological variables were in good agreement with the observations suggesting that the model may be used in future to forecast adverse weather conditions. This study makes part of a cooperative project between the National Institute for Space Research and the Energisa power company aimed to mitigate the impact of adverse weather conditions. The results obtained here may contribute to a better knowledge of the atmospheric conditions responsible for severe storms and provides subsidies for forecasting these events and thus cooperate with the management of the resources of the energy electric sector and civil defense.
\nThis study makes part of the project “Management of the impact of climate severe events on the electric energy network” financed by the Energisa power company.
\nThe authors declare that there is no conflict of interest.
Nowadays, various new generation-connected objects or things are invading our daily lives including sensors, radio frequency identification (RFID) tags, smartphones, wearables, and actuators among others, due to the emergence of new technologies. With the development of cloud computing and wireless technologies, and the emergence of new connected devices at a decreasing price, the IoT market is expected to grow rapidly fostering the development of applications in different domains, including but not limited to healthcare, manufacturing, logistics and transportation, traffic management, home automation, smart cities, smart grids, smart agriculture, etc. [1]. These applications will use the raw data generated by the different connected things/objects and provide new services in the targeted domains [2]. The Global System for Mobile Communications Association (GSMA) forecasts that “by 2025, the IoT connections will reach almost 25 billion globally” [3]. These predictions are therefore highlighting the role of IoT in providing new ways of communication over the Internet.
The IoT network is considered a heterogeneous network with a complex structure, connecting a wide range of devices using different evolving technologies such as Bluetooth, ZigBee, Wi-Fi, 3G, 4G, 5G. The ubiquitous computing environment of IoT connecting heterogeneous devices, technologies, and applications, and generating a large number of events continuously brings in important and new challenges, such as interoperability, security, confidentiality, privacy, and energy-efficient operations [4]. For example, location tracking by the IoT devices may be allowed by some people to get personalized services; however, it may violate their privacy. The middleware, which is a software application, can hide the things details from the applications by communicating with the heterogeneous connected devices/things, filtering the raw captured data, and processing them before dissemination to the connected applications, and therefore easing the backend applications’ development and offering multiple common services [5]. The middleware can also deal with the interoperability, security, and privacy issues facing the IoT. The IoT middleware development is an active research area; there exist many middleware solutions addressing the IoT environment requirements in terms of context awareness, scalability, interoperability across heterogeneous things, device management, data storage and management, security, privacy, and service deployment. A major challenge faced by application developers today is finding the most appropriate IoT middleware solution in terms of the provided functionalities that should meet the application requirements and the underlying used technologies. Therefore, the existing works on IoT middleware architecture need to be analyzed to address their existing technical challenges, issues, and gaps in this domain and suggest further improvements. This chapter provides a detailed overview of existing middleware solutions for IoT and is organized as follows: Section 2 provides background about IoT characteristics, architecture, and applications, and gives an overview of the IoT middleware general architecture. Section 3 presents the IoT middleware design considerations and requirements. Section 4 provides a comprehensive review of currently existing research work in designing IoT middleware platforms. Section 5 discusses criteria for choosing the right platform according to the application requirements, along with some open issues and challenges, and the last Section 6 provides some concluding comments recommending future research directions in this area.
The Internet of Things (IoT) consists of two words: The “Internet” is defined “a network of networks and a global system of interconnected computer networks that use TCP/IP as a standard Internet Protocol (IP) to connect millions of users and multiple private, public, academic, business, and government networks,” and “Things” include “any real-world object/physical element such as home appliances, clothes, smartphones, etc. or living things like people, animals, or plants” [6]. The International Telecommunication Union (ITU) considers IoT as “a worldwide network of interconnected objects, allowing anything and anyone to be connected, anytime and anyplace using any network and any service” [7]. Therefore, in IoT, many heterogeneous devices will be connected to the Internet and will provide a large volume of data and even services. The major components of IoT include wireless sensors and actuators networks, machine-to-machine (M2M) communications, and RFID/near-field communication (NFC) as shown in Figure 1.
IoT major components.
In IoT, heterogeneous devices in terms of features, capacities, sensor computing natures (high end, middle end, and low end), costs, embedded intelligence (adapting to the context, environment, and circumstances), and from different vendors are expected to communicate and exchange information [8]. Also, new types of devices are emerging continuously in the future as new technologies are developed [8]. Figure 2 shows the main technologies used in IoT.
IoT technologies.
The different connected devices/things capture large volumes of data that need further processing; it should be filtered, interpreted, and put in a context to have a meaning. Context awareness helps to make the interpretation of data easier by adding context information to the raw data captured by the IoT things, which allows performing M2M communication that is considered a core element in an IoT environment [9]. Also, the spatial/location information about things is important to understand their interactions with other surrounding things (e.g., objects and people) [10].
IoT devices including small embedded sensors, RFID tags and readers, actuators, etc., are constrained in terms of processing, communication capacity, battery, and memory [8]. Also, the cost of these devices may increase when their performance increases in terms of processing, communication capacity, or the use of the battery to power them (e.g., active RFID tags are more expensive than the passive ones [5]).
There are trillions of connected objects that are exchanging and storing hundreds of Exabytes of noisy data in IoT, and therefore forming an ultra-large-scale network [11]. These sudden interactions among things will also continuously generate events causing network congestion [11].
The IoT network is considered as an
The IoT applications can be developed to cater to the needs of different domains and environments, having different requirements and deployment architectures, such as logistics and supply chain management, healthcare, environmental monitoring, smart home/buildings, smart agriculture [6]. Figure 3 gives an overview of the potential IoT applications.
IoT potential applications.
IoT applications in some specific domains such as transportations and healthcare need to communicate real-time data and deliver on-time services to avoid critical situations [6].
In the IoT network, the security of applications and communications among the different nodes should be considered, along with the privacy of people’s captured data such as location, daily activities, buying habits [12]. An efficient and scalable security mechanism should be implemented considering the
Given the IoT infrastructure and applications’ characteristics stated above, and based on my previous research work done on middleware architecture for RFID [5], context aware, and ubiquitous computing [13], an IoT middleware solution can generally provide the following functionalities:
Device abstraction, discovery, management, and control: It includes interoperation among the heterogeneous connected devices/things using different standards. Application programming interfaces (APIs) are used for abstracting the communication with the physical layer and also for disseminating data and services to the different connected backend applications, hiding all details and complexities.
Data management and dissemination: It provides the different data preprocessing functionalities, such as filtering, duplicate removal, aggregation.
Context detection and processing
Security, privacy, and business rules processing
Application abstraction
The IoT middleware architecture is depicted in Figure 4. The main layers include device abstraction and resource management layer, which handle the interoperability and interaction with the heterogeneous devices, and manage the low-level hardware parameters such as the used protocols, communication technologies, standards, and air interface; data management layer is responsible for storing and processing (filtering, aggregation, inference, etc.) the raw data captured by the different devices/things; event management and context detection layer include the application of policies and business rules requested by the applications (e.g., security and privacy rules); and application abstraction layer allows the communication of applications with the different devices and helps them to get the desired processed data and generated events from the middleware.
IoT middleware architecture.
The role of a middleware platform is to provide a software layer shielding the complexities of the hardware layer including the operating systems from the applications and allowing the applications’ developers to be concentrated mainly on the requirements/problem to be solved. As described in Section 2, in the context of IoT, there is a considerable variation in the used technologies, standards, and network communications. We describe herein, a set of design considerations and requirements for a middleware to suit the IoT infrastructure and application characteristics.
Since the IoT infrastructure is dynamic by its nature, the IoT middleware should provide an automatic device discovery and enable the IoT heterogeneous hardware devices (e.g., RFIDs, sensors, smartphones) to detect their neighbors in the network and show their presence and available resources to them. In this case, the middleware should consider the characteristics of the resource-constrained IoT devices and be scalable in terms of the number of connected devices in the network. The middleware should also manage the devices, monitor their resource usage, and resolve any resource conflicts when potential and spontaneous new devices are connected to satisfy the application requirements.
The IoT middleware should provide data management and processing functionalities to the backend applications; these include but are not limited to data detection and acquisition from the different connected devices/things, data preliminary processing, such as filtering, duplicate removal, compression, aggregation, and data storage. The IoT middleware should also manage the high number of generated events in an IoT environment, such as real-time dissemination of events to the applications, event transformation based on contextual/location data, and inferences.
The IoT-middleware should provide context detection and processing for it to adapt to smart applications requirements; it should collect context data and then process them to generate inferences and decisions. This could be achieved by using different techniques such as knowledge database, data mining algorithms, semantic context aware multimodal visualization approach, and the use of optimized message communication between the middleware users.
The IoT network can include a large number of connected things/devices and provide multiple services; therefore, the IoT middleware should be scalable allowing the growth of the IoT network, including the emergence of new heterogeneous devices that could be monitored, added, or removed without any impact on existing middleware functionalities, the provision of new services/functionalities, the addition/removal of network nodes, and the connection of multiple interesting applications in the middleware services without complexity. The use of IPv6, loose coupling, and virtualization are considered as useful ways for improving scalability in middleware solutions. Also, the use of a service-oriented architecture (SOA) makes the middleware flexible to the applications’ requirements in terms of new services. The IoT middleware should also be dynamically adaptive to the different circumstances and changes in the IoT environment.
The IoT network deals with multiple real-time/time-critical applications requiring a timeliness delivery of processed data and services without any delay, for example, healthcare applications; therefore, the middleware should provide real-time services and information to these applications. In this case, the middleware should manage the large data volumes detected from the multiple connected devices and therefore use novel methods to detect, process, and disseminate these data to the interested applications. The challenge of transaction handling, indexing, and querying these data should also be handled. This could be ensured through the use of agents, query processors, notification managers, etc.
Every component or layer in the IoT middleware should be operational including communication, data processing, events management, technologies, devices connectivity, and application management, even when failures occur. It should provide a stable service for applications/users even at times of failure. The middleware must also be available at all times for mission-critical applications that require a high fault tolerance, for example, medical applications; in the case of failure, the recovery time should be reduced to cater to the applications’ availability requirements.
The IoT middleware should consider the security and privacy rules and policies required by the connected applications. The use of context awareness in the middleware can disclose some personal information about individuals such as location; therefore, it needs to protect people’s privacy using policies/rules/ontologies depending on the applications’ specific needs [12]. Also, most of IoT middleware solutions are evolving into the cloud, which requires more mechanisms to be put in place to deal with the security and privacy issues, making users safe and protecting their personal data.
The IoT middleware should be lightweight, and easily used and deployed by the end-users of devices or applications without any complicated setup procedures.
If the IoT infrastructure is distributed, the middleware implementation should also be distributed, for example, when the devices, applications, and users are located in different geographical areas.
Some of the requirements stated above are considered to be mandatory for some applications while optional for others; for example, the real-time data capture and services are highly required in the case of medical applications, but it is optional for other applications that do not use timeliness information. However, the security, privacy, and interoperability functionalities are strictly required by all types of applications.
Many middleware solutions, using a single design approach (e.g., service-based, agent-based, database-based) or a hybrid one (combining different design approaches), and providing different functionalities in many application domains have been proposed and implemented in the IoT. These initiatives aim to offer a standard platform used to abstract the lower-level details of the connected physical devices and offer multiple services to the users and/or applications. In this chapter, the existing IoT middlewares are surveyed based on their used design approach and are grouped into six categories: service-oriented middleware, agent-based middleware, event-based middleware, virtual machine-based middleware, database-oriented middleware, and application-oriented middleware. A comparison of these design approaches is given in Table 1.
IoT middleware requirements/features | ||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Middleware approach | Middleware solutions | Target environment | Interoperability | Scalability | Adaptability | Real timeliness | Security and privacy | Reliability | Context awareness | Ease of use and deployment | Data management | Event management |
Service-oriented | WSNs | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | |
SenseWrap | Virtual sensors | Yes | Yes | No | No | No | No | No | Yes | No | Yes | |
Ubiquitous | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | ||
SENSEI | Sensors/actuators | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | |
WSNs | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | No | No | Yes | No | No | ||
SensorsMW | WSNs | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | No | No | Yes | Yes | No | |
WSNs | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | No | No | ||
SOCRADES | Heterogeneous devices | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | |
Heterogeneous devices | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | No | No | Yes | No | Yes | ||
3SOA | IoT | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | |
Cloud-based Serivce-oriented | IoT, cloud | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | |
Xively | IoT, cloud | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | |
IoT, cloud | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | ||
Echelon | IoT, cloud | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | No | Yes | Yes | No | |
Microservices-based | Arrowhead Framework [14] | IoT | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | No | Yes | Data exchange | Yes |
General microservice architecture [15] | IoT | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | |
Smart City [16] | IoT | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | |
Ocean [17] | IoT | Yes | Yes | Yes | yes | No | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | |
Web of Objects Architecture [18] | IoT | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | No | Yes | yes | Yes | No | |
Agent-based | WSNs | No | No | No | Yes | No | No | No | Yes | No | Yes | |
ActorNet | WSNs | No | No | No | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | |
WSNs | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | ||
Ubiware | IoT, ambient | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | |
WSNs, Embedded Systems | No | No | No | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | No | No | ||
ACOSO-based middleware | IoT | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | |
Event-based | IoT, Cloud | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | Limited | No | Yes | No | Yes | |
Hermes | Large-scale distributed and ubiquitous systems | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | No | Yes | |
IoT | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | No | Yes | No | Yes | ||
Virtual-machine-Based | Maté | WSNs | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | No | Yes | Yes | No | No |
WSns | No | Yes | No | Yes | No | No | No | Yes | No | Yes | ||
Melete | WSNs | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | No | Yes | No | Yes | |
Database-oriented | WSNs | No | Yes | No | Yes | No | No | No | Yes | Limited | Yes | |
IrisNet | WSNs | No | Yes | No | Yes | No | No | No | Yes | Yes | No | |
WSNs | No | Yes | No | Limited | No | No | No | No | Yes | No | ||
TinyDB | WSNs | No | No | No | Limited | No | No | No | No | Yes | No | |
WSNs | No | No | No | Limited | No | No | No | No | Yes | No | ||
Application-oriented | AutoSec | Distributed | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
WSNs/Healthcare | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | ||
MlLAN | WSNs/Healthcare | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | No | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | |
WSNs/Information Fusion | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | No | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | ||
TinyCubus | Driver Assistance Systems | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | No | No | Yes | Yes | No |
Comparison of existing IoT middleware solutions.
The service-oriented middleware (SOM), based on the service-oriented design pattern, provides services to the applications, such as service discovery and management, data management, and quality of service (QoS) management. There exist many service-oriented IoT middleware solutions. Some of the commonly used service-oriented IoT middleware solutions are described as follows:
The
The
There exist many other cloud-based service-oriented IoT middleware solutions, such as
Recent studies have been conducted concerning the design and implementation of service-oriented IoT middleware solutions including the one in [29] that suggests a middleware based on REST API to collect data from different devices, intending to deal with the heterogeneity issues. The authors in [30] presented a 3SOA (Sensing-as-a-Service run-time Service-Oriented Architecture) middleware solution that allows interoperability among IoT platforms, and highly abstracts the applications from the low-level details of IoT hardware platforms and communication languages.
In conclusion, most old SOMs manage only WSNs and do not scale to the use of multiple heterogeneous devices as in the context of IoT. Recent suggested service-based middleware platforms provide solutions for the interoperability and heterogeneity problems; however, they still offer a limited security through the use of authentication, do not use unified service standards, and require automation for service configuration and optimization due to the recurring demands of new services by the interesting applications.
Another type of microservices-based architecture has been recently proposed to develop IoT platforms that meet the heterogeneous and distributed nature of IoT devices, and provide dynamic, scalable, maintainable, and interoperable IoT environments. Delsing et al. [14] propose an Arrowhead Framework architecture enabling scalability, security, and real-time performance in a multi-cloud setting. This architecture supports multiple IoT devices based on SOA architecture in local clouds to exchange inter- and intra-cloud information, and allows organizations to move toward a multi-stakeholder cooperation catering to market requirements and supporting efficiency, flexibility, and sustainability [14].
A general microservice architecture for IoT applications development is proposed by Sun et al. [15], providing flexibility, scalability, maintainability, light-weightness, and loose coupling to deal with the different challenges of the continuous IoT development. The authors focus on the system design based on microservices and device communication protocols used between the service layer and physical device layer. This framework allows, therefore, more interoperability, automation, and intelligence and provides big data and geo-localization services [15].
Another recent architecture based on microservices is proposed by Lai et al. [16] to provide IoT services for multi-mobility in a smart city. The architecture provides flexibility and scalability to efficiently manage the different heterogeneous IoT devices using independent microservices, which could be separately deployed in a distributed system [16]. The authors used real-case scenarios to test the architecture using multi-mobility services for citizens in a smart city.
A recent study [17] also shows how the use of a framework based on microservices allows to mitigate the critical challenges of IoT devices and applications, and increases their scalability when deployed in the ocean where there is a continuous increasing growth of big data.
Many other microservices-based IoT platforms have been proposed in various application domains such as smart farms [31], smart logistics/factories [32], smart cars [33], and smart commerce [34]. Jarwar et al. [18] also proposed a cross-domain/general-purpose Web of Objects Architecture for IoT service provisioning in which a virtual object is used as an abstraction of a physical object.
Agent-based middleware solutions use mobile agents to facilitate distribution throughout the network and allow a partial failure tolerance. The use of mobile agents in the IoT network provides many advantages including interoperability with the heterogeneous devices, reliability and availability, resource and code management taking into consideration the resource-constrained devices, and application management. Some of the most commonly used agent-based middleware solutions are highlighted below.
Other examples of agent-based WSN middleware solutions include
The authors in [41] present a new approach for increasing the smart objects’ self-adaptation and allowing them to make autonomous decisions and be smarter based on a multi-agent system (MAS). The authors in [42] also presented a new multi-agent-based approach called ACOSO (Agent-based Cooperating Smart Objects) and its related middleware catering for the heterogeneous IoT platforms. The flexibility and effectiveness of this middleware were proved through the implementation of a “Smart University system.”
The autonomous behavior of agents used in middleware solutions may lead to the IoT network’s self-organization and fault tolerance. However, the dynamic behavior of agents may lead to message loss; therefore, most of the above-discussed middleware solutions could not be used within the large-scale IoT networks requiring a heterogeneous infrastructure, including resource-constrained devices.
All the components of an event-based middleware solution use a publish/subscribe model; the event sending component is called the producer or publisher, and the receiving component is called the consumer or subscriber. The consumers are registered for a particular event published by the producers for which they are frequently receiving notifications. The event-based approach provides timeliness, security, scalability, availability, reliability, and fault tolerance.
The authors in [45] proposed an event-based middleware solution implemented using the publish-subscribe pattern to solve the problem of interoperability in IoT. The interoperability assessment methodology was used to test the middleware performance, and it was shown that it is qualified compared to previous systems.
There exist many other event-based middleware solutions including
The virtual machine (VM) middleware approach considers virtualizing the network infrastructure, where the different network nodes are holding a VM and applications are designed as separate modules distributed throughout the network. This ensures self-management, and a high level of abstraction and adaptability.
There exist some middleware solutions based on Java virtual machine (JVM), such as
The application-specific virtual machine (ASVM) approach has been developed to target specific application domains. Middleware solutions based on this approach include but are not limited to
The whole network in this type of middleware solution is viewed as a relational database, managed using a query language like SQL. For example, the
Application-oriented middleware solutions are dedicated to specific domain requirements and infrastructure. For example, the
The application-specific approach leads to the design of special-purpose middleware systems dedicated to a specific application domain, using a centralized mechanism for resource discovery. This makes them unsuitable for the distributed and fault-tolerant nature of IoT environments.
There exist some middleware platforms using a hybrid approach, combining two or more design approaches stated above. For example, both
Table 1 shows the IoT requirements/features available in each middleware design approach and provides a comparison of the different IoT middleware solutions described in Section 4. The choice of the comparison criteria is based on the works cited above, from which the most common, essential, critical, and important characteristics that are shared between the different IoT platforms have been extracted. The description of each criterion is given above in Section 3 (IoT Middleware Design Considerations and Requirements). There exist many additional/non-functional criteria and features, which could be available in some IoT platforms such as recoverability, fault-tolerance, maintainability, configurability, mobility, reusability. But these are not subject of this review since it targets only the most essential design features/functionalities of IoT middleware solutions.
According to the previous comparison, most of the works concentrate their efforts on providing basic functionalities such as ease of deployment, data management, event management, and real-timeliness. A considerable effort must be made in interoperability and adaptability, which allows devices/things using heterogeneous protocols to connect. Context awareness is also a feature that is not considered by most of the described middleware solutions and still encounters many shortcomings. In addition, security and privacy features need particular attention from researchers, because they are missed in almost all the reviewed middleware solutions above.
In summary, the most challenging issues that still persist in IoT-middleware design, implementation, and deployment are listed below:
Standardization: The use of heterogeneous devices within a variety of application domains in the IoT makes the use of a single standard for a middleware solution impossible. However, many research works tend to implement a standardized middleware solution for a specific domain, such as semantic web applications domain, sensor networking environments, and smart offices [59, 65]. This will allow application developers to select a middleware solution following the desired standard within a certain domain.
Storage capacity: The storage capacity of the heterogeneous connected things within the IoT should be considered when implementing a middleware solution. For example, if the middleware solution offers many services and data management functions, it will be difficult to use it with low-level storage devices. This issue could be addressed by defining storage requirements by the different types of backend applications, taking into consideration the application domain, before choosing an adequate middleware solution.
Security and privacy: IoT middleware solutions can rely on a single layer for providing security and privacy to the backend applications, or distribute the security and privacy support among all the middleware layers. Either way, security and privacy support will add more processing overhead to the middleware platform, and it should also take into consideration the security and privacy requirements and rules for each specific application with minimum overhead.
Applications abstraction: The IoT middleware should include an application abstraction layer to allow multiple backend applications to be registered with the middleware, and to specify the set of services and data processing functions needed. The applications can also specify policies/rules concerning some functionalities, such as context awareness, security, privacy, data processing, and event processing and inferences.
Middleware is becoming a necessity for managing heterogeneous devices in the IoT network and developing applications in different domains. There exist a variety of middleware platforms designed for IoT. This chapter provides a detailed overview of existing IoT middleware solutions, and discusses the technical challenges and open issues involved in designing these platforms including device and application abstraction, scalability, context awareness, event management, unfixed infrastructure, security, and privacy. In future work, the open issues in IoT could be further investigated to suggest possible new approaches to solve them. Also, a new middleware design approach may be proposed to include a new perspective for managing the IoT devices/things and applications, including a solution for the unexplored open issues in a specific application domain, such as security, privacy, and interoperability. A test of this new approach could be performed using my previous proposed middleware solution for RFID described in [5].
IntechOpen implements a robust policy to minimize and deal with instances of fraud or misconduct. As part of our general commitment to transparency and openness, and in order to maintain high scientific standards, we have a well-defined editorial policy regarding Retractions and Corrections.
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\n\nA Retraction of a Chapter will be issued by the Academic Editor, either following an Author’s request to do so or when there is a 3rd party report of scientific misconduct. Upon receipt of a report by a 3rd party, the Academic Editor will investigate any allegations of scientific misconduct, working in cooperation with the Author(s) and their institution(s).
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\n\n1.2. REMOVALS AND CANCELLATIONS
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\n\n3. CORRECTIONS
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\n\n3.1. ERRATUM
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\n\n4. FINAL REMARKS
\n\nIntechOpen wishes to emphasize that the final decision on whether a Retraction, Statement of Concern, or a Correction will be issued rests with the Academic Editor. The publisher is obliged to act upon any reports of scientific misconduct in its publications and to make a reasonable effort to facilitate any subsequent investigation of such claims.
\n\nIn the case of Retraction or removal of the Work, the publisher will be under no obligation to refund the APC.
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Buchholz and Erik J. Behringer",hash:"e373a3d1123dbd45fddf75d90e3e7c38",volumeInSeries:1,fullTitle:"Calcium and Signal Transduction",editors:[{id:"89438",title:"Dr.",name:"John N.",middleName:null,surname:"Buchholz",slug:"john-n.-buchholz",fullName:"John N. Buchholz",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/89438/images/6463_n.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Loma Linda University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}]},subseriesFiltersForPublishedBooks:[{group:"subseries",caption:"Plant Physiology",value:13,count:1},{group:"subseries",caption:"Human Physiology",value:12,count:2},{group:"subseries",caption:"Cell Physiology",value:11,count:8}],publicationYearFilters:[{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2022",value:2022,count:1},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2020",value:2020,count:4},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2019",value:2019,count:5},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2018",value:2018,count:1}],authors:{paginationCount:302,paginationItems:[{id:"198499",title:"Dr.",name:"Daniel",middleName:null,surname:"Glossman-Mitnik",slug:"daniel-glossman-mitnik",fullName:"Daniel Glossman-Mitnik",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/198499/images/system/198499.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Daniel Glossman-Mitnik is currently a Titular Researcher at the Centro de Investigación en Materiales Avanzados (CIMAV), Chihuahua, Mexico, as well as a National Researcher of Level III at the Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología, Mexico. His research interest focuses on computational chemistry and molecular modeling of diverse systems of pharmacological, food, and alternative energy interests by resorting to DFT and Conceptual DFT. He has authored a coauthored more than 255 peer-reviewed papers, 32 book chapters, and 2 edited books. He has delivered speeches at many international and domestic conferences. He serves as a reviewer for more than eighty international journals, books, and research proposals as well as an editor for special issues of renowned scientific journals.",institutionString:"Centro de Investigación en Materiales Avanzados",institution:{name:"Centro de Investigación en Materiales Avanzados",country:{name:"Mexico"}}},{id:"76477",title:"Prof.",name:"Mirza",middleName:null,surname:"Hasanuzzaman",slug:"mirza-hasanuzzaman",fullName:"Mirza Hasanuzzaman",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/76477/images/system/76477.png",biography:"Dr. Mirza Hasanuzzaman is a Professor of Agronomy at Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University, Bangladesh. He received his Ph.D. in Plant Stress Physiology and Antioxidant Metabolism from Ehime University, Japan, with a scholarship from the Japanese Government (MEXT). Later, he completed his postdoctoral research at the Center of Molecular Biosciences, University of the Ryukyus, Japan, as a recipient of the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS) postdoctoral fellowship. He was also the recipient of the Australian Government Endeavour Research Fellowship for postdoctoral research as an adjunct senior researcher at the University of Tasmania, Australia. Dr. Hasanuzzaman’s current work is focused on the physiological and molecular mechanisms of environmental stress tolerance. Dr. Hasanuzzaman has published more than 150 articles in peer-reviewed journals. He has edited ten books and written more than forty book chapters on important aspects of plant physiology, plant stress tolerance, and crop production. According to Scopus, Dr. Hasanuzzaman’s publications have received more than 10,500 citations with an h-index of 53. He has been named a Highly Cited Researcher by Clarivate. He is an editor and reviewer for more than fifty peer-reviewed international journals and was a recipient of the “Publons Peer Review Award” in 2017, 2018, and 2019. He has been honored by different authorities for his outstanding performance in various fields like research and education, and he has received the World Academy of Science Young Scientist Award (2014) and the University Grants Commission (UGC) Award 2018. He is a fellow of the Bangladesh Academy of Sciences (BAS) and the Royal Society of Biology.",institutionString:"Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University",institution:{name:"Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University",country:{name:"Bangladesh"}}},{id:"187859",title:"Prof.",name:"Kusal",middleName:"K.",surname:"Das",slug:"kusal-das",fullName:"Kusal Das",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSBDeQAO/Profile_Picture_1623411145568",biography:"Kusal K. Das is a Distinguished Chair Professor of Physiology, Shri B. M. Patil Medical College and Director, Centre for Advanced Medical Research (CAMR), BLDE (Deemed to be University), Vijayapur, Karnataka, India. Dr. Das did his M.S. and Ph.D. in Human Physiology from the University of Calcutta, Kolkata. His area of research is focused on understanding of molecular mechanisms of heavy metal activated low oxygen sensing pathways in vascular pathophysiology. He has invented a new method of estimation of serum vitamin E. His expertise in critical experimental protocols on vascular functions in experimental animals was well documented by his quality of publications. He was a Visiting Professor of Medicine at University of Leeds, United Kingdom (2014-2016) and Tulane University, New Orleans, USA (2017). For his immense contribution in medical research Ministry of Science and Technology, Government of India conferred him 'G.P. Chatterjee Memorial Research Prize-2019” and he is also the recipient of 'Dr.Raja Ramanna State Scientist Award 2015” by Government of Karnataka. He is a Fellow of the Royal Society of Biology (FRSB), London and Honorary Fellow of Karnataka Science and Technology Academy, Department of Science and Technology, Government of Karnataka.",institutionString:"BLDE (Deemed to be University), India",institution:null},{id:"243660",title:"Dr.",name:"Mallanagouda Shivanagouda",middleName:null,surname:"Biradar",slug:"mallanagouda-shivanagouda-biradar",fullName:"Mallanagouda Shivanagouda Biradar",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/243660/images/system/243660.jpeg",biography:"M. S. Biradar is Vice Chancellor and Professor of Medicine of\nBLDE (Deemed to be University), Vijayapura, Karnataka, India.\nHe obtained his MD with a gold medal in General Medicine and\nhas devoted himself to medical teaching, research, and administrations. He has also immensely contributed to medical research\non vascular medicine, which is reflected by his numerous publications including books and book chapters. Professor Biradar was\nalso Visiting Professor at Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, USA.",institutionString:"BLDE (Deemed to be University)",institution:{name:"BLDE University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"289796",title:"Dr.",name:"Swastika",middleName:null,surname:"Das",slug:"swastika-das",fullName:"Swastika Das",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/289796/images/system/289796.jpeg",biography:"Swastika N. Das is Professor of Chemistry at the V. P. Dr. P. G.\nHalakatti College of Engineering and Technology, BLDE (Deemed\nto be University), Vijayapura, Karnataka, India. She obtained an\nMSc, MPhil, and PhD in Chemistry from Sambalpur University,\nOdisha, India. Her areas of research interest are medicinal chemistry, chemical kinetics, and free radical chemistry. She is a member\nof the investigators who invented a new modified method of estimation of serum vitamin E. She has authored numerous publications including book\nchapters and is a mentor of doctoral curriculum at her university.",institutionString:"BLDEA’s V.P.Dr.P.G.Halakatti College of Engineering & Technology",institution:{name:"BLDE University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"248459",title:"Dr.",name:"Akikazu",middleName:null,surname:"Takada",slug:"akikazu-takada",fullName:"Akikazu Takada",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/248459/images/system/248459.png",biography:"Akikazu Takada was born in Japan, 1935. After graduation from\nKeio University School of Medicine and finishing his post-graduate studies, he worked at Roswell Park Memorial Institute NY,\nUSA. He then took a professorship at Hamamatsu University\nSchool of Medicine. In thrombosis studies, he found the SK\npotentiator that enhances plasminogen activation by streptokinase. He is very much interested in simultaneous measurements\nof fatty acids, amino acids, and tryptophan degradation products. By using fatty\nacid analyses, he indicated that plasma levels of trans-fatty acids of old men were\nfar higher in the US than Japanese men. . He also showed that eicosapentaenoic acid\n(EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) levels are higher, and arachidonic acid\nlevels are lower in Japanese than US people. By using simultaneous LC/MS analyses\nof plasma levels of tryptophan metabolites, he recently found that plasma levels of\nserotonin, kynurenine, or 5-HIAA were higher in patients of mono- and bipolar\ndepression, which are significantly different from observations reported before. In\nview of recent reports that plasma tryptophan metabolites are mainly produced by\nmicrobiota. He is now working on the relationships between microbiota and depression or autism.",institutionString:"Hamamatsu University School of Medicine",institution:{name:"Hamamatsu University School of Medicine",country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"137240",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohammed",middleName:null,surname:"Khalid",slug:"mohammed-khalid",fullName:"Mohammed Khalid",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/137240/images/system/137240.png",biography:"Mohammed Khalid received his B.S. degree in chemistry in 2000 and Ph.D. degree in physical chemistry in 2007 from the University of Khartoum, Sudan. He moved to School of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Sydney, Australia in 2009 and joined Dr. Ron Clarke as a postdoctoral fellow where he worked on the interaction of ATP with the phosphoenzyme of the Na+/K+-ATPase and dual mechanisms of allosteric acceleration of the Na+/K+-ATPase by ATP; then he went back to Department of Chemistry, University of Khartoum as an assistant professor, and in 2014 he was promoted as an associate professor. In 2011, he joined the staff of Department of Chemistry at Taif University, Saudi Arabia, where he is currently an assistant professor. His research interests include the following: P-Type ATPase enzyme kinetics and mechanisms, kinetics and mechanisms of redox reactions, autocatalytic reactions, computational enzyme kinetics, allosteric acceleration of P-type ATPases by ATP, exploring of allosteric sites of ATPases, and interaction of ATP with ATPases located in cell membranes.",institutionString:"Taif University",institution:{name:"Taif University",country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}},{id:"63810",title:"Prof.",name:"Jorge",middleName:null,surname:"Morales-Montor",slug:"jorge-morales-montor",fullName:"Jorge Morales-Montor",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/63810/images/system/63810.png",biography:"Dr. Jorge Morales-Montor was recognized with the Lola and Igo Flisser PUIS Award for best graduate thesis at the national level in the field of parasitology. He received a fellowship from the Fogarty Foundation to perform postdoctoral research stay at the University of Georgia. He has 153 journal articles to his credit. He has also edited several books and published more than fifty-five book chapters. He is a member of the Mexican Academy of Sciences, Latin American Academy of Sciences, and the National Academy of Medicine. He has received more than thirty-five awards and has supervised numerous bachelor’s, master’s, and Ph.D. students. Dr. Morales-Montor is the past president of the Mexican Society of Parasitology.",institutionString:"National Autonomous University of Mexico",institution:{name:"National Autonomous University of Mexico",country:{name:"Mexico"}}},{id:"217215",title:"Dr.",name:"Palash",middleName:null,surname:"Mandal",slug:"palash-mandal",fullName:"Palash Mandal",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/217215/images/system/217215.jpeg",biography:null,institutionString:"Charusat University",institution:null},{id:"49739",title:"Dr.",name:"Leszek",middleName:null,surname:"Szablewski",slug:"leszek-szablewski",fullName:"Leszek Szablewski",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/49739/images/system/49739.jpg",biography:"Leszek Szablewski is a professor of medical sciences. He received his M.S. in the Faculty of Biology from the University of Warsaw and his PhD degree from the Institute of Experimental Biology Polish Academy of Sciences. He habilitated in the Medical University of Warsaw, and he obtained his degree of Professor from the President of Poland. Professor Szablewski is the Head of Chair and Department of General Biology and Parasitology, Medical University of Warsaw. Professor Szablewski has published over 80 peer-reviewed papers in journals such as Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease, Biochim. Biophys. Acta Reviews of Cancer, Biol. Chem., J. Biomed. Sci., and Diabetes/Metabol. Res. Rev, Endocrine. He is the author of two books and four book chapters. He has edited four books, written 15 scripts for students, is the ad hoc reviewer of over 30 peer-reviewed journals, and editorial member of peer-reviewed journals. Prof. Szablewski’s research focuses on cell physiology, genetics, and pathophysiology. He works on the damage caused by lack of glucose homeostasis and changes in the expression and/or function of glucose transporters due to various diseases. He has given lectures, seminars, and exercises for students at the Medical University.",institutionString:"Medical University of Warsaw",institution:{name:"Medical University of Warsaw",country:{name:"Poland"}}},{id:"173123",title:"Dr.",name:"Maitham",middleName:null,surname:"Khajah",slug:"maitham-khajah",fullName:"Maitham Khajah",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/173123/images/system/173123.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Maitham A. Khajah received his degree in Pharmacy from Faculty of Pharmacy, Kuwait University, in 2003 and obtained his PhD degree in December 2009 from the University of Calgary, Canada (Gastrointestinal Science and Immunology). Since January 2010 he has been assistant professor in Kuwait University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics. His research interest are molecular targets for the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and the mechanisms responsible for immune cell chemotaxis. He cosupervised many students for the MSc Molecular Biology Program, College of Graduate Studies, Kuwait University. Ever since joining Kuwait University in 2010, he got various grants as PI and Co-I. He was awarded the Best Young Researcher Award by Kuwait University, Research Sector, for the Year 2013–2014. He was a member in the organizing committee for three conferences organized by Kuwait University, Faculty of Pharmacy, as cochair and a member in the scientific committee (the 3rd, 4th, and 5th Kuwait International Pharmacy Conference).",institutionString:"Kuwait University",institution:{name:"Kuwait University",country:{name:"Kuwait"}}},{id:"195136",title:"Dr.",name:"Aya",middleName:null,surname:"Adel",slug:"aya-adel",fullName:"Aya Adel",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/195136/images/system/195136.jpg",biography:"Dr. Adel works as an Assistant Lecturer in the unit of Phoniatrics, Department of Otolaryngology, Ain Shams University in Cairo, Egypt. Dr. Adel is especially interested in joint attention and its impairment in autism spectrum disorder",institutionString:"Ain Shams University",institution:{name:"Ain Shams University",country:{name:"Egypt"}}},{id:"94911",title:"Dr.",name:"Boulenouar",middleName:null,surname:"Mesraoua",slug:"boulenouar-mesraoua",fullName:"Boulenouar Mesraoua",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/94911/images/system/94911.png",biography:"Dr Boulenouar Mesraoua is the Associate Professor of Clinical Neurology at Weill Cornell Medical College-Qatar and a Consultant Neurologist at Hamad Medical Corporation at the Neuroscience Department; He graduated as a Medical Doctor from the University of Oran, Algeria; he then moved to Belgium, the City of Liege, for a Residency in Internal Medicine and Neurology at Liege University; after getting the Belgian Board of Neurology (with high marks), he went to the National Hospital for Nervous Diseases, Queen Square, London, United Kingdom for a fellowship in Clinical Neurophysiology, under Pr Willison ; Dr Mesraoua had also further training in Epilepsy and Continuous EEG Monitoring for two years (from 2001-2003) in the Neurophysiology department of Zurich University, Switzerland, under late Pr Hans Gregor Wieser ,an internationally known epileptologist expert. \n\nDr B. Mesraoua is the Director of the Neurology Fellowship Program at the Neurology Section and an active member of the newly created Comprehensive Epilepsy Program at Hamad General Hospital, Doha, Qatar; he is also Assistant Director of the Residency Program at the Qatar Medical School. \nDr B. Mesraoua's main interests are Epilepsy, Multiple Sclerosis, and Clinical Neurology; He is the Chairman and the Organizer of the well known Qatar Epilepsy Symposium, he is running yearly for the past 14 years and which is considered a landmark in the Gulf region; He has also started last year , together with other epileptologists from Qatar, the region and elsewhere, a yearly International Epilepsy School Course, which was attended by many neurologists from the Area.\n\nInternationally, Dr Mesraoua is an active and elected member of the Commission on Eastern Mediterranean Region (EMR ) , a regional branch of the International League Against Epilepsy (ILAE), where he represents the Middle East and North Africa(MENA ) and where he holds the position of chief of the Epilepsy Epidemiology Section; Dr Mesraoua is a member of the American Academy of Neurology, the Europeen Academy of Neurology and the American Epilepsy Society.\n\nDr Mesraoua's main objectives are to encourage frequent gathering of the epileptologists/neurologists from the MENA region and the rest of the world, promote Epilepsy Teaching in the MENA Region, and encourage multicenter studies involving neurologists and epileptologists in the MENA region, particularly epilepsy epidemiological studies. \n\nDr. Mesraoua is the recipient of two research Grants, as the Lead Principal Investigator (750.000 USD and 250.000 USD) from the Qatar National Research Fund (QNRF) and the Hamad Hospital Internal Research Grant (IRGC), on the following topics : “Continuous EEG Monitoring in the ICU “ and on “Alpha-lactoalbumin , proof of concept in the treatment of epilepsy” .Dr Mesraoua is a reviewer for the journal \"seizures\" (Europeen Epilepsy Journal ) as well as dove journals ; Dr Mesraoua is the author and co-author of many peer reviewed publications and four book chapters in the field of Epilepsy and Clinical Neurology",institutionString:"Weill Cornell Medical College in Qatar",institution:{name:"Weill Cornell Medical College in Qatar",country:{name:"Qatar"}}},{id:"282429",title:"Prof.",name:"Covanis",middleName:null,surname:"Athanasios",slug:"covanis-athanasios",fullName:"Covanis Athanasios",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/282429/images/system/282429.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:"Neurology-Neurophysiology Department of the Children Hospital Agia Sophia",institution:null},{id:"190980",title:"Prof.",name:"Marwa",middleName:null,surname:"Mahmoud Saleh",slug:"marwa-mahmoud-saleh",fullName:"Marwa Mahmoud Saleh",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/190980/images/system/190980.jpg",biography:"Professor Marwa Mahmoud Saleh is a doctor of medicine and currently works in the unit of Phoniatrics, Department of Otolaryngology, Ain Shams University in Cairo, Egypt. She got her doctoral degree in 1991 and her doctoral thesis was accomplished in the University of Iowa, United States. Her publications covered a multitude of topics as videokymography, cochlear implants, stuttering, and dysphagia. She has lectured Egyptian phonology for many years. Her recent research interest is joint attention in autism.",institutionString:"Ain Shams University",institution:{name:"Ain Shams University",country:{name:"Egypt"}}},{id:"259190",title:"Dr.",name:"Syed Ali Raza",middleName:null,surname:"Naqvi",slug:"syed-ali-raza-naqvi",fullName:"Syed Ali Raza Naqvi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259190/images/system/259190.png",biography:"Dr. Naqvi is a radioanalytical chemist and is working as an associate professor of analytical chemistry in the Department of Chemistry, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan. Advance separation techniques, nuclear analytical techniques and radiopharmaceutical analysis are the main courses that he is teaching to graduate and post-graduate students. In the research area, he is focusing on the development of organic- and biomolecule-based radiopharmaceuticals for diagnosis and therapy of infectious and cancerous diseases. Under the supervision of Dr. Naqvi, three students have completed their Ph.D. degrees and 41 students have completed their MS degrees. He has completed three research projects and is currently working on 2 projects entitled “Radiolabeling of fluoroquinolone derivatives for the diagnosis of deep-seated bacterial infections” and “Radiolabeled minigastrin peptides for diagnosis and therapy of NETs”. He has published about 100 research articles in international reputed journals and 7 book chapters. 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From 1985 to 2004, he served as a Full Professor of Biochemistry at the Universidad Nacional de La Plata. He is a member of the National Research Council (CONICET), Argentina, and the Argentine Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (SAIB). His laboratory has been interested for many years in the lipid peroxidation of biological membranes from various tissues and different species. Dr. Catalá has directed twelve doctoral theses, published more than 100 papers in peer-reviewed journals, several chapters in books, and edited twelve books. He received awards at the 40th International Conference Biochemistry of Lipids 1999 in Dijon, France. He is the winner of the Bimbo Pan-American Nutrition, Food Science and Technology Award 2006 and 2012, South America, Human Nutrition, Professional Category. In 2006, he won the Bernardo Houssay award in pharmacology, in recognition of his meritorious works of research. 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In many cases, these diseases have adapted so well that they have developed efficient resilience methods in the human host and can live in the host for years. Others, particularly some blood parasites, can cause very acute diseases and are responsible for millions of deaths yearly. Many parasitic diseases are classified as neglected tropical diseases because they have received minimal funding over recent years and, in many cases, are under-reported despite the critical role they play in morbidity and mortality among human and animal hosts. The current topic, Parasitic Infectious Diseases, in the Infectious Diseases Series aims to publish studies on the systematics, epidemiology, molecular biology, genomics, pathogenesis, genetics, and clinical significance of parasitic diseases from blood borne to intestinal parasites as well as zoonotic parasites. We hope to cover all aspects of parasitic diseases to provide current and relevant research data on these very important diseases. In the current atmosphere of the Coronavirus pandemic, communities around the world, particularly those in different underdeveloped areas, are faced with the growing challenges of the high burden of parasitic diseases. At the same time, they are faced with the Covid-19 pandemic leading to what some authors have called potential syndemics that might worsen the outcome of such infections. 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