Articles regarding quality-of-life impairment in patients with skin diseases and cohabitants.
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These books synthesize perspectives of renowned scientists from the world’s most prestigious institutions - from Fukushima Renewable Energy Institute in Japan to Stanford University in the United States, including Columbia University (US), University of Sidney (AU), University of Miami (USA), Cardiff University (UK), and many others.
\\n\\nThis collaboration embodied the true essence of Open Access by simplifying the approach to OA publishing for Academic editors and authors who contributed their research and allowed the new research to be made available free and open to anyone anywhere in the world.
\\n\\nTo celebrate the 50 books published, we have gathered them at one location - just one click away, so that you can easily browse the subjects of your interest, download the content directly, share it or read online.
\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:null},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'
IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched formed a partnership to support researchers working in engineering sciences by enabling an easier approach to publishing Open Access content. Using the Knowledge Unlatched crowdfunding model to raise the publishing costs through libraries around the world, Open Access Publishing Fee (OAPF) was not required from the authors.
\n\nInitially, the partnership supported engineering research, but it soon grew to include physical and life sciences, attracting more researchers to the advantages of Open Access publishing.
\n\n\n\nThese books synthesize perspectives of renowned scientists from the world’s most prestigious institutions - from Fukushima Renewable Energy Institute in Japan to Stanford University in the United States, including Columbia University (US), University of Sidney (AU), University of Miami (USA), Cardiff University (UK), and many others.
\n\nThis collaboration embodied the true essence of Open Access by simplifying the approach to OA publishing for Academic editors and authors who contributed their research and allowed the new research to be made available free and open to anyone anywhere in the world.
\n\nTo celebrate the 50 books published, we have gathered them at one location - just one click away, so that you can easily browse the subjects of your interest, download the content directly, share it or read online.
\n\n\n\n\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"intechopen-supports-asapbio-s-new-initiative-publish-your-reviews-20220729",title:"IntechOpen Supports ASAPbio’s New Initiative Publish Your Reviews"},{slug:"webinar-introduction-to-open-science-wednesday-18-may-1-pm-cest-20220518",title:"Webinar: Introduction to Open Science | Wednesday 18 May, 1 PM CEST"},{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"9347",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Neuroimaging - Neurobiology, Multimodal and Network Applications",title:"Neuroimaging",subtitle:"Neurobiology, Multimodal and Network Applications",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"In vivo brain neuroimaging with cutting-edge technologies has achieved great success with high spatial and temporal resolutions. Several distinct medical imaging perspectives such as disease neurobiology, multimodal imaging techniques and applications, large-size clinical trials of neuro-oncology, and bioinformatics with illustrative examples and comprehensive summaries could expand our knowledge of neuroimaging mechanism, methodologies, and applications. This book highlights the possibility and achievement of early detection and multiple neuroimaging biomarkers based on various features for pathophysiological probing and therapeutic prevention. It examines the use of neuroimaging techniques such as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), electroencephalography (EEG), and near-infrared resonance spectroscopy (NIRS) with specific and innovative biomedical applications. It provides thorough reviews, accurate descriptions, and confirmative evidences of many related important research topics together with up-to-date imaging network management.",isbn:"978-1-78984-431-3",printIsbn:"978-1-78984-430-6",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83881-077-1",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.83577",price:119,priceEur:129,priceUsd:155,slug:"neuroimaging-neurobiology-multimodal-and-network-applications",numberOfPages:140,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:null,isInBkci:!1,hash:"a3479e76c6ac538aac76409c9efb7e41",bookSignature:"Yongxia Zhou",publishedDate:"June 24th 2020",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9347.jpg",numberOfDownloads:4453,numberOfWosCitations:1,numberOfCrossrefCitations:2,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:1,numberOfDimensionsCitations:2,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:1,hasAltmetrics:1,numberOfTotalCitations:5,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"March 19th 2019",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"August 28th 2019",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"October 27th 2019",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"January 15th 2020",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"March 15th 2020",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"259308",title:"Dr.",name:"Yongxia",middleName:null,surname:"Zhou",slug:"yongxia-zhou",fullName:"Yongxia Zhou",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259308/images/system/259308.jpeg",biography:"Yongxia Zhou obtained a Ph.D. in Biomedical Imaging from the University of Southern California. Her research interest is radiology and neuroscience technology and application. She had been trained as an imaging scientist at several prestigious institutes including Columbia University, the University of Pennsylvania, and the National Institutes of Health (NIH). Her research focuses on multi-modal neuroimaging integration such as MRI/PET and EEG/MEG instrumentation to make the best use of multiple modalities for better interpretation of underlying disease mechanisms. She is the author and editor of more than twelve books for well-known publishers including IntechOpen and Nova Science. She has published more than 100 papers and abstracts in many reputed international journals and conferences and served as reviewer and editor for several academic associations.",institutionString:"University of Southern California",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"2",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"4",institution:{name:"University of Southern California",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"213",title:"Neurobiology",slug:"life-sciences-neuroscience-neurobiology"}],chapters:[{id:"71941",title:"Targeting Neuroglial Sodium Channels in Neuroinflammatory Diseases",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.92127",slug:"targeting-neuroglial-sodium-channels-in-neuroinflammatory-diseases",totalDownloads:783,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The Hodgkin-Huxley model, at its 66th anniversary, remains a footing stone of neuroscience, which describes how the action potential (AP) is generated. As the core player of AP initiation, voltage-gated sodium channels (VGSCs) are always considered to be required for electrogenesis in excitable cells. Cells which are not traditionally been considered to be excitable, including glial cells, also express VGSCs in physiological as well as pathological conditions. The dysfunction of glial VGSCs is seemingly not related to abnormal excitation of neurons, but of importance in the astrogliosis and M1 polarization of microglia, which could induce refractory neuroinflammatory diseases, such as multiple sclerosis, stroke, epilepsy, and Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s diseases. Therefore, in this chapter, we aim to describe the physiological and pathological roles of VGSCs contributing to the activity of glial cells and discuss whether VGSC subtypes could be used as a novel drug target, with an eye toward therapeutic implications for neuroinflammatory diseases.",signatures:"Yu Yao, Xiaoli Wang, Shuzhang Zhang, Zhiping Zhang, Wei Wang, Yudan Zhu, Jiwei Cheng, Guoyi Li and Jie Tao",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/71941",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/71941",authors:[{id:"279620",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Jie",surname:"Tao",slug:"jie-tao",fullName:"Jie Tao"},{id:"279632",title:"Dr.",name:"Yudan",surname:"Zhu",slug:"yudan-zhu",fullName:"Yudan Zhu"},{id:"279639",title:"Dr.",name:"Jiwei",surname:"Cheng",slug:"jiwei-cheng",fullName:"Jiwei Cheng"},{id:"306073",title:"Ms.",name:"Xiaoli",surname:"Wang",slug:"xiaoli-wang",fullName:"Xiaoli Wang"},{id:"306075",title:"Mr.",name:"Zhiping",surname:"Zhang",slug:"zhiping-zhang",fullName:"Zhiping Zhang"},{id:"306078",title:"Dr.",name:"Guoyi",surname:"Li",slug:"guoyi-li",fullName:"Guoyi Li"}],corrections:null},{id:"72289",title:"Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal (HPA) Axis and Chronic Fatigue Syndrome in Older Adults: The Rehabilitation Perspectives",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.92570",slug:"hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal-hpa-axis-and-chronic-fatigue-syndrome-in-older-adults-the-rehabilitat",totalDownloads:646,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"Chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) is a long-term and debilitating condition that regards as a neurological disease. Its symptoms include profound physical and mental fatigue (characteristically made worse by exertion), muscle and joint pain, disturbed sleep, and both concentration and memory problems. CFS is a kind of human stress-related disorders that are characterized by alterations in hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis activity. Investigation of abnormal activity of the HPA axis in various neurological and neuropsychiatric disorders can date back at least 60 years, and its relation to CFS had been reported in the early 1990s. This chapter further disseminated updated evidence for disruption of HPA function in CFS, with the explanation on the relationship between cytokines and HPA activities. Moreover, very limited literature had addressed the importance of rehabilitation to them . This chapter addresses this gap by sharing a pilot rehabilitation outcome on a single-blinded randomized control trial with a parallel group experimental design in the application of activity scheduling (AS) program of occupational therapy for a group of community-dwelling older adults with CFS. The primary objective is to study the outcome of physical functioning of individual participants. The second objective is to study the outcome of AS on impact of caring role through assessing individual caregivers’ perceived burden in care. The third objective is to study the time that needed in taking care; individuals’ perception of enjoyment and achievement in their participated activities will be evaluated. There was a significant effect of AS on the physical functioning of participants as measured by Functional Independence Measure (FIM), as the primary outcome measure, in experimental group, with Wilk’s λ = 0.72, F (2,57) = 18.75, p < 0.001. Moreover, in secondary outcome measures, there is a significant decrease in the impact of caring role as reflected by their perceived burden as measured by the Chinese Zarit Burden Interview (CZBI) in caring for experimental group, with Wilk’s λ = 0.72, F (2,97) = 18.75, p < 0.001. Another study set out to examine the effect of time on caring activities for those recruited couples in AS group. There was significant effect of AS on caring activities with Wilk’s λ = 0.71, F (2,97) = 12.47, p < 0.001. With proper coaching and regular facilitation regarding AS, activity participation in older adults with CFS can be greatly enhanced. Behavioral intervention, such as AS, can supplement therapeutic treatment or may lead to decline in CFS symptoms.",signatures:"Frank Ho-Yin Lai, Maria Uscinska and Elaine Wai-hung Yan",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/72289",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/72289",authors:[{id:"285336",title:"Dr.",name:"Maria",surname:"Uscinska",slug:"maria-uscinska",fullName:"Maria Uscinska"},{id:"303929",title:"Dr.",name:"Frank",surname:"Lai",slug:"frank-lai",fullName:"Frank Lai"},{id:"315509",title:"Ms.",name:"Elaine",surname:"Yan",slug:"elaine-yan",fullName:"Elaine Yan"}],corrections:null},{id:"70459",title:"Neuroimaging Findings for Developmental Coordination Disorder (DCD) in Adults: Critical Evaluation and Future Directions",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.90400",slug:"neuroimaging-findings-for-developmental-coordination-disorder-dcd-in-adults-critical-evaluation-and-",totalDownloads:851,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"Approximately 75% of those diagnosed with developmental coordination disorder (DCD) exhibit motor problems in adulthood. Neuroimaging studies promise to reveal the endophenotypes of mature brain systems affected by DCD. The aim here was to review these publications. Bibliographic searches identified papers published before June 2019. Neuroimaging results revealed: functional abnormalities in the prefrontal, frontal and occipital regions, superior parietal lobe and cerebellum; structural white matter abnormalities in the corticospinal tract, internal capsule and inferior and superior longitudinal fasciculi; significantly reduced interhemispheric cortical inhibition within the primary motor cortex (hPMC); lack of increased hPMC activity during a motor imagery task and a reduced leftwards brain asymmetry for speech. These results suggest complex endophenotypes for adults with DCD (DCDAs). However, the studies have shortcomings. For instance, all relied upon small and unrepresentative samples. Gender and age were not tested systematically. The effects of many co-occurring disorders were not controlled. Most studies relied on between group comparisons, which, given the heterogeneity of DCD, may obscure the results for underrepresented cases. Overall, the young field of neuroimaging studies of DCDAs reported interesting results; however, there is an urgent need for investigations to address these shortcomings. Future research directions, including cutting-edge neuroimaging techniques and imaging genetics, are discussed.",signatures:"Agnieszka Anna Reid",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/70459",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/70459",authors:[{id:"255039",title:"Dr.",name:"Agnieszka",surname:"Reid",slug:"agnieszka-reid",fullName:"Agnieszka Reid"}],corrections:null},{id:"70477",title:"Electroencephalogram Based Biomarkers for Detection of Alzheimer’s Disease",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.90015",slug:"electroencephalogram-based-biomarkers-for-detection-of-alzheimer-s-disease",totalDownloads:788,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is an age-related progressive and neurodegenerative disorder, which is characterized by loss of memory and cognitive decline. It is the main cause of disability among older people. The rapid increase in the number of people living with AD and other forms of dementia due to the aging population represents a major challenge to health and social care systems worldwide. Degeneration of brain cells due to AD starts many years before the clinical manifestations become clear. Early diagnosis of AD will contribute to the development of effective treatments that could slow, stop, or prevent significant cognitive decline. Consequently, early diagnosis of AD may also be valuable in detecting patients with dementia who have not obtained a formal early diagnosis, and this may provide them with a chance to access suitable healthcare facilities. An early diagnosis biomarker capable of measuring brain cell degeneration due to AD would be valuable. Potentially, electroencephalogram (EEG) can play a valuable role in the early diagnosis of AD. EEG is noninvasive and low cost, and provides valuable information about brain dynamics in AD. Thus, EEG-based biomarkers may be used as a first-line decision-support tool in AD diagnosis and could complement other AD biomarkers.",signatures:"Ali H. Husseen Al-Nuaimi, Shaymaa Al-Juboori, Emmanuel Jammeh, Lingfen Sun and Emmanuel Ifeachor",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/70477",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/70477",authors:[{id:"292499",title:"Dr.",name:"Ali H Husseen",surname:"Al-Nuaimi",slug:"ali-h-husseen-al-nuaimi",fullName:"Ali H Husseen Al-Nuaimi"},{id:"293686",title:"Prof.",name:"Emmanuel",surname:"Ifeachor",slug:"emmanuel-ifeachor",fullName:"Emmanuel Ifeachor"},{id:"293687",title:"Dr.",name:"Emmanuel",surname:"Jammeh",slug:"emmanuel-jammeh",fullName:"Emmanuel Jammeh"},{id:"293692",title:"Dr.",name:"Lingfen",surname:"Sun",slug:"lingfen-sun",fullName:"Lingfen Sun"},{id:"313604",title:"Dr.",name:"Shaymaa",surname:"Al-Juboori",slug:"shaymaa-al-juboori",fullName:"Shaymaa Al-Juboori"}],corrections:null},{id:"70592",title:"Measurement and Evaluation of Brain Activity for Train Drivers Using Wearable NIRS",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.90499",slug:"measurement-and-evaluation-of-brain-activity-for-train-drivers-using-wearable-nirs",totalDownloads:769,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Human errors of train drivers may cause serious damage. Therefore, research on human error prevention has been conducted by many researchers. In this context, brain activity measurement of train drivers using near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) has been conducted to monitor the condition of train drivers. In this study, we developed a compact wireless wearable NIRS that can be used in natural environments. The wearable NIRS has been used to measure train drivers’ brain function using a train driving simulator. Experimental results showed that brain activity of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) increased when the driver made braking operation. The experiment for train driving with an accidental event was carried out to evaluate the relation between drivers’ attention and the brain activity. As a result, there was a difference in brain activity between with and without prior notice. Results showed that the increased attention of the train driver can be shown in the NIRS signal from the outer part of the prefrontal cortex.",signatures:"Hitoshi Tsunashima and Keita Aibara",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/70592",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/70592",authors:[{id:"49517",title:"Prof.",name:"Hitoshi",surname:"Tsunashima",slug:"hitoshi-tsunashima",fullName:"Hitoshi Tsunashima"},{id:"309633",title:"Mr.",name:"Keito",surname:"Aibara",slug:"keito-aibara",fullName:"Keito Aibara"}],corrections:null},{id:"68893",title:"Imaging and Neuro-Oncology Clinical Trials of the National Clinical Trials Network (NCTN)",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.89065",slug:"imaging-and-neuro-oncology-clinical-trials-of-the-national-clinical-trials-network-nctn-",totalDownloads:617,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"Imaging in neuro-oncology clinical trials can be used to validate patient eligibility, stage at presentation, response to therapy, and radiation therapy. A number of National Clinical Trials Network trials illustrating this are presented. Through the Imaging and Radiation Oncology Core’s quality assurance processes for data acquisition and review, there are uniform data and imaging sets for review. Once the trial endpoints have been analyzed and published, the clinical trial information including pathology, imaging, and radiation therapy objects can be moved to a public archive for use by investigators interested in translational science and the application of new informatics tools for trial analysis.",signatures:"Thomas J. FitzGerald, Maryann Bishop-Jodoin, Fran Laurie, Richard Hanusik, Matthew Iandoli, Kathryn Karolczuk, Sandra Kessel, Fred Prior, Joel Saltz, Ashish Sharma, Michael Knopp, Mark Rosen, Ying Xiao, David Followill, Jeff Michalski, M. Giulia Cicchetti and Janaki Moni",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/68893",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/68893",authors:[{id:"241806",title:"Dr.",name:"Thomas J.",surname:"FitzGerald",slug:"thomas-j.-fitzgerald",fullName:"Thomas J. FitzGerald"},{id:"303604",title:"Ms.",name:"Fran",surname:"Laurie",slug:"fran-laurie",fullName:"Fran Laurie"},{id:"303606",title:"Mr.",name:"Matthew",surname:"Iandoli",slug:"matthew-iandoli",fullName:"Matthew Iandoli"},{id:"308546",title:"Ms.",name:"Maryann",surname:"Bishop-Jodoin",slug:"maryann-bishop-jodoin",fullName:"Maryann Bishop-Jodoin"},{id:"308547",title:"Mr.",name:"Richard",surname:"Hanusik",slug:"richard-hanusik",fullName:"Richard Hanusik"},{id:"310135",title:"Ms.",name:"Kathryn",surname:"Karolczuk",slug:"kathryn-karolczuk",fullName:"Kathryn Karolczuk"},{id:"310136",title:"Ms.",name:"Sandra",surname:"Kessel",slug:"sandra-kessel",fullName:"Sandra Kessel"},{id:"310137",title:"Prof.",name:"Fred",surname:"Prior",slug:"fred-prior",fullName:"Fred Prior"},{id:"310138",title:"Dr.",name:"Joel",surname:"Saltz",slug:"joel-saltz",fullName:"Joel Saltz"},{id:"310139",title:"Prof.",name:"Ashish",surname:"Sharma",slug:"ashish-sharma",fullName:"Ashish Sharma"},{id:"310140",title:"Dr.",name:"Michael",surname:"Knopp",slug:"michael-knopp",fullName:"Michael Knopp"},{id:"310141",title:"Dr.",name:"Mark",surname:"Rosen",slug:"mark-rosen",fullName:"Mark Rosen"},{id:"310142",title:"Prof.",name:"Ying",surname:"Xiao",slug:"ying-xiao",fullName:"Ying Xiao"},{id:"310143",title:"Prof.",name:"David",surname:"Followill",slug:"david-followill",fullName:"David Followill"},{id:"310144",title:"Dr.",name:"Jeff",surname:"Michalski",slug:"jeff-michalski",fullName:"Jeff Michalski"},{id:"310145",title:"Dr.",name:"M. Giulia",surname:"Cicchetti",slug:"m.-giulia-cicchetti",fullName:"M. 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Pioneering work on anatomy and blood supply to joints mainly hip joints and causative factors leading to avascular necrosis was done at the University of Warwick, and the University of California Los Angeles.",coeditorOneBiosketch:null,coeditorTwoBiosketch:null,coeditorThreeBiosketch:null,coeditorFourBiosketch:null,coeditorFiveBiosketch:null,editors:[{id:"67634",title:"Dr.",name:"Hiran",middleName:"Wimal",surname:"Amarasekera",slug:"hiran-amarasekera",fullName:"Hiran Amarasekera",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/67634/images/system/67634.png",biography:"Hiran Amarasekera is a Consultant Orthopaedic Surgeon Currently practicing in Sri Lanka. After obtaining the MBBS from Kasturba medical college, Manipal, Inda, he completed the MS in Surgical sciences from the University of Colombo. He obtained the fellowship of the Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh (FRCS Ed) and board certification in 2003. \n\nHis special interests are in the areas of young adult hip and knee problems, sports injuries, lower limb arthroplasty, and keyhole joint surgery, and revision arthroplasty. His present research is focused on non-surgical and minimally invasive alternative treatment for osteoarthritis. He worked and trained in many countries for over twenty including India, Sri Lanka, Australia, United States, and the UK.\n\nAs a keen researcher, he has completed an MPhil from the University of Warwick and completed a research fellowship at the University of California Los Angeles, (UCLA). \n\nPresently, he works as a medical educator, as an honorary senior lecturer at the University of Kelaniya and Kothalawela Defense University in Sri Lanka. 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He is a reviewer for the Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery (Br) e and Bone and Joint Journal (BJJ) and a member of the editorial board of the Sri Lanka Journal of Surgery (SLJS). \n\nHe has over 50 international publications, presentations and several book chapters to his credit and has reviewed over 100 papers for journals of BJJ and SLJS.\n\nAfter joining IntechOpen in 2012 he authored three book chapters and edited several open access books with them.",institutionString:"University of Warwick Science Park",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"3",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"2",institution:{name:"University of Warwick Science Park",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}}],coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"16",title:"Medicine",slug:"medicine"}],chapters:null,productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},personalPublishingAssistant:{id:"429341",firstName:"Paula",lastName:"Gavran",middleName:null,title:"Ms.",imageUrl:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",email:"paula@intechopen.com",biography:null}},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"9500",title:"Recent Advances in Bone Tumours and Osteoarthritis",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ea4ec0d6ee01b88e264178886e3210ed",slug:"recent-advances-in-bone-tumours-and-osteoarthritis",bookSignature:"Hiran Amarasekera",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9500.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"67634",title:"Dr.",name:"Hiran",surname:"Amarasekera",slug:"hiran-amarasekera",fullName:"Hiran Amarasekera"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6755",title:"Recent Advances in Arthroscopic Surgery",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5c122c5b88bdc03c130d34ad2ac2d722",slug:"recent-advances-in-arthroscopic-surgery",bookSignature:"Hiran Wimal Amarasekera",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6755.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"67634",title:"Dr.",name:"Hiran",surname:"Amarasekera",slug:"hiran-amarasekera",fullName:"Hiran Amarasekera"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6550",title:"Cohort Studies in Health Sciences",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"01df5aba4fff1a84b37a2fdafa809660",slug:"cohort-studies-in-health-sciences",bookSignature:"R. 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It is important to consider all these factors to apply a needs-oriented each patient approach. Chronic skin diseases have a great impact on quality of life, even more than other chronic conditions like asthma, epilepsy or diabetes [2]. Psoriasis, hidradenitis suppurativa, acne, atopic dermatitis and hair disorders are those with the greatest impact on patients’ quality of life [2, 3, 4].
Multiple tools have been developed to measure health-related quality of life in patient, being the validated Dermatology Life Quality Index (DLQI) the most used. It evaluates the impact of skin symptoms of dermatological conditions and their treatment on patient’s lives. The 10-item questionnaire covers the following aspects of patients’ quality of life: symptoms and feelings, daily activities, leisure, work or school, personal relationships, and treatment. Each question is scored from 0 to 3 (not at all/not relevant (0), a little [1], a lot [2], and very much [3]) and reflects the extent to which the person’s life quality is adversely affected by the skin condition. The total score ranges from 0 to 30, and higher score reflects a greater impairment in patients’ life [5]. The DLQI punctuation is interpreted 0–1 = no effect at all; 2–5 = small effect; 6–10 = moderate effect; 11–20 = very large effect; 21–30 = extremely large effect [6]. There are also other scales to assess anxiety, depression or sexual dysfunction that are also uses to evaluate different aspects of patients’ quality of life [6, 7]. The validated Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) is used to evaluate the prevalence of anxiety and depression. It is divided into two scales of seven items each. Scores equal or higher than 8 on the subscales are indicative of anxiety or depression [8]. The validated International Index of Erectile Function (IIEF-5) and the Female Sexual Function Index (FSFI-6) questionnaires are used to evaluate sexual dysfunction in men and women, respectively. Scores lower than 22 for IIEF-5 and lower than 20 are indicative of sexual dysfunction [9, 10]. Furthermore, to compare different diseases impact on quality of life or to compare several treatment improvements in patients’ life, quality-adjusted life-year (QALYs) or global disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) are used [11, 12].
Chronic skin conditions impair not only patients’ quality of life, but also cohabitants. In fact, it has been described caregiver burnout syndrome, expressing with stress, anxiety or depression what may impair people’s life [13]. This means that the primary caregivers of a sick person are also affected by the disease. Although there is scarce information regarding the impact on cohabitants’ quality of life, recently the Family Dermatology Life Quality Index (FDLQI) has been developed. It is a 10-item questionnaire that covers family member’s perception of a certain specific impact on his/her quality of life over the last 1 month. Each item is scored on a four-point scale (0–3). The final scored is calculated by summing the scores of individual items and ranges from of 0 to 30. Higher total FDLQI scores indicate greater impairment of the family member’s quality of life [14]. FDLQI could be interpreted similarly to DLQI: 0–1 = no effect at all; 2–5 = small effect; 6–10 = moderate effect; 11–20 = very large effect; 21–30 = extremely large effect.
The objective of this chapter is to review the literature to assess the psychological and social effects of dermatological conditions both on patients and cohabitants.
Search strategy. A literature search was performed using Medline, Scopus and Embase from conception to November 2020. The following search terms were used: ((Dermatology) OR (Skin diseases) OR (Alopecia) OR (Psoriasis) OR (Hidradenitis Suppurativa) OR (Acne) OR (Acne Inversa) OR (Atopic Dermatitis)) AND (Quality of Life).
Inclusion and exclusion criteria. The search was limited to: (i) human data, (ii) articles regarding impairment in quality of life in patients and cohabitants, (iii) articles written in English or Spanish. All types of epidemiological studies (clinical trials, cohort studies, case–control studies and cross-sectional studies) were included and analyzed. Reviews, guidelines, protocols, and conference abstracts were excluded. Skin conditions were selected regarding their high prevalence, their severity and their high impairment in quality of life. Psoriasis, hidradenitis suppurativa, atopic dermatitis, acne and alopecia were included. Only studies using validate scales to assess impairment in quality of life were included.
Study selection. Two researchers (TMV and MSD) independently reviewed the titles and abstracts of the articles obtained in the first search to assess relevant studies. The full texts of all articles meeting the inclusion criteria were reviewed, and their bibliographic references were checked for additional sources. The articles considered relevant by both researchers were included in the analysis. Disagreements about inclusion or exclusion of articles were subjected to discussion until a consensus was reached. If not reached, resolution was achieved by discussion with a third researcher (SAS).
Variables. The variables assessed were number of participants and cohabitants, assent tools used to evaluate quality of life, risk factors associated with impairment in cohabitants’ quality of life, general impairment in patients’ quality of life.
Target audience. Clinicians and research are the main audience of this review. Doctors should be aware to consider patients and cohabitant impairment in quality of life when making treatment decisions. Moreover, research should include validate measure of patients and cohabitants quality of life in their investigations.
Psoriasis is a chronic, recurrent, multi-systemic inflammatory disease that mainly affects the skin and the joints [15]. It is a multifactorial disease caused by a combination of immunological imbalance, genetic associations and environmental factors [16]. Its prevalence around the word has been estimated from between 0.51% and 11.43% [17], being more frequent in countries more distant from the equator [18]. In Europe, psoriasis prevalence is about 1.3% [19]. Furthermore, its incidence is increasing over the years [19, 20]. It has a bimodal age of onset (16 to 22 and 57 to 60 years) [21] and it affects both sexes similarly [18].
Psoriasis is considered a major global health problem [22]. Although, the skin manifestations are commonly the only recognized symptoms of psoriasis [20], this disease is associated with multiple comorbidities such as arthritis, cardiovascular disease, metabolic syndrome, depression, anxiety or inflammatory bowel disease [23, 24, 25, 26]. All of them contribute to increase the morbimortality in these patients. In fact, similar to many chronic inflammatory diseases, the risk of early mortality in patients with psoriasis is increased, especially due to cardiovascular events [27]. Likewise, the risk of mortality from cardiovascular disease is higher in patients with more severe psoriasis [28]. Patients with psoriasis are also at increased risk of mental problems. Rates of anxiety, depression and even suicide are increased in these patients [29]. Psoriasis can also influence the interpersonal and sexual health of people with psoriasis [30]. Psoriasis therefore impacts on physical, emotional, and social patient’s life [20]. Moreover, the economic burden of psoriasis is high, as in Europe the annual total cost per patient is between 6,000-12,000€ [31].
Furthermore, psoriasis has a great impact on cohabitants’ life [6, 7, 32]. The presence of psoriasis impaired the quality of life in almost 90% of the cohabitants. FDLQI scores of cohabitants are associated with the DLQI scores of the patients. Moreover, an increased body surface area affected, and the genital and scalp location were associated with a higher FDLQI score while FDLQI scores were lower for cohabitants with higher professional/university education [6]. Disease severity and duration impact negatively on cohabitants’ quality of life, anxiety and depression [6, 32]. In addition, after getting psoriasis, a reduction in the frequency of sexual intercourse occurred in in more than 90% of the relationship and 40% of psoriasis partners suffer from sexual dysfunction [7, 32].
Multiple treatments are effective for treating psoriasis, including topical medications, phototherapy, oral systemic medications, and biologics [33]. Mild psoriasis can be treated with topical corticosteroids or corticosteroids plus vitamin D analogues. Moderate psoriasis needs to be treated with systemic treatments, such as methotrexate, acitretin or cyclosporine, or phototherapy. If psoriasis is severe or treatment-resistant, biologics are indicated. There is a wide range of biologics therapies for treating psoriasis: TNFα (etanercept, adalimumab, infliximab, certolizumab), IL12/23 inhibitors (ustekinumab), IL23 inhibitor (guselkumab, risankizumab, tildrakizumab), IL17 inhibitors (secukinumab, ixekizumab, brodalumab) [34]. The economic outcomes of these targeted treatments have been compared with non-targeted ones. The incremental benefits compared with no targeted treatment are, in descending order: ixekizumab 1.68 QALYs, brodalumab 1.64 QALYs, secukinumab 1.51 QALYs, ustekinumab 1.43 QALYs, infliximab 1.27 QALYs, adalimumab 1.15 QALYs, etanercept 0.97 QALYs, and apremilast 0.87 QALYs. Initial targeted treatment with IL-17 inhibitors seems to be the most effective treatment strategy for plaque psoriasis patients who have failed systemics [11].
Hidradenitis suppurativa (HS) is a chronic, recurrent, debilitating inflammatory skin disease of the hair follicle that usually presents after puberty with painful, deep-seated inflamed lesions in the apocrine gland-bearing areas of the body, most commonly the axillae, inguinal and anogenital regions [35]. A prevalence rate of around 1% has been estimated [36], of 0.03–1% in Europe [37, 38, 39] and of 0.053% in the USA [40].
Its etiopathogenesis is still elusive and may be of pivotal importance in improving patients and relative’s quality of life. Genetic susceptibility, smoking, obesity and hormonal disorders are major risk factors for the development of HS [41]. Moreover HS, has been associated with multiple physical comorbidities such as spondylarthritis, inflammatory bowel disease and increased cardiovascular risk [42, 43]. Moreover, HS impairs patients’ mental health. It has been related to higher levels of depression, anxiety, worse quality of life, sexual dysfunction and a higher suicide risk [44, 45, 46, 47]. HS also has consequences on social relationships and professional careers, as high rates of absenteeism and unemployment have been reported in HS patients [43]. For all these reasons, HS is a stigmatizing and disabling disease that greatly impairs physical, emotional, and social patient’s life. Moreover, the economic burden of HS is high [48]. Direct medical costs due only to surgery are around £2,000 per patient per year in the UK [49]. Indirect costs, for expel associated with frequent and long-term absenteeism and disability, have also a great impact on the health system [50].
Moreover, HS has a great impact on cohabitants’ life as they are involved in patients’ caregiving [51, 52, 53]. A positive association between the Dermatology Life Quality Index (DLQI) and the Family Dermatology Life Quality Index (FDLQI) has been observed [52]. The most affected areas are emotional distress (depression, anxiety, embarrassment), social life and routine household expenditure [53]. In fact, patient’s anxiety and depression and higher score for negative affectivity are associated with a lower quality of life in their cohabitants [52]. Disease severity also impairs both patients and cohabitants life due to skin symptoms (disease duration, pain, more involved locations), the need of continuous care and more unpleasant treatments and a higher economic expenditure [51]. In addition, a great impact is found in partners or husband/wife compared with parents, leading to a potential effect on the couple relationships [51]. In fact, patient sexual dysfunction greatly impairs cohabitant’s quality of life [52]. On the other hand, higher educational level and an early diagnosis and treatment have a positive impact on patients and their partners’ life [51, 52, 53].
HS therapy is often challenging and requires the combination of medical and surgical treatments [54, 55]. Medical treatment of mild disease consists in topical clindamycin 1% solution/gel twice a day for 12 weeks or, for a more widespread disease, tetracycline 500 mg daily for 4 months. If patient do not respond or for moderate-to-severe disease, clindamycin 300 mg with rifampicin 600 mg daily for 10 weeks would be considered [56]. Adalimumab, a monoclonal antibody against tumor necrosis factor-α, is the only biologic agent currently available for treating moderate to severe HS, but a primary or secondary lack of response has been observed in some patients [57]. New insights into the pathogenesis of HS reveal an inflammatory cytokine profile including elevated levels of (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-1ß, IL-17 or interferon (IFN)-γ and other biologic treatments such as bermekimab, bimekizumab, brodalumab, guselkumab, risankizumab or secukinumab are being tested in clinical trials [58]. There is scarce evidence regarding cost-effectiveness therapies in HS. It has been estimated that the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio for adalimumab versus standard care was around £30,000 per QALY gained [59]. Nevertheless, it cost-effectiveness was highly susceptible to the health states’ utility values, the treatment discontinuation and the resource utilization [60].
Acne vulgaris is a chronic inflammatory disease of the pilosebaceous unit that usually presents at adolescence with comedones (blackheads and whiteheads), papules, pustules, nodules, cysts and scars. The most affected areas corresponds to the highest density of pilosebaceous units (face, neck, upper chest, shoulders, and back) [61]. It is a prevalent condition that involves 85% of adolescents and 6–10% of the general population [62].
Acne is a multifactorial disease resulting from androgen-induced disturbed sebaceous gland activity associated with increased sebum production and alterations in sebum fatty acid composition, altered keratinisation, inflammation,
Acne not only impairs patients’ life but also their cohabitants. More than 90% of people leaving with acne patients have impaired their quality of life. A positive correlation between FDLQI in cohabitants and DLQI in patients is observed. Furthermore, patients’ level of depression and anxiety are also associated with their cohabitants’ [68].
Acne treatment is based on disease severity, patient preference, site of involvement, age of the patient and tolerability. Topical therapies may be used as monotherapy, in combination with other topical agents or in combination with oral agents in both initial control and maintenance. The most employed topical products are benzoyl peroxide, salicylic acid, antibiotics, combination antibiotics with benzoyl peroxide, retinoids, retinoid with benzoyl peroxide, retinoid with antibiotic, azelaic acid, and sulfone agents. Systemic antibiotics are used in moderate to severe inflammatory acne and should be used in combination with a topical retinoid and benzoyl peroxide. Tetracycline, mainly doxycycline and minocycline, are the most effective antibiotics. Oral contraceptives can improve acne for many women, mainly in those with clinical or laboratory signs of hyperandrogenism. Oral isotretinoin is indicated for severe acne or moderate treatment-resistant acne [69]. The effectiveness and cost effectiveness of isotretinoin are well proven as its cost per QALY of £898 ($US l3 74) is affordable [70]. Dermatologist treatment appears cost-effective related to producing additional QALYs at a cost of $40,000 per QALY gained [71].
Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a common and chronic inflammatory skin disease. It is characterized by recurrent eczematous lesions and intense itch which develop in people of all ages and ethnicities. The prevalence of AD has been estimated around 12% in children and 7% in adults in United States [72]. It is considered the leading non-fatal health burden attributable to skin diseases [73]. The etiopathogenesis of AD is not completely understood. However, most studies agree that skin barrier dysfunction and immune dysregulation play a key role in the development of AD [74, 75]. Genetic polymorphisms in the filaggrin gene, which encode a major structural protein in the stratum corneum, upregulation of Th2 cytokines, such as IL-4 and IL-13, changes in the skin microbiome and altered lipid composition are thought to be responsible for the appearance of pruritus and skin lesions in patients suffering from AD [75, 76, 77, 78].
AD is frequently associated with food allergy, asthma and rhinitis, which is also known as the “atopic march”. This concept refers to the propensity for AD to begin early in life and be followed by the serial incidence of food allergy, asthma, and hay fever [79]. Other associated conditions include eosinophilic esophagitis [80], allergic contact dermatitis [81], cardiovascular disease [82] and infections [83, 84].
Skin lesions and severe symptomatology, including severe itch and skin pain, contribute to an impaired quality of life in patients suffering from AD. Psychosocial distress, stigma, sleep disturbance avoidance of social interaction are consequences of AD [85]. Significantly poorer dermatology-related quality of life scores have been found in patients with AD: higher DLQI [86] and Children’s DLQI [87], greater Skindex affectation [88] and itch-related quality of life [89]. Different general quality of life scores are also affected in patients with AD [86, 87, 89]. Furthermore, the impact on quality of life is not restricted to the patient itself, but also affects to their cohabitants. It has been shown that parents of children with AD have lower quality-of-life scores [90, 91, 92] and that AD influences marital conflicts [93]. Regarding the sexual health, there is evidence that AD have a strong impact in sexual behavior. The involvement of visible areas and sensual areas leads to lower quality of life indexes and higher burden scores in patients with AD [94]. Moreover, people with more severe AD have a greater impact on sexuality [94, 95].
Given its high burden, AD have been associated with high QALY loss, even higher than autoimmune disorders, diabetes, food allergy and heart disease in both males and female [96]. Moreover, six-dimensional health state short form (SF-6D) score, an utility score which ranges from 0 (worst health) to 1 (best health) was estimated to 0.63 in severe AD. This was lower than SF-6D in high blood pressure (0.63), diabetes (0.65) and similar to anxiety, depression and heart disease (0.63) [96].
The treatment of AD follows a stepwise approach that is tailored according to disease severity and extension [85, 97]. Patient’s education and basic skin care must be carried out in all patients, including those without active skin lesions. It consists of the frequent application of skin moisturizers, warm baths or showers using non-soap cleansers and avoidance of skin irritants. For mild and localized disease, treatment involves the use of topical corticosteroids (TCS) and topical calcineurin inhibitors (TCI). For moderate-to-severe and extensive disease, phototherapy or systemic drugs are indicated. Systemic immunosuppressants, such as cyclosporine, methotrexate, azathioprine and mycophenolate mofetil can be used [75, 85]. Dupilumab, a monoclonal antibody which acts as a targeted therapy for AD, is currently the most effective therapy por severe AD. It acts through the blockage of the IL-4 receptor alpha-chain [85, 98]. Emerging therapies include anti IL-13 and anti IL-31 antibodies, JAK inhibitors, and inhibitors of PDE-4 [85, 98].
Finally, AD places a high financial burden on patients, families and society through direct medical costs and decreased productivity. Taking this into account, a conservative estimate of the annual costs of atopic dermatitis in the United States (2015) is $5.297 billion [99]. Regarding the current development of novel treatments, which involve higher costs [100], these costs is likely to increase over the time.
Alopecia is a heterogeneous group of common skin disorders. This group can be divided into two minor groups: a) Non-cicatricial alopecia: Follicular epithelium is not replaced by connective tissue, so it is potentially reversible; b) Cicatricial alopecia: Follicular epithelium is replaced by connective tissue, so it is assumed that permanent injury of the follicular stem cell region has occurred.
Many different skin conditions can be classified into this category. Most common and most representative non-cicatricial alopecia will be reviewed below.
AGA is an androgen-dependent hereditary disorder resulting from the conversion of scalp terminal hairs into miniaturized vellus hairs in a characteristic pattern. Androgens act on the epithelial cells of genetically susceptible hair follicles in androgen-dependent areas, leading to follicular miniaturization [101]. Its frequency and severity increase with age, with at least 80% of Caucasian men and 50% of women showing signs of AGA by age 70 years [102, 103]. In male pattern hair loss, there is a progressive loss of hair in the frontal and bitemporal line, and also in the vertex. In the female pattern hair loss, the frontal hairline is spared with a diffuse central thinning of the crown.
In some studies, AGA has associated to age and family history of AGA. Moreover, some factors related to metabolic syndrome have also been related to AGA in both genders: Hypertension, diabetes mellitus and waist circumference [104].
As AGA is frequent and affects a visible area such as the scalp, it can lead to a significant impairment in the quality of life and social inhibition in patients. There is evidence of the impairment in quality-of-life scores in both males and female suffering from AGA: DLQI [105, 106, 107], Hairdex scale [105] and Skindex-29 scale [106]. Moreover, AGA has a negative impact on sexual function in premenopausal women, reflected in a decreased FSFI compared to healthy females [108].
Only two therapeutic agents have been approved by the Food and Drug Administration and European Medicines Agency for the treatment of AGA: Topical minoxidil (in both males and females), and oral finasteride (in males) [109]. Minoxidil was first introduced as an oral treatment for severe hypertension in the 1970s [110]. When hypertrichosis was observed as a side effect of this medication, both topical and oral formulations of minoxidil were developed to treat alopecia. Minoxidil changes the micro-environment of the hair follicle, inducing a prolonged anagen phase and increased hair growth. Most common presentations of topical minoxidil include 2% and 5% lotions which are applied 1 ml/12 hours. Although oral minoxidil seems to be effective to treat AGA, it is not yet approved [111]. Oral finasteride is approved for AGA in men with a dosage of 1 mg/24 hours. It acts through the inhibition of 5-alpha reductase and is effective and safe [109] in the treatment of AGA.
AA is a common inflammatory hair loss, characterized by an autoimmune-mediated hair follicle destruction, due to the upregulation of inflammatory pathways. The lifetime incidence of AA is approximately 2% worldwide [112]. The etiology is still not fully understood, but the loss of immune privilege in the hair follicle seems to play a crucial role in the development of AA [113]. Clinical features of AA vary from the appearance of small, well-circumscribed patches of hair loss to a complete absence of body and scalp hair.
As AA is an autoimmune disorder, patients suffering from AA have a higher risk of developing autoimmune diseases: thyroid disorders [112, 114], with an incidence in AA between 2,3-14,6%; diabetes mellitus, with an incidence in AA between 0,4-11,1% [115]; and vitiligo, with an incidence in AA between 1,8-7,0% [115] are some of the most common. AA have also been associated with atopic diseases, metabolic syndrome, Helicobacter Pylori infection, and vitamin D deficiency [116]. Moreover, a 66–74% of lifetime prevalence of psychiatric disorders have been reported in AA patients, with a 38–39% lifetime prevalence of depression and a 39–62% prevalence of generalized anxiety disorder [117, 118, 119, 120].
Regarding the quality of life in people suffering from AA, there is increasing evidence of the strong impact of AA in quality-of-life scores, which affects up to 76.7% of children and 77.6% of adults [121]. Impairments in DLQI as well as in alopecia specific scores have been reported [115, 121, 122]. Role-emotional, mental health and vitality domains seem to be the most affected [121]. Moreover, scalp involvement, anxiety and depression have a negative impact on the quality of life of patients with AA [121]. AA also impacts on sexual quality of life [123]. One study showed that both males and females suffering from AA had decreased sexual quality of life with low Sexual Quality of Life for Females (SQOL-F) and Sexual Quality of Life for Males (SQOL-M) scores. In this study, men strongly identified with the statement “I fell anxious” and women with the statement “I feel embarrassed”.
Preliminary outcomes of a research conducted in the Hospital Virgen de las Nieves (Granada, Spain), which were presented at the national congress of the Spanish Dermatology Academy showed also a significant burden in cohabitants of patients with AA. Cohabitants of patients with AA had high FDLQI scores, which correlated to DLQI from patients. Anxiety in cohabitants also showed correlation with the time of evolution of the disease [124].
There are different therapeutic options for AA, depending on the age of the patient and the extension of the disease. Briefly, in adult patients suffering from isolated patches of hair loss or less than 25% of scalp hair loss are the best candidates to therapy with intralesional injections of potent corticosteroids (such as triamcinolone). In the case of adult patients who refuse the injections and children, potent topical corticosteroids (betamethasone, clobetasol) are considered the first-line therapy. An alternative for mild cases is the use of topical anthralin. When AA is extensive, systemic drugs are recommended. Systemic corticosteroids taken in low doses can be effective but involve serious long-term adverse events. Other systemic immunosuppressive agents can be useful in AA: methotrexate or azathioprine. JAK inhibitors (tofacitinib, baricitinib) are novel promising therapies for severe cases of AA [125, 126].
A wide variety of diseases can be classified into this group, both primary skin diseases and secondary cicatricial alopecia. Given that most of cicatricial alopecia are relatively uncommon, there is scarce evidence regarding their comorbidities and their treatment. Moreover, almost any studies report data about the impairment in quality of life associated with these skin disorders.
Few studies address the issue of quality of life in patients with Frontal Fibrosing Alopecia (FFA) [127]. FFA is a cicatricial alopecia, typically appearing in postmenopausal woman, characterized by slowly progression of hair loss in the frontal, temporal or frontotemporal scalp and eyebrows. Hair follicles show perifollicular erythema and scale. Patients with FFA have been found to show impairments in DLQI, and anxiety and depression scores [127].
Preliminary outcomes of a research conducted in the Hospital Virgen de las Nieves (Granada, Spain), which were presented at the national congress of the Spanish Dermatology Academy showed a significant burden in cohabitants of patients with FFA. Cohabitants of patients with FFA had high FDLQ) scores, which correlated to DLQI from patients. Anxiety in cohabitants also showed correlation with the time of evolution of the disease. However, the impact on the quality of life in cohabitants of patients with FFA was lower than the impact on the cohabitants of patients with AA [124].
Skin diseases have a great impact on patients and cohabitants quality of life. Clinicians should be aware of this issue so they can provide an individualized medicine, targeting not only the visible symptoms of the disease but also the impact on quality of life. Researchers should also include quality of life impairment scales for patients and cohabitants to measure the effectiveness of treatments. Universal scales are needed to homogenize results. Further research regarding skin conditions should include the impact of both patients and cohabitants’ quality of life assessed by validate scales. Moreover, healthcare policy should also consider not also patients’ needs but also cohabitants’.
The most common tools to assess impairment in quality of life were the DLQI (for patients) and the FDLQI (for cohabitants), Table 1. HS and psoriasis are the diseases that have a greater impact on patients and cohabitant quality of life. The media DLQI scores for HS was 13.34 points and the media FDLQI was 9.76 points [51, 52, 53]. Psoriatic patients reported a media of 10.79 points in the DLQI and their cohabitants reported a media of 12.8 points in the FDLQI [6, 7, 32]. The greater impairment of this disease could be explained because of the symptoms, chronicity and comorbidities associated. The clinical manifestations of HS cause pain, itching, malodor and suppuration, among other symptoms, which make life difficult for patients [35]. Pain is one of the most important problems in patients with HS, usually related to the inflammation of the nodules. Psoriatic plaques are also associated with itching and pain what cause an important physical burden in patients [15]. The lesions of these disease frequently appear on the genital area, having an impact on sexual life [15, 35]. The sexual impairment could also explain the great cohabitants impairment of quality of life [6, 52], apart from the chronicity of this disease and the caregiver burnout syndrome. The following disease with higher points in the DLQI was AD (media of 10.78) [86, 87, 89]. This could also be explained because of the itching and the sleep disorder associated with this disease [79]. Acne and alopecia were scored with the lowest rate quality of life impairment. Acne patients scored a media of 7.56 points in the DLQI and their cohabitants a media of 6.46 in the FDLQI [68]. This could be explained because it is a disease that usually happens in adolescent and it is temporary [65]. Alopecia patients recorded a media of 6.1 points in the DLQI and their cohabitants a media of 6.13 points [124]. This might be explained because they are not usually associated with other symptoms and some types of alopecia, such as alopecia areata, are not chronic and patients can be completely recovered from its disease [125].
Disease | Article | Number of patients/cohabitants included | Assessment tools used to evaluate quality of life | Patients | Cohabitant | Risk factor associated with impairment in cohabitants’ quality of life | General impairment in patients’ quality of life |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Psoriasis | Martinez-Garcia E et al. 2014 | 34/49 | DLQI | 12 (range 1–28) | — | Negative factors: DLQI, marital status, cohabitants’ anxiety, severe psoriasis, a long disease duration, genital and scalp location. Protective factors: Higher professional/university education | Increased risk of other diseases: arthritis, cardiovascular disease, metabolic syndrome, inflammatory bowel disease. Increased risk of mental problems: anxiety, depression, suicide. Impaired social life: interpersonal and sexual health., economic burden. |
FDLQI | — | 8.82 (range 0–30) | |||||
IIEF-5/ FSFI-6 (sexual dysfunction, %) | 79.1% females, 19.1% males | 54.5% females, 59.2% males | |||||
Halioua, B et al. 2020 | 184/184 | DLQI | 9.57 (6.35 SD) | — | Negative factors: patients’ quality of life, cohabitants’ mental health, patient disease severity | ||
FDLQI | — | 16.78 (9.96 SD) | |||||
Hidradenitis suppurativa | Ramos-Alejos-Pita C et al. 2020 | 27/27 | DLQI | 13.88 (SD 9.53) | — | Negative factors: patients’ BMI, IHS4, impairment in patients’ quality of life, patients’ negative affectivity, patients’ depression, sexual dysfunction, partners’ sexual dysfunction | Physical comorbidities: spondylarthritis, inflammatory bowel disease and increased cardiovascular risk. Mental health: depression, anxiety, suicide. Impaired social life: sexual dysfunction, high rates of absenteeism and unemployment, economic burden |
FDLQI | — | 10.48 (SD 7.76) | |||||
IIEF-5/ FSFI-6 (sexual dysfunction) | 18.26 (SD 6.28) | 20.82 (SD 6.51) | |||||
Wlodarek K et al. 2020 | 50/50 | FDLQI | — | 8.7 (SD 6.8) | Negative factors: patient’s and partner’s age, Hurley stage, HSSI | ||
Marasca C et al. 2020 | 35/70 | DLQI | 12.8 (SD 4.48) | — | Negative factors: DLQI, Hurley stage, partner relationship Protective factors: Higher professional/university education | ||
FDLQI | — | 10.11 (range 0–19) | |||||
Acne | Martinez-Garcia E et al. 2014 | 62/66 | DLQI | 7.56 (range 0–29) | — | Negative factors: impairment in patients’ quality of life, acne duration, cohabitant’s anxiety level. | Physical disability: painful lesions. Mental health: high rates of anxiety, depression and suicide. Impaired social life: aesthetic consequences, social phobia. |
FDLQI | — | 6.46 (range 0–26 | |||||
Atopic dermatitis | Xu X et al. 2019 | 559 / 559 | IDQOL | 8.76 (SD 2.6) | — | Negative factors: Higher CDLQI and IDQOL, severity of the disease, and children’s age. | Age and severity of the disease was related to lower quality of life in children. Patients have an increased risk of food allergies, asthma, hay fever, eosinophilic esophagitis, allergic contact dermatitis, cardiovascular disease and infections. |
CDLQI | 8.76 (SD 2.2) | — | |||||
RAND-36 | — | 38.52 (SD 7.16) | |||||
Ezzedine K et al. 2020 | 399 / 399 | CDLQI | 8.7 (SD 7.1) | — | Negative factors: Children’s age, higher CDLQI and DLQI, shorter disease duration, younber parents. | ||
DLQI | 12.8 (SD 11.1) | — | |||||
ABS-F | — | 10.0 (SD 8.0) | |||||
Gieler U et al. 2017 | 64 / 64 | GDS, QPCAE. | — | . | Negative factor: Being a single mother of a child with atopic dermatitis led to higher perceived stress in the family and less life-satisfaction when compared to mothers with partners. | ||
Jang HJ et al. 2016 | 78 / 78 | DFI | Negative factors: Severity of the disease, children’s female gender, parent’s stress and negative affect led to lower family quality of life. | ||||
Alopecia Areata | Arias-Santiago S et al. 2020 (preliminary outcomes) | 16 / 16 | DLQI | 6.5 | — | Negative factors: The evolution time of the diseases led to higher anxiety and depression scores in cohabitants. Higher FDLQI correlates to higher anxiety and depression scores | Patients with AA have higher risk of thyroid disorders, diabetes mellitus, vitiligo, atopic diseases, metabolic syndrome, Helicobacter Pylori infection, and vitamin D deficiency. There is a 66–74% of lifetime prevalence of psychiatric disorders (depression and prevalence of generalized anxiety disorder). |
FDLQI | — | 7.25 (SD 4.89) | |||||
Frontal Fibrosing Alopecia | Arias-Santiago S et al. 2020 (preliminary outcomes) | 15 / 15 | DLQI | 5,7 | — | Negative factors: The evolution time of the diseases led to higher anxiety and depression scores in cohabitants. Higher FDLQI correlates to higher anxiety and depression scores | There is scarce evidence regarding the comorbidities of FFA. Patients with FFA have been found to show impairments in DLQI, and anxiety and depression scores. |
FDLQI | — | 5 |
Articles regarding quality-of-life impairment in patients with skin diseases and cohabitants.
ABS-F: Atopic dermatitis Burden Scale-Family; CDLQI: Children’s Dermatology Quality of Life Index; DFI: Dermatitis Family Impact questionnaire; DLQI, Dermatology Life Quality Index; FDLQI, Family Dermatology Life Quality Index; GDS: General Depression Scale; HSSI, Hidradenitis Suppurativa Severity Index; IDQOL: Infant’s dermatitis quality of life; IIEF-5, International Index of Erectile Function; QPCAE: Questionnaire for Parent so Children with Atopic Eczema; SFI-6, Female Sexual Function Index;.
Regarding psychological impact of patients and cohabitants, HADS-A and HADS-D are the most frequent scales used, Table 2. The highest rates of patient’s anxiety are reported for HS (9.51) and psoriasis (8.82), followed by frontal fibrosing alopecia (7.5), acne (6.9) and alopecia areata (6.6). The highest rates of cohabitants anxiety are reported for psoriasis (8.06), followed by HS (7.22), acne (6.91), alopecia areata (6.5) and frontal fibrosing alopecia (4.5). Depression was rated lower than anxiety in all diseases. Patients reported the highest rates for HADS-Depression in HS (7.7) and psoriasis (6.15), followed by alopecia areata (4.9), frontal fibrosing alopecia (4.1) and acne (2.47). Cohabitants reported the highest rates for HADS-Depression in alopecia areata [6], HS (5.14), psoriasis (4.73), acne (4.23) and frontal fibrosing alopecia. Up to our knowledge, there are no reports regarding the impact of AD in cohabitants anxiety and depression. In agreement with DLQI and FDLQI scores, psoriasis and HS are the diseases that have the greatest impact on patients and cohabitants anxiety [ 6, 7, 32, 51, 52, 53]. Regarding depression, patients’ reports are in agreement with anxiety and DLQI scores. Nevertheless, cohabitants reported the highest scores for anxiety in alopecia areata [124]. This might be due because most alopecia areata patients are children and their hair loss negatively affect their parent’s psycho [112].
Disease | Article | Number of patients/cohabitants included | Assessment tools used to evaluate quality of life | Patients | Cohabitant |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Psoriasis | Martinez-Garcia E et al. 2014 | 34/49 | HADS-Anxiety | 8.82 (range 1–18) | 8.06 (range 0–16) |
HADS-Depression | 6.15 (range 0–19) | 4.73 (range 0–14) | |||
Rosenberg’s Self-Esteem Questionnaire (<15, %) | 78.2% females, 31.8% males | 56.6% females, 40.8% males | |||
Halioua, B et al. 2020 | 184/184 | MCS-12 | 41.94 (SD 10.35) | 45.50 (SD 11.00) | |
PSC-12 | 45.57 (SD 5.63) | 44.92 (SD 5.75) | |||
Alariny AF et al. 2019 | 120/120 | HADS-A (> 7, %) | 69.1% females, 39.1% males | 63.6% females, 51% males | |
HADS-D (> 7, %) | 39.1% females, 21.8% males | 45.5% females, 34.7% males | |||
Hidradenitis suppurativa | Ramos-Alejos-Pita C et al. 2020 | 27/27 | HADS-Anxiety | 9.51 (SD 4.89) | 7.22 (SD 4.20) |
HADS-Depression | 7.70 (SD 5.11) | 5.14 (SD 4.52) | |||
Atopic Dermatitis | Gieler U et al. 2017 | 64 / 64 | SSQ, SWLS. | — | — |
Jang HJ et al. 2016 | 78 / 78 | SWLS, PANAS | |||
Acne | Martinez-Garcia E et al. 2014 | 62/66 | HADS-A | 6.29 (range 0–15) | 6.91 (range 1–19) |
HADS-D | 2.47 (range 0–11) | 4.23 (range 0–16) | |||
Alopecia Areata | Arias-Santiago S et al. 2020 (preliminary outcomes) | 16 16 | HADS - Anxiety | 6.6 | 6.5 |
HADS - Depression | 4.9 | 6 | |||
Frontal Fibrosing Alopecia | Arias-Santiago S et al. 2020 (preliminary outcomes) | 15 / 15 | HADS - Anxiety | 7.5 | 4.5 |
HADS - Depression | 4.1 | 3 |
Articles regarding psychological impairment in patients with skin diseases and cohabitants.
HADS, Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale; MCS-12, Mental Health Subscale; PANAS: Positive Affect and Negative Affect Schedule; PCS-12, Physical Health Subscale; SWLS: Satisfaction With Life Score; SSC: Short Stress Questionnaire.
Since skin lesions are visible and can generate unpleasant sensations, such as itching or pain, skin diseases are a major cause of decreased quality of life. In addition, the involvement of areas with a high emotional burden, such as the genital area, scalp o facial area can lead to social inhibition, anxiety and depression. Studies focused on the evaluation of the quality of life of patients and cohabitants with skin diseases and their co-habitants are necessary to objectify the great burden they bear. Therefore, it seems necessary to make a comprehensive approach to skin diseases, taking into account not only the medical aspect, but also the emotional and the quality of life of both patients and cohabitants.
The holistic approach of the skin disease requires the complete evaluation of patients and cohabitants, from the biological, psychological and social point of view. This approach should include specific evaluations of quality of life and related disorders in all patients and cohabitants, which will lead to a better quality of the health of the populations. Moreover, therapeutic methods aimed at improving the quality of life such as patient schools, cognitive-behavioral strategies or mindfulness should be implemented in the daily clinical practice to treat not only the biologic, but also the social and psychologic manifestations of skin diseases.
The authors have no conflict of interest to declare.
None.
In recent decades, the application of geographic information systems (GIS) in solid waste management (SWM) has been widely adopted in many cities around the world, from developed to developing nations. Moreover, the utilization of GIS is not limited to the management of solid waste. It has been widely applied in agriculture, natural resource management, planning and economic development, disaster management and mitigation, public health, and related areas. In solid waste management, the primary objective for the adoption of GIS is to reduce cost and time (feasibility) and also to help planners make better decisions in designing solid waste management.
Essentially, planning a sustainable waste management approach is complex, tedious, and time-consuming, and decision-makers are frequently subjected to conflicting factors in SWM planning. Sustainable waste management, according to the United Nations, is aimed at the integration of SWM at the national and local level, utilizing a life-cycle approach for resource efficiency and environmentally safe management of solid waste [1]. Waste reduction, resource reuse, recycling, and recovery are all part of sustainable waste management, which helps to reduce pollution while also extending the life of resources to be wasted. As a result, sustainable waste management should be economically feasible, socially acceptable, and environmentally effective upon implementation.
The geographic information system can be used to simplify the ease of implementation of sustainable SWM. Most often, due to the complex nature of SWM, there is poor performance in its technical functions and management functions (policy and legislation, financial, and stakeholders). Owing to this fact, there are different optimization techniques developed and implemented in different areas. Among the techniques used for spatial and non-spatial data information, GIS is common. In most cases, GIS is used with the integration of remote sensing and/or multicriteria decision-making analysis (MCDA). In spatial multicriteria analysis, the combination of GIS and MCDA capabilities is crucial. GIS allows for the acquisition, storage, retrieval, manipulation, and analysis of data to obtain information for decision-making. Whereas MCDA techniques provide tools for aggregating geographic data and decision-maker preferences into a single-dimensional value or utility of alternative decisions [2].
A brief description of how GIS is used in solid waste management was presented in this chapter. Our main goal was to show the fundamentals of GIS in SWM to individuals who have little or no experience with SWM planning, especially in developing countries. Furthermore, experts who specialized in GIS or SWM and have more experience with one than the other should understand the fundamentals of integrating the two to maximize efficiency. In addition, this chapter covers the concepts of sustainable waste management, GIS-based SWM, and MCDA. The application of GIS in solid waste collection optimization and waste disposal planning is discussed also.
Solid waste is defined as any waste discarded by households, commercial, mining, and agricultural operations, as well as the residue sludge from wastewater treatment plants, water supply treatment plants, and air pollution control centers, and it is other than liquids and gases [3]. Solid wastes can be categorized based on sources, reusable potential, degree of biodegradability, and potential impact on the environment, as shown in Table 1. Solid waste management (SWM) is a discipline related to the proper management of solid waste generation, storage, collection, transfer, transport, processing, and disposal of solid waste [5].
Classification | Type | Description | Composition |
---|---|---|---|
Source (based on [4]) | Residential | From Single and multifamily dwellings | Food wastes, paper, cardboard, plastics, textiles, leather, yard wastes, wood, glass, metals, ashes, special wastes (e.g., bulky items, consumer electronics, white goods, batteries, oil, tires), and household hazardous wastes.). |
Commercial | From stores, hotels, restaurants, markets, office buildings, etc. | Paper, cardboard, plastics, wood, food wastes, glass, metals, special wastes, hazardous wastes. | |
Industrial | From light and heavy manufacturing, fabrication, construction sites, power, and chemical plants. | Housekeeping wastes, packaging, food wastes, construction and demolition materials, hazardous wastes, ashes, special wastes. | |
Institutional | From schools, hospitals, prisons, government centers. | Same as the commercial wastes | |
Construction and demolition | New construction sites, road repair, renovation sites, demolition of buildings | Wood, steel, concrete, dirt, etc. | |
Agriculture | Crops, orchards, vineyards, dairies, feedlots, farms. | Spoiled food wastes, agricultural wastes, hazardous wastes (e.g., pesticides). | |
Degree of biodegradability | Biodegradable | Can be decomposed easily by bacteria or any other natural organisms | Food wastes, garden wastes, paper, cardboard |
Nonbiodegradable | Cannot be decomposed or degraded by the biological process | Plastics | |
Potential impact | Hazardous | Wastes whose uses or disposal pose a threat to human health or the environment | Toxic, corrosive explosive, and/ or inflammable Pesticides, herbicides, paints, industrial solvents, fluorescent light bulbs, and mercury-containing batteries |
Nonhazardous | Wastes that are considered less harmful to the environment or human health | Paper, plastics, glass, metals |
The categories and classification of solid wastes.
Solid waste management (SWM) consists of six functional elements, which include solid waste generation, collection, transfer, storage, processing, and disposal. It is a discipline related to the proper management of each of these functional elements. Waste collection is the process of gathering solid waste and recyclable materials and transporting them to a destination where the collection vehicle is emptied, such as a materials-processing facility, a transfer station, or a landfill, once they have been collected [6]. Following the collection of these wastes, the wastes are sorted, processed, and reused to recover, recycle, or reuse them. Additionally, the waste could be treated to recover energy. After the recovery of products, the majority of the waste is compacted to reduce volume, weight, and size. Finally, the remaining waste is either disposed of through regulated methods such as landfilling or thrown in the open.
Integrated solid waste management (ISWM) is a strategic approach to sustainable solid waste management in which solid waste generation, segregation, transportation, sorting, treatment, recovery, and disposal are all combined with the goal of resource efficiency. The US Environmental Protection Agency defines ISWM as the prevention, recycling, composting, and disposal of solid waste to protect public health and the environment, with a focus on reducing recycling, and managing waste [7]. Solid waste management that is integrated can provide both environmental and economic sustainability. No single waste management technology can deal with all waste products in an environmentally sustainable manner. A wide range of management options is ideal. As a result, any waste management system is made up of several interconnected processes. This method examines the entire waste management system and offers methods for estimating overall environmental and economic costs [8].
To bring about a sustainable world for present and future generations, besides the ISWM, there are many approaches to SWM today, including the “zero waste” approach and the life cycle inventory approach. The “Zero waste” approach has been defined in various ways by different individuals. Literally, zero waste is defined as the complete elimination and absence of waste. However, the generation of waste is inevitable as it is a result of extraction and manufacture, distribution, consumption, and other daily activities of human beings. As per the US Environmental Protection Agency, “zero waste” is defined as “the conservation of all resources through responsible production, consumption, reuse, and recovery of products, packaging, and materials without burning or discharges to land, water, or air that endanger the environment or human health”. It is an approach that aims to optimize waste recycling and reduction; products are designed in a manner that can be reused, mended, or recycled back into nature [9].
The collection, transportation, treatment, and disposal of diverse types of waste in a manner that does not damage the environment, human health, or future generations is referred to as sustainable waste management. It encompasses all aspects of waste management organization, from production to final disposal [10]. To minimize irreversible negative impacts on human health and the environment, the sustainability concept suggests that industries and their operations be encouraged to become more efficient in terms of resource utilization, production of less pollution and process waste, and use of nonrenewable resources [11]. The waste management hierarchy, on the other hand, frequently necessitates more effort, invention, and creativity, as well as good regulations, stakeholders, and financial support, to achieve the “zero waste” goal.
Solid waste management (SWM) has become a tough task for many cities around the world due to a significant increase in waste generation as a result of demo-technic growth, population growth combined with technological advancement [12, 13]. Waste collection, treatment, and disposal, among other issues, are crucial due to their costs [13]. Poor SW management has serious environmental implications and puts public health at risk. Moreover, the problem is worse in developing countries that lack basic infrastructure and are known for their less organized waste management practices coupled with a high waste generation rate [14]. According to Tan [12], in these countries, the collection rate is as low as 30–50%, and even the collected waste ends up in unmanaged landfills. Another major challenge is inadequate policy and legislation, lack of public commitment and awareness, lack of technical capacity, and poor financing in these countries [15].
Furthermore, gas and leachate generation are unavoidable outcomes of solid waste disposal in landfills, owing to microbial decomposition, climatic circumstances, refuse properties, and landfilling processes. The migration of gas and leachate away from landfill limits and their release into the surrounding ecosystem pose major environmental concerns at both existing and new sites. These concerns include but are not limited to, fires and explosions, vegetation damage, foul odors, landfill settlement, groundwater pollution, air pollution, and global warming, among others [16].
Recently, the implementation of integrated solid waste management (ISWM) has become popular for better management of growing MSW. It ideally proposes the waste reduction at source, before even generation of wastes utilizing different techniques, innovations, and optimal management practices [17]. In ISWM, there is effective management of waste at all levels, from generation to disposal. Despite its popularity, little is known about its technical operation, and it is also subjective from a management perspective.
Integrated solid waste management compromises the complex multi-objective criteria in each management element. This resulted in making the ISWM more subjective for decision-makers as uncertain solid waste generation, conflicting factors, and economic constraints are dealt with. To overcome these problems, there are some innovations in ISWM, including mathematical modeling, computer-based modeling, geographic information systems, and remote sensing, to name a few. Besides, Gaeta et al. [18] divided the innovations in ISWM grouping into four main typologies of innovations in the solid waste market system as follows: a traditional landfill-oriented system; a modern waste-to-energy incinerator-oriented system; a light recycling system; and a hard recycling system. In this chapter, the focus is on GIS, also detailed discussions on other approaches are presented by [14, 18, 19, 20, 21].
To optimize solid waste management, there were some early attempts. For example, Anderson & Nigam [22] were the first to propose mathematical modeling in SWM. Followed by the development of models for technology selection, siting, and sizing of waste processing facilities in SWM [23, 24, 25]. On the other hand, geographic information systems combined with remote sensing are becoming widely common in the area of SWM. GIS is preferred because of its simplicity, easy access, and low cost [26]. The use of GIS in solid waste management supports capturing, handling, and transmitting the required information promptly and properly, and it is a well-known, innovative technology that has contributed a lot to SWM in a short period.
Historically, early society relied heavily on spatial data to represent geographical locations. In the American War of Independence, at the Battle of Yorktown, the French cartographer prepared the map overlays of troop movements [27]. Also, in 1854, Dr. John Snow, in providing evidence for a water-borne cholera outbreak, mapped the incidence of cases with water supply sources. Even though there was a huge reliance on spatial data in early societies, the breakthrough was witnessed with the introduction of GIS after a century. The precise articulation of GIS’s brief history is muddled at best. This is because most organizations involved in the use of GIS at the time of its inception refused to give up their data, and the early writers of GIS history were not practical users of the technology [28]. Even though the book did not give any description of the overlay processing with defined methodology, the publication of a book named “Design with Nature” by McHarg [29] is known to have been a crucial factor in the evolution of GIS. Many research articles, reviews, and books concur that the evolution of GIS over time is due to improvements in geography, environmental awareness, technology advancements, and the enhanced practical and technical skills of GIS users.
Geographic information arose as integrating and powerful technology in the context of these breakthroughs because it allowed researchers and geographers to include their methods and information in a variety of ways that supported traditional kinds of geographic analysis. For example, map overlay analysis and other forms of analysis and modeling that were previously impossible to achieve using manual approaches [30]. Researchers can now map, model, query, and analyze large volumes of data in a single database thanks to GIS [31]. GIS can play a part in SWM because it is complicated and the components are interconnected. As a result, the planning and monitoring operations are based on spatial data. Customer service, analyzing optimal transfer station locations, planning routes for vehicles transporting waste from residential, commercial, and industrial customers to transfer stations and from transfer stations to landfills, locating new landfills, and monitoring the landfill are all important aspects of SWM that GIS can help with.
In the management of solid waste, a geographic information system is an excellent instrument as it is used in the planning of technical elements. Many researchers have used GIS principles in SWM to optimize the practice of SWM. For example, Chang et al. [32] used GIS in conjunction with a mathematical programming model to develop a multi-objective, mixed-integer programming model for collection vehicle routing and scheduling for solid waste management systems synthesized within a GIS environment and concluded the effectiveness of the model, as well as recommendations for application to other environmental planning and management problems. In recent decades, efforts have been undertaken to shorten the distance between waste collection stations and landfills, hence reducing the number of trucks involved in waste collection and disposal [33, 34, 35, 36].
GIS can be used to save costs and improve waste collection and transportation efficiency. Many elements influence route optimization, including the location of waste bins, collection details, vehicle kinds, trip impedances, and the road network’s integrity [37]. Chang and Lin [38] used a GIS and a mixed-integer programming model to locate proper waste bin locations and waste transfer stations, which resulted in lower direct costs and more manageable operational programs. Even though the process varies, the technique has recently become popular. El-Hallaq & Mosabeh [39] used the GIS integrated location-allocation methodology to rebuild the existing waste bin sites and were successful in finding misplaced bins and recommending an equitable waste bin distribution.
Another key application of GIS in SWM is the selection of disposal sites. Muttiah et al. [40] used a GIS and a Markov-chain-based simulated annealing algorithm to find prospective waste disposal sites, and the simulated annealing method saved order of magnitude of time over an exhaustive search strategy. Multi-criteria coupled with GIS have recently become popular in SWM for assessing conflicting criteria. Asefa et al. [41] used GIS in combination with the multicriteria decision-making method and the analytical hierarchy process to find the best landfill location by balancing competing environmental and socioeconomic concerns. In addition, Rahimi et al. [42] used GIS techniques and fuzzy Multi-Criteria Decision-Making methods in landfill site selection problems, where the criteria weights are determined using the group fuzzy Best-Worst Method, suitability maps are generated using GIS analysis, and the sites are analyzed and ranked using the group fuzzy MULTIMOORA method.
A geographic information system (GIS) has a broad area of application and is a computer-based system that helps in the manipulation of data about specific geographic areas. GIS, as presented by Rolf and Deby [43], is a georeferenced data entry, analysis, and presentation tool based on the computer interface. Data preparation and entry is the initial phase in GIS processing, which entails acquiring, preparing, and entering the data needed for information production into the GIS database system. The second stage is data analysis, which entails going over and analyzing the information that has been gathered and uploaded into the GIS system. Finally, during the data presentation phase, the analytical results are displayed and/or saved appropriately. Data input, data management, analysis, and final output are usually common processes in most GIS technique development for various purposes and applications, depending on the basic concept of the above-mentioned stages. Table 2 summarizes and presents these stages, as well as their fundamental principles and instances.
Stages | Description | Principles/basics | Examples |
---|---|---|---|
Input | Identifying and gathering data related to SWM. Acquisition, reformatting, georeferencing, compiling and documenting these data. | Digitizing, scanning, remote sensing, GPS, internet | Daily waste generation rate, waste collection routes, landfill site location, type of waste, land use map, the elevation of the area. |
Data storage and management | Includes those functions needed to store and retrieve data from the database can be thought of as a representation or model of real-world geographical systems | Geographical entity (towns, road network, and town boundary represented by point, line, and polygon). Object (spatial and nonspatial data) | Data model location of the existing landfill site (spatial) and types of waste dumped with the rate of dumping (nonspatial data). |
Data manipulation and storage | To obtain information useful for waste collection optimization or waste disposal planning. | Fundamental analysis (measurement, classification, overlay operations, and neighborhood and connectivity operations) and advanced analysis (statistical modeling and mathematical modeling) | Vehicle route optimization, suitability analysis of landfill, optimal waste bin location |
Data output | A way to see the analyzed SWM-related data or information in the form of maps, tables, diagrams. | Display monitors, pen plotters, electrostatic plotters, laser printers, line printers, and dot matrix printers and plotters | Optimal route for waste collection (map), schedule for waste collection (table), thematic map of a suitable landfill site. |
Basic principles of GIS.
SWM: solid waste management; GPS: global positioning service.
Geospatial analysis is the process of calculating data that has been entered or saved to generate new information that can be used to improve SWM decisions. The decision on which geographical analysis to use is based on the decision maker’s needs and objectives. For example, when deciding where to build a new landfill, various conflicting environmental, social, and political variables must be considered. When these criteria are entered into the GIS interface, other geographical analyses, such as reclassification, overlaying, buffering, and so on, can be performed. As a result, GIS can assist in the computation of such cases using up-to-date criteria that are examined cost-effectively. The following are some of the most often used spatial analysis methodologies as discussed in [2, 43, 44].
It is usually used at the beginning of any analysis as it allows data exploration without making a significant change. In the measurement function, distances between features or along their perimeters, the counting frequency of features, and the computation of area size features are computed. The retrieval functions allow the selection of specific features based on logical functions and user preferences. Classification is the re-arrangement of specific features into a common data value layer. Usually, measurement, retrieval, and classification are performed using a single vector or raster data layer combined with non-spatial data, sometimes.
The overlay capability, which allows disparate data layers to be joined to create new data, is considered the most important feature of GIS interfaces. It can be used for both vector and raster data types, however, it is most commonly employed for raster overlay computations. It includes operations of intersection, union, difference, and complement using sets of positions. Many GISs allow overlays using an algebraic language, which expresses an overlay function as a formula with data layers as parameters. Arithmetic, relational, and conditional operators, as well as a variety of functions, can be used to combine different layers [2].
Neighborhood functions allow the evaluation of the surrounding areas of the location of the features and operate on the neighboring features of a given feature or set of features. It includes search functions to allow the retrieval of features, line-in-polygon and point-in-polygon functions to compute a given linear or point feature is located within a given polygon, and buffering functions which allow determining a fixed-width environment surrounding a feature. Network analysis is concerned with network computations in the GIS interface. A network is a series of interconnected lines that depict a geographic phenomenon, most commonly transportation. People, cars, and other vehicles can be transported along with a road network; commercial goods can be transported along with a logistic network; phone calls can be transported along with a telephone network, and water pollution can be transported along with a stream or river network. There are two types of network analysis functions: optimal pathfinding and network partitioning. Optimal path finding generates the least cost path on a network between two predefined locations using both geometric and attributes data. Network partitioning assigns network elements (nodes or line segments) to different locations based on predefined criteria.
We have seen that the capability of GIS is reliant on spatial analysis functions such as overlay, connectivity, and proximity. These functions, however, always do not provide the best decision alternatives when there are complex and conflicting sets of criteria presents. For instance, in siting a new waste disposal site, the overlay function can be used to combine different factors such as proximity to a road, surface water, and groundwater, or site slope, elevation, and soil type. However, this function does not provide enough analytical support because of the limited capabilities for incorporating decision makers’ preferences into the GIS-based decision-making process. Thus, the combination of geographic data and the decision maker’s preferences into analysis for better output is required.
As a result, GIS can assist in minimizing value conflicts among conflicting interest parties by giving more and better information, whereas multicriteria decision-making analysis (MCDA) methodologies can aid in lowering factual disagreements [2]. MCDA is a strategy for assisting decision-makers through the essential process of establishing evaluation criteria and determining relevant values in a choice circumstance. Based on literature MCDA has six components as a primary goal, the decision-maker(s), set of criteria, decision alternatives, decision environment, and outcome. Furthermore, the components of MCDA can be achieved through the steps shown in Figure 1. As it is shown in the figure, any spatial decision problem can be structured into three major phases according to [45]; intelligence which examines the existence of a problem or the opportunity for change, design which determines the alternatives, and choice which decides the best alternative. The components and steps of MCDA were discussed in detail by [2, 46, 47].
Framework for spatial multicriteria decision analysis based on [
According to a recent study aimed to present a literature review of MCDA applications used in SWM, the top five and most commonly used MCDA methods are Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP), Simple Additive Weighting (SAW), Elimination and choice expressing the reality (ELECTRE), and Preference Ranking Organization Method for Enrichment (PROMETHEE) and Technique for Order of Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS). Table 3 shows the commonly used MCDA methodologies in SWM, their description, advantages, and disadvantages of these methodologies.
MCDA method | Description | Advantage | Disadvantage |
---|---|---|---|
SAW | Value based method Use of measurement of the utility of an alternative | Easy to use and well understandable. Applicable when exact and total information is collected. Well-proven technique. Good performance when compared with more sophisticated methods. | Normalization is required to solve multidimensional problems |
AHP | Use of value-based, compensatory, and pairwise comparison approaches. Use of Hierarchical structure to present complex decision problem | Applicable when exact and total information is collected. A decision problem can be fragmented into its smallest elements, making evidence of each criterion applied. Applicable for either single or multiple problems, since it incorporates qualitative and quantitative criteria. Generation of inconsistency index to assure decision-makers | Due to aggregation, compensation between good scores on some criteria and bad scores on other criteria can occur Implementation is quite inconvenient due to the complexity Complex computation is required Time-consuming |
TOPSIS | Use of the value-based compensatory method Measures the distances of the alternatives from the ideal solution Selection of the one closest to the ideal solution | Easy to implement the understandable principle Applicable when exact and total information is collected Consideration of both the positive and negative ideal solutions Provision of a well-structured analytical framework for alternatives ranking Use of fuzzy numbers to deal with uncertainty problems | • Normalization is required to solve multidimensional problems |
ELECTRE | Use of outranking method Use of pairwise comparison, compensatory Use of indirect method that ranks alternatives utilizing pairwise comparison | Applicable even when there is missing information Applicable even when there are incomparable alternatives Applicable even when the incorporation of uncertainties is required | Time-consuming without using specific software due to complex computational procedure May or may not reach the preferred alternative |
PROMETHEE | Use of outranking method, pairwise comparison, and compensatory method Use of positive and negative preference flows for each alternative in the valued outranking Applicable even when simple and efficient information is needed Generation of ranking with decision weights | Applicable even when there is missing information | Time-consuming without using specific software When using many criteria, it becomes difficult for decision-makers to obtain a clear view of the problem |
Comparison of MCDA methodologies applied to SWM based on [48].
As mentioned in Table 3, we have to understand that each MCDA available has its strength and drawback, and also there is no general rule in adopting one. Therefore, in SWM the decision-maker decides to depend on the criteria and alternatives available. This also depends on the decision-maker’s previous experience and the availability of adequate software [47].
As discussed in previous sections, GIS-based MCDA is used to overcome complex and conflicting criteria in SWM. In fact, in MCDA methodology development there are goals and alternatives where decision outputs are made based on the decision-maker preferences. In addition, in sustainable waste management or ISWM, the aim is to reduce waste generation, improve reuse, recycle, and recovery, and otherwise properly manage these wastes. So, without any compromises, there are always environmental, economic, political, and social considerations in ISWM. Due to these facts, ISWM planning has been a challenge for the decision-makers as different criteria are taken into consideration under the specific goal of sustainable solid waste management. For instance, [49] used sixteen criteria for landfill site selection, including topography, urban and rural settlements, highways and village roads, railways, airports, wetlands, pipelines, and power line infrastructure, slope, geology, land use, floodplains, aquifers, and surface water. In general, the criteria used in ISWM planning can be categorized as environmental criteria, political criteria, financial and economic criteria, hydrologic and hydrogeologic criteria, topographical criteria, geological criteria, availability of construction materials, and other criteria as shown in Figure 2.
Criteria used for decision making in SWM.
Routing in solid waste collection entails planning and specifying routes for trucks to follow during the collection process [50]. When it comes to SWM optimization, routing is crucial. The rate of solid waste collection is frequently determined by the efficiency of transportation in the SWM component. Due to their complicated structures, transportation of solid waste to the final disposal or treatment facility is a major problem in many cities. As a result, more emphasis should be placed on optimizing waste collection routes, as failure to do so would result in exorbitant costs. As a result, defining the routes reduces waste collection costs while delivering the best service to the community. Routing is essentially the process of choosing a path for traffic within a network, as well as between or across various networks. The five basic steps of route planning are as follows, and they are accomplished in GIS utilizing the previously mentioned principles: (a) Identifying the potential location, (b) Identifying the storage capacity and volume to be collected, (c) Grouping the potential locations for a single truck cover, (d) Planning the shortest route between different groups, (e) Choosing the optimum route that is a shorter distance, less traffic volume, and less expensive.
Over time, routing has been applied in varying ways in solid waste management, giving rise to many models and strategies. According to EPA categorization, these models can be divided into macro-routing, districting and route balancing, and micro-routing [51]. The major difference is that macro-routing aims to optimize the use of the waste collection in daily and long-term capacity by minimizing round trip and haul time. While districting and route balancing divide the workload between the workers, micro-routing considers the details of each daily waste collection so that unnecessary truck movements will be reduced [51]. Among the many identified strategies for route optimization, heuristic routing, right turns, onboard computers, and round trips were presented in Table 4.
Strategies | Description |
---|---|
Heuristic Routing | Heuristic routing is a system used to describe how deliveries are made when problems in a network topology arise. In heuristic routing, routes should not be fragmented or overlapping |
Right Turns | Using only right turn during the collection of solid waste. This helped not only reduce cost by reducing fuel consumption but promoted the safety of drivers. |
Computer-based | This allows the collectors to track routes in realtime. It is also GPS-based and every detail of the route is presented. |
Dump trips | Scheduling the collection trips for the full containers twice per week. This also involves when the containers are full, they should be taken by the nearby truck. |
Strategies to optimize the routing in the solid waste management.
Residential collections are often routed using arc routing or side-of-street routing in high-density routing. This enables the software to arrange automatic collection with two passes on a street segment, as well as a semi-automated collection to serve both sides of a street segment at the same time. Point-to-point routing can be done on a variety of software and web-based platforms. When using point-to-point, the collected side of the roadway is usually ignored. Point-to-point routing can be used to develop commercial routes for solid waste collection as well as for routing calls for services like cart or bin delivery.
For waste to be collected efficiently, proper waste bin allocation and distribution are critical. It simplifies waste sorting, recycling, and transportation at the source. As a result, the second functional element of solid waste management is waste storage at the source. The waste is usually placed in bins on both sides of streets, close to buildings and other sources of waste generation. As a result, due to health concerns, attention should be exercised when storing hazardous material near residential areas. Wastes should also be stripped away regularly. GIS can be used to appropriately place waste storage containers or waste bins so that they are no longer a menace, are evenly distributed among the households, and the cost is decreased.
Several criteria were used to determine where the waste bins should be placed, including proximity to a road and a waste-producing source, land usage, sensitive areas, and so on. Using GIS, the criteria are integrated with the preferences of the decision-makers to obtain optimized waste bin sites using spatial analysis such as buffering. For example, a decision-maker could choose a buffer zone that is 20 meters away from a waste-producing source, 10 meters away from roadways, but 100 meters away from sensitive places such as hospitals, historical sites, and schools. The number of waste bins allocated can also be decided based on the waste generation rate and dispersed evenly. Furthermore, one of the most common strategies for arranging waste bins is using Location-Allocation models to determine the best position. The p-median model is used in several investigations. Because it averages the locations of multiple points, this model decreases the distance and expense of the facility from the source.
In waste disposal planning, a geographic information system plays an important role. GIS is used in waste disposal for a variety of reasons, including decision support for locating suitable landfills and temporal monitoring of disposal locations, including landfills. Due to the competing criteria illustrated in Figure 2, solid waste landfill siting is a complex and time-consuming operation in the traditional method of SWM. Furthermore, the primary purpose of the landfill site selection procedure is to ensure that the disposal facility is located in the best possible area, with the least amount of detrimental influence on the environment and population. Furthermore, a thorough review process is required to determine the best possible disposal place that complies with government standards while also minimizing costs.
Typically, landfilling is the least preferred method of ISWM according to the waste management hierarchy. But proper management of residue from reuse, recycling, and recovery, as well as the ashes from incineration, is a must. Therefore, the GIS-based MCDA approach is common in landfill site selection analysis. The basics and principles of GIS-based MCDA have been discussed in previous sections, so in this section, an overview of how GIS can be applied to landfill suitability analysis is presented. Figure 3 depicts the methodology for adopting GIS, MCDA, and waste disposal site analysis. Also, as presented in Figure 2, the process always starts with setting a goal (suitable landfill site). Then, after defining a set of criteria, GIS functions are combined with decision makers’ preferences to produce the final, most suitable landfill site.
Framework of the study to select a suitable sanitary landfill site, adopted from [
This chapter deals with the application of geographic information systems to solid waste management. GIS is a powerful tool that can assist in minimizing value conflicts among conflicting interest parties by giving more and better information. Essentially, planning a sustainable waste management approach is complex, tedious, and time-consuming, and decision-makers are frequently subjected to conflicting factors in SWM planning. There is an increasing trend of waste generation worldwide, and the situation is worse in developing countries owing to poor infrastructure, finance, and political reasons. To cope with the high waste generation and different problems in SWM, integrated solid waste management is widely used as a sustainable waste management practice. ISWM is a complex and tedious process to implement. Following the challenges in ISWM, many researchers came up with many innovations, like mathematical modeling and computer-based modeling, to mention a few. GIS is a computer-based spatial analysis method applied to SWM, enabling decision-makers to make better judgments by combining the alternatives and their preferences. In this chapter, the basics, and principles of how GIS works, what multicriteria decision making is, how to apply it to GIS, and the utilization of the GIS-based MCDA method in SWM was discussed. Also, information on how to apply GIS to waste collection optimization (routing and waste bin allocation) and waste disposal planning (landfill) was presented. Furthermore, the key principles of GIS-based MCDA method development were supported with references for further reading. Finally, we hope the readers will get some insights and, with some digging, be able to solve problems with SWM in their area easily.
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
Geographic information system
Solid waste management
Integrated waste management
Multicriteria decision making analysis
This is a brief overview of the main steps involved in publishing with IntechOpen Compacts, Monographs and Edited Books. Once you submit your proposal you will be appointed a Author Service Manager who will be your single point of contact and lead you through all the described steps below.
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Radiotherapy and Nuclear Medicine Technology has always been my aspiration and my life. As years passed I accumulated a tremendous amount of skills and knowledge in Radiotherapy and Nuclear Medicine, Conventional Radiology, Radiation Protection, Bioinformatics Technology, PACS, Image processing, clinically and lecturing that will enable me to provide a valuable service to the community as a Researcher and Consultant in this field. My method of translating this into day to day in clinical practice is non-exhaustible and my habit of exchanging knowledge and expertise with others in those fields is the code and secret of success.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Majmaah University",country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}},{id:"313277",title:"Dr.",name:"Bartłomiej",middleName:null,surname:"Płaczek",slug:"bartlomiej-placzek",fullName:"Bartłomiej Płaczek",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/313277/images/system/313277.jpg",biography:"Bartłomiej Płaczek, MSc (2002), Ph.D. (2005), Habilitation (2016), is a professor at the University of Silesia, Institute of Computer Science, Poland, and an expert from the National Centre for Research and Development. His research interests include sensor networks, smart sensors, intelligent systems, and image processing with applications in healthcare and medicine. He is the author or co-author of more than seventy papers in peer-reviewed journals and conferences as well as the co-author of several books. He serves as a reviewer for many scientific journals, international conferences, and research foundations. Since 2010, Dr. Placzek has been a reviewer of grants and projects (including EU projects) in the field of information technologies.",institutionString:"University of Silesia",institution:{name:"University of Silesia",country:{name:"Poland"}}},{id:"35000",title:"Prof.",name:"Ulrich H.P",middleName:"H.P.",surname:"Fischer",slug:"ulrich-h.p-fischer",fullName:"Ulrich H.P Fischer",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/35000/images/3052_n.jpg",biography:"Academic and Professional Background\nUlrich H. P. has Diploma and PhD degrees in Physics from the Free University Berlin, Germany. He has been working on research positions in the Heinrich-Hertz-Institute in Germany. Several international research projects has been performed with European partners from France, Netherlands, Norway and the UK. He is currently Professor of Communications Systems at the Harz University of Applied Sciences, Germany.\n\nPublications and Publishing\nHe has edited one book, a special interest book about ‘Optoelectronic Packaging’ (VDE, Berlin, Germany), and has published over 100 papers and is owner of several international patents for WDM over POF key elements.\n\nKey Research and Consulting Interests\nUlrich’s research activity has always been related to Spectroscopy and Optical Communications Technology. Specific current interests include the validation of complex instruments, and the application of VR technology to the development and testing of measurement systems. He has been reviewer for several publications of the Optical Society of America\\'s including Photonics Technology Letters and Applied Optics.\n\nPersonal Interests\nThese include motor cycling in a very relaxed manner and performing martial arts.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Charité",country:{name:"Germany"}}},{id:"341622",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Eduardo",middleName:null,surname:"Rojas Alvarez",slug:"eduardo-rojas-alvarez",fullName:"Eduardo Rojas Alvarez",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/341622/images/15892_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Cuenca",country:{name:"Ecuador"}}},{id:"215610",title:"Prof.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Sarfraz",slug:"muhammad-sarfraz",fullName:"Muhammad Sarfraz",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/215610/images/system/215610.jpeg",biography:"Muhammad Sarfraz is a professor in the Department of Information Science, Kuwait University. His research interests include computer graphics, computer vision, image processing, machine learning, pattern recognition, soft computing, data science, intelligent systems, information technology, and information systems. Prof. Sarfraz has been a keynote/invited speaker on various platforms around the globe. He has advised various students for their MSc and Ph.D. theses. He has published more than 400 publications as books, journal articles, and conference papers. He is a member of various professional societies and a chair and member of the International Advisory Committees and Organizing Committees of various international conferences. Prof. Sarfraz is also an editor-in-chief and editor of various international journals.",institutionString:"Kuwait University",institution:{name:"Kuwait University",country:{name:"Kuwait"}}},{id:"32650",title:"Prof.",name:"Lukas",middleName:"Willem",surname:"Snyman",slug:"lukas-snyman",fullName:"Lukas Snyman",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/32650/images/4136_n.jpg",biography:"Lukas Willem Snyman received his basic education at primary and high schools in South Africa, Eastern Cape. He enrolled at today's Nelson Metropolitan University and graduated from this university with a BSc in Physics and Mathematics, B.Sc Honors in Physics, MSc in Semiconductor Physics, and a Ph.D. in Semiconductor Physics in 1987. After his studies, he chose an academic career and devoted his energy to the teaching of physics to first, second, and third-year students. After positions as a lecturer at the University of Port Elizabeth, he accepted a position as Associate Professor at the University of Pretoria, South Africa.\r\n\r\nIn 1992, he motivates the concept of 'television and computer-based education” as means to reach large student numbers with only the best of teaching expertise and publishes an article on the concept in the SA Journal of Higher Education of 1993 (and later in 2003). The University of Pretoria subsequently approved a series of test projects on the concept with outreach to Mamelodi and Eerste Rust in 1993. In 1994, the University established a 'Unit for Telematic Education ' as a support section for multiple faculties at the University of Pretoria. In subsequent years, the concept of 'telematic education” subsequently becomes well established in academic circles in South Africa, grew in popularity, and is adopted by many universities and colleges throughout South Africa as a medium of enhancing education and training, as a method to reaching out to far out communities, and as a means to enhance study from the home environment.\r\n\r\nProfessor Snyman in subsequent years pursued research in semiconductor physics, semiconductor devices, microelectronics, and optoelectronics.\r\n\r\nIn 2000 he joined the TUT as a full professor. Here served for a period as head of the Department of Electronic Engineering. Here he makes contributions to solar energy development, microwave and optoelectronic device development, silicon photonics, as well as contributions to new mobile telecommunication systems and network planning in SA.\r\n\r\nCurrently, he teaches electronics and telecommunications at the TUT to audiences ranging from first-year students to Ph.D. level.\r\n\r\nFor his research in the field of 'Silicon Photonics” since 1990, he has published (as author and co-author) about thirty internationally reviewed articles in scientific journals, contributed to more than forty international conferences, about 25 South African provisional patents (as inventor and co-inventor), 8 PCT international patent applications until now. Of these, two USA patents applications, two European Patents, two Korean patents, and ten SA patents have been granted. A further 4 USA patents, 5 European patents, 3 Korean patents, 3 Chinese patents, and 3 Japanese patents are currently under consideration.\r\n\r\nRecently he has also published an extensive scholarly chapter in an internet open access book on 'Integrating Microphotonic Systems and MOEMS into standard Silicon CMOS Integrated circuitry”.\r\n\r\nFurthermore, Professor Snyman recently steered a new initiative at the TUT by introducing a 'Laboratory for Innovative Electronic Systems ' at the Department of Electrical Engineering. The model of this laboratory or center is to primarily combine outputs as achieved by high-level research with lower-level system development and entrepreneurship in a technical university environment. Students are allocated to projects at different levels with PhDs and Master students allocated to the generation of new knowledge and new technologies, while students at the diploma and Baccalaureus level are allocated to electronic systems development with a direct and a near application for application in industry or the commercial and public sectors in South Africa.\r\n\r\nProfessor Snyman received the WIRSAM Award of 1983 and the WIRSAM Award in 1985 in South Africa for best research papers by a young scientist at two international conferences on electron microscopy in South Africa. He subsequently received the SA Microelectronics Award for the best dissertation emanating from studies executed at a South African university in the field of Physics and Microelectronics in South Africa in 1987. In October of 2011, Professor Snyman received the prestigious Institutional Award for 'Innovator of the Year” for 2010 at the Tshwane University of Technology, South Africa. This award was based on the number of patents recognized and granted by local and international institutions as well as for his contributions concerning innovation at the TUT.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of South Africa",country:{name:"South Africa"}}},{id:"317279",title:"Mr.",name:"Ali",middleName:"Usama",surname:"Syed",slug:"ali-syed",fullName:"Ali Syed",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/317279/images/16024_n.png",biography:"A creative, talented, and innovative young professional who is dedicated, well organized, and capable research fellow with two years of experience in graduate-level research, published in engineering journals and book, with related expertise in Bio-robotics, equally passionate about the aesthetics of the mechanical and electronic system, obtained expertise in the use of MS Office, MATLAB, SolidWorks, LabVIEW, Proteus, Fusion 360, having a grasp on python, C++ and assembly language, possess proven ability in acquiring research grants, previous appointments with social and educational societies with experience in administration, current affiliations with IEEE and Web of Science, a confident presenter at conferences and teacher in classrooms, able to explain complex information to audiences of all levels.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Air University",country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"75526",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Zihni Onur",middleName:null,surname:"Uygun",slug:"zihni-onur-uygun",fullName:"Zihni Onur Uygun",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/75526/images/12_n.jpg",biography:"My undergraduate education and my Master of Science educations at Ege University and at Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University have given me a firm foundation in Biochemistry, Analytical Chemistry, Biosensors, Bioelectronics, Physical Chemistry and Medicine. After obtaining my degree as a MSc in analytical chemistry, I started working as a research assistant in Ege University Medical Faculty in 2014. In parallel, I enrolled to the MSc program at the Department of Medical Biochemistry at Ege University to gain deeper knowledge on medical and biochemical sciences as well as clinical chemistry in 2014. In my PhD I deeply researched on biosensors and bioelectronics and finished in 2020. Now I have eleven SCI-Expanded Index published papers, 6 international book chapters, referee assignments for different SCIE journals, one international patent pending, several international awards, projects and bursaries. In parallel to my research assistant position at Ege University Medical Faculty, Department of Medical Biochemistry, in April 2016, I also founded a Start-Up Company (Denosens Biotechnology LTD) by the support of The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey. Currently, I am also working as a CEO in Denosens Biotechnology. The main purposes of the company, which carries out R&D as a research center, are to develop new generation biosensors and sensors for both point-of-care diagnostics; such as glucose, lactate, cholesterol and cancer biomarker detections. My specific experimental and instrumental skills are Biochemistry, Biosensor, Analytical Chemistry, Electrochemistry, Mobile phone based point-of-care diagnostic device, POCTs and Patient interface designs, HPLC, Tandem Mass Spectrometry, Spectrophotometry, ELISA.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ege University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"267434",title:"Dr.",name:"Rohit",middleName:null,surname:"Raja",slug:"rohit-raja",fullName:"Rohit Raja",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/267434/images/system/267434.jpg",biography:"Dr. Rohit Raja received Ph.D. in Computer Science and Engineering from Dr. CVRAMAN University in 2016. His main research interest includes Face recognition and Identification, Digital Image Processing, Signal Processing, and Networking. Presently he is working as Associate Professor in IT Department, Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya (A Central University), Bilaspur (CG), India. He has authored several Journal and Conference Papers. He has good Academics & Research experience in various areas of CSE and IT. He has filed and successfully published 27 Patents. He has received many time invitations to be a Guest at IEEE Conferences. He has published 100 research papers in various International/National Journals (including IEEE, Springer, etc.) and Proceedings of the reputed International/ National Conferences (including Springer and IEEE). He has been nominated to the board of editors/reviewers of many peer-reviewed and refereed Journals (including IEEE, Springer).",institutionString:"Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya",institution:{name:"Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"246502",title:"Dr.",name:"Jaya T.",middleName:"T",surname:"Varkey",slug:"jaya-t.-varkey",fullName:"Jaya T. Varkey",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/246502/images/11160_n.jpg",biography:"Jaya T. Varkey, PhD, graduated with a degree in Chemistry from Cochin University of Science and Technology, Kerala, India. She obtained a PhD in Chemistry from the School of Chemical Sciences, Mahatma Gandhi University, Kerala, India, and completed a post-doctoral fellowship at the University of Minnesota, USA. She is a research guide at Mahatma Gandhi University and Associate Professor in Chemistry, St. Teresa’s College, Kochi, Kerala, India.\nDr. Varkey received a National Young Scientist award from the Indian Science Congress (1995), a UGC Research award (2016–2018), an Indian National Science Academy (INSA) Visiting Scientist award (2018–2019), and a Best Innovative Faculty award from the All India Association for Christian Higher Education (AIACHE) (2019). She Hashas received the Sr. Mary Cecil prize for best research paper three times. She was also awarded a start-up to develop a tea bag water filter. \nDr. Varkey has published two international books and twenty-seven international journal publications. She is an editorial board member for five international journals.",institutionString:"St. Teresa’s College",institution:null},{id:"250668",title:"Dr.",name:"Ali",middleName:null,surname:"Nabipour Chakoli",slug:"ali-nabipour-chakoli",fullName:"Ali Nabipour Chakoli",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/250668/images/system/250668.jpg",biography:"Academic Qualification:\r\n•\tPhD in Materials Physics and Chemistry, From: Sep. 2006, to: Sep. 2010, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Thesis: Structure and Shape Memory Effect of Functionalized MWCNTs/poly (L-lactide-co-ε-caprolactone) Nanocomposites. Supervisor: Prof. Wei Cai,\r\n•\tM.Sc in Applied Physics, From: 1996, to: 1998, Faculty of Physics & Nuclear Science, Amirkabir Uni. of Technology, Tehran, Iran, Thesis: Determination of Boron in Micro alloy Steels with solid state nuclear track detectors by neutron induced auto radiography, Supervisors: Dr. M. Hosseini Ashrafi and Dr. A. Hosseini.\r\n•\tB.Sc. in Applied Physics, From: 1991, to: 1996, Faculty of Physics & Nuclear Science, Amirkabir Uni. of Technology, Tehran, Iran, Thesis: Design of shielding for Am-Be neutron sources for In Vivo neutron activation analysis, Supervisor: Dr. M. Hosseini Ashrafi.\r\n\r\nResearch Experiences:\r\n1.\tNanomaterials, Carbon Nanotubes, Graphene: Synthesis, Functionalization and Characterization,\r\n2.\tMWCNTs/Polymer Composites: Fabrication and Characterization, \r\n3.\tShape Memory Polymers, Biodegradable Polymers, ORC, Collagen,\r\n4.\tMaterials Analysis and Characterizations: TEM, SEM, XPS, FT-IR, Raman, DSC, DMA, TGA, XRD, GPC, Fluoroscopy, \r\n5.\tInteraction of Radiation with Mater, Nuclear Safety and Security, NDT(RT),\r\n6.\tRadiation Detectors, Calibration (SSDL),\r\n7.\tCompleted IAEA e-learning Courses:\r\nNuclear Security (15 Modules),\r\nNuclear Safety:\r\nTSA 2: Regulatory Protection in Occupational Exposure,\r\nTips & Tricks: Radiation Protection in Radiography,\r\nSafety and Quality in Radiotherapy,\r\nCourse on Sealed Radioactive Sources,\r\nCourse on Fundamentals of Environmental Remediation,\r\nCourse on Planning for Environmental Remediation,\r\nKnowledge Management Orientation Course,\r\nFood Irradiation - Technology, Applications and Good Practices,\r\nEmployment:\r\nFrom 2010 to now: Academic staff, Nuclear Science and Technology Research Institute, Kargar Shomali, Tehran, Iran, P.O. Box: 14395-836.\r\nFrom 1997 to 2006: Expert of Materials Analysis and Characterization. Research Center of Agriculture and Medicine. Rajaeeshahr, Karaj, Iran, P. O. Box: 31585-498.",institutionString:"Atomic Energy Organization of Iran",institution:{name:"Atomic Energy Organization of Iran",country:{name:"Iran"}}},{id:"248279",title:"Dr.",name:"Monika",middleName:"Elzbieta",surname:"Machoy",slug:"monika-machoy",fullName:"Monika Machoy",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/248279/images/system/248279.jpeg",biography:"Monika Elżbieta Machoy, MD, graduated with distinction from the Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry at the Pomeranian Medical University in 2009, defended her PhD thesis with summa cum laude in 2016 and is currently employed as a researcher at the Department of Orthodontics of the Pomeranian Medical University. She expanded her professional knowledge during a one-year scholarship program at the Ernst Moritz Arndt University in Greifswald, Germany and during a three-year internship at the Technical University in Dresden, Germany. She has been a speaker at numerous orthodontic conferences, among others, American Association of Orthodontics, European Orthodontic Symposium and numerous conferences of the Polish Orthodontic Society. She conducts research focusing on the effect of orthodontic treatment on dental and periodontal tissues and the causes of pain in orthodontic patients.",institutionString:"Pomeranian Medical University",institution:{name:"Pomeranian Medical University",country:{name:"Poland"}}},{id:"252743",title:"Prof.",name:"Aswini",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Kar",slug:"aswini-kar",fullName:"Aswini Kar",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/252743/images/10381_n.jpg",biography:"uploaded in cv",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"KIIT University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"204256",title:"Dr.",name:"Anil",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Kumar Sahu",slug:"anil-kumar-sahu",fullName:"Anil Kumar Sahu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/204256/images/14201_n.jpg",biography:"I have nearly 11 years of research and teaching experience. I have done my master degree from University Institute of Pharmacy, Pt. Ravi Shankar Shukla University, Raipur, Chhattisgarh India. I have published 16 review and research articles in international and national journals and published 4 chapters in IntechOpen, the world’s leading publisher of Open access books. I have presented many papers at national and international conferences. I have received research award from Indian Drug Manufacturers Association in year 2015. My research interest extends from novel lymphatic drug delivery systems, oral delivery system for herbal bioactive to formulation optimization.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Chhattisgarh Swami Vivekanand Technical University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"253468",title:"Dr.",name:"Mariusz",middleName:null,surname:"Marzec",slug:"mariusz-marzec",fullName:"Mariusz Marzec",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/253468/images/system/253468.png",biography:"An assistant professor at Department of Biomedical Computer Systems, at Institute of Computer Science, Silesian University in Katowice. Scientific interests: computer analysis and processing of images, biomedical images, databases and programming languages. He is an author and co-author of scientific publications covering analysis and processing of biomedical images and development of database systems.",institutionString:"University of Silesia",institution:{name:"University of Silesia",country:{name:"Poland"}}},{id:"212432",title:"Prof.",name:"Hadi",middleName:null,surname:"Mohammadi",slug:"hadi-mohammadi",fullName:"Hadi Mohammadi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/212432/images/system/212432.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Hadi Mohammadi is a biomedical engineer with hands-on experience in the design and development of many engineering structures and medical devices through various projects that he has been involved in over the past twenty years. Dr. Mohammadi received his BSc. and MSc. degrees in Mechanical Engineering from Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran, and his PhD. degree in Biomedical Engineering (biomaterials) from the University of Western Ontario. He was a postdoctoral trainee for almost four years at University of Calgary and Harvard Medical School. He is an industry innovator having created the technology to produce lifelike synthetic platforms that can be used for the simulation of almost all cardiovascular reconstructive surgeries. He’s been heavily involved in the design and development of cardiovascular devices and technology for the past 10 years. He is currently an Assistant Professor with the University of British Colombia, Canada.",institutionString:"University of British Columbia",institution:{name:"University of British Columbia",country:{name:"Canada"}}},{id:"254463",title:"Prof.",name:"Haisheng",middleName:null,surname:"Yang",slug:"haisheng-yang",fullName:"Haisheng Yang",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/254463/images/system/254463.jpeg",biography:"Haisheng Yang, Ph.D., Professor and Director of the Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Life Science and Bioengineering, Beijing University of Technology. He received his Ph.D. degree in Mechanics/Biomechanics from Harbin Institute of Technology (jointly with University of California, Berkeley). Afterwards, he worked as a Postdoctoral Research Associate in the Purdue Musculoskeletal Biology and Mechanics Lab at the Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Purdue University, USA. He also conducted research in the Research Centre of Shriners Hospitals for Children-Canada at McGill University, Canada. Dr. Yang has over 10 years research experience in orthopaedic biomechanics and mechanobiology of bone adaptation and regeneration. He earned an award from Beijing Overseas Talents Aggregation program in 2017 and serves as Beijing Distinguished Professor.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Beijing University of Technology",country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"89721",title:"Dr.",name:"Mehmet",middleName:"Cuneyt",surname:"Ozmen",slug:"mehmet-ozmen",fullName:"Mehmet Ozmen",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/89721/images/7289_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Gazi University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"265335",title:"Mr.",name:"Stefan",middleName:"Radnev",surname:"Stefanov",slug:"stefan-stefanov",fullName:"Stefan Stefanov",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/265335/images/7562_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Medical University Plovdiv",country:{name:"Bulgaria"}}},{id:"242893",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Joaquim",middleName:null,surname:"De Moura",slug:"joaquim-de-moura",fullName:"Joaquim De Moura",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/242893/images/7133_n.jpg",biography:"Joaquim de Moura received his degree in Computer Engineering in 2014 from the University of A Coruña (Spain). In 2016, he received his M.Sc degree in Computer Engineering from the same university. He is currently pursuing his Ph.D degree in Computer Science in a collaborative project between ophthalmology centers in Galicia and the University of A Coruña. His research interests include computer vision, machine learning algorithms and analysis and medical imaging processing of various kinds.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of A Coruña",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"294334",title:"B.Sc.",name:"Marc",middleName:null,surname:"Bruggeman",slug:"marc-bruggeman",fullName:"Marc Bruggeman",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/294334/images/8242_n.jpg",biography:"Chemical engineer graduate, with a passion for material science and specific interest in polymers - their near infinite applications intrigue me. \n\nI plan to continue my scientific career in the field of polymeric biomaterials as I am fascinated by intelligent, bioactive and biomimetic materials for use in both consumer and medical applications.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"255757",title:"Dr.",name:"Igor",middleName:"Victorovich",surname:"Lakhno",slug:"igor-lakhno",fullName:"Igor Lakhno",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/255757/images/system/255757.jpg",biography:"Igor Victorovich Lakhno was born in 1971 in Kharkiv (Ukraine). \nMD – 1994, Kharkiv National Medical Univesity.\nOb&Gyn; – 1997, master courses in Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education.\nPh.D. – 1999, Kharkiv National Medical Univesity.\nDSC – 2019, PL Shupik National Academy of Postgraduate Education \nProfessor – 2021, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology of VN Karazin Kharkiv National University\nHead of Department – 2021, Department of Perinatology, Obstetrics and gynecology of Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education\nIgor Lakhno has been graduated from international training courses on reproductive medicine and family planning held at Debrecen University (Hungary) in 1997. Since 1998 Lakhno Igor has worked as an associate professor in the department of obstetrics and gynecology of VN Karazin National University and an associate professor of the perinatology, obstetrics, and gynecology department of Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education. Since June 2019 he’s been a professor in the department of obstetrics and gynecology of VN Karazin National University and a professor of the perinatology, obstetrics, and gynecology department. He’s affiliated with Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education as a Head of Department from November 2021. Igor Lakhno has participated in several international projects on fetal non-invasive electrocardiography (with Dr. J. A. Behar (Technion), Prof. D. Hoyer (Jena University), and José Alejandro Díaz Méndez (National Institute of Astrophysics, Optics, and Electronics, Mexico). He’s an author of about 200 printed works and there are 31 of them in Scopus or Web of Science databases. Igor Lakhno is a member of the Editorial Board of Reproductive Health of Woman, Emergency Medicine, and Technology Transfer Innovative Solutions in Medicine (Estonia). He is a medical Editor of “Z turbotoyu pro zhinku”. Igor Lakhno is a reviewer of the Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology (Taylor and Francis), British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology (Wiley), Informatics in Medicine Unlocked (Elsevier), The Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology Research (Wiley), Endocrine, Metabolic & Immune Disorders-Drug Targets (Bentham Open), The Open Biomedical Engineering Journal (Bentham Open), etc. He’s defended a dissertation for a DSc degree “Pre-eclampsia: prediction, prevention, and treatment”. Three years ago Igor Lakhno has participated in a training course on innovative technologies in medical education at Lublin Medical University (Poland). Lakhno Igor has participated as a speaker in several international conferences and congresses (International Conference on Biological Oscillations April 10th-14th 2016, Lancaster, UK, The 9th conference of the European Study Group on Cardiovascular Oscillations). His main scientific interests: are obstetrics, women’s health, fetal medicine, and cardiovascular medicine. \nIgor Lakhno is a consultant at Kharkiv municipal perinatal center. He’s graduated from training courses on endoscopy in gynecology. He has 28 years of practical experience in the field.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"244950",title:"Dr.",name:"Salvatore",middleName:null,surname:"Di Lauro",slug:"salvatore-di-lauro",fullName:"Salvatore Di Lauro",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://intech-files.s3.amazonaws.com/0030O00002bSF1HQAW/ProfilePicture%202021-12-20%2014%3A54%3A14.482",biography:"Name:\n\tSALVATORE DI LAURO\nAddress:\n\tHospital Clínico Universitario Valladolid\nAvda Ramón y Cajal 3\n47005, Valladolid\nSpain\nPhone number: \nFax\nE-mail:\n\t+34 983420000 ext 292\n+34 983420084\nsadilauro@live.it\nDate and place of Birth:\nID Number\nMedical Licence \nLanguages\t09-05-1985. Villaricca (Italy)\n\nY1281863H\n474707061\nItalian (native language)\nSpanish (read, written, spoken)\nEnglish (read, written, spoken)\nPortuguese (read, spoken)\nFrench (read)\n\t\t\nCurrent position (title and company)\tDate (Year)\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid. Sacyl. National Health System.\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Instituto Oftalmologico Recoletas. Red Hospitalaria Recoletas. Private practise.\t2017-today\n\n2019-today\n\t\n\t\nEducation (High school, university and postgraduate training > 3 months)\tDate (Year)\nDegree in Medicine and Surgery. University of Neaples 'Federico II”\nResident in Opthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid\nMaster in Vitreo-Retina. IOBA. University of Valladolid\nFellow of the European Board of Ophthalmology. Paris\nMaster in Research in Ophthalmology. University of Valladolid\t2003-2009\n2012-2016\n2016-2017\n2016\n2012-2013\n\t\nEmployments (company and positions)\tDate (Year)\nResident in Ophthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid. Sacyl.\nFellow in Vitreo-Retina. IOBA. University of Valladolid\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid. Sacyl. National Health System.\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Instituto Oftalmologico Recoletas. Red Hospitalaria Recoletas. \n\t2012-2016\n2016-2017\n2017-today\n\n2019-Today\n\n\n\t\nClinical Research Experience (tasks and role)\tDate (Year)\nAssociated investigator\n\n' FIS PI20/00740: DESARROLLO DE UNA CALCULADORA DE RIESGO DE\nAPARICION DE RETINOPATIA DIABETICA BASADA EN TECNICAS DE IMAGEN MULTIMODAL EN PACIENTES DIABETICOS TIPO 1. Grant by: Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovacion \n\n' (BIO/VA23/14) Estudio clínico multicéntrico y prospectivo para validar dos\nbiomarcadores ubicados en los genes p53 y MDM2 en la predicción de los resultados funcionales de la cirugía del desprendimiento de retina regmatógeno. Grant by: Gerencia Regional de Salud de la Junta de Castilla y León.\n' Estudio multicéntrico, aleatorizado, con enmascaramiento doble, en 2 grupos\nparalelos y de 52 semanas de duración para comparar la eficacia, seguridad e inmunogenicidad de SOK583A1 respecto a Eylea® en pacientes con degeneración macular neovascular asociada a la edad' (CSOK583A12301; N.EUDRA: 2019-004838-41; FASE III). Grant by Hexal AG\n\n' Estudio de fase III, aleatorizado, doble ciego, con grupos paralelos, multicéntrico para comparar la eficacia y la seguridad de QL1205 frente a Lucentis® en pacientes con degeneración macular neovascular asociada a la edad. (EUDRACT: 2018-004486-13). Grant by Qilu Pharmaceutical Co\n\n' Estudio NEUTON: Ensayo clinico en fase IV para evaluar la eficacia de aflibercept en pacientes Naive con Edema MacUlar secundario a Oclusion de Vena CenTral de la Retina (OVCR) en regimen de tratamientO iNdividualizado Treat and Extend (TAE)”, (2014-000975-21). Grant by Fundacion Retinaplus\n\n' Evaluación de la seguridad y bioactividad de anillos de tensión capsular en conejo. Proyecto Procusens. Grant by AJL, S.A.\n\n'Estudio epidemiológico, prospectivo, multicéntrico y abierto\\npara valorar la frecuencia de la conjuntivitis adenovírica diagnosticada mediante el test AdenoPlus®\\nTest en pacientes enfermos de conjuntivitis aguda”\\n. National, multicenter study. Grant by: NICOX.\n\nEuropean multicentric trial: 'Evaluation of clinical outcomes following the use of Systane Hydration in patients with dry eye”. Study Phase 4. Grant by: Alcon Labs'\n\nVLPs Injection and Activation in a Rabbit Model of Uveal Melanoma. Grant by Aura Bioscience\n\nUpdating and characterization of a rabbit model of uveal melanoma. Grant by Aura Bioscience\n\nEnsayo clínico en fase IV para evaluar las variantes genéticas de la vía del VEGF como biomarcadores de eficacia del tratamiento con aflibercept en pacientes con degeneración macular asociada a la edad (DMAE) neovascular. Estudio BIOIMAGE. IMO-AFLI-2013-01\n\nEstudio In-Eye:Ensayo clínico en fase IV, abierto, aleatorizado, de 2 brazos,\nmulticçentrico y de 12 meses de duración, para evaluar la eficacia y seguridad de un régimen de PRN flexible individualizado de 'esperar y extender' versus un régimen PRN según criterios de estabilización mediante evaluaciones mensuales de inyecciones intravítreas de ranibizumab 0,5 mg en pacientes naive con neovascularización coriodea secunaria a la degeneración macular relacionada con la edad. CP: CRFB002AES03T\n\nTREND: Estudio Fase IIIb multicéntrico, randomizado, de 12 meses de\nseguimiento con evaluador de la agudeza visual enmascarado, para evaluar la eficacia y la seguridad de ranibizumab 0.5mg en un régimen de tratar y extender comparado con un régimen mensual, en pacientes con degeneración macular neovascular asociada a la edad. CP: CRFB002A2411 Código Eudra CT:\n2013-002626-23\n\n\n\nPublications\t\n\n2021\n\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n\n\n2021\n\n\n\n\n\n2021\n\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n2014\n\n\n\n\n2015-16\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n2014\n\n\n2014\n\n\n\n\n2014\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n2014\n\nJose Carlos Pastor; Jimena Rojas; Salvador Pastor-Idoate; Salvatore Di Lauro; Lucia Gonzalez-Buendia; Santiago Delgado-Tirado. Proliferative vitreoretinopathy: A new concept of disease pathogenesis and practical\nconsequences. Progress in Retinal and Eye Research. 51, pp. 125 - 155. 03/2016. DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2015.07.005\n\n\nLabrador-Velandia S; Alonso-Alonso ML; Di Lauro S; García-Gutierrez MT; Srivastava GK; Pastor JC; Fernandez-Bueno I. Mesenchymal stem cells provide paracrine neuroprotective resources that delay degeneration of co-cultured organotypic neuroretinal cultures.Experimental Eye Research. 185, 17/05/2019. DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2019.05.011\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro; Maria Teresa Garcia Gutierrez; Ivan Fernandez Bueno. Quantification of pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF) in an ex vivo coculture of retinal pigment epithelium cells and neuroretina.\nJournal of Allbiosolution. 2019. ISSN 2605-3535\n\nSonia Labrador Velandia; Salvatore Di Lauro; Alonso-Alonso ML; Tabera Bartolomé S; Srivastava GK; Pastor JC; Fernandez-Bueno I. Biocompatibility of intravitreal injection of human mesenchymal stem cells in immunocompetent rabbits. Graefe's archive for clinical and experimental ophthalmology. 256 - 1, pp. 125 - 134. 01/2018. DOI: 10.1007/s00417-017-3842-3\n\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro, David Rodriguez-Crespo, Manuel J Gayoso, Maria T Garcia-Gutierrez, J Carlos Pastor, Girish K Srivastava, Ivan Fernandez-Bueno. A novel coculture model of porcine central neuroretina explants and retinal pigment epithelium cells. Molecular Vision. 2016 - 22, pp. 243 - 253. 01/2016.\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro. Classifications for Proliferative Vitreoretinopathy ({PVR}): An Analysis of Their Use in Publications over the Last 15 Years. Journal of Ophthalmology. 2016, pp. 1 - 6. 01/2016. DOI: 10.1155/2016/7807596\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro; Rosa Maria Coco; Rosa Maria Sanabria; Enrique Rodriguez de la Rua; Jose Carlos Pastor. Loss of Visual Acuity after Successful Surgery for Macula-On Rhegmatogenous Retinal Detachment in a Prospective Multicentre Study. Journal of Ophthalmology. 2015:821864, 2015. DOI: 10.1155/2015/821864\n\nIvan Fernandez-Bueno; Salvatore Di Lauro; Ivan Alvarez; Jose Carlos Lopez; Maria Teresa Garcia-Gutierrez; Itziar Fernandez; Eva Larra; Jose Carlos Pastor. Safety and Biocompatibility of a New High-Density Polyethylene-Based\nSpherical Integrated Porous Orbital Implant: An Experimental Study in Rabbits. Journal of Ophthalmology. 2015:904096, 2015. DOI: 10.1155/2015/904096\n\nPastor JC; Pastor-Idoate S; Rodríguez-Hernandez I; Rojas J; Fernandez I; Gonzalez-Buendia L; Di Lauro S; Gonzalez-Sarmiento R. Genetics of PVR and RD. Ophthalmologica. 232 - Suppl 1, pp. 28 - 29. 2014\n\nRodriguez-Crespo D; Di Lauro S; Singh AK; Garcia-Gutierrez MT; Garrosa M; Pastor JC; Fernandez-Bueno I; Srivastava GK. Triple-layered mixed co-culture model of RPE cells with neuroretina for evaluating the neuroprotective effects of adipose-MSCs. Cell Tissue Res. 358 - 3, pp. 705 - 716. 2014.\nDOI: 10.1007/s00441-014-1987-5\n\nCarlo De Werra; Salvatore Condurro; Salvatore Tramontano; Mario Perone; Ivana Donzelli; Salvatore Di Lauro; Massimo Di Giuseppe; Rosa Di Micco; Annalisa Pascariello; Antonio Pastore; Giorgio Diamantis; Giuseppe Galloro. Hydatid disease of the liver: thirty years of surgical experience.Chirurgia italiana. 59 - 5, pp. 611 - 636.\n(Italia): 2007. ISSN 0009-4773\n\nChapters in books\n\t\n' Salvador Pastor Idoate; Salvatore Di Lauro; Jose Carlos Pastor Jimeno. PVR: Pathogenesis, Histopathology and Classification. Proliferative Vitreoretinopathy with Small Gauge Vitrectomy. Springer, 2018. ISBN 978-3-319-78445-8\nDOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-78446-5_2. \n\n' Salvatore Di Lauro; Maria Isabel Lopez Galvez. Quistes vítreos en una mujer joven. Problemas diagnósticos en patología retinocoroidea. Sociedad Española de Retina-Vitreo. 2018.\n\n' Salvatore Di Lauro; Salvador Pastor Idoate; Jose Carlos Pastor Jimeno. iOCT in PVR management. OCT Applications in Opthalmology. pp. 1 - 8. INTECH, 2018. DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.78774.\n\n' Rosa Coco Martin; Salvatore Di Lauro; Salvador Pastor Idoate; Jose Carlos Pastor. amponadores, manipuladores y tinciones en la cirugía del traumatismo ocular.Trauma Ocular. Ponencia de la SEO 2018..\n\n' LOPEZ GALVEZ; DI LAURO; CRESPO. OCT angiografia y complicaciones retinianas de la diabetes. PONENCIA SEO 2021, CAPITULO 20. (España): 2021.\n\n' Múltiples desprendimientos neurosensoriales bilaterales en paciente joven. Enfermedades Degenerativas De Retina Y Coroides. SERV 04/2016. \n' González-Buendía L; Di Lauro S; Pastor-Idoate S; Pastor Jimeno JC. Vitreorretinopatía proliferante (VRP) e inflamación: LA INFLAMACIÓN in «INMUNOMODULADORES Y ANTIINFLAMATORIOS: MÁS ALLÁ DE LOS CORTICOIDES. RELACION DE PONENCIAS DE LA SOCIEDAD ESPAÑOLA DE OFTALMOLOGIA. 10/2014.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"243698",title:"Dr.",name:"Xiaogang",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",slug:"xiaogang-wang",fullName:"Xiaogang Wang",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/243698/images/system/243698.png",biography:"Dr. Xiaogang Wang, a faculty member of Shanxi Eye Hospital specializing in the treatment of cataract and retinal disease and a tutor for postgraduate students of Shanxi Medical University, worked in the COOL Lab as an international visiting scholar under the supervision of Dr. David Huang and Yali Jia from October 2012 through November 2013. Dr. Wang earned an MD from Shanxi Medical University and a Ph.D. from Shanghai Jiao Tong University. Dr. Wang was awarded two research project grants focused on multimodal optical coherence tomography imaging and deep learning in cataract and retinal disease, from the National Natural Science Foundation of China. He has published around 30 peer-reviewed journal papers and four book chapters and co-edited one book.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"7227",title:"Dr.",name:"Hiroaki",middleName:null,surname:"Matsui",slug:"hiroaki-matsui",fullName:"Hiroaki Matsui",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Tokyo",country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"312999",title:"Dr.",name:"Bernard O.",middleName:null,surname:"Asimeng",slug:"bernard-o.-asimeng",fullName:"Bernard O. Asimeng",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Ghana",country:{name:"Ghana"}}},{id:"318905",title:"Prof.",name:"Elvis",middleName:"Kwason",surname:"Tiburu",slug:"elvis-tiburu",fullName:"Elvis Tiburu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Ghana",country:{name:"Ghana"}}},{id:"336193",title:"Dr.",name:"Abdullah",middleName:null,surname:"Alamoudi",slug:"abdullah-alamoudi",fullName:"Abdullah Alamoudi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Majmaah University",country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}},{id:"318657",title:"MSc.",name:"Isabell",middleName:null,surname:"Steuding",slug:"isabell-steuding",fullName:"Isabell Steuding",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Harz University of Applied Sciences",country:{name:"Germany"}}},{id:"318656",title:"BSc.",name:"Peter",middleName:null,surname:"Kußmann",slug:"peter-kussmann",fullName:"Peter Kußmann",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Harz University of Applied Sciences",country:{name:"Germany"}}}]}},subseries:{item:{id:"7",type:"subseries",title:"Bioinformatics and Medical Informatics",keywords:"Biomedical Data, Drug Discovery, Clinical Diagnostics, Decoding Human Genome, AI in Personalized Medicine, Disease-prevention Strategies, Big Data Analysis in Medicine",scope:"Bioinformatics aims to help understand the functioning of the mechanisms of living organisms through the construction and use of quantitative tools. The applications of this research cover many related fields, such as biotechnology and medicine, where, for example, Bioinformatics contributes to faster drug design, DNA analysis in forensics, and DNA sequence analysis in the field of personalized medicine. Personalized medicine is a type of medical care in which treatment is customized individually for each patient. Personalized medicine enables more effective therapy, reduces the costs of therapy and clinical trials, and also minimizes the risk of side effects. Nevertheless, advances in personalized medicine would not have been possible without bioinformatics, which can analyze the human genome and other vast amounts of biomedical data, especially in genetics. The rapid growth of information technology enabled the development of new tools to decode human genomes, large-scale studies of genetic variations and medical informatics. The considerable development of technology, including the computing power of computers, is also conducive to the development of bioinformatics, including personalized medicine. In an era of rapidly growing data volumes and ever lower costs of generating, storing and computing data, personalized medicine holds great promises. Modern computational methods used as bioinformatics tools can integrate multi-scale, multi-modal and longitudinal patient data to create even more effective and safer therapy and disease prevention methods. Main aspects of the topic are: Applying bioinformatics in drug discovery and development; Bioinformatics in clinical diagnostics (genetic variants that act as markers for a condition or a disease); Blockchain and Artificial Intelligence/Machine Learning in personalized medicine; Customize disease-prevention strategies in personalized medicine; Big data analysis in personalized medicine; Translating stratification algorithms into clinical practice of personalized medicine.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/7.jpg",hasOnlineFirst:!0,hasPublishedBooks:!0,annualVolume:11403,editor:{id:"351533",title:"Dr.",name:"Slawomir",middleName:null,surname:"Wilczynski",slug:"slawomir-wilczynski",fullName:"Slawomir Wilczynski",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000035U1loQAC/Profile_Picture_1630074514792",biography:"Professor Sławomir Wilczyński, Head of the Chair of Department of Basic Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Poland. His research interests are focused on modern imaging methods used in medicine and pharmacy, including in particular hyperspectral imaging, dynamic thermovision analysis, high-resolution ultrasound, as well as other techniques such as EPR, NMR and hemispheric directional reflectance. Author of over 100 scientific works, patents and industrial designs. Expert of the Polish National Center for Research and Development, Member of the Investment Committee in the Bridge Alfa NCBiR program, expert of the Polish Ministry of Funds and Regional Policy, Polish Medical Research Agency. Editor-in-chief of the journal in the field of aesthetic medicine and dermatology - Aesthetica.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Medical University of Silesia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Poland"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,series:{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",issn:"2631-5343"},editorialBoard:[{id:"5886",title:"Dr.",name:"Alexandros",middleName:"T.",surname:"Tzallas",slug:"alexandros-tzallas",fullName:"Alexandros Tzallas",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/5886/images/system/5886.png",institutionString:"University of Ioannina, Greece & Imperial College London",institution:{name:"University of Ioannina",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Greece"}}},{id:"257388",title:"Distinguished Prof.",name:"Lulu",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",slug:"lulu-wang",fullName:"Lulu Wang",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRX6kQAG/Profile_Picture_1630329584194",institutionString:"Shenzhen Technology University",institution:{name:"Shenzhen Technology University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"225387",title:"Prof.",name:"Reda R.",middleName:"R.",surname:"Gharieb",slug:"reda-r.-gharieb",fullName:"Reda R. 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Gharieb",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/225387/images/system/225387.jpg",institutionString:"Assiut University",institution:{name:"Assiut University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Egypt"}}}]},{id:"8",title:"Bioinspired Technology and Biomechanics",keywords:"Bioinspired Systems, Biomechanics, Assistive Technology, Rehabilitation",scope:'Bioinspired technologies take advantage of understanding the actual biological system to provide solutions to problems in several areas. Recently, bioinspired systems have been successfully employing biomechanics to develop and improve assistive technology and rehabilitation devices. The research topic "Bioinspired Technology and Biomechanics" welcomes studies reporting recent advances in bioinspired technologies that contribute to individuals\' health, inclusion, and rehabilitation. Possible contributions can address (but are not limited to) the following research topics: Bioinspired design and control of exoskeletons, orthoses, and prostheses; Experimental evaluation of the effect of assistive devices (e.g., influence on gait, balance, and neuromuscular system); Bioinspired technologies for rehabilitation, including clinical studies reporting evaluations; Application of neuromuscular and biomechanical models to the development of bioinspired technology.',annualVolume:11404,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/8.jpg",editor:{id:"144937",title:"Prof.",name:"Adriano",middleName:"De Oliveira",surname:"Andrade",fullName:"Adriano Andrade",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRC8QQAW/Profile_Picture_1625219101815",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Federal University of Uberlândia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"49517",title:"Prof.",name:"Hitoshi",middleName:null,surname:"Tsunashima",fullName:"Hitoshi Tsunashima",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYTP4QAO/Profile_Picture_1625819726528",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Nihon University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"425354",title:"Dr.",name:"Marcus",middleName:"Fraga",surname:"Vieira",fullName:"Marcus Vieira",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00003BJSgIQAX/Profile_Picture_1627904687309",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Federal de Goiás",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"196746",title:"Dr.",name:"Ramana",middleName:null,surname:"Vinjamuri",fullName:"Ramana Vinjamuri",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/196746/images/system/196746.jpeg",institutionString:"University of Maryland, Baltimore County",institution:{name:"University of Maryland, Baltimore County",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}]},{id:"9",title:"Biotechnology - Biosensors, Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering",keywords:"Biotechnology, Biosensors, Biomaterials, Tissue Engineering",scope:"The Biotechnology - Biosensors, Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering topic within the Biomedical Engineering Series aims to rapidly publish contributions on all aspects of biotechnology, biosensors, biomaterial and tissue engineering. We encourage the submission of manuscripts that provide novel and mechanistic insights that report significant advances in the fields. Topics can include but are not limited to: Biotechnology such as biotechnological products and process engineering; Biotechnologically relevant enzymes and proteins; Bioenergy and biofuels; Applied genetics and molecular biotechnology; Genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics; Applied microbial and cell physiology; Environmental biotechnology; Methods and protocols. Moreover, topics in biosensor technology, like sensors that incorporate enzymes, antibodies, nucleic acids, whole cells, tissues and organelles, and other biological or biologically inspired components will be considered, and topics exploring transducers, including those based on electrochemical and optical piezoelectric, thermal, magnetic, and micromechanical elements. Chapters exploring biomaterial approaches such as polymer synthesis and characterization, drug and gene vector design, biocompatibility, immunology and toxicology, and self-assembly at the nanoscale, are welcome. Finally, the tissue engineering subcategory will support topics such as the fundamentals of stem cells and progenitor cells and their proliferation, differentiation, bioreactors for three-dimensional culture and studies of phenotypic changes, stem and progenitor cells, both short and long term, ex vivo and in vivo implantation both in preclinical models and also in clinical trials.",annualVolume:11405,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/9.jpg",editor:{id:"126286",title:"Dr.",name:"Luis",middleName:"Jesús",surname:"Villarreal-Gómez",fullName:"Luis Villarreal-Gómez",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/126286/images/system/126286.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Autonomous University of Baja California",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"35539",title:"Dr.",name:"Cecilia",middleName:null,surname:"Cristea",fullName:"Cecilia Cristea",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYQ65QAG/Profile_Picture_1621007741527",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Iuliu Hațieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Romania"}}},{id:"40735",title:"Dr.",name:"Gil",middleName:"Alberto Batista",surname:"Gonçalves",fullName:"Gil Gonçalves",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYRLGQA4/Profile_Picture_1628492612759",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Aveiro",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Portugal"}}},{id:"211725",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Johann F.",middleName:null,surname:"Osma",fullName:"Johann F. 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