These books synthesize perspectives of renowned scientists from the world’s most prestigious institutions - from Fukushima Renewable Energy Institute in Japan to Stanford University in the United States, including Columbia University (US), University of Sidney (AU), University of Miami (USA), Cardiff University (UK), and many others.
\\n\\n
This collaboration embodied the true essence of Open Access by simplifying the approach to OA publishing for Academic editors and authors who contributed their research and allowed the new research to be made available free and open to anyone anywhere in the world.
\\n\\n
To celebrate the 50 books published, we have gathered them at one location - just one click away, so that you can easily browse the subjects of your interest, download the content directly, share it or read online.
IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched formed a partnership to support researchers working in engineering sciences by enabling an easier approach to publishing Open Access content. Using the Knowledge Unlatched crowdfunding model to raise the publishing costs through libraries around the world, Open Access Publishing Fee (OAPF) was not required from the authors.
\n\n
Initially, the partnership supported engineering research, but it soon grew to include physical and life sciences, attracting more researchers to the advantages of Open Access publishing.
\n\n\n\n
These books synthesize perspectives of renowned scientists from the world’s most prestigious institutions - from Fukushima Renewable Energy Institute in Japan to Stanford University in the United States, including Columbia University (US), University of Sidney (AU), University of Miami (USA), Cardiff University (UK), and many others.
\n\n
This collaboration embodied the true essence of Open Access by simplifying the approach to OA publishing for Academic editors and authors who contributed their research and allowed the new research to be made available free and open to anyone anywhere in the world.
\n\n
To celebrate the 50 books published, we have gathered them at one location - just one click away, so that you can easily browse the subjects of your interest, download the content directly, share it or read online.
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\r\n\tOn-road and off-road vehicles constitute an important part of the land transportation sector. Even the economic and chip crises cannot completely stop the production of vehicles in a product range that varies according to customer demand. The use of automobiles in the world is increasing day by day, and vehicle users demand from the sector smarter, more environmentally friendly, and safer vehicles. Vehicle dynamics is one of the most important aspects that all vehicle manufacturers and related researchers should compute and pay attention to before the production of vehicles. Modeling and simulation of dynamic elements of vehicle parts such as tires, steering, brakes, the integrated driver helped systems, etc., is a crucial step before prototyping.
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\r\n\tIn this book, the dynamics of vehicles will be deeply illustrated, from fundamental to futuristic approaches. The primary aim is to convey to the readers how important the dynamic analysis of vehicles is and how it affects their production, from simple to detailed.
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\r\n\tFinally, the effects of intelligent systems to be used in autonomous vehicles with developing technologies on vehicle dynamics and future perspectives will be analyzed.
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1. Introduction
The environmental issues associated with residual dye content or residual color in treated textile effluents are always a concern for each textile operator that directly discharges, sewage treatment works as well as commercial textile operations to meet the requirements of color and residual dye imposed on the discharge of treated effluent [1]. In watercourses higher than 1.0 mg/L, dye concentrations induced by direct discharges of textile effluents, treated or not, can give rise to public enforcement. High concentrations of fabric dyes in water bodies halt the reoxygenation potential of the receiving water and cutoff sunlight, thereby disrupting biological activity in aquatic life as well as the aquatic plant or algae photosynthesis process [2]. Presence of dye is accepted as an esthetic issue in watercourses rather than as an eco-toxic hazard. The public appears to know the blue, green and brown color of the rivers, but the color ‘non-natural’ as red and purple usually causes the most concern. Due to their long-term existence in the environment (i.e., half-life of several years), accumulation in sediments and particularly in fish or other aquatic life forms, decomposition of contaminants in carcinogenic or mutagenic compounds, and also their low aerobic biodegradability, the polluting effects of dyes on the aquatic environment may also result in toxic effects. The majority of dyes are nonbiodegradable due to their artificial origin or chemical composition, possess carcinogenic activity, and induce asthma, dermatitis, inflammation of the skin, and various tissue changes. In addition, various azo dyes, primarily aromatic compounds, show toxicity both acute and chronic. High potential health risk is caused by adsorption of azo dyes and their breakdown products (toxic amines) through the gastrointestinal tract, body, lungs, and hemoglobin adduct formation as well as blood formation disturbance [3].
There are about 700,000 tons of colors, approaching 10,000 forms, often used as color operators in most of projects. The use of colors in characteristic media is disturbing considering their heavy workload, poisonous content, and bioaccumulative ability in living beings. In particular, the azo dyes that are most advertised and that cause cancer, need to be taken seriously. The current status of cationic and anionic dyes is audited here. For this reason, common adsorbents are commonly used, such as activated carbon, chitosan, composite, and natural waste. Various dangerous engineered dyes (cationic and anionic) have been fabricated with high creation rate. To dispose of their negative effects, the broad utilization of composite was watched for oxidative debasement/expulsion of colors from wastewater. In cationic dye, methylene blue, precious stone violet, Splendid Blue-R, and Rhodamine-B, while in anionic dye, Methyl orange, Congo red, Alizarin red S and Eosin Y, are broadly treated with composite.
Adsorption methods are used as procedures of high quality for the removal of dissolved organic contaminants from industrial wastewater, such as dyes. The fiber, pulp and paper industries are stated to use large quantities of a number of colors; such chemicals can be used in many wastewater factories that generating vast amounts of sprayed, toxic and even cancerous wastewater, causing serious hazard to aquatic living organisms. It is well known that dye effluents from the production of dyestuffs and fabric industries may have toxic effects on microbial organisms and may be toxic and/or cancerous to mammalian animals. Most of the dyes used in textile industries are resistant to light and not biodegradable. These are also resistant to aerobic digestion [4]. Because of simple design, adsorption has advantages over other methods and can entail low investment in terms of both initial and necessary land costs. The adsorption method is commonly used to treat industrial wastewater from organic and inorganic contaminants, and the researchers are paying close attention to it. The search for low-cost adsorbents with pollutant-binding capabilities has intensified in recent years. Locally available materials such as natural materials, agricultural waste, and industrial waste can be used as adsorbents at low cost. For groundwater and wastewater treatment, the activated carbon produced from these materials can be used as an adsorbent [5]. Natural hydroxyapatite derived from bio-waste, bovine and camel bones in general. To remove the natural hydroxyapatite, three separate methods are applied: thermal decomposition, subcritical water, and alkaline hydrothermal processes. Results from many physiochemical analyses have shown that all the methods used are capable of removing the organic compounds present in bovine bones and producing pure bio-ceramic hydroxyapatite with an average yield of 65% [6]. A composite material is made by consolidating at least two materials—frequently ones that have altogether different properties. The two materials cooperate to give the composite novel properties. In any case, inside the composite you can without much of a stretch differentiate the distinctive materials one from the other as they do not break up or mix into each other [7]. One of the biggest advantages of the composite is it can be formed into entangled shapes more effortlessly than most different materials. This gives fashion designers the versatility to build any form or structure. In addition, composites are light in weight, contrasted with most woods and metals, possess high strength, dimensional stability, and are nonmagnetic. Composites contain no metals; hence, they are not attractive. They can be utilized around touchy electronic gear. The absence of attractive impedance permits huge magnets utilized as a part of MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging) hardware to perform better. Composites are utilized as a part of both the hardware lodging and table. Also, the development of the room utilizes composite rebar to strengthen the solid dividers and floors in the healing center [8].
In this chapter, our team will investigate the performance of (polymer/hydroxyapatite) composite for removal of methylene blue as cationic dye from aqueous system.
2. Materials and methods
2.1 Synthesis of composite resins
Polyacrylonitrile co-acrylic acid apatite resins, P(AN-co-AA)-HAP, were synthesized by radical copolymerization in DMF solution in the presence of (BPO) as follows: In three-neck round flask equipped with nitrogen, thermometer, and mechanical shaker, AN and AA (mass ratio of 4:1) were dissolved in the DMF (mass ratio of total monomer to DMF 4:11) solution 1. Different types of as-prepared natural HAP produced from camel bone with appropriate amount were dispersed in DMF and sonicated for 30 min then added to solution 1 in the three-neck flask and stirred under nitrogen purging. The initiator BPO was transferred to the reaction mixture with weight ratio of total monomers of 1:450. The solution was stirred until all substances were completely dispersed and monomers dissolved. After passing nitrogen to the solution for 1 h, the polymerization was performed in an airtight device at 60°C for 3 h till complete polymerization. After complete polymerization, the obtained composite was washed several times with water and acetone to remove the residual monomers and initiators thoroughly. The final co-polymer-HAP composites P(AN-AA)-HAP were dried at 60°C till complete dryness and ground to the specified particle size.
Different types of the as-prepared natural HAP camel bone samples were used as follows:
Resin
HAP preparation temp. oC
HAP preparation gas
HAP content % in the composite
R1
700°C for N2 and 900°C for CO2 with surface area 122.56 m2/g
Passing N2 gas for 2 h (1 h for rising temperature to reach to desired temperature and 1 h for holding) then passing CO2 gas for 1 h
14%
R2
500°C for N2 and 900°C for CO2 was surface area 94.88 m2/g
R3
900°C for N2 and 900°C for CO2 was surface area 124.35 m2/g
2.2 Sorption studies
The sorption experiments were carried out on solutions containing methylene blue dye with the prepared sorbents in batch as well as column techniques.
2.2.1 Batch experiments
Batch experiments were conducted with 100 ml of methylene blue solution of concentration 1 × 10−5 M in 250-ml stoppered bottles containing 0.1 g of the composite material at pH 5.5. The mixture was shaken by a mechanical water shaker thermostated at 25 ± 1°C (except when studying the effect of temperature). The parameters affecting the sorption process were studied by varying any one of the parameters and keeping the other parameters constant. These factors include composite particle size, equilibrium time, dose, temperature, and the initial metal ion concentration. The solid material was separated from solution by centrifuge and the dyes concentration in the solution was determined. Methylene blue was determined spectrophotometrically using UV-visible spectrophotometer.
The amount of dye retained in the solid phase (qe) (mg/g) was calculated using this relation:
qe=vmC0−Cemg/gE1
where v is the volume of aqueous solutions (ml), m is the weight of solid material used (g), and C0and Ce are the initial and equilibrium concentration (M) of MB dye.
The sorption of dye solution was calculated using the relation:
Sorption%=C0−CeC0×100E2
The distribution coefficient (Kd) of the dye between the aqueous phase and the solid phase is calculated from the relation:
Kd=vmC0−CeCeE3
Kd=qeCeE4
2.2.2 Column studies
Column studies were conducted using glass column of dimensions 20 cm length and 1.2 cm of internal diameter and 0.4 g of sorbent of particle size 30 mesh was introduced as slurry in the column. A 1000-ml solution containing 1 × 10−5 M of MB added sample was passed through HAP. All the experiments were carried out at room temperature. The sample solution was collected after different volumes. Amounts of MB in each volume were determined using UV/VIS spectrophotometry. The breakthrough sorption capacity of HAP was obtained in column using the equation:
Qe=Ci−CembvE5
where Ci and Ce denote the initial and equilibrium (at breakthrough) dye concentration (M) respectively. bv was the breakthrough volume of the MB solution in liters, and m was the mass of the adsorbent used (g).
Desorption of solutes from the loaded column was carried out by elution using (H2SO4 + H2O2), HCL, NaOH, CH3COOH, C2O4H2, and C6H8O7. From the start of the experiment, effluent samples at different volumes were collected at the bottom of the column for analysis. The percentage desorption of solutes was obtained in column using the equation:
Desorption%=CeCi×100E6
3. Results and discussions
This chapter is divided into four parts. The first one deals with characterization of the synthesized sorbent materials, R1. The second and third parts are concerned with the removal of MB dye respectively from aqueous solution by the investigated sorbents. Capacities of the sorbent materials for removal of the studied dye were investigated. The fourth part deals with column studies (Figure 1).
Figure 1.
(a) Infrared spectrum of the HAP samples and (b) infrared spectrum of the synthesized R1 and R1/MB.
3.1 Characterization of the sorbent materials
3.1.1 X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) measurements
The IR-spectra revealed wide bands of H▬O▬H lattice water in the regions 1600–1700 cm−1 and 3200–3600 cm−1 and an [OH]▬ stretching mode band at 3350 cm−1 for HAP at physical activation at 500°C. The bands at 1097 cm−1 and 1029 cm−1 were assigned for (PO4)3−. Also the bands at 960, 603, and 562 cm−1 are due to (PO4)3−. The (PO4)3− vibrational bands depend on the activation temperature. The sharpness of the peaks at 603 cm−1 and 562 cm−1 indicates a well crystallized HAP. Characteristic vibration bands of the C▬O in the carbonate group were observed at 1418–1456 cm−1. New peaks were observed for composite resin (R1) at 2006 cm−1 and peak of phosphate is slightly shifted to 1042, 592, and 560 cm−1, while the loaded resin R1 with MB dye showed a broad peak of the phosphate at 560 cm−1 and the stretching mode of vibration for OH group was observed at 3340 cm−1 as shown in the spectra. As can be seen from the morphologies of particles in the SEM images, there is a distribution of small particles and large agglomerates. These agglomerates are consisted of very fine particles that are welded together and the powders displayed a significant level of agglomeration. Forty-point BET surface area analyses were done to study the effect of polymer on the surface area of the natural hydroxyapatite. The natural HAP surface area was found to be 122.56 m2/g, while composite shaped reaches 218.48 m2/g. The XRD analyses revealed straight base lines and sharp peaks confirming that hydroxyapatite was formed in all samples, and the produced calcium phosphate was well crystallized. On the other hand, Figure 2(a–c) XRD analysis of HAP samples indicates that the samples are in the crystalline phase. In addition, XRD pattern shows a broad reflection peak at the range of 31.7–32.8 of 2 values, which correspond to the characteristic peak of hydroxyapatite. The XRD patterns of polymer/supported HAP composite resins with 14% HAP (R1) show that the characteristic peaks of HAP disappeared after the interaction between the polymer and HAP. This finding explains the interaction of the polymer within the HAP active groups (Figure 3).
Figure 2.
(a) X-ray diffraction of the synthesized HAP, (b) X-ray diffraction of the synthesized R1, and (c) X-ray diffraction of R1 after sorption the of MB.
Figure 3.
SEM micrographs for the natural HAP and prepared resins before and after MB dye loading.
The thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) measurements were performed in flowing nitrogen gas up on the prepared resins R1 as show in Figure 4. The thermal decomposition of the HAP-polymer composites illustrates that up to 350°C, 5 % weight loss occurred followed by three steps up to 800°C. It is clear that the presence of HAP with the polymer increases the thermal stability and delays the polymer thermal decomposition.
Figure 4.
TGA thermogram for R1.
The thermal decomposition of apatite content depends on its hydroxide and phosphate content; both are related to the change in apatite mass upon heating. After 800°C a replacement of ▬OH− occurred, resulting in water evolution. The weight loss after 800°C was attributed to the ▬OH− content [9]. The calcium phosphates containing HPO4 undergo weight loss between 400 and 700°C due to formation of pyrophosphate and evolution of water. It is reported that after 700°C the calcium pyrophosphate reacts with HAP to produce TCP and water.
3.2 Sorption investigations of methylene blue dye
3.2.1 Batch investigations
Batch experiments were carried out to find out the optimum conditions for the removal of MB dye from aqueous solution by the synthesized sorbents. Different parameters affecting the sorption of MB dye were separately studied, such as particle size of sorbent, shaking time, sorbent weight, temperature, and MB dye concentration.
3.2.1.1 Effect of shaking time
The effect of shaking time on the removal of 1 × 10−5 M MB dye from aqueous solution using 0.1 g of each the sorbents used was investigated in the range 1–120 min at 25 ± 1°C. The results illustrated in Figure 5 show an increase in the removal percentage (uptake) of MB dye from aqueous solution with shaking time up to 60 min, which then remains constant with further increase of shaking time. A plateau is seen to be reached for all curves representing that the adsorbent is saturated at this time. Therefore, equilibrium time of 60 min was chosen in the subsequent studies.
Figure 5.
Effect of shaking time on the adsorption of MB from aqueous solutions using apatite resins.
3.2.1.2 Effect of particle size
The effect of particle size on the removal efficiency of 1 × 10−5M MB dye from aqueous solution using 0.1 g of selected sorbents was studied at different sorbent particle sizes in the range (0.063–4) mesh at 25 ± 1°C, the removal of MB dye was found to increase from 22.39 to 82.5% as the sorbent particle size increased from (4–0.063) mesh, see Figure 6. The higher sorption with smaller sorbent particles may be attributed to the fact that smaller particles provide a larger surface area. Hence, selected sorbents with particle size of 0.063 mesh has been chosen for further experiments.
Figure 6.
Effect of particle size on the adsorption of MB from aqueous solutions onto apatite resins.
3.2.1.3 Effect of sorbent weight
The results for the removal of 1 × 10−5 M MB dye from aqueous solution using the investigated sorbents with respect to sorbents’ weight are shown in Figure 7 in the range 0.01–0.3 g/50 ml of 1 × 10−5 M MB dye solution at 25 ± 1°C. The results obtained show that when increasing sorbents’ weight from 0.01 to 0.3 g, the removal of MB dye from aqueous solution increases and remains constant with further increase of sorbents’ weight up to 0.2 g. This can be due to the availability of more surface functional groups and surface area at higher sorbent weight. The removal percentage of MB dye becomes constant from 0.2 to 0.3 g. This may be referred to the aggregation of the sorbent particles at high concentration of MB dye. Such aggregation would lead to decrease in the total surface area available for metal ion sorption.
Figure 7.
Effect of resin dose on the adsorption of MB from aqueous solutions onto apatite resins.
3.2.2 Kinetics of adsorption
The amount adsorbed of dye onto the polymeric resin was studied with time for estimating the adsorption mechanism. The adsorption of dye with time shows that mixing period of 10 min is optimum for attaining the equilibrium with respect to R1and R2, while attaining the equilibrium with R3 takes 60 min. These findings reflect a fast kinetic for adsorption of MB onto the prepared resins, especially R1 and R2.
Different kinetic models were applied on the obtained results and the kinetic parameters were determined. The kinetic models correlate the amount adsorbed of dye with time. Lagergren presented the following equation for pseudo-first-order reactions [10]:
dqtdt=k1qe−qtE7
where qe and qt are the dye concentration in solid phase at equilibrium and at time t, respectively, and k1 is the model constant (min−1). The linear form of the above equation was obtained by integration at the borders (qt = 0 to qt = qt and t = 0 to t = t) as:
logqe−qt=logqe−k1t2.303E8
The rate constant k1 was determined from the plot of log(qe − qt) with t as shown in Figure 8 while the value of qe was determined from the intercept. The model variables with the coefficient are given in Table 1.
Figure 8.
Pseudo-first-order model kinetic plot for the sorption of MB onto the synthesized sorbents R1.
Adsorption system
Kinetic model
Parameters
R2
SD
MB-R1
Pseudo first order
k1 = 1.718 qe = 0.607
0.994
0.0163
Pseudo second order
K2 = 2.18 qe = 2.73
0.987
0.133
Elovich
β = 5.98 α = 8.72
0.978
0.0376
Intra-particle
kid = 3.168 C = 2.93
0.991
0.834
Table 1.
Kinetic models’ variables for adsorption of MB onto R1.
The plots in the figures above show linear fit with correlation coefficient (R) of 0.994 for R1. The values of calculated adsorption capacity qe and the linear regression coefficient clarify that the studied kinetic model kinetic model could not fit with the experimental results for adsorption of MB onto R1.
Second-order kinetic model, which describes the chemical adsorption is given by [11].
dqtdt=k2qe−qt2E9
where k2 is the model constant (g/mg min). The above equation could be integrated at the border (qt = 0 to qt = qt at t = 0 to t = t) to give:
tqt=1k2qe2+tqeE10
The model variables were calculated from the plot of t/qt with t as shown in Figure 9. The plot showed a linear relation, and the model parameters with the correlation coefficient R2 are given in Table 1.
Figure 9.
Pseudo-second-order model kinetic plot for the sorption of MB onto the synthesized sorbents R1.
The results of the studied kinetic model clarify that the experimental results for adsorption of MB onto R1, R2, and R3 could be described by kinetic model supporting chemical adsorption. The MB sorption could be represented favorably on the composite resins by the pseudo-second order kinetic model. This finding refers to the participation of chemical adsorption within the adsorption mechanism for MB onto R1.
Elovich kinetic model was applied upon the results to explain mainly the chemisorptions onto heterogeneous solid surfaces. The linearized form of Elovich model equation is given in [12].
qt=1βlnαβ+1βlogtE11
where α and β are model parameters representing the starting sorption rate (g mg−1 min−2) and the leaching constant (mg g−1 min−1), correspondingly. The model parameters were calculated from the linear fit of qt vs. log(t) plot, shown in Figure 10, and are presented in Table 1.
Figure 10.
Elovich model kinetic plot for the sorption of MB onto the synthesized sorbents R1.
The value of the Elovich constant (α and β) for the adsorption of MB on R1 predicate the effect of adsorbent dose and the possibility of performing sorption-desorption regeneration cycles of adsorbent. The value of correlation coefficient (R) reflects a poor fit of Elovich model with the experimental results. It could be inferred that both chemical and surface adsorption mechanisms are participating in the studied systems.
Intraparticle diffusion model was studied to explain the influence of transfer of dye from solution to solid surface of adsorbent on the reaction. The adsorption reaction could be affected by film diffusion, pore diffusion, surface diffusion, and/or adsorption on pore surface. The studied batch experiment was performed with shaking; therefore, the transfer of adsorbate particles could be described by diffusion coefficient that gives a considerable fitting with the experimental results. Weber model could be studied to explain the intraparticle diffusion’s influence on the reaction by the following equation [13]:
qt=kidt0.5+CE12
where kid is the Webber model constant (mg g−1 min−0.5) and C is a constant (mg g−1) connected to the depth of the boundary layer, reflecting the boundary layer effect.
If the adsorption takes place within multilayer adsorbent, the adsorbate particles have to spread within the interior pores of solid materials. The model parameters were obtained from the plot of qt vs. t1/2, shown in Figure 11, and are presented in Table 1.
Figure 11.
Intraparticle model kinetic plot for the sorption of MB onto the synthesized sorbent R1.
The results in Figure 11 show two linear regions referring to the participation of at least two steps in the reaction. The linearity in the first region refers to a diffusion of dye into macro-pores of adsorbent, while the second linear region shows that the adsorbate particles diffuse within a micro-pore of adsorbent. The third region refers to mesoporous of adsorbent. The data obtained show that the synthesized sorbent has different pores.
The results in the figures reflect a variation of particle migration rate between different stages of sorption. The deviation of straight lines from the origin (when extrapolated), reflects that the diffusion within pore is not only the rate determining step. The model variables for adsorption of MB using both R1, were given in Table 1. These results indicate that Webber diffusion model could not be considered as the controlling mechanism in the adsorption reaction.
3.2.3 Adsorption isotherm
The adsorption of MB onto R1 was studied at different initial dye concentrations (within the range 1–50 mg/L). The removal percentage and the adsorbed amount of MB are presented against the starting dye concentration in Figure 12. The results show that the amount of MB retained on the solid adsorbent increases with increasing dye concentration.
Figure 12.
Langmuir-1 isotherm plot for the sorption of MB onto the synthesized sorbent R1.
Different isotherm models were studied for describing the adsorption mechanism controlling the reaction. Langmuir isotherm model [13] was studied for adsorption of MB onto R1, which is expressed as:
Ceqe=1KL+CeqmaxE13
where Ce is the dye concentration in solution after experiment (mg/L), qe is dye concentration on the solid resin (mg/g), and qmax and KL are model parameters connected to maximum adsorbed amount (mg/g) and adsorption energy, correspondingly. A plot of Ce vs. Ce/qe is presented in Figure 12 and the model variables were determined from the plot and are given with coefficient R in Table 2.
Model
Resin
Parameter
R
SD
Langmuir
R1
qmax = 25.77 KL = 16.18
0.975
0.0418
Freundlich
R1
1/n = 0.617 Kf = 6.102
0.988
0.104
Dubinin-Radushkevich
R1
β = −0.093 qmax = 10.39 ES = 2.318
0.979
0.359
Table 2.
Adsorption isotherm models’ parameters for MB-R systems.
R values for the adsorption systems were found to be 0.975, indicating less compatibility with Langmuir isotherm. This finding prove that monolayer chemical adsorption on the homogeneous surface is not participate in the adsorption process.
Freundlich isotherm model [13] was applied on the experimental results, which is described by the equation:
logqe=logkf+1nlogCeE14
where kf (mg/g) and n are model constants, indicating the adsorption capacity and favorability nature of the adsorption process. Freundlich model constants were determined from the linear fit of log qe vs. log Ce plot in Figure 13 and are given with the correlation coefficient in Table 2.
Figure 13.
Freundlich model isotherm plot for the sorption of MB onto the synthesized sorbent R1.
The values of R of Freundlich plots for MB-R system showed bad fit of the experimental results with Freundlich isotherm model.
Dubinin-Radushkevich (D-R) adsorption isotherm model was studied; it describes adsorption onto porous solid surfaces, and is described by the following equation [13]:
lnqe=lnqmax−βε2E15
where β is the D-R model constant (mol2/kJ2), qmax is the constant referring to the maximum adsorbed amount (mg/g), and ε is Polanyi potential (ε = RTln(1 + 1/Ce)). The D-R model constants were obtained from the linear fit of the plot of ln qe vs. ε2 (Figure 14) and are given with correlation coefficient in Table 2. The adsorption free energy (ES) is calculated as:
Figure 14.
Dubinin-Radushkevich model isotherm plot for the sorption of MB onto the synthesized sorbent R1.
ES=−2β−1/2E16
The calculated mean adsorption free energy (ES) from D-R model for adsorption of MB using R1 was found to be 8.03 kJ/mol. These values reflect that physical adsorption is a participating mechanism.
3.2.4 Effect of temperature
The effect of temperature on the removal efficiency of 1 × 10−5 M MB dye from aqueous solution using 0.1 g of each investigated sorbents was studied at different temperatures ranging from 25 to 50°C. It is observed from the results that the removal of MB dye increases slightly with increasing temperature, see Figure 15. This behavior indicates that the sorption process of MB dye from aqueous solution using all selected sorbents is an endothermic process. The increase in the sorption efficiency of MB dye by the sorbents used at high temperature may be attributed to the increase of MB dye mobility and decrease of the retarding forces acting on the diffusing dye.
Figure 15.
Effect of temperature on the adsorption of MB from aqueous solution onto R1.
3.2.5 Adsorption thermodynamics
The thermodynamic parameters corresponding to dye sorption on the prepared resins were assessed using Van’t Hoff equation [14] (Table 3).
Adsorption system
Temperature (°K)
ΔH° (kJ mol −1)
ΔG°(kJ mol−1)
ΔS° (J K−1 mol−1)
SD
R1-MB
298
44.991
6.961
172.81
0.257
313
−7.850
323
−11.626
Table 3.
Thermodynamic parameters for sorption of MB onto R1.
logKd=∆S°2.303R−∆H°2.303RTE17
where kd is the distribution coefficient of the solute ions, ΔS° is the entropy change (J mol−1 K−1), R is the ideal gas constant (8.314 J mol−1 K−1), and T is the absolute temperature. A plot of log kd vs. 1/T was constructed as shown in Figure 16 from which the slope of the straight line equal −(ΔH°)/2.303; consequently, the value of apparent enthalpy change (ΔH°) for the overall system was calculated. The values of other thermodynamic parameters are calculated at different temperatures, using the following equations:
Figure 16.
Effect of temperature on the sorption of MB by the synthesized sorbent R1.
ΔGo=−2.303RTlogkdE18
ΔGo=ΔHo−TΔS°E19
3.2.6 Column studies
Sorption dynamics of MB in a fixed bed flow through a sorption column is eventually conducted for multiple reuse of the sorbent. Column sorption studies of MB on the R1 beads at room temperature were investigated using aqueous solution of 1 × 10−5 M influent concentrations (Ci). Experimental breakthrough curve was studied using flow rate 0.2 ml/min. It is obtained by plotting the ratios of effluent concentration to initial concentration versus the volume of the effluent, see Figure 17. It was observed that the column gets saturated after passing 1 l of MB solution. The estimated breakthrough sorption capacity (Qe) was 79.65 mg/g for MB.
Figure 17.
Breakthrough curve of MB dye with R1.
Once the column reached exhaustion, efficient elution of adsorbed solute from resin in column is essential to ensure the recovery of dye as well as the reuse of resin for repeated adsorption/desorption cycles. Desorption of MB from R1 was studied using different concentrations of sulfuric acid and hydrogen peroxide.
Desorption curve shown in Figure 18 was obtained by plotting the effluent concentration (Ce) versus elution volume from the column at a flow rate of 0.2 ml/min. The result obtained shows that 93.79% recovery was achieved for MB by 1:1 W/W H2SO4 and H2O2.
Figure 18.
Dynamic desorption curve of MB from R1 by H2O2 and H2SO4.
4. Conclusions
In the current study, the removal of MB dye from aqueous solution was investigated by three prepared composite resins and the following conclusions can be drawn:
The prepared composite resins can potentially be applied for removal of MB dye from aqueous solutions.
The adsorption mechanism was suggested based on applying different isotherm models and kinetic models.
From the data obtained for the uptake of MB dye by practical experiment, good match was found with calculated values obtained from isotherm models.
Working on the composite is more advanced than working on HAP alone because:
The spontaneous reaction was carried out at low temperatures while HAP was carried out with spontaneous reaction at high temperatures.
The surface area and mechanical strength for composite are higher than the surface area and mechanical strength of HAP alone.
Different inorganic and organic solutions were studied for regeneration of composite.
Aqueous solution containing mixture of sulfuric acid and hydrogen peroxide of 1:1 w/w showed the maximum release for the adsorbed dyes with 87.46% for methylene blue dye.
Acknowledgments
The authors extend their appreciation to the Research and Development Grants Program for National Research Institutions and Centers (GRANTS) at King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology (KACST) for supporting this work through research groups program under grant number 1-18-01-010-0002.
\n',keywords:"blue dyes, composite polymeric-apatite resins, cationic dyes, environmental purification",chapterPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/71867.pdf",chapterXML:"https://mts.intechopen.com/source/xml/71867.xml",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/71867",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/71867",totalDownloads:640,totalViews:0,totalCrossrefCites:1,dateSubmitted:"November 11th 2019",dateReviewed:"March 9th 2020",datePrePublished:"April 22nd 2020",datePublished:"September 30th 2020",dateFinished:"April 21st 2020",readingETA:"0",abstract:"Removal of cationic dyes from industrial effluents is still a big and challenging subject in the field of environmental purification. Millions of tons of cationic dyes are consumed by the textile, rubber, paper, and plastic industries. These dyes have thousands of different chemical structures. Most of them have special properties, such as high hydrophilicity and stability to light or heat. Adsorption is commonly used as a technique for removing dyes. Removal of cationic dyes by adsorption is a promising approach because of its low performance cost and easy technical access. The amount adsorbed of the dye onto the polymeric resin is studied with time for estimating the adsorption mechanism. The adsorption of dye with time shows that mixing period of 10 min is optimum for attaining equilibrium with respect to R1 and R2, while attaining equilibrium with R3 takes 60 min. This findings represent a rapid kinetic for adsorption of MB, particularly R1, on the prepared resins. Different kinetic models were applied on the obtained results and the kinetic parameters were determined. The kinetic models correlate the amount adsorbed of dye with time. The values of calculated adsorption capacity qe and the linear regression coefficient clarify that the studied kinetic model could not fit with the experimental results for adsorption of MB onto R1, R2, and R3. The results of the studied kinetic model clarify that the experimental results for adsorption of MB onto R1, R2, and R3 could be described by kinetic model supporting chemical adsorption. The sorption of MB could be favorably described by the pseudo-second-order kinetic model onto the composite resins. This finding refers to the participation of chemical adsorption within the adsorption mechanism for MB onto R1, R2, and R3.",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/71867",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/71867",signatures:"Nasser S. Awwad, Adel A. El-Zahhar and Jamila A.M. Alasmary",book:{id:"9203",type:"book",title:"Chemistry and Technology of Natural and Synthetic Dyes and Pigments",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Chemistry and Technology of Natural and Synthetic Dyes and Pigments",slug:"chemistry-and-technology-of-natural-and-synthetic-dyes-and-pigments",publishedDate:"September 30th 2020",bookSignature:"Ashis Kumar Samanta, Nasser S. Awwad and Hamed Majdooa Algarni",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9203.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",isbn:"978-1-78985-998-0",printIsbn:"978-1-78985-997-3",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83968-758-7",isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,editors:[{id:"42763",title:"Prof.",name:"Ashis Kumar",middleName:null,surname:"Samanta",slug:"ashis-kumar-samanta",fullName:"Ashis Kumar Samanta"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:[{id:"145209",title:"Prof.",name:"Nasser",middleName:"S",surname:"Awwad",fullName:"Nasser Awwad",slug:"nasser-awwad",email:"nsawwad20@yahoo.com",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/145209/images/system/145209.jpg",institution:{name:"King Khalid University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}},{id:"319709",title:"Dr.",name:"Adel A.",middleName:null,surname:"El-Zahhar",fullName:"Adel A. El-Zahhar",slug:"adel-a.-el-zahhar",email:"adelelzahhar@yahoo.com",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institution:null},{id:"319710",title:"Dr.",name:"Jamila A.M.",middleName:null,surname:"Alasmary",fullName:"Jamila A.M. Alasmary",slug:"jamila-a.m.-alasmary",email:"jameelah03@gmail.com",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institution:null}],sections:[{id:"sec_1",title:"1. Introduction",level:"1"},{id:"sec_2",title:"2. Materials and methods",level:"1"},{id:"sec_2_2",title:"2.1 Synthesis of composite resins",level:"2"},{id:"sec_3_2",title:"2.2 Sorption studies",level:"2"},{id:"sec_3_3",title:"2.2.1 Batch experiments",level:"3"},{id:"sec_4_3",title:"2.2.2 Column studies",level:"3"},{id:"sec_7",title:"3. Results and discussions",level:"1"},{id:"sec_7_2",title:"3.1 Characterization of the sorbent materials",level:"2"},{id:"sec_7_3",title:"3.1.1 X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) measurements",level:"3"},{id:"sec_8_3",title:"3.1.2 Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) measurements",level:"3"},{id:"sec_10_2",title:"3.2 Sorption investigations of methylene blue dye",level:"2"},{id:"sec_10_3",title:"3.2.1 Batch investigations",level:"3"},{id:"sec_10_4",title:"3.2.1.1 Effect of shaking time",level:"4"},{id:"sec_11_4",title:"3.2.1.2 Effect of particle size",level:"4"},{id:"sec_12_4",title:"3.2.1.3 Effect of sorbent weight",level:"4"},{id:"sec_14_3",title:"Table 1.",level:"3"},{id:"sec_15_3",title:"Table 2.",level:"3"},{id:"sec_15_4",title:"3.2.4 Effect of temperature",level:"4"},{id:"sec_17_3",title:"Table 3.",level:"3"},{id:"sec_18_3",title:"3.2.6 Column studies",level:"3"},{id:"sec_21",title:"4. Conclusions",level:"1"},{id:"sec_22",title:"Acknowledgments",level:"1"}],chapterReferences:[{id:"B1",body:'Zaharia C, Suteu C, Muresan A. Proceedings of International Conference on Environmental Engineering and Management. 2011;4:121'},{id:"B2",body:'Zaharia C, Suteu D, Muresan A, Muresan R. Environmental Engineering and Management Journal. 2009;6:1359'},{id:"B3",body:'Börnick H, Schmidt TC. J. Anal. Environ. 2006;9:181'},{id:"B4",body:'Doulati AF, Badii K, Yousefi Limaee N, Mahmoodi NM, Arami M, Shafaei SZ, et al. Dyes and Pigments. 2007;73:178'},{id:"B5",body:'Hassan SSM, Awwad NS, Aboterika AHA. Journal of Hazardous Materials. 2008;154:992-997'},{id:"B6",body:'Barakat NAM, Khila MS, Omrand AM, Sheikhd FA, Kima HY. Journal of Materials Processing Technology. 2009;209(2):3408'},{id:"B7",body:'El-Zahhar AA, Awwad NS. Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering. 2016;4:633-638'},{id:"B8",body:'Awwad NS, Alshahrani AM, Saleh KA, Hamdy MS. Molecules. 2017, 1947;22(12). DOI: 10.3390/molecules22121947'},{id:"B9",body:'TÕnsuaadu K, Agris Gross K, Plūduma L, Veiderma M. Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry. 2012;110:647'},{id:"B10",body:'Lagergren S. Kungliga Svenska Ventenskapsakademiens Handlingar. 1898;24:1'},{id:"B11",body:'Ho YS, McKay E. Canadian Journal of Chemical Engineering. 1998;76:822'},{id:"B12",body:'Ho YS, McKay G. Science and Technology. 2002;20:797'},{id:"B13",body:'Dada AO, Olalekan AP, Olatunya AM, DADA O. Journal of Applied Chemistry. 2012;3:38'},{id:"B14",body:'El-Zahhar AA, Abdel-Aziz HM, Siyam T. Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry. 2006;267(3):657'}],footnotes:[],contributors:[{corresp:"yes",contributorFullName:"Nasser S. Awwad",address:"aawwad@kku.edu.sa",affiliation:'
Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry, King Khalid University, Saudi Arabia
'},{corresp:null,contributorFullName:"Adel A. El-Zahhar",address:null,affiliation:'
Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry, King Khalid University, Saudi Arabia
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Sasikala and Mallika Alvala",authors:[{id:"252956",title:"Dr.",name:"Mallika",middleName:null,surname:"Alvala",slug:"mallika-alvala",fullName:"Mallika Alvala"},{id:"287101",title:"Mr.",name:"Aaftaab",middleName:null,surname:"Sethi",slug:"aaftaab-sethi",fullName:"Aaftaab Sethi"},{id:"295049",title:"Ms.",name:"Khusbhoo",middleName:null,surname:"Joshi",slug:"khusbhoo-joshi",fullName:"Khusbhoo Joshi"},{id:"295050",title:"Ms.",name:"Sasikala",middleName:null,surname:"K",slug:"sasikala-k",fullName:"Sasikala K"}]},{id:"25227",doi:"10.5772/28132",title:"The Use of In Vitro 3D Cell Models in Drug Development for Respiratory Diseases",slug:"the-use-of-in-vitro-3d-cell-models-in-drug-development-for-respiratory-diseases",totalDownloads:4240,totalCrossrefCites:15,totalDimensionsCites:38,abstract:null,book:{id:"671",slug:"drug-discovery-and-development-present-and-future",title:"Drug Discovery and Development",fullTitle:"Drug Discovery and Development - Present and Future"},signatures:"Song Huang, Ludovic Wiszniewski and Samuel Constant",authors:[{id:"72832",title:"Dr",name:"Samuel",middleName:null,surname:"Constant",slug:"samuel-constant",fullName:"Samuel Constant"},{id:"82889",title:"Dr.",name:"Song",middleName:null,surname:"Huang",slug:"song-huang",fullName:"Song Huang"},{id:"82890",title:"Dr.",name:"Ludovic",middleName:null,surname:"Wiszniewski",slug:"ludovic-wiszniewski",fullName:"Ludovic Wiszniewski"}]},{id:"25239",doi:"10.5772/27047",title:"Silver Nanoparticles – Universal Multifunctional Nanoparticles for Bio Sensing, Imaging for Diagnostics and Targeted Drug Delivery for Therapeutic Applications",slug:"silver-nanoparticles-universal-multifunctional-nanoparticles-for-bio-sensing-imaging-for-diagnostics",totalDownloads:10432,totalCrossrefCites:6,totalDimensionsCites:28,abstract:null,book:{id:"671",slug:"drug-discovery-and-development-present-and-future",title:"Drug Discovery and Development",fullTitle:"Drug Discovery and Development - Present and Future"},signatures:"Anitha Sironmani and Kiruba Daniel",authors:[{id:"68670",title:"Prof.",name:"Anitha",middleName:null,surname:"Sironmani",slug:"anitha-sironmani",fullName:"Anitha Sironmani"}]},{id:"66969",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.86174",title:"ADME Profiling in Drug Discovery and a New Path Paved on Silica",slug:"adme-profiling-in-drug-discovery-and-a-new-path-paved-on-silica",totalDownloads:1621,totalCrossrefCites:5,totalDimensionsCites:13,abstract:"The drug discovery and development pipeline have more and more relied on in vitro testing and in silico predictions to reduce investments and optimize lead compounds. A comprehensive set of in vitro assays is available to determine key parameters of absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion, for example, lipophilicity, solubility, and plasma stability. Such test systems aid the evaluation of the pharmacological properties of a compound and serve as surrogates before entering in vivo testing and clinical trials. Nowadays, computer-aided techniques are employed not just in the discovery of new lead compounds but embedded as part of the entire drug development process where the ADME profiling and big data analyses add a new layer of complexity to those systems. Herein, we give a short overview of the history of the drug development pipeline presenting state-of-the-art ADME in vitro assays as established in academia and industry. We will further introduce the underlying good practices and give an example of the compound development pipeline. In the next step, recent advances at in silico techniques will be highlighted with special emphasis on how pharmacogenomics and in silico PK profiling can enhance drug monitoring and individualization of drug therapy.",book:{id:"7867",slug:"drug-discovery-and-development-new-advances",title:"Drug Discovery and Development",fullTitle:"Drug Discovery and Development - New Advances"},signatures:"Arne Krüger, Vinicius Gonçalves Maltarollo, Carsten Wrenger and Thales Kronenberger",authors:[{id:"75830",title:"Prof.",name:"Carsten",middleName:null,surname:"Wrenger",slug:"carsten-wrenger",fullName:"Carsten Wrenger"},{id:"175204",title:"Dr.",name:"Thales",middleName:null,surname:"Kronenberger",slug:"thales-kronenberger",fullName:"Thales Kronenberger"},{id:"278208",title:"MSc.",name:"Arne",middleName:null,surname:"Krüger",slug:"arne-kruger",fullName:"Arne Krüger"},{id:"278209",title:"Prof.",name:"Vinicius Gonçalves",middleName:null,surname:"Maltarollo",slug:"vinicius-goncalves-maltarollo",fullName:"Vinicius Gonçalves Maltarollo"}]},{id:"61972",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.76922",title:"Multifunctional Nanoparticles for Successful Targeted Drug Delivery across the Blood-Brain Barrier",slug:"multifunctional-nanoparticles-for-successful-targeted-drug-delivery-across-the-blood-brain-barrier",totalDownloads:1492,totalCrossrefCites:5,totalDimensionsCites:10,abstract:"The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is the major problem for the treatment of brain diseases because we need to be able to deliver drugs from the vascular system into the central nervous system (CNS). There are no drug therapies for a wide range of CNS diseases and these include neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s diseases and cerebral ischemia. Therefore, the focus of this chapter is to discuss how nanoparticles (NPs) can be modified to transport different drug molecules for the treatment of brain diseases. In essence, NPs’ surface can be functionalized with molecules such as peptides, antibodies and RNA aptamers and these macromolecules can be attached to the receptors present at the BBB endothelial cell surface, which allows the NPs cross the barrier and subsequently deliver pharmaceuticals to the brain for the therapeutic and/or imaging of neurological disorders. In fact, part of the difficulty in finding an effective treatment for these CNS disorders is that there is not yet an efficient delivery method for drug delivery across the BBB. However, over the last several years, researches have started to understand some of the design rules to efficiently deliver NPs to the brain.",book:{id:"6636",slug:"molecular-insight-of-drug-design",title:"Molecular Insight of Drug Design",fullTitle:"Molecular Insight of Drug Design"},signatures:"Débora Braga Vieira and Lionel Fernel Gamarra",authors:[{id:"55147",title:"Dr.",name:"Lionel",middleName:null,surname:"Gamarra",slug:"lionel-gamarra",fullName:"Lionel Gamarra"},{id:"234161",title:"Dr.",name:"Debora",middleName:null,surname:"Vieira",slug:"debora-vieira",fullName:"Debora Vieira"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"67939",title:"Molecular Docking in Modern Drug Discovery: Principles and Recent Applications",slug:"molecular-docking-in-modern-drug-discovery-principles-and-recent-applications",totalDownloads:3804,totalCrossrefCites:24,totalDimensionsCites:56,abstract:"The process of hunt of a lead molecule is a long and a tedious process and one is often demoralized by the endless possibilities one has to search through. Fortunately, computational tools have come to the rescue and have undoubtedly played a pivotal role in rationalizing the path to drug discovery. Of all techniques, molecular docking has played a crucial role in computer aided drug design and has swiftly gained ranks to secure a valuable position in the modern scenario of structure-based drug design. In this chapter, the principle, sampling algorithms, scoring functions and diverse available software’s for molecular docking have been summarized. We demonstrate the interplay of docking, classical techniques of structure-based design and X-ray crystallography in the process of drug discovery. In addition, we dwell upon some of the limitations faced in docking studies. Finally, several success stories of molecular docking approaches in drug discovery have been highlighted, concluding with remarks on molecular docking for the future.",book:{id:"7867",slug:"drug-discovery-and-development-new-advances",title:"Drug Discovery and Development",fullTitle:"Drug Discovery and Development - New Advances"},signatures:"Aaftaab Sethi, Khusbhoo Joshi, K. Sasikala and Mallika Alvala",authors:[{id:"252956",title:"Dr.",name:"Mallika",middleName:null,surname:"Alvala",slug:"mallika-alvala",fullName:"Mallika Alvala"},{id:"287101",title:"Mr.",name:"Aaftaab",middleName:null,surname:"Sethi",slug:"aaftaab-sethi",fullName:"Aaftaab Sethi"},{id:"295049",title:"Ms.",name:"Khusbhoo",middleName:null,surname:"Joshi",slug:"khusbhoo-joshi",fullName:"Khusbhoo Joshi"},{id:"295050",title:"Ms.",name:"Sasikala",middleName:null,surname:"K",slug:"sasikala-k",fullName:"Sasikala K"}]},{id:"73392",title:"Pharmacogenomics: Overview, Applications, and Recent Developments",slug:"pharmacogenomics-overview-applications-and-recent-developments",totalDownloads:745,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,abstract:"Pharmacogenomics is defined as the study of genes and how an individual response is affected due to drugs. Pharmacogenomics is an emerging new branch with combination of both pharmacology (the branch of science that deals with study of drugs) as well as genomics (the branch of science that deals with study of genes) for development of effective doses and safe medications tailored according an individual patient genetic makeup. Human Genome Project is one of the crucial projects in which researchers are developing and learning relation in genes and its effect on the body’s response to medications. Difference in genetic makeup provides difference in effectiveness of medication and in future to predict effectiveness of medication for an individual and to study existence of adverse drug reactions. Besides advancement in the field of science and technology till date pharmacogenomics hangs in infancy. There is limited use of pharmacogenomics, but still, novel approaches are under clinical trials. In near future, pharmacogenomics will enable development of tailor-made therapeutics for treating widespread health problems like neurodegenerative, cardiovascular disorders, HIV, cancer, asthma, etc.",book:{id:"9831",slug:"drug-design-novel-advances-in-the-omics-field-and-applications",title:"Drug Design",fullTitle:"Drug Design - Novel Advances in the Omics Field and Applications"},signatures:"Rahul Shukla",authors:[{id:"319705",title:"Dr.",name:"Rahul",middleName:null,surname:"Shukla",slug:"rahul-shukla",fullName:"Rahul Shukla"}]},{id:"64593",title:"Revisiting Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacogenetics of Methadone in Healthy Volunteers",slug:"revisiting-pharmacokinetics-and-pharmacogenetics-of-methadone-in-healthy-volunteers",totalDownloads:1161,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"Methadone acts as a μ opioid agonist, a serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor, and a noncompetitive N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonist. These actions altogether are responsible for its efficacy in the management of chronic pain. It is available as a racemic mixture of (R)- and (S)-methadone, both being stereoisomers responsible for its analgesic effect. Methadone elimination occurs mainly through metabolism in the liver by CYP3A4, CYP2B6, and CY2C19 and to a lesser extent by CYP2D6 and in the intestine by CYP3A4. The relative intestinal content of CYP2B6 and CY2C19 is unknown but it seems that CYP2B6 is not present at the intestine. CYP3A4, CYP2B6, and CYP2C19 convert methadone mainly into 2-ethylidene-1,5-dimethyl-3,3-diphenylpyrrolidine(EDDP). CYP2B6 and CYP2C19 are stereoselective to S- and R-enantiomer, respectively. The pharmacokinetic study carried out in healthy volunteers by our research group confirmed that MTD undergoes recirculation via gastric secretion and intestinal reabsorption and revealed that the drug is extensively metabolized in the liver but intestinal metabolism is not only relevant but also stereoselective. Polymorphisms of the CYP2B6 and CYP2C19 isoenzymes and their relationship with the pharmacokinetics of MTD were also assessed.",book:{id:"7867",slug:"drug-discovery-and-development-new-advances",title:"Drug Discovery and Development",fullTitle:"Drug Discovery and Development - New Advances"},signatures:"Natalia Guevara, Marianela Lorier, Marta Vázquez, Pietro Fagiolino, Iris Feria-Romero and Sandra Orozco-Suarez",authors:[{id:"69773",title:"Prof.",name:"Marta",middleName:null,surname:"Vázquez",slug:"marta-vazquez",fullName:"Marta Vázquez"},{id:"73431",title:"Prof.",name:"Pietro",middleName:null,surname:"Fagiolino",slug:"pietro-fagiolino",fullName:"Pietro Fagiolino"},{id:"109165",title:"Dr.",name:"Iris",middleName:null,surname:"Feria-Romero",slug:"iris-feria-romero",fullName:"Iris Feria-Romero"},{id:"198119",title:"Dr.",name:"Sandra",middleName:null,surname:"Orozco-Suarez",slug:"sandra-orozco-suarez",fullName:"Sandra Orozco-Suarez"},{id:"259026",title:"Mrs.",name:"Natalia",middleName:null,surname:"Guevara",slug:"natalia-guevara",fullName:"Natalia Guevara"},{id:"259027",title:"Mrs.",name:"Marianela",middleName:null,surname:"Lorier",slug:"marianela-lorier",fullName:"Marianela Lorier"}]},{id:"61395",title:"Integrated Approach to Nature as Source of New Drug Lead",slug:"integrated-approach-to-nature-as-source-of-new-drug-lead",totalDownloads:1617,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:3,abstract:"Classically, the development and launching of a new drug is a highly time consuming, tedious and expensive process involving following fundamental steps: (1) Identification of cause of Disease and Search for target site. (2) Search and Optimisation of active compound, that is, the Drug Lead. (3) Testing of Drug in Animals (pre-clinical phase). (4) Clinical Trials. (5) Approval of New Drug by Competent authority and availability of the drug. Drug discovery and development process involves around 10–15 years of investigation period and incredibly high cost and investment. This process also involves participation of experts from various disciplines and fields. Therefore, the new approaches are obligatory to be developed not only to expedite the process but also to ensure the launch of safer and effective drug. Over this background, the importance of experimental wisdom and holistic approach is intensifying to offer good base as an attractive discovery engine. Natural product drug discovery, ethno-pharmacology, traditional and attractive medicines are re-emerging as new strategic options. In the past decade, the number of new chemical entity (NCG) in drug development channel is declining markedly might have led to the rekindling of interest in emergence of natural product as new drug leads. The novel natural products can be optimised on the basis of their biological activities using highly sophisticated combinatorial biosynthetic techniques, microbial genomes and screening process.",book:{id:"6636",slug:"molecular-insight-of-drug-design",title:"Molecular Insight of Drug Design",fullTitle:"Molecular Insight of Drug Design"},signatures:"Seema Kohli",authors:[{id:"232958",title:"Dr.",name:"Seema",middleName:null,surname:"Kohli",slug:"seema-kohli",fullName:"Seema Kohli"}]},{id:"78376",title:"Ivermectin: Potential Repurposing of a Versatile Antiparasitic as a Novel Anticancer",slug:"ivermectin-potential-repurposing-of-a-versatile-antiparasitic-as-a-novel-anticancer",totalDownloads:322,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,abstract:"Drug repositioning is a alternative strategy to discover and develop anticancer drugs based on identification of new mechanisms of actions and indications for existing compounds. Ivermectin belongs to the avermectin group of compounds, a series of 16-membered macrocyclic lactone moieties discovered in 1967 and FDA-approved for human use since 1987. Ivermectin has since been used by millions of people worldwide, and have demonstrated a wide margin of clinical safety. Here we summarize the in vitro and in vivo evidence demonstrating ivermectin\\'s potential as a multitargeting anticancer drug that exerts antitumor effects against different tumor types. Notably, the in vitro and in vivo antitumor activities of ivermectin are achieved at concentrations that can be clinically achieved based on human pharmacokinetic studies done in the clinical studies. Moreover, repurposed ivermectin safety has been well established recently in clinical studies against COVID-19. Consequently, we believe that ivermectin is an excellent potential candidate drug that can be repurposed for cancer and deserves rigorous evaluation against a variety of cancers in well-designed clinical trials.",book:{id:"10881",slug:null,title:"Drug Repurposing - Molecular Aspects and Therapeutic Applications",fullTitle:"Drug Repurposing - Molecular Aspects and Therapeutic Applications"},signatures:"Alfonso Dueñas-González and Mandy Juárez-Rodríguez",authors:null}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"1195",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[{id:"81126",title:"Antituberculosis Drug Repurposing: A New Hope for Tackling Multi-Challenging TB in Timely Manner",slug:"antituberculosis-drug-repurposing-a-new-hope-for-tackling-multi-challenging-tb-in-timely-manner",totalDownloads:30,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101642",abstract:"Tuberculosis still stands as the world’s leading infectious disease as 1/4th of the world’s population harbors Latent TB infection (LTBI) > 10 million develops active TB and ~ 1.5 million people die per year. Approximately 4,65,000 people fell ill with multidrug or rifampicin-resistant tuberculosis (MDR/RR-TB)/year. This deadly TB scenario demands new TB drug regimens to tackle global infection reservoir, and worldwide spread of drug resistance and DS TB. Successful entry of single new drug into market is much complicated mission owing to time, cost, efficacy, and safety issues. Therefore, drug repurposing seems one reliable hope to meet the challenges of modern TB drug discovery timely, as it starts with examining market acclaimed drugs against other diseases for their efficacies against tuberculosis avoiding several lengthy and costly steps required for new molecules. Several drugs have been identified, which show potential for TB treatment. There is need for careful consideration of various trial designs to ensure that TB phase III trials are initiated for fruitful development of new TB treatment regimens. TB drug repurposing will not only give fast track novel drugs but will also serve to identify new targets for future development in cost-effective manner.",book:{id:"10881",title:"Drug Repurposing - Molecular Aspects and Therapeutic Applications",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10881.jpg"},signatures:"Shahnawaz Majeed, Safiya Mehraj and Zahoor Ahmad"},{id:"80848",title:"High-Throughput Screening for Drug Discovery toward Infectious Diseases: Options and Challenges",slug:"high-throughput-screening-for-drug-discovery-toward-infectious-diseases-options-and-challenges",totalDownloads:35,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.102936",abstract:"The increase in the number of antibiotic-resistant microbial strains makes it evident to discover and develop newer efficacious anti-infective drugs. High-throughput screening (HTS) is a robust technology that plays a crucial role in identifying novel anti-infective lead compounds. This chapter briefly explains the role of virtual HTS (vHTS) and HTS technologies in lead identification using various categories of chemical libraries through structure-based drug design, ligand-based drug design, in vitro cell-based assay, and biochemical assay approaches involved in the process of drug design and discovery. The chapter also gives an insightful survey of the technologies such as fluorescence, luminescence, and atomic absorbance used for the detection of biological responses in the HTS bioassays. Applications of HTS, reverse pharmacology, current challenges, and future perspectives of HTS in the pharmaceutical and biotechnology industry are discussed in the context of anti-infective drug design, discovery, and development.",book:{id:"10234",title:"High-Throughput Screening for Drug Discovery",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10234.jpg"},signatures:"Ankur Gupta, Swatantra Kumar, Vimal K. Maurya, Bipin Puri and Shailendra K. Saxena"},{id:"80532",title:"Recent Progress in Drug Repurposing Using Protein Variants and Amino Acids in Disease Phenotypes/Disorders",slug:"recent-progress-in-drug-repurposing-using-protein-variants-and-amino-acids-in-disease-phenotypes-dis",totalDownloads:51,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.102571",abstract:"Life is constituted of large group of macromolecule, functional and structural called “Protein,” made of amino acids (AA), and linked with peptide bonds with specific protein unique sequences. Variations in proteins are thought to have diverse effects with consequences on structure, stability, interactions, pH, enzymatic activity, abundance and other properties. Variants can be of genetic origin or it could occur de novo at the post-translational protein level. The sequence of amino acids defines protein structure and functions. Protein is involved in several critical functions like the physical cell-cell communication. Breakthrough in molecular science has shown that, to develop drugs for managing a disease-associated variations requires understanding of consequences of variants on the function of the affected protein and the impact on the pathways, in which protein is involved. Using biophysical/bioinformatics methods, immense amount of variation data generated is handled-connected to disease phenotypes. Obviously, there remain continuous needs for the combinations of genetic probing methods/bioinformatics, to predict single-nucleotide variations (SNV), for effective rational drug design that would embrace naturally occurring bioactive components of plant origin, towards the effective management of disease phenotype emanating from protein and amino acid variations. This, well thought out and synchronized concept, remains a way forward.",book:{id:"10881",title:"Drug Repurposing - Molecular Aspects and Therapeutic Applications",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10881.jpg"},signatures:"Michael P. Okoh and Lukman A. Alli"},{id:"80170",title:"Role of Activated Cdc42-Associated Kinase 1 (ACK1/TNK2)-Inhibitors in Precision Oncology",slug:"role-of-activated-cdc42-associated-kinase-1-ack1-tnk2-inhibitors-in-precision-oncology",totalDownloads:60,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.102343",abstract:"Activated Cdc42-associated kinase 1 (ACK1) is an intracellular non-receptor tyrosine kinase referred to as TNK2, which is considered as an oncogene and therapeutic target in various cancers including breast cancer, non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC), hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), and many others. Oncogenic non-receptor tyrosine kinase mutations occur either due to point mutations, duplications or insertions and deletions, or by involving in the development of a fusion gene resulting from a chromosomal rearrangement. ACK1 is involved with multiple signaling pathways of tumor progression. With these signaling networks, ACK1 participates in cell survival, invasion, migration, and tumorigenesis that are strongly related to the prognosis and clinicopathology of cancers. Previous studies predicted that ACK1 is a carcinogenic factor and blockage of ACK1 inhibits cancer cell survival, proliferation, migration, and radiation resistance. FDA has approved many multi-kinase inhibitors as therapeutic drugs that show good inhibitory activity not against ACK1 but also towards multiple targets. As ACK1 is a key target for other neurological diseases, inflammation, and immunological diseases also, so the studies on these inhibitors not only provide potential strategies for the treatment of cancers that require simultaneous targeting of multiple targets but also can be used in drug repurposing for other diseases.",book:{id:"10881",title:"Drug Repurposing - Molecular Aspects and Therapeutic Applications",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10881.jpg"},signatures:"Ruby Srivastava"},{id:"79784",title:"Breast Cancer Drug Repurposing a Tool for a Challenging Disease",slug:"breast-cancer-drug-repurposing-a-tool-for-a-challenging-disease",totalDownloads:103,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101378",abstract:"Drug repurposing is one of the best strategy for drug discovery. There are several examples where drug repurposing has revolutionized the drug development process, such as metformin developed for diabetes and is now employed in polycystic ovarian syndrome. Drug repurposing against breast cancer is currently a hot topic to look upon. With the continued rise in breast cancer cases, there is a dire need for new therapies that can tackle it in a better way. There is a rise of resistance to current therapies, so drug repurposing might produce some lead candidates that may be promising to treat breast cancer. We will highlight the breast cancer molecular targets, currently available drugs, problems with current therapy, and some examples that might be promising to treat it.",book:{id:"10881",title:"Drug Repurposing - Molecular Aspects and Therapeutic Applications",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10881.jpg"},signatures:"Jonaid Ahmad Malik, Rafia Jan, Sakeel Ahmed and Sirajudheen Anwar"},{id:"79878",title:"Evaluation of Drug Repositioning by Molecular Docking of Pharmaceutical Resources to Identification of Potential SARS-CoV-2 Viral Inhibitors",slug:"evaluation-of-drug-repositioning-by-molecular-docking-of-pharmaceutical-resources-to-identification-",totalDownloads:107,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101395",abstract:"Unfortunately, to date, there is no approved specific antiviral drug treatment against COVID-19. Due to the costly and time-consuming nature of the de novo drug discovery and development process, in recent days, the computational drug repositioning method has been highly regarded for accelerating the drug-discovery process. The selection of drug target molecule(s), preparation of an approved therapeutics agent library, and in silico evaluation of their affinity to the subjected target(s) are the main steps of a molecular docking-based drug repositioning process, which is the most common computational drug re-tasking process. In this chapter, after a review on origin, pathophysiology, molecular biology, and drug development strategies against COVID-19, recent advances, challenges as well as the future perspective of molecular docking-based drug repositioning for COVID-19 are discussed. Furthermore, as a case study, the molecular docking-based drug repurposing process was planned to screen the 3CLpro inhibitor(s) among the nine Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved antiviral protease inhibitors. The results demonstrated that Fosamprenavir had the highest binding affinity to 3CLpro and can be considered for more in silico, in vitro, and in vivo evaluations as an effective repurposed anti-COVID-19 drug.",book:{id:"10881",title:"Drug Repurposing - Molecular Aspects and Therapeutic Applications",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10881.jpg"},signatures:"Fatemeh Hosseini, Mehrdad Azin, Hamideh Ofoghi and Tahereh Alinejad"}],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:20},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:8,limit:8,total:0},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:87,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:98,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:27,numberOfPublishedChapters:287,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:9,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:139,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:8,numberOfPublishedChapters:129,numberOfOpenTopics:0,numberOfUpcomingTopics:2,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!1},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:107,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:10,numberOfPublishedChapters:103,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:12,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:0,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!1},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:10,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. 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His research interests include optimization, computer graphics, computer vision, image processing, machine learning, pattern recognition, soft computing, data science, and intelligent systems. Prof. Sarfraz has been a keynote/invited speaker at various platforms around the globe. He has advised/supervised more than 110 students for their MSc and Ph.D. theses. He has published more than 400 publications as books, journal articles, and conference papers. He has authored and/or edited around seventy books. Prof. Sarfraz is a member of various professional societies. He is a chair and member of international advisory committees and organizing committees of numerous international conferences. He is also an editor and editor in chief for various international journals.",institutionString:"Kuwait University",institution:{name:"Kuwait University",country:{name:"Kuwait"}}},{id:"32650",title:"Prof.",name:"Lukas",middleName:"Willem",surname:"Snyman",slug:"lukas-snyman",fullName:"Lukas Snyman",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/32650/images/4136_n.jpg",biography:"Lukas Willem Snyman received his basic education at primary and high schools in South Africa, Eastern Cape. He enrolled at today's Nelson Metropolitan University and graduated from this university with a BSc in Physics and Mathematics, B.Sc Honors in Physics, MSc in Semiconductor Physics, and a Ph.D. in Semiconductor Physics in 1987. After his studies, he chose an academic career and devoted his energy to the teaching of physics to first, second, and third-year students. After positions as a lecturer at the University of Port Elizabeth, he accepted a position as Associate Professor at the University of Pretoria, South Africa.\r\n\r\nIn 1992, he motivates the concept of 'television and computer-based education” as means to reach large student numbers with only the best of teaching expertise and publishes an article on the concept in the SA Journal of Higher Education of 1993 (and later in 2003). The University of Pretoria subsequently approved a series of test projects on the concept with outreach to Mamelodi and Eerste Rust in 1993. In 1994, the University established a 'Unit for Telematic Education ' as a support section for multiple faculties at the University of Pretoria. In subsequent years, the concept of 'telematic education” subsequently becomes well established in academic circles in South Africa, grew in popularity, and is adopted by many universities and colleges throughout South Africa as a medium of enhancing education and training, as a method to reaching out to far out communities, and as a means to enhance study from the home environment.\r\n\r\nProfessor Snyman in subsequent years pursued research in semiconductor physics, semiconductor devices, microelectronics, and optoelectronics.\r\n\r\nIn 2000 he joined the TUT as a full professor. Here served for a period as head of the Department of Electronic Engineering. Here he makes contributions to solar energy development, microwave and optoelectronic device development, silicon photonics, as well as contributions to new mobile telecommunication systems and network planning in SA.\r\n\r\nCurrently, he teaches electronics and telecommunications at the TUT to audiences ranging from first-year students to Ph.D. level.\r\n\r\nFor his research in the field of 'Silicon Photonics” since 1990, he has published (as author and co-author) about thirty internationally reviewed articles in scientific journals, contributed to more than forty international conferences, about 25 South African provisional patents (as inventor and co-inventor), 8 PCT international patent applications until now. Of these, two USA patents applications, two European Patents, two Korean patents, and ten SA patents have been granted. A further 4 USA patents, 5 European patents, 3 Korean patents, 3 Chinese patents, and 3 Japanese patents are currently under consideration.\r\n\r\nRecently he has also published an extensive scholarly chapter in an internet open access book on 'Integrating Microphotonic Systems and MOEMS into standard Silicon CMOS Integrated circuitry”.\r\n\r\nFurthermore, Professor Snyman recently steered a new initiative at the TUT by introducing a 'Laboratory for Innovative Electronic Systems ' at the Department of Electrical Engineering. The model of this laboratory or center is to primarily combine outputs as achieved by high-level research with lower-level system development and entrepreneurship in a technical university environment. Students are allocated to projects at different levels with PhDs and Master students allocated to the generation of new knowledge and new technologies, while students at the diploma and Baccalaureus level are allocated to electronic systems development with a direct and a near application for application in industry or the commercial and public sectors in South Africa.\r\n\r\nProfessor Snyman received the WIRSAM Award of 1983 and the WIRSAM Award in 1985 in South Africa for best research papers by a young scientist at two international conferences on electron microscopy in South Africa. He subsequently received the SA Microelectronics Award for the best dissertation emanating from studies executed at a South African university in the field of Physics and Microelectronics in South Africa in 1987. In October of 2011, Professor Snyman received the prestigious Institutional Award for 'Innovator of the Year” for 2010 at the Tshwane University of Technology, South Africa. This award was based on the number of patents recognized and granted by local and international institutions as well as for his contributions concerning innovation at the TUT.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of South Africa",country:{name:"South Africa"}}},{id:"317279",title:"Mr.",name:"Ali",middleName:"Usama",surname:"Syed",slug:"ali-syed",fullName:"Ali Syed",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/317279/images/16024_n.png",biography:"A creative, talented, and innovative young professional who is dedicated, well organized, and capable research fellow with two years of experience in graduate-level research, published in engineering journals and book, with related expertise in Bio-robotics, equally passionate about the aesthetics of the mechanical and electronic system, obtained expertise in the use of MS Office, MATLAB, SolidWorks, LabVIEW, Proteus, Fusion 360, having a grasp on python, C++ and assembly language, possess proven ability in acquiring research grants, previous appointments with social and educational societies with experience in administration, current affiliations with IEEE and Web of Science, a confident presenter at conferences and teacher in classrooms, able to explain complex information to audiences of all levels.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Air University",country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"75526",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Zihni Onur",middleName:null,surname:"Uygun",slug:"zihni-onur-uygun",fullName:"Zihni Onur Uygun",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/75526/images/12_n.jpg",biography:"My undergraduate education and my Master of Science educations at Ege University and at Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University have given me a firm foundation in Biochemistry, Analytical Chemistry, Biosensors, Bioelectronics, Physical Chemistry and Medicine. After obtaining my degree as a MSc in analytical chemistry, I started working as a research assistant in Ege University Medical Faculty in 2014. In parallel, I enrolled to the MSc program at the Department of Medical Biochemistry at Ege University to gain deeper knowledge on medical and biochemical sciences as well as clinical chemistry in 2014. In my PhD I deeply researched on biosensors and bioelectronics and finished in 2020. Now I have eleven SCI-Expanded Index published papers, 6 international book chapters, referee assignments for different SCIE journals, one international patent pending, several international awards, projects and bursaries. In parallel to my research assistant position at Ege University Medical Faculty, Department of Medical Biochemistry, in April 2016, I also founded a Start-Up Company (Denosens Biotechnology LTD) by the support of The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey. Currently, I am also working as a CEO in Denosens Biotechnology. The main purposes of the company, which carries out R&D as a research center, are to develop new generation biosensors and sensors for both point-of-care diagnostics; such as glucose, lactate, cholesterol and cancer biomarker detections. My specific experimental and instrumental skills are Biochemistry, Biosensor, Analytical Chemistry, Electrochemistry, Mobile phone based point-of-care diagnostic device, POCTs and Patient interface designs, HPLC, Tandem Mass Spectrometry, Spectrophotometry, ELISA.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ege University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"246502",title:"Dr.",name:"Jaya T.",middleName:"T",surname:"Varkey",slug:"jaya-t.-varkey",fullName:"Jaya T. Varkey",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/246502/images/11160_n.jpg",biography:"Jaya T. Varkey, PhD, graduated with a degree in Chemistry from Cochin University of Science and Technology, Kerala, India. She obtained a PhD in Chemistry from the School of Chemical Sciences, Mahatma Gandhi University, Kerala, India, and completed a post-doctoral fellowship at the University of Minnesota, USA. She is a research guide at Mahatma Gandhi University and Associate Professor in Chemistry, St. Teresa’s College, Kochi, Kerala, India.\nDr. Varkey received a National Young Scientist award from the Indian Science Congress (1995), a UGC Research award (2016–2018), an Indian National Science Academy (INSA) Visiting Scientist award (2018–2019), and a Best Innovative Faculty award from the All India Association for Christian Higher Education (AIACHE) (2019). She Hashas received the Sr. Mary Cecil prize for best research paper three times. She was also awarded a start-up to develop a tea bag water filter. \nDr. Varkey has published two international books and twenty-seven international journal publications. She is an editorial board member for five international journals.",institutionString:"St. Teresa’s College",institution:null},{id:"250668",title:"Dr.",name:"Ali",middleName:null,surname:"Nabipour Chakoli",slug:"ali-nabipour-chakoli",fullName:"Ali Nabipour Chakoli",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/250668/images/system/250668.jpg",biography:"Academic Qualification:\r\n•\tPhD in Materials Physics and Chemistry, From: Sep. 2006, to: Sep. 2010, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Thesis: Structure and Shape Memory Effect of Functionalized MWCNTs/poly (L-lactide-co-ε-caprolactone) Nanocomposites. Supervisor: Prof. Wei Cai,\r\n•\tM.Sc in Applied Physics, From: 1996, to: 1998, Faculty of Physics & Nuclear Science, Amirkabir Uni. of Technology, Tehran, Iran, Thesis: Determination of Boron in Micro alloy Steels with solid state nuclear track detectors by neutron induced auto radiography, Supervisors: Dr. M. Hosseini Ashrafi and Dr. A. Hosseini.\r\n•\tB.Sc. in Applied Physics, From: 1991, to: 1996, Faculty of Physics & Nuclear Science, Amirkabir Uni. of Technology, Tehran, Iran, Thesis: Design of shielding for Am-Be neutron sources for In Vivo neutron activation analysis, Supervisor: Dr. M. Hosseini Ashrafi.\r\n\r\nResearch Experiences:\r\n1.\tNanomaterials, Carbon Nanotubes, Graphene: Synthesis, Functionalization and Characterization,\r\n2.\tMWCNTs/Polymer Composites: Fabrication and Characterization, \r\n3.\tShape Memory Polymers, Biodegradable Polymers, ORC, Collagen,\r\n4.\tMaterials Analysis and Characterizations: TEM, SEM, XPS, FT-IR, Raman, DSC, DMA, TGA, XRD, GPC, Fluoroscopy, \r\n5.\tInteraction of Radiation with Mater, Nuclear Safety and Security, NDT(RT),\r\n6.\tRadiation Detectors, Calibration (SSDL),\r\n7.\tCompleted IAEA e-learning Courses:\r\nNuclear Security (15 Modules),\r\nNuclear Safety:\r\nTSA 2: Regulatory Protection in Occupational Exposure,\r\nTips & Tricks: Radiation Protection in Radiography,\r\nSafety and Quality in Radiotherapy,\r\nCourse on Sealed Radioactive Sources,\r\nCourse on Fundamentals of Environmental Remediation,\r\nCourse on Planning for Environmental Remediation,\r\nKnowledge Management Orientation Course,\r\nFood Irradiation - Technology, Applications and Good Practices,\r\nEmployment:\r\nFrom 2010 to now: Academic staff, Nuclear Science and Technology Research Institute, Kargar Shomali, Tehran, Iran, P.O. Box: 14395-836.\r\nFrom 1997 to 2006: Expert of Materials Analysis and Characterization. Research Center of Agriculture and Medicine. Rajaeeshahr, Karaj, Iran, P. O. Box: 31585-498.",institutionString:"Atomic Energy Organization of Iran",institution:{name:"Atomic Energy Organization of Iran",country:{name:"Iran"}}},{id:"248279",title:"Dr.",name:"Monika",middleName:"Elzbieta",surname:"Machoy",slug:"monika-machoy",fullName:"Monika Machoy",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/248279/images/system/248279.jpeg",biography:"Monika Elżbieta Machoy, MD, graduated with distinction from the Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry at the Pomeranian Medical University in 2009, defended her PhD thesis with summa cum laude in 2016 and is currently employed as a researcher at the Department of Orthodontics of the Pomeranian Medical University. She expanded her professional knowledge during a one-year scholarship program at the Ernst Moritz Arndt University in Greifswald, Germany and during a three-year internship at the Technical University in Dresden, Germany. She has been a speaker at numerous orthodontic conferences, among others, American Association of Orthodontics, European Orthodontic Symposium and numerous conferences of the Polish Orthodontic Society. She conducts research focusing on the effect of orthodontic treatment on dental and periodontal tissues and the causes of pain in orthodontic patients.",institutionString:"Pomeranian Medical University",institution:{name:"Pomeranian Medical University",country:{name:"Poland"}}},{id:"252743",title:"Prof.",name:"Aswini",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Kar",slug:"aswini-kar",fullName:"Aswini Kar",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/252743/images/10381_n.jpg",biography:"uploaded in cv",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"KIIT University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"204256",title:"Dr.",name:"Anil",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Kumar Sahu",slug:"anil-kumar-sahu",fullName:"Anil Kumar Sahu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/204256/images/14201_n.jpg",biography:"I have nearly 11 years of research and teaching experience. I have done my master degree from University Institute of Pharmacy, Pt. Ravi Shankar Shukla University, Raipur, Chhattisgarh India. I have published 16 review and research articles in international and national journals and published 4 chapters in IntechOpen, the world’s leading publisher of Open access books. I have presented many papers at national and international conferences. I have received research award from Indian Drug Manufacturers Association in year 2015. My research interest extends from novel lymphatic drug delivery systems, oral delivery system for herbal bioactive to formulation optimization.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Chhattisgarh Swami Vivekanand Technical University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"253468",title:"Dr.",name:"Mariusz",middleName:null,surname:"Marzec",slug:"mariusz-marzec",fullName:"Mariusz Marzec",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/253468/images/system/253468.png",biography:"An assistant professor at Department of Biomedical Computer Systems, at Institute of Computer Science, Silesian University in Katowice. Scientific interests: computer analysis and processing of images, biomedical images, databases and programming languages. He is an author and co-author of scientific publications covering analysis and processing of biomedical images and development of database systems.",institutionString:"University of Silesia",institution:null},{id:"212432",title:"Prof.",name:"Hadi",middleName:null,surname:"Mohammadi",slug:"hadi-mohammadi",fullName:"Hadi Mohammadi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/212432/images/system/212432.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Hadi Mohammadi is a biomedical engineer with hands-on experience in the design and development of many engineering structures and medical devices through various projects that he has been involved in over the past twenty years. Dr. Mohammadi received his BSc. and MSc. degrees in Mechanical Engineering from Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran, and his PhD. degree in Biomedical Engineering (biomaterials) from the University of Western Ontario. He was a postdoctoral trainee for almost four years at University of Calgary and Harvard Medical School. He is an industry innovator having created the technology to produce lifelike synthetic platforms that can be used for the simulation of almost all cardiovascular reconstructive surgeries. He’s been heavily involved in the design and development of cardiovascular devices and technology for the past 10 years. He is currently an Assistant Professor with the University of British Colombia, Canada.",institutionString:"University of British Columbia",institution:{name:"University of British Columbia",country:{name:"Canada"}}},{id:"254463",title:"Prof.",name:"Haisheng",middleName:null,surname:"Yang",slug:"haisheng-yang",fullName:"Haisheng Yang",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/254463/images/system/254463.jpeg",biography:"Haisheng Yang, Ph.D., Professor and Director of the Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Life Science and Bioengineering, Beijing University of Technology. He received his Ph.D. degree in Mechanics/Biomechanics from Harbin Institute of Technology (jointly with University of California, Berkeley). Afterwards, he worked as a Postdoctoral Research Associate in the Purdue Musculoskeletal Biology and Mechanics Lab at the Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Purdue University, USA. He also conducted research in the Research Centre of Shriners Hospitals for Children-Canada at McGill University, Canada. Dr. Yang has over 10 years research experience in orthopaedic biomechanics and mechanobiology of bone adaptation and regeneration. He earned an award from Beijing Overseas Talents Aggregation program in 2017 and serves as Beijing Distinguished Professor.",institutionString:"Beijing University of Technology",institution:null},{id:"255757",title:"Dr.",name:"Igor",middleName:"Victorovich",surname:"Lakhno",slug:"igor-lakhno",fullName:"Igor Lakhno",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/255757/images/system/255757.jpg",biography:"Lakhno Igor Victorovich was born in 1971 in Kharkiv (Ukraine). \nMD – 1994, Kharkiv National Medical Univesity.\nOb&Gyn; – 1997, master courses in Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education.\nPhD – 1999, Kharkiv National Medical Univesity.\nDSc – 2019, PL Shupik National Academy of Postgraduate Education \nLakhno Igor has been graduated from an international training courses on reproductive medicine and family planning held in Debrecen University (Hungary) in 1997. Since 1998 Lakhno Igor has worked as an associate professor of the department of obstetrics and gynecology of VN Karazin National University and an associate professor of the perinatology, obstetrics and gynecology department of Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education. Since June 2019 he’s a professor of the department of obstetrics and gynecology of VN Karazin National University and a professor of the perinatology, obstetrics and gynecology department of Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education . He’s an author of about 200 printed works and there are 17 of them in Scopus or Web of Science databases. Lakhno Igor is a rewiever of Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology (Taylor and Francis), Informatics in Medicine Unlocked (Elsevier), The Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology Research (Wiley), Endocrine, Metabolic & Immune Disorders-Drug Targets (Bentham Open), The Open Biomedical Engineering Journal (Bentham Open), etc. He’s defended a dissertation for DSc degree \\'Pre-eclampsia: prediction, prevention and treatment”. Lakhno Igor has participated as a speaker in several international conferences and congresses (International Conference on Biological Oscillations April 10th-14th 2016, Lancaster, UK, The 9th conference of the European Study Group on Cardiovascular Oscillations). His main scientific interests: obstetrics, women’s health, fetal medicine, cardiovascular medicine.",institutionString:"V.N. Karazin Kharkiv National University",institution:{name:"Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education",country:{name:"Ukraine"}}},{id:"89721",title:"Dr.",name:"Mehmet",middleName:"Cuneyt",surname:"Ozmen",slug:"mehmet-ozmen",fullName:"Mehmet Ozmen",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/89721/images/7289_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Gazi University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"243698",title:"M.D.",name:"Xiaogang",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",slug:"xiaogang-wang",fullName:"Xiaogang Wang",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/243698/images/system/243698.png",biography:"Dr. Xiaogang Wang, a faculty member of Shanxi Eye Hospital specializing in the treatment of cataract and retinal disease and a tutor for postgraduate students of Shanxi Medical University, worked in the COOL Lab as an international visiting scholar under the supervision of Dr. David Huang and Yali Jia from October 2012 through November 2013. Dr. Wang earned an MD from Shanxi Medical University and a Ph.D. from Shanghai Jiao Tong University. Dr. Wang was awarded two research project grants focused on multimodal optical coherence tomography imaging and deep learning in cataract and retinal disease, from the National Natural Science Foundation of China. He has published around 30 peer-reviewed journal papers and four book chapters and co-edited one book.",institutionString:"Shanxi Eye Hospital",institution:{name:"Shanxi Eye Hospital",country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"242893",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Joaquim",middleName:null,surname:"De Moura",slug:"joaquim-de-moura",fullName:"Joaquim De Moura",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/242893/images/7133_n.jpg",biography:"Joaquim de Moura received his degree in Computer Engineering in 2014 from the University of A Coruña (Spain). In 2016, he received his M.Sc degree in Computer Engineering from the same university. He is currently pursuing his Ph.D degree in Computer Science in a collaborative project between ophthalmology centers in Galicia and the University of A Coruña. His research interests include computer vision, machine learning algorithms and analysis and medical imaging processing of various kinds.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of A Coruña",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"267434",title:"Dr.",name:"Rohit",middleName:null,surname:"Raja",slug:"rohit-raja",fullName:"Rohit Raja",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRZkkQAG/Profile_Picture_2022-05-09T12:55:18.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"294334",title:"B.Sc.",name:"Marc",middleName:null,surname:"Bruggeman",slug:"marc-bruggeman",fullName:"Marc Bruggeman",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/294334/images/8242_n.jpg",biography:"Chemical engineer graduate, with a passion for material science and specific interest in polymers - their near infinite applications intrigue me. \n\nI plan to continue my scientific career in the field of polymeric biomaterials as I am fascinated by intelligent, bioactive and biomimetic materials for use in both consumer and medical applications.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"244950",title:"Dr.",name:"Salvatore",middleName:null,surname:"Di Lauro",slug:"salvatore-di-lauro",fullName:"Salvatore Di Lauro",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://intech-files.s3.amazonaws.com/0030O00002bSF1HQAW/ProfilePicture%202021-12-20%2014%3A54%3A14.482",biography:"Name:\n\tSALVATORE DI LAURO\nAddress:\n\tHospital Clínico Universitario Valladolid\nAvda Ramón y Cajal 3\n47005, Valladolid\nSpain\nPhone number: \nFax\nE-mail:\n\t+34 983420000 ext 292\n+34 983420084\nsadilauro@live.it\nDate and place of Birth:\nID Number\nMedical Licence \nLanguages\t09-05-1985. Villaricca (Italy)\n\nY1281863H\n474707061\nItalian (native language)\nSpanish (read, written, spoken)\nEnglish (read, written, spoken)\nPortuguese (read, spoken)\nFrench (read)\n\t\t\nCurrent position (title and company)\tDate (Year)\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid. Sacyl. National Health System.\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Instituto Oftalmologico Recoletas. Red Hospitalaria Recoletas. Private practise.\t2017-today\n\n2019-today\n\t\n\t\nEducation (High school, university and postgraduate training > 3 months)\tDate (Year)\nDegree in Medicine and Surgery. University of Neaples 'Federico II”\nResident in Opthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid\nMaster in Vitreo-Retina. IOBA. University of Valladolid\nFellow of the European Board of Ophthalmology. Paris\nMaster in Research in Ophthalmology. University of Valladolid\t2003-2009\n2012-2016\n2016-2017\n2016\n2012-2013\n\t\nEmployments (company and positions)\tDate (Year)\nResident in Ophthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid. Sacyl.\nFellow in Vitreo-Retina. IOBA. University of Valladolid\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid. Sacyl. National Health System.\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Instituto Oftalmologico Recoletas. Red Hospitalaria Recoletas. \n\t2012-2016\n2016-2017\n2017-today\n\n2019-Today\n\n\n\t\nClinical Research Experience (tasks and role)\tDate (Year)\nAssociated investigator\n\n' FIS PI20/00740: DESARROLLO DE UNA CALCULADORA DE RIESGO DE\nAPARICION DE RETINOPATIA DIABETICA BASADA EN TECNICAS DE IMAGEN MULTIMODAL EN PACIENTES DIABETICOS TIPO 1. Grant by: Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovacion \n\n' (BIO/VA23/14) Estudio clínico multicéntrico y prospectivo para validar dos\nbiomarcadores ubicados en los genes p53 y MDM2 en la predicción de los resultados funcionales de la cirugía del desprendimiento de retina regmatógeno. Grant by: Gerencia Regional de Salud de la Junta de Castilla y León.\n' Estudio multicéntrico, aleatorizado, con enmascaramiento doble, en 2 grupos\nparalelos y de 52 semanas de duración para comparar la eficacia, seguridad e inmunogenicidad de SOK583A1 respecto a Eylea® en pacientes con degeneración macular neovascular asociada a la edad' (CSOK583A12301; N.EUDRA: 2019-004838-41; FASE III). Grant by Hexal AG\n\n' Estudio de fase III, aleatorizado, doble ciego, con grupos paralelos, multicéntrico para comparar la eficacia y la seguridad de QL1205 frente a Lucentis® en pacientes con degeneración macular neovascular asociada a la edad. (EUDRACT: 2018-004486-13). Grant by Qilu Pharmaceutical Co\n\n' Estudio NEUTON: Ensayo clinico en fase IV para evaluar la eficacia de aflibercept en pacientes Naive con Edema MacUlar secundario a Oclusion de Vena CenTral de la Retina (OVCR) en regimen de tratamientO iNdividualizado Treat and Extend (TAE)”, (2014-000975-21). Grant by Fundacion Retinaplus\n\n' Evaluación de la seguridad y bioactividad de anillos de tensión capsular en conejo. Proyecto Procusens. Grant by AJL, S.A.\n\n'Estudio epidemiológico, prospectivo, multicéntrico y abierto\\npara valorar la frecuencia de la conjuntivitis adenovírica diagnosticada mediante el test AdenoPlus®\\nTest en pacientes enfermos de conjuntivitis aguda”\\n. National, multicenter study. Grant by: NICOX.\n\nEuropean multicentric trial: 'Evaluation of clinical outcomes following the use of Systane Hydration in patients with dry eye”. Study Phase 4. Grant by: Alcon Labs'\n\nVLPs Injection and Activation in a Rabbit Model of Uveal Melanoma. Grant by Aura Bioscience\n\nUpdating and characterization of a rabbit model of uveal melanoma. Grant by Aura Bioscience\n\nEnsayo clínico en fase IV para evaluar las variantes genéticas de la vía del VEGF como biomarcadores de eficacia del tratamiento con aflibercept en pacientes con degeneración macular asociada a la edad (DMAE) neovascular. Estudio BIOIMAGE. IMO-AFLI-2013-01\n\nEstudio In-Eye:Ensayo clínico en fase IV, abierto, aleatorizado, de 2 brazos,\nmulticçentrico y de 12 meses de duración, para evaluar la eficacia y seguridad de un régimen de PRN flexible individualizado de 'esperar y extender' versus un régimen PRN según criterios de estabilización mediante evaluaciones mensuales de inyecciones intravítreas de ranibizumab 0,5 mg en pacientes naive con neovascularización coriodea secunaria a la degeneración macular relacionada con la edad. CP: CRFB002AES03T\n\nTREND: Estudio Fase IIIb multicéntrico, randomizado, de 12 meses de\nseguimiento con evaluador de la agudeza visual enmascarado, para evaluar la eficacia y la seguridad de ranibizumab 0.5mg en un régimen de tratar y extender comparado con un régimen mensual, en pacientes con degeneración macular neovascular asociada a la edad. CP: CRFB002A2411 Código Eudra CT:\n2013-002626-23\n\n\n\nPublications\t\n\n2021\n\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n\n\n2021\n\n\n\n\n\n2021\n\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n2014\n\n\n\n\n2015-16\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n2014\n\n\n2014\n\n\n\n\n2014\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n2014\n\nJose Carlos Pastor; Jimena Rojas; Salvador Pastor-Idoate; Salvatore Di Lauro; Lucia Gonzalez-Buendia; Santiago Delgado-Tirado. Proliferative vitreoretinopathy: A new concept of disease pathogenesis and practical\nconsequences. Progress in Retinal and Eye Research. 51, pp. 125 - 155. 03/2016. DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2015.07.005\n\n\nLabrador-Velandia S; Alonso-Alonso ML; Di Lauro S; García-Gutierrez MT; Srivastava GK; Pastor JC; Fernandez-Bueno I. Mesenchymal stem cells provide paracrine neuroprotective resources that delay degeneration of co-cultured organotypic neuroretinal cultures.Experimental Eye Research. 185, 17/05/2019. DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2019.05.011\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro; Maria Teresa Garcia Gutierrez; Ivan Fernandez Bueno. Quantification of pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF) in an ex vivo coculture of retinal pigment epithelium cells and neuroretina.\nJournal of Allbiosolution. 2019. ISSN 2605-3535\n\nSonia Labrador Velandia; Salvatore Di Lauro; Alonso-Alonso ML; Tabera Bartolomé S; Srivastava GK; Pastor JC; Fernandez-Bueno I. Biocompatibility of intravitreal injection of human mesenchymal stem cells in immunocompetent rabbits. Graefe's archive for clinical and experimental ophthalmology. 256 - 1, pp. 125 - 134. 01/2018. DOI: 10.1007/s00417-017-3842-3\n\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro, David Rodriguez-Crespo, Manuel J Gayoso, Maria T Garcia-Gutierrez, J Carlos Pastor, Girish K Srivastava, Ivan Fernandez-Bueno. A novel coculture model of porcine central neuroretina explants and retinal pigment epithelium cells. Molecular Vision. 2016 - 22, pp. 243 - 253. 01/2016.\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro. Classifications for Proliferative Vitreoretinopathy ({PVR}): An Analysis of Their Use in Publications over the Last 15 Years. Journal of Ophthalmology. 2016, pp. 1 - 6. 01/2016. DOI: 10.1155/2016/7807596\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro; Rosa Maria Coco; Rosa Maria Sanabria; Enrique Rodriguez de la Rua; Jose Carlos Pastor. Loss of Visual Acuity after Successful Surgery for Macula-On Rhegmatogenous Retinal Detachment in a Prospective Multicentre Study. Journal of Ophthalmology. 2015:821864, 2015. DOI: 10.1155/2015/821864\n\nIvan Fernandez-Bueno; Salvatore Di Lauro; Ivan Alvarez; Jose Carlos Lopez; Maria Teresa Garcia-Gutierrez; Itziar Fernandez; Eva Larra; Jose Carlos Pastor. Safety and Biocompatibility of a New High-Density Polyethylene-Based\nSpherical Integrated Porous Orbital Implant: An Experimental Study in Rabbits. Journal of Ophthalmology. 2015:904096, 2015. DOI: 10.1155/2015/904096\n\nPastor JC; Pastor-Idoate S; Rodríguez-Hernandez I; Rojas J; Fernandez I; Gonzalez-Buendia L; Di Lauro S; Gonzalez-Sarmiento R. Genetics of PVR and RD. Ophthalmologica. 232 - Suppl 1, pp. 28 - 29. 2014\n\nRodriguez-Crespo D; Di Lauro S; Singh AK; Garcia-Gutierrez MT; Garrosa M; Pastor JC; Fernandez-Bueno I; Srivastava GK. Triple-layered mixed co-culture model of RPE cells with neuroretina for evaluating the neuroprotective effects of adipose-MSCs. Cell Tissue Res. 358 - 3, pp. 705 - 716. 2014.\nDOI: 10.1007/s00441-014-1987-5\n\nCarlo De Werra; Salvatore Condurro; Salvatore Tramontano; Mario Perone; Ivana Donzelli; Salvatore Di Lauro; Massimo Di Giuseppe; Rosa Di Micco; Annalisa Pascariello; Antonio Pastore; Giorgio Diamantis; Giuseppe Galloro. Hydatid disease of the liver: thirty years of surgical experience.Chirurgia italiana. 59 - 5, pp. 611 - 636.\n(Italia): 2007. ISSN 0009-4773\n\nChapters in books\n\t\n' Salvador Pastor Idoate; Salvatore Di Lauro; Jose Carlos Pastor Jimeno. PVR: Pathogenesis, Histopathology and Classification. Proliferative Vitreoretinopathy with Small Gauge Vitrectomy. Springer, 2018. ISBN 978-3-319-78445-8\nDOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-78446-5_2. \n\n' Salvatore Di Lauro; Maria Isabel Lopez Galvez. Quistes vítreos en una mujer joven. Problemas diagnósticos en patología retinocoroidea. Sociedad Española de Retina-Vitreo. 2018.\n\n' Salvatore Di Lauro; Salvador Pastor Idoate; Jose Carlos Pastor Jimeno. iOCT in PVR management. OCT Applications in Opthalmology. pp. 1 - 8. INTECH, 2018. DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.78774.\n\n' Rosa Coco Martin; Salvatore Di Lauro; Salvador Pastor Idoate; Jose Carlos Pastor. amponadores, manipuladores y tinciones en la cirugía del traumatismo ocular.Trauma Ocular. Ponencia de la SEO 2018..\n\n' LOPEZ GALVEZ; DI LAURO; CRESPO. OCT angiografia y complicaciones retinianas de la diabetes. PONENCIA SEO 2021, CAPITULO 20. (España): 2021.\n\n' Múltiples desprendimientos neurosensoriales bilaterales en paciente joven. Enfermedades Degenerativas De Retina Y Coroides. SERV 04/2016. \n' González-Buendía L; Di Lauro S; Pastor-Idoate S; Pastor Jimeno JC. Vitreorretinopatía proliferante (VRP) e inflamación: LA INFLAMACIÓN in «INMUNOMODULADORES Y ANTIINFLAMATORIOS: MÁS ALLÁ DE LOS CORTICOIDES. 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