The
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Barely three months into the new year and we are happy to announce a monumental milestone reached - 150 million downloads.
\n\nThis achievement solidifies IntechOpen’s place as a pioneer in Open Access publishing and the home to some of the most relevant scientific research available through Open Access.
\n\nWe are so proud to have worked with so many bright minds throughout the years who have helped us spread knowledge through the power of Open Access and we look forward to continuing to support some of the greatest thinkers of our day.
\n\nThank you for making IntechOpen your place of learning, sharing, and discovery, and here’s to 150 million more!
\n\n\n\n\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"},{slug:"introducing-intechopen-book-series-a-new-publishing-format-for-oa-books-20210915",title:"Introducing IntechOpen Book Series - A New Publishing Format for OA Books"},{slug:"intechopen-identified-as-one-of-the-most-significant-contributor-to-oa-book-growth-in-doab-20210809",title:"IntechOpen Identified as One of the Most Significant Contributors to OA Book Growth in DOAB"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"5854",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Germ Cell",title:"Germ Cell",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"This book focuses on the development and biology of germ cell and is edited by Ahmed RG, associate professor and Doctor of Developmental and Experimental Biology, Division of Anatomy and Embryology, Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Beni-Suef University, Egypt. While many articles have appeared in journals on germ cell, this book provides you with a rare treat - an extensive and intensive study on it. It is one of a kind, offering important and valuable information about the biology of germ cell. This book covers the specification, regulation, and reprogramming of germ cell and germ line stem cells. This book provides important information about the new insight into germ cell signaling and the genotoxic in vitro studies in testicular germ cells. This book offers significant results about the origin, specification, and development of the female germ line in placental mammals and the germ cell tumors and their association with pregnancy.",isbn:"978-953-51-3759-7",printIsbn:"978-953-51-3758-0",pdfIsbn:"978-953-51-3986-7",doi:"10.5772/65614",price:119,priceEur:129,priceUsd:155,slug:"germ-cell",numberOfPages:156,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:1,isInBkci:!1,hash:"e63c03c8b93ebc004eef632ab84d62ea",bookSignature:"Ahmed RG",publishedDate:"January 31st 2018",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5854.jpg",numberOfDownloads:8005,numberOfWosCitations:11,numberOfCrossrefCitations:3,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:0,numberOfDimensionsCitations:14,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:0,hasAltmetrics:1,numberOfTotalCitations:28,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"December 14th 2016",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"December 21st 2016",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"July 16th 2017",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"August 16th 2017",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"October 16th 2017",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"138555",title:"Prof.",name:"R.G.",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmed",slug:"r.g.-ahmed",fullName:"R.G. Ahmed",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/138555/images/system/138555.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Ahmed RG received his Ph.D. in Developmental Biology (Developmental endocrinology) from Beni-Suef University, Egypt and received research training (postdoctoral fellowship) as a visiting scholar at the Katholic University, Belgium. He has outstanding record of scientific and academic accomplishments with multiple research funding, numerous publications (books/papers) in highly prestigious journals and various presentations in both national and international conferences. He is a member of a number of eminent societies, organizations and schools. On the other hand, he served as a scientific editors and reviewer for the national and international research institutions. He has been honored by the Society for Endocrinology in project of You and Your hormones. He is an assistant director of animal housing, Zoology department, Faculty of Science, Beni-Suef University, Egypt.",institutionString:"Beni-Suef University",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"4",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"5",institution:{name:"Beni-Suef University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Egypt"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"1403",title:"Reproductive Immunology",slug:"reproductive-immunology"}],chapters:[{id:"58819",title:"Germ Cell Specification: The Evolution of a Recipe to Make Germ Cells",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71557",slug:"germ-cell-specification-the-evolution-of-a-recipe-to-make-germ-cells",totalDownloads:1389,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:4,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Multicellular species use gametes for their propagation. Gametes are formed from primordial germ cells (PGCs), which develop during embryogenesis. In some species, PGCs are specified by the inheritance of a RNA granule known as germ plasm. During germ cell specification, the germ plasm conveys a unique set of properties, e.g. the germ cell specific meiotic cell cycle to the PGCs. Germ plasm assembly is controlled by independently evolving organizer proteins like Oskar in Drosophila or Bucky ball in zebrafish. These organizers are intrinsically disordered proteins, which rapidly changed their amino acid sequence during evolution. A common recipe has emerged by studies on organizer proteins for animals that use germ plasm to specify their germline. Investigating the nature of these organizers might therefore provide a clue to germ cell specification in other species, which are less accessible to molecular-genetic and embryological approaches. Moreover, we might understand how the first metazoans modified their existing cellular structures from unicellular eukaryotes to ensure their reproduction.",signatures:"Pritesh Krishnakumar and Roland Dosch",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/58819",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/58819",authors:[{id:"220901",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Pritesh",surname:"Krishnakumar",slug:"pritesh-krishnakumar",fullName:"Pritesh Krishnakumar"}],corrections:null},{id:"56303",title:"The Regulation of Germline Stem Cells and Their Neighbouring Somatic Cells in the Fruit Fly (Drosophila melanogaster)",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.69963",slug:"the-regulation-of-germline-stem-cells-and-their-neighbouring-somatic-cells-in-the-fruit-fly-drosophi",totalDownloads:1309,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The Drosophila germline stem cells (GSCs) remain as one of the most well-understood adult stem cells. The number of stem cells that self-renews and differentiates must be tightly controlled to maintain tissue homeostasis. The Drosophila GSCs are maintained by local signals emanated from the niche, which is composed of the surrounding somatic cells. Notably, GSC homeostasis is also known to be influenced by systemic signals and external stimuli. The Drosophila hormone ecdysone and its signalling cascade were found to regulate GSC homeostasis. The insulin signalling pathway as well as nutrient availability can also regulate GSC number. Furthermore, neuronal sex peptide signalling induced in female flies after mating was shown to increase GSC number. Hence, the Drosophila GSC system serves as a useful model towards understanding the mammalian stem cells. Compared with the mammalian stem cell models, the Drosophila GSC system is anatomically simpler where stem cells can be easily identified, imaged and manipulated genetically. Nevertheless, recent findings have facilitated our understanding into how GSCs and their neighbouring somatic cells sense and respond to changes in a variety of local, systemic and external stimuli.",signatures:"Sharon Wui Sing Tan, Yu Cai and Gyeong Hun Baeg",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/56303",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/56303",authors:[{id:"198098",title:"Prof.",name:"Gyeong Hun",surname:"Baeg",slug:"gyeong-hun-baeg",fullName:"Gyeong Hun Baeg"},{id:"207180",title:"MSc.",name:"Sharon Wui Sing",surname:"Tan",slug:"sharon-wui-sing-tan",fullName:"Sharon Wui Sing Tan"},{id:"207181",title:"Dr.",name:"Yu",surname:"Cai",slug:"yu-cai",fullName:"Yu Cai"}],corrections:null},{id:"56483",title:"Primordial Germ Cell Reprogramming",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.69965",slug:"primordial-germ-cell-reprogramming",totalDownloads:1429,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Primordial germ cells (PGCs) are the embryonic precursors of the gametes. Thus, they are unipotent cells. However, PGCs share some common features with pluripotent stem cells. Among them, PGCs show alkaline phosphatase activity and express stage-specific embryonic antigens and pluripotency factors Lin28, Oct4, Sox2, and Nanog. Under specific conditions, they undergo spontaneous reprogramming in vivo. Moreover, they can be easily reprogrammed in vitro into pluripotent embryonic germ cells (EGCs) by culturing them in the presence of basic fibroblast growth factor or the epigenetic modulator trichostatin A. Previous work in our laboratory has also proven that hypoxia alone can reprogram PGCs into hypoxia-induced embryonic germ-like cells, which have a pluripotent phenotype but which do not show self-renewal capacity. Therefore, PGCs are an interesting model to further comprehensively understand the process of cell reprogramming. This chapter reviews various methods to achieve PGC reprogramming, as well as the molecular pathways involved. We focus on soluble factors and genetic strategies to obtain pluripotent cells from PGCs. Special emphasis will be given to factors implied in energetic metabolism, epigenetics, and cell signaling transduction, both in vitro and in vivo.",signatures:"Maria P. De Miguel, Yago Alcaina and Diego Sainz de la Maza",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/56483",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/56483",authors:[{id:"60625",title:"BSc.",name:"Yago",surname:"Alcaina",slug:"yago-alcaina",fullName:"Yago Alcaina"},{id:"199960",title:"Dr.",name:"Maria P",surname:"De Miguel",slug:"maria-p-de-miguel",fullName:"Maria P De Miguel"},{id:"207051",title:"Dr.",name:"Diego",surname:"Sainz De La Maza",slug:"diego-sainz-de-la-maza",fullName:"Diego Sainz De La Maza"}],corrections:null},{id:"56417",title:"Membrane Dynamics of Spermatozoa during Capacitation: New Insight in Germ Cells Signalling",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.69964",slug:"membrane-dynamics-of-spermatozoa-during-capacitation-new-insight-in-germ-cells-signalling",totalDownloads:1300,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:4,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The study of germline stem cells and of germline cells has deep implications for the understanding of fertility, development and cancer. Nowadays, we are experiencing the very fascinating challenge of application of –OMICS technologies to this issue, which is opening new and unexpected horizons in virtually all the branches of biology. Here, we carried out a review of signalling systems involved in maturation of male germ cells and in the process that leads them to become fully fertile. In particular, we discuss the control mechanisms involved in capacitation and acrosome reaction that act at membrane level. Indeed, spermatozoa membranes play key roles in determining the achievement of fertility: they are the interface with the surrounding environment, they locate the signal transduction systems and they are active in recognizing and binding the oocyte. In addition, we discuss the effect of several compounds that could exert a negative effect on reproductive activity, by interfering with the endocrine axis, the so-called endocrine disruptors.",signatures:"Nicola Bernabò, Marina Ramal Sanchez, Luca Valbonetti, Luana\nGreco, Giulia Capacchietti, Mauro Mattioli and Barbara Barboni",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/56417",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/56417",authors:[{id:"88710",title:"Prof.",name:"Mauro",surname:"Mattioli",slug:"mauro-mattioli",fullName:"Mauro Mattioli"},{id:"88713",title:"Prof.",name:"Barbara",surname:"Barboni",slug:"barbara-barboni",fullName:"Barbara Barboni"},{id:"90197",title:"Dr.",name:"Nicola",surname:"Bernabò",slug:"nicola-bernabo",fullName:"Nicola Bernabò"},{id:"199832",title:"Dr.",name:"Luca",surname:"Valbonetti",slug:"luca-valbonetti",fullName:"Luca Valbonetti"},{id:"199833",title:"Dr.",name:"Marina",surname:"Ramal Sancez",slug:"marina-ramal-sancez",fullName:"Marina Ramal Sancez"},{id:"199834",title:"Dr.",name:"Giulia",surname:"Capacchietti",slug:"giulia-capacchietti",fullName:"Giulia Capacchietti"}],corrections:null},{id:"57528",title:"Challenging the Paradigms on the Origin, Specification and Development of the Female Germ Line in Placental Mammals",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71559",slug:"challenging-the-paradigms-on-the-origin-specification-and-development-of-the-female-germ-line-in-pla",totalDownloads:1195,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:2,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Most of our understanding on the origin, specification and development of the female germ line in placental mammals comes from studies in the laboratory mouse. The molecular pathway leading to the development and establishment of the female germ line in mouse has erected as the paradigm for placental mammals. It remains, however, largely unexplored whether the well-established mouse regulatory pathway is a common mechanism to other or all placental mammals. Discrete differences in mammals other than mouse reveal the existence of alternative mechanisms that challenge the currently accepted tenets on the origin and establishment of the mammalian female germinal reserve. Here, we will discuss the mouse framework in the light of emerging discrepancies seen in other placental mammals.",signatures:"Noelia P. Leopardo, Pablo I.F. Inserra and Alfredo D. Vitullo",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/57528",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/57528",authors:[{id:"214484",title:"Dr.",name:"Alfredo",surname:"Vitullo",slug:"alfredo-vitullo",fullName:"Alfredo Vitullo"},{id:"214485",title:"Dr.",name:"Noelia",surname:"Leopardo",slug:"noelia-leopardo",fullName:"Noelia Leopardo"},{id:"214486",title:"Dr.",name:"Pablo",surname:"Inserra",slug:"pablo-inserra",fullName:"Pablo Inserra"}],corrections:null},{id:"58351",title:"Germ Cell Tumors and their Association with Pregnancy",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72556",slug:"germ-cell-tumors-and-their-association-with-pregnancy",totalDownloads:1384,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:3,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Ovarian germ cell tumors (OGCTs) comprise 20–25% of all ovarian cancers arising from germ cells of ovary. Mature teratoma (dermoid) is the only benign and commonest germ cell tumor. Only 3–5% germ cell tumors are malignant, dysgerminomas being the most common. These tumors occur in adolescents and reproductive age group. Hence, its association with pregnancy is not uncommon. They can be reliably diagnosed with ultrasound imaging. Raised levels of tumor markers in pregnancy should be interpreted with caution. Cystectomy can be done for benign germ cell tumors. However, fertility sparing surgery with surgical staging with or without adjunctive therapy is recommended for malignant germ cell tumors (MOGTs). Surgery is safe in the second trimester of pregnancy. MOGTs are quite sensitive to chemo and radiotherapy. Three to four courses of chemotherapy with bleomycin, etoposide, and platinum is recommended. Prognosis of these germ cell tumors is excellent.",signatures:"Mamta Gupta and Vandana Saini",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/58351",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/58351",authors:[{id:"221469",title:"Dr.",name:"Mamta",surname:"Gupta",slug:"mamta-gupta",fullName:"Mamta Gupta"},{id:"222224",title:"Dr.",name:"Vandana",surname:"Saini",slug:"vandana-saini",fullName:"Vandana Saini"}],corrections:null}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},subseries:null,tags:null},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"7175",title:"Placenta",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"447d49d62164c5437461f3b0aae7a67f",slug:"placenta",bookSignature:"Ahmed R. G.",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7175.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"138555",title:"Prof.",name:"R.G.",surname:"Ahmed",slug:"r.g.-ahmed",fullName:"R.G. 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In the current global educational movement, the term inclusion is not agreed upon. According to Kiuppis’s [1] review of the UNESCO policies, the various definitions of inclusion seem to stem from the divide between the progress of “Inclusive Education” and “Education for All.”
“Inclusive Education” originates from the Salamanca Statement [2], which is considered the starting point of a “new thinking” in special needs education. Since then, it has had a pivotal role in the definition of educational international policies (e.g., [3]) and in the reforms of school curricula and guidelines of pedagogical practices of many countries, pushing the field of education to strengthen systems and develop support for children with special needs [1].
“Education for All,” in turn, began in the social justice agenda and was introduced by the “World Conference on Education for All” in Jomtien in 1990; the idea behind this concept was a call for every child to have a right to a basic education. This agenda has strongly accelerated since the agreement of the “United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities” [4]. Accordingly, inclusion has been accepted worldwide as a basic right and the foundation for an equal society. Furthermore, in many countries, the education systems have been reformed to reduce inequalities, develop teacher and system capabilities, encourage supportive learning environments, and develop high-quality support for vulnerable learners so that they can reach their potential (e.g., [5]). Although the idea of inclusion has been widely accepted, the global declarations espousing the ideals of inclusion rarely, if ever, mandate educational systems to establish inclusion.
In Finland, it has been corollary to agree with this “Education for All” philosophy because education has traditionally been perceived as a mechanism for enhancing social justice and equal educational opportunities for all students. However, the education system has maintained the “twin-track model” of labeling “exceptional” the individualized instruction, accommodations, and support most appropriate for their students before they are entitled to receive needs within special education settings.
The ongoing change started within the Special Education Strategy [6], which launched the updating of the legislation [7] and the National Core Curriculum [8] to be in line with the Salamanca Statement [2]. Since then, student diversity in mainstream settings has been rebuilt on the instructional “three-tier support model.” The support consists of three steps: general, intensified, and special support. In addition, multicultural approaches are topical in Finland, entailing educational strategies that incorporate previously marginalized ethnic groups into the curriculum. The most recent National Core Curriculum [9], which has been implemented in schools since August 2016, relies on an inclusive principle in its underlining of student participation and requiring the meaningfulness of learning, making it possible for every student to experience success, as stated in the following:
The development of basic education is guided by the inclusion principle. The accessibility of education must be ensured. This means supporting the pupils’ learning, development and well-being in cooperation with the homes. Basic education offers the pupils possibilities for versatile development of their competence. It reinforces the pupils’ positive identity as human beings, learners and community members. Education promotes participation, a sustainable way of living and growth as a member of a democratic society. Basic education educates the pupils to know, respect and defend human rights. The social task of basic education is to promote equity, equality and justice. ([9], p. 18).
As the excerpt indicates, Finland has adopted the UNESCO [10] policy guidelines that combine both notions of inclusion by understanding inclusion as a “process aimed to offering quality education for all while respecting diversity and the different needs and abilities, characteristics and learning expectations of the students and communities, eliminating all forms of discrimination” (p. 18).
However, the discrepancies between these two inclusion approaches have given rise to pedagogical confusion for teachers regarding how to interpret the NCC’s [9] agenda and apply inclusive pedagogies. Pedagogical concerns have also been caused by the fact that the “inclusive principle” includes a twofold demand for teachers: inclusive pedagogy should address the individual learning needs of students (cf. [11, 12]), and it should include all students who face barriers to full participation in learning (cf. [13]).
As discussed earlier, the reforms of putting inclusion into the curriculum are interlaced and presently highly debatable concepts in terms of enhancing the quality of teaching for all. Teachers especially feel confused because they are viewed as having the most direct impact on the day-to-day educational experiences of students in inclusive classrooms. They are responsible for encountering and treating all students equally, regardless of their [dis]abilities, social class, ethnicity, religion, or gender, as stated in the NCC [9]. At its heart, inclusion involves teachers’ commitment to the values of equity, equality, and participation.
Hence, teachers’ set of beliefs in a situation where they are expected to implement new curriculum agenda and practices are crucially important for the success of the reform (cf. [14, 15, 16]). Therefore, if the attitudes and beliefs of teachers are not considered, especially when a radical change is in progress, more resistance from the teachers’ side will be experienced (cf. [17]), and the commitment to change will be limited [15, 18]. As Schubert [19] has noted, curriculum is the practical application of a teacher’s personal beliefs. That is to say, teachers’ beliefs give meaning to their curriculum, and their instructional endeavors reflect their curriculum ideology [20, 21].
For the current study, the curriculum reform in Finland serves as an impetus for exploring how pre-service teachers have understood and interpret the inclusive principle stated in the NCC [9]. The meaning of considering pre-service teachers is derived from the fact that they are regarded as change agents because of the updated knowledge that they have recently acquired. Furthermore, signals of confusion among the teachers, as shown in Haines et al. [24], signals the need to collect data from teachers to identify their set of beliefs and what kinds of curriculum ideologies they hold. The results are critical for enhancing the successful implementation of the inclusion principle, as well as developing teacher education.
This chapter also presents insights into the steps the schools in Finland are taking toward inclusive school culture, which is examined and interpreted through the lens of pre-service teachers. Therefore, in the chapter, I present the results of the study and address the following questions:
What are the curriculum ideologies of pre-service teachers participating in the teacher education program?
What kind of stances about inclusive education do these reflections represent?
According to Schiro [20, 21], a curriculum ideology is a practical philosophy that influences a teacher’s day-to-day behaviors toward curriculum issues. However, other scholars use the phrase curriculum orientation (e.g., [14, 19, 22, 23]). In the current study, I draw on Schiro’s [20, 21] framework, in which the beliefs about the purpose of curriculum (education) are divided into four distinctive ideologies: the
The scholar academic ideology is concerned with maintaining “cultural literacy” by having students study the content and modes of inquiry of traditional academic subjects. The social efficiency ideology aims at efficiently carrying out a task for society, providing knowledge and skills that give students the ability to function in society. The learner-centered ideology places the student in the center of the educational endeavor and is concerned with helping each student grow into a unique individual who has a healthy self-concept. The social reconstruction ideology attempts to help students understand the crises facing society, develop a value stance toward those crises, and learn how to act to relieve the crises, thereby bringing into existence a better society [20, 21].
According to Schiro [20, 21], these ideologies are roughly parallel to the academic, vocational, personal, and social goals for education. Each curriculum ideology is more akin to a pedagogical subculture than to a goal; each has an impact on teachers’ thinking about the nature of knowledge, the curriculum intent (aims, goals, and learning objectives), teaching strategies, learning, students, and evaluation methods (e.g., [19, 20, 21, 25, 26]). They also affect students because the underlying values and beliefs of each ideology not only influence what is taught but also how and why it is taught [20, 27]. It has also been shown that curriculum ideologies play an important role in the success of any reform movement [25].
In connection with two undergraduate courses entitled “Inclusive Education” and “Teaching Practicum,” the current study was conducted at a multidisciplinary research university within the Primary School Teacher Education (PSTE) program in Finland. All participants were enrolled in both courses. The participants were 115 pre-service teachers who were completing their teacher qualification for primary school. The “Inclusive Education” course focused on discussing the theoretical underpinnings of student diversity (such as language, abilities, background, religion, and gender) and the current instructional support system as a means of enhancing inclusive school culture. The students were encouraged to work in small teams to construct a shared understanding and build new ideas of how to enhance inclusion in daily school curriculum.
In addition, the course included a week-long field experiment that asked students to visit one school community and find out how the inclusion principle was implemented in accordance with the NCC [9]. They were encouraged to observe the school community and classroom practices, conduct interviews with the in-service teachers, special needs teachers, school principals, and welfare staff, take part in teacher meetings, and so forth. The students also wrote reflective journals based on the coursework and field experiments. They were challenged to express their beliefs, attentions, and values on what had caught their attention relating to the ongoing reform.
The data from the “Teaching Practicum” were collected through the pre-service teachers’ written narrative reflections, which allowed them to examine their lived experiences, biases, and assumptions about teaching. These two types of writings provided a window through which to understand the essence of the pre-service experience of teaching in inclusive settings. The data set thus comprised 230 reflective texts written during and after these two courses. Participants were numbered 1–115 with an acronym PRE, which refers to reflective journals, and a different acronym PRAC, which refers to narrative reflections.
Through the content analysis (cf. [28]), it was possible to articulate variations of students’ meaning making and varied ways of experiencing and interpreting their curriculum ideologies from the perspective of inclusive reform. The meaning unit was determined as either a complete description of an individual’s lived experience or a brief notional statement called an “episode.” Thereafter, I divided the episodes into topics, which consisted of repetitive reflections that emerged through several readings of the data. The topics were then classified and reduced into themes. Finally, six main themes emerged to describe the pre-service teachers’ belief stances toward inclusive education (reported elsewhere). However, in this chapter, I do not follow the study analysis as such but rather examine the data from the perspective of thinking with theory [29], which method uses the data to think with, and use theory to think about the data. I interpreted the data through the lens of Schiro’s [20, 21] framework by connecting the data and the curriculum ideologies to each other from the perspective of inclusive reform.
The analysis of thinking with theory revealed two main tensions between pre-service teachers’ curriculum ideologies [20], namely “knowledge versus experience” between the scholar academic and learner-centered ideology and the “adoption versus reconstruction” between the social efficiency and social reconstruction ideology. I picked crucial episodes that serve as examples of how the pre-service teachers interpreted the inclusive reform and what types of curriculum ideology they reflect. In this way, I was able to highlight the teachers’ belief stances and prerequisites for working in inclusive settings and ways to interpret the NCC’s [9] inclusive agenda.
Although the basis of scholarly academic ideology rests on the belief that acquiring an understanding of academic knowledge involves learning the content knowledge and ways of thinking [20], the learner-centered ideology focus is solely on the student. The student’s educational needs and interests are central to learning and must be incorporated in the learning experience. In the following, two pre-service teachers make meaning and reflect on their experiences of the teaching practicum. The former episode refers to a scholarly academic ideology and the latter one to a learner-centered ideology:
The episodes above illustrate the tension between knowledge and experience, which occurs between the traditional curriculum, developed to guide students on how to acquire knowledge and solve problems, and the learner-centered curriculum, advocated by constructivism as a way to emphasize an individual’s activity and learning experience.
According to scholarly academic ideology, the meaning of knowledge is its ability to contribute to the extension of the academic discipline (cf. [20]). Thus, the subject matter is determined and selected from the knowledge bases of disciplines, such as biology or physics, by “specialist scholars” who are expected to bring down this knowledge to teachers and students. The impact on teachers is that they should also be specialists in the disciplines being taught, keeping the hierarchy between scholars at the top and students at the base.
In turn, the main idea of the learner-centered ideology is that learning is seen as an active process driven by the interest of the individual student. Schiro [20] exemplified the distinction to the previous ideology as “I have experienced” is more important than “I know,” that is, the first-hand experience of reality is more important than the second-hand experience gained through a textbook. Curriculum is designed in line with Piagetian ideas about the stages of development, assuming that the construction of the learning process should be in harmony with students’ cognitive stages (cf. [30, 31]). The impact on the teachers is that they are seen as facilitators of the discussion, debate, and interaction between students and their learning environment.
Although scholarly academic ideology prefers teaching methods such as Socratic questioning, didactic discussion and supervised practice, for the learner-centered ideologist, teaching is to be adapted to the individual student, and the student’s authentic activity is seen as a prerequisite for education [20]. These distinctions between the stances on teaching are crucial in terms of inclusive education. The following episodes demonstrate two contrasting ways pre-service teachers observed and formed an attitude regarding the activities in the inclusive classroom. The first episode echoes scholarly academic ideology, even though the participant attempted to recognize the individual students, while the latter one refers to more learner-centered ideology:
The above episode refers to the preference of viewing the subject matter as the most valued property, which must be delivered to the students; as Schiro [20] stated, the curriculum is intended to acculturate children into a discipline. This inclination made pre-service teachers concerned about how they should accomplish goals regardless of the imbalance between mastering the subject matter and managing the classroom (cf. [32]). In turn, the latter episode illustrates that such a learner-centered ideology has the learning process as an end in itself. The view differs from an educational policy-driven paradigm of student centrality that emphasizes that curriculum should be characterized by “learning outcomes” describing the measurable skills or abilities that students should be able to do or demonstrate as a result of learning (e.g., [33]).
This returns to a question about the focus of learning: should we pay attention to generic skills capacities instead of a detailed specification of content knowledge? Wheelahan [34] raised the view about the “crisis of curriculum,” arguing that the worldwide education policy drives toward stripping knowledge out of the curriculum due to the shift in learning outcomes (cf. [34, 35]). But then, the current knowledge society and information overload within the explosion of digital technologies raise a critical question about the changing nature of knowledge and children’s life worlds, meaning making, and learning as a whole. Accordingly, this leads to the question of which one is more valuable: the subject matter or generic skills. For example, there is literacy, which guarantees equal access to the most powerful forms of knowledge; literacy is crucial because it allows learners to gain these basic skills and builds students’ discipline-specific understanding of how texts represent both the knowledge and the ways of knowing, doing, and believing in different disciplinary communities (cf. [36, 37]). Hence, the subject matter and generic skills are two sides of the same coin and should not be separated from each other.
Unlike the two previous curriculum ideologies, instead of focusing on individual learning, the ideologies of social efficiency and social reconstruction perceive learning as a social process. However, although the social efficiency ideology states that the initial aim of learning is to meet the acute needs of the society, the social reconstruction ideology makes use of the social process to develop students’ abilities to analyze and understand society, creating solutions and a vision for a better society. The next reflective episodes exemplify the pre-service teachers’ reflections on the challenges toward schooling to respond to the multiple demands of a society. The first talk brings up the social efficiency ideology, and the next one refers to social reconstruction ideology:
The above episode depicts the social efficiency belief, according to which the meaning of skills and knowledge is to create a solid base of the abilities needed to function in society. Thus, the first milestone is to determine the needs of society, as one of the pre-service teachers tried earlier. The next step is to develop a curriculum that meets the determined needs. In contrast, the latter episode reflects the idea of the social reconstruction ideology that assumes that there is no such thing as an absolute knowledge or skill needed to survive in society. Many pre-service teachers parsed learning, like in the learner-centered ideology, as a process. The episode shows how they attempted to incorporate learning experience with current social issues, as in the above episode illustrating how to be sympathetic and understand the refugees’ feelings under their dangerous conditions.
In terms of inclusive education, the social efficacy ideology is quite demanding for teachers. Teachers are expected to find the most efficient teaching methods for delivering the knowledge and skills to the students with the aim of producing “educated people” who achieve the objectives and thus fulfill the needs of society (cf. [20]). The social reconstruction ideology, in turn, has such an impact on teachers that they are expected to provide students with learning experiences that can develop their critical analytical skills and stimulate them so that they can contribute to the reconstruction of society [20, 38]. Therefore, the necessary knowledge does not exist in books, but rather, it lies within the knowers in the meaning that the person gives to the words and experiences.
According to the social efficiency ideology, teachers are placed in the center to control everything in the classroom, and the students are perceived as “raw materials” to be shaped. This may lead to teacher-led instruction methods because of assuming that the teacher’s job is to decide what students are expected to learn, why they are learning it, how they are supposed to learn it, and what books they will be reading. This seems to be an overwhelming claim for a teacher in heterogeneous groups of inclusive settings. In turn, because, for social reconstruction ideologists, teaching is more collaborative, the development of an inclusive pedagogy is more possible. This is because social reconstruction ideologists appreciate group discussions for joint learning and developing solutions for existing problems [20]. The following episodes reflect two contrasting ways pre-service teachers reflected on experiences of inclusive classrooms. The first episode echoes the social efficiency ideology and the latter one the social reconstruction ideology:
The episodes refer to the current situation in Finland, indicating the tension between the social efficiency ideology and social reconstruction ideology. The discrepancy has occurred, for example, because of the Program for International Student Assessment (PISA) achievement program (e.g., [39, 40, 41]). The success has created tension in schools—concurrently with the inclusive reform—to reproduce the result by raising the effectiveness of schooling by extending both the requirements of knowledge content and demands for academic achievement in the NCC [9]. Social efficiency drivers have laid pressure on moving toward standardization and test-based accountability along with the inclusive agenda. This twofold pressure is conveyed in the pre-service teachers’ narrative journals.
The latter episode mentioned earlier refers again to the debate concerning the integration of refugees in Europe. In addition, the episode depicts the inclusive shift through one of the pre-service teacher’s reflections, referring to the social reconstruction curriculum ideology. In all, the pre-service teachers seemed to observe sensitively, in particular, in the collaborative environments in school communities, and they desired tangible collaboration and team teaching. Furthermore, they appreciated the idea that they could learn from their own and others’ experiences through active reflection on their actions and their consequences (cf. [42]). They valued the partnership model [43] to boost their professional learning through close and supportive relationships with colleagues, which was also a prerequisite for their favorable belief of the inclusive shift in schools.
Through the lens of curriculum ideologies, the findings reflect some aspects that are useful to note when implementing inclusive practices in schools, as well as for creating future directions for teacher education. First, it has become important to understand prospective teachers’ own conceptualizations and set of beliefs of how to make meaning of the reform agenda, which aims to support learning and respond to students’ diversity in inclusive settings. Schiro’s [20] framework served an indirect channel to explore pre-service teachers’ reflections of uncertainties and possible fears. Allowing for questioning may encourage teachers to transform their curriculum insights into new situations and gain understanding of unpredictable circumstances in school settings (cf. [44]).
Moreover, the notion of inclusion represented a scheme into which they could mirror their beliefs, values, and attitudes toward their future teaching careers. According to the data, the beliefs on inclusion occurred as a complex macro-level societal phenomenon that was in conflict not only with the demands to fulfill the needs of “normal students” but also the current needs of society. Another inconsistency they felt concerned the prevailing school cultures; the inclusive reform represented a risk: it may both shake the prevailing school cultures and professional practices, and the reform itself was at risk of being drowned out in the prevailing school cultures.
Accordingly, the results indicate that the notions of adoption and adaptation, introduced by Hewitt [45], are relevant when considering the tensions emerging from the data. Hewitt [45] defined adoption and adaptation as the approaches of teachers in curriculum implementation. In line with social efficiency beliefs, adoption refers to a top-down assumption that changes required by society should be applied with a linear implementation by the teacher of the curriculum, which is designed by external specialists and politicians. In contrast, adaptation, such as social reconstruction ideology, refers to the fact that curriculum reform movements should be made in collaboration with real implementers by classroom-level specialists. This necessitates continuous negotiations and flexibility between the politicians, designers, and implementers of the curriculum (cf. [46, 47]).
This dialog could create an arena for joint understanding about the societal circumstances in which the theoretical and practical knowledge are taken into account and where the societal approach to learning is considered. In doing so, it promotes a vision of a better society in which the problems and conflicts could be resolved, and the society can be developed.
However, there is a risk that if the social efficiency ideologists shift their terminal objectives to raising academic standards, they also may shift their ideology from social to academic, despite escaping from the scholarly academic emphasis on more learner-centered education. This is critical, for example, in Finland, where the education system seems to be at a turning point regarding what path it may take. As of yet, fortunately, Finland has not chosen a high-stakes testing policy as most countries have but is looking for a new way [48, 49, 50]. To keep in line with the social justice philosophy and the “Education for All” agenda, it is important to give up straightforwardly confronting the beliefs beyond the different curriculum ideologies. Instead, the school-based curriculum ideology could offer a bottom-up approach that considers students, parents, and stakeholders, as well as incorporates the best parts of the ideologies to enhance student-driven social justice curriculum.
As Dewey [51] criticized how the academic knowledge of education has developed standards that promote “docility, receptivity and obedience” (p. 18) among students, while teachers are turned to be agents who transmit knowledge and skills and enforce rules of conduct. This is, according to Dewey, one of imposition from above and outside, creating a gulf between school and students (cf. [52]). In turn, the teachers’ essential task should be to bridge the gap between students’ prior knowledge and experiences and appropriate content knowledge, gaining students’ individual experiences of their surrounding environment and using this to understand, analyzes, and improve the society around them.
Consequently, in conjunction with Bandura’s [53] views, the data of the current study indicated that social reconstructive ideology could contribute to creating sustainable “collective efficacy” in developing inclusive school cultures. This means that by focusing on “collective efficacy” while teaching practicum in an inclusive setting, the pre-service teachers need to draw attention to educational inequalities and search for solutions that promote a just education for all.
The primary concerns of wireless communication systems are higher data rates, improved quality of service, more channel capacity, low power consumption and less interference with other systems. Ultra Wideband technology is the most promising technology to meet the requirements of wireless communication system because of its advantages, such as higher data rate transmission, low cost, high security, and less power requirement [1]. However, multipath fading and frequency interference with other communication systems are the important problems should be well solved for UWB systems.
In an indoor communication application, like other wireless communication systems, the UWB system performance is also restricted by multipath fading due to rich scattering environments which cause inter-symbol interference. In present times, digital communication using multiple input multiple output (MIMO) technology has emerged as a breakthrough for a wireless system. The MIMO system employs multiple antennas at the transmitter and receiver. It makes use of the rich multipath environment to mitigate the multipath fading effect. And it improves the range of communication and system capacity (data rate) without the need for additional bandwidth or transmitted signal power [2, 3]. Hence, the UWB system with MIMO technology is a viable solution to reduce the multipath fading effect and to improve the quality of service, the range of communication and system capacity [4].
The electromagnetic interaction between the radiating (antenna) elements in multiple antenna or MIMO system is known as mutual coupling. The closely spaced antennas, especially in portable devices, inevitably cause strong mutual coupling between antennas. The mutual coupling is undesirable which causes fluctuations in the input impedance of individual antenna element i.e., impedance mismatch which degrades the radiation efficiency, deviations in antenna radiation pattern due to the high correlation between antenna signals and decreases the channel capacity of MIMO system. Since the mutual coupling has a considerable impact on the MIMO system performance, the reduction of mutual coupling between antennas and enhancement of isolation between ports is imperative. However, placing multiple antennas in a space-limited portable wireless device is a big challenge for antenna designers [5]. Hence, designing compact UWB-MIMO antenna exhibiting band-notch function and less mutual coupling is very much needed. Various designs were proposed in the recent years to suppress the effects of mutual coupling in ultra-wideband MIMO antennas [6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15]. Methods include, placing radiating elements perpendicular to each other and adding two long protruding stubs to ground [6], use of tree-like structure on the ground plane [7], etching a T-shaped slot and a line slot on the ground [8], adding a Y-shaped slot on the T-shaped protruded ground plane [9], placing two shorts at 45 degrees between the microstrip lines and in the opposite direction [10], protruding ground structure [11], T-shaped metallic stub [12, 13], adopting wideband neutralization line [14] and using modified ground structure along with T-shaped slot on the ground [15].
Ultra-wideband is an emerging technology for short distance low power communications. It makes use of short duration pulses which have very low power spectral density for transmission of data. Since the UWB system is operating from 3.1 to 10.6 GHz, it could easily interfere with existing narrowband communication system like Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN-5.15–5.825 GHz). So, ultra-wideband antenna with integrated frequency notching function at the interfering frequency band is a feasible solution to mitigate the frequency interference [16]. The power spectral density of UWB and other narrowband systems is shown in Figure 1. The frequency interference produced by a UWB transmitter to a narrowband system is very negligible because of the transmitted signal emission power (power spectral density) is very less compared with narrowband systems. But, when a UWB receiver is located very near to the narrowband interferer, the interference caused is very high. So, a notch at the interfering frequency is needed to suppress its effect. The traditional RF filter circuits using lumped elements can be used to implement this frequency notching feature but, it increases the system complexity, cost and occupies more space when integrated with other microwave circuits in the portable device. Another viable solution is to design a UWB antenna with an integrated band-notched feature to mitigate the frequency interference which decreases the complexity and cost of the UWB system. The idea of designing the UWB antenna with band-notched characteristic is shown in Figure 2 [17, 18]. The basic UWB antenna is having impedance bandwidth from [
The power spectral density of UWB and other narrowband systems.
The basic design of UWB antenna with band-notched characteristic: (a) UWB antenna, (b) Band-notch resonant structure and (c) Band-notched UWB-antenna.
The band-notch characteristics for UWB systems can be obtained by integrating band-notch resonator (like slots, split ring resonators, strips and stubs) to the UWB antenna. The possible locations for integration of band-notch resonator are: on or adjacent to radiator or feed line or on the ground as given in Figure 3. The length of the band-notch resonator controls the notch center frequency. However, the desired notch band is obtained by proper tuning of length and width of the resonator. The total length of the band-notch resonator should be λ/2 or λ/4 corresponding to the notched-band center frequency as given in equations (1) and (2) [19], where λ is the guided wavelength.
Possible locations of resonant structure on UWB antenna.
or
where
Several investigations were reported earlier to create band notch function at WLAN band for ultra-wideband systems in [19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30]. Methods include inserting λ/4 and λ/2 slot resonators on the ground plane [19], using a pair of ground stubs locating along the edge of the ground plane [20], inserting open stub in the printed folded monopole [21], etching folded U-shaped slots in the feed line of the antenna [22, 23], incorporating SRR slots on radiating element [24], quarter-wave stub connected to the ground [25], adding protruding two rectangular stubs on the ground plane [26], with a slot of length 1.0 λ in the radiator [27], open-ended quarter-wavelength L-shaped slots were etched on the rectangular radiating patches [28], using C-shaped and Z-shaped slot resonators on the ground [29], employing elliptical SRR on the radiating element [30].
The antenna designs presented in the above literature exhibiting acceptable isolation and notching characteristics, but some designs were not compact enough and few are a bit complex. So, the design of simple and compact band-notched ultra-wideband MIMO antenna with low mutual coupling is needed. In this chapter, we have presented compact isolation-enhanced planar UWB-MIMO antenna with single band-notched characteristics at WLAN band [31]. Ansoft HFSS v.13 is used to carry out the proposed antenna design, optimization, and simulations. For validating the simulation results, all the proposed antenna has been fabricated and tested using the Agilent N5224A PNA, Anritsu MS2037C vector network analyzer and an anechoic chamber. In Section 2, UWB-MIMO antenna with single band-notched characteristic is discussed. Finally, conclusions of the work are given in Section 3.
Compact ultra-wideband MIMO antenna exhibiting band-notch characteristics at WLAN band (5 to 5.9 GHz) for portable wireless devices is presented in this section [31]. The following sub sections discusses the detailed description of the proposed design.
The geometry of the proposed single band-notch UWB-MIMO antenna and photograph of the fabricated antenna are shown in Figure 4(a) and (b). The design is printed on an FR4 substrate having dielectric constant (
(a) Geometry of the proposed antenna and (b) fabricated antenna.
Simulated
Since the ground and radiating elements are having smaller dimensions, the flow of surface currents on the ground plane and near-field radiation leads to poor impedance matching and high mutual coupling, which restricts the performance of MIMO antenna. The ultra-wideband MIMO antenna without and with ground strip is shown in Figure 6(a) and (b), respectively. The effects of the ground strip on impedance bandwidth and mutual coupling between the MIMO antenna elements are plotted in Figure 7(a) and (b). With ground strip between the PM1 and PM2 (Antenna 2), the first resonance is generated at 2.5 GHz with a lower cutoff frequency of 2.3 GHz and provides good impedance bandwidth from 2.3 to 11.4 GHz as depicted in Figure 7(a). And, from Figure 7(b), the mutual coupling of lower than −20 dB between the antenna elements is observed throughout the UWB band which is less than −17 dB. In addition, the flow of surface currents is effectively suppressed by the ground strip and thus less amount of current is leaked into the port 2 when port 1 is excited as displayed in Figure 7(c). The ground strip can work as a reflecting surface so that the direction of surface currents is diverted and thus the distance between the ports is increased. Hence, the isolation between the MIMO antenna ports is significantly enhanced. Also, the ground strip between the MIMO antenna elements will improve impedance matching characteristics and minimizes the mutual coupling of the MIMO antenna. The MIMO antenna is also studied by varying the ground strip length SL and width SW and are plotted in Figure 8(a)–(d) and the same tabulated in Table 1. It can be observed from that the total length and width of the ground strip has more effect on the impedance bandwidth (|
(a) UWB-MIMO antenna without a ground strip (Antenna 1), (b) UWB-MIMO antenna with a ground strip (Antenna 2).
(a)
(a)
Parameter | Value (mm) | Bandwidth ( | Mutual coupling ( |
---|---|---|---|
Strip length SL | 10 | 2.6–6.4 | 3.3–11.4 |
12 | 2.6–8.6 | 3.2–11.4 | |
14 | 2.4–11.0 | 2.9–11.4 | |
16 | 2.4–11.3 | 2.8–11.4 | |
18 (proposed) | 2.2–11.4 | 2.6–11.4 | |
Strip width SW | 5 | 2.0–11.1 | 2.8–11.4 |
4 | 2.0–11.1 | 2.8–11.4 | |
3 | 2.1–11.2 | 2.8–11.4 | |
2 | 2.2–11.2 | 2.7–11.4 | |
1 (proposed) | 2.2–11.4 | 2.6–11.4 |
The
To create band-notch filtering function for ultra-wideband systems, slots of various shapes or split-ring resonators or strips can be used on or next to the feed line or the radiating element or the ground plane as reported earlier. The slot or SRR or strip can act as a band-notch resonator. The notch band center frequency is controlled by the length of the resonator and notch band bandwidth is controlled by the width of the resonator. In this design, an inverted U-shaped slot is used as a band-notch resonator and is etched on the feed line of Antenna 2 which forms the proposed band-notch UWB-MIMO antenna as shown in Figure 9(a)–(c). The length of the U-shaped resonator is calculated using Eq. (5) [19]:
(a) An inverted U-slot resonator, (b) UWB-MIMO antenna with ground strip (Antenna 2), (c) proposed band-notched UWB-MIMO antenna.
where
Good agreement between the calculated (theoretical) length and simulated (practical) length is observed. Figure 10(a)–(c) shows the
(a)
The parametric analysis on the slot length U1 and slot width UW is performed to describe the effects of inverted U-slot. Table 2 shows the notch bands and notch center frequencies for different slot lengths and widths. Figure 11(a) and (b) illustrates the
Parameter | Value (mm) | Notch-band (GHz) | Notch-center frequency |
---|---|---|---|
Slot length U1 | 6.8 | 6.26–6.7 | 6.5 |
7.3 | 5.73–6.4 | 6.2 | |
7.8 (proposed) | 5.0–5.9 | 5.7 | |
8.1 | 4.8–5.7 | 5.4 | |
Slot width UW | 0.25 | 5.2–5.7 | 5.6 |
0.3 (proposed) | 5.0–5.9 | 5.7 | |
0.35 | 4.95–6 | 5.7 | |
0.4 | 4.94–6.1 | 5.7 |
The notch bands and notch center frequencies for different slot lengths and widths.
The proposed antenna offers good impedance bandwidth (|
The simulated and measured results: (a)
Result | Bandwidth ( | Mutual coupling ( | VSWR at notch band | Notch band |
---|---|---|---|---|
Simulated | 2.2–11.4 GHz | <−20 dB | 3.6 | 5–5.9 GHz |
Measured | 2.3–11.7 GHz | <−18 dB | 3.4 | 5–6 GHz |
The summary of simulated and measured results presented in Figure 12.
Simulated (solid line) and measured (dashed line) radiation patterns. (a) simulated and measured when port 1 excited. (b) Simulated and measured when port 2 excited.
Simulated and measured (a) peak gain, (b) radiation efficiency.
Along with the radiation patterns, envelope correlation coefficient (ECC) is also an important parameter to study the MIMO antenna diversity and is calculated using
(a) Simulated and measured ECC, (b) Simulated and measured diversity gain, (c) Simulated and measured TARC, (d) Group delay of the proposed antenna.
The diversity gain (DG) and total active reflection coefficient (TARC) are also essential parameters to study the MIMO antenna diversity performance. The diversity gain and total active reflection coefficient of the proposed antennas can be estimated by using the equations (8) and (9) [33] as follows:
The simulated and measured diversity gain plots are given in Figure 15(b). The diversity gain of >9.95 dB is found in the UWB band. And, Figure 15(c) shows the simulated and measured TARC. It is observed that the TARC of less than −28 dB is obtained in the whole UWB band. The group delay of the proposed antenna is measured in face to face and side by side situations with the space of 30 cm is shown in Figure 15(d). The group delay is almost uniform and is below 1 ns in the complete working band except at stopband. At the notch band i.e. at 5.7 GHz, the group delay of 5.8 ns in the face to face orientation and 6 ns in the side by side orientation ensures that the proposed antenna can transmit the UWB signal with minimum distortion. It is observed from the above results that there is good agreement between the simulated and measured
To mitigate the frequency interference from narrowband system like WLAN, a compact planar UWB antenna with single band-notched characteristics for portable wireless devices applications is discussed in this chapter. In this design, the monopoles are arranged perpendicularly to reduce to mutual coupling. A rectangular strip is extended from the ground plane to improve the impedance matching characteristics and to reduce the mutual coupling further or enhance the isolation. An inverted U-shaped slot is used on the feed line to realize the band-notch filtering function for suppressing the frequency interference from 5 to 5.9 GHz WLAN band. For validating the simulation results, all the proposed antennas have been fabricated and tested using the Agilent N5224A PNA, Anritsu MS2037C vector network analyzer and an anechoic chamber. The measured results of all the proposed antenna are well agreed with simulated results. The measured and simulated results show that the proposed antenna offer good impedance bandwidth of
Authors would like to express their gratitude towards University College of Engineering & Technology, Acharya Nagarjuna University, Guntur and management of Koneru Lakshmaiah Education Foundation, Guntur for their continuous support and encouragement during this work. Further, Dr. J. Chandrasekhar Rao and Dr. N. Venkateswara Rao would like to acknowledge with thanks DST through FIST grant SR/FST/ETI-316/2012, ECR/2016/000569 and Dr. B.T.P. Madhav, Prof. of ECE, KLEF for providing measurement facility in LCRC lab. I would like to thank Mr. P. Ramakoti Reddy, Electro Circuit Systems, Hyderabad, Mr. K. Vijaya Saradhi Reddy, Excel Radio Frequency Technologies, Hyderabad and Mr. Krishna Prasad, Scientist-ECIL, Hyderabad for their help in the fabrication and measurements of the prototype developed in this work.
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Samim Al Azad and Slimane Ed-dafali",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11392.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 11th 2022",editors:[{id:"418514",title:"Dr.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Mohiuddin",slug:"muhammad-mohiuddin",fullName:"Muhammad Mohiuddin"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10400",title:"The Application of Ant Colony Optimization",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f4fdfd07ee1ab99fb7c740d6d0c144c6",slug:"the-application-of-ant-colony-optimization",bookSignature:"Ali Soofastaei",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10400.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 11th 2022",editors:[{id:"257455",title:"Dr.",name:"Ali",middleName:null,surname:"Soofastaei",slug:"ali-soofastaei",fullName:"Ali Soofastaei"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10915",title:"Leadership",subtitle:"New Insights",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"0d72e79892f2a020cee66a52d09de5a4",slug:"leadership-new-insights",bookSignature:"Mário Franco",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10915.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 11th 2022",editors:[{id:"105529",title:"Dr.",name:"Mário",middleName:null,surname:"Franco",slug:"mario-franco",fullName:"Mário Franco"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10683",title:"Technological Innovations and Advances in Hydropower Engineering",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"7ce7ad8768bd2cad155470fe1fd883f4",slug:"technological-innovations-and-advances-in-hydropower-engineering",bookSignature:"Yizi Shang, Ling Shang and Xiaofei Li",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10683.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 11th 2022",editors:[{id:"349630",title:"Dr.",name:"Yizi",middleName:null,surname:"Shang",slug:"yizi-shang",fullName:"Yizi Shang"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7102",title:"Pneumonia",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9fd70142814192dcec58a176749f1b60",slug:"pneumonia",bookSignature:"Nima Rezaei",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7102.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 11th 2022",editors:[{id:"116250",title:"Dr.",name:"Nima",middleName:null,surname:"Rezaei",slug:"nima-rezaei",fullName:"Nima Rezaei"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9670",title:"Current Trends in Wheat Research",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"89d795987f1747a76eee532700d2093d",slug:"current-trends-in-wheat-research",bookSignature:"Mahmood-ur-Rahman Ansari",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9670.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 11th 2022",editors:[{id:"185476",title:"Dr.",name:"Mahmood-ur-Rahman",middleName:null,surname:"Ansari",slug:"mahmood-ur-rahman-ansari",fullName:"Mahmood-ur-Rahman Ansari"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},subject:{topic:{id:"961",title:"Fluid Dynamics",slug:"surface-science-fluid-dynamics",parent:{id:"160",title:"Surface Science",slug:"surface-science"},numberOfBooks:5,numberOfSeries:0,numberOfAuthorsAndEditors:104,numberOfWosCitations:222,numberOfCrossrefCitations:123,numberOfDimensionsCitations:294,videoUrl:null,fallbackUrl:null,description:null},booksByTopicFilter:{topicId:"961",sort:"-publishedDate",limit:12,offset:0},booksByTopicCollection:[{type:"book",id:"7385",title:"Cavitation",subtitle:"Selected Issues",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"075ee4bb432760777ffcba092d0cffae",slug:"cavitation-selected-issues",bookSignature:"Wojciech Borek, Tomasz Tański and Mariusz Król",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7385.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"186373",title:"Dr.",name:"Wojciech",middleName:null,surname:"Borek",slug:"wojciech-borek",fullName:"Wojciech Borek"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7352",title:"Granularity in Materials Science",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a451ff13b9bc3b08989979518577594a",slug:"granularity-in-materials-science",bookSignature:"George Kyzas and Athanasios C. Mitropoulos",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7352.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"152296",title:"Prof.",name:"George",middleName:"Z.",surname:"Kyzas",slug:"george-kyzas",fullName:"George Kyzas"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6512",title:"Superfluids and Superconductors",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"24385ec1d5de9c6597896900c80ee279",slug:"superfluids-and-superconductors",bookSignature:"Roberto Zivieri",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6512.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"181334",title:"Prof.",name:"Roberto",middleName:null,surname:"Zivieri",slug:"roberto-zivieri",fullName:"Roberto Zivieri"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"5319",title:"Wetting and Wettability",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"49767cc09f266bd5bdf55f4a5c57792b",slug:"wetting-and-wettability",bookSignature:"Mahmood Aliofkhazraei",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5319.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"155413",title:"Dr.",name:"Mahmood",middleName:null,surname:"Aliofkhazraei",slug:"mahmood-aliofkhazraei",fullName:"Mahmood Aliofkhazraei"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"2854",title:"Viscoelasticity",subtitle:"From Theory to Biological Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"63c4a0eddb48f02ebe48d80aa70972de",slug:"viscoelasticity-from-theory-to-biological-applications",bookSignature:"Juan de Vicente",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2854.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"99801",title:"Dr.",name:"Juan",middleName:null,surname:"De Vicente",slug:"juan-de-vicente",fullName:"Juan De Vicente"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],booksByTopicTotal:5,seriesByTopicCollection:[],seriesByTopicTotal:0,mostCitedChapters:[{id:"48816",doi:"10.5772/60824",title:"Wettability and Other Surface Properties of Modified Polymers",slug:"wettability-and-other-surface-properties-of-modified-polymers",totalDownloads:3698,totalCrossrefCites:9,totalDimensionsCites:36,abstract:"Surface wettability is one of the crucial characteristics for determining of a material’s use in specific application. Determination of wettability is based on the measurement of the material surface contact angle. Contact angle is the main parameter that characterizes the drop shape on the solid surface and is also one of the directly measurable properties of the phase interface. In this chapter, the wettability and its related properties of pristine and modified polymer foils will be described. The wettability depends on surface roughness and chemical composition. Changes of these parameters can adjust the values of contact angle and, therefore, wettability. In the case of pristine polymer materials, their wettability is unsuitable for a wide range of applications (such as tissue engineering, printing, and coating). Polymer surfaces can easily be modified by, e.g., plasma discharge, whereas the bulk properties remain unchanged. This modification leads to oxidation of the treated layer and creation of new chemical groups that mainly contain oxygen. Immediately after plasma treatment, the values of the contact angles of the modified polymer significantly decrease. In the case of a specific polymer, the strongly hydrophilic surface is created and leads to total spreading of the water drop. Wettability is strongly dependent on time from modification.",book:{id:"5319",slug:"wetting-and-wettability",title:"Wetting and Wettability",fullTitle:"Wetting and Wettability"},signatures:"Nikola Slepickova Kasalkova, Petr Slepicka, Zdenka Kolska and\nVaclav Svorcik",authors:[{id:"144929",title:"Prof.",name:"Vaclav",middleName:null,surname:"Svorcik",slug:"vaclav-svorcik",fullName:"Vaclav Svorcik"},{id:"146297",title:"Dr.",name:"Petr",middleName:null,surname:"Slepicka",slug:"petr-slepicka",fullName:"Petr Slepicka"},{id:"147600",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Nikola",middleName:null,surname:"Slepičková Kasálková",slug:"nikola-slepickova-kasalkova",fullName:"Nikola Slepičková Kasálková"},{id:"153983",title:"Dr.",name:"Zdeňka",middleName:null,surname:"Kolská",slug:"zdenka-kolska",fullName:"Zdeňka Kolská"}]},{id:"48822",doi:"10.5772/60808",title:"Wettability of Nanostructured Surfaces",slug:"wettability-of-nanostructured-surfaces",totalDownloads:3122,totalCrossrefCites:11,totalDimensionsCites:31,abstract:"There are many studies in literature concerning contact angle measurements on different materials/substrates. It is documented that textiles can be coated with multifunctional materials in form of thin films or nanoparticles to acquire characteristics that can improve the protection and comfort of the wearer. The capacity of oxide nanostructures to inhibit fungal development and neutralize bacteria is a direct consequence of their wetting behavior [1–6]. Moreover, the radical modification of wetting behavior of nanostructures from hydrophilic to hydrophobic when changing the pulsed laser deposition (PLD) ambient will be thoroughly discussed.",book:{id:"5319",slug:"wetting-and-wettability",title:"Wetting and Wettability",fullTitle:"Wetting and Wettability"},signatures:"L. Duta, A.C. Popescu, I. Zgura, N. Preda and I.N. Mihailescu",authors:[{id:"17636",title:"Prof.",name:"Ion N.",middleName:null,surname:"Mihailescu",slug:"ion-n.-mihailescu",fullName:"Ion N. Mihailescu"},{id:"23532",title:"Dr.",name:"Andrei",middleName:null,surname:"Popescu",slug:"andrei-popescu",fullName:"Andrei Popescu"},{id:"174343",title:"Dr.",name:"Liviu",middleName:null,surname:"Duta",slug:"liviu-duta",fullName:"Liviu Duta"},{id:"174344",title:"Dr.",name:"Irina",middleName:null,surname:"Zgura",slug:"irina-zgura",fullName:"Irina Zgura"},{id:"174345",title:"Dr.",name:"Ligia",middleName:null,surname:"Frunza",slug:"ligia-frunza",fullName:"Ligia Frunza"}]},{id:"49090",doi:"10.5772/61205",title:"The Wetting of Leaf Surfaces and Its Ecological Significances",slug:"the-wetting-of-leaf-surfaces-and-its-ecological-significances",totalDownloads:3519,totalCrossrefCites:13,totalDimensionsCites:25,abstract:"Leaf wettability, indicating the affinity for water on leaf surfaces, is a common phenomenon for plants in a wide variety of habitats. The contact angle (θ) of water on leaves measured at the gas, solid and liquid interface is an index of surface wettability. Leaves are termed as “super-hydrophilic” if θ < 40°, “highly wettable” if θ < 90°, and “wettable” if θ < 110°. If θ > 110°, the leaves are classified as being non-wettable, while θ > 130° for highly non-wettable and θ > 150° for super-hydrophobic. Both internal and external factors can influence leaf wettability. The chemical composition and structure of leaf surfaces are internal causes, but the external environment can also influence wettability by affecting the structure and composition of the surface. The main internal factors that affecting leaf wettability include the content and microstructure of the epidermal wax, the number, size and pattern of trichomes, stomatal density, the shape of epidermal cells, and leaf water status. The leaf contact angles increased with the increasing of leaf wax content. However, studies have shown that the contact angles were more dependent on the complexity of wax structure than on the absolute amount. For trichomes, there are three types of interaction between trichomes and water droplets, including (1) low trichomes density: no apparent influence of trichomes on the location of surface moisture, droplet formation and retention ; (2) medium trichomes density: trichomes appear to circle surface moisture into patches; (3) high trichomes density: trichomes appear to hold water droplets above the trichomes. In some cases, a higher stomatal density was accompanied with a higher contact angles. While, it was also observed that there was no significant correlation between contact angle and stomatal density for some species. For the effects of epidermal cells on leaf wettability, it was generally considered that the combination of a dense layer of surface wax and the convex epidermal cells was what created a hydrophobic leaf surface. However, the influence of leaf water content on contact angle of water droplets on different leaf surfaces was complex, e.g., contact angles increased with decreasing of leaf water content, contact angle remained to be constant with different leaf water content.",book:{id:"5319",slug:"wetting-and-wettability",title:"Wetting and Wettability",fullTitle:"Wetting and Wettability"},signatures:"Huixia Wang, Hui Shi and Yanhui Wang",authors:[{id:"173921",title:"Dr.",name:"Huixia",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",slug:"huixia-wang",fullName:"Huixia Wang"}]},{id:"40738",doi:"10.5772/49979",title:"Viscoelastic Properties of Biological Materials",slug:"viscoelastic-properties-of-biological-materials",totalDownloads:5567,totalCrossrefCites:12,totalDimensionsCites:24,abstract:null,book:{id:"2854",slug:"viscoelasticity-from-theory-to-biological-applications",title:"Viscoelasticity",fullTitle:"Viscoelasticity - From Theory to Biological Applications"},signatures:"Naoki Sasaki",authors:[{id:"140935",title:"Prof.",name:"Naoki",middleName:null,surname:"Sasaki",slug:"naoki-sasaki",fullName:"Naoki Sasaki"}]},{id:"40741",doi:"10.5772/50137",title:"Die Swell of Complex Polymeric Systems",slug:"die-swell-of-complex-polymeric-systems",totalDownloads:6066,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:17,abstract:null,book:{id:"2854",slug:"viscoelasticity-from-theory-to-biological-applications",title:"Viscoelasticity",fullTitle:"Viscoelasticity - From Theory to Biological Applications"},signatures:"Kejian Wang",authors:[{id:"141238",title:"Prof.",name:"Kejian",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",slug:"kejian-wang",fullName:"Kejian Wang"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"48768",title:"TiO2 -Based Surfaces with Special Wettability – From Nature to Biomimetic Application",slug:"tio2-based-surfaces-with-special-wettability-from-nature-to-biomimetic-application",totalDownloads:5008,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:4,abstract:"Super-wetting/antiwetting surfaces with extremely high contrast of surface energy and liquid adhesion have attracted a lot of interest in both fundamental research and industry. Various types of special wetting surfaces can be constructed by adjusting the topographical structure and chemical composition. In this chapter, recent advance of the super-wetting/antiwetting surfaces with special solid/liquid adhesion has been reviewed, with a focus on the biomimetic fabrication and applications of TiO2-based surfaces. Special super-wettability examples include lotus-leaf-inspired surfaces with low adhesion, rose-petal-inspired surfaces with high adhesion, spider silk bio-inspired surfaces with directional adhesion, fish-scale-inspired underwater superoleophobic surface, and artificial surfaces with controllable or stimuli-responsive liquid adhesion. In addition, we will review some potential applications related to artificial antiwetting surface with controllable adhesion, e.g., self-cleaning, antifogging/anti-icing, micro-droplet manipulation, fog/water collection, water/oil separation, anti-bioadhesion, micro-template for patterning, and friction reduction. Finally, the difficulty and prospects of this renascent and rapidly developing field are also briefly proposed and discussed.",book:{id:"5319",slug:"wetting-and-wettability",title:"Wetting and Wettability",fullTitle:"Wetting and Wettability"},signatures:"Jian-Ying Huang and Yue-Kun Lai",authors:[{id:"175512",title:"Prof.",name:"Yuekun",middleName:null,surname:"Lai",slug:"yuekun-lai",fullName:"Yuekun Lai"}]},{id:"62882",title:"Inside the Phenomenological Aspects of Wet Granulation: Role of Process Parameters",slug:"inside-the-phenomenological-aspects-of-wet-granulation-role-of-process-parameters",totalDownloads:1424,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,abstract:"Granulation is a size-enlargement process by which small particles are bonded, by means of various techniques, in coherent and stable masses (granules), in which the original particles are still identifiable. In wet granulation processes, the powder particles are aggregated through the use of a liquid phase called binder. The main purposes of size-enlargement process of a powder or mixture of powders are to improve technological properties and/or to realize suitable forms of commercial products. A modern and rational approach in the production of granular structures with tailored features (in terms of size and size distribution, flowability, mechanical and release properties, etc.) requires a deep understanding of phenomena involved during granules formation. By this knowledge, suitable predictive tools can be developed with the aim to choose right process conditions to be used in developing new formulations by avoiding or reducing costs for new tests. In this chapter, after introductive notes on granulation process, the phenomenological aspects involved in the formation of the granules with respect to the main process parameters are presented by experimental demonstration. Possible mathematical approaches in the granulation process description are also presented and the one involving the population mass balances equations is detailed.",book:{id:"7352",slug:"granularity-in-materials-science",title:"Granularity in Materials Science",fullTitle:"Granularity in Materials Science"},signatures:"Veronica De Simone, Diego Caccavo, Annalisa Dalmoro, Gaetano\nLamberti, Matteo d’Amore and Anna Angela Barba",authors:[{id:"140173",title:"Prof.",name:"Anna Angela",middleName:null,surname:"Barba",slug:"anna-angela-barba",fullName:"Anna Angela Barba"},{id:"143947",title:"Prof.",name:"Matteo",middleName:null,surname:"D'Amore",slug:"matteo-d'amore",fullName:"Matteo D'Amore"},{id:"176104",title:"Prof.",name:"Gaetano",middleName:null,surname:"Lamberti",slug:"gaetano-lamberti",fullName:"Gaetano Lamberti"},{id:"176239",title:"MSc.",name:"Diego",middleName:null,surname:"Caccavo",slug:"diego-caccavo",fullName:"Diego Caccavo"},{id:"181500",title:"Dr.",name:"Annalisa",middleName:null,surname:"Dalmoro",slug:"annalisa-dalmoro",fullName:"Annalisa Dalmoro"},{id:"260822",title:"MSc.",name:"Veronica",middleName:null,surname:"De Simone",slug:"veronica-de-simone",fullName:"Veronica De Simone"}]},{id:"49177",title:"Influence of Wettability and Reactivity on Refractory Degradation – Interactions of Molten Iron and Slags with Steelmaking Refractories at 1550°C",slug:"influence-of-wettability-and-reactivity-on-refractory-degradation-interactions-of-molten-iron-and-sl",totalDownloads:2067,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,abstract:"Refractories, materials that can withstand high temperatures, play an important role in the iron and steel sector which alone accounts for ~70% of total refractories produced. In this chapter, detailed wettability and interfacial phenomena investigations on alumina-carbon and zirconia-carbon refractories at steelmaking temperatures. The wettability between refractory substrates and molten iron/slags was investigated at 1550°C using the sessile drop approach in a horizontal tube furnace equipped with a CCD camera. Detailed experimental results were obtained on alumina-carbon/molten iron system at high temperatures. Alumina is known to be non-wetting to molten iron while carbon can be easily wetted. Observed contact angles were found to depend strongly on the substrate composition and contact time. While the refractory substrates containing 50 and 60% carbon were found to be non-wetting to molten iron, the substrates containing higher amounts of C (≥ 70%) were found to become increasingly wetting. Molten iron droplets were seen to spread on these substrates.",book:{id:"5319",slug:"wetting-and-wettability",title:"Wetting and Wettability",fullTitle:"Wetting and Wettability"},signatures:"R. Khanna, M. Ikram-ul-Haq and V. Sahajwalla",authors:[{id:"19010",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Rita",middleName:null,surname:"Khanna",slug:"rita-khanna",fullName:"Rita Khanna"}]},{id:"48822",title:"Wettability of Nanostructured Surfaces",slug:"wettability-of-nanostructured-surfaces",totalDownloads:3122,totalCrossrefCites:11,totalDimensionsCites:31,abstract:"There are many studies in literature concerning contact angle measurements on different materials/substrates. It is documented that textiles can be coated with multifunctional materials in form of thin films or nanoparticles to acquire characteristics that can improve the protection and comfort of the wearer. The capacity of oxide nanostructures to inhibit fungal development and neutralize bacteria is a direct consequence of their wetting behavior [1–6]. Moreover, the radical modification of wetting behavior of nanostructures from hydrophilic to hydrophobic when changing the pulsed laser deposition (PLD) ambient will be thoroughly discussed.",book:{id:"5319",slug:"wetting-and-wettability",title:"Wetting and Wettability",fullTitle:"Wetting and Wettability"},signatures:"L. Duta, A.C. Popescu, I. Zgura, N. Preda and I.N. Mihailescu",authors:[{id:"17636",title:"Prof.",name:"Ion N.",middleName:null,surname:"Mihailescu",slug:"ion-n.-mihailescu",fullName:"Ion N. 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Main aspects of the topic are: Applying bioinformatics in drug discovery and development; Bioinformatics in clinical diagnostics (genetic variants that act as markers for a condition or a disease); Blockchain and Artificial Intelligence/Machine Learning in personalized medicine; Customize disease-prevention strategies in personalized medicine; Big data analysis in personalized medicine; Translating stratification algorithms into clinical practice of personalized medicine.",annualVolume:11403,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/7.jpg",editor:{id:"351533",title:"Dr.",name:"Slawomir",middleName:null,surname:"Wilczynski",fullName:"Slawomir Wilczynski",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000035U1loQAC/Profile_Picture_1630074514792",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Medical University of Silesia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Poland"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"5886",title:"Dr.",name:"Alexandros",middleName:"T.",surname:"Tzallas",fullName:"Alexandros Tzallas",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/5886/images/system/5886.png",institutionString:"University of Ioannina, Greece & Imperial College London",institution:{name:"University of Ioannina",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Greece"}}},{id:"257388",title:"Distinguished Prof.",name:"Lulu",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",fullName:"Lulu Wang",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRX6kQAG/Profile_Picture_1630329584194",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Shenzhen Technology University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"225387",title:"Prof.",name:"Reda",middleName:"R.",surname:"Gharieb",fullName:"Reda Gharieb",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/225387/images/system/225387.jpg",institutionString:"Assiut University",institution:{name:"Assiut University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Egypt"}}}]},{id:"8",title:"Bioinspired Technology and Biomechanics",keywords:"Bioinspired Systems, Biomechanics, Assistive Technology, Rehabilitation",scope:'Bioinspired technologies take advantage of understanding the actual biological system to provide solutions to problems in several areas. Recently, bioinspired systems have been successfully employing biomechanics to develop and improve assistive technology and rehabilitation devices. The research topic "Bioinspired Technology and Biomechanics" welcomes studies reporting recent advances in bioinspired technologies that contribute to individuals\' health, inclusion, and rehabilitation. Possible contributions can address (but are not limited to) the following research topics: Bioinspired design and control of exoskeletons, orthoses, and prostheses; Experimental evaluation of the effect of assistive devices (e.g., influence on gait, balance, and neuromuscular system); Bioinspired technologies for rehabilitation, including clinical studies reporting evaluations; Application of neuromuscular and biomechanical models to the development of bioinspired technology.',annualVolume:11404,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/8.jpg",editor:{id:"144937",title:"Prof.",name:"Adriano",middleName:"De Oliveira",surname:"Andrade",fullName:"Adriano Andrade",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRC8QQAW/Profile_Picture_1625219101815",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Federal University of Uberlândia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"49517",title:"Prof.",name:"Hitoshi",middleName:null,surname:"Tsunashima",fullName:"Hitoshi Tsunashima",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYTP4QAO/Profile_Picture_1625819726528",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Nihon University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"425354",title:"Dr.",name:"Marcus",middleName:"Fraga",surname:"Vieira",fullName:"Marcus Vieira",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00003BJSgIQAX/Profile_Picture_1627904687309",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Federal de Goiás",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"196746",title:"Dr.",name:"Ramana",middleName:null,surname:"Vinjamuri",fullName:"Ramana Vinjamuri",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/196746/images/system/196746.jpeg",institutionString:"University of Maryland, Baltimore County",institution:{name:"University of Maryland, Baltimore County",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}]},{id:"9",title:"Biotechnology - Biosensors, Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering",keywords:"Biotechnology, Biosensors, Biomaterials, Tissue Engineering",scope:"The Biotechnology - Biosensors, Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering topic within the Biomedical Engineering Series aims to rapidly publish contributions on all aspects of biotechnology, biosensors, biomaterial and tissue engineering. We encourage the submission of manuscripts that provide novel and mechanistic insights that report significant advances in the fields. Topics can include but are not limited to: Biotechnology such as biotechnological products and process engineering; Biotechnologically relevant enzymes and proteins; Bioenergy and biofuels; Applied genetics and molecular biotechnology; Genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics; Applied microbial and cell physiology; Environmental biotechnology; Methods and protocols. Moreover, topics in biosensor technology, like sensors that incorporate enzymes, antibodies, nucleic acids, whole cells, tissues and organelles, and other biological or biologically inspired components will be considered, and topics exploring transducers, including those based on electrochemical and optical piezoelectric, thermal, magnetic, and micromechanical elements. Chapters exploring biomaterial approaches such as polymer synthesis and characterization, drug and gene vector design, biocompatibility, immunology and toxicology, and self-assembly at the nanoscale, are welcome. Finally, the tissue engineering subcategory will support topics such as the fundamentals of stem cells and progenitor cells and their proliferation, differentiation, bioreactors for three-dimensional culture and studies of phenotypic changes, stem and progenitor cells, both short and long term, ex vivo and in vivo implantation both in preclinical models and also in clinical trials.",annualVolume:11405,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/9.jpg",editor:{id:"126286",title:"Dr.",name:"Luis",middleName:"Jesús",surname:"Villarreal-Gómez",fullName:"Luis Villarreal-Gómez",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/126286/images/system/126286.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Autonomous University of Baja California",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"35539",title:"Dr.",name:"Cecilia",middleName:null,surname:"Cristea",fullName:"Cecilia Cristea",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYQ65QAG/Profile_Picture_1621007741527",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Iuliu Hațieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Romania"}}},{id:"40735",title:"Dr.",name:"Gil",middleName:"Alberto Batista",surname:"Gonçalves",fullName:"Gil Gonçalves",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYRLGQA4/Profile_Picture_1628492612759",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Aveiro",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Portugal"}}},{id:"211725",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Johann F.",middleName:null,surname:"Osma",fullName:"Johann F. 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Valarmathi",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/69697/images/system/69697.jpg",institutionString:"Religen Inc. | A Life Science Company, United States of America",institution:null},{id:"205081",title:"Dr.",name:"Marco",middleName:"Vinícius",surname:"Chaud",fullName:"Marco Chaud",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSDGeQAO/Profile_Picture_1622624307737",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade de Sorocaba",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}}]}]}},libraryRecommendation:{success:null,errors:{},institutions:[]},route:{name:"profile.detail",path:"/profiles/45640",hash:"",query:{},params:{id:"45640"},fullPath:"/profiles/45640",meta:{},from:{name:null,path:"/",hash:"",query:{},params:{},fullPath:"/",meta:{}}}},function(){var e;(e=document.currentScript||document.scripts[document.scripts.length-1]).parentNode.removeChild(e)}()