Chapters authored
Molecular Pathogenesis of Inflammatory Cytokines in Insulin Resistance Diabetes Mellitus
Diabetes Mellitus Type 2 (T2DM) is a non-communicable and multifactorial disease. It is a leading cause of premature deaths worldwide. Inflammatory cytokines are reported that they have potential to enhance insulin resistance and hence T2DM. The current research was taken to investigate the possible role of inflammatory mediators: Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF-α) and White blood cells (WBC’s) in mobilizing biological molecules mainly immunological nature. A total of 320 subjects were selected in this study among them 160 were T2DM cases and 160 were healthy controls. Serum concentration of Tumor Necrosis Factor-a (TNF-α) was quantified by ELISA method, WBC count was measured on Sysmax (Germany) hematology analyzer, biochemical and Immunoassay parameters were done on fully automatic analyzers. The expression of candidate pro-inflammatory cytokine (TNF-α), and (WBC’s) were elevated in T2DM. TNF-α shows association (p<0.001) with glycemic profile and insulin sensitivity in T2DM cases in comparison with healthy controls. Induction of inflammation and up regulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines has been purported to play a significant role in pathogenesis of T2DM and study confirms that the positive correlation of TNF-α with T2DM and hence to insulin sensitivity. These can act as early prediction biomarkers in diagnosis and prognosis of human disease i.e Diabetes Mellitus. Further studies are needed to help clinicians manage and treat T2DM effectively.
Part of the book: Insights on Antimicrobial Peptides
Therapeutic Options in Graves’ Hyperthyroidism
The classical approach to treating Graves’ hyperthyroidism involves rapid control of the symptoms, generally with a beta adrenergic blocker, and reduction of thyroid hormone secretion by antithyroid drugs (ATDs) and/or using one of the several modalities available, including radioactive iodine therapy (RAI), and surgery; the selection of the treatment modalities often varies according to different guidelines, patient preferences and local traditions. Thionamides are invariably used as first-line medication to control hyperthyroidism and induce remission of the disease, thereby relieving the symptoms. In case of failure of the medical therapy, which is not uncommon, definitive treatment with surgery or RAI is the standard modality of management after due consideration and discussion with the patients. However, the therapeutic options available for patients with Graves’ hyperthyroidism have remained largely unchanged for the past several decades despite the current treatments having either limited efficacy or significant adverse effects. The clinical demand for new therapeutic regimens of Graves’ disease has led to the emergence of several new therapeutic ideas/options like biologic, peptide immunomodulation and small molecules, currently under investigations which may lead to the restoration of a euthyroid state without the requirement for ongoing therapy, but the potential risk of immunocompromise and cost implications needs careful consideration.
Part of the book: Hyperthyroidism