PV module electrical characteristics.
\r\n\t
",isbn:"978-1-80356-948-2",printIsbn:"978-1-80356-947-5",pdfIsbn:"978-1-80356-949-9",doi:null,price:0,priceEur:0,priceUsd:0,slug:null,numberOfPages:0,isOpenForSubmission:!0,isSalesforceBook:!1,isNomenclature:!1,hash:"c0d1c1c93a36fd9d726445966316a373",bookSignature:"Dr. Sylvanus Gbendazhi Barnabas",publishedDate:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11434.jpg",keywords:"Indigenous People, Natives, First People, Minorities, United Nations, UN Declaration, Indigenous People Rights, Self-Determination, States, Independence, Struggle for Rights, Contemporary Times",numberOfDownloads:null,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:null,numberOfDimensionsCitations:null,numberOfTotalCitations:null,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"April 7th 2022",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"May 5th 2022",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"July 4th 2022",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"September 22nd 2022",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"November 21st 2022",dateConfirmationOfParticipation:null,remainingDaysToSecondStep:"20 days",secondStepPassed:!0,areRegistrationsClosed:!1,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:3,editedByType:null,kuFlag:!1,biosketch:"Legal practitioner, consultant and a law academic with a diversity of interest in multi and intra-disciplinary scholarship on legal issues at national regional and international levels.",coeditorOneBiosketch:null,coeditorTwoBiosketch:null,coeditorThreeBiosketch:null,coeditorFourBiosketch:null,coeditorFiveBiosketch:null,editors:[{id:"293764",title:"Dr.",name:"Sylvanus",middleName:"Gbendazhi",surname:"Barnabas",slug:"sylvanus-barnabas",fullName:"Sylvanus Barnabas",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/293764/images/system/293764.jpg",biography:"Sylvanus Barnabas is a Senior Lecturer in Law at the Faculty of Law, Nile University of Nigeria where he teaches various subjects in law; he obtained the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in international human rights law from Northumbria University at Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom; he has a Master of Laws degree obtained with distinction in Environmental Law and Policy from University of Kent at Canterbury, Kent, United Kingdom; he also holds a Bachelor of Laws degree from Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria; and he is also a qualified a barrister and solicitor of the Supreme Court of Nigeria.",institutionString:"Nigerian Turkish Nile University",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"Nigerian Turkish Nile University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Nigeria"}}}],coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"21",title:"Psychology",slug:"psychology"}],chapters:null,productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},personalPublishingAssistant:{id:"440204",firstName:"Ana",lastName:"Cink",middleName:null,title:"Ms.",imageUrl:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/440204/images/20006_n.jpg",email:"ana.c@intechopen.com",biography:"As an Author Service Manager my responsibilities include monitoring and facilitating all publishing activities for authors and editors. From chapter submission and review, to approval and revision, copyediting and design, until final publication, I work closely with authors and editors to ensure a simple and easy publishing process. I maintain constant and effective communication with authors, editors and reviewers, which allows for a level of personal support that enables contributors to fully commit and concentrate on the chapters they are writing, editing, or reviewing. I assist authors in the preparation of their full chapter submissions and track important deadlines and ensure they are met. I help to coordinate internal processes such as linguistic review, and monitor the technical aspects of the process. As an ASM I am also involved in the acquisition of editors. 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Venkateswarlu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/371.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"58592",title:"Dr.",name:"Arun",surname:"Shanker",slug:"arun-shanker",fullName:"Arun Shanker"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"72",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Theory, Properties, New Approaches",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d94ffa3cfa10505e3b1d676d46fcd3f5",slug:"ionic-liquids-theory-properties-new-approaches",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/72.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},chapter:{item:{type:"chapter",id:"39939",title:"Challenges and Peculiarities of Paediatric Imaging",doi:"10.5772/51611",slug:"challenges-and-peculiarities-of-paediatric-imaging",body:'\n\t\tAlthough some, diseases seen among children and infants are similar to those in adults, diagnostic imaging of these category of patients can both be interesting and challenging.
\n\t\t\tPaediatric imaging therefore requires specific training and certification that gua rantees application of thorough knowledge, expertise and a variety of dedicated or adaptable equipment. This is hardly the case in many countries; where there may not be sub specialty training in paediatric imaging and practice may not have specific requirement except interest in children. Historically, there are few recruitment training centers for paediatric imaging specialists, and this area appear to be one of the least subscribed of all radiology sub specialities. It is also difficult, to establish quality imaging service for children defined as \' A service where the child is examined and diagnosis made by specialists with appropriate expertise, is imaged using dedicated facilities and equipment and where the child is at the center of all decisions made\' (Report of National Imaging Board, NHS).
\n\t\t\tIt is important to recognise that children are increasingly irritable and unusually aware of strangers and unfamiliar environments. This presents a huge challenge for the radiographer or the clinical care personnel who must try to gain the child\'s trust and co-operation before and throughout the duration of an examination. This can be a daunting task in children who may both be ill as well as experiencing pain. Coercion and support from parents is usually enough to achieve this, but in some extreme cases (such as MRI and CT), it may be necessary to sedate the child. Even with a quality examination, the accurate interpretation of diagnostic images, also requires a deep knowledge of the intricate and dynamic face of anatomy and some peculiarity in pathological presentations.
\n\t\t\tThis paper seeks to draw attention to the peculiarities of Paediatric Imaging and the need to encourage expertise in this area.
\n\t\t\tChallenges of paediatric imaging can be discussed as follows:
\n\t\t\tThis chapter will be divided into 3 Major Areas namely service delivery, technical peculiarities and Clinical Applications.
\n\t\tInspite of the vulnerability of this category of patients and obvious need for specialized diagnostic services, there are few training centers or programs dedicated to Paediatric imaging. In Nigeria, there is no specialist training for would be paediatric radiologist, outside the regular fellowship. In some countries like Switzerland, a two year sub specialty Fellowship and certification is available for Radiologist, but nothing specific for Radiographers and Imaging Technologists. There is evidence that enrollment and popularity of paediatric imaging as a speciality is low in United States and Europe. In the United Kingdom, all radiology trainings programs include core paediatric experience, and full adaptation can be achieved after a 6 months of pediatric focused training. Alternatively, a paediatric consultant may need up to 1 year training in radiology, but the short period of rotations during residency is usually not enough to provoke sufficient interest in this category of practitioners.
\n\t\t\t\tAmong Radiographers, there is no recognition of Pediatrics as an area of specialty or professional registration for pediatric Radiographers. There is no formal training programs dedicated to this area, or career pathways or incentives for Specialist paediatric radiographers. The picture appears to be replicated in most African and SubSaharan countries where lack of manpower may further inhibit the development of this potentially important specialty.
\n\t\t\tThis challenge is almost similar to the one earlier described. In practice, there is a wide variation in the provision of specialist imaging centers with services tailored specifically for the children. According to an NHS report, majority of routine, emergency and trauma imaging takes place in district hospitals, equipped with variable degree of local expertise.
\n\t\t\tImaging equipment and facilities suitable for use by children and toddlers require some specialized features. Sometimes, these equipment may differ from the premature to the adult sized teenager. Equipments that are easy to manipulate, while allowing fast acquisition of diagnostic information is the gold standard.Where necessary, image viewing and workflow stations allow fast transfer of images to PACS, for easy reporting and audits by radiologists.
\n\t\t\tChildren require stimulating environments that easily catch their attention and make them less suspicious of strangers and their intentions. The environment should usually be friendly and tailored to make the child patient feel relaxed. For instance, the walls should have bright colors, with paintings and designs as well as images with toys, play characters, cartoons and toys.
\n\t\t\t\tProvision to allow children run around, play and use murals and stencils can be of immense use.
\n\t\t\t\tThe designs can also be such that allows a lot of natural lighting into the room. This can be achieved with glass panels and windows and special lightings.
\n\t\t\tWith the advent of CT and fluoroscopy, the amount of radiation doses available to paediatric patients has become increasingly significant. Consequently, issues of radiation protection are more stringent in paediatric imaging and both local rules and international standard must be maintained.
\n\t\t\t\tIt is recommended that low dose imaging systems be deployed using digital detection components, optimized for paediatric use to ensure dose reduction.
\n\t\t\t\tImaging systems that are ultra fast are often needed to reduce the time of investigation while optimizing image quality, and this comes with a huge financial burden to hospital authority, since they cost higher. It is also important to ensure the physical safety of the child while in the department.
\n\t\t\tThe need to have immediate intervention in children especially following trauma and emergencies, may necessitate the extension of working hours and off peak availability of personnel. This means placing Radiographers and Radiologists with pediatric experience on call, to handle such cases. This obviously places most departments under work pressure to keep this category of workers.
\n\t\t\tThe need to obtain images of optimum quality requires that the imaging equipment function to their maximal capacity. Diagnosis of many paediatric ailments depend on exquisite demonstration of anatomical detail, and subtle changes. Quality assurance programs are tailored towards ensuring optimum performance, often requiring constant calibration of these equipment.
\n\t\t\t\tDouble check protocols are necessary to ensure there is no missed diagnosis, through proper clinical audits.
\n\t\t\tThe standard protocols should be adopted as a general rule:
\n\t\t\t\t1. There must be a clinical justification for any imaging procedure
\n\t\t\t\t2. The clinical benefits should outweigh any potential risk
\n\t\t\t\t3. When possible, children should not be examined with facilities dedicated to adults
\n\t\t\t\t4. The protocols for each investigation must be specific and tailored to meet individual patient situations.
\n\t\t\t\t5. Service hours and sessions must be sufficient to cover both booked and emergency cases.
\n\t\t\t\t6. Radiation protection services must be available and optimization principles such as ALARP (As Low As Reasonably Practical) should be applied.
\n\t\t\t\t7. There should be care providers with sound understanding of the anatomical and pathological processes in the paediatric age group.
\n\t\t\t\t8. A thorough knowledge of various diagnostic and imaging techniques by practitioners, including indications, contraindications and complications.
\n\t\t\t\t9. Knowledge of the advantage as well as limitations of each imaging modality, is necessary to make informed choice and guide clinical management.
\n\t\t\t\t10. Good communication and interpersonal skills are needed to deal with children.
\n\t\t\t\t11. Access to interventional and emergency care must be ensured at all times.
\n\t\t\t\t12. All protocols must take into consideration, the personal or physical safety of the children while in the imaging department.
\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t
There are existing policy guidelines regarding acceptable quality and criteria for diagnostic radiography in the pediatric population. Such guidelines like that of the European Commission, sets out to ensure the triple objectives of producing adequate and uniformly acceptable image quality, providing accurate radiological interpretation of the image and using a reasonably low radiation dose per radiograph. A typical guideline will take into account a specific image criteria, taking into consideration anatomical, patho-physiological, size and degree of cooperation expected of a child. It will emphasize good Radiographic technique and patient dose limitations. The general requirements include but not limited to the list below
\n\t\t\tHigh quality images produced by computed or digital radiography is recommended, so that exposure factors can be optimized and repeats are avoided.
Films of high contrast and capable of yielding high resolution images are recommended.
Low absorption cassette or image plates, grids, tabletops should be used. While the use of grids may often be unnnecessary, the introduction of digital or computed Radiography has reduced the use and importance of some of these accesories)
Exposure Parameters should be stringent, with appropriate combination of KV, MA and Time. Due to a likelihood of motional blur, short exposure times is compensated for by slight increase in KV and MA.
The technique with positioning, centering, collimation, side markers, image identification, restraining methods are carefully chosen.
There should be proper collimation devices with fine focus techniques necessary to reduce radiation dose without loss of detail. Protective radiation shields should be used whenever necessary.
Radiographs should show both soft tissue and bony detail.
Comparison films are often necessary to make accurate diagnosis.
Where possible, effort should be made to produce the area of interest with minimal projections. For example, A single projection showing chest and abdomen would be preferable in an eight month old baby, rather than two view of the chest and abdomen respectively.
In acute injury, two projections ( Ap and Lateral) should be done as an emergency.
When necessary, radiographs may be obtained under mild sedation especially in the very uncooperative patient.
\n\t\t\tDue to the increasing radiation sensitivity of children compared with adults, balancing radiation protection with image quality is of utmost importance. The dynamic face of the immature growing and partially ossified skeleton, requires experience and good knowledge of the radiological image and developmental variants. Radiation protection should also follow already made guidelines like the ICRP draft report consultation on \' Radiological Protection in Pediatric diagnostic and interventional Radiology\' published in the Annals of the ICRP ref 4839-3982-4649 of May 2011 (readers are encourage to view this document for further details).
\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t
MRI in children is performed under a variety of settings including neurological, cardiac, musculoskeletal as well as for diagnosis and follow up of malignant disease. The major challenges in imaging children with MRI stem from the following
\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t
The relatively smaller anatomic structures in children create a challenge in terms of available signal as well as limit of resolution.
\n\t\t\tThese anatomical structures which are smaller than the adult such as inner ear, cranial nerves, brachial plexus, biliary tree, peripheral joints and blood vessels require high resolution. In other words, imaging these structures require high signal to noise ratio. This scenerio becomes even more significant in the presence of anomalies or congenital defects, as well as the changing face of structural developments.
\n\t\t\tThis can be achieved with high field strengths, acquisition of thinner slices and improved spatial resolution.
\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t
The anatomy in children appear to be evolving as they develop and mature. This is true with cerebral imaging where the corticosulcations, patterns of myelination change rapidly as the child matures. At birth, the water content of brain tissue is significantly higher than that of adults. The abundance of Hydrogen molecules from water and the lack of commensurate fatty signals requires an increase in TE on T2- weighted imaging to achieve good contrast. Also visualization of joints should take into consideration changes in the growth of the epiphyses and and apophyseal cartilage.
\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t
The rates of acquisition of images, contrast injection rates may be influenced by physiological changes. For instance, the heart rate, pulse rate, breathing and blood flow rates are different in neonates, necessitating shorter times for image acquisition. Children may also find it difficult to hold their breaths and this may introduce artefacts during the image acquisition process.
\n\t\t\tIt is often difficult to perform an exhaustive clinical examination in children and symptoms may be vague and non- specific. Consequently, MRI request can frequently be non- specific, making the choice of protocols and modification in techniques more cumbersome.
\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t
Children are increasingly aware of changes in their environment and less likely to co-operate with strangers. Some MRI studies require a reasonable period of cooperation and calm. This poses more difficulties on the time and energy of the staff. To achieve cooperation, the child may be sedated or given general anaesthesia, thereby increasing the inherent risk and often requiring staff with requisite skills.
\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t
The thermoregulatory mechanisms in children are poorly developed and children have high basal temperatures, thereby exposing them to higher risk of radiofrequency heating effects. This becomes magnified by the relatively higher surface area to weight ratio in children, increasing the area exposed to RF heating with a concurrent reduction in heat dissipation. The implications of the high specific absorption ratio (SAR) from MRI in children is unclear, but the need for close monitoring in the critically ill child cannot be over emphasised. Further safety concerns stem from possible side effects of anaesthesia like nausea, vomiting, drowsiness, agitation which are exaggerated in the pediatric population.
\n\t\t\tGenerally speaking several issues come to mind
\n\t\t\tImproving signal to noise ratio requires higher field strengths (up to 3T)
Achieving the above also means more expensive hardware and sophistication in techniques
The use of greater field strength means better spatial and temporal resolution with altered T1 contrast ( longer T1 and T2 relaxation times).
The likelihood of artifacts are higher especially for cardiac and abdominal imaging.
The SAR ultimately increases due to higher fields strengths in addition to introductio of B- field inhomogeneities.
Chemical shift, motion and susceptibility artefacts are increased.
Safety issues become more stringent as the field strength increases.
Due to the absence of radiation exposure, whole body MRI is considered a useful sequence in the evaluation of children with systemic abnormality or bone metastases.
\n\t\t\tSome general rules to achieving a successful MRI in children would include engaging them to become aware and participate in the procedure, allowing considerable distractions with audiovisual aids, puzzle tasks and relaxation breathing techniques. In addition to this, conscious effort to separate intravenous cannulations from the main MRI exam as well as carefully planning the sequences and protocols to include only the necessary ones are techniques that ultimately help.
\n\t\t\tThere are general concerns about the amount of radiation exposure from paediatric CT due to the radio sensitivity of developing and immature tissues in children. Evidence abound to prove that pediatric CT will result in significantly increased lifetime radiation risk for cancer over adult CT, due to increased dose per milliamperes second and the increased lifetime risk per dose. There are also issues with who makes appropriate decisions for the referral of children, clinical benefit of the procedure, dose information and poor knowledge and compliance to laid down guidelines.
\n\t\t\t\tIn a particular survey, there is poor compliance to guidelines in imaging children with torticollis, ventriculoperitoneal shunt and sinusitis. Sometimes, unnecessary examinations may be seen in cases of uncomplicated headache, suspected Pulmonary embolism, pre- op chest survey, and in the evaluation of appendicitis.
\n\t\t\t\tThe use of Helical CT techniques for volume acquisition during CTA (CT Angiography), also has several challenges in children. To perform successful CTA\'s in children, factors like reduced contrast volume, injection rates, timing of scans, radiation dose minimization and breath holding abilities must be considered. For most indications, helical CT of the chest using low dose techniques provides adequate image quality without a significant loss of diagnostic information. Modifications in equipment design has allowed optimization of scan parameters to achieve desired results. These include reduction in the rotation time (0.4 to 0.5seconds), reduced detector coverage commensurate to body size, reduced slice thickness and pitch especially with multiple slice facility. Others are reduced field of view (FOV), KV and use of smart MA/ auto MA options to optimize exposure levels.
\n\t\t\t\tWhen used, CT facilities should be equipped to accommodate ventilated neonates and appropriately trained medical and nursing staff must accompany such patients.
\n\t\t\tThe procedure for paediatric ultrasound does not differ significantly from that of children. Equipment and facilities may not differ significantly except for the choice of transducers. Most ultrasound machines come with options for paediatric probes. This is especially true for transcranial and cardiac work. Most paediatric probes would be relatively smaller than adult probes and may have adjustable usually higher frequencies to cope with various depths and patient needs. The compromise is usually between the degree of penetration and resolution required for each case.
\n\t\t\t\tPatients may either be awake or sleeping, but there is usually no need for sedation in most circumstances.
\n\t\t\t\tUltrasound is relatively safe with no risks of radiation, cheap and readily available. Ultrasound scans may be repeated over and over again, without any significant risks. The challenges for the care giver is similar to that in most other modalities; getting the cooperation of the child.
\n\t\t\t\tA warm friendly environment, good interpersonal skills will help the sonographer perform the investigation with ease. The practice of warming the gel and towels is often desirable for the child patient. The cooperation of the parents or guardian is usually solicited as this helps the child to remain calm during the investigation. As a general rule, most pediatric ultrasound scans are performed in the presence of accompanying adult.
\n\t\t\t\tFor neonates in intensive care units, portable scanners may be used, equipped with transducers with various frequencies, and Doppler to perform the investigation at the bedside. Special care and aseptic procedures must be maintained to prevent risk of infection to infants.
\n\t\t\t\tThe general rule is to get an ultrasound whenever possible, as it can be repeated over and over again.
\n\t\t\tThe clinical implications of the above challenges are highlighted below for the various regions.
\n\t\t\tPediatric chest: The chest radiograph is the most common imaging technique employed for pediatric thoracic abnormalities. Pediatric chest radiography presents peculiar challenges due to the wide range of tissue densities present in the thorax. This is complicated by the need to minimise radiation dose, the varying thoracic sizes, difficulty in achieving inspiration and likelihood of motional blurr. The continous improvement in screen- film technology and development of digital systems produce a wider dynamic range and linear response to xray exposure. This ensure that useful images can be obtained in a wide latitude of exposures and digital processing allows adequate contrast and detail to be achieved. This means a better control of radiation exposure as repeats are almost eliminated. The neonatal chest radiograph will most undoubtedly include portions of the abdomen and appendicular skeleton. The ABC approach typically is to examine the whole radiograph and not just the chest. This can be put in this simplified format
\n\t\t\tA- Abdomen region is examined for abnormal gas patterns, calcification and situs
\n\t\t\tB- Bone to exclude fractures, metabolic diseases eg rickets or definite bone lesions
\n\t\t\tC- Chest for position of the mediastinum, cardiac size and contours, vascular markings, abnormal air spaces, pneumothorax or atelectasis, determine positions of central venous line, umbilical venous catheter and endotracheal tube, pleural effusions.
\n\t\t\tIn addition, soft tissue appearance to exclude abnormal swellings, or loss of body mass like in malnutrition and wasting states. Rapid advancement in imaging technologies has widened the opportunities provided to more specifically explore pathologies of the chest by the introduction of CT, MRI, PET CT. In conjunction with tremendous input of digital techniques has improved acquisition of morphological and functional information regarding the chest. Helical CT scans allow short acquisition times, reduce motion artefacts and with dynamic contrast injection can produce remarkable information of the thoracic bony cage as well as vascular and pulmonary architexture, simultaneously.
\n\t\t\tMRI holds a high promise in the evaluation of thoracic disease. It has ability to clearly distinguish between mediastinal fat, blood vessels and soft tissues. Cardiac anomalies, mediastinal masses, and chest wall lesions can be delineated with MRI. The emphasis on the possibility of acquiring dynamic and functional information of the lungs has led to introduction of many techniques such as Functional MR, He- enhanced MR, and Fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG)PET studies. MR techniques hold much promise in the examination of obstructive airways disease including cystic fibrosis, by allowing excellent delineation of lung parenchyma and patterns of ventilation.
\n\t\t\tPET studies appear to be increasingly useful in lymphoma imaging in children.
\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t
The plain abdominal radiograph can provide variable degree of information allowing initial assesment of disease processes. Similar to the approach adopted for chest interpretation, plain films of the abdomen require specific methodology.
\n\t\t\tThe plain abdomen radiograph typically includes the lower chest and thus the bases of the lungs and diaghragm are examiaimed for pneumonia and abnormal gas appearance beneath the dome respectively. The erect abdomen radiograph appears to be the most vital single projection, allowing tremdous insight into chest and abdominal changes.
\n\t\t\tBones are examined to exclude fractures, osteomyelitis and abnormal changes due to metabolic or neoplastic disease.
\n\t\t\tThe psoas muscles, retro-peritoneal fat lines, calcification or abnormal gas patterns are visualized within the abdominal cavity. This can be interpreted as CBA ( chest, bone, abdomen), a reversal of the pattern described earlier.
\n\t\t\tIn suspected intestinal obstruction, a plain radiograph may be sufficient to differentiate low from high obstruction, by providing information on the presence, extent and level of gas in the bowel. A water soluble contrast examination of the upper gastrointestinal tract will help to determine cause, for example pyloric stenosis and gastric outlet obstrauction. Barium enema may be necessary to differentiate the possible causes of low intestinal obstruction especially in equivocal cases of ileal atresia, meconium plug or ileus.
\n\t\t\tUltrasound is both safe and reliable to assess intrabdominal organs and to determine origin and perhaps vascular extension of a potential abdominal mass. Initial assessment of the liver, spleen, kidneys are best performed with ultrasound. Ultrasound would equally be useful to differentiate medical from obstructive jaundice and initial suggestion of biliary atresia. In an experienced hand, abdominal ultrasound can provide a tremendous amount of information in cases of suspected intestinal obstruction. Diagnosis of pyloric stenosis and gastric outlet obstruction, hiatus hernia, intussusception can comfortably be made with ultrasound.
\n\t\t\tComputed tomography or MRI is usually necessary to determine the exact extent of a mass and to exclude spread, especially when the need to have a sectional information arises. CT has its use in the determination of injuries to organs following trauma, perforated viscus, abscesses, appendicitis. The use of spiral CT techniques encourages better evaluation of the liver for acquired vascular abnormalities, vascular masses, pre operative evaluation of renal tumors. The advances in MR techniques have significantly altered the investigation of abdominal and pelvic disease in children. MRI will profoundly help in the visualization of the biliary tract, pancreas as well as intra and extra- luminal bowel disease. MR urography is especially useful for anatomical and functional assesment of the urinary system.
\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t
The use of ultrasound in the imaging of neonatal brain has tremendous advantages. Ultrasound is safe, cheap and available and therefore is the preferred modality at this stage. In older children, ultrasound is no longer useful once the fontanels are closed.
\n\t\t\tBrain CT is usually recommended for children with traumatic brain injury, which is relatively common. The recommendation takes into account traditional clinical guidelines for determining the at risk patient and the risk of radiation and possible sedation for the critically ill. Such a guideline would ultimately depend on the clinical scenario and age of the patient. The problem typically lies in the ability to determine this category of patients who clinically qualify for the procedure and to differentiate them from those at low risk for serious treatable head injury for whom cranial CT would be unnecessary.
\n\t\t\tStructural and functional MR techniques are invaluable in investigating brain tissue development. Practical and technical constraints exist in MR imaging in children and have been discussed in the technical section. Some peculiar techniques employed in Paediatric MRI include susceptibility-weighted Imaging (SWI) which is useful in imaging trauma, vascular disease, telengiactasia, cavernous and venous angiomas, tumors and epilepsy and Diffusion Tensor Imaging allowing changes in the developing brain, trauma, and white matter disease. Other techniques include arterial spin labeling useful in identifying perfusion changes in the brain.
\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t
Hussain et al (2007) noted that the unique features of children\'s growing skeletons create challenges in imaging and specifically result in injuries and fractures. The imaging of skeletal structures following trauma in children typically start with plain film radiography. Additional modalities include MRI and CT which are used as Adjunct procedures. MR imaging has evolved as the most important diagnostic tool for the local staging of primary bone and soft tissue rumors, for monitoring response to chemotherapy and also in the detection of postoperative tumor recurrence. MR imaging provides accurate postoperative staging of local tumor extension and helps to obtain adequate safety margins and planning of successful limb- salvage surgery.
\n\t\t\tBone scintigraphy with 99mTc-polyphosphate or 99mTc-pyrophosphate can be carried out in children with suspected bone disease. Scintigraphy is effective to demonstrate skeletal metastases, primary osteosarcoma, fibrous dysplasia, and osteomyelitis. Abnormal accumulation of radioactivity in soft tissue lesions can also be demonstrated in primary adrenal neuroblastoma, Hodgkin\'s granuloma, and metastatic Burkitt\'s lymphoma.
\n\t\t\tRadionuclide bone scintigraphy is also highly sensitive and specific for diagnosing the musculoskeletal disorders of childhood. Conditions such as neonatal osteomyelitis, septic arthritis, diskitis of childhood, Legg-Calve-Perthes disease, the osteochondroses, the toddler\'s fracture, sports injuries, spondylolysis, myositis ossificians, and reflex sympathetic dystrophy can easily be made. Risks may include allergic reactions and exposure to radiation.
\n\t\tThe challenges and pecularities discussed so far underscores the need for expertise and care during paediatric imaging procedures.
\n\t\t\tThis expertise can be acquired through structured training as well as experience.
\n\t\t\tThere is need to encourage Pediatric radiology as a sub specialty, as well as the training of Radiographers specifically for this purpose. There is need to encourage separate registration and licensing with career pathways and incentives to would be pediatric Radiographers. This may involve a review of the current training curriculum for Radiographers and radiologists.
\n\t\t\tThere is need to have a joint commitment and responsibility towards achieving quality service delivery to the pediatric patient population.
\n\t\tUsing solar energy in several applications becomes more and more interesting in order to minimize the cost of production for any system coupled with solar photovoltaic energy. In particular, water desalination systems, which we are going to mention in this book chapter, actually require renewable energy sources to minimize the cost of producing huge amounts of needed water
Solar energy is only available during daylight hours. Furthermore, problems of intermittent natural solar energies are rarely discussed in practical use cases as power fluctuates over time. Thus, we must introduce real-time operating procedures.
In addition, sunrise and sunset cause daily fluctuations, so the energy delivered by panels will not be constant and it can also suddenly vary due to clouds. Thus, there is a risk of not supplying the energy demand of the load. As an example, when the load consists of a water desalination system, the minimum of sunshine variation can provoke the clogging of membranes used for reverse osmosis desalination, which causes the destroying of the whole desalination system.
The production of needed water in large quantities demands excessive consumption of energy. Thus, we need to reduce the cost of water production to the maximum possible. Many studies have been carried out to link renewable energy with water production [1, 2]. Furthermore, process control is an important part of the coupling of solar energy to industrial systems; in particular, the desalination industry requires to be operated at the optimum conditions. When coupled to solar photovoltaic sources [3], all industrial systems must be equipped with a regulation energy system to guarantee a continuous energy supply.
The intermittence of solar energy provokes an unstable electrical supply of the photovoltaic solar plants, so the industrial system’s parameters change their values with time in an unknown range.
The main idea is to develop a control strategy based on following control theory in order to force the industrial system to adapt to variations in solar photovoltaic energy
Hence, our idea is to combine two types of robust controls: the adaptive control characterized by its real-time adjustment and the sliding mode control, characterized by its robustness [4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9]. Many formulae have been derived to tune the variable Structure Model Reference Adaptive Following control [10].
To guarantee the stability of the photovoltaic system in the opposite of the intermittence of sunshine, we have chosen a new control algorithm designed by VSMRAF judges effective against stochastic disturbances of uncertainties. These uncertainties affecting the dynamic of photovoltaic solar sources come from various sources [11]. Essentially, they are due to the following reasons: solar sources modeling, intermittent sunshine, solar systems position, approximations in dynamic models. Consequently, all these parameters must be taken into account in the development of photovoltaic solar sources control laws in order to optimize their operation and to avoid all the storage disturbances that may take place and affect the performance of the solar-photovoltaic source.
To overcome renewable energy variability, many strategies were proposed such as:
The application of Maximum Power Point tracking (MPPT) has different algorithms. This method requires high-performance control and seems to be heavy in experiment plants adding to high dependency on specialized and accurate sensors (voltage and current sensors) [12].
The theory of Large Law Number (LLN) can be applied in the use of many solar sources to assure the stability of the electric energy offered by the solar source. Obviously, this solution is expensive at the level of the installation of the solar system.
The use of hybrid renewable systems, for example, wind-solar systems is also proposed as a solution to overcome the problem of solar intermittency. Although this technique is practically possible, the geographical diversity of locations represents a real challenge among many other enormous challenges for this solution.
In other literature [13, 14], we proposed several methods of prediction of solar energy and how much it can be available a day. This theory seems to be not practical and extremely difficult since there are several parameters involved in the prediction algorithms.
In this book chapter, we propose a novel technique depending on a dynamic model of the system itself and taking into account the uncertainties introduced by the intermittence of the photovoltaic solar source. This technique reinforces the robustness and the stability of the system with respect to the disturbances caused by the variation of the solar source.
This book chapter is organized as follows: a state of the art has been presented in the introduction to explore the literature and the research developed to solve the problem of solar energy variation and its effect on industrial systems coupled to photovoltaic sources.
The second section is devoted to the material and methods section. We have presented theoretical elements and mathematic development of the VSMRAF control algorithm. This algorithm is applied to an uncertain dynamic model of the system coupled to a photovoltaic solar source. During the coupling of this system to the photovoltaic solar energy, this model will allow us to avoid the disturbances due to the variation of the electric power supply during the intermittence of the solar energy. We have also presented a background on photovoltaic solar sources and the description of our experimental study plant, which consists of a Reverse Osmosis Desalination (ROD) system coupled to a photovoltaic solar source (PV-ROD) system.
The last section deals with the main simulated and experimental results obtained by our experimental plant relating to a real example of coupling a water desalination system to a solar photovoltaic system.
In conclusion section, we have summarized the main results of this book chapter and we have presented the main findings as well as the perspectives of this research work.
The following model represents the state-space model of an uncertain system [15, 16, 17, 18].
The pair of matrices (ΔA, ΔB) represents the incertitude affecting the state matrix A and the control matrix B of the linear system.
The uncertainty state matrices of the system correspond to Eq. (1).
where
The uncertain matrices
In this approach, we will develop the mathematical formulations detailed in [19] concerning the structure of the adaptive sliding mode control of multivariate systems by tracking a reference model, by replacing the multivariate system represented in the state space by Eq. (3).
If we replace
Our following theorem shows that if we select a reference model, we can neglect the incertitude on
As we have developed in [19], the reference trajectory in the state space
The trajectory can be represented by Figure 1.
Effect of the uncertainties on the evolution of the continuation error.
Consider the state representation of an uncertain system and from the theorem and the Eq. (4), we find that:
The state-space reference model is represented by the following equation.
Two matrices
With:
The control law stretching the error to zero is defined.
The matrix
If we derive the Eq. (10) with respect to time we find.
By replacing
The Eq. (7) gives:
Consequently.
By replacing the control law with its expression in Eq. (9) and using the Eq. (14), we obtain:
By comparing the Eq. (15) to expressions in literature such as detailed in Eq. (14) for the certain systems (or systems without uncertainties), we find that the derivative of the state error for the uncertain system has the same expression than the following Eq. (16).
Consequently, the VSMRAF technique allowed us to eliminate the affection of the system dynamic by uncertainties due to sunshine intermittence.
The experimental plant that we have used to validate theoretical results is shown in Figure 2. It is essentially composed by 3 principal parts:
A Photovoltaic (PV) system
High Pressure (HP) pump
A reverse osmosis desalination (ROD) unit
Design of the photovoltaic reverse osmosis water desalination system.
The brackish or sea water is pumped into a closed vessel and pressurized to the RO unit by a High Pressure (HP) pump, which is fed by the photovoltaic solar source using solar panels. The RO unit is a semi-permeable polyamide membrane, composed of two sides: a brine side and a permeate side. Saltwater is pumped back to the membrane where the salt solution is rejected by the brine side and the desalted pure water passes through the permeate side.
Solar PV systems are composed of the following components [20]:
PV arrays consisting of a number of PV modules or panels wired in parallel and/or series association to provide desired voltage and current. Each PV module is composed of many PV cells associated in series to produce high voltages and in parallel to increase current intensity.
Solar cells are semiconductors made from silicon (single or polycrystalline) devices that convert sunlight into direct current (DC). Figure 3 shows the equivalent electric circuit of the PV solar cell [21] with all parameters designed in the abbreviations table.
Solar inverter, which transforms direct current produced by PV modules to alternative current (AC) needed by AC loads.
A bias of system (BoS), the generation of AC and DC power.
Batteries were used in case of off-grid PV systems or when power is needed at night.
The equivalent electric circuit of the photovoltaic solar cell.
Mathematic laws of the PV solar cell model are given by the following expressions detailed in [15].
Figure 4 shows a PV (crystalline silicon) system with 42 kwp capacity, installed at the Research Center of Energy Technologies (CRTEn) in the Borj Cedria techno pole in the south of Tunis.
The photograph of the PV system installed at CRTEn Borj cedria in the south of Tunis.
The installed PV system consists of three PV arrays including 172 modules (64 each one) and 3 inverters with capacity of 17.5 kVA each one. Table 1 gives the characteristics of one PV module.
Characteristics | Units | STC conditions |
---|---|---|
Maximum power Pmax | W | 250 |
Voltage at Pmax | V | 28.90 |
Current at Pmax | A | 8.66 |
Open circuit voltage | V | 37.60 |
Short circuit current | A | 9.29 |
PV module electrical characteristics.
The total amount of energy produced annually by the PV system is 94.124 MWh/year.
The whole reverse osmosis (RO) desalination system used as an experimental plant is shown as follows. This system contains essentially 3 RO modules, a Moto pump, and an electronic card for data acquisition from various sensors already installed. This system is coupled to a photovoltaic system.
The simulation of the Reverse Osmosis Desalination system dynamic was effected Using Matlab software. The state-space model of the system is given by Eq. (5). The following constant matrices
As it is shown by the Matlab Simulink model in Figure 5, we have replaced all matrices of the state-space model using their real experimental values to test the performances of the following of the model by the system. Values of the uncertain matrix
Matlab Simulink model of the PV-RO desalination system.
Figure 7 shows the chronology of the calculation steps of the VSMRAF control algorithm. After the calculation of the control law, the following error was decreased, then the system was forced to follow its reference model.
Figure 6 shows the PV-RO water desalination experimental set-up used for real experimentations.
PV-RO water desalination experimental set-up.
Algorithm of the VSMRAF control of the PV-ROD system.
Figure 5 shows the PV-RO desalination system diagram using the Matlab Simulink procedure.
To test the PV-ROD system dynamics, we proceed to impose the reference model and control the real evolution of the system dynamics compared to the reference model evolution. The following curves show the tracking performance for parametric uncertainties of different values of uncertainties, which correspond to the variations of the photovoltaic solar energy caused by the variation of the sunshine. We note that we have chosen three uncertainty values, which are 10%, 20%, and 40% to follow the tracking performance of the system. The choice of these values of uncertainties stems from the fact that a preliminary study shows that they do not often exceed 25%.
Figures 8 and 9 show respectively, the step responses of the product water flow rate Q and the product salinity Cs for uncertainty of 10%, the reference trajectory is characterized by a slow dynamic. Curves show perfect model following at a finite time. The tracking error values do not exceed 3% for both of the two outputs Q and Cs.
Flow rate tracking dynamics for uncertainty of 10%.
Salinity tracking dynamics for uncertainty of 10%.
The evolution of the two parameters Q (flow rate) and Cs (output salinity) is shown in Figures 10 and 11. These figures show the perfect following of the model even with an uncertainty of 20%. The tracking error is less than 5%.
Flow rate tracking dynamics for uncertainty of 20%.
Salinity tracking dynamics for uncertainty of 20%.
The evolution of the two parameters Q (flow rate) and Cs (output salinity) is shown in Figures 12 and 13. These figures show the perfect following of the model even with an uncertainty of 40%. The tracking error is less than 8%.
Flow rate tracking dynamics for uncertainty of 40%.
Salinity tracking dynamics for uncertainty of 40%.
If we assume that the intermittence of sunshine does not, in any case, exceed 40% of its normal value, the dynamic model of sunshine cannot be more than 40% different from its reference model. Therefore, we can deduce that the dynamic of the system remains insensitive to the variations of the photovoltaic solar source. Thus, we have exceeded the problem of intermittent sunshine, thanks to the implemented VSMRAF control technique.
From these experimental results, we can essentially deduce that even in the case of high uncertainties, the tracking error remains clearly low, the system remains stable with regard to disturbances due to variations in the sunshine.
Consequently, the control technique that we have developed is suitable for the optimization of operating systems coupled to photovoltaic solar sources. It keeps the stability of the system and eliminates the effect of sunshine variation on its dynamic behavior.
Simulations and experimental results prove our theoretical results and show a perfect following of the reference sunshine model independent of the variation of the photovoltaic solar source. The tracking error is less than 8% remains low even for high intermittence of sunshine not exceeding 40% of its maximum value
The comparison of results mentioned by the curves for the two output parameters (water flow rate and salinity) of the PV-ROD system shows that the effect of the photovoltaic solar system variation was removed. In addition, experimental results justify the theoretical ones and show that this verified control technique for desalination systems can be generalized for all industrial systems coupled to photovoltaic solar sources having multivariable dynamic models.
In this chapter, a VSMRAF Control for systems coupled to photovoltaic solar systems has been proposed. This control technique decreases the sensitivity of the system to variations of solar energy caused by intermittent sunlight. In addition, this technique imposes on the system dynamics to follow the reference model imposed by the daily evolution of solar energy without recourse to the use of batteries.
Furthermore, the experimental and simulation results show that the following error of the system has been kept with a low value (less than 8%) even with a high variation of sunshine. Thus, we can conclude that using this control technique ensures the system’s stability and neglects the effect of intermittence of sunshine.
The mathematical development was independent of the nature of the systems, which makes it possible to be applied to all industrial systems, especially those with a limited number of parameters. Obviously, the prospect of this work consists in applying this technique on other multivariable real systems with several parameters and with strongly random variations of the solar energy to better examine the performances of this technique of control.
Is | Current of saturation (A) |
Q | Charge (C) |
Vp | Photovoltaic voltage (V) |
VD | Voltage of diode (V) |
Rsh | Resistance of cell surface (Ω) |
Rs | Resistance of junction face (Ω) |
K | Constant of Boltzmann: 1.38064852(79) × 10 J–23 J/K.T |
T | Temperature (K) |
Ip | Photovoltaic current (A) |
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\n\nAll of the books and chapters can be browsed online. To obtain InTechOpen's full book catalogue in PDF, please contact us.
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\n\nPrint copies of our publications are most often purchased as individual purchases by universities, libraries, institutions and academia personnel, hence increasing the visibility and outreach of our authors' published work among science communities and institutions. Our books are available at our direct Print Sales Department and through selected representatives throughout the world.
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\n'}]},successStories:{items:[]},authorsAndEditors:{filterParams:{},profiles:[{id:"396",title:"Dr.",name:"Vedran",middleName:null,surname:"Kordic",slug:"vedran-kordic",fullName:"Vedran Kordic",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/396/images/7281_n.png",biography:"After obtaining his Master's degree in Mechanical Engineering he continued his education at the Vienna University of Technology where he obtained his PhD degree in 2004. He worked as a researcher at the Automation and Control Institute, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Vienna University of Technology until 2008. His studies in robotics lead him not only to a PhD degree but also inspired him to co-found and build the International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems - world's first Open Access journal in the field of robotics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"TU Wien",country:{name:"Austria"}}},{id:"441",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Jaekyu",middleName:null,surname:"Park",slug:"jaekyu-park",fullName:"Jaekyu Park",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/441/images/1881_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"LG Corporation (South Korea)",country:{name:"Korea, South"}}},{id:"465",title:"Dr",name:"Christian",middleName:null,surname:"Martens",slug:"christian-martens",fullName:"Christian Martens",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"479",title:"Dr.",name:"Valentina",middleName:null,surname:"Colla",slug:"valentina-colla",fullName:"Valentina Colla",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/479/images/358_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sant'Anna School of Advanced Studies",country:{name:"Italy"}}},{id:"494",title:"PhD",name:"Loris",middleName:null,surname:"Nanni",slug:"loris-nanni",fullName:"Loris Nanni",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/494/images/system/494.jpg",biography:"Loris Nanni received his Master Degree cum laude on June-2002 from the University of Bologna, and the April 26th 2006 he received his Ph.D. in Computer Engineering at DEIS, University of Bologna. On September, 29th 2006 he has won a post PhD fellowship from the university of Bologna (from October 2006 to October 2008), at the competitive examination he was ranked first in the industrial engineering area. He extensively served as referee for several international journals. He is author/coauthor of more than 100 research papers. He has been involved in some projects supported by MURST and European Community. His research interests include pattern recognition, bioinformatics, and biometric systems (fingerprint classification and recognition, signature verification, face recognition).",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"496",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos",middleName:null,surname:"Leon",slug:"carlos-leon",fullName:"Carlos Leon",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Seville",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"512",title:"Dr.",name:"Dayang",middleName:null,surname:"Jawawi",slug:"dayang-jawawi",fullName:"Dayang Jawawi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Technology Malaysia",country:{name:"Malaysia"}}},{id:"528",title:"Dr.",name:"Kresimir",middleName:null,surname:"Delac",slug:"kresimir-delac",fullName:"Kresimir Delac",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/528/images/system/528.jpg",biography:"K. Delac received his B.Sc.E.E. degree in 2003 and is currentlypursuing a Ph.D. degree at the University of Zagreb, Faculty of Electrical Engineering andComputing. His current research interests are digital image analysis, pattern recognition andbiometrics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Zagreb",country:{name:"Croatia"}}},{id:"557",title:"Dr.",name:"Andon",middleName:"Venelinov",surname:"Topalov",slug:"andon-topalov",fullName:"Andon Topalov",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/557/images/1927_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Andon V. Topalov received the MSc degree in Control Engineering from the Faculty of Information Systems, Technologies, and Automation at Moscow State University of Civil Engineering (MGGU) in 1979. He then received his PhD degree in Control Engineering from the Department of Automation and Remote Control at Moscow State Mining University (MGSU), Moscow, in 1984. From 1985 to 1986, he was a Research Fellow in the Research Institute for Electronic Equipment, ZZU AD, Plovdiv, Bulgaria. In 1986, he joined the Department of Control Systems, Technical University of Sofia at the Plovdiv campus, where he is presently a Full Professor. He has held long-term visiting Professor/Scholar positions at various institutions in South Korea, Turkey, Mexico, Greece, Belgium, UK, and Germany. And he has coauthored one book and authored or coauthored more than 80 research papers in conference proceedings and journals. His current research interests are in the fields of intelligent control and robotics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Technical University of Sofia",country:{name:"Bulgaria"}}},{id:"585",title:"Prof.",name:"Munir",middleName:null,surname:"Merdan",slug:"munir-merdan",fullName:"Munir Merdan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/585/images/system/585.jpg",biography:"Munir Merdan received the M.Sc. degree in mechanical engineering from the Technical University of Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina, in 2001, and the Ph.D. degree in electrical engineering from the Vienna University of Technology, Vienna, Austria, in 2009.Since 2005, he has been at the Automation and Control Institute, Vienna University of Technology, where he is currently a Senior Researcher. His research interests include the application of agent technology for achieving agile control in the manufacturing environment.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"605",title:"Prof",name:"Dil",middleName:null,surname:"Hussain",slug:"dil-hussain",fullName:"Dil Hussain",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/605/images/system/605.jpg",biography:"Dr. Dil Muhammad Akbar Hussain is a professor of Electronics Engineering & Computer Science at the Department of Energy Technology, Aalborg University Denmark. Professor Akbar has a Master degree in Digital Electronics from Govt. College University, Lahore Pakistan and a P-hD degree in Control Engineering from the School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of Sussex United Kingdom. Aalborg University has Two Satellite Campuses, one in Copenhagen (Aalborg University Copenhagen) and the other in Esbjerg (Aalborg University Esbjerg).\n· He is a member of prestigious IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers), and IAENG (International Association of Engineers) organizations. \n· He is the chief Editor of the Journal of Software Engineering.\n· He is the member of the Editorial Board of International Journal of Computer Science and Software Technology (IJCSST) and International Journal of Computer Engineering and Information Technology. \n· He is also the Editor of Communication in Computer and Information Science CCIS-20 by Springer.\n· Reviewer For Many Conferences\nHe is the lead person in making collaboration agreements between Aalborg University and many universities of Pakistan, for which the MOU’s (Memorandum of Understanding) have been signed.\nProfessor Akbar is working in Academia since 1990, he started his career as a Lab demonstrator/TA at the University of Sussex. After finishing his P. hD degree in 1992, he served in the Industry as a Scientific Officer and continued his academic career as a visiting scholar for a number of educational institutions. In 1996 he joined National University of Science & Technology Pakistan (NUST) as an Associate Professor; NUST is one of the top few universities in Pakistan. In 1999 he joined an International Company Lineo Inc, Canada as Manager Compiler Group, where he headed the group for developing Compiler Tool Chain and Porting of Operating Systems for the BLACKfin processor. The processor development was a joint venture by Intel and Analog Devices. In 2002 Lineo Inc., was taken over by another company, so he joined Aalborg University Denmark as an Assistant Professor.\nProfessor Akbar has truly a multi-disciplined career and he continued his legacy and making progress in many areas of his interests both in teaching and research. He has contributed in stochastic estimation of control area especially, in the Multiple Target Tracking and Interactive Multiple Model (IMM) research, Ball & Beam Control Problem, Robotics, Levitation Control. He has contributed in developing Algorithms for Fingerprint Matching, Computer Vision and Face Recognition. He has been supervising Pattern Recognition, Formal Languages and Distributed Processing projects for several years. He has reviewed many books on Management, Computer Science. Currently, he is an active and permanent reviewer for many international conferences and symposia and the program committee member for many international conferences.\nIn teaching he has taught the core computer science subjects like, Digital Design, Real Time Embedded System Programming, Operating Systems, Software Engineering, Data Structures, Databases, Compiler Construction. In the Engineering side, Digital Signal Processing, Computer Architecture, Electronics Devices, Digital Filtering and Engineering Management.\nApart from his Academic Interest and activities he loves sport especially, Cricket, Football, Snooker and Squash. He plays cricket for Esbjerg city in the second division team as an opener wicket keeper batsman. 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It has been argued that platforms provide reef-like habitat that increases the growth and survival rates of fishes by increasing prey availability and affording shelter for protection from predators, provide additional spawning substrate, and by acting as a visual attractant for organisms not otherwise dependent upon hard bottom. Platforms differ from most natural habitats, and from traditional artificial reefs, in that their vertical profile extends upward through the water column into the photic zone and the sea surface. Increased habitat quality on, or immediately around, oil and gas platforms are thought to be derived from increased in situ food production associated with encrustation by fouling organisms. In this chapter, we address the issue of how to evaluate the role of artificial reefs by first establishing levels of evaluation for individual fish species found on oil and gas platforms in the GOM. The levels of evaluation relate to the amount and adequacy of the available information, which was populated with an extensive literature and data search. Three levels of assessment are established, analogous to the levels of analysis established National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Fisheries for identification of Essential Fish Habitat. More than 1300 documents, including reports, stock assessments, other gray literature, and papers published in the primary literature, were used to complete this chapter. When available, published literature was the preferred source of information.",book:{id:"5210",slug:"fisheries-and-aquaculture-in-the-modern-world",title:"Fisheries and Aquaculture in the Modern World",fullTitle:"Fisheries and Aquaculture in the Modern World"},signatures:"James H. Cowan and Kenneth A. 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International demand for Chilean kelps has produced sustained increase in harvest during the last decade, reaching more than 390,000 dry tons/year. This chapter approaches the most relevant aspects of the brown seaweed fishery in Chile which covers a wide range of the Southeast Pacific coast, considering the number of commercial species, its abundance and distribution, knowledge achieved on their ecology and biology regarding management, and conservation of these resources, and finally, provides tools for stakeholders and policy makers directed to sustainable management of natural kelp beds occurring in the cold temperate seas.",book:{id:"5210",slug:"fisheries-and-aquaculture-in-the-modern-world",title:"Fisheries and Aquaculture in the Modern World",fullTitle:"Fisheries and Aquaculture in the Modern World"},signatures:"Julio A. Vásquez",authors:[{id:"180745",title:"Dr.",name:"Julio",middleName:null,surname:"Vásquez",slug:"julio-vasquez",fullName:"Julio Vásquez"}]},{id:"55984",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.69471",title:"Deep-Water Sharks, Rays, and Chimaeras of Brazil",slug:"deep-water-sharks-rays-and-chimaeras-of-brazil",totalDownloads:1575,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:9,abstract:"The deep-water fishery in Brazil is currently in expansion due to depletion of most neritic economic species. This increasing deep-water effort brings concern on the bycatch impact, its specific composition, the need for capture’s evaluation and development of bycatch reduction devices. The impact is particularly aggressive on deep-water elasmobranchs, which have an extreme ecological k-strategy due to their reproductive constraints (lower fecundity and late first maturity age). Scientific deep-water surveys and intensive research programs (REVIZEE) along the past decade indicate that Brazilian elasmobranch diversity is higher than previously imagined. However, the deep-water fishery threatens this poorly known community of sharks and rays on the Brazilian continental slope as they become bycatch of a fast-growing and uncontrolled fishery. The recent study case of the monkfish (Lophius gastrophysus) fishery dynamics, well presented and discussed by the Brazilian scientific community, provided evidence of the need of bycatch-specific monitoring programs and fast-response fishery regulations. The present work discusses the Brazilian deep-water elasmobranch bycatch problem under the light of its biological diversity and completely unknown population status. Suggestions and management considerations are presented in order to coordinate and manage the establishment and growth of this deep-water fishery in Brazil.",book:{id:"5895",slug:"chondrichthyes-multidisciplinary-approach",title:"Chondrichthyes",fullTitle:"Chondrichthyes - Multidisciplinary Approach"},signatures:"Getulio Rincon, Rodrigo Cordeiro Mazzoleni, Ana Rita Onodera\nPalmeira and Rosangela Lessa",authors:[{id:"205621",title:"Dr.",name:"Getulio",middleName:null,surname:"Rincon",slug:"getulio-rincon",fullName:"Getulio Rincon"},{id:"206465",title:"MSc.",name:"Rodrigo",middleName:null,surname:"Mazzoleni",slug:"rodrigo-mazzoleni",fullName:"Rodrigo Mazzoleni"},{id:"206466",title:"MSc.",name:"Ana Rita",middleName:null,surname:"Palmeira",slug:"ana-rita-palmeira",fullName:"Ana Rita Palmeira"},{id:"206467",title:"Dr.",name:"Rosangela",middleName:null,surname:"Lessa",slug:"rosangela-lessa",fullName:"Rosangela Lessa"}]},{id:"56228",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.70028",title:"A Review of the Mitogenomic Phylogeny of the Chondrichthyes",slug:"a-review-of-the-mitogenomic-phylogeny-of-the-chondrichthyes",totalDownloads:1441,totalCrossrefCites:6,totalDimensionsCites:9,abstract:"The phylogenetic analysis of the Chondrichthyes has been the subject of intense debate over the past two decades. The principal relationships within the group based on the analysis of morphological traits are inconsistent with the available molecular topologies, and the phylogeny of these animals is highly controversial, at all levels, ranging from superorders to families and even the genera within families. With the recent development of new generation sequencing (NGS), many phylogenies are now being inferred based on the complete genome of the species. In 2015 and 2016 alone, around 21 new elasmobranch genomes were made available in GenBank. In this context, the principal objective of the present study was to infer the phylogeny of the sharks and rays based on the complete mitochondrial genomes available in the literature. A total of 73 mitogenomes of chondrichthyan species were analyzed. The phylogenetic trees generated rejected the “Hypnosqualea” hypothesis and confirmed the monophyly of the Neoselachii and Batoidea as sister groups of the sharks. These mitogenomic analyses provided ampler and more complete insights into the relationships between the sharks and rays, in particular, the topologies obtained by the analyses revealed a number of incongruities in certain groups of sharks and rays, and the interrelationships between them.",book:{id:"5895",slug:"chondrichthyes-multidisciplinary-approach",title:"Chondrichthyes",fullTitle:"Chondrichthyes - Multidisciplinary Approach"},signatures:"Divino Bruno da Cunha, Luis Fernando da Silva Rodrigues‐Filho and\nJoão Bráullio de Luna Sales",authors:[{id:"104512",title:"Dr.",name:"Luis Fernando",middleName:null,surname:"Rodrigues-Filho",slug:"luis-fernando-rodrigues-filho",fullName:"Luis Fernando Rodrigues-Filho"},{id:"205219",title:"Dr.",name:"Divino Bruno",middleName:null,surname:"Da Cunha",slug:"divino-bruno-da-cunha",fullName:"Divino Bruno Da Cunha"},{id:"205690",title:"Dr.",name:"João Bráullio De",middleName:null,surname:"Luna Sales",slug:"joao-braullio-de-luna-sales",fullName:"João Bráullio De Luna Sales"}]},{id:"52331",doi:"10.5772/64252",title:"Setting Up Traceability Tools for the Indonesian Blue Swimming Crab Fishery: A Case Study in Southeast Sulawesi",slug:"setting-up-traceability-tools-for-the-indonesian-blue-swimming-crab-fishery-a-case-study-in-southeas",totalDownloads:1667,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:5,abstract:"The Indonesian blue swimming crab fishery developed rapidly during the 1990s to become an important source of income for coastal communities. The blue swimming crab (BSC) in 2015 is the third highest export commodity in Indonesia, primarily to USA markets. Southeast (SE) Sulawesi is a relatively minor area for blue swimming crab production (approximately 1200–2000 mt per annum), in which only a subset of Asosiasi Pengelolaan Rajungan Indonesia (APRI) members are active, and it may be a conducive region in which to conduct a pilot activity to form a fisheries management structure that demonstrates the benefits that can be achieved via collaboration. The control document (CD) is a traceability and documentation process to be implemented by all of the segments of the supply chain (collectors/cooking stations, miniplants, and processors) in order to promote compliance to new Ministry and Marine Affair (MMAF) regulations and generate the records and documents of the supply chain application and verification of the new regulations. The self-recorded logbook by the fishermen and miniplant, as the point in the supply chain, could help with a meaningful and long-term solution to the fishery management in Southeast Sulawesi. This is the first trial of CD in Indonesia and could be a good model for BSC fishery in other region in Indonesia.",book:{id:"5210",slug:"fisheries-and-aquaculture-in-the-modern-world",title:"Fisheries and Aquaculture in the Modern World",fullTitle:"Fisheries and Aquaculture in the Modern World"},signatures:"Hawis Madduppa, Zairion, Siti Nuraini, Kuncoro Nugroho and\nBambang Arif Nugraha",authors:[{id:"180161",title:"Dr.",name:"Hawis",middleName:null,surname:"Madduppa",slug:"hawis-madduppa",fullName:"Hawis Madduppa"},{id:"185944",title:"Dr.",name:"Zairion",middleName:null,surname:"Zairion",slug:"zairion-zairion",fullName:"Zairion Zairion"},{id:"185945",title:"Mrs.",name:"Siti",middleName:null,surname:"Nuraini",slug:"siti-nuraini",fullName:"Siti Nuraini"},{id:"185946",title:"Mr.",name:"Bambang Arif",middleName:null,surname:"Nugraha",slug:"bambang-arif-nugraha",fullName:"Bambang Arif Nugraha"},{id:"185947",title:"Mr.",name:"Kuncoro Catur",middleName:null,surname:"Nugroho",slug:"kuncoro-catur-nugroho",fullName:"Kuncoro Catur Nugroho"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"50289",title:"Effect of Special Fish Feed Prepared Using Food Industrial Waste on Labeo rohita",slug:"effect-of-special-fish-feed-prepared-using-food-industrial-waste-on-labeo-rohita",totalDownloads:2260,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"All food processing industries generate wastes of varying nature in significant quantities. Managing these wastes so as to minimize the impact on the environment is the prime concern. The concept of waste has undergone much change in recent times, with the focus being on utilizing the waste materials as inputs for generation of new or reusable products. Vegetable and fruit wastes are generated in significant quantities and are easily available at minimal charge. The comparative utilization of these wastes as a dietary ingredient was assessed employing the Labeo rohita fingerlings as the test species. The study was conducted over a period of 60 days. Orange peels and potato peels are characterized, and then, formulation of orange peel feed (OPF) and potato peel feed (PPF) was carried out. Market common fish feed (CFF) was taken as a control. The three test diets were designated as CFF, OPF and PPF. Feeding was done once daily. The water quality parameters such as dissolved oxygen, water temperature pH, total alkalinity, total hardness; calcium hardness and magnesium hardness as well as growth response were monitored at fortnightly intervals. The quality of water was maintained by periodic partial replenishment over the period of study. On termination of the trial, higher growth response was recorded in the PPF treatment. The initial and final weight and length of fishes was recorded. The results shows significant growth in PPF and OPF showed brighter body scales than other two feed. Fishes were very healthy and normal throughout the study period indicating no adverse effect on their health. No infection whatsoever was noted during 60 days of experimental period.",book:{id:"5210",slug:"fisheries-and-aquaculture-in-the-modern-world",title:"Fisheries and Aquaculture in the Modern World",fullTitle:"Fisheries and Aquaculture in the Modern World"},signatures:"Sanyogita R. Verma and Shanta Satyanarayan",authors:[{id:"183699",title:"Dr.",name:"Verma",middleName:"Rajroop",surname:"Sanyogita",slug:"verma-sanyogita",fullName:"Verma Sanyogita"},{id:"185353",title:"Dr.",name:"Shanta",middleName:null,surname:"Satyanarayan",slug:"shanta-satyanarayan",fullName:"Shanta Satyanarayan"}]},{id:"51124",title:"Fishery Status and Taxonomy of the Carangids (Pisces) in the Northern Arabian Sea Coast of Pakistan",slug:"fishery-status-and-taxonomy-of-the-carangids-pisces-in-the-northern-arabian-sea-coast-of-pakistan",totalDownloads:1937,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"The objectives of this study were i) to evaluate number of existing members of the family Carangidae in the area ii) to establish a distinguishable and lucid key based on the taxonomic characteristics, meristic count and otolith description. In this study, thirty-six species were collected from the main fish landing facilities between 2012~2015. Fish body colour, taxonomic characteristics, fin rays and otolith shape description were used to identify each species. Otolith description comprises of shape of ostium, sulcus and margins of anterior and posterior surface along with distinct definite shape possess by each species make it easier for identification.",book:{id:"5210",slug:"fisheries-and-aquaculture-in-the-modern-world",title:"Fisheries and Aquaculture in the Modern World",fullTitle:"Fisheries and Aquaculture in the Modern World"},signatures:"Nazia Qamar, Sher Khan Panhwar and Ghazala Siddiqui",authors:[{id:"182414",title:"Dr.",name:"Sher Khan",middleName:null,surname:"Panhwar",slug:"sher-khan-panhwar",fullName:"Sher Khan Panhwar"},{id:"184264",title:"Dr.",name:"Nazia",middleName:null,surname:"Qamar",slug:"nazia-qamar",fullName:"Nazia Qamar"},{id:"184265",title:"Prof.",name:"Ghazala",middleName:null,surname:"Siddiqui",slug:"ghazala-siddiqui",fullName:"Ghazala Siddiqui"}]},{id:"50583",title:"Trawl Selectivity in the Barents Sea Demersal Fishery",slug:"trawl-selectivity-in-the-barents-sea-demersal-fishery",totalDownloads:1678,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,abstract:"This chapter provides a general overview of the Barents Sea demersal trawl fishery. First, it reviews historical catch levels and current biomass status of four commercially important demersal species (cod, haddock, Greenland halibut, and redfish) and includes an overview of their management plan that has been carried out by the Joint Norwegian–Russian commission. Then, it presents the evolution of the technical regulations for improving size selectivity in this fishery and describes current challenges in gear selectivity. Later, this chapter describes the concept of size selectivity, introduces the selective parameters that define a selection curve, and progressively introduces different parametric models that describe the selection process. The most common experimental methods and gear used to collect selectivity data are described, and their advantages and disadvantages are discussed. Finally, this chapter describes an alternative, or a complementary method, to the conventional estimation of trawl selectivity—the FISHSELECT method. This method is based on morphology measurements and fish penetration models to estimate the selective properties of different mesh shapes and sizes at different mesh openings, which are later used to provide simulation-based prediction of size selectivity. FISHSELECT has already been applied to four important species of the Barents Sea Demersal Fishery, and the results have in all cases showed to be coherent with the results obtained from sea trial results.",book:{id:"5210",slug:"fisheries-and-aquaculture-in-the-modern-world",title:"Fisheries and Aquaculture in the Modern World",fullTitle:"Fisheries and Aquaculture in the Modern World"},signatures:"Eduardo Grimaldo, Manu Sistiaga, Bent Herrmann and Roger B.\nLarsen",authors:[{id:"107079",title:"Dr.",name:"Eduardo",middleName:null,surname:"Grimaldo",slug:"eduardo-grimaldo",fullName:"Eduardo Grimaldo"},{id:"185311",title:"Dr.",name:"Manu",middleName:null,surname:"Sistiaga",slug:"manu-sistiaga",fullName:"Manu Sistiaga"},{id:"185312",title:"Dr.",name:"Bent",middleName:null,surname:"Herrmann",slug:"bent-herrmann",fullName:"Bent Herrmann"},{id:"185313",title:"Prof.",name:"Roger B.",middleName:null,surname:"Larsen",slug:"roger-b.-larsen",fullName:"Roger B. Larsen"}]},{id:"50363",title:"The Brown Seaweeds Fishery in Chile",slug:"the-brown-seaweeds-fishery-in-chile",totalDownloads:1718,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:10,abstract:"Chilean fishery of brown algae includes species belonging to the genus Lessonia, Durvillaea, and Macrocystis, which can be found along the coast, ranging latitudes from 18° to 55°S. The exploitation of these seaweeds is done mainly in the Northern coast because the environmental conditions of this region decrease initial production costs. Brown algae are exploited from natural populations and exported to international markets as row material, source of alginates, widely utilized in diverse manufacturing processes and industries. International demand for Chilean kelps has produced sustained increase in harvest during the last decade, reaching more than 390,000 dry tons/year. This chapter approaches the most relevant aspects of the brown seaweed fishery in Chile which covers a wide range of the Southeast Pacific coast, considering the number of commercial species, its abundance and distribution, knowledge achieved on their ecology and biology regarding management, and conservation of these resources, and finally, provides tools for stakeholders and policy makers directed to sustainable management of natural kelp beds occurring in the cold temperate seas.",book:{id:"5210",slug:"fisheries-and-aquaculture-in-the-modern-world",title:"Fisheries and Aquaculture in the Modern World",fullTitle:"Fisheries and Aquaculture in the Modern World"},signatures:"Julio A. Vásquez",authors:[{id:"180745",title:"Dr.",name:"Julio",middleName:null,surname:"Vásquez",slug:"julio-vasquez",fullName:"Julio Vásquez"}]},{id:"50462",title:"Direction of Fisheries (SUISAN) Education from a Historical Perspective in Japan",slug:"direction-of-fisheries-suisan-education-from-a-historical-perspective-in-japan",totalDownloads:1408,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"Fishing, aquaculture, and food processing is collectively referred to as “SUISAN”, and the term was translated to “fisheries” in the Meiji period. Fisheries education in Japan was at its dawn. Fisheries education was necessary for improvement of local fisheries subsistence. Fisheries education was performed, centering on nurturing of mid-career engineers for deep-sea fishing after 1950s. However, when the Heisei period in the 1990s started, “participatory = citizen involvement type fisheries education” was promoted extensively. Future establishment of a Japanese version of Sea Grants is desired to promote citizen involvement in fisheries education with systematized involvement of universities, research institutions, aquaria, and local people.",book:{id:"5210",slug:"fisheries-and-aquaculture-in-the-modern-world",title:"Fisheries and Aquaculture in the Modern World",fullTitle:"Fisheries and Aquaculture in the Modern World"},signatures:"Tsuyoshi Sasaki",authors:[{id:"180712",title:"Dr.",name:"Tsuyoshi",middleName:null,surname:"Sasaki",slug:"tsuyoshi-sasaki",fullName:"Tsuyoshi Sasaki"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"40",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:0},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:0,limit:8,total:null},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:87,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:98,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:27,numberOfPublishedChapters:288,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:9,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:139,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:8,numberOfPublishedChapters:129,numberOfOpenTopics:0,numberOfUpcomingTopics:2,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!1},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:107,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:10,numberOfPublishedChapters:103,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:12,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:0,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!1},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:11,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"6",text:"It is great to work with the IntechOpen to produce a worthwhile collection of research that also becomes a great educational resource and guide for future research endeavors.",author:{id:"259298",name:"Edward",surname:"Narayan",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",slug:"edward-narayan",institution:{id:"3",name:"University of Queensland",country:{id:null,name:"Australia"}}}},{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. The whole process of submitting an article and editing of the submitted article goes extremely smooth and fast, the number of reads and downloads of chapters is high, and the contributions are also frequently cited.",author:{id:"55578",name:"Antonio",surname:"Jurado-Navas",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRisIQAS/Profile_Picture_1626166543950",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",institution:{id:"720",name:"University of Malaga",country:{id:null,name:"Spain"}}}}]},series:{item:{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",issn:"2631-6188",scope:"This series will provide a comprehensive overview of recent research trends in various Infectious Diseases (as per the most recent Baltimore classification). Topics will include general overviews of infections, immunopathology, diagnosis, treatment, epidemiology, etiology, and current clinical recommendations for managing infectious diseases. Ongoing issues, recent advances, and future diagnostic approaches and therapeutic strategies will also be discussed. This book series will focus on various aspects and properties of infectious diseases whose deep understanding is essential for safeguarding the human race from losing resources and economies due to pathogens.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/6.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"May 19th, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfPublishedBooks:13,editor:{id:"131400",title:"Prof.",name:"Alfonso J.",middleName:null,surname:"Rodriguez-Morales",slug:"alfonso-j.-rodriguez-morales",fullName:"Alfonso J. Rodriguez-Morales",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/131400/images/system/131400.png",biography:"Dr. Rodriguez-Morales is an expert in tropical and emerging diseases, particularly zoonotic and vector-borne diseases (especially arboviral diseases). He is the president of the Travel Medicine Committee of the Pan-American Infectious Diseases Association (API), as well as the president of the Colombian Association of Infectious Diseases (ACIN). He is a member of the Committee on Tropical Medicine, Zoonoses, and Travel Medicine of ACIN. He is a vice-president of the Latin American Society for Travel Medicine (SLAMVI) and a Member of the Council of the International Society for Infectious Diseases (ISID). Since 2014, he has been recognized as a Senior Researcher, at the Ministry of Science of Colombia. He is a professor at the Faculty of Medicine of the Fundacion Universitaria Autonoma de las Americas, in Pereira, Risaralda, Colombia. He is an External Professor, Master in Research on Tropical Medicine and International Health, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain. He is also a professor at the Master in Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Universidad Científica del Sur, Lima, Peru. In 2021 he has been awarded the “Raul Isturiz Award” Medal of the API. Also, in 2021, he was awarded with the “Jose Felix Patiño” Asclepius Staff Medal of the Colombian Medical College, due to his scientific contributions to COVID-19 during the pandemic. He is currently the Editor in Chief of the journal Travel Medicine and Infectious Diseases. His Scopus H index is 47 (Google Scholar H index, 68).",institutionString:"Institución Universitaria Visión de las Américas, Colombia",institution:null},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},subseries:{paginationCount:5,paginationItems:[{id:"91",title:"Sustainable Economy and Fair Society",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/91.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,annualVolume:11975,editor:{id:"181603",title:"Dr.",name:"Antonella",middleName:null,surname:"Petrillo",slug:"antonella-petrillo",fullName:"Antonella Petrillo",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/181603/images/system/181603.jpg",biography:"Antonella Petrillo is a Professor at the Department of Engineering of the University of Naples “Parthenope”, Italy. She received her Ph.D. in Mechanical Engineering from the University of Cassino. Her research interests include multi-criteria decision analysis, industrial plant, logistics, manufacturing and safety. She serves as an Associate Editor for the International Journal of the Analytic Hierarchy Process. She is a member of AHP Academy and a member of several editorial boards. She has over 160 Scientific Publications in International Journals and Conferences and she is the author of 5 books on Innovation and Decision Making in Industrial Applications and Engineering.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Parthenope University of Naples",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"92",title:"Health and Wellbeing",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/92.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,annualVolume:11976,editor:{id:"348225",title:"Prof.",name:"Ann",middleName:null,surname:"Hemingway",slug:"ann-hemingway",fullName:"Ann Hemingway",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000035LZFoQAO/Profile_Picture_2022-04-11T14:55:40.jpg",biography:"Professor Hemingway is a public health researcher, Bournemouth University, undertaking international and UK research focused on reducing inequalities in health outcomes for marginalised and excluded populations and more recently focused on equine assisted interventions.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Bournemouth University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"93",title:"Inclusivity and Social Equity",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/93.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,annualVolume:11977,editor:{id:"210060",title:"Prof. Dr.",name:"Ebba",middleName:null,surname:"Ossiannilsson",slug:"ebba-ossiannilsson",fullName:"Ebba Ossiannilsson",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002g6LkBQAU/Profile_Picture_2022-02-28T13:31:48.png",biography:'Professor Dr. Ebba Ossiannilsson is an independent researcher, expert, consultant, quality auditor and influencer in the fields of open, flexible online and distance learning (OFDL) and the "new normal". Her focus is on quality, innovation, leadership, and personalised learning. She works primarily at the strategic and policy levels, both nationally and internationally, and with key international organisations. She is committed to promoting and improving OFDL in the context of SDG4 and the future of education. Ossiannilsson has more than 20 years of experience in her current field, but more than 40 years in the education sector. She works as a reviewer and expert for the European Commission and collaborates with the Joint Research Centre for Quality in Open Education. Ossiannilsson also collaborates with ITCILO and ICoBC (International Council on Badges and Credentials). She is a member of the ICDE Board of Directors and has previously served on the boards of EDEN and EUCEN. Ossiannilsson is a quality expert and reviewer for ICDE, EDEN and the EADTU. She chairs the ICDE OER Advocacy Committee and is a member of the ICDE Quality Network. She is regularly invited as a keynote speaker at conferences. She is a guest editor for several special issues and a member of the editorial board of several scientific journals. She has published more than 200 articles and is currently working on book projects in the field of OFDL. Ossiannilsson is a visiting professor at several international universities and was recently appointed Professor and Research Fellow at Victoria University of Wellington, NZ. Ossiannilsson has been awarded the following fellowships: EDEN Fellows, EDEN Council of Fellows, and Open Education Europe. She is a ICDE OER Ambassador, Open Education Europe Ambassador, GIZ Ambassador for Quality in Digital Learning, and part of the Globe-Community of Digital Learning and Champion of SPARC Europe. On a national level, she is a quality developer at the Swedish Institute for Standards (SIS) and for ISO. She is a member of the Digital Skills and Jobs Coalition Sweden and Vice President of the Swedish Association for Distance Education. She is currently working on a government initiative on quality in distance education at the National Council for Higher Education. 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