Spindle vertical travel.
\r\n\tDespite their limitations such as encapsulation efficiency, liposomes are a well-established choice for a number of unconventional and conventional biological applications. The versatility of these lipid-based vesicles presents the importance of these nanoparticles in the future applications of nanotechnology besides targeted drug delivery. Overall, this book provides the necessary and relevant information about various aspects of liposomes and their use in nanomedicine.
\r\n\t
Modern industry demands more precise and complex products that meet high-quality standards and protocols, using high-performance technological tools such as CNC machine tools. That according to Oxford Economics, the principal manufacturers and consumers worldwide are China, United States The United States, the European Economic Community, India, Brazil, and Japan. These countries have greater competitiveness in world industry [1]. India last decade has had accelerated growth in the consumption and the production of machine tools above 8 percent per year. That is a consequence of the incentives and policy change of the Indian government focused on the constitution of a park of machine tool development and the creation of a center of excellence in machine tools and production technologies [2]. In Germany, the area of machines and equipment is the second most important industrial sector. The country has become a technological engine that distinguishes itself as a high-tech nation worldwide [3]. The United States has distinguished itself as one of the leading exporters of machinery worldwide, being the principal supplier to China in recent years, demonstrating the big industrial capacity to develop machine tools. That equipment that par excellence is the basis for catapult the industrial production of a country [4]. In Latin American countries, MIPYMEs prioritize automation and technological development of machine tools, specifically in Colombia, MIPYMEs represent 94 percent of the industry, where most of the manufacturing processes of MIPYMEs in the metalworking sector are carried out in conventional machine tools [5].
This section presents the design and development of a prototype of a CNC Milling Machine Tool in its mechanical, electrical, and electronic components and graphical interface.
The different publications scanned in the last ten years to analyze and study structural design in machine tools and cutting techniques. In [6] theoretical 3D model is presented that determines the instantaneous machining stresses generated by the cutting action, presenting the stress distributions in the body of the CNC machine. In [7] proposes a model about the instantaneous cutting forces in 5-axis machining systems per milling machine and identifies the machine’s operating parameters to minimize machining error. In [8] explains the model to machine a prismatic workpiece whose objective is to evaluate each component of the machine’s power absorption and its relationship with the cutting parameters. In [9] requires a methodology for optimizing the energy consumption to control the machine in the machining of the part is presented. That model is based on historical operating data. In [10] exposes method of defining parameters for NC and machining systems to allow energy efficiency with the least possible error in constructing the resulting part. In [11] proposes a mathematical model based on the cutter’s numerical discretization, including the advance and inclination angles. This model is applied in certain typical conditions of a 5-axis machine. In [12] shows a method of cutting stability, the solution is proposed for milling type in multi-axis machines using the general projective geometry technique representing the cutting tool by an envelope of point clouds. In [13] presents a three-dimensional machining model that validates the conventional machining method taking into account the type of cut (uppercut milling, descending cut milling, milling style). Also, The machine used the thermal camera to observe the effective cut depth, shear force, and roughness. In [14] proposes a new cutting operation on a lathe called oriented cutting that consists of a cutter with a straight edge without inclination but oriented with an angle different from 90 degrees; tests show the influence of the edge of the tool on the forces of cut.
In the development of the project, the modeling and mechanical design of the structure of the machine (Figure 1) is fundamental, taking into account the accessories of the machine such as servo motors, servo drives, sensors, guides, and sources that allow the movement of its axes speed and precision.
Isometric CNC milling machine.
The structure has a frame, cross slide, table, bridge that supports articulation of the machine’s three axes depending on to develop the pieces’ machining. The table has a grooved surface on which the part to be shaped is held. The table is also supported by two carriages that allow the table’s horizontal longitudinal movement on the transverse carriage (x-axis). The bridge is a cantilevered piece in the frame; there are also hardened and ground guides for vertical movement (y-axis). Some lunettes were supports of the horizontal movement axis (z-axis).
The machine was developed in a machining center from the model, taking into account the criteria and conditions obtained in the design and simulation of the structure to have robustness and precision in movement, in Figure 2 you can see part of the real CNC milling machine armed consisting of the bridge, the cross carriage, the motor, and the guides. As shown in Figure 2, the machine’s structure is configured as a vertical milling machine in which the table has movements in the x and y axes, and the motor with the spindle moves in the z-axis.
Real CNC machine.
The machine structure was designed by modules and its construction in SAE 1020 plain steel material whose thickness is not less than 2.54 centimeter and with a manufacturing error of 10 micrometers.
The procedure for machining in CNC machine tools for milling machines with a fixed height table, horizontal or vertical spindle (Figure 3) has been sought, and the CNC machine is parameterized according to [15, 16, 17] with the following guide:
Displacement straightness check.
Verification of the straightness of the vertical and displacement of the spindle head. Tests are performed on a 155 mm stroke.
Measurements are made in the area tour, yielding the following results in Table 1.
Displacement mm | Displacement error mm | Permissible error mm |
---|---|---|
10 | 0.005 | 0.025 |
75.25 | 0.01 | 0.025 |
155 | 0.015 | 0.025 |
Spindle vertical travel.
The results were showed a variation lower than the admissible one (0.025 mm). This was measured in a length of 155 millimeters. A test carried out to verify the flatness of the table surface (Figure 4), in a 28x30 mm extension measurements, are made in the area tour, yielding the following results in Table 1. The practice was yielded the following results in different points of the said area, according to Table 2.
Verification of the surface flatness of the table.
Coordinates mm | Real error mm | Permissible error mm |
---|---|---|
0,0 | 0 | 0.05 |
0,150 | 0.03 | 0.05 |
0,280 | 0.025 | 0.05 |
Flatness.
The data was obtained in the test does not exceed the maximum allowable difference of 0.05 mm. The measurement of the radial jump of rotation of the inner core at the cone’s exit is made (see Figure 5).
Checking the radial rotation of the inner core.
The test was resulted in the following measurements according to Table 3.
Proof | Measurement mm | Minimum error mm |
---|---|---|
1 | 0.02 | 0.02 |
2 | 0.01 | 0.02 |
3 | 0.02 | 0.02 |
Measurement of radial jump in the spindle.
The data was obtained in Table 3 indicate that it does not exceed the admissible difference of 0.02 mm during normal operation of the spindle.
This section has presented the adaptation, reconditioning, and tuning of a used CNC machine tool.
The experience of building a prototype of a CNC milling machine has been allowed to consider that it can apply the appropriate knowledge in used CNC machines that currently inoperative. Therefore, among the many technologically outdated CNC machines that SENA has, a CNC milling machine has been chosen EMCO brand didactic, used at the time to carry out academic activities with the institution’s students. The conditions and characteristics of the machine are presented below in Table 4.
workspace in X, Y, Z [mm] | Spindle power at 2000 rpm [w] | Ball screw pitch [mm] | Accuracy of each axis [mm] |
---|---|---|---|
200,100,200 | 440 | 1.5 | 0.01 |
Features repowered CNC machine.
For the CNC machine to repower selected, its mechanical component (structure and mechanisms) must be functional and, as far as possible, close to its factory conditions, this allowed choosing the machine that is observed in Figure 6, The hardware of which was in good condition. However, some mechanical components were missing, and the electronic, electrical, and software module obsolescence.
CNC machine repowering.
The machine of Figure 6 has been thoroughly inspected to define the roadmap for the recovery of the machine; therefore, the problems detected are presented below:
The transmission system of movement towards each of the axes is carried out using a toothed belt and two pinions with a mechanical ratio of 2: 1. So, the torque is incremented but the speed of displacement is reduced.
Elements such as gears, screws, supports, bearings, motors, guides, and bases were presented a considerable level of oxidation, preventing adequate movement and increasing the error tolerance in the axes’ displacement by approximately 10 percent.
During previous interventions, the ball screw of the “Y” axis and the movement transfer pinion of this same axis were not reintegrated into the machine, leaving it incomplete.
To mitigate mechanical difficulties, corrective maintenance related to the design, manufacture, and implementation of the missing parts is carried out; subsequently, preventive maintenance is carried out to remove the oxide present and lubricate all the movement mechanisms; Once these corrections have been made, a mechanically adequate CNC milling machine is available to intervene in its entire electrical and electronic operating system.
Due to the service time of the milling machine, there are drawbacks such as shorts in the power circuit of the motors, failures in the control panel membranes, voltage drops in the power source due to problems in the voltage regulators; on the other hand, the software present in the machine is not compatible with the commercial applications that are currently used for this type of system, the main difficulty regarding compatibility is that the data access to the system is done using an obsolete technology (floppy disk 3/2), so the control card was designed and replace, the drivers and the user interface to recover their initial functions and even improve their operability.
A control and power board is implemented, see Figure 7, responsible for linking and optocoupler the drivers that control the motors of each of the axes with the instructions sent from the CNC software in the computer and sensors of end of career of the machine, stop of emergency and other elements that make up the system.
Electronic system (A) control target (B) power target.
The machine’s electronic system was made compatible with the LinuxCNC software; therefore, an optocoupler control interface (Figure 7A) has been designed and implemented connected to the parallel port of the pc. The signals obtained from the parallel port are input signals from sensors and output signals that enable actuating actuators. In the output signals, the power system of Figure 7B is used to control the actuators as servo motors and step motors responsible for moving the axes that position the milling cutter for machining development.
For the execution of a machining production process, the CNC machine must meet a series of requirements related to the straightness in the movement of the axes, the flatness of the work table, and the parallelism concerning the cutting tool; these parameters are necessary to bring the machine to work under the standards of machining parts and are verified by the following procedure:
To corroborate the straightness of the z-axis displacement, a dial gauge is positioned and measured concerning a square that is firstly parallel to the X-axis and later parallel to the Y-axis to verify that the displacement is strictly vertical and comply with the allowable error, which is 0.025 mm in a maximum length of 300 mm offset.
The table surface’s flatness is measured with a level of precision where the tolerance cannot exceed 0.02 mm for every 300 mm of length between measurements.
The proceeding must guarantee the parallelism of the surface of the work table concerning the cutting tool, so the dial gauge is placed at its height (see Figure 8) and measurements are made along the length and width of the surface; the error cannot be greater than 0.025 mm for every 300 mm between measurements.
Flatness teste.
This procedure is applied to the machine and the results observed in Table 2 are obtained, where the data are within the admissible limits to carry out a machining process.
In the first instance, tests are carried out with the Mach3 software to verify the compatibility of the control card and the drivers with commercial software for the control of a CNC; the system presents good performance; However, the Mach3 is a demo version with limitations, for this reason, a search is carried out, finding some licensed software such as MasterCAM, SolidCAM, CAMWorks, among others, which were discarded because the license is very expensive, so, the best option has focused the search on open architecture software (Open Architecture CNC), finding that they handle great scalability, are freely distributed and present excellent compatibility with other software related to the manufacturing process and with the different CNC systems.
An application based on the Linux Ubuntu V10.04 operating system called LinuxCNC is selected, see Figure 9. The LinuxCNC has an architecture for the numerical control of CNC machines based on the RT-Linux kernel for the execution of instructions in real-time, with a capacity to control up to nine axes; Some works carried out with LinuxCNC demonstrate the capabilities and scope of the software such as those observed in [18, 19, 20, 21], another application is observed in a robotic arm for to perform surgical procedures in [22], also shows precision and reliability in CNC systems as in [23].
LinuxCNC interface.
To determine the response of machine tools, different types of parts have been machining. The tests have allowed knowing the real behavior of the CNC machines.
During the machine set-up process, the relevant materials to be machined have been defined, taking into account the drive element’s capacity (spindle) on both CNC machines. Therefore, although the machines’ infrastructure allows machining in hard steels, there is a limitation in the spindle with steels. Thus, the tests will be carried out on 3000 series aluminum. This material has manganese as its main alloying material, which allows for good machinability.
To determine the optimal operating parameters; The speeds of movement of the axes and the revolutions per minute of the spindle are calculated using the following equations:
Where n = spindle speed in rev/min, v = cutting speed in m / min, d = diameter of the cutting tool in mm,
The purpose of both the prototype machine and the repowered machine is to develop parts and structures for robotics applications through face milling. Initially, a piece numeric is designed simple, using a 4 mm flat milling cutter for roughing and a two-edged round milling cutter for finishing, both made of carbon steel, in this development of low complexity parts. The real piece is obtained with the design dimension proposed in the CAD (see Figure 10).
Alphanumeric part machining process (A) initial machined part. (B) Intermediate part machining (C) intermediate machining of the part figure (C) intermediate machining of the part contour (D) final machining of the part.
Figure 10 shows the machining process of a numerical figure at various times from the beginning of Figure 10A, during Figure 10B and C, and the end of Figure 10D. This machining test was applied with the following machining operation parameters (see Table 6).
This information is obtained from several tests developed with the same design seeking to optimize the variables used in the LINUXCNC to achieve the materialization of the CAD (see Figure 11).
LinuxCNC parameters (A) axes configuration. (B) Machine information. (C) Latency test.
In Figure 11A, shows the configuration of the axes. Parameters are defined as steps per revolution of the machine, the relationship between the motor shaft and the ball screw, the screw pitch, the speed and acceleration of the axis calculated based on the basic configuration information (Figure 11B). The axis length parameters and selection of the physical and virtual location of the home are configured. This menu is verified the entered configuration is correct by a test. In the basic information window of the machine, enter the name of the machine, the number of axes, and the units with which you want to work; To select the type of driver, the software provides some brands of manufacturers that have preset values; however, Linuxcnc allows the selection of a general type of driver and recommends standard values in which most of the drivers work properly. To find the system’s maximum response time, the latency test is used (Figure 11C), where a test is verified the response capacity of the PC intended to operate the machine.
Subsequently, structural parts of a mobile robot were made for a real application in the health sector. The proposed parts have a more complex and larger structure; Therefore, 6 mm flat mills are used in cutting, and four-edged round milling cutters are used in the finishing. The machined parts fulfill the function of making traction and generating stability in the robot. According to what was projected in the CAD design, the real components are assembled in the robot structure without any difficulty and fully comply with the robotic system’s function (see Figure 12).
Machined parts (A) motor shaft. (B) Shaft bracket. (C) Platform.
The pieces of Figure 12 are produced using machining parameters of Table 6, and Table 7 shows some operations of machined pieces.
Table 7 is about machining pieces of Figure 12, incorporated in the programming for prototype and re-powered CNC milling machine. In the milling of a piece is normal to find many types of machining operations. The piece more complex, according to Table 7, is the piece describes in Figure 12B. So the piece of Figure 12B applied various operations such as Planned, Squared, and Boxed.
In the development of the modeling of a CNC machine proposed in the works found [6, 8, 11] has been detected for the most part that energy optimization has started from a robust and functional structure as a fundamental premise. This aspect has been taken into account in this project in the design criteria used in the configuration of the structure of the CNC machine type milling machine.
In the construction and commissioning of the CNC machine have been considered in some works [7, 9, 10], the parameterization and recognition of the functionality as a fundamental development, so, three aspects have been put into practice in the present project: the straightness of the displacement of the coordinate axes, the flatness of the table surface and the radial jump of rotation of the inner core at the exit of the spindle. In the results of prototype and repowering was observed (see Tables 1–3) a good performance.
According to Table 5, the repowered CNC machine tool has been brought to an operating point similar to the factory’s behavior. This allows the technological development to be exposed as a solution proposal with viable free software to update the CNC machine tools. So, the mechanisms and mechanical functionality of the machine are in good condition, and its recovery is viable.
Description | Distance between measures [mm] | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Z axis straightness with respect to x | 0 | 0.004 | 0.012 | 0.019 |
Z axis straightness with respect to y | 0 | 0.002 | 0.004 | 0.007 |
X-axis clamping table flatness | 0 | 0.006 | 0.011 | 0.015 |
Y-axis clamping table flatness | 0 | 0.002 | 0.01 | 0.018 |
Parallelism with respect to the x axis tool | 0 | 0.003 | 0.007 | 0.01 |
Parallelism with respect to the y axis tool | 0 | 0.004 | 0.007 | 0.009 |
Test scores.
The mechanization tests for both machine tools present the millimeter construction of robotics part in aluminum. The precision of prototype and repowered machines is achieved by determining the values of the machining parameters. These data are presented in Table 6. The pieces are possible to mechanize with a maximum area of 25 x 25 centimeters. The operations used in the machines’programming are Presented in Table 7, furthermore, the description is dimensioned the degree of complexity of each of the parts’ machining.
Description | Process characteristics | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Roughing of material | 6366 | 63.66 | 3.01 | 80 |
Surface Finishing | 7957 | 15.9 | 31.44 | 100 |
Fine tunning.
Operation | Piece | ||
---|---|---|---|
Figure 12A | Figure 12B | Figure 12C | |
Planned | no | yes | yes |
Squared | yes | yes | no |
Contoured | no | no | yes |
Boxed | yes | yes | no |
Operations used in the milling of robotic parts.
"Open access contributes to scientific excellence and integrity. It opens up research results to wider analysis. It allows research results to be reused for new discoveries. And it enables the multi-disciplinary research that is needed to solve global 21st century problems. Open access connects science with society. It allows the public to engage with research. To go behind the headlines. And look at the scientific evidence. And it enables policy makers to draw on innovative solutions to societal challenges".
\n\nCarlos Moedas, the European Commissioner for Research Science and Innovation at the STM Annual Frankfurt Conference, October 2016.
",metaTitle:"About Open Access",metaDescription:"Open access contributes to scientific excellence and integrity. It opens up research results to wider analysis. It allows research results to be reused for new discoveries. And it enables the multi-disciplinary research that is needed to solve global 21st century problems. Open access connects science with society. It allows the public to engage with research. To go behind the headlines. And look at the scientific evidence. And it enables policy makers to draw on innovative solutions to societal challenges.\n\nCarlos Moedas, the European Commissioner for Research Science and Innovation at the STM Annual Frankfurt Conference, October 2016.",metaKeywords:null,canonicalURL:"about-open-access",contentRaw:'[{"type":"htmlEditorComponent","content":"The Open Access publishing movement started in the early 2000s when academic leaders from around the world participated in the formation of the Budapest Initiative. They developed recommendations for an Open Access publishing process, “which has worked for the past decade to provide the public with unrestricted, free access to scholarly research—much of which is publicly funded. Making the research publicly available to everyone—free of charge and without most copyright and licensing restrictions—will accelerate scientific research efforts and allow authors to reach a larger number of readers” (reference: http://www.budapestopenaccessinitiative.org)
\\n\\nIntechOpen’s co-founders, both scientists themselves, created the company while undertaking research in robotics at Vienna University. Their goal was to spread research freely “for scientists, by scientists’ to the rest of the world via the Open Access publishing model. The company soon became a signatory of the Budapest Initiative, which currently has more than 1000 supporting organizations worldwide, ranging from universities to funders.
\\n\\nAt IntechOpen today, we are still as committed to working with organizations and people who care about scientific discovery, to putting the academic needs of the scientific community first, and to providing an Open Access environment where scientists can maximize their contribution to scientific advancement. By opening up access to the world’s scientific research articles and book chapters, we aim to facilitate greater opportunity for collaboration, scientific discovery and progress. We subscribe wholeheartedly to the Open Access definition:
\\n\\n“By “open access” to [peer-reviewed research literature], we mean its free availability on the public internet, permitting any users to read, download, copy, distribute, print, search, or link to the full texts of these articles, crawl them for indexing, pass them as data to software, or use them for any other lawful purpose, without financial, legal, or technical barriers other than those inseparable from gaining access to the internet itself. The only constraint on reproduction and distribution, and the only role for copyright in this domain, should be to give authors control over the integrity of their work and the right to be properly acknowledged and cited” (reference: http://www.budapestopenaccessinitiative.org)
\\n\\nOAI-PMH
\\n\\nAs a firm believer in the wider dissemination of knowledge, IntechOpen supports the Open Access Initiative Protocol for Metadata Harvesting (OAI-PMH Version 2.0). Read more
\\n\\nLicense
\\n\\nBook chapters published in edited volumes are distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License (CC BY 3.0). IntechOpen upholds a very flexible Copyright Policy. There is no copyright transfer to the publisher and Authors retain exclusive copyright to their work. All Monographs/Compacts are distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0). Read more
\\n\\nPeer Review Policies
\\n\\nAll scientific works are Peer Reviewed prior to publishing. Read more
\\n\\nOA Publishing Fees
\\n\\nThe Open Access publishing model employed by IntechOpen eliminates subscription charges and pay-per-view fees, enabling readers to access research at no cost. In order to sustain operations and keep our publications freely accessible we levy an Open Access Publishing Fee for manuscripts, which helps us cover the costs of editorial work and the production of books. Read more
\\n\\nDigital Archiving Policy
\\n\\nIntechOpen is committed to ensuring the long-term preservation and the availability of all scholarly research we publish. We employ a variety of means to enable us to deliver on our commitments to the scientific community. Apart from preservation by the Croatian National Library (for publications prior to April 18, 2018) and the British Library (for publications after April 18, 2018), our entire catalogue is preserved in the CLOCKSS archive.
\\n\\nOpen Science is transparent and accessible knowledge that is shared and developed through collaborative networks.
\\n\\nOpen Science is about increased rigour, accountability, and reproducibility for research. It is based on the principles of inclusion, fairness, equity, and sharing, and ultimately seeks to change the way research is done, who is involved and how it is valued. It aims to make research more open to participation, review/refutation, improvement and (re)use for the world to benefit.
\\n\\nOpen Science refers to doing traditional science with more transparency involved at various stages, for example by openly sharing code and data. It implies a growing set of practices - within different disciplines - aiming at:
\\n\\nWe aim at improving the quality and availability of scholarly communication by promoting and practicing:
\\n\\n\\n"}]'},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'
The Open Access publishing movement started in the early 2000s when academic leaders from around the world participated in the formation of the Budapest Initiative. They developed recommendations for an Open Access publishing process, “which has worked for the past decade to provide the public with unrestricted, free access to scholarly research—much of which is publicly funded. Making the research publicly available to everyone—free of charge and without most copyright and licensing restrictions—will accelerate scientific research efforts and allow authors to reach a larger number of readers” (reference: http://www.budapestopenaccessinitiative.org)
\n\nIntechOpen’s co-founders, both scientists themselves, created the company while undertaking research in robotics at Vienna University. Their goal was to spread research freely “for scientists, by scientists’ to the rest of the world via the Open Access publishing model. The company soon became a signatory of the Budapest Initiative, which currently has more than 1000 supporting organizations worldwide, ranging from universities to funders.
\n\nAt IntechOpen today, we are still as committed to working with organizations and people who care about scientific discovery, to putting the academic needs of the scientific community first, and to providing an Open Access environment where scientists can maximize their contribution to scientific advancement. By opening up access to the world’s scientific research articles and book chapters, we aim to facilitate greater opportunity for collaboration, scientific discovery and progress. We subscribe wholeheartedly to the Open Access definition:
\n\n“By “open access” to [peer-reviewed research literature], we mean its free availability on the public internet, permitting any users to read, download, copy, distribute, print, search, or link to the full texts of these articles, crawl them for indexing, pass them as data to software, or use them for any other lawful purpose, without financial, legal, or technical barriers other than those inseparable from gaining access to the internet itself. The only constraint on reproduction and distribution, and the only role for copyright in this domain, should be to give authors control over the integrity of their work and the right to be properly acknowledged and cited” (reference: http://www.budapestopenaccessinitiative.org)
\n\nOAI-PMH
\n\nAs a firm believer in the wider dissemination of knowledge, IntechOpen supports the Open Access Initiative Protocol for Metadata Harvesting (OAI-PMH Version 2.0). Read more
\n\nLicense
\n\nBook chapters published in edited volumes are distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License (CC BY 3.0). IntechOpen upholds a very flexible Copyright Policy. There is no copyright transfer to the publisher and Authors retain exclusive copyright to their work. All Monographs/Compacts are distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0). Read more
\n\nPeer Review Policies
\n\nAll scientific works are Peer Reviewed prior to publishing. Read more
\n\nOA Publishing Fees
\n\nThe Open Access publishing model employed by IntechOpen eliminates subscription charges and pay-per-view fees, enabling readers to access research at no cost. In order to sustain operations and keep our publications freely accessible we levy an Open Access Publishing Fee for manuscripts, which helps us cover the costs of editorial work and the production of books. Read more
\n\nDigital Archiving Policy
\n\nIntechOpen is committed to ensuring the long-term preservation and the availability of all scholarly research we publish. We employ a variety of means to enable us to deliver on our commitments to the scientific community. Apart from preservation by the Croatian National Library (for publications prior to April 18, 2018) and the British Library (for publications after April 18, 2018), our entire catalogue is preserved in the CLOCKSS archive.
\n\nOpen Science is transparent and accessible knowledge that is shared and developed through collaborative networks.
\n\nOpen Science is about increased rigour, accountability, and reproducibility for research. It is based on the principles of inclusion, fairness, equity, and sharing, and ultimately seeks to change the way research is done, who is involved and how it is valued. It aims to make research more open to participation, review/refutation, improvement and (re)use for the world to benefit.
\n\nOpen Science refers to doing traditional science with more transparency involved at various stages, for example by openly sharing code and data. It implies a growing set of practices - within different disciplines - aiming at:
\n\nWe aim at improving the quality and availability of scholarly communication by promoting and practicing:
\n\n\n'}]},successStories:{items:[]},authorsAndEditors:{filterParams:{},profiles:[{id:"396",title:"Dr.",name:"Vedran",middleName:null,surname:"Kordic",slug:"vedran-kordic",fullName:"Vedran Kordic",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/396/images/7281_n.png",biography:"After obtaining his Master's degree in Mechanical Engineering he continued his education at the Vienna University of Technology where he obtained his PhD degree in 2004. He worked as a researcher at the Automation and Control Institute, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Vienna University of Technology until 2008. His studies in robotics lead him not only to a PhD degree but also inspired him to co-found and build the International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems - world's first Open Access journal in the field of robotics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"TU Wien",country:{name:"Austria"}}},{id:"441",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Jaekyu",middleName:null,surname:"Park",slug:"jaekyu-park",fullName:"Jaekyu Park",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/441/images/1881_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"LG Corporation (South Korea)",country:{name:"Korea, South"}}},{id:"465",title:"Dr",name:"Christian",middleName:null,surname:"Martens",slug:"christian-martens",fullName:"Christian Martens",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"479",title:"Dr.",name:"Valentina",middleName:null,surname:"Colla",slug:"valentina-colla",fullName:"Valentina Colla",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/479/images/358_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sant'Anna School of Advanced Studies",country:{name:"Italy"}}},{id:"494",title:"PhD",name:"Loris",middleName:null,surname:"Nanni",slug:"loris-nanni",fullName:"Loris Nanni",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/494/images/system/494.jpg",biography:"Loris Nanni received his Master Degree cum laude on June-2002 from the University of Bologna, and the April 26th 2006 he received his Ph.D. in Computer Engineering at DEIS, University of Bologna. 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Nanoparticles of alkali metals and noble metals (copper, silver, platinum, palladium, and gold, etc.) have a broad absorption band in the visible region of the electromagnetic spectrum of light, because the solutions of these metal nanoparticles show the intense color, which is absent in their bulk counterparts as well as their atomic level. The main cause behind this phenomenon is attributed to the collective oscillations of the free conductive electrons that are induced by an interaction with electromagnetic field. The whole incidence is known as localized surface plasmonic resonance. Out of these, we have selected the silver nanoparticles for the studies. In this article, we will discuss the synthesis, characterization, and application of the silver nanoparticles. Future prospective and challenges in the field commercialization of the nanosilver is also discussed.",book:{id:"6552",slug:"silver-nanoparticles-fabrication-characterization-and-applications",title:"Silver Nanoparticles",fullTitle:"Silver Nanoparticles - Fabrication, Characterization and Applications"},signatures:"Neelu Chouhan",authors:[{id:"208475",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Neelu",middleName:null,surname:"Chouhan",slug:"neelu-chouhan",fullName:"Neelu Chouhan"}]},{id:"51598",doi:"10.5772/64001",title:"Graphene‐Based Materials Functionalization with Natural Polymeric Biomolecules",slug:"graphene-based-materials-functionalization-with-natural-polymeric-biomolecules",totalDownloads:3394,totalCrossrefCites:7,totalDimensionsCites:26,abstract:"The use of 2D nanocarbon materials as scaffolds for the functionalization with different molecules has been rising as a result of their outstanding properties. This chapter describes the synthesis of graphene and its derivatives, particularly graphene oxide (GO) and reduced graphene oxide (rGO). Both GO and rGO represent a tunable alternative for applications with biomolecules due to the oxygenated moieties, which allow interactions in a either covalent or non‐covalent way. From here, other discussed topics are the biofunctionalization with keratin (KE) and chitosan (CS). The non‐covalent functionalization is based primarily on secondary interactions such as van der Waals forces, electrostatics interactions, or π–π stacking formed between KE or CS with graphenic materials. On the other hand, covalent functionalization with KE and CS is mainly based on the reaction among the functional groups present in those biomolecules and the graphenic materials. As a result of the functionalization, different applications have been proposed for these novel materials, which are reviewed in order to offer an overview about the possible fields of application of 2D nanocarbon materials. In a nutshell, the objective of this work is as follows: first, overhaul different aspects about the synthesis of graphene chemically obtained, and second, make a review of different approaches in the functionalization of 2D carbon materials with specific biomolecules.",book:{id:"5293",slug:"recent-advances-in-graphene-research",title:"Recent Advances in Graphene Research",fullTitle:"Recent Advances in Graphene Research"},signatures:"Edgar Jimenez‐Cervantes Amieva, Juventino López‐Barroso, Ana\nLaura Martínez‐Hernández and Carlos Velasco‐Santos",authors:[{id:"178665",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos",middleName:null,surname:"Velasco-Santos",slug:"carlos-velasco-santos",fullName:"Carlos Velasco-Santos"},{id:"178667",title:"Prof.",name:"Ana Laura",middleName:null,surname:"Martínez-Hernandez",slug:"ana-laura-martinez-hernandez",fullName:"Ana Laura Martínez-Hernandez"},{id:"183423",title:"MSc.",name:"Edgar",middleName:null,surname:"Jimenez-Cervantes A.",slug:"edgar-jimenez-cervantes-a.",fullName:"Edgar Jimenez-Cervantes A."},{id:"183424",title:"MSc.",name:"Juventino",middleName:null,surname:"Lopez-Barroso",slug:"juventino-lopez-barroso",fullName:"Juventino Lopez-Barroso"}]},{id:"55009",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.68355",title:"Nanotechnology in Herbicide Resistance",slug:"nanotechnology-in-herbicide-resistance",totalDownloads:1944,totalCrossrefCites:7,totalDimensionsCites:21,abstract:"Herbicide market in agriculture is a multi‐billion dollar industry with sophisticated multi‐impact issues, with increased weed resistance at the topmost. Nanoherbicides under development in the current decade could be a new strategy to address all the problems caused by the conventional non‐nanoherbicides. With polymeric nanoparticles often used as nanocarriers for herbicide delivery, the current era has seen the rise of new nanoparticles‐based delivery systems. As the potential use of nanostructured materials enables the use of herbicides effectively and rules out the emergence of weed‐resistant population at an early stage, these very desirable nanotechnological practices in agriculture are reviewed here.",book:{id:"5734",slug:"nanostructured-materials-fabrication-to-applications",title:"Nanostructured Materials",fullTitle:"Nanostructured Materials - Fabrication to Applications"},signatures:"Evy Alice Abigail and Ramalingam Chidambaram",authors:[{id:"199591",title:"Prof.",name:"Ramalingam",middleName:null,surname:"Chidambaram",slug:"ramalingam-chidambaram",fullName:"Ramalingam Chidambaram"},{id:"203102",title:"Dr.",name:"Evy Alice",middleName:null,surname:"Abigail",slug:"evy-alice-abigail",fullName:"Evy Alice Abigail"}]},{id:"61686",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.77075",title:"Biological Activity of Silver Nanoparticles and Their Applications in Anticancer Therapy",slug:"biological-activity-of-silver-nanoparticles-and-their-applications-in-anticancer-therapy",totalDownloads:1704,totalCrossrefCites:13,totalDimensionsCites:20,abstract:"Nanotechnology delivers materials and nanoparticles (NPs) with high biological potential, useful in bioengineering, nanomedicine, and human health protection. Silver nanoparticles (NPs), because of their wide spectrum of activities and physical and chemical properties, are nowadays extensively researched. However, careful studies on living organism should be performed, with strong attention to biocompatibility. Multiple cellular effects, displayed after AgNP treatments, show interesting potential of metal-based NPs, not only in bio-nanotechnology but also in molecular medicine and anticancer therapy. AgNPs are promising anticancer agents, influencing the cell cycle, inhibiting cancer proliferation, and inducing oxidative stress and propagation of programmed cellular death (apoptosis). Additionally, they protect against bacterial, fungal, and viral infections. During chemo- and radio-therapies, such antimicrobial protection will be desirable because of the decreased immunological resistance of cancer patients. In conclusion, AgNPs often present in the human environment should be studied for novel findings and better characteristic. This article discusses advantages of AgNP’s “eco-friendly” production, followed by green synthesis, with particular consideration of antimicrobial and anticancer properties. Cellular processes, induced after AgNP treatments, are focused on antiproliferative, pro-oxidative, and pro-apoptotic activities of NPs.",book:{id:"6552",slug:"silver-nanoparticles-fabrication-characterization-and-applications",title:"Silver Nanoparticles",fullTitle:"Silver Nanoparticles - Fabrication, Characterization and Applications"},signatures:"Magdalena Skonieczna and Dorota Hudy",authors:[{id:"243029",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Magdalena",middleName:null,surname:"Skonieczna",slug:"magdalena-skonieczna",fullName:"Magdalena Skonieczna"},{id:"249509",title:"MSc.",name:"Dorota",middleName:null,surname:"Hudy",slug:"dorota-hudy",fullName:"Dorota Hudy"}]},{id:"59905",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.75363",title:"Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles",slug:"synthesis-of-silver-nanoparticles",totalDownloads:6762,totalCrossrefCites:9,totalDimensionsCites:18,abstract:"Nanoparticles of noble metals, especially the silver nanoparticles, have been widely used in different fields of science. Their unique properties, which can be incorporated into biosensor materials, composite fibers, cosmetic products, antimicrobial applications, conducting materials and electronic components, make them a very important subject to be studied by chemistry, biology, healthcare, electronic and other related branches. These unique properties depend upon size and shape of the silver nanoparticles. Different preparation methods have been reported for the synthesis of the silver nanoparticles, such as electron irradiation, laser ablation, chemical reduction, biological artificial methods, photochemical methods and microwave processing. This chapter aims to inform the synthesis methods of the silver nanoparticles.",book:{id:"6552",slug:"silver-nanoparticles-fabrication-characterization-and-applications",title:"Silver Nanoparticles",fullTitle:"Silver Nanoparticles - Fabrication, Characterization and Applications"},signatures:"Remziye Güzel and Gülbahar Erdal",authors:[{id:"226613",title:"Dr.",name:"Remziye",middleName:null,surname:"Güzel",slug:"remziye-guzel",fullName:"Remziye Güzel"},{id:"240772",title:"MSc.",name:"Gülbahar",middleName:null,surname:"Erdal",slug:"gulbahar-erdal",fullName:"Gülbahar Erdal"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"59905",title:"Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles",slug:"synthesis-of-silver-nanoparticles",totalDownloads:6762,totalCrossrefCites:9,totalDimensionsCites:18,abstract:"Nanoparticles of noble metals, especially the silver nanoparticles, have been widely used in different fields of science. Their unique properties, which can be incorporated into biosensor materials, composite fibers, cosmetic products, antimicrobial applications, conducting materials and electronic components, make them a very important subject to be studied by chemistry, biology, healthcare, electronic and other related branches. These unique properties depend upon size and shape of the silver nanoparticles. Different preparation methods have been reported for the synthesis of the silver nanoparticles, such as electron irradiation, laser ablation, chemical reduction, biological artificial methods, photochemical methods and microwave processing. This chapter aims to inform the synthesis methods of the silver nanoparticles.",book:{id:"6552",slug:"silver-nanoparticles-fabrication-characterization-and-applications",title:"Silver Nanoparticles",fullTitle:"Silver Nanoparticles - Fabrication, Characterization and Applications"},signatures:"Remziye Güzel and Gülbahar Erdal",authors:[{id:"226613",title:"Dr.",name:"Remziye",middleName:null,surname:"Güzel",slug:"remziye-guzel",fullName:"Remziye Güzel"},{id:"240772",title:"MSc.",name:"Gülbahar",middleName:null,surname:"Erdal",slug:"gulbahar-erdal",fullName:"Gülbahar Erdal"}]},{id:"55609",title:"Polymer Nanocomposites",slug:"polymer-nanocomposites",totalDownloads:1937,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:5,abstract:"The development of polymer nanocomposites has advanced, especially due to their new properties after nanoparticle incorporation. Many nanocomposites composed of synthetic polymers and/or biopolymers have been studied after incorporation of a diversity of nanoparticles, which differ in form, shape, surface area and chemical organization. In this chapter, some examples of nanocomposites based on poly-vinyl alcohol (PVA); polycarbonate (PC) and matrixes of dental resins are presented. These nanocomposites could be obtained by three basic methods: in situ polymerization, solution casting and melt extrusion. The best method is determined by the relation and route to the polymer-nanoparticle pair. The dispersion and distribution of nanoparticles in the polymer matrix is the key to obtaining new materials with synergism of compounds properties. This synergism depends on how strong is the intermolecular interaction between the polymer matrix and nanoparticles. The evaluation of new nano systems can be done by different techniques, usually microscopy, X-ray diffraction, thermal analysis and so on. Low-field NMR relaxometry has been used to evaluate polymer nanocomposites. This technique provides valuable information related to the interaction of the nanoparticles with the polymer matrix, and it also indicates the dispersion and distribution of these nanoparticles in the matrix.",book:{id:"5734",slug:"nanostructured-materials-fabrication-to-applications",title:"Nanostructured Materials",fullTitle:"Nanostructured Materials - Fabrication to Applications"},signatures:"Maria Inês Bruno Tavares, Emerson Oliveira da Silva, Paulo Rangel\nCruz da Silva and Lívia Rodrigues de Menezes",authors:[{id:"195554",title:"Distinguished Prof.",name:"Maria Ines",middleName:null,surname:"Tavares",slug:"maria-ines-tavares",fullName:"Maria Ines Tavares"},{id:"195603",title:"Dr.",name:"Paulo Sergio",middleName:"Rangel Cruz",surname:"Silva",slug:"paulo-sergio-silva",fullName:"Paulo Sergio Silva"},{id:"195604",title:"Dr.",name:"Emerson O",middleName:null,surname:"Silva",slug:"emerson-o-silva",fullName:"Emerson O Silva"},{id:"195605",title:"Dr.",name:"Livia R",middleName:null,surname:"Menezes",slug:"livia-r-menezes",fullName:"Livia R Menezes"}]},{id:"51090",title:"Optimization of the Synthesis Procedures of Graphene and Graphite Oxide",slug:"optimization-of-the-synthesis-procedures-of-graphene-and-graphite-oxide",totalDownloads:3452,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:6,abstract:"The optimization of both the chemical vapor deposition (CVD) synthesis method to prepare graphene and the Improved Hummers method to prepare graphite oxide is reported. Copper and nickel were used as catalysts in the CVD-graphene synthesis, CH4 and H2being used as precursor gases. Synthesis variables were optimized according to a thickness value, calculated using a homemade Excel-VBA application. In the case of copper, the maximum thickness value was obtained for those samples synthesized at 1050°C, a CH4/H2 flow rate ratio of 0.07 v/v, a total flow of 60 Nml/min, and a time on stream of 10 min. In the case of nickel, a reaction temperature of 980°C, a CH4/H2 flow rate ratio of 0.07 v/v, a total flow of 80 Nml/min, and a time on stream of 1 min were required to obtain a high thickness value. On the other hand, the Improved Hummers method used in the synthesis of graphite oxide was optimized. The resultant product was similar to that reported in literature in terms of quality and characteristics but both time and cost of the synthesis procedure were considerably decreased.",book:{id:"5293",slug:"recent-advances-in-graphene-research",title:"Recent Advances in Graphene Research",fullTitle:"Recent Advances in Graphene Research"},signatures:"María del Prado Lavín López, José Luis Valverde Palomino, María\nLuz Sánchez Silva and Amaya Romero Izquierdo",authors:[{id:"31322",title:"Dr.",name:"Luz",middleName:null,surname:"Sanchez-Silva",slug:"luz-sanchez-silva",fullName:"Luz Sanchez-Silva"},{id:"182943",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Maria Del Prado",middleName:null,surname:"Lavin Lopez",slug:"maria-del-prado-lavin-lopez",fullName:"Maria Del Prado Lavin Lopez"},{id:"187130",title:"Prof.",name:"Jose Luis",middleName:null,surname:"Valverde",slug:"jose-luis-valverde",fullName:"Jose Luis Valverde"},{id:"187131",title:"Dr.",name:"Amaya",middleName:null,surname:"Romero",slug:"amaya-romero",fullName:"Amaya Romero"}]},{id:"60180",title:"Synthesis, Characterization and Antimicrobial Properties of Silver Nanocomposites",slug:"synthesis-characterization-and-antimicrobial-properties-of-silver-nanocomposites",totalDownloads:1894,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:7,abstract:"Nanoparticles and polymers in their respective fields have contributed greatly in the form of science and hence in daily life application products. But due to lack in emerging technologies for developing silver nanocomposites with polymers and other materials, the nanoparticle-based products have conquered little less attention. Hereby, an effort is made to put a light on already developed functional materials containing silver nanoparticles and also to look forward their scope in daily life applications. A little more insight into antimicrobial properties of such materials will also be elaborated. Finally, the optimal amounts of silver that cannot be health hazardous to living being especially human and overall environmental impacts of Nanocomposites are presented.",book:{id:"6552",slug:"silver-nanoparticles-fabrication-characterization-and-applications",title:"Silver Nanoparticles",fullTitle:"Silver Nanoparticles - Fabrication, Characterization and Applications"},signatures:"Mudassar Abbas, Nida Naeem, Hina Iftikhar and Usman Latif",authors:[{id:"225082",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Mudassar",middleName:null,surname:"Abbas",slug:"mudassar-abbas",fullName:"Mudassar Abbas"},{id:"240184",title:"Ms.",name:"Nida",middleName:null,surname:"Naeem",slug:"nida-naeem",fullName:"Nida Naeem"},{id:"240185",title:"Ms.",name:"Hina",middleName:null,surname:"Iftikhar",slug:"hina-iftikhar",fullName:"Hina Iftikhar"},{id:"240186",title:"Dr.",name:"Usman",middleName:null,surname:"Latif",slug:"usman-latif",fullName:"Usman Latif"}]},{id:"59848",title:"Application of Silver Nanoparticles for Water Treatment",slug:"application-of-silver-nanoparticles-for-water-treatment",totalDownloads:2214,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:7,abstract:"In recent past development of silver nanoparticles and their application in the treatment of wastewaters is becoming a major area of research. It is mainly applicable to the removal of three major pollutants like pesticides, heavy metals, and microorganisms. Variety of synthesis techniques have been reported for preparation and characterization of silver nanoparticles. In our research, we synthesized Ag nanoparticles supported on ZrO2 and ZrO2-CeO2 by a “deposit-precipitation method” as the first step and later sequentially synthesized Ag-Au supported on ZrO2 and ZrO2-CeO2 by Redox method. Catalysts were evaluated in catalytic wet air oxidation (CWAO) of methyl tert-butyl ether and phenol. The CWAO is a liquid phase process for the treatment of organic pollutants operating at temperatures in the range of 100–325°C at 5–200 bar pressures. The selectivity and efficient of catalysts were evaluated by total organic carbon (TOC) and high-performance liquid chromatograph (HPLC). Ideally, the total mineralization of pollutants into CO2 and H2O is preferred.",book:{id:"6552",slug:"silver-nanoparticles-fabrication-characterization-and-applications",title:"Silver Nanoparticles",fullTitle:"Silver Nanoparticles - Fabrication, Characterization and Applications"},signatures:"Zenaida Guerra Que, José Gilberto Torres Torres, Hermicenda Pérez\nVidal, María A. Lunagómez Rocha, Juan C. Arévalo Pérez, Ignacio\nCuauhtémoc López, Durvel De La Cruz Romero, Alejandra\nE. Espinosa De Los Monteros Reyna, José G. Pacheco Sosa, Adib A.\nSilahua Pavón and Jorge S. Ferráez Hernández",authors:[{id:"228497",title:"Dr.",name:"Hermicenda",middleName:null,surname:"Perez Vidal",slug:"hermicenda-perez-vidal",fullName:"Hermicenda Perez Vidal"},{id:"229146",title:"Dr.",name:"Zenaida",middleName:null,surname:"Guerra Que",slug:"zenaida-guerra-que",fullName:"Zenaida Guerra Que"},{id:"240565",title:"Dr.",name:"Jose Gilberto",middleName:null,surname:"Torres Torres",slug:"jose-gilberto-torres-torres",fullName:"Jose Gilberto Torres Torres"},{id:"240661",title:"Dr.",name:"María A.",middleName:null,surname:"Lunagómez Rocha",slug:"maria-a.-lunagomez-rocha",fullName:"María A. Lunagómez Rocha"},{id:"240662",title:"MSc.",name:"Juan C.",middleName:null,surname:"Arévalo Pérez",slug:"juan-c.-arevalo-perez",fullName:"Juan C. Arévalo Pérez"},{id:"240663",title:"Dr.",name:"Ignacio",middleName:null,surname:"Cuauhtémoc López",slug:"ignacio-cuauhtemoc-lopez",fullName:"Ignacio Cuauhtémoc López"},{id:"240664",title:"Dr.",name:"Alejandra E.",middleName:null,surname:"Espinosa De Los Monteros Reyna",slug:"alejandra-e.-espinosa-de-los-monteros-reyna",fullName:"Alejandra E. Espinosa De Los Monteros Reyna"},{id:"240665",title:"Dr.",name:"Durvel",middleName:null,surname:"De La Cruz Romero",slug:"durvel-de-la-cruz-romero",fullName:"Durvel De La Cruz Romero"},{id:"240666",title:"Dr.",name:"José G.",middleName:null,surname:"Pacheco Sosa",slug:"jose-g.-pacheco-sosa",fullName:"José G. Pacheco Sosa"},{id:"240667",title:"MSc.",name:"Adib A.",middleName:null,surname:"Silahua Pavón",slug:"adib-a.-silahua-pavon",fullName:"Adib A. Silahua Pavón"},{id:"240668",title:"MSc.",name:"Jorge S.",middleName:null,surname:"Ferráez Hernández",slug:"jorge-s.-ferraez-hernandez",fullName:"Jorge S. Ferráez Hernández"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"946",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:0},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:8,limit:8,total:0},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:8,numberOfPublishedChapters:87,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:98,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:27,numberOfPublishedChapters:286,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:9,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:139,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:8,numberOfPublishedChapters:129,numberOfOpenTopics:0,numberOfUpcomingTopics:2,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!1},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:105,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:101,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:11,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:0,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!1},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:9,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"6",text:"It is great to work with the IntechOpen to produce a worthwhile collection of research that also becomes a great educational resource and guide for future research endeavors.",author:{id:"259298",name:"Edward",surname:"Narayan",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",slug:"edward-narayan",institution:{id:"3",name:"University of Queensland",country:{id:null,name:"Australia"}}}},{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. The whole process of submitting an article and editing of the submitted article goes extremely smooth and fast, the number of reads and downloads of chapters is high, and the contributions are also frequently cited.",author:{id:"55578",name:"Antonio",surname:"Jurado-Navas",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRisIQAS/Profile_Picture_1626166543950",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",institution:{id:"720",name:"University of Malaga",country:{id:null,name:"Spain"}}}}]},series:{item:{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",issn:"2632-0983",scope:"Biochemistry, the study of chemical transformations occurring within living organisms, impacts all areas of life sciences, from molecular crystallography and genetics to ecology, medicine, and population biology. Biochemistry examines macromolecules - proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, and lipids – and their building blocks, structures, functions, and interactions. Much of biochemistry is devoted to enzymes, proteins that catalyze chemical reactions, enzyme structures, mechanisms of action and their roles within cells. Biochemistry also studies small signaling molecules, coenzymes, inhibitors, vitamins, and hormones, which play roles in life processes. Biochemical experimentation, besides coopting classical chemistry methods, e.g., chromatography, adopted new techniques, e.g., X-ray diffraction, electron microscopy, NMR, radioisotopes, and developed sophisticated microbial genetic tools, e.g., auxotroph mutants and their revertants, fermentation, etc. More recently, biochemistry embraced the ‘big data’ omics systems. Initial biochemical studies have been exclusively analytic: dissecting, purifying, and examining individual components of a biological system; in the apt words of Efraim Racker (1913 –1991), “Don’t waste clean thinking on dirty enzymes.” Today, however, biochemistry is becoming more agglomerative and comprehensive, setting out to integrate and describe entirely particular biological systems. The ‘big data’ metabolomics can define the complement of small molecules, e.g., in a soil or biofilm sample; proteomics can distinguish all the comprising proteins, e.g., serum; metagenomics can identify all the genes in a complex environment, e.g., the bovine rumen. This Biochemistry Series will address the current research on biomolecules and the emerging trends with great promise.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/11.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"May 15th, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfPublishedBooks:27,editor:{id:"31610",title:"Dr.",name:"Miroslav",middleName:null,surname:"Blumenberg",slug:"miroslav-blumenberg",fullName:"Miroslav Blumenberg",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/31610/images/system/31610.jpg",biography:"Miroslav Blumenberg, Ph.D., was born in Subotica and received his BSc in Belgrade, Yugoslavia. He completed his Ph.D. at MIT in Organic Chemistry; he followed up his Ph.D. with two postdoctoral study periods at Stanford University. Since 1983, he has been a faculty member of the RO Perelman Department of Dermatology, NYU School of Medicine, where he is codirector of a training grant in cutaneous biology. Dr. Blumenberg’s research is focused on the epidermis, expression of keratin genes, transcription profiling, keratinocyte differentiation, inflammatory diseases and cancers, and most recently the effects of the microbiome on the skin. He has published more than 100 peer-reviewed research articles and graduated numerous Ph.D. and postdoctoral students.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"New York University Langone Medical Center",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},subseries:{paginationCount:4,paginationItems:[{id:"14",title:"Cell and Molecular Biology",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/14.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,annualVolume:11410,editor:{id:"165627",title:"Dr.",name:"Rosa María",middleName:null,surname:"Martínez-Espinosa",slug:"rosa-maria-martinez-espinosa",fullName:"Rosa María Martínez-Espinosa",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/165627/images/system/165627.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Rosa María Martínez-Espinosa has been a Spanish Full Professor since 2020 (Biochemistry and Molecular Biology) and is currently Vice-President of International Relations and Cooperation development and leader of the research group 'Applied Biochemistry” (University of Alicante, Spain). Other positions she has held at the university include Vice-Dean of Master Programs, Vice-Dean of the Degree in Biology and Vice-Dean for Mobility and Enterprise and Engagement at the Faculty of Science (University of Alicante). She received her Bachelor in Biology in 1998 (University of Alicante) and her PhD in 2003 (Biochemistry, University of Alicante). She undertook post-doctoral research at the University of East Anglia (Norwich, U.K. 2004-2005; 2007-2008).\nHer multidisciplinary research focuses on investigating archaea and their potential applications in biotechnology. She has an H-index of 21. She has authored one patent and has published more than 70 indexed papers and around 60 book chapters.\nShe has contributed to more than 150 national and international meetings during the last 15 years. Her research interests include archaea metabolism, enzymes purification and characterization, gene regulation, carotenoids and bioplastics production, antioxidant\ncompounds, waste water treatments, and brines bioremediation.\nRosa María’s other roles include editorial board member for several journals related\nto biochemistry, reviewer for more than 60 journals (biochemistry, molecular biology, biotechnology, chemistry and microbiology) and president of several organizing committees in international meetings related to the N-cycle or respiratory processes.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Alicante",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"15",title:"Chemical Biology",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/15.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,annualVolume:11411,editor:{id:"441442",title:"Dr.",name:"Şükrü",middleName:null,surname:"Beydemir",slug:"sukru-beydemir",fullName:"Şükrü Beydemir",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00003GsUoIQAV/Profile_Picture_1634557147521",biography:"Dr. Şükrü Beydemir obtained a BSc in Chemistry in 1995 from Yüzüncü Yıl University, MSc in Biochemistry in 1998, and PhD in Biochemistry in 2002 from Atatürk University, Turkey. He performed post-doctoral studies at Max-Planck Institute, Germany, and University of Florence, Italy in addition to making several scientific visits abroad. He currently works as a Full Professor of Biochemistry in the Faculty of Pharmacy, Anadolu University, Turkey. Dr. Beydemir has published over a hundred scientific papers spanning protein biochemistry, enzymology and medicinal chemistry, reviews, book chapters and presented several conferences to scientists worldwide. He has received numerous publication awards from various international scientific councils. He serves in the Editorial Board of several international journals. Dr. Beydemir is also Rector of Bilecik Şeyh Edebali University, Turkey.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Anadolu University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},editorTwo:{id:"13652",title:"Prof.",name:"Deniz",middleName:null,surname:"Ekinci",slug:"deniz-ekinci",fullName:"Deniz Ekinci",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYLT1QAO/Profile_Picture_1634557223079",biography:"Dr. Deniz Ekinci obtained a BSc in Chemistry in 2004, MSc in Biochemistry in 2006, and PhD in Biochemistry in 2009 from Atatürk University, Turkey. He studied at Stetson University, USA, in 2007-2008 and at the Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Germany, in 2009-2010. Dr. Ekinci currently works as a Full Professor of Biochemistry in the Faculty of Agriculture and is the Head of the Enzyme and Microbial Biotechnology Division, Ondokuz Mayıs University, Turkey. He is a member of the Turkish Biochemical Society, American Chemical Society, and German Genetics society. Dr. Ekinci published around ninety scientific papers, reviews and book chapters, and presented several conferences to scientists. He has received numerous publication awards from several scientific councils. Dr. Ekinci serves as the Editor in Chief of four international books and is involved in the Editorial Board of several international journals.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ondokuz Mayıs University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},editorThree:null},{id:"17",title:"Metabolism",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/17.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,annualVolume:11413,editor:{id:"138626",title:"Dr.",name:"Yannis",middleName:null,surname:"Karamanos",slug:"yannis-karamanos",fullName:"Yannis Karamanos",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002g6Jv2QAE/Profile_Picture_1629356660984",biography:"Yannis Karamanos, born in Greece in 1953, completed his pre-graduate studies at the Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, then his Masters and Doctoral degree at the Université de Lille (1983). He was associate professor at the University of Limoges (1987) before becoming full professor of biochemistry at the Université d’Artois (1996). He worked on the structure-function relationships of glycoconjugates and his main project was the investigations on the biological roles of the de-N-glycosylation enzymes (Endo-N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase and peptide-N4-(N-acetyl-β-glucosaminyl) asparagine amidase). From 2002 he contributes to the understanding of the Blood-brain barrier functioning using proteomics approaches. He has published more than 70 papers. His teaching areas are energy metabolism and regulation, integration and organ specialization and metabolic adaptation.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Artois University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"France"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"18",title:"Proteomics",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/18.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,annualVolume:11414,editor:{id:"200689",title:"Prof.",name:"Paolo",middleName:null,surname:"Iadarola",slug:"paolo-iadarola",fullName:"Paolo Iadarola",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSCl8QAG/Profile_Picture_1623568118342",biography:"Paolo Iadarola graduated with a degree in Chemistry from the University of Pavia (Italy) in July 1972. He then worked as an Assistant Professor at the Faculty of Science of the same University until 1984. In 1985, Prof. Iadarola became Associate Professor at the Department of Biology and Biotechnologies of the University of Pavia and retired in October 2017. Since then, he has been working as an Adjunct Professor in the same Department at the University of Pavia. His research activity during the first years was primarily focused on the purification and structural characterization of enzymes from animal and plant sources. During this period, Prof. Iadarola familiarized himself with the conventional techniques used in column chromatography, spectrophotometry, manual Edman degradation, and electrophoresis). Since 1995, he has been working on: i) the determination in biological fluids (serum, urine, bronchoalveolar lavage, sputum) of proteolytic activities involved in the degradation processes of connective tissue matrix, and ii) on the identification of biological markers of lung diseases. In this context, he has developed and validated new methodologies (e.g., Capillary Electrophoresis coupled to Laser-Induced Fluorescence, CE-LIF) whose application enabled him to determine both the amounts of biochemical markers (Desmosines) in urine/serum of patients affected by Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) and the activity of proteolytic enzymes (Human Neutrophil Elastase, Cathepsin G, Pseudomonas aeruginosa elastase) in sputa of these patients. More recently, Prof. Iadarola was involved in developing techniques such as two-dimensional electrophoresis coupled to liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (2DE-LC/MS) for the proteomic analysis of biological fluids aimed at the identification of potential biomarkers of different lung diseases. He is the author of about 150 publications (According to Scopus: H-Index: 23; Total citations: 1568- According to WOS: H-Index: 20; Total Citations: 1296) of peer-reviewed international journals. 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The motor of the society is the industry and the research of this topic has to be empowered in order to increase and improve the quality of our lives.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/22.jpg",keywords:"Machine Learning, Intelligence Algorithms, Data Science, Artificial Intelligence, Applications on Applied Intelligence"},{id:"23",title:"Computational Neuroscience",scope:"Computational neuroscience focuses on biologically realistic abstractions and models validated and solved through computational simulations to understand principles for the development, structure, physiology, and ability of the nervous system. This topic is dedicated to biologically plausible descriptions and computational models - at various abstraction levels - of neurons and neural systems. This includes, but is not limited to: single-neuron modeling, sensory processing, motor control, memory, and synaptic plasticity, attention, identification, categorization, discrimination, learning, development, axonal patterning, guidance, neural architecture, behaviors, and dynamics of networks, cognition and the neuroscientific basis of consciousness. 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Novel computational algorithms for image analysis, scene understanding, biometrics, deep learning and their software or hardware implementations for natural and medical images, robotics, VR/AR, applications are some research directions relevant to this topic.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/24.jpg",keywords:"Image Analysis, Scene Understanding, Biometrics, Deep Learning, Software Implementation, Hardware Implementation, Natural Images, Medical Images, Robotics, VR/AR"},{id:"25",title:"Evolutionary Computation",scope:"Evolutionary computing is a paradigm that has grown dramatically in recent years. This group of bio-inspired metaheuristics solves multiple optimization problems by applying the metaphor of natural selection. It so far has solved problems such as resource allocation, routing, schedule planning, and engineering design. Moreover, in the field of machine learning, evolutionary computation has carved out a significant niche both in the generation of learning models and in the automatic design and optimization of hyperparameters in deep learning models. This collection aims to include quality volumes on various topics related to evolutionary algorithms and, alternatively, other metaheuristics of interest inspired by nature. For example, some of the issues of interest could be the following: Advances in evolutionary computation (Genetic algorithms, Genetic programming, Bio-inspired metaheuristics, Hybrid metaheuristics, Parallel ECs); Applications of evolutionary algorithms (Machine learning and Data Mining with EAs, Search-Based Software Engineering, Scheduling, and Planning Applications, Smart Transport Applications, Applications to Games, Image Analysis, Signal Processing and Pattern Recognition, Applications to Sustainability).",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/25.jpg",keywords:"Genetic Algorithms, Genetic Programming, Evolutionary Programming, Evolution Strategies, Hybrid Algorithms, Bioinspired Metaheuristics, Ant Colony Optimization, Evolutionary Learning, Hyperparameter Optimization"},{id:"26",title:"Machine Learning and Data Mining",scope:"The scope of machine learning and data mining is immense and is growing every day. It has become a massive part of our daily lives, making predictions based on experience, making this a fascinating area that solves problems that otherwise would not be possible or easy to solve. This topic aims to encompass algorithms that learn from experience (supervised and unsupervised), improve their performance over time and enable machines to make data-driven decisions. It is not limited to any particular applications, but contributions are encouraged from all disciplines.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/26.jpg",keywords:"Intelligent Systems, Machine Learning, Data Science, Data Mining, Artificial Intelligence"},{id:"27",title:"Multi-Agent Systems",scope:"Multi-agent systems are recognised as a state of the art field in Artificial Intelligence studies, which is popular due to the usefulness in facilitation capabilities to handle real-world problem-solving in a distributed fashion. The area covers many techniques that offer solutions to emerging problems in robotics and enterprise-level software systems. Collaborative intelligence is highly and effectively achieved with multi-agent systems. Areas of application include swarms of robots, flocks of UAVs, collaborative software management. Given the level of technological enhancements, the popularity of machine learning in use has opened a new chapter in multi-agent studies alongside the practical challenges and long-lasting collaboration issues in the field. It has increased the urgency and the need for further studies in this field. We welcome chapters presenting research on the many applications of multi-agent studies including, but not limited to, the following key areas: machine learning for multi-agent systems; modeling swarms robots and flocks of UAVs with multi-agent systems; decision science and multi-agent systems; software engineering for and with multi-agent systems; tools and technologies of multi-agent systems.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/27.jpg",keywords:"Collaborative Intelligence, Learning, Distributed Control System, Swarm Robotics, Decision Science, Software Engineering"}],annualVolumeBook:{},thematicCollection:[],selectedSeries:{title:"Artificial Intelligence",id:"14"},selectedSubseries:null},seriesLanding:{item:{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",issn:"2631-5343",scope:"Biomedical Engineering is one of the fastest-growing interdisciplinary branches of science and industry. The combination of electronics and computer science with biology and medicine has improved patient diagnosis, reduced rehabilitation time, and helped to facilitate a better quality of life. Nowadays, all medical imaging devices, medical instruments, or new laboratory techniques result from the cooperation of specialists in various fields. The series of Biomedical Engineering books covers such areas of knowledge as chemistry, physics, electronics, medicine, and biology. This series is intended for doctors, engineers, and scientists involved in biomedical engineering or those wanting to start working in this field.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/7.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"May 7th, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfPublishedChapters:96,numberOfPublishedBooks:12,editor:{id:"50150",title:"Prof.",name:"Robert",middleName:null,surname:"Koprowski",fullName:"Robert Koprowski",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYTYNQA4/Profile_Picture_1630478535317",biography:"Robert Koprowski, MD (1997), PhD (2003), Habilitation (2015), is an employee of the University of Silesia, Poland, Institute of Computer Science, Department of Biomedical Computer Systems. For 20 years, he has studied the analysis and processing of biomedical images, emphasizing the full automation of measurement for a large inter-individual variability of patients. Dr. Koprowski has authored more than a hundred research papers with dozens in impact factor (IF) journals and has authored or co-authored six books. Additionally, he is the author of several national and international patents in the field of biomedical devices and imaging. Since 2011, he has been a reviewer of grants and projects (including EU projects) in biomedical engineering.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Silesia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Poland"}}},subseries:[{id:"7",title:"Bioinformatics and Medical Informatics",keywords:"Biomedical Data, Drug Discovery, Clinical Diagnostics, Decoding Human Genome, AI in Personalized Medicine, Disease-prevention Strategies, Big Data Analysis in Medicine",scope:"Bioinformatics aims to help understand the functioning of the mechanisms of living organisms through the construction and use of quantitative tools. The applications of this research cover many related fields, such as biotechnology and medicine, where, for example, Bioinformatics contributes to faster drug design, DNA analysis in forensics, and DNA sequence analysis in the field of personalized medicine. Personalized medicine is a type of medical care in which treatment is customized individually for each patient. Personalized medicine enables more effective therapy, reduces the costs of therapy and clinical trials, and also minimizes the risk of side effects. Nevertheless, advances in personalized medicine would not have been possible without bioinformatics, which can analyze the human genome and other vast amounts of biomedical data, especially in genetics. The rapid growth of information technology enabled the development of new tools to decode human genomes, large-scale studies of genetic variations and medical informatics. The considerable development of technology, including the computing power of computers, is also conducive to the development of bioinformatics, including personalized medicine. In an era of rapidly growing data volumes and ever lower costs of generating, storing and computing data, personalized medicine holds great promises. Modern computational methods used as bioinformatics tools can integrate multi-scale, multi-modal and longitudinal patient data to create even more effective and safer therapy and disease prevention methods. Main aspects of the topic are: Applying bioinformatics in drug discovery and development; Bioinformatics in clinical diagnostics (genetic variants that act as markers for a condition or a disease); Blockchain and Artificial Intelligence/Machine Learning in personalized medicine; Customize disease-prevention strategies in personalized medicine; Big data analysis in personalized medicine; Translating stratification algorithms into clinical practice of personalized medicine.",annualVolume:11403,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/7.jpg",editor:{id:"351533",title:"Dr.",name:"Slawomir",middleName:null,surname:"Wilczynski",fullName:"Slawomir Wilczynski",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000035U1loQAC/Profile_Picture_1630074514792",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Medical University of Silesia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Poland"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"5886",title:"Dr.",name:"Alexandros",middleName:"T.",surname:"Tzallas",fullName:"Alexandros Tzallas",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/5886/images/system/5886.png",institutionString:"University of Ioannina, Greece & Imperial College London",institution:{name:"University of Ioannina",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Greece"}}},{id:"257388",title:"Distinguished Prof.",name:"Lulu",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",fullName:"Lulu Wang",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRX6kQAG/Profile_Picture_1630329584194",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Shenzhen Technology University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"225387",title:"Prof.",name:"Reda",middleName:"R.",surname:"Gharieb",fullName:"Reda Gharieb",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/225387/images/system/225387.jpg",institutionString:"Assiut University",institution:{name:"Assiut University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Egypt"}}}]},{id:"8",title:"Bioinspired Technology and Biomechanics",keywords:"Bioinspired Systems, Biomechanics, Assistive Technology, Rehabilitation",scope:'Bioinspired technologies take advantage of understanding the actual biological system to provide solutions to problems in several areas. Recently, bioinspired systems have been successfully employing biomechanics to develop and improve assistive technology and rehabilitation devices. The research topic "Bioinspired Technology and Biomechanics" welcomes studies reporting recent advances in bioinspired technologies that contribute to individuals\' health, inclusion, and rehabilitation. Possible contributions can address (but are not limited to) the following research topics: Bioinspired design and control of exoskeletons, orthoses, and prostheses; Experimental evaluation of the effect of assistive devices (e.g., influence on gait, balance, and neuromuscular system); Bioinspired technologies for rehabilitation, including clinical studies reporting evaluations; Application of neuromuscular and biomechanical models to the development of bioinspired technology.',annualVolume:11404,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/8.jpg",editor:{id:"144937",title:"Prof.",name:"Adriano",middleName:"De Oliveira",surname:"Andrade",fullName:"Adriano Andrade",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRC8QQAW/Profile_Picture_1625219101815",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Federal University of Uberlândia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"49517",title:"Prof.",name:"Hitoshi",middleName:null,surname:"Tsunashima",fullName:"Hitoshi Tsunashima",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYTP4QAO/Profile_Picture_1625819726528",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Nihon University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"425354",title:"Dr.",name:"Marcus",middleName:"Fraga",surname:"Vieira",fullName:"Marcus Vieira",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00003BJSgIQAX/Profile_Picture_1627904687309",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Federal de Goiás",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"196746",title:"Dr.",name:"Ramana",middleName:null,surname:"Vinjamuri",fullName:"Ramana Vinjamuri",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/196746/images/system/196746.jpeg",institutionString:"University of Maryland, Baltimore County",institution:{name:"University of Maryland, Baltimore County",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}]},{id:"9",title:"Biotechnology - Biosensors, Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering",keywords:"Biotechnology, Biosensors, Biomaterials, Tissue Engineering",scope:"The Biotechnology - Biosensors, Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering topic within the Biomedical Engineering Series aims to rapidly publish contributions on all aspects of biotechnology, biosensors, biomaterial and tissue engineering. We encourage the submission of manuscripts that provide novel and mechanistic insights that report significant advances in the fields. Topics can include but are not limited to: Biotechnology such as biotechnological products and process engineering; Biotechnologically relevant enzymes and proteins; Bioenergy and biofuels; Applied genetics and molecular biotechnology; Genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics; Applied microbial and cell physiology; Environmental biotechnology; Methods and protocols. Moreover, topics in biosensor technology, like sensors that incorporate enzymes, antibodies, nucleic acids, whole cells, tissues and organelles, and other biological or biologically inspired components will be considered, and topics exploring transducers, including those based on electrochemical and optical piezoelectric, thermal, magnetic, and micromechanical elements. Chapters exploring biomaterial approaches such as polymer synthesis and characterization, drug and gene vector design, biocompatibility, immunology and toxicology, and self-assembly at the nanoscale, are welcome. Finally, the tissue engineering subcategory will support topics such as the fundamentals of stem cells and progenitor cells and their proliferation, differentiation, bioreactors for three-dimensional culture and studies of phenotypic changes, stem and progenitor cells, both short and long term, ex vivo and in vivo implantation both in preclinical models and also in clinical trials.",annualVolume:11405,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/9.jpg",editor:{id:"126286",title:"Dr.",name:"Luis",middleName:"Jesús",surname:"Villarreal-Gómez",fullName:"Luis Villarreal-Gómez",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/126286/images/system/126286.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Autonomous University of Baja California",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"35539",title:"Dr.",name:"Cecilia",middleName:null,surname:"Cristea",fullName:"Cecilia Cristea",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYQ65QAG/Profile_Picture_1621007741527",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Iuliu Hațieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Romania"}}},{id:"40735",title:"Dr.",name:"Gil",middleName:"Alberto Batista",surname:"Gonçalves",fullName:"Gil Gonçalves",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYRLGQA4/Profile_Picture_1628492612759",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Aveiro",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Portugal"}}},{id:"211725",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Johann F.",middleName:null,surname:"Osma",fullName:"Johann F. 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