Kristin Williams

By Kristin S. Williams

Applications of quantum mechanics and physics-based calculus allow for advanced mathematical modeling of source localization estimations. Because EEG waveforms can be modeled as continuous or discrete quantum matter, algorithmic models that estimate current source density must also consider the statistical properties of the dipole fields that are etiologically relevant to the reflected waveforms. Further applications of quantum physics to the electroencephalogram (EEG) suggest that neurodynamic behavior that originates in thalamo-cortical regions compared to cortico-cortical regions yield divergent 3-dimensional dispersions of wave forms and quantum energy. Evaluations of the dispersion of quantum energy and dipole magnetic fields according to classical physics and electromagnetism indicate that the area of tissue by which the oscillatory mechanisms are thought to originate inherently influences the algorithmic modeling and estimations current source density. Principles and algorithms related to classical physics are included within this paper to evaluate limitations of algorithmic models of source localization and the inverse problem.

Part of the book: Biosignal Processing

By Kristin S. Williams

Photobiomodulation (PBM) is the application of light therapy that utilizes photons to alter the activity of molecular and cellular processes in the tissue where the stimulation is applied. Because the photons associated with the therapeutic mechanisms of PBM affect processes associated with the mitochondria, it is hypothesized that PBM increases ATP synthesis. Alteration of the mitochondrial respiratory enzyme, cytochrome c oxidase (CCO), is hypothesized to induce healing to damaged tissues via regeneration. Utilization of PBM has been examined in clinical disorders which include but are not limited to Alzheimer’s/dementia, epilepsy, and age-related macular degeneration. Transcranial PBM (tPBM) utilizes quantum dot light emitting diodes (QLEDs). QLEDs allow for narrow wavelength emissions from applications of PBM to alter electrophysiological activity and tissue regeneration. This chapter aims to evaluate the mechanisms of QLED applications of PBM and its applications as a photodynamic therapy in the medical sciences. Further, this chapter will examine the quantum mechanics of tPBM and its ability to affect electrophysiological activity according to the electroencephalogram (EEG) across the delta, theta, alpha, beta frequency bands.

Part of the book: Quantum Dots