\\n\\n
Released this past November, the list is based on data collected from the Web of Science and highlights some of the world’s most influential scientific minds by naming the researchers whose publications over the previous decade have included a high number of Highly Cited Papers placing them among the top 1% most-cited.
\\n\\nWe wish to congratulate all of the researchers named and especially our authors on this amazing accomplishment! We are happy and proud to share in their success!
Note: Edited in March 2021
\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:{caption:"Highly Cited",originalUrl:"/media/original/117"}},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'IntechOpen is proud to announce that 191 of our authors have made the Clarivate™ Highly Cited Researchers List for 2020, ranking them among the top 1% most-cited.
\n\nThroughout the years, the list has named a total of 261 IntechOpen authors as Highly Cited. Of those researchers, 69 have been featured on the list multiple times.
\n\n\n\nReleased this past November, the list is based on data collected from the Web of Science and highlights some of the world’s most influential scientific minds by naming the researchers whose publications over the previous decade have included a high number of Highly Cited Papers placing them among the top 1% most-cited.
\n\nWe wish to congratulate all of the researchers named and especially our authors on this amazing accomplishment! We are happy and proud to share in their success!
Note: Edited in March 2021
\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"webinar-introduction-to-open-science-wednesday-18-may-1-pm-cest-20220518",title:"Webinar: Introduction to Open Science | Wednesday 18 May, 1 PM CEST"},{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"},{slug:"introducing-intechopen-book-series-a-new-publishing-format-for-oa-books-20210915",title:"Introducing IntechOpen Book Series - A New Publishing Format for OA Books"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"1879",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Rheumatoid Arthritis - Treatment",title:"Rheumatoid Arthritis",subtitle:"Treatment",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"The purpose of this book is to provide up-to-date, interesting, and thought-provoking perspectives on various aspects of research into current and potential treatments for rheumatoid arthritis (RA). This book features 17 chapters, with contributions from numerous countries (e.g. UK, USA, Canada, Japan, Sweden, Turkey, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Slovakia), including chapters from internationally recognized leaders in rheumatology research. It is anticipated that Rheumatoid Arthritis - Treatment will provide both a useful reference and source of potential areas of investigation for research scientists working in the field of RA and other inflammatory arthropathies.",isbn:null,printIsbn:"978-953-307-850-2",pdfIsbn:"978-953-51-6720-4",doi:"10.5772/2303",price:139,priceEur:155,priceUsd:179,slug:"rheumatoid-arthritis-treatment",numberOfPages:378,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:null,isInBkci:!1,hash:"7e88feb84b3258c60a4ba97cf8a692e5",bookSignature:"Andrew B. Lemmey",publishedDate:"January 18th 2012",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1879.jpg",numberOfDownloads:52323,numberOfWosCitations:20,numberOfCrossrefCitations:5,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:2,numberOfDimensionsCitations:31,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:2,hasAltmetrics:1,numberOfTotalCitations:56,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"January 27th 2011",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"February 24th 2011",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"July 1st 2011",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"July 31st 2011",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"November 28th 2011",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"63624",title:"Prof.",name:"Andrew",middleName:"B",surname:"Lemmey",slug:"andrew-lemmey",fullName:"Andrew Lemmey",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/63624/images/system/63624.jpg",biography:"Andrew B. Lemmey, BSc (Hons), MA, PhD, is a clinical exercise physiologist in the School of Sport, Health and Exercise Sciences at Bangor University in the UK He has a 14 year background in leading groundbreaking research into restoring physical function and attenuating disabilities in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). His expertise in this field was recognized by the American College of Sports Medicine, who invited him to author the chapter on arthritis in their influential text 'Clinical Exercise Physiology (3rd Ed.)” (Human Kinetics). Dr. Lemmey has over 50 peer-reviewed publications, is a regular speaker at international conferences, and is a member of the British Society for Rheumatology. After gaining his PhD from the University of Adelaide, Dr. Lemmey was a post-doctoral research fellow at Cambridge and Bristol prior to accepting his current academic post at Bangor.",institutionString:null,position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"2",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"2",institution:{name:"Bangor University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"1044",title:"Osteoimmunology",slug:"osteoimmunology"}],chapters:[{id:"26072",title:"The Clinical Role of Glucocorticoids in the Management of Rheumatoid Arthritis",doi:"10.5772/27481",slug:"the-clinical-role-of-glucocorticoids-in-the-management-of-rheumatoid-arthritis",totalDownloads:2834,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Hussein Al-Mossawi and John R. Kirwan",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/26072",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/26072",authors:[{id:"70309",title:"Prof.",name:"John",surname:"Kirwan",slug:"john-kirwan",fullName:"John Kirwan"},{id:"72855",title:"Dr.",name:"Hussein",surname:"Al-Mossawi",slug:"hussein-al-mossawi",fullName:"Hussein Al-Mossawi"}],corrections:null},{id:"26073",title:"Novel Formulation Approaches for Dermal and Transdermal Delivery of Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs",doi:"10.5772/28461",slug:"novel-formulation-approaches-for-dermal-and-transdermal-delivery-of-non-steroidal-anti-inflammatory-",totalDownloads:7964,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:10,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Alper Okyar, Yıldız Özsoy and Sevgi Güngör",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/26073",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/26073",authors:[{id:"73951",title:"Dr.",name:"Alper",surname:"Okyar",slug:"alper-okyar",fullName:"Alper Okyar"},{id:"77993",title:"Prof.",name:"Sevgi",surname:"Gungor",slug:"sevgi-gungor",fullName:"Sevgi Gungor"},{id:"77995",title:"Prof.",name:"Yildiz",surname:"Ozsoy",slug:"yildiz-ozsoy",fullName:"Yildiz Ozsoy"}],corrections:null},{id:"26074",title:"The Role of Tocilizumab in the Treatment of Rheumatoid Arthritis",doi:"10.5772/25752",slug:"the-role-of-tocilizumab-in-the-treatment-of-rheumatoid-arthritis",totalDownloads:2672,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:3,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Yasuhiko Hirabayashi",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/26074",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/26074",authors:[{id:"64424",title:"Dr.",name:"Yasuhiko",surname:"Hirabayashi",slug:"yasuhiko-hirabayashi",fullName:"Yasuhiko Hirabayashi"}],corrections:null},{id:"26075",title:"Mycobacterial Infections Associated with TNF-α Inhibitors",doi:"10.5772/27227",slug:"mycobacterial-infections-associated-with-tnf-inhibitors",totalDownloads:2175,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Sarah K. Brode and Theodore K. Marras",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/26075",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/26075",authors:[{id:"69329",title:"Dr.",name:"Theodore K.",surname:"Marras, MD, MSc",slug:"theodore-k.-marras-md-msc",fullName:"Theodore K. Marras, MD, MSc"},{id:"69338",title:"Dr.",name:"Sarah K.",surname:"Brode, MD",slug:"sarah-k.-brode-md",fullName:"Sarah K. Brode, MD"}],corrections:null},{id:"26076",title:"Expression of Tumor Necrosis Factor-Alpha (TNF-α TNF-α Converting Enzyme and Matrix Metalloproteinase-3 in SAPHO Syndrome Synovium - A Rare Case Accompanied by Acrodermatitis Continua of Hallopeau: A Case Report and Review of Anti-TNF-α Therapy",doi:"10.5772/26324",slug:"expression-of-tumor-necrosis-factor-alpha-tnf-tnf-converting-enzyme-and-matrix-metalloproteinase-3-i",totalDownloads:2724,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Koichiro Komiya, Nobuki Terada, Yoshikazu Mizoguchi and Harumoto Yamada",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/26076",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/26076",authors:[{id:"66234",title:"Dr.",name:"Koichiro",surname:"Komiya",slug:"koichiro-komiya",fullName:"Koichiro Komiya"},{id:"120402",title:"Dr.",name:"Nobuki",surname:"Terada",slug:"nobuki-terada",fullName:"Nobuki Terada"},{id:"120403",title:"Prof.",name:"Yoshikazu",surname:"Mizoguchi",slug:"yoshikazu-mizoguchi",fullName:"Yoshikazu Mizoguchi"},{id:"120404",title:"Prof.",name:"Harumoto",surname:"Yamada",slug:"harumoto-yamada",fullName:"Harumoto Yamada"}],corrections:null},{id:"26077",title:"The Development of Targeted Drug Delivery Systems for Rheumatoid Arthritis Treatment",doi:"10.5772/26155",slug:"the-development-of-targeted-drug-delivery-systems-for-rheumatoid-arthritis-treatment",totalDownloads:6238,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:10,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:null,signatures:"Rebecca A. Bader",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/26077",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/26077",authors:[{id:"65706",title:"Dr.",name:"Rebecca",surname:"Bader",slug:"rebecca-bader",fullName:"Rebecca Bader"}],corrections:null},{id:"26078",title:"Proteasome Targeted Therapies in Rheumatoid Arthritis",doi:"10.5772/25624",slug:"proteasome-targeted-therapies-in-rheumatoid-arthritis",totalDownloads:2118,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Aisha Siddiqah Ahmed",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/26078",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/26078",authors:[{id:"63936",title:"Dr.",name:"Aisha",surname:"Ahmed",slug:"aisha-ahmed",fullName:"Aisha Ahmed"}],corrections:null},{id:"26079",title:"Enkorten – A Potential Drug for the Treatment of Rheumatoid Arthritis",doi:"10.5772/25706",slug:"enkorten-a-potential-drug-for-the-treatment-of-rheumatoid-arthritis",totalDownloads:3146,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:null,signatures:"Nedžad Mulabegović, Jasna Kusturica, Maida Todić-Rakanović, Mirjana Mijanović, Fahir Bečić, Asija Začiragić, Selma Škrbo, Lejla Burnazović-Ristić, Aida Kulo and Svjetlana Loga-Zec",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/26079",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/26079",authors:[{id:"64242",title:"Dr.",name:"Jasna",surname:"Kusturica",slug:"jasna-kusturica",fullName:"Jasna Kusturica"},{id:"149931",title:"Dr.",name:"Nedžad",surname:"Mulabegović",slug:"nedzad-mulabegovic",fullName:"Nedžad Mulabegović"},{id:"149932",title:"Dr.",name:"Maida",surname:"Todić-Rakanović",slug:"maida-todic-rakanovic",fullName:"Maida Todić-Rakanović"},{id:"149933",title:"Dr.",name:"Fahir",surname:"Bečić",slug:"fahir-becic",fullName:"Fahir Bečić"},{id:"149934",title:"Dr.",name:"Asija",surname:"Začiragić",slug:"asija-zaciragic",fullName:"Asija Začiragić"},{id:"149935",title:"Dr.",name:"Selma",surname:"Škrbo",slug:"selma-skrbo",fullName:"Selma Škrbo"},{id:"149936",title:"Dr.",name:"Lejla",surname:"Burnazović-Ristić",slug:"lejla-burnazovic-ristic",fullName:"Lejla Burnazović-Ristić"},{id:"149938",title:"Dr.",name:"Svjetlana",surname:"Loga-Zec",slug:"svjetlana-loga-zec",fullName:"Svjetlana Loga-Zec"},{id:"149939",title:"Dr.",name:"Mirjana",surname:"Mijanović",slug:"mirjana-mijanovic",fullName:"Mirjana Mijanović"},{id:"149945",title:"Dr.",name:"Aida",surname:"Kulo",slug:"aida-kulo",fullName:"Aida Kulo"}],corrections:null},{id:"26080",title:"Role of Adrenomedullin in Patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis",doi:"10.5772/25700",slug:"role-of-adrenomedullin-in-patients-with-rheumatoid-arthritis",totalDownloads:2044,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Etsuo Chosa, Hiroaki Hamada and Toshiyuki Ohkura",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/26080",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/26080",authors:[{id:"64221",title:"Prof.",name:"Etsuo",surname:"Chosa",slug:"etsuo-chosa",fullName:"Etsuo Chosa"},{id:"119157",title:"Dr.",name:"Hiroaki",surname:"Hamada",slug:"hiroaki-hamada",fullName:"Hiroaki Hamada"},{id:"119159",title:"Dr.",name:"Toshiyuki",surname:"Ohkura",slug:"toshiyuki-ohkura",fullName:"Toshiyuki Ohkura"}],corrections:null},{id:"26081",title:"Targeting the Metabolism and Receptors of Sphingosine-1- Phosphate for the Treatment of Rheumatoid Arthritis",doi:"10.5772/26708",slug:"targeting-the-metabolism-and-receptors-of-sphingosine-1-phosphate-for-the-treatment-of-rheumatoid-ar",totalDownloads:1891,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Sylvain G. Bourgoin, Chenqi Zhao and Maria J. Fernandes",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/26081",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/26081",authors:[{id:"67619",title:"Prof.",name:"Sylvain",surname:"Bourgoin",slug:"sylvain-bourgoin",fullName:"Sylvain Bourgoin"},{id:"149922",title:"Dr.",name:"Chenqi",surname:"Zhao",slug:"chenqi-zhao",fullName:"Chenqi Zhao"},{id:"149923",title:"Dr.",name:"Maria J.",surname:"Fernandes",slug:"maria-j.-fernandes",fullName:"Maria J. Fernandes"}],corrections:null},{id:"26082",title:"Targeting DAMP Activation of Toll-Like Receptors: Novel Pathways to Treat Rheumatoid Arthritis?",doi:"10.5772/28110",slug:"targeting-damp-activation-of-toll-like-receptors-novel-pathways-to-treat-rheumatoid-arthritis-",totalDownloads:2958,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Theresa H. Page and Kim S. Midwood",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/26082",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/26082",authors:[{id:"72766",title:"Dr.",name:"Kim",surname:"Midwood",slug:"kim-midwood",fullName:"Kim Midwood"},{id:"72769",title:"Dr.",name:"Theresa",surname:"Page",slug:"theresa-page",fullName:"Theresa Page"}],corrections:null},{id:"26083",title:"Modern Pharmacological Approaches to Therapies: Substances Tested in Animal Models of Rheumatoid Arthritis",doi:"10.5772/27097",slug:"modern-pharmacological-approaches-to-therapies-substances-tested-in-animal-models-of-rheumatoid-arth",totalDownloads:2242,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Katarina Bauerova, Silvester Poništ, Radomir Nosaľ, Maria Stančikova and Jozef Rovensky",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/26083",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/26083",authors:[{id:"68832",title:"Dr.",name:"Katarína",surname:"Bauerova",slug:"katarina-bauerova",fullName:"Katarína Bauerova"},{id:"128928",title:"Dr.",name:"Silvester",surname:"Ponist",slug:"silvester-ponist",fullName:"Silvester Ponist"},{id:"149948",title:"Dr.",name:"Radomír",surname:"Nosál",slug:"radomir-nosal",fullName:"Radomír Nosál"},{id:"149949",title:"Dr.",name:"Mária",surname:"Stancíková",slug:"maria-stancikova",fullName:"Mária Stancíková"},{id:"149950",title:"Dr.",name:"Jozef",surname:"Rovenský",slug:"jozef-rovensky",fullName:"Jozef Rovenský"}],corrections:null},{id:"26084",title:"Resveratrol: A Candidate Drug for Treating Rheumatoid Arthritis",doi:"10.5772/26391",slug:"resveratrol-a-candidate-drug-for-treating-rheumatoid-arthritis",totalDownloads:2431,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Tomoyuki Nishizaki and Takeshi Kanno",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/26084",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/26084",authors:[{id:"66433",title:"Prof.",name:"Tomoyuki",surname:"Nishizaki",slug:"tomoyuki-nishizaki",fullName:"Tomoyuki Nishizaki"},{id:"149970",title:"Dr.",name:"Takeshi",surname:"Kanno",slug:"takeshi-kanno",fullName:"Takeshi Kanno"}],corrections:null},{id:"26085",title:"Resistance Training for Patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis: Effects on Disability, Rheumatoid Cachexia, and Osteoporosis; and Recommendations for Prescription",doi:"10.5772/25536",slug:"resistance-training-for-patients-with-rheumatoid-arthritis-effects-on-disability-rheumatoid-cachexia",totalDownloads:2930,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Andrew B. Lemmey",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/26085",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/26085",authors:[{id:"63624",title:"Prof.",name:"Andrew",surname:"Lemmey",slug:"andrew-lemmey",fullName:"Andrew Lemmey"}],corrections:null},{id:"26086",title:"Molecular Effects of Exercise in Rheumatoid Arthritis",doi:"10.5772/25661",slug:"molecular-effects-of-exercise-in-rheumatoid-arthritis",totalDownloads:2674,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Daniel J. Leong and Hui B. Sun",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/26086",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/26086",authors:[{id:"64066",title:"Dr.",name:"Hui",surname:"Sun",slug:"hui-sun",fullName:"Hui Sun"},{id:"72954",title:"MSc.",name:"Daniel",surname:"Leong",slug:"daniel-leong",fullName:"Daniel Leong"}],corrections:null},{id:"26087",title:"Perceptions Relating to Exercise in Rheumatoid Arthritis",doi:"10.5772/27982",slug:"perceptions-relating-to-exercise-in-rheumatoid-arthritis",totalDownloads:2737,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Rebecca-Jane Law, David Markland, Peter Maddison and Jeanette M. Thom",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/26087",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/26087",authors:[{id:"72275",title:"Ms.",name:"Rebecca-Jane",surname:"Law",slug:"rebecca-jane-law",fullName:"Rebecca-Jane Law"},{id:"72906",title:"Prof.",name:"Peter",surname:"Maddison",slug:"peter-maddison",fullName:"Peter Maddison"},{id:"72908",title:"Dr.",name:"David",surname:"Markland",slug:"david-markland",fullName:"David Markland"},{id:"72909",title:"Dr.",name:"Jeanette",surname:"Thom",slug:"jeanette-thom",fullName:"Jeanette Thom"}],corrections:null},{id:"26088",title:"Complementary and Alternative Medicine in the Treatment of Rheumatoid Arthritis",doi:"10.5772/28514",slug:"complementary-and-alternative-medicine-in-the-treatment-of-rheumatoid-arthritis",totalDownloads:2548,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Chenchen Wang",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/26088",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/26088",authors:[{id:"74135",title:"Prof.",name:"Chenchen",surname:"Wang",slug:"chenchen-wang",fullName:"Chenchen Wang"}],corrections:null}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},subseries:null,tags:null},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"795",title:"Rheumatoid Arthritis",subtitle:"Etiology, Consequences and Co-Morbidities",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6ca0136a9a627eabf24307a6f9c0d613",slug:"rheumatoid-arthritis-etiology-consequences-and-co-morbidities",bookSignature:"Andrew B. Lemmey",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/795.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"63624",title:"Prof.",name:"Andrew",surname:"Lemmey",slug:"andrew-lemmey",fullName:"Andrew Lemmey"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"758",title:"Osteoporosis",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"b52e42df6cd850721e557bedd3a4a77b",slug:"osteoporosis",bookSignature:"Yannis Dionyssiotis",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/758.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"76883",title:"PhD.",name:"Yannis",surname:"Dionyssiotis",slug:"yannis-dionyssiotis",fullName:"Yannis Dionyssiotis"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3516",title:"Topics in Osteoporosis",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"1f49a9a4e5116c7ddf3398cab80470a4",slug:"topics-in-osteoporosis",bookSignature:"Margarita Valdes Flores",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3516.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"76697",title:"Dr.",name:"Margarita",surname:"Valdés-Flores",slug:"margarita-valdes-flores",fullName:"Margarita Valdés-Flores"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"982",title:"Principles of Osteoarthritis",subtitle:"Its Definition, Character, Derivation and Modality-Related Recognition",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ede382c82c469265f558306b4fb48137",slug:"principles-of-osteoarthritis-its-definition-character-derivation-and-modality-related-recognition",bookSignature:"Bruce M. Rothschild",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/982.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"68037",title:"Dr.",name:"Bruce M.",surname:"Rothschild",slug:"bruce-m.-rothschild",fullName:"Bruce M. Rothschild"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1986",title:"Osteoarthritis",subtitle:"Diagnosis, Treatment and Surgery",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"b6ea35906b7aacc34e3bd8575f43d84f",slug:"osteoarthritis-diagnosis-treatment-and-surgery",bookSignature:"Qian Chen",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1986.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"70485",title:"Prof.",name:"Qian",surname:"Chen",slug:"qian-chen",fullName:"Qian Chen"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3397",title:"Innovative Rheumatology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"85db4297370ece4db2a1dfb5b251bf15",slug:"innovative-rheumatology",bookSignature:"Hiroaki Matsuno",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3397.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"160511",title:"Dr.",name:"Hiroaki",surname:"Matsuno",slug:"hiroaki-matsuno",fullName:"Hiroaki Matsuno"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"547",title:"Clinical and Molecular Advances in Ankylosing Spondylitis",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e8bf676252e0fdbc6e8a72035c14cb7a",slug:"clinical-and-molecular-advances-in-ankylosing-spondylitis",bookSignature:"Jacome Bruges-Armas",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/547.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"68881",title:"Dr.",name:"Jacome",surname:"Bruges-Armas",slug:"jacome-bruges-armas",fullName:"Jacome Bruges-Armas"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"757",title:"Osteomyelitis",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"094be3e7b1cac239e661bdb0a1a4f83e",slug:"osteomyelitis",bookSignature:"Mauricio S. Baptista and Joao Paulo Tardivo",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/757.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"85863",title:"Prof.",name:"Mauricio S.",surname:"Baptista",slug:"mauricio-s.-baptista",fullName:"Mauricio S. Baptista"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"796",title:"Challenges in Rheumatology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"eca562709ae69d0ab8b142124687b76d",slug:"challenges-in-rheumatology",bookSignature:"Miroslav Harjacek",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/796.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"63967",title:"Dr.",name:"Miroslav",surname:"Harjacek",slug:"miroslav-harjacek",fullName:"Miroslav Harjacek"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"4525",title:"Advances in Osteoporosis",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"3d99bb4399f999199ee2db9a250884ba",slug:"advances-in-osteoporosis",bookSignature:"Yannis Dionyssiotis",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/4525.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"76883",title:"PhD.",name:"Yannis",surname:"Dionyssiotis",slug:"yannis-dionyssiotis",fullName:"Yannis Dionyssiotis"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],ofsBooks:[]},correction:{item:{id:"47331",slug:"correction-to-the-cultural-reinforcers-of-child-abuse",title:"Correction to: The Cultural Reinforcers of Child Abuse",doi:null,correctionPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/47331.pdf",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/47331",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/47331",totalDownloads:null,totalCrossrefCites:null,bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/47331",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/47331",chapter:{id:"37763",slug:"the-cultural-reinforcers-of-child-abuse",signatures:"Essam Al-Shail, Ahmed Hassan, Abdullah Aldowaish and Hoda Kattan",dateSubmitted:"November 8th 2011",dateReviewed:"June 14th 2012",datePrePublished:null,datePublished:"July 11th 2012",book:{id:"2663",title:"Child Abuse and Neglect",subtitle:"A Multidimensional Approach",fullTitle:"Child Abuse and Neglect - A Multidimensional Approach",slug:"child-abuse-and-neglect-a-multidimensional-approach",publishedDate:"July 11th 2012",bookSignature:"Alexander Muela",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2663.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"138437",title:"Dr.",name:"Alexander",middleName:null,surname:"Muela Aparicio",slug:"alexander-muela-aparicio",fullName:"Alexander Muela Aparicio"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:[{id:"85712",title:"Dr.",name:"Ahmed",middleName:"M.",surname:"Hassan",fullName:"Ahmed Hassan",slug:"ahmed-hassan",email:"amh_64@hotmail.com",position:null,institution:{name:"King Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research Centre",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}},{id:"139594",title:"Prof.",name:"Essam",middleName:null,surname:"Al-Shail",fullName:"Essam Al-Shail",slug:"essam-al-shail",email:"shail@kfshrc.edu.sa",position:null,institution:{name:"Alfaisal University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}},{id:"149745",title:"Dr.",name:"Hoda",middleName:null,surname:"Kattan",fullName:"Hoda Kattan",slug:"hoda-kattan",email:"hoda@kfshrc.edu.sa",position:null,institution:null},{id:"149746",title:"Dr.",name:"Abdullah",middleName:null,surname:"Aldowaish",fullName:"Abdullah Aldowaish",slug:"abdullah-aldowaish",email:"dowaish@kfshrc.edu.sa",position:null,institution:null}]}},chapter:{id:"37763",slug:"the-cultural-reinforcers-of-child-abuse",signatures:"Essam Al-Shail, Ahmed Hassan, Abdullah Aldowaish and Hoda Kattan",dateSubmitted:"November 8th 2011",dateReviewed:"June 14th 2012",datePrePublished:null,datePublished:"July 11th 2012",book:{id:"2663",title:"Child Abuse and Neglect",subtitle:"A Multidimensional Approach",fullTitle:"Child Abuse and Neglect - A Multidimensional Approach",slug:"child-abuse-and-neglect-a-multidimensional-approach",publishedDate:"July 11th 2012",bookSignature:"Alexander Muela",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2663.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"138437",title:"Dr.",name:"Alexander",middleName:null,surname:"Muela Aparicio",slug:"alexander-muela-aparicio",fullName:"Alexander Muela Aparicio"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:[{id:"85712",title:"Dr.",name:"Ahmed",middleName:"M.",surname:"Hassan",fullName:"Ahmed Hassan",slug:"ahmed-hassan",email:"amh_64@hotmail.com",position:null,institution:{name:"King Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research Centre",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}},{id:"139594",title:"Prof.",name:"Essam",middleName:null,surname:"Al-Shail",fullName:"Essam Al-Shail",slug:"essam-al-shail",email:"shail@kfshrc.edu.sa",position:null,institution:{name:"Alfaisal University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}},{id:"149745",title:"Dr.",name:"Hoda",middleName:null,surname:"Kattan",fullName:"Hoda Kattan",slug:"hoda-kattan",email:"hoda@kfshrc.edu.sa",position:null,institution:null},{id:"149746",title:"Dr.",name:"Abdullah",middleName:null,surname:"Aldowaish",fullName:"Abdullah Aldowaish",slug:"abdullah-aldowaish",email:"dowaish@kfshrc.edu.sa",position:null,institution:null}]},book:{id:"2663",title:"Child Abuse and Neglect",subtitle:"A Multidimensional Approach",fullTitle:"Child Abuse and Neglect - A Multidimensional Approach",slug:"child-abuse-and-neglect-a-multidimensional-approach",publishedDate:"July 11th 2012",bookSignature:"Alexander Muela",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2663.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"138437",title:"Dr.",name:"Alexander",middleName:null,surname:"Muela Aparicio",slug:"alexander-muela-aparicio",fullName:"Alexander Muela Aparicio"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}},ofsBook:{item:{type:"book",id:"7448",leadTitle:null,title:"Surgery for Strabismus and Ocular Motility Disorders",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"\r\n\tThe goal of this book is to clearly share with the reader strategies and surgical techniques that will improve the care of our strabismus patients. The book will cover the management of wide range of strabismus disorders from simple horizontal strabismus to complex cyclovertical deviations. A variety of surgical techniques are presented, starting with basics and progressing to complicated surgical techniques. This book is intended to help surgeons of diverse experience to plan for success and should provide a logical approach to create a treatment plan including incomitant strabismus and nystagmus with torticollis. Case examples should added to illustrate strabismus treatment strategies. Adjustable suture technique and topical anesthesia are also important subjects of this book. Topical anesthesia strabismus surgery requires special techniques to avoid patient discomfort and this will be described. Complications of strabismus surgery and how to avoid these is another important issue of this book, which will be described at each procedure. Finally, reoperation techniques is another important subject that will be covered in detail.
",isbn:null,printIsbn:null,pdfIsbn:null,doi:null,price:0,priceEur:null,priceUsd:null,slug:null,numberOfPages:0,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isSalesforceBook:!1,isNomenclature:!1,hash:"4c4f958a12e75693a1f08ce4fd8af675",bookSignature:"M.D. Ph.D. FEBO, Helena Buch Hesgaard",publishedDate:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7448.jpg",keywords:"Vertical Strabismus, Strabismus surgery, Fourth Nerve Palsy, Harada-Ito, Transposition Surgery, Oblique Superior Muscle, Oblique Inferior Muscle, Cyclotorsion, Adjustable Suture Technique, Topical anesthesia, Duane Retraction Syndrome, Brown?s Syndrome, Thyroid Eye Disease",numberOfDownloads:null,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:0,numberOfDimensionsCitations:0,numberOfTotalCitations:0,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"June 18th 2018",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"July 9th 2018",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"September 7th 2018",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"November 26th 2018",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"January 25th 2019",dateConfirmationOfParticipation:null,remainingDaysToSecondStep:"4 years",secondStepPassed:!0,areRegistrationsClosed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,editedByType:null,kuFlag:!1,biosketch:null,coeditorOneBiosketch:null,coeditorTwoBiosketch:null,coeditorThreeBiosketch:null,coeditorFourBiosketch:null,coeditorFiveBiosketch:null,editors:[{id:"173305",title:"M.D.",name:"Ph.D. FEBO, Helena",middleName:null,surname:"Buch Hesgaard",slug:"ph.d.-febo-helena-buch-hesgaard",fullName:"Ph.D. FEBO, Helena Buch Hesgaard",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/173305/images/system/173305.jpeg",biography:"Dr Helena Buch Hesgaard is a Senior Consultant at the highly specialized strabismus surgery section, at the eye department, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Göthenborg, Sweden and Director of the Copenhagen Eye & Strabismus Surgery Clinic, Capio-CFR Hospitals, Copenhagen, Denmark. She is currently board member of the European Strabismological Association (ESA) and member of the ESA Sub-specialty Exam Group as a subdivision of the European Board of Ophthalmology exam board. Dr Buch Hesgaard attained her PhD degree at The University of Copenhagen, Denmark. She has attained award price 2005 for best publication in the Nordic countries and an honour medal 2006 the Lundsgaards medal for the most cited paper during 2004-2006 in Acta Ophthalmologica Scandinavica. She acquired her Ophthalmological certification and became fellow of the European Board of Ophthalmology (FEBO) in 2011, during a fellowship in strabismus surgery of the National University Hospital Rigshospitalet/Glostrup Copenhagen, Denmark. In 2014 She became Senior Consultant, chief of the Strabismus section at the Glostrup Hospital.\nDr Buch Hesgaard’s clinical and research interests include adult and childhood strabismus, especially fourth nerve palsy, Brown Syndrome and Duanes Retraction Syndrome. She has been invited to speak on her research results and her technique of strabismus surgery both regionally and internationally. Dr Buch Hesgaard has given more than 70 oral presentations, has written Strabismus book chapters and published 17 original papers in scientific peer review international journals and is at the scientific editorial board of the journal Acta Ophthalmologica Scandinavica.",institutionString:"Sahlgrenska University",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:null}],coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"16",title:"Medicine",slug:"medicine"}],chapters:null,productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},personalPublishingAssistant:{id:"220812",firstName:"Lada",lastName:"Bozic",middleName:null,title:"Ms.",imageUrl:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/220812/images/6021_n.jpg",email:"lada@intechopen.com",biography:"As an Author Service Manager my responsibilities include monitoring and facilitating all publishing activities for authors and editors. From chapter submission and review, to approval and revision, copyediting and design, until final publication, I work closely with authors and editors to ensure a simple and easy publishing process. I maintain constant and effective communication with authors, editors and reviewers, which allows for a level of personal support that enables contributors to fully commit and concentrate on the chapters they are writing, editing, or reviewing. I assist authors in the preparation of their full chapter submissions and track important deadlines and ensure they are met. I help to coordinate internal processes such as linguistic review, and monitor the technical aspects of the process. As an ASM I am also involved in the acquisition of editors. Whether that be identifying an exceptional author and proposing an editorship collaboration, or contacting researchers who would like the opportunity to work with IntechOpen, I establish and help manage author and editor acquisition and contact."}},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"6550",title:"Cohort Studies in Health Sciences",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"01df5aba4fff1a84b37a2fdafa809660",slug:"cohort-studies-in-health-sciences",bookSignature:"R. Mauricio Barría",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6550.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"88861",title:"Dr.",name:"R. Mauricio",surname:"Barría",slug:"r.-mauricio-barria",fullName:"R. Mauricio Barría"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9500",title:"Recent Advances in Bone Tumours and Osteoarthritis",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ea4ec0d6ee01b88e264178886e3210ed",slug:"recent-advances-in-bone-tumours-and-osteoarthritis",bookSignature:"Hiran Amarasekera",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9500.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"67634",title:"Dr.",name:"Hiran",surname:"Amarasekera",slug:"hiran-amarasekera",fullName:"Hiran Amarasekera"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1591",title:"Infrared Spectroscopy",subtitle:"Materials Science, Engineering and Technology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"99b4b7b71a8caeb693ed762b40b017f4",slug:"infrared-spectroscopy-materials-science-engineering-and-technology",bookSignature:"Theophile Theophanides",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1591.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"37194",title:"Dr.",name:"Theophile",surname:"Theophanides",slug:"theophile-theophanides",fullName:"Theophile Theophanides"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3161",title:"Frontiers in Guided Wave Optics and Optoelectronics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"deb44e9c99f82bbce1083abea743146c",slug:"frontiers-in-guided-wave-optics-and-optoelectronics",bookSignature:"Bishnu Pal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3161.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"4782",title:"Prof.",name:"Bishnu",surname:"Pal",slug:"bishnu-pal",fullName:"Bishnu Pal"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3092",title:"Anopheles mosquitoes",subtitle:"New insights into malaria vectors",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c9e622485316d5e296288bf24d2b0d64",slug:"anopheles-mosquitoes-new-insights-into-malaria-vectors",bookSignature:"Sylvie Manguin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3092.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"50017",title:"Prof.",name:"Sylvie",surname:"Manguin",slug:"sylvie-manguin",fullName:"Sylvie Manguin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"371",title:"Abiotic Stress in Plants",subtitle:"Mechanisms and Adaptations",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"588466f487e307619849d72389178a74",slug:"abiotic-stress-in-plants-mechanisms-and-adaptations",bookSignature:"Arun Shanker and B. Venkateswarlu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/371.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"58592",title:"Dr.",name:"Arun",surname:"Shanker",slug:"arun-shanker",fullName:"Arun Shanker"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"72",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Theory, Properties, New Approaches",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d94ffa3cfa10505e3b1d676d46fcd3f5",slug:"ionic-liquids-theory-properties-new-approaches",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/72.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"314",title:"Regenerative Medicine and Tissue Engineering",subtitle:"Cells and Biomaterials",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"bb67e80e480c86bb8315458012d65686",slug:"regenerative-medicine-and-tissue-engineering-cells-and-biomaterials",bookSignature:"Daniel Eberli",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/314.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"6495",title:"Dr.",name:"Daniel",surname:"Eberli",slug:"daniel-eberli",fullName:"Daniel Eberli"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"57",title:"Physics and Applications of Graphene",subtitle:"Experiments",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"0e6622a71cf4f02f45bfdd5691e1189a",slug:"physics-and-applications-of-graphene-experiments",bookSignature:"Sergey Mikhailov",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/57.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"16042",title:"Dr.",name:"Sergey",surname:"Mikhailov",slug:"sergey-mikhailov",fullName:"Sergey Mikhailov"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1373",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Applications and Perspectives",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5e9ae5ae9167cde4b344e499a792c41c",slug:"ionic-liquids-applications-and-perspectives",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1373.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},chapter:{item:{type:"chapter",id:"28860",title:"On the Relationship Between Boundary Layer Convergence and Cloud-to-Ground Lightning",doi:"10.5772/35783",slug:"on-the-relationship-between-boundary-layer-convergence-and-cloud-to-ground-lightning",body:null,keywords:null,chapterPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/28860.pdf",chapterXML:null,downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/28860",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/28860",totalDownloads:1743,totalViews:89,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,totalAltmetricsMentions:0,impactScore:0,impactScorePercentile:4,impactScoreQuartile:1,hasAltmetrics:0,dateSubmitted:"May 16th 2011",dateReviewed:"October 18th 2011",datePrePublished:null,datePublished:"March 9th 2012",dateFinished:null,readingETA:"0",abstract:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/28860",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/28860",book:{id:"1548",slug:"modern-climatology"},signatures:"Michael L. Gauthier",authors:[{id:"105843",title:"Dr.",name:"Michael",middleName:null,surname:"Gauthier",fullName:"Michael Gauthier",slug:"michael-gauthier",email:"Michael.l.gauthier@gmail.com",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institution:{name:"United States Air Force Academy",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}],sections:null,chapterReferences:null,footnotes:null,contributors:null,corrections:null},book:{id:"1548",type:"book",title:"Modern Climatology",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Modern Climatology",slug:"modern-climatology",publishedDate:"March 9th 2012",bookSignature:"Shih-Yu (Simon) Wang and Robert R. Gillies",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1548.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",isbn:null,printIsbn:"978-953-51-0095-9",pdfIsbn:"978-953-51-4959-0",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",numberOfWosCitations:89,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,editors:[{id:"97884",title:"Dr.",name:"Shih-Yu (Simon)",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",slug:"shih-yu-(simon)-wang",fullName:"Shih-Yu (Simon) Wang"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:{id:"106232",title:"Dr.",name:"Robert",middleName:null,surname:"Gillies",slug:"robert-gillies",fullName:"Robert Gillies"},coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"630"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},chapters:[{id:"28849",type:"chapter",title:"Southern Hemisphere Tropical Cyclone Climatology",slug:"southern-hemisphere-tropical-cyclone-climatology",totalDownloads:2273,totalCrossrefCites:3,signatures:"Yuriy Kuleshov",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"102903",title:"Prof.",name:"Yuriy",middleName:null,surname:"Kuleshov",fullName:"Yuriy Kuleshov",slug:"yuriy-kuleshov"}]},{id:"28850",type:"chapter",title:"Indian Monsoon Depression: Climatology and Variability",slug:"indian-monsoon-depression-climatology-and-variability",totalDownloads:3124,totalCrossrefCites:6,signatures:"Jin-Ho Yoon and Wan-Ru (Judy) Huang",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"114771",title:"Dr.",name:"Jin-Ho",middleName:null,surname:"Yoon",fullName:"Jin-Ho Yoon",slug:"jin-ho-yoon"},{id:"138580",title:"Dr.",name:"Wan-Ru (Judy)",middleName:null,surname:"Huang",fullName:"Wan-Ru (Judy) Huang",slug:"wan-ru-(judy)-huang"}]},{id:"28851",type:"chapter",title:"Characteristics of the Quasi-16 Day Wave in the Mesosphere and Lower Thermosphere (MLT): A Review Over an Equatorial Station Thumba (8.5oN, 76.5oE)",slug:"characteristics-of-the-quasi-16-day-wave-in-the-mesosphere-and-lower-thermosphere-mlt-a-review-over-",totalDownloads:2162,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Siddarth Shankar Das",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"96480",title:"Prof.",name:"Siddarth Shankar",middleName:"Shankar",surname:"Das",fullName:"Siddarth Shankar Das",slug:"siddarth-shankar-das"}]},{id:"28852",type:"chapter",title:"Thunderstorm and Lightning Climatology of Australia",slug:"thunderstorm-and-lightning-climatology-of-australia",totalDownloads:4162,totalCrossrefCites:4,signatures:"Yuriy Kuleshov",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"102903",title:"Prof.",name:"Yuriy",middleName:null,surname:"Kuleshov",fullName:"Yuriy Kuleshov",slug:"yuriy-kuleshov"}]},{id:"28853",type:"chapter",title:"The South American Monsoon System: Climatology and Variability",slug:"the-south-american-monsoon-system-climatology-and-variability",totalDownloads:3170,totalCrossrefCites:16,signatures:"Viviane B. S. Silva and Vernon E. Kousky",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"118065",title:"Ms.",name:"Viviane",middleName:"B. S.",surname:"Silva",fullName:"Viviane Silva",slug:"viviane-silva"},{id:"134347",title:"Dr.",name:"Vernon",middleName:null,surname:"Kousky",fullName:"Vernon Kousky",slug:"vernon-kousky"}]},{id:"28854",type:"chapter",title:"Climatology of the U.S. Inter-Mountain West",slug:"climatology-of-the-u-s-intermountain-west",totalDownloads:2183,totalCrossrefCites:5,signatures:"S. Y. Simon Wang and Robert R. Gillies",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"97884",title:"Dr.",name:"Shih-Yu (Simon)",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",fullName:"Shih-Yu (Simon) Wang",slug:"shih-yu-(simon)-wang"},{id:"106232",title:"Dr.",name:"Robert",middleName:null,surname:"Gillies",fullName:"Robert Gillies",slug:"robert-gillies"}]},{id:"28855",type:"chapter",title:"Climatology of the Northern-Central Adriatic Sea",slug:"climatology-of-the-northern-central-adriatic-sea",totalDownloads:2705,totalCrossrefCites:8,signatures:"Aniello Russo, Sandro Carniel, Mauro Sclavo and Maja Krzelj",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"101250",title:"Dr.",name:"Sandro",middleName:null,surname:"Carniel",fullName:"Sandro Carniel",slug:"sandro-carniel"},{id:"107519",title:"Dr.",name:"Aniello",middleName:null,surname:"Russo",fullName:"Aniello Russo",slug:"aniello-russo"},{id:"107520",title:"Dr.",name:"Maja",middleName:null,surname:"Krzelj",fullName:"Maja Krzelj",slug:"maja-krzelj"},{id:"148002",title:"Dr.",name:"Mauro",middleName:null,surname:"Sclavo",fullName:"Mauro Sclavo",slug:"mauro-sclavo"}]},{id:"28856",type:"chapter",title:"Spatial and Temporal Variability of Sea Surface Temperature in the Yellow Sea and East China Sea over the Past 141 Years",slug:"spatial-and-temporal-variability-of-sea-surface-temperature-in-the-yellow-sea-and-east-china-sea-ove",totalDownloads:3071,totalCrossrefCites:5,signatures:"Daji Huang, Xiaobo Ni, Qisheng Tang, Xiaohua Zhu and Dongfeng Xu",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"99306",title:"Dr.",name:"Daji",middleName:null,surname:"Huang",fullName:"Daji Huang",slug:"daji-huang"}]},{id:"28857",type:"chapter",title:"Paleotempestology: Reconstructing Atlantic Tropical Cyclone Tracks in the Pre-HURDAT Era",slug:"paleotempestology-reconstructing-atlantic-tropical-cyclone-tracks-in-the-pre-hurdat-era",totalDownloads:3066,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Jill S. M. Coleman and Steven A. LaVoie",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"99313",title:"Dr.",name:"Jill",middleName:"S. M.",surname:"Coleman",fullName:"Jill Coleman",slug:"jill-coleman"},{id:"102606",title:"Mr.",name:"Steven",middleName:null,surname:"Lavoie",fullName:"Steven Lavoie",slug:"steven-lavoie"}]},{id:"28858",type:"chapter",title:"Cenozoic Climatic Record for Monsoonal Rainfall over the Indian Region",slug:"cenozoic-climatic-record-for-monsoonal-rainfall-over-the-indian-region",totalDownloads:2799,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Mohan Kuppusamy and Prosenjit Ghosh",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"107485",title:"Prof.",name:"Prosenjit",middleName:null,surname:"Ghosh",fullName:"Prosenjit Ghosh",slug:"prosenjit-ghosh"},{id:"107489",title:"Dr.",name:"Mohan",middleName:null,surname:"Kuppusamy",fullName:"Mohan Kuppusamy",slug:"mohan-kuppusamy"}]},{id:"28859",type:"chapter",title:"Climate Change: Is It More Predictable Than We Think?",slug:"climate-change-is-it-more-predictable-than-we-think-",totalDownloads:1715,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Rafail V. Abramov",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"99211",title:"Prof.",name:"Rafail",middleName:null,surname:"Abramov",fullName:"Rafail Abramov",slug:"rafail-abramov"}]},{id:"28860",type:"chapter",title:"On the Relationship Between Boundary Layer Convergence and Cloud-to-Ground Lightning",slug:"on-the-relationship-between-boundary-layer-convergence-and-cloud-to-ground-lightning",totalDownloads:1743,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Michael L. Gauthier",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"105843",title:"Dr.",name:"Michael",middleName:null,surname:"Gauthier",fullName:"Michael Gauthier",slug:"michael-gauthier"}]},{id:"28861",type:"chapter",title:"Synthesizing High-Resolution Climatological Wind Fields with a Mesoscale Atmospheric Boundary Layer Model Forced with Local Weather Observations",slug:"synthesizing-high-resolution-climatological-wind-fields-with-a-mesoscale-atmospheric-boundary-layer-",totalDownloads:1623,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Guillermo J. Berri",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"112686",title:"Dr.",name:"Guillermo",middleName:null,surname:"Berri",fullName:"Guillermo Berri",slug:"guillermo-berri"}]},{id:"28862",type:"chapter",title:"Rainfall Prediction Using Teleconnection Patterns Through the Application of Artificial Neural Networks",slug:"rainfall-prediction-using-teleconnection-patterns-through-the-application-of-artificial-neural-netwo",totalDownloads:2857,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Gholam Abbas Fallah-Ghalhari",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"104785",title:"Dr.",name:"Gholamabbas",middleName:null,surname:"Fallah-Ghalhari",fullName:"Gholamabbas Fallah-Ghalhari",slug:"gholamabbas-fallah-ghalhari"}]}]},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"396",title:"Climate Change",subtitle:"Geophysical Foundations and Ecological Effects",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"91533aaf574321169cf86308e82808bf",slug:"climate-change-geophysical-foundations-and-ecological-effects",bookSignature:"Juan Blanco and Houshang Kheradmand",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/396.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"51995",title:"Dr.",name:"Juan",surname:"Blanco",slug:"juan-blanco",fullName:"Juan Blanco"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},chapters:[{id:"19833",title:"Chemistry-Climate Connections – Interaction of Physical, Dynamical, and Chemical Processes in Earth Atmosphere",slug:"chemistry-climate-connections-interaction-of-physical-dynamical-and-chemical-processes-in-earth-atmo",signatures:"Martin Dameris and Diego Loyola",authors:[{id:"56154",title:"MSc",name:"Diego",middleName:null,surname:"Loyola",fullName:"Diego Loyola",slug:"diego-loyola"},{id:"56178",title:"Prof.",name:"Martin",middleName:null,surname:"Dameris",fullName:"Martin Dameris",slug:"martin-dameris"}]},{id:"19834",title:"Time Correlation Laws Inferred from Climatic Records: Long-Range Persistence and Alternative Paradigms",slug:"time-correlation-laws-inferred-from-climatic-records-long-range-persistence-and-alternative-paradigm",signatures:"Maria Lanfredi, Tiziana Simoniello, Vincenzo Cuomo and Maria Macchiato",authors:[{id:"51545",title:"Dr.",name:"Maria",middleName:null,surname:"Lanfredi",fullName:"Maria Lanfredi",slug:"maria-lanfredi"},{id:"61365",title:"Dr.",name:"Tiziana",middleName:null,surname:"Simoniello",fullName:"Tiziana Simoniello",slug:"tiziana-simoniello"},{id:"61366",title:"Prof.",name:"Vincenzo",middleName:null,surname:"Cuomo",fullName:"Vincenzo Cuomo",slug:"vincenzo-cuomo"},{id:"61367",title:"Prof.",name:"Maria",middleName:"Francesca",surname:"Macchiato",fullName:"Maria Macchiato",slug:"maria-macchiato"}]},{id:"19835",title:"The Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum: Feedbacks Between Climate Change and Biogeochemical Cycles",slug:"the-paleocene-eocene-thermal-maximum-feedbacks-between-climate-change-and-biogeochemical-cycles",signatures:"Arne Max Erich Winguth",authors:[{id:"50117",title:"Prof.",name:"Arne",middleName:null,surname:"Winguth",fullName:"Arne Winguth",slug:"arne-winguth"}]},{id:"19836",title:"Temporal Variability of Rain-Induced Floods in Southern Quebec",slug:"temporal-variability-of-rain-induced-floods-in-southern-quebec",signatures:"Assani Ali Arkamose, Landry Raphaëlle, Quessy Jean-François and Clément Francis",authors:[{id:"50312",title:"Prof.",name:"Ali",middleName:null,surname:"Assani",fullName:"Ali Assani",slug:"ali-assani"},{id:"59635",title:"Ms.",name:"Raphaëlle",middleName:null,surname:"Landry",fullName:"Raphaëlle Landry",slug:"raphaelle-landry"},{id:"96870",title:"Prof.",name:"Jean-Francois",middleName:null,surname:"Quéssy",fullName:"Jean-Francois Quéssy",slug:"jean-francois-quessy"},{id:"96871",title:"Mrs.",name:"Francis",middleName:null,surname:"Clément",fullName:"Francis Clément",slug:"francis-clement"}]},{id:"19837",title:"Detecting of a Global and Caribbean Climate Change",slug:"detecting-of-a-global-and-caribbean-climate-change",signatures:"Nazario D. Ramirez-Beltran, Joan Manuel Castro and Oswaldo Julca",authors:[{id:"60424",title:"Prof.",name:"Nazario D.",middleName:null,surname:"Ramirez-Beltran",fullName:"Nazario D. Ramirez-Beltran",slug:"nazario-d.-ramirez-beltran"},{id:"61868",title:"Mr.",name:"Oswaldo",middleName:null,surname:"Julca",fullName:"Oswaldo Julca",slug:"oswaldo-julca"},{id:"61869",title:"Mr.",name:"Joan Manuel",middleName:null,surname:"Castro",fullName:"Joan Manuel Castro",slug:"joan-manuel-castro"}]},{id:"19838",title:"Climate Changes of the Recent Past in the South American Continent: Inferences Based on Analysis of Borehole Temperature Profiles",slug:"climate-changes-of-the-recent-past-in-the-south-american-continent-inferences-based-on-analysis-of-b",signatures:"Valiya M. Hamza and Fábio P. Vieira",authors:[{id:"51729",title:"Prof.",name:"Valiya",middleName:null,surname:"Hamza",fullName:"Valiya Hamza",slug:"valiya-hamza"},{id:"103842",title:"Mr.",name:"Fabio",middleName:null,surname:"Vieira",fullName:"Fabio Vieira",slug:"fabio-vieira"}]},{id:"19839",title:"Climate Change Impacts on Atmospheric Circulation and Daily Precipitation in the Argentine Pampas Region",slug:"climate-change-impacts-on-atmospheric-circulation-and-daily-precipitation-in-the-argentine-pampas-re",signatures:"Olga C. Penalba and María Laura Bettolli",authors:[{id:"55849",title:"Dr.",name:"Olga C.",middleName:null,surname:"Penalba",fullName:"Olga C. Penalba",slug:"olga-c.-penalba"},{id:"61540",title:"Dr.",name:"María",middleName:"Laura",surname:"Bettolli",fullName:"María Bettolli",slug:"maria-bettolli"}]},{id:"19840",title:"Holocene Vegetation Responses to East Asian Monsoonal Changes in South Korea",slug:"holocene-vegetation-responses-to-east-asian-monsoonal-changes-in-south-korea",signatures:"Sangheon Yi",authors:[{id:"54436",title:"Dr.",name:"Sangheon",middleName:null,surname:"Yi",fullName:"Sangheon Yi",slug:"sangheon-yi"}]},{id:"19841",title:"Climate Signals from 10Be Records of Marine Sediments Surrounded with Nearby a Continent",slug:"climate-signals-from-10be-records-of-marine-sediments-surrounded-with-nearby-a-continent",signatures:"Kyeong Ja Kim and Seung-Il Nam",authors:[{id:"52446",title:"Dr.",name:"Kyeong Ja",middleName:null,surname:"Kim",fullName:"Kyeong Ja Kim",slug:"kyeong-ja-kim"},{id:"61408",title:"Dr.",name:"Seung-Il",middleName:null,surname:"Nam",fullName:"Seung-Il Nam",slug:"seung-il-nam"}]},{id:"19842",title:"Drought Analysis Based on SPI and SAD Curve for the Korean Peninsula Considering Climate Change",slug:"drought-analysis-based-on-spi-and-sad-curve-for-the-korean-peninsula-considering-climate-change",signatures:"Minsoo Kyoung, Jaewon Kwak, Duckgil Kim, Hungsoo Kim and Vijay P. Singh",authors:[{id:"18221",title:"Dr.",name:"Hung Soo",middleName:null,surname:"Kim",fullName:"Hung Soo Kim",slug:"hung-soo-kim"},{id:"61577",title:"Dr.",name:"Minsoo",middleName:null,surname:"Kyoung",fullName:"Minsoo Kyoung",slug:"minsoo-kyoung"},{id:"61578",title:"Mr",name:"Jaewon",middleName:null,surname:"Kwak",fullName:"Jaewon Kwak",slug:"jaewon-kwak"},{id:"61579",title:"Mr",name:"Dukgil",middleName:null,surname:"Kim",fullName:"Dukgil Kim",slug:"dukgil-kim"},{id:"61580",title:"Mr",name:"Soojun",middleName:null,surname:"Kim",fullName:"Soojun Kim",slug:"soojun-kim"}]},{id:"19843",title:"Review of Long Term Macro-Fauna Movement by Multi-Decadal Warming Trends in the Northeastern Pacific",slug:"review-of-long-term-macro-fauna-movement-by-multi-decadal-warming-trends-in-the-northeastern-pacific",signatures:"Christian Salvadeo, Daniel Lluch-Belda, Salvador Lluch-Cota and Milena Mercuri",authors:[{id:"53559",title:"MSc",name:"Christian",middleName:null,surname:"Salvadeo",fullName:"Christian Salvadeo",slug:"christian-salvadeo"},{id:"61574",title:"MSc.",name:"Milena",middleName:null,surname:"Mercuri",fullName:"Milena Mercuri",slug:"milena-mercuri"},{id:"61575",title:"Dr.",name:"Daniel",middleName:null,surname:"Lluch-Belda",fullName:"Daniel Lluch-Belda",slug:"daniel-lluch-belda"},{id:"61576",title:"Dr.",name:"Salvador",middleName:null,surname:"Lluch-Cota",fullName:"Salvador Lluch-Cota",slug:"salvador-lluch-cota"}]},{id:"19844",title:"Global Heating Threatens the `I`iwi (Vestiaria coccinea), Currently a Common Bird of Upper Elevation Forests in Hawaii",slug:"global-heating-threatens-the-i-iwi-vestiaria-coccinea-currently-a-common-bird-of-upper-elevation-for",signatures:"Anthony Povilitis",authors:[{id:"60677",title:"Dr.",name:"Anthony",middleName:null,surname:"Povilitis",fullName:"Anthony Povilitis",slug:"anthony-povilitis"}]},{id:"19845",title:"Possible Effects of Future Climate Changes on the Maximum Number of Generations of Anopheles in Monsoon Asia",slug:"possible-effects-of-future-climate-changes-on-the-maximum-number-of-generations-of-anopheles-in-mons",signatures:"Shunji Ohta and Takumi Kaga",authors:[{id:"55690",title:"Dr.",name:"Shunji",middleName:null,surname:"Ohta",fullName:"Shunji Ohta",slug:"shunji-ohta"},{id:"61539",title:"Mr.",name:"Takumi",middleName:null,surname:"Kaga",fullName:"Takumi Kaga",slug:"takumi-kaga"}]},{id:"19846",title:"Climate Change and Shifts in the Distribution of Moth Species in Finland, with a Focus on the Province of Kainuu",slug:"climate-change-and-shifts-in-the-distribution-of-moth-species-in-finland-with-a-focus-on-the-provinc",signatures:"Juhani H. Itämies, Reima Leinonen and V. Benno Meyer-Rochow",authors:[{id:"60506",title:"Dr.",name:"Benno",middleName:null,surname:"Meyer-Rochow",fullName:"Benno Meyer-Rochow",slug:"benno-meyer-rochow"},{id:"60742",title:"Dr.",name:"Juhani",middleName:null,surname:"Itämies",fullName:"Juhani Itämies",slug:"juhani-itamies"},{id:"60743",title:"Dr.",name:"Reima",middleName:null,surname:"Leinonen",fullName:"Reima Leinonen",slug:"reima-leinonen"}]},{id:"19847",title:"Effects and Consequences of Global Climate Change in the Carpathian Basin",slug:"effects-and-consequences-of-global-climate-change-in-the-carpathian-basin",signatures:"János Rakonczai",authors:[{id:"58870",title:"Dr.",name:"János",middleName:null,surname:"Rakonczai",fullName:"János Rakonczai",slug:"janos-rakonczai"}]},{id:"19848",title:"Climate Change Impact on Quiver Trees in Arid Namibia and South Africa",slug:"climate-change-impact-on-quiver-trees-in-arid-namibia-and-south-africa",signatures:"Danni Guo, Renkuan Guo, Yanhong Cui, Guy F. Midgley, Res Altwegg and Christien Thiart",authors:[{id:"29391",title:"Dr.",name:"Danni",middleName:null,surname:"Guo",fullName:"Danni Guo",slug:"danni-guo"},{id:"41826",title:"Prof.",name:"Christien",middleName:null,surname:"Thiart",fullName:"Christien Thiart",slug:"christien-thiart"},{id:"54850",title:"Prof.",name:"Renkuan",middleName:null,surname:"Guo",fullName:"Renkuan Guo",slug:"renkuan-guo"},{id:"84247",title:"Mr.",name:"Yanhong",middleName:null,surname:"Cui",fullName:"Yanhong Cui",slug:"yanhong-cui"},{id:"106355",title:"Dr.",name:"Guy F.",middleName:null,surname:"Midgley",fullName:"Guy F. Midgley",slug:"guy-f.-midgley"},{id:"106360",title:"Dr.",name:"Res",middleName:null,surname:"Altwegg",fullName:"Res Altwegg",slug:"res-altwegg"}]},{id:"19849",title:"Changes in the Composition of a Theoretical Freshwater Ecosystem Under Disturbances",slug:"changes-in-the-composition-of-a-theoretical-freshwater-ecosystem-under-disturbances",signatures:"Ágota Drégelyi-Kiss and Levente Hufnagel",authors:[{id:"10864",title:"Dr.",name:"Levente",middleName:null,surname:"Hufnagel",fullName:"Levente Hufnagel",slug:"levente-hufnagel"},{id:"50135",title:"PhD.",name:"Agota",middleName:null,surname:"Dregelyi-Kiss",fullName:"Agota Dregelyi-Kiss",slug:"agota-dregelyi-kiss"}]},{id:"19850",title:"The Use and Misuse of Climatic Gradients for Evaluating Climate Impact on Dryland Ecosystems - an Example for the Solution of Conceptual Problems",slug:"the-use-and-misuse-of-climatic-gradients-for-evaluating-climate-impact-on-dryland-ecosystems-an-exam",signatures:"Marcelo Sternberg, Claus Holzapfel, Katja Tielbörger, Pariente Sarah, Jaime Kigel, Hanoch Lavee, Aliza Fleischer, Florian Jeltsch and Martin Köchy",authors:[{id:"50610",title:"Dr.",name:"Marcelo",middleName:null,surname:"Sternberg",fullName:"Marcelo Sternberg",slug:"marcelo-sternberg"}]},{id:"19851",title:"Climate-Driven Change of the Stand Age Structure in the Polar Ural Mountains",slug:"climate-driven-change-of-the-stand-age-structure-in-the-polar-ural-mountains",signatures:"Valeriy Mazepa, Stepan Shiyatov and Nadezhda Devi",authors:[{id:"61313",title:"Prof.",name:"Valeriy",middleName:null,surname:"Mazepa",fullName:"Valeriy Mazepa",slug:"valeriy-mazepa"},{id:"61314",title:"Prof.",name:"Stepan",middleName:null,surname:"Shiyatov",fullName:"Stepan Shiyatov",slug:"stepan-shiyatov"},{id:"61315",title:"Dr.",name:"Nadezhda",middleName:"Mikhailovna",surname:"Devi",fullName:"Nadezhda Devi",slug:"nadezhda-devi"}]},{id:"19852",title:"Mountains Under Climate and Global Change Conditions – Research Results in the Alps",slug:"mountains-under-climate-and-global-change-conditions-research-results-in-the-alps",signatures:"Oliver Bender, Axel Borsdorf, Andrea Fischer and Johann Stötter",authors:[{id:"58222",title:"Prof.",name:"Axel",middleName:null,surname:"Borsdorf",fullName:"Axel Borsdorf",slug:"axel-borsdorf"},{id:"61016",title:"Dr.",name:"Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Fischer",fullName:"Andrea Fischer",slug:"andrea-fischer"},{id:"61017",title:"Dr.",name:"Oliver",middleName:null,surname:"Bender",fullName:"Oliver Bender",slug:"oliver-bender"},{id:"61018",title:"Dr.",name:"Johann",middleName:null,surname:"Stötter",fullName:"Johann Stötter",slug:"johann-stotter"}]},{id:"19853",title:"Are Debris Floods and Debris Avalanches Responding Univocally to Recent Climatic Change – A Case Study in the French Alps",slug:"are-debris-floods-and-debris-avalanches-responding-univocally-to-recent-climatic-change-a-case-study",signatures:"V. Jomelli, I. Pavlova, M. Utasse, M. Chenet, D. Grancher, D. Brunstein and F. Leone",authors:[{id:"54409",title:"Dr.",name:"Vincent",middleName:null,surname:"Jomelli",fullName:"Vincent Jomelli",slug:"vincent-jomelli"},{id:"55563",title:"Mrs.",name:"Irina",middleName:null,surname:"Pavlova",fullName:"Irina Pavlova",slug:"irina-pavlova"},{id:"55564",title:"Mrs.",name:"Delphine",middleName:null,surname:"Grancher",fullName:"Delphine Grancher",slug:"delphine-grancher"},{id:"55565",title:"Dr.",name:"Daniel",middleName:null,surname:"Brunstein",fullName:"Daniel Brunstein",slug:"daniel-brunstein"},{id:"92700",title:"Mrs.",name:"Marina",middleName:null,surname:"Utasse",fullName:"Marina Utasse",slug:"marina-utasse"},{id:"92701",title:"Dr.",name:"Marie",middleName:null,surname:"Chenet",fullName:"Marie Chenet",slug:"marie-chenet"},{id:"92702",title:"Prof.",name:"Frederic",middleName:null,surname:"Leone",fullName:"Frederic Leone",slug:"frederic-leone"}]},{id:"19854",title:"Glaciers Shrinking in Nepal Himalaya",slug:"glaciers-shrinking-in-nepal-himalaya",signatures:"Samjwal R. Bajracharya, Sudan B. Maharjan and Finu Shrestha",authors:[{id:"62372",title:"MSc.",name:"Samjwal",middleName:null,surname:"Bajracharya",fullName:"Samjwal Bajracharya",slug:"samjwal-bajracharya"},{id:"62373",title:"MSc",name:"Sudan",middleName:null,surname:"Maharjan",fullName:"Sudan Maharjan",slug:"sudan-maharjan"},{id:"136280",title:"Dr.",name:"Finu",middleName:null,surname:"Shrestha",fullName:"Finu Shrestha",slug:"finu-shrestha"}]},{id:"19855",title:"Subglacial and Proglacial Ecosystem Responses to Climate Change",slug:"subglacial-and-proglacial-ecosystem-responses-to-climate-change",signatures:"Jacob C. Yde, Teresa G. Bárcena and Kai W. Finster",authors:[{id:"56255",title:"Dr.",name:"Jacob",middleName:"C.",surname:"Yde",fullName:"Jacob Yde",slug:"jacob-yde"},{id:"61613",title:"Dr.",name:"Kai W.",middleName:null,surname:"Finster",fullName:"Kai W. Finster",slug:"kai-w.-finster"},{id:"61614",title:"Dr.",name:"Teresa G.",middleName:null,surname:"Bárcena",fullName:"Teresa G. Bárcena",slug:"teresa-g.-barcena"}]},{id:"19856",title:"Why Do We Expect Glacier Melting to Increase Under Global Warming?",slug:"why-do-we-expect-glacier-melting-to-increase-under-global-warming-",signatures:"Roger J. Braithwaite",authors:[{id:"62829",title:"Dr.",name:"Roger",middleName:"James",surname:"Braithwaite",fullName:"Roger Braithwaite",slug:"roger-braithwaite"}]},{id:"19857",title:"Estimation of the Sea Level Rise by 2100 Resulting from Changes in the Surface Mass Balance of the Greenland Ice Sheet",slug:"estimation-of-the-sea-level-rise-by-2100-resulting-from-changes-in-the-surface-mass-balance-of-the-g",signatures:"Xavier Fettweis, Alexandre Belleflamme, Michel Erpicum, Bruno Franco and Samuel Nicolay",authors:[{id:"11546",title:"Prof.",name:"Samuel",middleName:null,surname:"Nicolay",fullName:"Samuel Nicolay",slug:"samuel-nicolay"},{id:"12687",title:"Dr.",name:"Xavier",middleName:null,surname:"Fettweis",fullName:"Xavier Fettweis",slug:"xavier-fettweis"},{id:"12688",title:"Prof.",name:"Michel",middleName:null,surname:"Erpicum",fullName:"Michel Erpicum",slug:"michel-erpicum"},{id:"61470",title:"MSc",name:"Alexandre",middleName:null,surname:"Belleflamme",fullName:"Alexandre Belleflamme",slug:"alexandre-belleflamme"},{id:"61471",title:"Mr.",name:"Bruno",middleName:null,surname:"Franco",fullName:"Bruno Franco",slug:"bruno-franco"}]}]}],publishedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"590",title:"Climate Variability",subtitle:"Some Aspects, Challenges and Prospects",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"599b9dbbee726fa03324cdbb7cbabc52",slug:"climate-variability-some-aspects-challenges-and-prospects",bookSignature:"Abdel Hannachi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/590.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"78969",title:"Dr.",name:"Abdel",surname:"Hannachi",slug:"abdel-hannachi",fullName:"Abdel Hannachi"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1402",title:"Climate Change",subtitle:"Research and Technology for Adaptation and Mitigation",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e90423b1dd2e255705177b4413f1d7de",slug:"climate-change-research-and-technology-for-adaptation-and-mitigation",bookSignature:"Juan Blanco and Houshang Kheradmand",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1402.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"51995",title:"Dr.",name:"Juan",surname:"Blanco",slug:"juan-blanco",fullName:"Juan Blanco"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1546",title:"Atmospheric Model Applications",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"30315ea16bedb67eebd4fb0e9f38f968",slug:"atmospheric-model-applications",bookSignature:"Ismail Yucel",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1546.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"100229",title:"Dr.",name:"Ismail",surname:"Yucel",slug:"ismail-yucel",fullName:"Ismail Yucel"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1548",title:"Modern Climatology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"1ff6285db485c8ded3e5a29b2f721f6d",slug:"modern-climatology",bookSignature:"Shih-Yu (Simon) Wang and Robert R. Gillies",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1548.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"97884",title:"Dr.",name:"Shih-Yu (Simon)",surname:"Wang",slug:"shih-yu-(simon)-wang",fullName:"Shih-Yu (Simon) Wang"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1549",title:"Climate Models",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"10f7a6546beaad2a6923bcd37ef49e47",slug:"climate-models",bookSignature:"Leonard M. Druyan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1549.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"87339",title:"Dr.",name:"Leonard",surname:"Druyan",slug:"leonard-druyan",fullName:"Leonard Druyan"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],publishedBooksByAuthor:[{type:"book",id:"1548",title:"Modern Climatology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"1ff6285db485c8ded3e5a29b2f721f6d",slug:"modern-climatology",bookSignature:"Shih-Yu (Simon) Wang and Robert R. Gillies",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1548.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"97884",title:"Dr.",name:"Shih-Yu (Simon)",surname:"Wang",slug:"shih-yu-(simon)-wang",fullName:"Shih-Yu (Simon) Wang"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},onlineFirst:{chapter:{type:"chapter",id:"76168",title:"Ginseng in Hair Growth and Viability",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.96962",slug:"ginseng-in-hair-growth-and-viability",body:'\nHair is made of several proteins, the principal protein that compound the fibrous structure of the hair is keratin, in addition to keratin, which has a high content of the amino acid cysteine, the hair also contains water, lipids, minerals, and the pigment melanin.
\nThe hair shaft (the visible fiber that is growth above the skin), is a fiber with a variety of color depending of the melanin content that pigmented the keratin fiber. The dermal element in the hair follicle is the dermal papilla, which is majorly former by fibroblast cells, this dermal element controls the hair cycle.
\nThe fiber of the hair, the hair shaft, grows from the hair follicle which is a tubular structure that forms a bulb around the matrix of the hair bulb, specialized dermal stem cell and different types of keratinocytes, from this hair bulb that form the dermal papilla the hair shaft growth by division of proliferative cells, thus cells goes to a process of differentiated, keratinized, and pigmented in the hair follicle to form the hair shaft in a cycling manner. The diameter of the hair shaft is directly related to the size of the papilla, and allows us to define the miniaturized hairs and normal hair.
\nThe hair structure is composed by concentric layers that forms the hair follicle, the medulla which is the center is includes the cortex and outwards the cuticle of the cortex, and is surrounded by the inner and outer root sheath, and all the mini-organ is surrounded by connective tissue.
\nThe functional aspect of hair is not only to protect from radiation, heat or cold and any extern agent but also contribute to the appearance and personality. The loss of the hair contributes to psychological, social and psychosocial problems, generating a cosmetic and social impact in our society.
\nThe hair follicle has the unique capacity of undergoing periods of growth (anagen), regression (catagen), and rest (telogen and exogen) before regenerating itself to restart the cycle [1, 2, 3, 4] (Figure 1). This dynamic cycling capacity enables mammals to change their coats, and for hair length to be controlled on different body sites [5].
\nHair cycle stages scheme, phase of growth (anagen), regression (catagen), and rest (telogen) before regenerating itself to restart the cycle.
Unlike what is observed in many animals in which the pelage synchronously passes from one phase of the cycle to other all stages of growth cycle are simultaneously found in the human, the growth pattern is a mosaic where the hair cycling staging of one hair root is completely independent of it nearest hair follicle, meaning that each follicular unit (FU) can contain follicles in different stages at any given time. In healthy individuals, 80–90% of follicles are in the anagen phase, 1–2% in the catagen phase, and 10–15% in the telogen phase [6]. The hair grows around one centimeter a month, and has a variable growth speed being faster in the summer than in winter. The growth phase, or anagen phase, lasts an average of 3–5 years. This normal hair-growth cycle can be modified or by internal or external factors such as hormones, stress, sun, disease, exposure to environmental pollution, drugs and smoking. This changes in the growth cycle and quality of hair can leads to hair loss by a shortening of the anagen phase, a premature ingression of the catagen phase, the prolongation of the telogen phase or a loss of the hair follicle function [6, 7]. Common hair loss is medically named as alopecia, and can be suffer by men and women.
\nResearch has shown that in hair loss, the percentage of telogen follicles is increased, while the percentage of anagen and catagen follicles is reduced. A healthy individual loses approximately 100–150 hairs per day [6]. Cell-signaling pathways in hair follicular cells resulting in the induction of apoptosis, changes in usual pattern of hair cycling, inducing the hair follicle to turn into regression or resting phase and thinning or fracture of the hair shaft leads to progressive hair loss and alopecia [7].
\nHair loss is a universal problem for numerous people in the world, is a disorder in which the hair falls out from skin areas such as scalp, the body and face. Multiples factors contribute to hair loss including genetics, hormones, nutritional status, and environmental exposure (exposure to radiations, environmental toxicants…), medications and nutrition.
\nAndrogenic alopecia can be suffered by women and men and the androgens hormones are the most important of the factors that cause the hair lost patron characterized by a miniaturized of the hair follicles that leads to hair lost in the frontal to parietal area.
\nOther forms of hair loss are for example caused by immunogenic hair loss, like alopecia areata, this is characterized by a spot of hair lost all around the scalp. The approved therapies such as finasteride and minoxidil, are the traditional medication used for this hair lost diseases, a few others are in progress, like a wide variety of diverse phytochemicals, including those present in ginseng, the ginsenosides which have demonstrated hair growth-promoting effects in a large number of preclinical studies [7].
\nAndrogenic baldness (androgenic alopecia) and circular/spot baldness (alopecia areata) are the most common forms of hair loss. The first is characterized by high sensitivity of the hair follicles to DH, while the second is induced by an autoimmune reaction [8, 9]. Hair also possesses its own immune system, the failure of which can lead to spot baldness (alopecia areata).
\nAlopecia is extended all round the world, reaching nowadays approximately to 10 million patients suffering from alopecia. Considering the pathological background of alopecia and its impact on an individual’s health and social value, there is now a growing interest in the development of novel therapeutics for its medical management [7].
\nGiven the negative psychosocial impact of hair loss, patients follow different therapies, conventional treatments such as the two medications approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration (US-FDA): Minoxidil and Finasteride, for the treatment of alopecia.
\nFinasteride has a potent effect against androgens, being non-steroidal, it has shown to prevent male and female hair loss through the inhibition of type II 5α-reductase, which affects androgen metabolism avoiding the conversion of free testosterone into 5α-dihydrotestosterone, playing an important role in the pathogenesis of androgenetic alopecia in men and women [10].
\nThe effect of minoxidil as hair growth stimulating has been known over last decades, since it was introduced in the early 1970 as a treatment for hypertension. But yet the basic mechanism of action on the hair follicle is not clearly understood [11, 12].
\nThese drugs work improving the quality of the hair follicles and reducing the hair lost but exhibit certain adverse effects, such as allergic contact dermatitis, erythema, and itching, and also stop recommended guideline of minoxidil leads to recurrence of alopecia and a prolonged use of finasteride causes male sexual dysfunction and appears as a major cause of infertility and teratogenicity in females.
\nPatient that do not see significant hair restoration with conventional therapies or suffer side effects often change from these conventional treatments to alternative medicine trying new treatments from the vast resources of natural products, in an attempt to find safe, natural and efficacious therapies to restore the hair.
\nNatural products as it is known in the market “Dietary supplements” includes diverse subgroups like vitamins, probiotics, minerals, herbs, extracts, gels that do not require Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approval [13].
\nTo treat hair loss are available treatments using amino acids, caffeine, capsaicin, curcumin, garlic gel, onion gel and extract, cinnamon,
Ginseng is an ancient herbal remedy that was recorded in The Herbal Classic of the Divine Plowman, the oldest comprehensive Materia Medica, which was scripted approximately 2000 years ago [9].
\nAmong different species which are known as ginseng,
Nowadays has gained fame as one of the most popular herbs originating from Eastern Countries, because contemporary science has revealed that ginseng contains a wide variety of bioactive constituents, especially a group of saponin compounds collectively known as ginsenosides, which have been proposed to account for most of the diverse biological activities, including the hair-growth potential of ginseng [9]. Ginsenosides can be classified, depending on the number of hydroxyl groups available for glycosylation via dehydration reactions, as protopanaxadiol (PPD) and protopanaxatriol (PPT). Common PPD-type ginsenosides include ginsenosides Rb1, Rb2, Rc, Rd., Rg3, F2, Rh2, compound K (cK), and PPD, whereas PPT-type ginsenosides include Re, Rf, Rg1, Rg2, F1, Rh1, and PPT [9] and malony ginsenosides mRb1, mRb2 and mRbc [15]. Ginseng extract or its specific ginsenosides have been tested for their potential to promote hair growth.
\nThe major bioactive constituents of ginseng are ginsenosides and there has been evidences suggesting that promote hair growth by enhancing proliferation of dermal papilla and preventing hair loss via modulation of various cell-signaling pathways [9, 16, 17].
\nThe role of 5α-reductase enzyme in the hair-loss process has been well-documented [18], affects androgen metabolism, and it is the pathway how drugs approved are used nowadays.
\nNovel therapeutics ways for the management of hair loss and alopecia improving hair-follicle proliferation and reducing hair-loss need new targets (Figure 2). These targets include, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase (ERK), and Janus-activated kinase (JAK), the activation of the proliferation by WNT/Dickkopf homolog 1 (DKK1), sonic hedgehog (Shh), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), apoptosis inhibition by transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β).
\nThe effect of the 5α-reductase enzyme, dihydrotestosterone, and the growth factor TGF-β on hair loss and the potential targets of ginseng in hair growth and loss.
Photo aging is skin damage induced by radiation exposure (Sun exposure) characterized by different inflammatory responses to ultraviolet radiation (UVR). Excessive UV irradiation is known to cause skin photo damage by release of oxidative species which leads to skin inflammation, and keratinocyte cell death producing photo aging and carcinogenesis.
\nThere are evidences that suggest that misbalances in the hair-growth cycle, affecting keratinocyte and dermal papilla growth [19] is cause by UVR exposure not only producing the damage of the hair shaft as an extracellular tissue, as it is clearly evident but also alters the molecular growth [19].
\nThe Reactive Oxidative Species (ROS) accumulation and activation of matrix metalloproteinase (MMPs), a tissue-degrading enzymes, produced by UV irradiation compromises dermal and epidermal structural integrity [9].
\nThe inhibitory effect of ginsenosides on UVB-induced activation of MMP2 suggests the potential of these ginseng saponins in hair-growth regulation [9]. Ginsenosides Rb2 [20] and 20 (S) PPD, have been reported to reduce the formation of ROS and MMP-2 secretion in cultured human keratinocytes (HaCaT) cells after exposure to UVB radiation. Ginsenoside Rg3 20 (S), reduced ROS generation in HaCaT cells and human dermal fibroblasts without affecting cell viability. The 20 (S) Rg3 also attenuated UVB-induced MMP-2 levels in HaCaT cells [21]. Ginsenoside Rh2 reduced UVB radiation-induced expression and activity of MMP-2 in HaCaT cells, but UVB-induced ROS formation was only suppressed by 20 (S)-Rh2 [22].
\nGinsenosides extracts from the Ginseng radix have shown attenuates radiation-induced cell death in the skin, improving hair growth. Ki67 positive number of cells and Bcl2 protein expression, an antiapoptotic protein, are induced by Total-root saponins and ginsenoside Rb1 diminishing apoptotic cells in UVB-exposed human keratinocytes [9, 23]. Ginsenoside F1, an enzymatically modified derivative of ginsenoside Rg1, by maintaining a constant level of the antiapoptotic protein Bcl-2 expression in UVB-irradiated HaCaT cells, protect keratinocytes from radiation-induced apoptosis [9, 24].
\nSkin aging is a multifactorial process consisting of two distinct and independent mechanisms: intrinsic and extrinsic aging.
\nGinsenosides, extracted from Ginseng have been tested in several studies in antiaging [25, 26]. This antiaging effects, of ginseng extract and ginsenosides is produced by maintaining skin structural integrity and regulating hair-growth by stimulating wound healing cells, collagen and hyaluronic acid.
\nLee et all incubates fibroblasts, which are key wound-healing cells, with
Wrinkle formation, is associated as marker of dermal aging and present a reduced level of hyaluronan in the dermis [29]. On HaCaT cell treated with major ginseng metabolite (compound K, 20-O-beta-D-glucopyranosyl-20(S)-protopanaxadiol) were report that hyaluronan synthase2 (HAS2) gene is one of the most significantly induced genes [30] and also was tested that topical application of compound K on mouse skin and shows elevated the expression of hyaluronan synthase-2 [30]. The hyaluronan synthase-2 is an enzyme essential to hyaluronan synthesis, hyaluronan is a major component of most extracellular matrices that has a structural role in tissues architectures and regulates cell adhesion, migration and differentiation.
\nThese antiaging effects of ginseng extracts through Src kinase-dependent activation of ERK and AKT/PKB kinases in the dermis and papillary dermis result in improved skin health, thereby ensuring hair-follicle health and a regular hair cycle [9, 30].
\nThe exposure to androgens is the major triggers for hair loss is which in most cases is genetically predetermined in androgenic alopecia patients [9, 31, 32].
\nThe androgen that mainly plays a role in altering hair cycling is 5α-dihydrotestosterone (DHT), which is a metabolite of testosterone. The conversion of testosterone to DHT is mediated by the 5α-reductase (5αR) enzyme in each follicle [33, 34] (Figure 2). Treatment with 5α-reductase inhibitors, e.g., finasteride, prevents the development of alopecia and increases scalp-hair growth [9].
\nTopical application of ginseng extract or ginsenosides was reported to enhance hair growth. Rhizomes of
Major components of hair regenerative capacity such as linoleic acid (LA) and β-sitosterol (SITOS) were significantly restored with Red Ginseng Oil (RGO) after testosterone (TES)-induced delay of anagen entry in C57BL/6 mice, also RGO and its major components reduced the protein level of TGF-β and enhanced the expression of anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2, suggesting that RGO is a potent novel therapeutic natural product for treatment of androgenic alopecia [37].
\nRed Ginseng Extract (RGE) and ginsenosides protect hair matrix keratinocyte proliferation against dihydrotestosterone (DHT)-induced suppression and affects the expression of androgen receptor.
\nMoreover, RGE, ginsenoside-Rb1, and ginsenoside-Rg3 at lower levels that have been shown to inhibit 5a-reductase [35] inhibit the DHT-induced suppression of hair matrix keratinocyte proliferation and the DHT-induced upregulation of the mRNA expression of androgen receptor in hDPCs [16].DHT is the product of testosterone and does not require the activity of 5a-reductase to affect hair follicles, and the inhibitory effect of DHT on hair growth is mediated by the androgen receptor in DPCs [38] These results suggest that red ginseng may promote hair growth in humans through the regulation of androgen receptor signaling [16].
\nMajeed et al. review the recent perspectives of ginseng phytochemicals as therapeutics in oncology and explain the chemotherapeutic effect of ginsenoside as result of its appetites, ant proliferative, anti-angiogenic, anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant properties [39]. The anticancer effect of ginseng was proven in various types of cancer: breast, lung, liver, colon and skin cancer. It increases the mitochondrial accumulation of apoptosis protein and down regulate the expression of anti-apoptotic protein, reducing cancer development. It also aids in the reduction of alopecia, fatigue and nausea, the known side effects of chemotherapeutic drugs [39].
\nAlopecia induced by chemotherapy is one of the most distressing side effects for patients undergoing chemotherapy. One drug used as chemotherapy is Cyclophosphamide (CP), also known as cytophosphane\n. Cyclophosphamide metabolite, 4-hydroperoxycyclophosphamide (4-HC) inhibited human hair growth, induced premature catagen development, and inhibited proliferation and stimulated apoptosis of hair matrix keratinocytes inducing the side effect of alopecia. In human hair follicle organ culture model pre-treatment with Korean Red Ginseng (KRG) before cyclophosphamide metabolite Dong In Keum et all shows that KRG suppress 4-HC-induced inhibition of matrix keratinocyte proliferation and stimulation of matrix keratinocyte apoptosis, playing a protective effect on 4-HC-induced hair growth inhibition and premature catagen development. Moreover, KRG restored 4-HC-induced p53 and Bax/Bcl2 expression [17].
\nDifferent intracellular signaling pathways are involving and plays a critical role in stimulating hair growth by promoting dermal papillary-cell proliferation.
\nHair growth is promote by Ginsenoside Rg3 upregulating Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF) expression [36].VEGF is a signaling protein which is released from the epithelium and increases the angiogenesis of the hair follicle [9, 40, 41, 42]. Was also demonstrate by Shin et al. that Rg3 increased the proliferation of human dermal papillary cells, associating this proliferation with an upregulation of mRNA expression of VEGF also stimulated stem cells by upregulating factor-activating CD34 and CD8 [36] and promoted hair growth even more than minoxidil in mouse [43] it was conclude that Rg3 might increase hair growth through stimulation of hair follicle stem cells [36].
\nRGE and ginsenoside-Rb1 enhanced the proliferation of hair matrix keratinocytes, human hair-follicle dermal papillary cells (hDPCs). Treated hair with RGE or ginsenoside-Rb1 exhibited substantial cell proliferation and the associated phosphorylation of ERK and AKT [16], it was recently demonstrated that ERK activation plays an important role in the proliferation of hDPCs [42] and AKT mediates critical signals for cell survival and also regulates the survival of DPCs as an antiapoptotic molecule [9, 16, 44] proliferation and the prolongation of the survival in the hDPCs by red ginseng may be mediated by the ERK and AKT signaling pathway [9, 16].
\nHuman DPC treatment with Gintonin-enriched fraction (GEF) stimulated vascular endothelial growth factor release. Topical application of GEF and minoxidil promoted hair growth in a dose-dependent manner. Histological analysis showed that GEF and minoxidil increased the number of hair follicles and hair weight [45].
\nThe Bcl-2 family proteins is notable for their regulation of apoptosis machinery, a form of programmed cell death, the member of this family either acts as antiapoptotic or pro apoptotic in nature. During the hair cycle, the dermal papillary cells (DPC) is the only region where Bcl-2 is expressed consistently and is considered to resist apoptosis [9, 46, 47, 48]. In mice Fructus
Shh/Gli and Wnt/β path way and related proteins (Shh (Sonic hedgehog,) Smoothened (Smo), β-catenin, Cyclin D1 Cyclin E and Gli1 (glioma-associated oncogene homolog)) are associated to hair regeneration, promoting telogen-to-anagen transition, hair follicle formation and growth. [50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56].
\nWingless-type integration-site (WNT) signaling plays a key role in hair-follicle development. Activation of WNT signaling is necessary for initiation of follicular develop, the blockade of WNT signaling by overexpression of the WNT inhibitor, Dickkopf Homolog 1 (DKK1), prevents hair-follicle formation in mice [50] and inhibited hair growth [9, 50].
\nβ-catenin signaling is essential for epithelial stem-cell fate since keratinocytes adopt an epidermal fate in the absence of β-catenin [51], and this signaling pathway is related to WNT [52] affecting hair follicle placodes formation, when β-catenin is mutated during embryogenesis, formation of placodes that generate hair follicles is blocked [53].
\nThe role of TGF-β in hair loss has been documented through the study revealing that treatment with a TGF-β antagonist can promote hair growth via preventing catagen progression [57]. Also through the activation of TGF-β and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), it was describe that it was enhanced the transition from the anagen to the catagen phase [58].
\nSince TGF-β1 induces catagen in hair follicles and it is closely related to alopecia progression it can be say that acts as a pathogenic mediator of androgenic alopecia [57, 59] and red ginseng extract can delay the catagen phase and holds the potential to promote hair growth, thought downregulation or inhibition of the TGF-β pathway.
\nOn Young Go Kim investigation was concluded that on ultraviolet B (UVB)-irradiated skin aging in mice, oral administration of Red Ginseng extract protects from skin damage induced by ultraviolet B (UVB)-irradiation, increases of skin thickness and pigmentation, reduction of skin elasticity, inhibited the increases of epidermis and corium thickness. The administration of Red Ginseng extract exert the protective action on UVB-radiation skin aging inhibiting the increase of skin TGF-beta1 content induced by UVB irradiation [60].
\nFurthermore on Zheng Li the hair-growth-promoting effects of Protopanaxatiol type ginsenoside Re were associated with the downregulation of TGF-β-pathway-related genes, which are involved in the control of hair-growth phase-transition-related signaling pathways [61]. On their study shows that topical administration of ginsenoside Re on to the back skin of nude mice for up to 45 days significantly increased hair-shaft length and hair existent time, and stimulated hair-shaft elongation in the ex vivo cultures of hair follicles isolated from C57BL/6 mouse [61].
\nThe hyper activation of the c-Jun-N-terminal kinase (JNK) pathway in associate with an activation of TGF-β-induced hair loss. Korean red ginseng has been attributed to exert protective effects onTGF-β-induced hair loss by the inhibition of JNK on radiation-induced apoptosis of HaCaT cells [62].
\nBy promoting telogen-to-anagen transition of follicular cells and epidermal growth, Shh/Gli regulates hair-follicle development, growth and cycling [54, 55]. Shh−/− mice develop have abnormal hair follicular cells in the dermal papillae and blocking Shh activity mice diminished hair growth, this results indicates the importance of Shh signaling in hair-growth promotion [56].
\nAndrogenetic alopecia is related to testosterone (TES)-induced delay of anagen phase and hair loss. In C57BL/6 mice Red-ginseng oil (RGO) reversed testosterone-induced suppression of hair regeneration through early inducing anagen phase by up-regulating the expression of Shh/Gliand Wnt/β pathway-related proteins, Shh, Smoothened (Smo), β-catenin, Cyclin D1 Cyclin E and Gli1. Additionally, RGO reduced the protein level of TGF-β but enhanced the expression of anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2 [37] suggesting that RGO is a potent therapeutic natural product for treatment of androgenic alopecia possibly through hair re-growth activity [37].
\nThe signaling pathway and anagen induction effect of ginsenoside F2 were investigated and compared with finasteride on the effect of hair growth induction in Heon-Sub Shin at all paper [43] where MTT assay results indicated cell proliferation in human DPC increased a 30% with ginsenoside F2 treatment compared to finasteride [43]. Studding the expression of β-catenin and its transcriptional coactivator Lef-1, the Ginsenoside F2 compared to finasteride group, increased the expressions while decreased the expression of DKK-1. Tissue histological analysis shows that administration of ginsenoside F2 promoted hair growth as compared to finasteride, increase in the number of hair follicles, thickness of the epidermis, and follicles of the anagen phase [43]. Heon-Sub Shin conclude that ginsenoside F2 might be a potential new therapeutic compound for anagen induction and hair growth through the Wnt signal pathway [43]. In another study by Matsuda et al., ginsenosides Rg3 and Rb1 [63] extracted from red ginseng stimulates hair growth activity in an organ culture of mouse vibrissa follicles. No detailed explanations are given in this paper about the mechanism of hair growth, but the results presented by Matsuda et al. [63] indicated that Ginseng Radix possesses hair growth promoting activity.
\n\n
Growth factors and cytokines have been proved to influence hair follicle development or cycling [65] overexpression and/or secretion of Cytokines, such as interleukins (ILs) and interferons (IFN), cause skin inflammation, TGF beta 1 partially inhibited hair growth and EGF, TNF alpha and IL-1 beta completely abrogated it [66] There is an aberrant expression pattern of cytokines in alopecia areata hair follicles.
\nThe presence of CD8+ T cells and NKG2D+ cells around the peri-bulbar area of the affected hair follicles [67] and upregulation of several ILs, such as IL-2, IL-7, IL-15, and IL-21, and IFN-γ leads to immune activation area where’re main suppressed natural killer (NK) cells [68] and is defined as immune-tolerated area. Loss of immune tolerance [68] or immune activation [67], leads to hair-follicle dystrophy and acceleration of the catagen phase [9] by the activation of a cytotoxic cluster of differentiation 8-positive (CD8+) and NK group 2D-positive (NKG2D+) T cells. In alopecia Areata (AA) are found more CD57 − CD16+ NK cells and there is a association between NK cells and the collapse of HF-IP (immune privilege) while normal human scalp skin—that indeed there is no sign of an NK attack on normal anagen VI HFs [69].
\nPhosphorylate Stat3 in the Janus Kinase (JAK)/Signal transducer and activator of transcription-3 (STAT3) pathway regulate the activation of CD8+ and the NKG2D+ CD8+ T cells [70]. The inhibition of the upstream pathway JAK appears as a plausible target for developing a therapy for hair loss [67]. In fact, a number of JAK inhibitors, such as tofacitinib, ruxolitinib, baricitinib, CTP-543, PF-06651600 and PF-06700841 are in the progress of developing a therapy for alopecia [71, 72] more often in alopecia areata a common form of non-scarring hair loss that usually starts abruptly with a very high psychological impact [73], it is a T-cell-mediated disease which produces circular patches of non-scarring hair loss and nail dystrophy [72].
\nGinsenoside Rk1 inhibited the lipopolysaccharide- stimulated phosphorylation of JAK2 and STAT3 in murine macrophage cells [74] and Ginsenoside 20(S)-Rh2 exerts anti-cancer activity through targeting IL-6-induced JAK2/STAT3 [75]. Topical application of ginsenoside F2 by inhibiting the production of IL-17 and ROS, ameliorated dermal inflammation skin [69]. In the pathogenesis of alopecia areata is believed to be an imbalance of inflammatory cytokines IL-17. Monoclonal antibodies against IL-17A leads to hair regrowth in human volunteers [76]. Treatment with
Ginseng may be a multipurpose natural medicine with an extended history of medical application throughout the globe, particularly in Eastern countries.
\nThe beneficial effects of Ginseng cover a good spectrum from immune to cardiovascular, cancer and sexual diseases. New advances in the science leads elucidate new pharmacological activity of the ginseng and its ginsenosides. There are some studies of the use of Ginseng in dermatology investigating its effects from molecular to physiological in a skin cancer, dermatitis, alopecia wound injury and of course hair loss because also ginseng and its ginsenosides regulate the expression and activity of major proteins involved in hair-cycling phases, so the medical use of ginseng is not only restricted to the improvement of general wellness, but also extended to the treatment of organ-specific pathological conditions, like hair.
\nGinseng and its metabolites are associate with the induction of anagen phase preventing hair lost and promoting hair growth although further studies should be done to elucidate and clarified the mechanisms by which ginseng and its metabolites regulate human hair health.
\nThe authors declare no conflict of interest.
\n Alopecia Areata Androgenetic Alopecia Follicular Unit United States Food and Drug Administration Dickkopf homolog 1 sonic hedgehog vascular endothelial growth factor transforming growth factor-beta matrix metalloproteinase extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase Janus-activated kinase protopanaxadiol protopanaxatriol compound K ultraviolet radiation reactive oxygen species linoleic acid β-sitosterol testosterone human hair-follicle dermal papillary cells red-ginseng extract hair follicle dermal papilla cells Gintonin-enriched fraction Korean Red Ginseng Dermal papillary cells NK group 2D-positive UL16-binding protein 3 glioma-associated oncogene homolog cluster of differentiation 8-positive interleukins interferons outer root sheath Signal transducer and activator of transcription-3 Wingless-type integration-site Gintonin-enriched fraction
IntechOpen's Authorship Policy is based on ICMJE criteria for authorship. An Author, one must:
',metaTitle:"Authorship Policy",metaDescription:"IN TECH's Authorship Policy is based on ICMJE criteria for authorship. In order to be identified as an Author, one must:",metaKeywords:null,canonicalURL:"/page/authorship-policy",contentRaw:'[{"type":"htmlEditorComponent","content":"All contributors who meet these criteria are listed as Authors. Their exact contributions should be described in the manuscript at the time of submission.
\\n\\nConversely, all contributors who do not meet these criteria should be listed in the Acknowledgments section of the manuscript, along with a short description of their specific contributions.
\\n\\nCHANGES IN AUTHORSHIP
\\n\\nIf it is felt necessary to make changes to the list of Authors after a manuscript has been submitted or published, it is the responsibility of the Author concerned to provide a valid reason to amend the published list. Additionally, all listed Authors must verify and approve the proposed changes in order for any amendments to be made.
\\n\\nAFFILIATION
\\n\\nAuthors are responsible for ensuring all addresses and emails provided are correct. Under affiliation(s) all Authors should indicate where the research was conducted. Please note that no changes to the affiliation(s) can be made after the chapter has been published.
\\n\\nPolicy last updated: 2017-05-29
\\n"}]'},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:"All contributors who meet these criteria are listed as Authors. Their exact contributions should be described in the manuscript at the time of submission.
\n\nConversely, all contributors who do not meet these criteria should be listed in the Acknowledgments section of the manuscript, along with a short description of their specific contributions.
\n\nCHANGES IN AUTHORSHIP
\n\nIf it is felt necessary to make changes to the list of Authors after a manuscript has been submitted or published, it is the responsibility of the Author concerned to provide a valid reason to amend the published list. Additionally, all listed Authors must verify and approve the proposed changes in order for any amendments to be made.
\n\nAFFILIATION
\n\nAuthors are responsible for ensuring all addresses and emails provided are correct. Under affiliation(s) all Authors should indicate where the research was conducted. Please note that no changes to the affiliation(s) can be made after the chapter has been published.
\n\nPolicy last updated: 2017-05-29
\n"}]},successStories:{items:[]},authorsAndEditors:{filterParams:{},profiles:[{id:"58592",title:"Dr.",name:"Arun",middleName:null,surname:"Shanker",slug:"arun-shanker",fullName:"Arun Shanker",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/58592/images/1664_n.jpg",biography:"Arun K. Shanker is serving as a Principal Scientist (Plant Physiology) with the Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR) at the Central Research Institute for Dryland Agriculture in Hyderabad, India. He is working with the ICAR as a full time researcher since 1993 and has since earned his Advanced degree in Crop Physiology while in service. He has been awarded the prestigious Member of the Royal Society of Chemistry (MRSC), by the Royal Society of Chemistry, London in 2015. Presently he is working on systems biology approach to study the mechanism of abiotic stress tolerance in crops. His main focus now is to unravel the mechanism of drought and heat stress response in plants to tackle climate change related threats in agriculture.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Indian Council of Agricultural Research",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"4782",title:"Prof.",name:"Bishnu",middleName:"P",surname:"Pal",slug:"bishnu-pal",fullName:"Bishnu Pal",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/4782/images/system/4782.jpg",biography:"Bishnu P. Pal is Professor of Physics at Mahindra École\nCentrale Hyderabad India since July 1st 2014 after retirement\nas Professor of Physics from IIT Delhi; Ph.D.’1975 from IIT\nDelhi; Fellow of OSA and SPIE; Senior Member IEEE;\nHonorary Foreign Member Royal Norwegian Society for\nScience and Arts; Member OSA Board of Directors (2009-\n11); Distinguished Lecturer IEEE Photonics Society (2005-\n07).",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Indian Institute of Technology Delhi",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"69653",title:"Dr.",name:"Chusak",middleName:null,surname:"Limsakul",slug:"chusak-limsakul",fullName:"Chusak Limsakul",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Prince of Songkla University",country:{name:"Thailand"}}},{id:"23804",title:"Dr.",name:"Hamzah",middleName:null,surname:"Arof",slug:"hamzah-arof",fullName:"Hamzah Arof",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/23804/images/5492_n.jpg",biography:"Hamzah Arof received his BSc from Michigan State University, and PhD from the University of Wales. Both degrees were in electrical engineering. His current research interests include signal processing and photonics. Currently he is affiliated with the Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Malaya, Malaysia.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Malaya",country:{name:"Malaysia"}}},{id:"41989",title:"Prof.",name:"He",middleName:null,surname:"Tian",slug:"he-tian",fullName:"He Tian",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"East China University of Science and Technology",country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"33351",title:null,name:"Hendra",middleName:null,surname:"Hermawan",slug:"hendra-hermawan",fullName:"Hendra Hermawan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/33351/images/168_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Institut Teknologi Bandung",country:{name:"Indonesia"}}},{id:"11981",title:"Prof.",name:"Hiroshi",middleName:null,surname:"Ishiguro",slug:"hiroshi-ishiguro",fullName:"Hiroshi Ishiguro",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRglaQAC/Profile_Picture_1626411846553",biography:"Hiroshi Ishiguro is an award-winning roboticist and innovator. As the Director of the Intelligent Robotics Laboratory, which is part of the Department of Systems Innovation in the Graduate School of Engineering Science at Osaka University, Japan, Ishiguro concentrates on making robots that are similar as possible to humans to understand the human species. A notable project of his laboratory is the Actroid, a humanoid robot with a lifelike appearance and observable behavior such as facial movements. (Sources: http://www.geminoid.jp/en/index.html, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiroshi_Ishiguro)",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Osaka University",country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"45747",title:"Dr.",name:"Hsin-I",middleName:null,surname:"Chang",slug:"hsin-i-chang",fullName:"Hsin-I Chang",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"National Chiayi University",country:{name:"Taiwan"}}},{id:"61581",title:"Dr.",name:"Joy Rizki Pangestu",middleName:null,surname:"Djuansjah",slug:"joy-rizki-pangestu-djuansjah",fullName:"Joy Rizki Pangestu Djuansjah",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/61581/images/237_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Technology Malaysia",country:{name:"Malaysia"}}},{id:"94249",title:"Prof.",name:"Junji",middleName:null,surname:"Kido",slug:"junji-kido",fullName:"Junji Kido",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Yamagata University",country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"12009",title:"Dr.",name:"Ki Young",middleName:null,surname:"Kim",slug:"ki-young-kim",fullName:"Ki Young Kim",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/12009/images/system/12009.jpg",biography:"Http://m80.knu.ac.kr/~doors",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"National Cheng Kung University",country:{name:"Taiwan"}}},{id:"132595",title:"Prof.",name:"Long",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",slug:"long-wang",fullName:"Long Wang",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Peking University",country:{name:"China"}}}],filtersByRegion:[{group:"region",caption:"North America",value:1,count:6630},{group:"region",caption:"Middle and South America",value:2,count:5913},{group:"region",caption:"Africa",value:3,count:2404},{group:"region",caption:"Asia",value:4,count:12563},{group:"region",caption:"Australia and Oceania",value:5,count:1009},{group:"region",caption:"Europe",value:6,count:17575}],offset:12,limit:12,total:12563},chapterEmbeded:{data:{}},editorApplication:{success:null,errors:{}},ofsBooks:{filterParams:{hasNoEditors:"0",sort:"-dateEndThirdStepPublish"},books:[{type:"book",id:"9985",title:"Geostatistics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"423cb3896195a618c4acb493ce4fd23d",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Jeffrey M. Yarus, Dr. Marko Maucec, Dr. Timothy C. Coburn and Associate Prof. Michael Pyrcz",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9985.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"78011",title:"Prof.",name:"Jeffrey M.",surname:"Yarus",slug:"jeffrey-m.-yarus",fullName:"Jeffrey M. Yarus"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11930",title:"Reliability-Based Design in Structure and Geotechnical Engineering",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"63cb9ce2478d12b0649b47deaab8ab56",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Faham Tahmasebinia",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11930.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"211659",title:"Dr.",name:"Faham",surname:"Tahmasebinia",slug:"faham-tahmasebinia",fullName:"Faham Tahmasebinia"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"12208",title:"Metformin - A Prospective Alternative for the Treatment of Chronic Diseases",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"aa4b8aac3f44ba3ab334530c5d5646ea",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Farid A. Badria",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/12208.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"41865",title:"Prof.",name:"Farid A.",surname:"Badria",slug:"farid-a.-badria",fullName:"Farid A. Badria"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"12112",title:"The Colorectal Surgery",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"21c65e742d31d5b69fb681ef78cfa0be",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Muhammad Shamim",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/12112.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"235128",title:"Dr.",name:"Muhammad",surname:"Shamim",slug:"muhammad-shamim",fullName:"Muhammad Shamim"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"12215",title:"Cell Death and Disease",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"dfd456a29478fccf4ebd3294137eb1e3",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Ke Xu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/12215.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"59529",title:"Dr.",name:"Ke",surname:"Xu",slug:"ke-xu",fullName:"Ke Xu"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11892",title:"Facial Nerve Palsy - A Practitioner’s Guide",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"3022a85c51fe3ba1d2cc2a5de4e66072",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Pratap Sanchetee, Dr. Kirti Sachdev and Dr. Rajeswari R.",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11892.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"206518",title:"Dr.",name:"Pratap",surname:"Sanchetee",slug:"pratap-sanchetee",fullName:"Pratap Sanchetee"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11935",title:"Oil Spills",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"8ef4f1400c5e99e53d93847aaf92216b",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Prof.Dr. Maged Marghany",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11935.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"96666",title:"Prof.",name:"Prof.Dr. Maged",surname:"Marghany",slug:"prof.dr.-maged-marghany",fullName:"Prof.Dr. Maged Marghany"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11998",title:"Biocomposites - Recent Advances",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"8bc7ffd7544fff1901301c787e64fada",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Magdy Elnashar",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11998.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"12075",title:"Prof.",name:"Magdy",surname:"Elnashar",slug:"magdy-elnashar",fullName:"Magdy Elnashar"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"12079",title:"Strategies Towards the Synthesis of Heterocycles and Their Applications",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"bc4022af925c0883636e0819008971ee",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Premlata Kumari and Dr. Amit Patel",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/12079.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"177041",title:"Dr.",name:"Premlata",surname:"Kumari",slug:"premlata-kumari",fullName:"Premlata Kumari"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11520",title:"Direct Torque Control",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"6504dee75dbbfd7792308293a8f1a27f",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Moulay Tahar Lamchich",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11520.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"21932",title:"Prof.",name:"Moulay Tahar",surname:"Lamchich",slug:"moulay-tahar-lamchich",fullName:"Moulay Tahar Lamchich"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11921",title:"Web Development for User Interface, Data Visualization, and Visual Analytics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"03f436c075bce593edf126475e69a478",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Tommy Dang and Dr. Vung Pham",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11921.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"335450",title:"Dr.",name:"Tommy",surname:"Dang",slug:"tommy-dang",fullName:"Tommy Dang"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"12196",title:"Sepsis - New Perspectives",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"3590e6f6047122bd96d1d57da29c4054",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Lixing Huang, Dr. Youyu Zhang and Dr. Lingbin Sun",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/12196.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"333148",title:"Dr.",name:"Lixing",surname:"Huang",slug:"lixing-huang",fullName:"Lixing Huang"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],filtersByTopic:[{group:"topic",caption:"Agricultural and Biological Sciences",value:5,count:43},{group:"topic",caption:"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology",value:6,count:13},{group:"topic",caption:"Business, Management and Economics",value:7,count:4},{group:"topic",caption:"Chemistry",value:8,count:25},{group:"topic",caption:"Computer and Information Science",value:9,count:19},{group:"topic",caption:"Earth and Planetary Sciences",value:10,count:19},{group:"topic",caption:"Engineering",value:11,count:65},{group:"topic",caption:"Environmental Sciences",value:12,count:9},{group:"topic",caption:"Immunology and Microbiology",value:13,count:12},{group:"topic",caption:"Materials Science",value:14,count:30},{group:"topic",caption:"Mathematics",value:15,count:11},{group:"topic",caption:"Medicine",value:16,count:128},{group:"topic",caption:"Nanotechnology and Nanomaterials",value:17,count:9},{group:"topic",caption:"Neuroscience",value:18,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutical Science",value:19,count:7},{group:"topic",caption:"Physics",value:20,count:12},{group:"topic",caption:"Psychology",value:21,count:9},{group:"topic",caption:"Robotics",value:22,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Social Sciences",value:23,count:9},{group:"topic",caption:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",value:25,count:3}],offset:12,limit:12,total:435},popularBooks:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"9974",title:"E-Learning and Digital Education in the Twenty-First Century",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"88b58d66e975df20425fc1dfd22d53aa",slug:"e-learning-and-digital-education-in-the-twenty-first-century",bookSignature:"M. Mahruf C. Shohel",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9974.jpg",editors:[{id:"94099",title:"Dr.",name:"M. Mahruf C.",middleName:null,surname:"Shohel",slug:"m.-mahruf-c.-shohel",fullName:"M. Mahruf C. Shohel"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11001",title:"Density Functional Theory",subtitle:"Recent Advances, New Perspectives and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"82d53383af78ab41eb982086c02fb2bb",slug:"density-functional-theory-recent-advances-new-perspectives-and-applications",bookSignature:"Daniel Glossman-Mitnik",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11001.jpg",editors:[{id:"198499",title:"Dr.",name:"Daniel",middleName:null,surname:"Glossman-Mitnik",slug:"daniel-glossman-mitnik",fullName:"Daniel Glossman-Mitnik"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10356",title:"Natural Medicinal Plants",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"943e56ccaaf19ff696d25aa638ae37d6",slug:"natural-medicinal-plants",bookSignature:"Hany A. El-Shemy",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10356.jpg",editors:[{id:"54719",title:"Prof.",name:"Hany",middleName:null,surname:"El-Shemy",slug:"hany-el-shemy",fullName:"Hany El-Shemy"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11752",title:"Natural Drugs from Plants",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a0a83c0822608ef7592bf16a5ed0ada4",slug:"natural-drugs-from-plants",bookSignature:"Hany A. El-Shemy",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11752.jpg",editors:[{id:"54719",title:"Prof.",name:"Hany",middleName:null,surname:"El-Shemy",slug:"hany-el-shemy",fullName:"Hany El-Shemy"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10251",title:"Plankton Communities",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e11e441ca2d2d5f631b1b4704505cfb6",slug:"plankton-communities",bookSignature:"Leonel Pereira and Ana Marta Gonçalves",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10251.jpg",editors:[{id:"279788",title:"Dr.",name:"Leonel",middleName:null,surname:"Pereira",slug:"leonel-pereira",fullName:"Leonel Pereira"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10830",title:"Animal Feed Science and Nutrition",subtitle:"Production, Health and Environment",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"79944fc8fbbaa329aed6fde388154832",slug:"animal-feed-science-and-nutrition-production-health-and-environment",bookSignature:"Amlan Kumar Patra",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10830.jpg",editors:[{id:"310962",title:"Dr.",name:"Amlan",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Patra",slug:"amlan-patra",fullName:"Amlan Patra"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10584",title:"Engineered Wood Products for Construction",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"421757c56a3735986055250821275a51",slug:"engineered-wood-products-for-construction",bookSignature:"Meng Gong",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10584.jpg",editors:[{id:"274242",title:"Dr.",name:"Meng",middleName:null,surname:"Gong",slug:"meng-gong",fullName:"Meng Gong"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9670",title:"Current Trends in Wheat Research",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"89d795987f1747a76eee532700d2093d",slug:"current-trends-in-wheat-research",bookSignature:"Mahmood-ur-Rahman Ansari",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9670.jpg",editors:[{id:"185476",title:"Dr.",name:"Mahmood-ur-Rahman",middleName:null,surname:"Ansari",slug:"mahmood-ur-rahman-ansari",fullName:"Mahmood-ur-Rahman Ansari"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9032",title:"Corporate Social Responsibility",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f609bf3251d7cc7bae0099a4374adfc3",slug:"corporate-social-responsibility",bookSignature:"Beatrice Orlando",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9032.jpg",editors:[{id:"232969",title:"Prof.",name:"Beatrice",middleName:null,surname:"Orlando",slug:"beatrice-orlando",fullName:"Beatrice Orlando"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10681",title:"Biodegradation Technology of Organic and Inorganic Pollutants",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9a6e10e02788092872fd249436898e97",slug:"biodegradation-technology-of-organic-and-inorganic-pollutants",bookSignature:"Kassio Ferreira Mendes, Rodrigo Nogueira de Sousa and Kamila Cabral Mielke",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10681.jpg",editors:[{id:"197720",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Kassio",middleName:null,surname:"Ferreira Mendes",slug:"kassio-ferreira-mendes",fullName:"Kassio Ferreira Mendes"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9808",title:"Contemporary Topics in Patient Safety",subtitle:"Volume 1",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"fb6371607c2c6c02c6a2af8892765aba",slug:"contemporary-topics-in-patient-safety-volume-1",bookSignature:"Stanislaw P. Stawicki and Michael S. Firstenberg",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9808.jpg",editors:[{id:"181694",title:"Dr.",name:"Stanislaw P.",middleName:null,surname:"Stawicki",slug:"stanislaw-p.-stawicki",fullName:"Stanislaw P. Stawicki"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9544",title:"Global Trade in the Emerging Business Environment",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"fb8cb09b9599246add78d508a98273d5",slug:"global-trade-in-the-emerging-business-environment",bookSignature:"Muhammad Mohiuddin, Jingbin Wang , Md. Samim Al Azad and Selim Ahmed",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9544.jpg",editors:[{id:"418514",title:"Dr.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Mohiuddin",slug:"muhammad-mohiuddin",fullName:"Muhammad Mohiuddin"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],offset:12,limit:12,total:4387},hotBookTopics:{hotBooks:[],offset:0,limit:12,total:null},publish:{},publishingProposal:{success:null,errors:{}},books:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"9974",title:"E-Learning and Digital Education in the Twenty-First Century",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"88b58d66e975df20425fc1dfd22d53aa",slug:"e-learning-and-digital-education-in-the-twenty-first-century",bookSignature:"M. Mahruf C. Shohel",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9974.jpg",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",numberOfDownloads:3385,editors:[{id:"94099",title:"Dr.",name:"M. Mahruf C.",middleName:null,surname:"Shohel",slug:"m.-mahruf-c.-shohel",fullName:"M. Mahruf C. Shohel"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11001",title:"Density Functional Theory",subtitle:"Recent Advances, New Perspectives and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"82d53383af78ab41eb982086c02fb2bb",slug:"density-functional-theory-recent-advances-new-perspectives-and-applications",bookSignature:"Daniel Glossman-Mitnik",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11001.jpg",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",numberOfDownloads:1875,editors:[{id:"198499",title:"Dr.",name:"Daniel",middleName:null,surname:"Glossman-Mitnik",slug:"daniel-glossman-mitnik",fullName:"Daniel Glossman-Mitnik"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10356",title:"Natural Medicinal Plants",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"943e56ccaaf19ff696d25aa638ae37d6",slug:"natural-medicinal-plants",bookSignature:"Hany A. El-Shemy",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10356.jpg",publishedDate:"May 11th 2022",numberOfDownloads:3842,editors:[{id:"54719",title:"Prof.",name:"Hany",middleName:null,surname:"El-Shemy",slug:"hany-el-shemy",fullName:"Hany El-Shemy"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11752",title:"Natural Drugs from Plants",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a0a83c0822608ef7592bf16a5ed0ada4",slug:"natural-drugs-from-plants",bookSignature:"Hany A. El-Shemy",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11752.jpg",publishedDate:"May 11th 2022",numberOfDownloads:3008,editors:[{id:"54719",title:"Prof.",name:"Hany",middleName:null,surname:"El-Shemy",slug:"hany-el-shemy",fullName:"Hany El-Shemy"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10251",title:"Plankton Communities",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e11e441ca2d2d5f631b1b4704505cfb6",slug:"plankton-communities",bookSignature:"Leonel Pereira and Ana Marta Gonçalves",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10251.jpg",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",numberOfDownloads:1109,editors:[{id:"279788",title:"Dr.",name:"Leonel",middleName:null,surname:"Pereira",slug:"leonel-pereira",fullName:"Leonel Pereira"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10830",title:"Animal Feed Science and Nutrition",subtitle:"Production, Health and Environment",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"79944fc8fbbaa329aed6fde388154832",slug:"animal-feed-science-and-nutrition-production-health-and-environment",bookSignature:"Amlan Kumar Patra",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10830.jpg",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",numberOfDownloads:1010,editors:[{id:"310962",title:"Dr.",name:"Amlan",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Patra",slug:"amlan-patra",fullName:"Amlan Patra"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10584",title:"Engineered Wood Products for Construction",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"421757c56a3735986055250821275a51",slug:"engineered-wood-products-for-construction",bookSignature:"Meng Gong",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10584.jpg",publishedDate:"April 28th 2022",numberOfDownloads:3918,editors:[{id:"274242",title:"Dr.",name:"Meng",middleName:null,surname:"Gong",slug:"meng-gong",fullName:"Meng Gong"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9670",title:"Current Trends in Wheat Research",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"89d795987f1747a76eee532700d2093d",slug:"current-trends-in-wheat-research",bookSignature:"Mahmood-ur-Rahman Ansari",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9670.jpg",publishedDate:"May 11th 2022",numberOfDownloads:1654,editors:[{id:"185476",title:"Dr.",name:"Mahmood-ur-Rahman",middleName:null,surname:"Ansari",slug:"mahmood-ur-rahman-ansari",fullName:"Mahmood-ur-Rahman Ansari"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9032",title:"Corporate Social Responsibility",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f609bf3251d7cc7bae0099a4374adfc3",slug:"corporate-social-responsibility",bookSignature:"Beatrice Orlando",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9032.jpg",publishedDate:"March 16th 2022",numberOfDownloads:7686,editors:[{id:"232969",title:"Prof.",name:"Beatrice",middleName:null,surname:"Orlando",slug:"beatrice-orlando",fullName:"Beatrice Orlando"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10681",title:"Biodegradation Technology of Organic and Inorganic Pollutants",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9a6e10e02788092872fd249436898e97",slug:"biodegradation-technology-of-organic-and-inorganic-pollutants",bookSignature:"Kassio Ferreira Mendes, Rodrigo Nogueira de Sousa and Kamila Cabral Mielke",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10681.jpg",publishedDate:"April 20th 2022",numberOfDownloads:3444,editors:[{id:"197720",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Kassio",middleName:null,surname:"Ferreira Mendes",slug:"kassio-ferreira-mendes",fullName:"Kassio Ferreira Mendes"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],latestBooks:[{type:"book",id:"10522",title:"Coding Theory",subtitle:"Recent Advances, New Perspectives and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6357e1dd7d38adeb519ca7a10dc9e5a0",slug:"coding-theory-recent-advances-new-perspectives-and-applications",bookSignature:"Sudhakar Radhakrishnan and Sudev Naduvath",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10522.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 25th 2022",editors:[{id:"26327",title:"Dr.",name:"Sudhakar",middleName:null,surname:"Radhakrishnan",slug:"sudhakar-radhakrishnan",fullName:"Sudhakar Radhakrishnan"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10821",title:"Automation and Control",subtitle:"Theories and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"18463c2291ba306c4dcbabd988227eea",slug:"automation-and-control-theories-and-applications",bookSignature:"Elmer P. Dadios",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10821.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 25th 2022",editors:[{id:"111683",title:"Prof.",name:"Elmer P.",middleName:"P.",surname:"Dadios",slug:"elmer-p.-dadios",fullName:"Elmer P. Dadios"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11348",title:"Mutagenesis and Mitochondrial-Associated Pathologies",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"001972b3c5b49367314b13025a449232",slug:"mutagenesis-and-mitochondrial-associated-pathologies",bookSignature:"Michael Fasullo and Angel Catala",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11348.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 25th 2022",editors:[{id:"258231",title:"Dr.",name:"Michael",middleName:"Thomas",surname:"Fasullo",slug:"michael-fasullo",fullName:"Michael Fasullo"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11123",title:"Epoxy-Based Composites",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c1c5447cf3b9d6c7688276ac30e80de6",slug:"epoxy-based-composites",bookSignature:"Samson Jerold Samuel Chelladurai, Ramesh Arthanari and M.R.Meera",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11123.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 25th 2022",editors:[{id:"247421",title:"Dr.",name:"Samson Jerold Samuel",middleName:null,surname:"Chelladurai",slug:"samson-jerold-samuel-chelladurai",fullName:"Samson Jerold Samuel Chelladurai"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10632",title:"Theory and Practice of Tunnel Engineering",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"7ba17749f9d0b6a62d584a3c320a1f49",slug:"theory-and-practice-of-tunnel-engineering",bookSignature:"Hasan Tosun",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10632.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 25th 2022",editors:[{id:"79083",title:"Prof.",name:"Hasan",middleName:null,surname:"Tosun",slug:"hasan-tosun",fullName:"Hasan Tosun"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10906",title:"Fungal Reproduction and Growth",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f84de0280d54f3b52e3e4585cff24ac1",slug:"fungal-reproduction-and-growth",bookSignature:"Sadia Sultan and Gurmeet Kaur Surindar Singh",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10906.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 25th 2022",editors:[{id:"176737",title:"Dr.",name:"Sadia",middleName:null,surname:"Sultan",slug:"sadia-sultan",fullName:"Sadia Sultan"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10914",title:"Effective Elimination of Structural Racism",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f6a2562646c0fd664aca8335bc3b3e69",slug:"effective-elimination-of-structural-racism",bookSignature:"Erick Guerrero",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10914.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 25th 2022",editors:[{id:"294761",title:"Dr.",name:"Erick",middleName:null,surname:"Guerrero",slug:"erick-guerrero",fullName:"Erick Guerrero"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10664",title:"Animal Reproduction",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"2d66af42fb17d0a6556bb9ef28e273c7",slug:"animal-reproduction",bookSignature:"Yusuf Bozkurt and Mustafa Numan Bucak",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10664.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 25th 2022",editors:[{id:"90846",title:"Prof.",name:"Yusuf",middleName:null,surname:"Bozkurt",slug:"yusuf-bozkurt",fullName:"Yusuf Bozkurt"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10940",title:"Plant Hormones",subtitle:"Recent Advances, New Perspectives and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5aae8a345f8047ed528914ff3491f643",slug:"plant-hormones-recent-advances-new-perspectives-and-applications",bookSignature:"Christophe Hano",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10940.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 25th 2022",editors:[{id:"313856",title:"Dr.",name:"Christophe",middleName:"F.E.",surname:"Hano",slug:"christophe-hano",fullName:"Christophe Hano"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10207",title:"Sexual Abuse",subtitle:"An Interdisciplinary Approach",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e1ec1d5a7093490df314d7887e0b3809",slug:"sexual-abuse-an-interdisciplinary-approach",bookSignature:"Ersi Kalfoğlu and Sotirios Kalfoglou",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10207.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 25th 2022",editors:[{id:"68678",title:"Dr.",name:"Ersi",middleName:null,surname:"Kalfoglou",slug:"ersi-kalfoglou",fullName:"Ersi Kalfoglou"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},subject:{topic:{id:"784",title:"Environmental Technology",slug:"engineering-environmental-engineering-environmental-technology",parent:{id:"118",title:"Environmental Engineering",slug:"engineering-environmental-engineering"},numberOfBooks:5,numberOfSeries:0,numberOfAuthorsAndEditors:74,numberOfWosCitations:43,numberOfCrossrefCitations:44,numberOfDimensionsCitations:102,videoUrl:null,fallbackUrl:null,description:null},booksByTopicFilter:{topicId:"784",sort:"-publishedDate",limit:12,offset:0},booksByTopicCollection:[{type:"book",id:"10455",title:"Green Computing Technologies and Computing Industry in 2021",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"dd39f34aef8389cc77903b8faae8c7c0",slug:"green-computing-technologies-and-computing-industry-in-2021",bookSignature:"Albert Sabban",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10455.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"16889",title:"Dr.",name:"Albert",middleName:null,surname:"Sabban",slug:"albert-sabban",fullName:"Albert Sabban"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9271",title:"Innovation in Global Green Technologies 2020",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"2b283802db94fab806ba5ffc1d48bb5b",slug:"innovation-in-global-green-technologies-2020",bookSignature:"Albert Sabban",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9271.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"16889",title:"Dr.",name:"Albert",middleName:null,surname:"Sabban",slug:"albert-sabban",fullName:"Albert Sabban"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8261",title:"Green Technologies to Improve the Environment on Earth",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"3883bfaee890d55196f4635db2f20397",slug:"green-technologies-to-improve-the-environment-on-earth",bookSignature:"Marquidia Pacheco",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8261.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"176742",title:"Dr.",name:"Marquidia",middleName:null,surname:"Pacheco",slug:"marquidia-pacheco",fullName:"Marquidia Pacheco"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6804",title:"Carbon Capture, Utilization and Sequestration",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"bc6cd79987121b45dfa7f4cc6ba0ca1b",slug:"carbon-capture-utilization-and-sequestration",bookSignature:"Ramesh K. Agarwal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6804.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"38519",title:"Prof.",name:"Ramesh K.",middleName:null,surname:"Agarwal",slug:"ramesh-k.-agarwal",fullName:"Ramesh K. Agarwal"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3597",title:"Environmental Technologies",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:null,slug:"environmental_technologies",bookSignature:"E. Burcu Ozkaraova Gungor",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3597.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"74046",title:"Dr.",name:"Burcu E.",middleName:null,surname:"Ozkaraova Gungor",slug:"burcu-e.-ozkaraova-gungor",fullName:"Burcu E. Ozkaraova Gungor"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],booksByTopicTotal:5,seriesByTopicCollection:[],seriesByTopicTotal:0,mostCitedChapters:[{id:"62458",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79336",title:"Enhancing Carbon Sequestration Using Organic Amendments and Agricultural Practices",slug:"enhancing-carbon-sequestration-using-organic-amendments-and-agricultural-practices",totalDownloads:1874,totalCrossrefCites:8,totalDimensionsCites:13,abstract:"Carbon sequestration (CS) is an important strategy for the mitigation of climate change (CC) as well as for improving the soil fertility of agricultural soils. Carbon sequestration in crop lands and rangelands requires a certain amount of organic matter (OM) presence in the soil called soil organic matter (SOM). Organic amendments like animal and poultry manures, the incorporation of different crop residues, different types of compost, sugarcane bagasse, peat soils, different wood chips, biochar and good agricultural practices like cover crops, nutrient management, mulching, zero and no-tillage techniques, soil biota management and mulching are effectively used for this purpose. These enhance the SOM and improve the soil’s physical and chemical properties which help to sequester more C in soil which ultimately contributes towards CS and CC mitigation.",book:{id:"6804",slug:"carbon-capture-utilization-and-sequestration",title:"Carbon Capture, Utilization and Sequestration",fullTitle:"Carbon Capture, Utilization and Sequestration"},signatures:"Zia Ur Rahman Farooqi, Muhammad Sabir, Nukshab Zeeshan,\nKhurram Naveed and Muhammad Mahroz Hussain",authors:[{id:"250964",title:"Mr.",name:"Zia Ur Rahman",middleName:null,surname:"Farooqi",slug:"zia-ur-rahman-farooqi",fullName:"Zia Ur Rahman Farooqi"},{id:"261006",title:"Mr.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Sabir",slug:"muhammad-sabir",fullName:"Muhammad Sabir"},{id:"261007",title:"Mr.",name:"Nukshab",middleName:null,surname:"Zeeshan",slug:"nukshab-zeeshan",fullName:"Nukshab Zeeshan"}]},{id:"62098",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79082",title:"CO2 Miscible Flooding for Enhanced Oil Recovery",slug:"co2-miscible-flooding-for-enhanced-oil-recovery",totalDownloads:1970,totalCrossrefCites:7,totalDimensionsCites:12,abstract:"Carbon capture aims to mitigate the emission of CO2 by capturing it at the point of combustion then storing it in geological reservoirs or applied through enhanced oil recovery (EOR) in a technology known as miscible flooding, so reduce CO2 atmospheric emissions. Miscible CO2-EOR employs supercritical CO2 to displace oil from a depleted oil reservoir. CO2 improve oil recovery by dissolving in, swelling, and reducing the oil viscosity. Hydrocarbon gases (natural gas and flue gas) used for miscible oil displacement in some large reservoirs. These displacements may simply amount to “pressure maintenance” in the reservoir. In such flooding techniques, the minimum miscibility pressure determined through multiple contact experiments and swelling test to determine the optimum injection conditions.",book:{id:"6804",slug:"carbon-capture-utilization-and-sequestration",title:"Carbon Capture, Utilization and Sequestration",fullTitle:"Carbon Capture, Utilization and Sequestration"},signatures:"Abdelaziz Nasr El-hoshoudy and Saad Desouky",authors:[{id:"201556",title:"Dr.",name:"Abdelaziz",middleName:"Nasr",surname:"El-Hoshoudy",slug:"abdelaziz-el-hoshoudy",fullName:"Abdelaziz El-Hoshoudy"},{id:"253401",title:"Prof.",name:"Saad",middleName:null,surname:"Desouky",slug:"saad-desouky",fullName:"Saad Desouky"}]},{id:"63073",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79347",title:"Carbon Sequestration in Soils: The Opportunities and Challenges",slug:"carbon-sequestration-in-soils-the-opportunities-and-challenges",totalDownloads:3870,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:10,abstract:"Recently, the contributions of the soil in various ecosystems have become more prominent with the recognition of its role as a carbon sink and the potential of that in reducing the concentration of carbon dioxide (CO2), which is a vital greenhouse gas, from the atmosphere. Conversely, the soil capacity to increase the concentration of CO2 in the atmosphere through mineralization of organic matter is also a source of concern. Mineralization of only 10% of the soil organic carbon pool globally is believed to be equivalent to about 30 years of anthropogenic emissions. This underscores the need to preventing carbon loss (emission) from the soil resource. Globally, the soil contains a large carbon pool estimated at approximately 1500Gt of organic carbon in the first one meter of the soil profile. This is much higher than the 560 Gt of carbon (C) found in the biotic pool and twice more than atmospheric CO2. By holding this huge carbon stock, the soil is preventing carbon dioxide build up in the atmosphere which will confound the problem of climate change. There are a lot of strategies used in sequestering carbon in different soils, however, many challenges are being encountered in making them cost effective and widely acceptable.",book:{id:"6804",slug:"carbon-capture-utilization-and-sequestration",title:"Carbon Capture, Utilization and Sequestration",fullTitle:"Carbon Capture, Utilization and Sequestration"},signatures:"Ahmed Chinade Abdullahi, Chamhuri Siwar, Mohamad Isma’il\nShaharudin and Isahak Anizan",authors:[{id:"242472",title:"Dr.",name:"Ahmed",middleName:"Chinade",surname:"Abdullahi",slug:"ahmed-abdullahi",fullName:"Ahmed Abdullahi"},{id:"243316",title:"Prof.",name:"Chamhuri",middleName:null,surname:"Siwar",slug:"chamhuri-siwar",fullName:"Chamhuri Siwar"},{id:"243317",title:"Dr.",name:"Anizan",middleName:null,surname:"Isahak",slug:"anizan-isahak",fullName:"Anizan Isahak"},{id:"243318",title:"Mr.",name:"Shaharuddin",middleName:null,surname:"Mohamad",slug:"shaharuddin-mohamad",fullName:"Shaharuddin Mohamad"}]},{id:"705",doi:"10.5772/5307",title:"Assessment of Air Quality in an Urban Area of Belgrade, Serbia",slug:"assessment_of_air_quality_in_an_urban_area_of_belgrade__serbia",totalDownloads:5142,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:10,abstract:null,book:{id:"3597",slug:"environmental_technologies",title:"Environmental Technologies",fullTitle:"Environmental Technologies"},signatures:"Mirjana Tasic, Slavica Rajsic, Milica Tomasevic, Zoran Mijic, Mira Anicic, Velibor Novakovic, Dragan M. Markovic, Dragan A. Markovic, Lazar Lazic, Mirjana Radenkovic and Jasminka Joksic",authors:null},{id:"62800",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79414",title:"Interfacial Tension and Contact Angle Data Relevant to Carbon Sequestration",slug:"interfacial-tension-and-contact-angle-data-relevant-to-carbon-sequestration",totalDownloads:1081,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:6,abstract:"Interfacial tension (IFT) between “native reservoir fluid” and “injected CO2” and the contact angle (CA) among the reservoir rock, native reservoir fluid, and injected CO2 are major factors that dictate the relative permeability and capillary pressure characteristics which in turn control the fluid flow and distribution characteristics in the reservoir and cap rocks. This chapter is a comprehensive review on the state-of-the-art of the experimentally measured and theoretically predicted IFT and CA data of water/brine-CO2-quartz/calcite/mica systems that are relevant to CO2 sequestration. Experimental techniques used to generate the IFT and CA data and details of molecular simulations used to predict the data are discussed. Respective comparisons of the IFT and CA data reported by various research groups are also made. Possible reasons for disagreements in the published literature are discussed, and suggestions are made for future research in this area to address the potential technical issues in order to obtain reproducible data.",book:{id:"6804",slug:"carbon-capture-utilization-and-sequestration",title:"Carbon Capture, Utilization and Sequestration",fullTitle:"Carbon Capture, Utilization and Sequestration"},signatures:"Prem Bikkina and Imran Shaik",authors:[{id:"244106",title:"Dr.",name:"Prem",middleName:null,surname:"Bikkina",slug:"prem-bikkina",fullName:"Prem Bikkina"},{id:"248257",title:"Mr.",name:"Imran",middleName:null,surname:"Shaik",slug:"imran-shaik",fullName:"Imran Shaik"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"75768",title:"Introductory Chapter: Green Computing Technologies and Industry in 2021",slug:"introductory-chapter-green-computing-technologies-and-industry-in-2021",totalDownloads:481,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:null,book:{id:"10455",slug:"green-computing-technologies-and-computing-industry-in-2021",title:"Green Computing Technologies and Computing Industry in 2021",fullTitle:"Green Computing Technologies and Computing Industry in 2021"},signatures:"Albert Sabban",authors:[{id:"16889",title:"Dr.",name:"Albert",middleName:null,surname:"Sabban",slug:"albert-sabban",fullName:"Albert Sabban"}]},{id:"62098",title:"CO2 Miscible Flooding for Enhanced Oil Recovery",slug:"co2-miscible-flooding-for-enhanced-oil-recovery",totalDownloads:1970,totalCrossrefCites:7,totalDimensionsCites:12,abstract:"Carbon capture aims to mitigate the emission of CO2 by capturing it at the point of combustion then storing it in geological reservoirs or applied through enhanced oil recovery (EOR) in a technology known as miscible flooding, so reduce CO2 atmospheric emissions. Miscible CO2-EOR employs supercritical CO2 to displace oil from a depleted oil reservoir. CO2 improve oil recovery by dissolving in, swelling, and reducing the oil viscosity. Hydrocarbon gases (natural gas and flue gas) used for miscible oil displacement in some large reservoirs. These displacements may simply amount to “pressure maintenance” in the reservoir. In such flooding techniques, the minimum miscibility pressure determined through multiple contact experiments and swelling test to determine the optimum injection conditions.",book:{id:"6804",slug:"carbon-capture-utilization-and-sequestration",title:"Carbon Capture, Utilization and Sequestration",fullTitle:"Carbon Capture, Utilization and Sequestration"},signatures:"Abdelaziz Nasr El-hoshoudy and Saad Desouky",authors:[{id:"201556",title:"Dr.",name:"Abdelaziz",middleName:"Nasr",surname:"El-Hoshoudy",slug:"abdelaziz-el-hoshoudy",fullName:"Abdelaziz El-Hoshoudy"},{id:"253401",title:"Prof.",name:"Saad",middleName:null,surname:"Desouky",slug:"saad-desouky",fullName:"Saad Desouky"}]},{id:"62458",title:"Enhancing Carbon Sequestration Using Organic Amendments and Agricultural Practices",slug:"enhancing-carbon-sequestration-using-organic-amendments-and-agricultural-practices",totalDownloads:1874,totalCrossrefCites:8,totalDimensionsCites:13,abstract:"Carbon sequestration (CS) is an important strategy for the mitigation of climate change (CC) as well as for improving the soil fertility of agricultural soils. Carbon sequestration in crop lands and rangelands requires a certain amount of organic matter (OM) presence in the soil called soil organic matter (SOM). Organic amendments like animal and poultry manures, the incorporation of different crop residues, different types of compost, sugarcane bagasse, peat soils, different wood chips, biochar and good agricultural practices like cover crops, nutrient management, mulching, zero and no-tillage techniques, soil biota management and mulching are effectively used for this purpose. These enhance the SOM and improve the soil’s physical and chemical properties which help to sequester more C in soil which ultimately contributes towards CS and CC mitigation.",book:{id:"6804",slug:"carbon-capture-utilization-and-sequestration",title:"Carbon Capture, Utilization and Sequestration",fullTitle:"Carbon Capture, Utilization and Sequestration"},signatures:"Zia Ur Rahman Farooqi, Muhammad Sabir, Nukshab Zeeshan,\nKhurram Naveed and Muhammad Mahroz Hussain",authors:[{id:"250964",title:"Mr.",name:"Zia Ur Rahman",middleName:null,surname:"Farooqi",slug:"zia-ur-rahman-farooqi",fullName:"Zia Ur Rahman Farooqi"},{id:"261006",title:"Mr.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Sabir",slug:"muhammad-sabir",fullName:"Muhammad Sabir"},{id:"261007",title:"Mr.",name:"Nukshab",middleName:null,surname:"Zeeshan",slug:"nukshab-zeeshan",fullName:"Nukshab Zeeshan"}]},{id:"63073",title:"Carbon Sequestration in Soils: The Opportunities and Challenges",slug:"carbon-sequestration-in-soils-the-opportunities-and-challenges",totalDownloads:3870,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:10,abstract:"Recently, the contributions of the soil in various ecosystems have become more prominent with the recognition of its role as a carbon sink and the potential of that in reducing the concentration of carbon dioxide (CO2), which is a vital greenhouse gas, from the atmosphere. Conversely, the soil capacity to increase the concentration of CO2 in the atmosphere through mineralization of organic matter is also a source of concern. Mineralization of only 10% of the soil organic carbon pool globally is believed to be equivalent to about 30 years of anthropogenic emissions. This underscores the need to preventing carbon loss (emission) from the soil resource. Globally, the soil contains a large carbon pool estimated at approximately 1500Gt of organic carbon in the first one meter of the soil profile. This is much higher than the 560 Gt of carbon (C) found in the biotic pool and twice more than atmospheric CO2. By holding this huge carbon stock, the soil is preventing carbon dioxide build up in the atmosphere which will confound the problem of climate change. There are a lot of strategies used in sequestering carbon in different soils, however, many challenges are being encountered in making them cost effective and widely acceptable.",book:{id:"6804",slug:"carbon-capture-utilization-and-sequestration",title:"Carbon Capture, Utilization and Sequestration",fullTitle:"Carbon Capture, Utilization and Sequestration"},signatures:"Ahmed Chinade Abdullahi, Chamhuri Siwar, Mohamad Isma’il\nShaharudin and Isahak Anizan",authors:[{id:"242472",title:"Dr.",name:"Ahmed",middleName:"Chinade",surname:"Abdullahi",slug:"ahmed-abdullahi",fullName:"Ahmed Abdullahi"},{id:"243316",title:"Prof.",name:"Chamhuri",middleName:null,surname:"Siwar",slug:"chamhuri-siwar",fullName:"Chamhuri Siwar"},{id:"243317",title:"Dr.",name:"Anizan",middleName:null,surname:"Isahak",slug:"anizan-isahak",fullName:"Anizan Isahak"},{id:"243318",title:"Mr.",name:"Shaharuddin",middleName:null,surname:"Mohamad",slug:"shaharuddin-mohamad",fullName:"Shaharuddin Mohamad"}]},{id:"62027",title:"Chemical Absorption by Aqueous Solution of Ammonia",slug:"chemical-absorption-by-aqueous-solution-of-ammonia",totalDownloads:1189,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:2,abstract:"Carbon capture is proposed as a viable way of exploiting the fossil resources for power plants and industrial processes. The post-combustion capture by chemical absorption in amine aqueous solutions has been in use in chemical and petrochemical areas for decades. As an alternative, the absorption in aqueous ammonia has received great attention recently. The carbon capture by aqueous ammonia is based on the conventional absorption-regeneration scheme applied to the ternary system CO2–NH3–H2O. It can be implemented in a chilled and a cooled process, depending upon the temperatures in the absorber and, hence, the precipitation of salts. The process simulation can be conducted in two manners: the equilibrium and the rate-based approaches. The specific heat duty is as low as 3.0, for the cooled process, and 2.2 MJ/kgCO2, for the chilled one. Moreover, the index SPECCA is as low as 2.6, for the cooled, and 2.9 MJ/kgCO2, for the chilled one. The overall energy performances from the simulations in the rate-based approach, compared against those in the equilibrium approach, result only slightly penalized. From an economic perspective, the carbon capture via chemical absorption by aqueous ammonia is a feasible retrofitting solution, yielding a cost of electricity of 82.4 €/MWhe and of avoided CO2 of 38.6 €/tCO2 for the chilled process.",book:{id:"6804",slug:"carbon-capture-utilization-and-sequestration",title:"Carbon Capture, Utilization and Sequestration",fullTitle:"Carbon Capture, Utilization and Sequestration"},signatures:"Gianluca Valenti and Davide Bonalumi",authors:[{id:"214376",title:"Prof.",name:"Gianluca",middleName:null,surname:"Valenti",slug:"gianluca-valenti",fullName:"Gianluca Valenti"},{id:"243535",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Davide",middleName:null,surname:"Bonalumi",slug:"davide-bonalumi",fullName:"Davide Bonalumi"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"784",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:0},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:0,limit:8,total:null},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:87,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:99,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:27,numberOfPublishedChapters:290,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:10,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:139,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:8,numberOfPublishedChapters:129,numberOfOpenTopics:0,numberOfUpcomingTopics:2,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!1},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:108,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:104,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:12,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:1,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!1},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:12,numberOfOpenTopics:5,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"6",text:"It is great to work with the IntechOpen to produce a worthwhile collection of research that also becomes a great educational resource and guide for future research endeavors.",author:{id:"259298",name:"Edward",surname:"Narayan",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",slug:"edward-narayan",institution:{id:"3",name:"University of Queensland",country:{id:null,name:"Australia"}}}},{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. The whole process of submitting an article and editing of the submitted article goes extremely smooth and fast, the number of reads and downloads of chapters is high, and the contributions are also frequently cited.",author:{id:"55578",name:"Antonio",surname:"Jurado-Navas",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRisIQAS/Profile_Picture_1626166543950",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",institution:{id:"720",name:"University of Malaga",country:{id:null,name:"Spain"}}}}]},series:{item:{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",issn:null,scope:"\r\n\tScientists have long researched to understand the environment and man’s place in it. The search for this knowledge grows in importance as rapid increases in population and economic development intensify humans’ stresses on ecosystems. Fortunately, rapid increases in multiple scientific areas are advancing our understanding of environmental sciences. Breakthroughs in computing, molecular biology, ecology, and sustainability science are enhancing our ability to utilize environmental sciences to address real-world problems.
\r\n\tThe four topics of this book series - Pollution; Environmental Resilience and Management; Ecosystems and Biodiversity; and Water Science - will address important areas of advancement in the environmental sciences. They will represent an excellent initial grouping of published works on these critical topics.
\r\n\tPollution is caused by a wide variety of human activities and occurs in diverse forms, for example biological, chemical, et cetera. In recent years, significant efforts have been made to ensure that the environment is clean, that rigorous rules are implemented, and old laws are updated to reduce the risks towards humans and ecosystems. However, rapid industrialization and the need for more cultivable sources or habitable lands, for an increasing population, as well as fewer alternatives for waste disposal, make the pollution control tasks more challenging. Therefore, this topic will focus on assessing and managing environmental pollution. It will cover various subjects, including risk assessment due to the pollution of ecosystems, transport and fate of pollutants, restoration or remediation of polluted matrices, and efforts towards sustainable solutions to minimize environmental pollution.
",annualVolume:11966,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/38.jpg",editor:{id:"110740",title:"Dr.",name:"Ismail M.M.",middleName:null,surname:"Rahman",fullName:"Ismail M.M. Rahman",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/110740/images/2319_n.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Fukushima University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}},editorTwo:{id:"201020",title:"Dr.",name:"Zinnat Ara",middleName:null,surname:"Begum",fullName:"Zinnat Ara Begum",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/201020/images/system/201020.jpeg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Fukushima University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}},editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"252368",title:"Dr.",name:"Meng-Chuan",middleName:null,surname:"Ong",fullName:"Meng-Chuan Ong",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRVotQAG/Profile_Picture_2022-05-20T12:04:28.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universiti Malaysia Terengganu",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Malaysia"}}},{id:"63465",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohamed Nageeb",middleName:null,surname:"Rashed",fullName:"Mohamed Nageeb Rashed",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/63465/images/system/63465.gif",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Aswan University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Egypt"}}},{id:"187907",title:"Dr.",name:"Olga",middleName:null,surname:"Anne",fullName:"Olga Anne",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSBE5QAO/Profile_Picture_2022-04-07T09:42:13.png",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Klaipeda State University of Applied Sciences",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Lithuania"}}}]},{id:"39",title:"Environmental Resilience and Management",keywords:"Anthropic effects, Overexploitation, Biodiversity loss, Degradation, Inadequate Management, SDGs adequate practices",scope:"\r\n\tThe environment is subject to severe anthropic effects. Among them are those associated with pollution, resource extraction and overexploitation, loss of biodiversity, soil degradation, disorderly land occupation and planning, and many others. These anthropic effects could potentially be caused by any inadequate management of the environment. However, ecosystems have a resilience that makes them react to disturbances which mitigate the negative effects. It is critical to understand how ecosystems, natural and anthropized, including urban environments, respond to actions that have a negative influence and how they are managed. It is also important to establish when the limits marked by the resilience and the breaking point are achieved and when no return is possible. The main focus for the chapters is to cover the subjects such as understanding how the environment resilience works, the mechanisms involved, and how to manage them in order to improve our interactions with the environment and promote the use of adequate management practices such as those outlined in the United Nations’ Sustainable Development Goals.
",annualVolume:11967,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/39.jpg",editor:{id:"137040",title:"Prof.",name:"Jose",middleName:null,surname:"Navarro-Pedreño",fullName:"Jose Navarro-Pedreño",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRAXrQAO/Profile_Picture_2022-03-09T15:50:19.jpg",institutionString:"Miguel Hernández University of Elche, Spain",institution:null},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"177015",title:"Prof.",name:"Elke Jurandy",middleName:null,surname:"Bran Nogueira Cardoso",fullName:"Elke Jurandy Bran Nogueira Cardoso",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRGxzQAG/Profile_Picture_2022-03-25T08:32:33.jpg",institutionString:"Universidade de São Paulo, Brazil",institution:null},{id:"211260",title:"Dr.",name:"Sandra",middleName:null,surname:"Ricart",fullName:"Sandra Ricart",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/211260/images/system/211260.jpeg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Alicante",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}}]},{id:"40",title:"Ecosystems and Biodiversity",keywords:"Ecosystems, Biodiversity, Fauna, Taxonomy, Invasive species, Destruction of habitats, Overexploitation of natural resources, Pollution, Global warming, Conservation of natural spaces, Bioremediation",scope:"