Dimensions of the internet parenting style (adapted from [8], p. 89).
\r\n\tThe development of the interpersonal model and the Kleinian school in the second half of the last century allowed the emergence of an original understanding of the unconscious mind. Within the intersubjective paradigm, the psychoanalytic situation is conceptualized as an interpersonal field to which both the analyst and the patient contribute substantially. We have shown elsewhere how the failure to give a full account of such an intersubjective dimension in both psychoanalytic theory and practice amounts to a core liability in contemporary psychoanalytic discourse.
\r\n\r\n\tThe present book will focus on a few areas where the insufficient development of our discipline is currently apparent: five wounds that mark the body of the psychoanalytic enterprise.
\r\n\r\n\tNew contributions are particularly needed in the following areas: Current conceptualization of the unconscious mind is mechanistic and not suited to incorporate the full network of interpersonal exchanges which unfolds in the analytic room; Furthermore, the development of interpersonal psychoanalysis and the theory of the object relations warrants a greater appreciation of the impact of extratranference relations (e.g., couple, family, peers) on the patient's inner life both within and without the psychoanalytic situation.
\r\n\r\n\tAn integration of theories and models from other psychological paradigms is clearly in order here; the book will also focus on Barangers’ theory of the bi-personal field that makes traditional unipersonal models of the psychoanalytic process untenable. Also, it will help in the understanding of the reciprocal interactions of the two partners in the psychoanalytic dyad in most psychoanalytic institutes the training format relies naively on models from the academic or the professional domains. This fosters rigidity, conformism, and a hierarchical organizational style in the institutional life; e) all over the long span of his creative life Freud showed consistent interest in the application of psychoanalysis to literature, the arts, religion, and politics. Contemporary psychoanalysis is getting more and shyer and is pressed at the margins of social and political debate. The psychoanalytic theory includes unique lore of knowledge about the conscious and unconscious mind. Without it, a comprehensive understanding of human reality will stay out of the reach of contemporary culture.
",isbn:"978-1-80356-882-9",printIsbn:"978-1-80356-881-2",pdfIsbn:"978-1-80356-883-6",doi:null,price:0,priceEur:0,priceUsd:0,slug:null,numberOfPages:0,isOpenForSubmission:!0,isSalesforceBook:!1,isNomenclature:!1,hash:"c6a104ee38fec8d9ba8aa139a33003ce",bookSignature:"Dr. Paolo Azzone",publishedDate:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11591.jpg",keywords:"Unconscious, Repression, Conformism, Intersubjective Paradigm, Interpersonal Psychoanalysis, Object Relation Theory, Couple Therapy, Family Therapy, Psychoanalytic Process, Transference Interpretation, Resistance, Controtransference",numberOfDownloads:12,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:0,numberOfDimensionsCitations:0,numberOfTotalCitations:0,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"March 31st 2022",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"June 17th 2022",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"August 16th 2022",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"November 4th 2022",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"January 3rd 2023",dateConfirmationOfParticipation:null,remainingDaysToSecondStep:"2 months",secondStepPassed:!0,areRegistrationsClosed:!1,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:3,editedByType:null,kuFlag:!1,biosketch:"Paolo Azzone, M.D., is a psychiatrist and a psychoanalyst with over 20 years of experience in mental health topics. 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Other POPs such as volatilized industrial pollutants as well as pollutants from fuel combustion can also contaminate large areas due to dispersion by wind and rainfall. Non biodegradable molecules persist in the environment and the soil serves as a large sink for them. These pollutants are able to move in the environment and in low concentrations over a long period of time, but through bioaccumulation they can have hazardous effects on the biota of the region. This article focuses mainly on pesticides and some other POPs that contaminate large areas. The chemical characteristics of persistent molecules that are resistant to biodegradation will be discussed in the context of the environmental conditions that enhance persistence.
Adsorption or not of a molecule in the soil is a key step to define bioavailability. The concept of “preferential partition” helps us understand the competitive mechanisms between the soil and biosphere. Bioaccumulation occur when concentrations in the biosphere are much higher than those found in the surrounding environment. The uptake of persistent molecules to levels of high concentrations can have hazardous effects on flora and, through the food chain, on fauna and human health.
Xenobiotics not adsorbed by the soil can become mobile and when the molecule is persistent it may be dispersed by water or air through the biosphere, polluting large geographical areas and affecting the biodiversity of the flora and fauna. A brief overview of this dispersion will be necessary to show how recalcitrant molecules in the environment make remediation inefficient. The application of pesticides over large areas can only be sustainable if their molecules biodegrade naturally. Remediation can be applied usefully to accidents in restricted areas but it is not feasible over large areas due to the high costs. The only efficient policy for recalcitrant molecules that can not be controlled by remediation is the restriction of their use or banning them altogether.
The adsorption of molecules, due to their affinity to other chemical components of the soil matrix or soil biosphere, protects them from chemical degradation as well biodegradation. Non adsorbed molecules are bioavailable and therefore are exposed to degradation. Experiments with soils weathered for long time with ethylene bromide contamination in which was added 14C-ethylene bromide, shows strong biodegradation of the new applied radioactive substance after sixty days at the same time that weathered contamination substance remains in the same concentration [1]. Microorganisms involved in biodegradation are active against a freshly applied radioactive molecule but are not efficient for the same substance entrapped in the soil. Weathered molecules by soil friction process in which the larger soil particles are broken into smaller ones results in the gradually desorption of the molecules with enhanced bioavalability [1]. Therefore it is a pitfall to conclude that the hazardous effects are only caused by pesticide concentrations in the soil [2].
The fate of pollutants in the soil depends on the soil properties and the physical chemical characteristics of these molecules. Essentially the uptake of pollutants in the soil can be understood to be the result of chemical attraction and bond strength. These processes in the soil are governed by a number of well described phenomena including: Van der Waals forces, hydrogen bonding, ion exchange, charge transfer mechanisms, lipophilic affinity, entrapment and covalent reactions to humic acids [3, 4]. In essence, pollutant molecules will move to the most attractive sites in the soil environment. Competition between plant roots, soil mesofauna, microbes and soil organic and inorganic components makes residue to bind in the most attractive site where residues will accumulate preferentially. Pollutants, such as pesticides, which are not held or bound to the living and non-living parts of the soil, will be leached through the soil, resulting in pollution of ground water, rivers and reservoirs or they will be volatilized.
In this section the factors that regulate the distribution of pollutants between the soil matrix and the biosphere including microorganisms, mesofauna and bioaccumulation in plants will be discussed. In aquatic environments, where polar water molecules predominate, lipophilic pollutants have affinity for organic matter and therefore always move toward the biosphere [5] (Figure 1). In this case the bioaccumulation factor depends on molecular size and correlates positively with a lipophilic character measured by the Kow value [6]. However, polarity on its own cannot explain to which compartment POP\'s move to in the soil.
Soils are a highly variable mixture of mineral and organic materials with living, dead and decaying biologic components. There is a lipophilic fraction as well that can adsorb lipophilic pollutants. The binding process is complex considering the diversity of compartments such as microorganisms, mesofauna and plants that compete for the uptake of lipophilic pollutants. Despite difficulties to standardize a methodology for lipid determination [7], this parameter is used to calculate the bioaccumulation factor [8, 9]. Soils can function as a filter when they adsorb the remaining residues, which then become unavailable for the biosphere. On the other hand low adsorption capacity pollutants remain bioavailable and can contaminate water, air, fodder plants, livestock and moving along the food chain up to humans. The soils may function as a filter or as a source of pollutants and this depends mainly on the kind of soil.
In aquatic systems the movement of lipophilic substance is unidirectional towards living forms, resulting in bioaccumulation
Despite enormous amounts of published scientific literature about bioaccumulation, the distribution of pollutants in the soil or biosphere is not well understood. Here the mechanisms of bioaccumulation in the soil environment will be discussed including the development of the proposed “preferential partition” concept.
Soil microorganisms represent a large part of the living biomass but in general are not used for bioaccumulation studies since they cannot be separated from the soil to measure the pollutants. Nevertheless important information could be obtained from an experiment in which antibiotic resistant bacteria with bioaccumulated difocol were introduced into the soil [10]. Radioactive 14C-dicofol was bioaccumulated during the incubation of
Earthworms, as a “living system” model, facilitate bioaccumulation studies in soil since they can be collected easily and analyzed for pollutant uptake. Papini and Andrea [14] working with simazine, a relatively non-polar (Kow 2-2.3) herbicide, [15, 16] and Paraquat, a highly polar herbicide, found that simazine did not bioaccumulate in the earthworm
Two soils, one with 12 g. L-1 organic matter (pH 5.7) and the other with 93 g. L-1 organic matter (pH 6.4), were treated with simazine and paraquat. Soils were incubated for 90 days with
The movement of lipophilic pesticides in soil is influenced by the relative abundance of lipophilic sites in the living and non living soil components.
Experiments with p,p`-DDE in soils with the earthworms
An increase in the bioaccumulation in plants indicates higher bioavailability of this residue due to presence of the earthworm [22] which through chemolysis is able to change humic acid and increase the protein and carbohydrate moieties and degrade the carboxylic and aliphatic groups. In consequence the hydrophobic index HI = 0.0433 – 0.0811 in the soil decreases in the presence of earthworms and by
Bioaccumulation of lipophilic substances such as chlordane is quite different between plant species, as observed by zucchini with a low and pumpkin with a high uptake [24]. These lipophilic substances are normally bioaccumulated in roots and only a small amount is translocated in a decreasing sequence to stems, leaves and fruits [21, 24, 25]. When Kow is higher than 5, plant uptake is considered to occur mainly via the air-to-plant route [26]. These data agree with the observations of Schnoor et al. [27] that plant uptake is very efficient for moderate hydrophobic organic chemicals with a Kow of 0.5 to 3. For a Kow higher than 3 these chemicals bind more and more strongly to the surface roots with decreasing translocation within the plant. However, translocation of chemicals such as terbuthylazine, with a Kow of 3, and atrazine can occur in high amounts [28, 29, 30]. Fairly soluble chemicals with a Kow lower than 0.5 are not sufficiently sorbed to roots and are not actively transported through plant membranes.
Soil amendment with manure compost may reduce bioavailability by retaining the toxic organic chemicals in the organic matter and therefore reduce the hazardous effects [31] but the literature shows controversy data in which organic amendment can reduce adsorption of pesticides by increasing the desorption effects [32]. The increasing addition of sludge as the final disposal on soil introduces POPs in much higher amounts than air deposition [33]. Nevertheless lipophilic substances with a high octanol-water partition coefficient (log Kow) remain preferentially in soils and with little bioavailability they have low bioaccumulation in earthworms [8]. Radioactive atrazine applied on soil with low organic matter content previously covered by cattle manure, showed a slower leachate speed compared to control but with a low retention capacity in the soil [34]. Soils modulate adsorptions and bioavailability and an inverse correlation occurs with a decrease of bioaccumulation in earthworms when Kow increases, which is different from an aqueous environment when there is a positive correlation between Kow and bioaccumulation [6].
Many evidences indicate that the lipophilic character of soil organic matter is one of the most important factors for
Based on the hypothesis that polarity is the main factor controlling bioaccumulation, one would expect that a strongly polar pollutant, like paraquat, would be accumulated in the most polar parts of the soil. Thus in soils with low organic matter, one would expect no bioaccumulation in earthworms and paraquat would be bound within the soil matrix. Nevertheless, Papini and Andrea[14] found the opposite.
In preferential partition charged pesticides are attracted to anions between the abundance in soil and biosphere.
In a high OM soil and with a low application of paraquat (1.2 µg a.i.g-1), the bioaccumulation factor (Bcf.) was 1.1 and increased with higher concentrations of applied paraquat up to Bcf. 3.8. With increasing paraquat concentrations (12 to 120 µg a.i.g-1) one would predict that as the soil charge sites gradually became saturated then gradually more paraquat would become attracted to the earthworms. From these experiments, we noted the predominance of electrostatic binding in the soil and the importance of an abundance of exchange sites. In comparison, lipophilic attraction is driven by affinity without limits of concentrations which are different from the electrostatic bonds were the charged sites involve higher bond energy and therefore are predominant but have quantitative limitations with pesticides up to saturation with consequences in bioaccumulation. The correlation between Koc (soil organic matter) with Kow (molecular polarity) and availability of cation exchange sites (electrostatic bonds) in the soil shows that the
Ecotoxicology depends on soil organic matter. When the SOM is high the ecotoxicological effects are low and when the SOM is low the effects are high. In this latter case the residues remain bio-available and are intensely absorbed in the biosphere and therefore are hazardous to flora and fauna. Polarity and/or anion charge capacity of living organisms compete with the parameters in the soil organic matter. The highest attraction capacity of these different compartments defines the way in which molecules move in the environment. Molecules inserted in the soil matrix by “
All natural molecules can be biodegraded in the environment. An important constraint of xenobiotic biodegradation is the absence of microorganisms with efficient biodegradation capacity in a specific environment. Recently there has been an intense research effort to develop or transfer microbial efficient biodegradation genes to a microorganism that is adapted to a specific environment but lacks biodegradation capacity. Other constraints can occur when microorganisms do not enter in small soil microspores and therefore could not be present to promote biodegradation (Figure 4).
Restriction access of microorganism in the soil by micropores.
The link between bioavailable persistent substances and the spread of these substances in the environment, causing dissemination of hazardous effects, will be discussed in this section. Desorbed or non sorbed molecules are bio-available and can move into the food chain and can also get into ground/surface water or reach the atmosphere through volatilization and are thus be randomly disseminated in the biosphere (Figure 5) [36]. When persistent molecules are adsorbed in the soil they cause less hazardous effects than when they are bioavailable. Biodegradable substances, differently from persistent molecules, cannot survive for a long time in the environment. The problem is not only the actual pollution of pesticide applications, which is strongly dependent on the climatic conditions [37, 38] but also the composts with the organic wastes containing POPs that are added to soils [39] as well the inadequate forms in which POPs used to be stored [40, 41].
Overview of POP dispersion in the environment of air, water and biosphere.
The vertical displacement of substances in the soil can leach from the surface through the unsaturated zone into deeper layers down to ground water [42]. It is well-known that the soil infiltration capacity depends on soil texture characteristics, porosity, and humidity [43]. Soils with a sandy texture are more susceptible to the process of leaching while clay soils have greater pesticide adsorption potential. Leaching can occur in an irregular manner known as preferential flow [44]. This is due to irregularities in the soil that facilitate an easy path for water and pollutants at specific points. These paths can be formed by soil cracks, worm trails, rotten roots, termites, and other biological activities [45]. Soil in which surface layer rich in organic matter was removed by flattened to built roads or courtyard enhance strongly the leaching process [34]. Water consumption from wells exposed to pesticide applications can be very dangerous for humans and cattle. Generally, ground water in the dry season drains to rivers and in the raining period receives water from rivers and pollutants follow these processes [46, 47].
Surface water contamination with persistent molecules occurs not only by the drainage processes from ground water but also strongly increases with runoff [48]. When the quantity of rainfall exceeds the soil infiltration capacity, superficial runoffs occur [49]. Runoffs begin with small lamina flows that build up until they form turbulent flows which cause pesticide losses and even gully erosion. This process has been shown to be an important source of pollution in surface waters [50]. Another source of pollution is the discharge of effluents from waste water treatment plants to surface waters [51]. Pollutant molecules can be distributed by rivers and affect different living forms in the water as well as the fauna that use it for drinking. Persistent molecules contaminating these waters are also spread to agriculture products through irrigation [51].
The sources of POP in the air are pesticide applications, oil combustion, industries and indoors at home. During the application of pesticides a part remains in the air due to drift. Another very important source is volatilization of pesticides from soil or plant surfaces [52]. Pesticide dissipation occurs when the product is being sprayed. Droplets are aerially dispersed and reach non-target areas [53]. The spray drift of pesticides is influenced by the size of the pulverized droplets, application pressure, distance of the pulverizer nozzle to the target and the velocity of the wind during application [54]. By strong volatilization the relative loss of the applied amount can be very high [55].
These molecules contaminating the air are transported by air currents and redistributed globally, polluting all kinds of ecosystems [56]. Today we may find many such molecules in the Antarctic and in obscure ocean islands [57, 36]. This pollution affects man as well as many animal species [58]. Besides the adsorption capacity that is able to immobilize these molecules, another important variable is the molecular vapor pressure which is influenced by temperature – an increase of 10°C makes these molecules about four times more volatile [59]. This process is much greater in the tropics with higher temperatures than in temperate regions of the world.
Also these losses can affect people, domestic animals, pollinating insects as well as contaminating lakes, rivers, and fish or other aquatic plants and animals. Air pollution is quite difficult to control. Trees and forests can filter the pollution that is spread by horizontal wind but not by rainfall [60]. Air pollutants can move from rural areas to towns and can be present everywhere. This distribution is determined by the wind and physical barriers such as mountains etc. The challenge is how to reduce this process as much as possible considering that these molecules have been lost for the purpose that they were intended and non target flora and fauna are not able to escape from their hazardous effects efficiently.
Air pollution can also begin indoors and then move outdoors. Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and phthalates among others are some examples. Brominated compounds make up an important group of flame retardants. Some of these products, such as Penta-BDE, seem to show toxicological effects at very low concentrations [61]. PBDEs are structurally similar to thyroid hormones acting as endocrine disruptors via alterations in thyroid hormone homeostasis [62] and demonstrate neurodevelopmental effects [64]. The most sensitive populations are likely to be pregnant women, developing fetuses, and infants [65].
In recent years, PBDEs have been recognized as significant pollutants of the indoor environment [66]. These additives are mixed into plastics and foams but do not form chemical bonds. This makes them much more likely to leach out of goods and products by volatilization. PBDEs are lipophilic compounds [67], and when released into the environment bioaccumulation can occur in living organisms and this is followed by biomagnification in the food chain. Bioaccumulation in wildlife has been reported in numerous studies, even in places with no local sources or industrial production [68] like the Arctic. Due to their high production volume, widespread usage, and environmental persistence, PBDEs have become ubiquitous contaminants in environmental media, biota and humans [69]. As their levels are rapidly increasing in the environment, these chemicals have evolved from ‘emerging contaminants’ to globally-distributed organic pollutants [70].
Movement of persistent molecules in the biosphere toward soil microorganisms, mesofauna and plant uptake will be discussed in this section. Here some aspects of the way in which persistent molecules can be transferred from one life form to other will be emphasized, considering that the overall food chain sequence processes are well known [71].
How do persistent molecules move into cells in higher concentrations than the surrounding environment [72]? “
The key message is that ecotoxicological effects are not only defined by the intrinsic chemical nature of each compound but also by the interaction of their effects properties within a given environment. Applying the concept of
Different side effects have been described for the same pesticide by distinct authors. For example in the nitrogen cycle, some authors reported an inhibition effect of a pesticide while others reported, for the same molecule, an increasing or no effect on the ammonification, nitrification and nitrogen fixation processes. This depends mainly on the differences in the soil used and concentrations applied [79, 80, 77].
Non soil bound residues are an essential condition for biodegradation. Persistence occurs mainly when low numbers of or no biodegrading microorganisms are present or most commonly when despite the presence of biodegradation microorganisms, the residues are entrapped and not bioavailable.
Hazardous organic substances that are strongly adsorbed in soil organic matter pose less risk than those with low adsorbance. Sufficient soil organic matter reduces bioavailability and decreases bioaccumulation in the living biosphere but in turn results in persistence with long term pollution in soils [81, 74]. The balance between adsorbed and bioavailable molecules determines the ecotoxicity levels [2] and this is determined by the physic-chemical characteristics of the soil as well as the pollutant molecule. This balance is changed by the weathered pollutants in the soil that have a lower bioavailability than the recently applied products [1]. Therefore it is a pitfall to conclude that the hazardous effects are only caused by pesticide concentrations in the soil.
One of the most important sources of pollution in the food chain is soil contaminated with pesticides and other POPs mainly introduced by air deposition. Another way is the direct surface uptake mainly in leaves during application but also by plant uptake powered by plant evapotranspiration in which persistent molecules dissolved in soil water are moved from roots to shoots. From the roots the pesticides move by translocation to stems and then often a strong bioaccumulation occurs in the leaves [29, 30] or fruits. Crops where pesticides are used intensively are consumed by cattle, humans or wild life. A strong increase the of concentrations of these molecules can occur in this process called biomagnifications as described above (Figure 6).
Human contamination with pesticide moved by food chain.
In order to minimize ecotoxicity we need to restrict the inappropriate use of pesticides and thereby remove them from the food chain and water reserves.
The food chain sequence is where persistent molecules are first adsorbed by plants which are then consumed by animals that are in turn consumed by predatory species. In the first scenario, the animal serves as a filter with systemic eliminations and the concentration of a xenobiotic that remains present in the consumable product is much lower than the original concentration in a feed material. For meat (including adjunctive fatty tissue), this would mean that in many cases human exposure is very low or even negligible for almost all compounds. The second scenario addresses the accumulation of chemical residues in animal tissues such as liver and kidney with notorious examples including the accumulation of heavy metals, melamine and other nephrotoxins in the kidney, and dioxins and polyhalogenated persistent environmental pollutants (POPs) in the liver and fatty tissues [71]. Persistent molecules increase in each ingestion with the uptake of higher concentrations along the food chain that can result in very poisonous and hazardous concentrations for humans (Figure 6), cattle and wild life. The worst bioaccumulation seems to be salmon produced on fish farms [85].
The metabolic pathways of digestion in diverse animal species are different. Strict herbivorous species digest soluble fibers in their large caeca (the equivalent of the rumen) with the help of complex microbiological flora. This microbial fermentation may result in the release of bound (plant) toxic products which are often conjugated to sugars (glucosides) in plants and in this form are biologically inactive (or less active) [71]. The morphological and physiological characteristics of the gastro-intestinal tract in farm animal species largely determine the rate of absorption of a contaminant. The internal dose of a toxicant that reaches the post-hepatic circulation, the rate of excretion and subsequently the potential carry over and cumulative potential in tissues need to be considered. The most significant diversity in species is observed at the level of hepatic biotransformation expressed by cytochrome P450 enzymes and their polymorphisms [86]. Diversity can also be observed in all phase of enzymes such as glutathione-s-transferases, glycine conjugates, UDP-glucuronosyltransferases that are expressed in the intestinal wall and in the liver [87].
The choice of toxicity endpoints may differ between animal health and human risk assessments. Hence, clinical reports from intoxications in different animals when available may partly provide a basis for hazard characterization whereas other important endpoints maybe applied to human risk assessment as an extrapolation of the dose response from laboratory animal species to humans or using the dose response provided by human epidemiological data [88]. This is typically illustrated with genotoxicity and carcinogenicity data, which are prominent endpoints in human hazard characterization, but which are not commonly used in farm animal health risk assessment considering their relatively short lifespan [71]. The quantitative transfer of a substance from feed to an animal-derived product is commonly expressed as the carry-over rate and serves as a basis to establish maximum tolerable limits (MLs) in animal feed and animal-derived foods.
Bioaccumulation is the natural process that gradually concentrates non toxic levels of pollutants into toxic levels within a biota causing unpleasant side effects [72, 5]. Bioaccumulation involves silent natural processes which stealthily and inevitably affect all biota. Today hazardous substances are ubiquitous, albeit mainly in low concentrations, and for the majority of us they are an unconscious part of our daily diet. The regular intake of sub toxic levels of persistent pollutants can gradually bioaccumulate up to toxic levels and after time produce chronic effects which today are recognized and understood as such.
More recently low concentrations have been shown to cause effects such as endocrine disruptors (EDs) quite different from those observed by high concentrations [89]. EDs are recognized as being partly responsible for a global reduction in male fertility [90], sexual abnormalities [91]), adrenal function disorders [92], human obesity [93] and other metabolic disturbances not to mention similar and worse effects on other living organisms [94, 95]. Recently new evidences have shown the effects of POPs (mainly pesticides) on metabolic disturbances related to obesity [96], insulin resistance promoting diabetes 2 [97] and the association of organochlorine with vitamin D deficiency [98].
The bioaccumulation of POPs by mothers, over many years, exposures the fetus to these pollutants during pregnancy [65]. Despite the difficulty of experimentation with POPs in humans, follicles could be analyzed when “induced reproduction” occurs and results have shown that contamination in the oocyte follicle can reduce human embryo quality with consequences for future generations caused by the harmful effects of these hazardous chemicals [89, 99].
Clearly, the threat to the environment and human health is reduced when pesticides are not bioavailable and cannot concentrate in the food chain. Food grown in soils where pesticides are strongly adsorbed has lower health risks.
The presence of persistent molecules in different forms of life is temporary limited by plant senescence and/or microbial/fauna death. Two possible routes can occur; one following the food chain as described above and the other by a rotting process in which recalcitrant molecules can be released. In plants the rotting process of wood and straw [100] is a complex process in which the twisted lignin/hemicellulose/cellulose fibers follow a cascade where the first step is the “loosing” of the cell wall. This occurs by non enzymatic peroxidation (Fenton reaction) [101] that changes the lignin structure and reduces the barrier effect of the cell wall allowing the second step of enzyme diffusion of ligninase peroxidase, Mn peroxidase and laccase into areas where polysaccharides can be hydrolyzed [102]. Laccase is a phenol oxidase that has the ability to degrade many persistent xenobiotics [103, 104]. Other lignolytic enzymes could be released and are also able to biodegrade many persistent molecules [105, 106].
Nevertheless in this rotting process many recalcitrant substances are not biodegraded or only partially and therefore these molecules follow the normal distribution: adsorption in the soil, free moving molecules that can be removed by runoff, leaching, volatilization and uptake in plants, mesofauna or soil microorganisms [48, 37].
The rules that enhance molecular persistence and the parameters that make the wide spread distribution of POPs possible are driven by natural factors, out of human control. Nevertheless recently remediation technology has been developed and in many cases has shown good results to remove pollutants. The approach in this text is to point out different possibilities with reference to some excellent reviews. The technology used was based on physical, chemical and biological methods.
The first step of POP remediation is to promote desorption [107]. Physical methods need to remove the pollutants from soils or water in order to destroy the molecules completely by burning [107]. This has a high cost as the incinerator plant needs filter systems to eliminate other pollutants such as dioxins. Physical methods such as electro kinetic (EK) remediation technology use a low-level direct current as the ‘‘cleaning agent’’, inducing several transport mechanisms (electro-osmosis, electro-migration and electro-phoresis) and electrochemical reactions (electrolysis and electrodeposition). This technology has already proven its value, especially in contaminated fine-grain soils [108].
Ozon can be used for chemical remediation of pollutants and there are other methods currently being researched [109]. Chemical degradation reactions in the environment depend on water content, pH, temperature and oxygen reduction potential. These conditions are normally not optimum in nature and therefore degradation is frequently low. Physical and chemical remediations are powerful technologies to remediate small areas that have been polluted by industry or transport accidents. For large areas these process are generally considered too expensive.
Biological degradation processes are promoted by living organisms such as animals, plants but mainly microorganisms. The advantages of microbes are the ubiquitous distribution in normal and extreme environments, fast biomass growth, easy manipulation and high diversity of catabolic enzymes. Bioremediation using microorganisms compared to the other methodologies can be used in polluted soils and waters and is less expensive than all other methods. Nevertheless the high costs are limitations for large polluted agricultural areas. One of the most powerful approaches is phytoremediation as some plants have a strong capacity to extract pollutants from the soil and incorporate these molecules into their own biomass [29, 30]. Nevertheless in phytoremediation of hydrocarbon pollutants (HCs) the accumulation between roots and shoots is quite low compared to plant-promoted biodegradation in the rhizosphere [110]. Root exudation stimulates microorganisms in the rhizosphere resulting in enhanced mineralization [111].
Today efforts are being made to identify the most adequate alternative remediation in a framework of possibilities considering parameters that characterize cost-risk tradeoffs and uncertainty impacts [112].
Two points related to persistent molecules need to be emphasized. The first is the limits of biodegradation of persistent molecules as reported here in which the best microorganism to degrade a given molecule can not be efficient if the molecule is entrapped in the soil. The second point is that there is no technology available to clean the environment considering the large dispersion of persistent substances.
The relationship between molecular characteristics and environmental conditions that determine persistence as described here can be helpful to understand what happens to other polluting molecules like non biodegradable plastic materials, bioactive products discharged by sewage treatment plants and nano-molecules. Many of these molecules get into the environment on a global scale and in fact this is due to a lack of regulatory rules such as those used for the registration process of pesticides. Little is known about what happens to many of these new molecules in the environment.
As shown here, to clean the environment of persistent products that were applied over large areas has limited possibilities. Prevention by only using biodegradable products is the best approach. However, the solution for the sustainable use of chemicals in the environment is to ban persistent molecules and substitute them for others with a high biodegradation capacity and less non-target effects.
The author thanks Prof. Andrew Macrae for his valuable contributions to the text. Financial support was provided by PRONEX – FAPERJ/CNPq and fellowship CNPq.
Children’s experiences with digital technologies actually involve an increasing quote of young users (also defined as “digital natives”) who are born and are developing in environments in which new digital technologies are widely available [1]. This currently occurs from early infancy, due to the rapid diffusion of touchscreen devices among younger children (or “touch generation”; [2, 3]). Children aged 2–4 years actually are able to use touchscreen devices, such as tablets or smartphones, to play or watch movies, and often parents themselves introduce kids to use them in boring social situations (i.e., in the pediatrician’s waiting rooms or in the restaurant; [4]). On the basis of the most recent report on worldwide diffusion of the Internet among young people [1], one in three users is estimated to be a child or teenager (under 18). Generally children use digital technologies in their home, particularly younger children, with intense and prolonged activities especially on weekends. Children often use their digital technologies at school at least a day a week (almost 30% among 9–11 years), although it is prohibited in many countries by school regulations. The access to digital technologies is expanding among young generations, even if many inequalities of resources remain between developed or developing countries [1]: for example, it has been estimated that in Africa (Ghana) children mainly use 0.9 mobile devices to connect to the Internet, against 2.9 in South America (Chile) or 2.6 in Europe (Italy). Similarly, only 12% of children in Africa (Ghana), 21% in the Philippines, and 26% in Albania can connect to the Internet at school, against 63–54% of children in other South America or European countries, such as Argentina, Uruguay, or Bulgaria. This reality raises several questions on how to guarantee the young generations the opportunities offered by new technologies (for studying, enhancing skills, socializing, etc.), protecting them from potential dangers of digitalized world (i.e., contacts with unknown people, exposure to violent/pornographic contents, etc.). In fact, although children grow in a reality permeated by new media, they are not automatically “digitally literate,” that is, able to juggle the digital world and to reflect on it. Studies show that not only young users, but also teenager users “have difficulties in finding, managing and evaluating information, managing their privacy online and ensuring their online personal safety […]and may thus vary in their digital skills” ([5], p. 186).
Together with their children, parents themselves are largely exposed to media experiences in many fields of their life. Digital technologies have quickly changed the way in which family members communicate, enjoy themselves, acquire information, and solve daily problems. Parents are also the first mediators of children’s experiences with digital tools: they have the task of integrating their use into ordinary routines (play, entertainment, learning, mealtime, etc.), promoting constructive and safety uses.
A common difficulty that parents actually encounter derives from the diffusion of “portable” devices (smartphone and tablet) that children start to use in early infancy (under the age of 2; [13]). Later, due to unlimited Wi-Fi access and enhanced connectivity, children insert activities with mobile devices into many daily routines, for example, during mealtime, school homework, conversations with parents, or before sleeping [14]. Particularly, parents worry about the “pervasiveness” (or ubiquitous) of mobile technologies in daily activities [15], and they fear that an effective guidance and control over them may decrease. Studies with large samples of young digital users (9–16 years old) in many European countries have compared parents’ opinions before (
Each parent has beliefs, that is, convictions and personal opinions, regarding the usage of media by children, such as their usefulness or damage, or the age at which children should use them. Beliefs are the cognitive dimension of attitudes, guiding individual’s behavior and choices. When parents raise their children, they act and make choices for them following their own perceptions of what is desirable or what they positively value for their child’s development [19]. Although parents are not always aware of their beliefs, these influence parent-child interaction and the child’s opportunity to learn, do experiences [20], and develop digital skills [5]. Parental beliefs are important aspects of parenting and family microsystem, together with factors such as parent’s history and education, socioeconomic status, and culture.
Parents possess personal ideas about modern technologies: they can be considered a source of entertainment/relaxation or a learning tool [21, 22]; conversely, for other people, PC, tablet, and smartphone can be harmful to children’s health (such as sleep problems, obesity, etc.; [23]), for social risks (such as contacts with unfamiliar or social isolation; [24]), or because they interfere with parent-child activities and time spent together [25].
A qualitative study [26] shows that parents have more pessimistic (70.55%) than optimistic opinions (29.45%) on the Internet use by primary school children: for example, parents worry about the excessive time spent online, the interference in face-to-face conversation, or that children lack of skills and maturity in dealing with some contents suitable for older children (such as violence, sex, or drug-related contents). Other worries concern negative consequences on learning and academic performance (i.e., reduced attention span), physical development (i.e., prolonged sedentary activities), social skills and peer interactions (i.e., fewer opportunities to “learn to play together”), and child’s well-being (i.e., using smartphone to overcome boredom). Interestingly, many parents fear losing control over their children’s online behaviors. Conversely, the positive beliefs concern positive effects of digital technologies on child’s entertainment, communication and learning, access to information, and enhancing of child’s skills (such as brain functioning, self-regulation, autonomy, critical attitude, etc.).
Other researchers [27] explored parent’s perceptions about positive (i.e., they are shared by generations) or negative impact (i.e., they expose family privacy to risks) of social media—such as Facebook or WhatsApp—on family open communication. Teenagers are intensely involved in social media use, but adults also are regular users. On the one hand, parents use social networks to communicate; on the other hand, they fear that they negatively impact family relationships, for example, through the phubbing phenomenon (i.e., ignoring someone or interrupting a conversation or mealtime to check the smartphone). Authors found that parents’ perceptions are a meditational variable between the collective family efficacy (i.e., the perceived efficacy to manage family relationships, to support each other, etc.) and the openness of communication: “it is not only the actual impact of social media on family systems that matters but also parents’ perceptions about it and how much they feel able to manage their children’s social media use without damaging their family relationships” (p. 1).
Parental beliefs may influence the degree to which parents give opportunities or restrict their children’s media use, but beliefs should not be considered the “cause” of behavior towards children. Researches show that parents’ positive beliefs (e.g., “the tablet improves reading skills”) are associated with favorable attitudes, co-using approach, communication, or suggestions to enhance their child’s appropriate use of the Internet [28]. For example, when parents think that smartphones are useful tools (i.e., they promote child’s intelligence and knowledge), they more often allow their preschool children to use them (i.e., at the restaurant), and children become regular users, spending more time (at least 2 h a day) with smartphone activities [29]. Conversely, parents who attribute negative effects to digital media tend to limit activities to children (i.e., put time limits or react for smartphone overuse); in turn, these restrictive behaviors can influence how much the children use these devices [28]. Therefore, the influences of parental beliefs on child’s behaviors are not directed, but they are mediated by parental practices and other factors such as parental education or involvement with mobile device (“attachment”; see, e.g., [30]) that can intervene.
Parental beliefs include also self-efficacy [31, 32], that is, parent’s sense of competence in their own digital skills and in managing their children’s technology usage. An example of parental self-referent estimation of competence is “I won’t bother setting parental controls or passwords because my kids will “hack” around them” (cfr. [33]). In many studies, parental self-efficacy is positively associated with active parental practices: when parents feel confident about their Internet skills, they more often are involved in or monitor their children’s media activities [6]. Recently Shin [34] distinguishes general self-efficacy (the confidence to be a good parent; [35]) from two self-efficacy domains assessing parental beliefs more strictly related to digital tasks: parental “media competency” in using media technology (such as sending/receiving email with a smartphone) and “perceived control over mediation strategies” (the degree to which the parent feels to be able to guide or modify their children’s behaviors on smartphone). All these domains of parenting self-efficacy are associated with each other [34], suggesting that perceived competence on their own digital skills can positively influence parents’ involvement with children (e.g., discussing about smartphone use).
Sanders et al. [33] found that when parents are confident to have adequate digital skills, they more often intervene (i.e., with rules and reinforcement strategies) with their children. Parental self-efficacy also influences parental opinions about technologies and how they talk about them with children [33]. Moreover, parental perception of influence in managing technologies decreased with preadolescents that generally are seen as more self-regulated and reluctant to the parental control than younger children. These findings suggest the importance to recognize the influence of child characteristics (such as age, technology usage, perceived competence, etc.) on digital parenting.
Initially studies on parental engagement in children’s activities with media assumed as theoretical basis the traditional parenting styles [36, 37]. According to Darling and Steinberg [38], parenting styles are defined as the context (or
Studies that applied these “classic” parenting styles to children’s behaviors with new communication media did not provide convincing results [39]. As an alternative to the “broad” parenting styles, a description of specific
Style dimensions | Item (examples) |
---|---|
Parental control | Supervision: |
Stopping internet usage: “I stop my child when he/she visits a less suitable website” | |
Internet usage rules: “I limit the time my child is allowed in the Internet (e.g., only 1 h a day)” | |
Parental warmth | Communication: “I talk with my child about the dangers related to the Internet (costs, addiction to games, computer viruses, privacy violation, etc.)” |
Support: “I show my child “child friendly” websites (library, songs, crafts, school website, etc.)” |
Dimensions of the internet parenting style (adapted from [8], p. 89).
Parenting style dimensions seem influenced by parents’ individual characteristics such as gender, instruction, beliefs, or prior experiences with digital technologies. For example, in Valcke et al. [8] study, mothers are more controlling but also warmer than fathers, both dimensions associated with an authoritative style. In other studies, younger fathers and those who use the Internet more frequently with their teenagers are higher in control [40]. Parental instruction and experiences with digital technologies are other important variables: higher educated parents are more involved and high in control, probably because higher instructional levels also correspond to greater parents’ competence with the Internet [8].
The first studies explored parenting styles related to Internet usage
Digital parenting styles change also according to children’s characteristics, such as age [41], self-esteem [42], emotion regulation [43], or behavioral problems [44] that can intervene, mediating the link between parenting and children’s actual behavior with digital technologies. Particularly, styles vary and accommodate with children’s age: authoritative parents during infancy become more permissive with older children [41]. Overall, these findings reappraise the idea that there is a linear, cause-effect relationship between parenting and child outcomes on digital behaviors, but bidirectional and transactional parent-child influences [45] should be considered.
Alternatively to digital parenting styles, many researchers adopted parental mediation as perspective for exploring parental influences on children’s digital behaviors. Parental mediation refers to “the diverse practices through which parents try to manage and regulate their children’s experiences with the media” ([7], p. 7). Parental mediation strategies were initially introduced in empirical studies as a potential factor influencing children’s use of television [46] and videogames [47]. These studies, exploring how parents can effectively reduce excessive exposure or enhance children’s self-regulated behaviors, inspired the following researches on digital technologies. Actually in literature two broad mediation approaches are distinct:
The (a)
Active mediation is the most frequent approach adopted in European families with 9–16 years old children, whereas restrictive mediation strategies are more common with younger children [16]. Interestingly, when children are interviewed about the mediation approach adopted in the family, they agree with their parents’ responses [12].
All mediation strategies are linked with changes in children’s digital behaviors, for example, less time exposure with online activities [12], or reduction of negative outcomes (i.e., aggressive behaviors, overuse, etc.; see [50]), but their efficacy is relative and it changes as a function of the child’s development (i.e., age and digital skills) and his/her actual activity with media. Active mediation is linked with positive outcomes (such as social and cognitive skills), particularly with younger children (0–3 ages): for example, during video/movie watching, parents stimulate attention, comment, or pose questions to children, giving them occasions for language exposure and cognitive and digital learning [51]. Nevertheless, we cannot link children’s outcomes uniquely to a distinct mediation strategy, since parent-child interactions are complex and many contextual or individual factors can intervene. Parents often use a combination of mediation strategies, and they change the mediation approach according to the activity the child is doing (e.g., using the tablet for school homework or for visiting Facebook; [11]).
Other authors explored the influence of family sociocultural factors. For mediation to be effective to guide children’s experiences in the web, parents need to have themselves knowledge and skills of the new digital media (see Section 4 in this chapter). Particularly in conditions of sociocultural disadvantage, parents may lack basic digital skills [52], or they may not be able to explain to children how digital reality works and rapidly changes [53]. Unlike the traditional media (such as television or video game console), parents can give a difficult task to assure a help or guide children with the ever-changing technologies. Recently, Nikken and Opree [11] found that mostly low-educated, low-income, and single parents are likely to experience low competence and greater insecurity with new devices (such as electronic screen), declaring that it is difficult to apply co-use or active mediation strategies with their young children (1–9 ages). In addition, Warren and Aloia [49] found that when parents perceive high stress levels, the restrictive mediation and the discussions with children about contents and the use of media increase.
Parental mediation strategies may change according to their child’s age and his/her digital skills, but longitudinal studies are scarce in literature. Developmental changes have been observed from childhood to adolescence: active mediation strategies more often are adopted with younger children, whereas restrictive mediation fades with older and adolescents [17]. Parents generally expect greater autonomy and self-regulation skills from adolescents, and the influence of some parental strategies decrease over time: for example, the efficacy of restrictive strategies (i.e., rules for time or negative consequences for overuse) in reducing screen time decreases with older children [33]. From a developmental perspective, particularly the effects of restrictive approach are unclear. Some studies evidence that restrictive strategies (such as limiting access to media) are effective with younger children [6], but not with older kids. Adolescents can perceive parental control/limitations as a violation of their needs (i.e., self-determination, privacy, peer relationships, etc.) and react with increased online activities [54].
After all, parents wish their children can develop self-regulation, critical view, and awareness of opportunities or risks of digital technologies. In many studies, parental active mediation—for example, discussing with children issues such as cyberbullying, sexting, and online frauds—is more effective than restrictive mediation in reducing risks [16, 55]. Conversely, the efficacy of restrictive mediation must be considered relatively, since in literature both positive and negative associations with online risks emerge [56]. Mascheroni et al. [57] comment, “While restrictive mediation can be effective in reducing children’s exposure to online risks, it has numerous side-effects, because it limits children’s opportunities to develop digital literacy and build resilience and discourages children’s agency within the child-parent relationship. Enabling mediation, instead, encompasses a set of mediation practices (including co-use, active mediation of internet safety, monitoring and technical restrictions such as parental controls) that are aimed at empowering children and supporting their active engagement with online media. The question is, then, how to ensure children’s access to online opportunities while protecting them from potential harmful effects.”
Interestingly, parents adopt their approach according to their child’s competence in digital technology use (
The predominance of online activities in the life of many children often worries parents, who observe that spending much time online removes children from face-to-face relationships and social activities. Empirical studies confirm the negative effects of Internet unsuitable use on social participation, since high levels of online activities are associated with few friends, reduced offline relationships [59], and increased loneliness [60]. Particularly loneliness, that is, social isolation and lack of intimacy with close friends, was found to be strongly associated with Internet excessive use [61]. However, causal relationship between Internet excessive use and loneliness is still under investigation [62], in an attempt to understand if loneliness can be the antecedent or the consequence of the individual’s excessive involvement with Internet activities. Two alternative hypotheses have been proposed to explain the link between poor social involvement, feeling lonely, and the development of problematic Internet use in children. According to the first hypothesis, loneliness is one of the main antecedents of excessive online activities, together with low self-esteem, poor social skills, social anxiety, and frequent conflict with parents. Some authors (e.g., [63]) hypothesized that adolescents who feel lonely or experience high anxiety in face-to-face social situations may use social networks and online exchanges more frequently than non-lonely adolescents. According to this “compensation hypothesis,” they are increasingly involved in Internet activities that provide alternative experiences for social life. The second hypothesis assumes that time spent online causes loneliness and social withdrawal, isolating and depriving people of real social experiences. Therefore, loneliness can be considered as a possible outcome of Internet overuse [64], like when prolonged activities online reduce time spent with family and friends. Finally, there are studies that did not confirm the link between loneliness and Internet problematic use [65] or that evidence some positive consequences on individual socioemotional well-being. For example, contradicting the assumption that using the web impoverishes social life and increases isolation, in some studies higher levels of Internet activities are positively associated with social connection and perceived support. Unfortunately studies with children and adolescents are still lacking, but the attention among researchers is growing [60, 66].
Given the paucity of research with adolescents, we conducted an unpublished study1 to explore the relationships among excessive Internet use, preferred online activities, and adolescent’s perceived loneliness. In addition, we hypothesized that among adolescents better parent-child communication and higher parental emotional availability were positively related with less time spent online and less frequent online activities. In fact, studies indicate that parent-child communication and parental involvement play a protective role to excessive online activities [67]. A community sample of 177 high school students (66% females), aged 16–22 years old (M = 18, DS = 1.01), completed a questionnaire measuring the sense of loneliness (UCLA Loneliness Scale; [68]) and the Compulsive Internet Use2 Scale (CIUS, [69]) for assessing problematic involvement in Internet activities. Daily frequency of favorite online activities (chatting, e-mailing, visiting social networking sites, listening to music, watching videos, playing online games, etc.) was also measured. Regarding parenting factors, adolescents filled out (a) the Lum Emotional Availability of Parents questionnaire (LEAP; [71]) assessing adolescent’s perception of parental responsiveness, sensitivity, and emotional involvement and (b) two scales (derived from [70]) measuring the frequency of communication (how often the adolescent communicates with parents about his/her online activities) and the quality of parent-child communication (the adolescent feels understood, or comforted, or taking seriously from parents when he/she talks about Internet activities). In our study loneliness was not associated with Internet compulsive use (CIUS scores), but with
An interesting evidence emerging from empirical literature is the protective role of parent-child communication for preventing Internet unsuitable use in children [73]. Conversely, Internet excessive use is associated with low quality of communication in the family [74]. Particularly with teenagers, the open and effective parent-child communication is a key dimension of family relationships and climate. Assuming a bidirectional perspective of adolescent-child influences, some authors focus on the role of youths’ self-disclosure and spontaneous communication on parenting. Stattin and Kerr [75] claim that parental efforts to monitor adolescent’s activities or to discuss about them are ineffective if teenagers do not trust their parents and if they are not willing to open up spontaneously. Parental monitoring on children’s activities can be less effective when it is
Van den Eijnden et al. [70] identify two key dimensions of parent-child communication about children’s digital behaviors. The first parenting practice refers to the
Regarding the parental rules about online activities, studies evidence some mixed results. When parents give their children rules about the content of the Internet, the compulsive use of web decreases; conversely, strict rules about time allowed for online activities seem to be counterproductive, linking to compulsive Internet behaviors in children [70]. Moreover, considering the child’s influences on parent’s behaviors, it is possible that when the child remains connected online without time limits, her/his behavior in turn stimulates stricter rules by parents. Other studies evidence that parental rules about Internet use are less influential on their children’s behaviors than their parents’ behaviors. Liu et al. [77] found that when parental behaviors are
Today’s reality is widely digitized, and it offers people of all ages opportunities for socialization, amusement, learning, job, and knowledge that were unthinkable until a few decades ago. Precisely in the weeks in which the authors were engaged in the revision of this chapter, COVID-19 pandemic was involving more than 130 countries in the world. The lockdown and restrictions at home quickly changed daily activities of children and parents, transferring to the screen of the devices many activities previously carried outdoor (school lessons, play with peers, etc.). It is still too early to know what impact the epidemic will have on children’s physical and mental health, but the attention of professionals and researchers is not lacking [80]. Surely during COVID-19 screen time has increased exponentially in the families: in some ways for the parents it was a relief, because through the Internet children continued their school courses and contact with peers. In addition, children avoided boredom through videogames or website dedicated to music, creativity, etc. On the other hand, the intensive online activities have renewed parents’ concerns about the well-known risks [23, 81], such as increased sedentary and physical inactivity, prolonged use at night, sleep disorders, isolation, and escape in digital world by teenagers.
Following social distancing and the temporary closure of schools for limiting COVID-19 infection, the Ministries of Education in many developed countries quickly activated online courses and other websites for distance learning. These online solutions have the aim to guarantee children’s right of instruction but also to mitigate the negative effects of home confinement [82]. However, online courses shift the teaching from school to home and make the parents a resource for support and effective learning. The question is: what can be the role of parental mediation and digital competence? As the authors know, there are no empirical studies on this topic, but previous studies with primary school children showed negative associations between parental control, interference in homework, and children’s learning [83]. Currently, in many cases teachers expect parents to ensure that their children connect on time and follow the video lessons, so parental support could be useful, but tensions and parent-child conflicts can also occur. There is also the risk that parents may help children, interfering with digital learning or impeding them from carrying out the assigned activities independently. Close attention and research effort are needed for comprehending how this aspect of digital parenting works, supporting parents in their efforts and ensuring a good home learning to children.
In line with the available studies before COVID-19 [4], we believe that during lockdown the digital activities satisfy children’s basic psychological needs, such as socialization and emotional support by the family (grandparents and cousins) and other significant people (teachers and peers). Social media facilitate the expression of emotions (such as fear and sadness), self-disclosure, and the keeping of romantic relationships by adolescents particularly [84]. Video calling and regular contacts through smartphone have been recommended as an important source of reassurance in the cases of isolation of the caregiver or family due to prevention of COVID-19 infection or recovery [85].
What probably becomes necessary in the time of COVID-19 is a renegotiation of family routines, that is, a balance between screen time and other moments of family life. In this regard, the WHO [85] recommends that parents maintain regular routines for children (school/learning, free time/relaxing, bedtime, etc.) and also to create new opportunities for joint activities (such as co-use for creative, amusing, or physical activity in front of the screen). With young children, many shared activities offer also a context to express and communicate their feelings (both fears and wishes) in a supportive parental relationship. Even in actual COVID-19 circumstances, we believe that parental behaviors (such as self-limiting screen time for smart working, chatting, or gaming) are more influential than restrictive mediation or limitations imposed to children.
Having the digital knowledge and the skills to move in the digital world, without suffering the dangers, is not a matter of age, but of education and learning, that is,
A correct parental mediation of children’s digital activity must build on the information and recommendations that come from the scientific community. The American Academy of Pediatrics [2] has taken a clear stance for prudent and moderate use of the web in infancy (0–5 years) and has prohibited touchscreen device use under the age of 2. The careful use of these devices at such an early age is crucial for the infants’ brain and social development. However, in contrast to these professional recommendations, often parents themselves introduce babies to media use during infancy (e.g., to “take calm” the kid, or to stop whims and cry; [30]). Young children spent daily an amount of time with screen media (iPod, smartphone, video game player, etc.) that grows during infancy (42 min under 2 years and 2 h/39 min at 2–4 years, respectively; [88]). The risks for excessive screen exposure are extensively confirmed in literature and particularly the negative consequences for early users who may present physical problems (such as obesity), developmental difficulties (i.e., language or learning), and unhealthy routines (low sleep quality) (Figure 1).
Developmental risks associated with excessive media exposure (from [
The recommendations for effective parental mediation on children’s digital activities are unequivocal [2]: (a) avoid the use of digital devices before 18–24 months with the exception of
Therefore, parent education interventions are necessary both to disseminate scientific knowledge on the influence of new technologies on children’s health and development and to help parents to cope with the challenges of digital reality. Parent education cannot be reduced to merely correcting ineffective parenting practices or to a list of instructions on what the parent should do. In fact, all studies indicate that the effectiveness of mediation strategies (restrictive or active approach) is relative, because parental practices interact with the characteristics of both adults (digital skills, beliefs, and activities on the media) and children (age, development, digital literacy skills, etc.). Instead, professionals should help parents to improve and adjust their guidance according to children’s age and developing skills. This is possible to be realized if parents also increase their knowledge and digital skills (
Digital parenting is a very complex and “complicated” task not only because the digital technologies rapidly change, but also because they offer children multiple experiences (learning, communication, socialization, entertainment, etc.) that influence their development, but which are not entirely overlapping to the experiences that take place in the real environment [89]. Particularly, digital natives have the opportunity to know the reality and themselves, developing their own identity [76], with a multiplicity of means and without the supervision of the traditional agents of socialization, primarily the parents (or the teachers). With the awareness of how difficult it is to give definitive answers about the advantages or dangers of digital technologies, more effort is needed from researchers. More evidence-based studies are needed, to understand how technological progress is changing the psychological (neurocognitive, emotional, and social) development of young digital users. However, despite the growing diffusion of digital tools in infancy, studies with very young children are still lacking. Particularly, future research could benefit from longitudinal studies to which to explore the relationships between parenting and children’s experiences in digital environments, their opportunities, or risks.
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The ability of the Neochetina bruchi to self-perpetuate is a desirable aspect of biological control since it decreases the population to a reasonable level, making the approach more sustainable. N. bruchi is often referred to as “ecological engineers” because of the number of services it provides to the environment and enables herbicide application to be substantially reduced. Despite the presence of highly effective weevils against this weed, its effect on water hyacinth in association with the nutrients present in sites, is likely to vary with levels of disturbance caused by natural and anthropogenic factors. Understanding the aspects that determine the performance of these eco-engineers as valuable management tools will help to guide future endeavors. 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Currently, he is a professor of Orthodontics. He holds a Certificate of Advanced Study type A in Technology of Biomaterials used in Dentistry (1995); Certificate of Advanced Study type B in Dento-Facial Orthopaedics (1997) from the Faculty of Dental Surgery, University Denis Diderot-Paris VII, France; Diploma of Advanced Study (DESA) in Biocompatibility of Biomaterials from the Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy of Casablanca (2002); Certificate of Clinical Occlusodontics from the Faculty of Dentistry of Casablanca (2004); University Diploma of Biostatistics and Perceptual Health Measurement from the Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy of Casablanca (2011); and a University Diploma of Pedagogy of Odontological Sciences from the Faculty of Dentistry of Casablanca (2013). 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He has both an MS and Ph.D. in Biomedical Engineering. He was previously a research scientist at the University of California Los Angeles (UCLA) and visiting professor and researcher at the University of North Dakota. He is currently working in artificial intelligence and its applications in medical signal processing. In addition, he is using digital signal processing in medical imaging and speech processing. Dr. Asadpour has developed brain-computer interfacing algorithms and has published books, book chapters, and several journal and conference papers in this field and other areas of intelligent signal processing. He has also designed medical devices, including a laser Doppler monitoring system.",institutionString:"Kaiser Permanente Southern California",institution:null},{id:"169608",title:"Prof.",name:"Marian",middleName:null,surname:"Găiceanu",slug:"marian-gaiceanu",fullName:"Marian Găiceanu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/169608/images/system/169608.png",biography:"Prof. Dr. Marian Gaiceanu graduated from the Naval and Electrical Engineering Faculty, Dunarea de Jos University of Galati, Romania, in 1997. He received a Ph.D. (Magna Cum Laude) in Electrical Engineering in 2002. Since 2017, Dr. Gaiceanu has been a Ph.D. supervisor for students in Electrical Engineering. He has been employed at Dunarea de Jos University of Galati since 1996, where he is currently a professor. Dr. Gaiceanu is a member of the National Council for Attesting Titles, Diplomas and Certificates, an expert of the Executive Agency for Higher Education, Research Funding, and a member of the Senate of the Dunarea de Jos University of Galati. He has been the head of the Integrated Energy Conversion Systems and Advanced Control of Complex Processes Research Center, Romania, since 2016. He has conducted several projects in power converter systems for electrical drives, power quality, PEM and SOFC fuel cell power converters for utilities, electric vehicles, and marine applications with the Department of Regulation and Control, SIEI S.pA. (2002–2004) and the Polytechnic University of Turin, Italy (2002–2004, 2006–2007). He is a member of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) and cofounder-member of the IEEE Power Electronics Romanian Chapter. He is a guest editor at Energies and an academic book editor for IntechOpen. He is also a member of the editorial boards of the Journal of Electrical Engineering, Electronics, Control and Computer Science and Sustainability. Dr. Gaiceanu has been General Chairman of the IEEE International Symposium on Electrical and Electronics Engineering in the last six editions.",institutionString:'"Dunarea de Jos" University of Galati',institution:{name:'"Dunarea de Jos" University of Galati',country:{name:"Romania"}}},{id:"4519",title:"Prof.",name:"Jaydip",middleName:null,surname:"Sen",slug:"jaydip-sen",fullName:"Jaydip Sen",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/4519/images/system/4519.jpeg",biography:"Jaydip Sen is associated with Praxis Business School, Kolkata, India, as a professor in the Department of Data Science. His research areas include security and privacy issues in computing and communication, intrusion detection systems, machine learning, deep learning, and artificial intelligence in the financial domain. He has more than 200 publications in reputed international journals, refereed conference proceedings, and 20 book chapters in books published by internationally renowned publishing houses, such as Springer, CRC press, IGI Global, etc. Currently, he is serving on the editorial board of the prestigious journal Frontiers in Communications and Networks and in the technical program committees of a number of high-ranked international conferences organized by the IEEE, USA, and the ACM, USA. He has been listed among the top 2% of scientists in the world for the last three consecutive years, 2019 to 2021 as per studies conducted by the Stanford University, USA.",institutionString:"Praxis Business School",institution:null},{id:"320071",title:"Dr.",name:"Sidra",middleName:null,surname:"Mehtab",slug:"sidra-mehtab",fullName:"Sidra Mehtab",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00002v6KHoQAM/Profile_Picture_1584512086360",biography:"Sidra Mehtab has completed her BS with honors in Physics from Calcutta University, India in 2018. She has done MS in Data Science and Analytics from Maulana Abul Kalam Azad University of Technology (MAKAUT), Kolkata, India in 2020. Her research areas include Econometrics, Time Series Analysis, Machine Learning, Deep Learning, Artificial Intelligence, and Computer and Network Security with a particular focus on Cyber Security Analytics. Ms. Mehtab has published seven papers in international conferences and one of her papers has been accepted for publication in a reputable international journal. She has won the best paper awards in two prestigious international conferences – BAICONF 2019, and ICADCML 2021, organized in the Indian Institute of Management, Bangalore, India in December 2019, and SOA University, Bhubaneswar, India in January 2021. Besides, Ms. Mehtab has also published two book chapters in two books. Seven of her book chapters will be published in a volume shortly in 2021 by Cambridge Scholars’ Press, UK. Currently, she is working as the joint editor of two edited volumes on Time Series Analysis and Forecasting to be published in the first half of 2021 by an international house. Currently, she is working as a Data Scientist with an MNC in Delhi, India.",institutionString:"NSHM College of Management and Technology",institution:{name:"Association for Computing Machinery",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"226240",title:"Dr.",name:"Andri Irfan",middleName:null,surname:"Rifai",slug:"andri-irfan-rifai",fullName:"Andri Irfan Rifai",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/226240/images/7412_n.jpg",biography:"Andri IRFAN is a Senior Lecturer of Civil Engineering and Planning. He completed the PhD at the Universitas Indonesia & Universidade do Minho with Sandwich Program Scholarship from the Directorate General of Higher Education and LPDP scholarship. He has been teaching for more than 19 years and much active to applied his knowledge in the project construction in Indonesia. His research interest ranges from pavement management system to advanced data mining techniques for transportation engineering. He has published more than 50 papers in journals and 2 books.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universitas Internasional Batam",country:{name:"Indonesia"}}},{id:"314576",title:"Dr.",name:"Ibai",middleName:null,surname:"Laña",slug:"ibai-lana",fullName:"Ibai Laña",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/314576/images/system/314576.jpg",biography:"Dr. Ibai Laña works at TECNALIA as a data analyst. He received his Ph.D. in Artificial Intelligence from the University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Spain, in 2018. He is currently a senior researcher at TECNALIA. His research interests fall within the intersection of intelligent transportation systems, machine learning, traffic data analysis, and data science. He has dealt with urban traffic forecasting problems, applying machine learning models and evolutionary algorithms. He has experience in origin-destination matrix estimation or point of interest and trajectory detection. Working with large volumes of data has given him a good command of big data processing tools and NoSQL databases. He has also been a visiting scholar at the Knowledge Engineering and Discovery Research Institute, Auckland University of Technology.",institutionString:"TECNALIA Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"314575",title:"Dr.",name:"Jesus",middleName:null,surname:"L. Lobo",slug:"jesus-l.-lobo",fullName:"Jesus L. Lobo",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/314575/images/system/314575.png",biography:"Dr. Jesús López is currently based in Bilbao (Spain) working at TECNALIA as Artificial Intelligence Research Scientist. In most cases, a project idea or a new research line needs to be investigated to see if it is good enough to take into production or to focus on it. That is exactly what he does, diving into Machine Learning algorithms and technologies to help TECNALIA to decide whether something is great in theory or will actually impact on the product or processes of its projects. So, he is expert at framing experiments, developing hypotheses, and proving whether they’re true or not, in order to investigate fundamental problems with a longer time horizon. He is also able to design and develop PoCs and system prototypes in simulation. He has participated in several national and internacional R&D projects.\n\nAs another relevant part of his everyday research work, he usually publishes his findings in reputed scientific refereed journals and international conferences, occasionally acting as reviewer and Programme Commitee member. Concretely, since 2018 he has published 9 JCR (8 Q1) journal papers, 9 conference papers (e.g. ECML PKDD 2021), and he has co-edited a book. He is also active in popular science writing data science stories for reputed blogs (KDNuggets, TowardsDataScience, Naukas). Besides, he has recently embarked on mentoring programmes as mentor, and has also worked as data science trainer.",institutionString:"TECNALIA Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"103779",title:"Prof.",name:"Yalcin",middleName:null,surname:"Isler",slug:"yalcin-isler",fullName:"Yalcin Isler",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRyQ8QAK/Profile_Picture_1628834958734",biography:"Yalcin Isler (1971 - Burdur / Turkey) received the B.Sc. degree in the Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering from Anadolu University, Eskisehir, Turkey, in 1993, the M.Sc. degree from the Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Suleyman Demirel University, Isparta, Turkey, in 1996, the Ph.D. degree from the Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey, in 2009, and the Competence of Associate Professorship from the Turkish Interuniversity Council in 2019.\n\nHe was Lecturer at Burdur Vocational School in Suleyman Demirel University (1993-2000, Burdur / Turkey), Software Engineer (2000-2002, Izmir / Turkey), Research Assistant in Bulent Ecevit University (2002-2003, Zonguldak / Turkey), Research Assistant in Dokuz Eylul University (2003-2010, Izmir / Turkey), Assistant Professor at the Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering in Bulent Ecevit University (2010-2012, Zonguldak / Turkey), Assistant Professor at the Department of Biomedical Engineering in Izmir Katip Celebi University (2012-2019, Izmir / Turkey). He is an Associate Professor at the Department of Biomedical Engineering at Izmir Katip Celebi University, Izmir / Turkey, since 2019. In addition to academics, he has also founded Islerya Medical and Information Technologies Company, Izmir / Turkey, since 2017.\n\nHis main research interests cover biomedical signal processing, pattern recognition, medical device design, programming, and embedded systems. He has many scientific papers and participated in several projects in these study fields. He was an IEEE Student Member (2009-2011) and IEEE Member (2011-2014) and has been IEEE Senior Member since 2014.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Izmir Kâtip Çelebi University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"339677",title:"Dr.",name:"Mrinmoy",middleName:null,surname:"Roy",slug:"mrinmoy-roy",fullName:"Mrinmoy Roy",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/339677/images/16768_n.jpg",biography:"An accomplished Sales & Marketing professional with 12 years of cross-functional experience in well-known organisations such as CIPLA, LUPIN, GLENMARK, ASTRAZENECA across different segment of Sales & Marketing, International Business, Institutional Business, Product Management, Strategic Marketing of HIV, Oncology, Derma, Respiratory, Anti-Diabetic, Nutraceutical & Stomatological Product Portfolio and Generic as well as Chronic Critical Care Portfolio. A First Class MBA in International Business & Strategic Marketing, B.Pharm, D.Pharm, Google Certified Digital Marketing Professional. Qualified PhD Candidate in Operations and Management with special focus on Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning adoption, analysis and use in Healthcare, Hospital & Pharma Domain. Seasoned with diverse therapy area of Pharmaceutical Sales & Marketing ranging from generating revenue through generating prescriptions, launching new products, and making them big brands with continuous strategy execution at the Physician and Patients level. Moved from Sales to Marketing and Business Development for 3.5 years in South East Asian Market operating from Manila, Philippines. Came back to India and handled and developed Brands such as Gluconorm, Lupisulin, Supracal, Absolut Woman, Hemozink, Fabiflu (For COVID 19), and many more. In my previous assignment I used to develop and execute strategies on Sales & Marketing, Commercialization & Business Development for Institution and Corporate Hospital Business portfolio of Oncology Therapy Area for AstraZeneca Pharma India Ltd. Being a Research Scholar and Student of ‘Operations Research & Management: Artificial Intelligence’ I published several pioneer research papers and book chapters on the same in Internationally reputed journals and Books indexed in Scopus, Springer and Ei Compendex, Google Scholar etc. Currently, I am launching PGDM Pharmaceutical Management Program in IIHMR Bangalore and spearheading the course curriculum and structure of the same. I am interested in Collaboration for Healthcare Innovation, Pharma AI Innovation, Future trend in Marketing and Management with incubation on Healthcare, Healthcare IT startups, AI-ML Modelling and Healthcare Algorithm based training module development. I am also an affiliated member of the Institute of Management Consultant of India, looking forward to Healthcare, Healthcare IT and Innovation, Pharma and Hospital Management Consulting works.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Lovely Professional University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"310576",title:"Prof.",name:"Erick Giovani",middleName:null,surname:"Sperandio Nascimento",slug:"erick-giovani-sperandio-nascimento",fullName:"Erick Giovani Sperandio Nascimento",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://intech-files.s3.amazonaws.com/0033Y00002pDKxDQAW/ProfilePicture%202022-06-20%2019%3A57%3A24.788",biography:"Prof. Erick Sperandio is the Lead Researcher and professor of Artificial Intelligence (AI) at SENAI CIMATEC, Bahia, Brazil, also working with Computational Modeling (CM) and HPC. He holds a PhD in Environmental Engineering in the area of Atmospheric Computational Modeling, a Master in Informatics in the field of Computational Intelligence and Graduated in Computer Science from UFES. He currently coordinates, leads and participates in R&D projects in the areas of AI, computational modeling and supercomputing applied to different areas such as Oil and Gas, Health, Advanced Manufacturing, Renewable Energies and Atmospheric Sciences, advising undergraduate, master's and doctoral students. He is the Lead Researcher at SENAI CIMATEC's Reference Center on Artificial Intelligence. In addition, he is a Certified Instructor and University Ambassador of the NVIDIA Deep Learning Institute (DLI) in the areas of Deep Learning, Computer Vision, Natural Language Processing and Recommender Systems, and Principal Investigator of the NVIDIA/CIMATEC AI Joint Lab, the first in Latin America within the NVIDIA AI Technology Center (NVAITC) worldwide program. He also works as a researcher at the Supercomputing Center for Industrial Innovation (CS2i) and at the SENAI Institute of Innovation for Automation (ISI Automação), both from SENAI CIMATEC. He is a member and vice-coordinator of the Basic Board of Scientific-Technological Advice and Evaluation, in the area of Innovation, of the Foundation for Research Support of the State of Bahia (FAPESB). He serves as Technology Transfer Coordinator and one of the Principal Investigators at the National Applied Research Center in Artificial Intelligence (CPA-IA) of SENAI CIMATEC, focusing on Industry, being one of the six CPA-IA in Brazil approved by MCTI / FAPESP / CGI.br. He also participates as one of the representatives of Brazil in the BRICS Innovation Collaboration Working Group on HPC, ICT and AI. He is the coordinator of the Work Group of the Axis 5 - Workforce and Training - of the Brazilian Strategy for Artificial Intelligence (EBIA), and member of the MCTI/EMBRAPII AI Innovation Network Training Committee. He is the coordinator, by SENAI CIMATEC, of the Artificial Intelligence Reference Network of the State of Bahia (REDE BAH.IA). He leads the working group of experts representing Brazil in the Global Partnership on Artificial Intelligence (GPAI), on the theme \"AI and the Pandemic Response\".",institutionString:"Manufacturing and Technology Integrated Campus – SENAI CIMATEC",institution:null},{id:"1063",title:"Prof.",name:"Constantin",middleName:null,surname:"Volosencu",slug:"constantin-volosencu",fullName:"Constantin Volosencu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/1063/images/system/1063.png",biography:"Prof. Dr. Constantin Voloşencu graduated as an engineer from\nPolitehnica University of Timișoara, Romania, where he also\nobtained a doctorate degree. He is currently a full professor in\nthe Department of Automation and Applied Informatics at the\nsame university. Dr. Voloşencu is the author of ten books, seven\nbook chapters, and more than 160 papers published in journals\nand conference proceedings. He has also edited twelve books and\nhas twenty-seven patents to his name. He is a manager of research grants, editor in\nchief and member of international journal editorial boards, a former plenary speaker, a member of scientific committees, and chair at international conferences. His\nresearch is in the fields of control systems, control of electric drives, fuzzy control\nsystems, neural network applications, fault detection and diagnosis, sensor network\napplications, monitoring of distributed parameter systems, and power ultrasound\napplications. He has developed automation equipment for machine tools, spooling\nmachines, high-power ultrasound processes, and more.",institutionString:'"Politechnica" University Timişoara',institution:null},{id:"221364",title:"Dr.",name:"Eneko",middleName:null,surname:"Osaba",slug:"eneko-osaba",fullName:"Eneko Osaba",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/221364/images/system/221364.jpg",biography:"Dr. Eneko Osaba works at TECNALIA as a senior researcher. He obtained his Ph.D. in Artificial Intelligence in 2015. He has participated in more than twenty-five local and European research projects, and in the publication of more than 130 papers. He has performed several stays at universities in the United Kingdom, Italy, and Malta. Dr. Osaba has served as a program committee member in more than forty international conferences and participated in organizing activities in more than ten international conferences. He is a member of the editorial board of the International Journal of Artificial Intelligence, Data in Brief, and Journal of Advanced Transportation. He is also a guest editor for the Journal of Computational Science, Neurocomputing, Swarm, and Evolutionary Computation and IEEE ITS Magazine.",institutionString:"TECNALIA Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"275829",title:"Dr.",name:"Esther",middleName:null,surname:"Villar-Rodriguez",slug:"esther-villar-rodriguez",fullName:"Esther Villar-Rodriguez",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/275829/images/system/275829.jpg",biography:"Dr. Esther Villar obtained a Ph.D. in Information and Communication Technologies from the University of Alcalá, Spain, in 2015. She obtained a degree in Computer Science from the University of Deusto, Spain, in 2010, and an MSc in Computer Languages and Systems from the National University of Distance Education, Spain, in 2012. Her areas of interest and knowledge include natural language processing (NLP), detection of impersonation in social networks, semantic web, and machine learning. Dr. Esther Villar made several contributions at conferences and publishing in various journals in those fields. 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He is currently a principal researcher in data analytics and optimisation at TECNALIA (Spain), a visiting fellow at the Basque Center for Applied Mathematics (BCAM) and a part-time lecturer at the University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU). His research interests gravitate on the use of descriptive, prescriptive and predictive algorithms for data mining and optimization in a diverse range of application fields such as Energy, Transport, Telecommunications, Health and Industry, among others. In these fields he has published more than 240 articles, co-supervised 8 Ph.D. theses, edited 6 books, coauthored 7 patents and participated/led more than 40 research projects. He is a Senior Member of the IEEE, and a recipient of the Biscay Talent prize for his academic career.",institutionString:"Tecnalia Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"278948",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos Pedro",middleName:null,surname:"Gonçalves",slug:"carlos-pedro-goncalves",fullName:"Carlos Pedro Gonçalves",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRcmyQAC/Profile_Picture_1564224512145",biography:'Carlos Pedro Gonçalves (PhD) is an Associate Professor at Lusophone University of Humanities and Technologies and a researcher on Complexity Sciences, Quantum Technologies, Artificial Intelligence, Strategic Studies, Studies in Intelligence and Security, FinTech and Financial Risk Modeling. He is also a progammer with programming experience in:\n\nA) Quantum Computing using Qiskit Python module and IBM Quantum Experience Platform, with software developed on the simulation of Quantum Artificial Neural Networks and Quantum Cybersecurity;\n\nB) Artificial Intelligence and Machine learning programming in Python;\n\nC) Artificial Intelligence, Multiagent Systems Modeling and System Dynamics Modeling in Netlogo, with models developed in the areas of Chaos Theory, Econophysics, Artificial Intelligence, Classical and Quantum Complex Systems Science, with the Econophysics models having been cited worldwide and incorporated in PhD programs by different Universities.\n\nReceived an Arctic Code Vault Contributor status by GitHub, due to having developed open source software preserved in the \\"Arctic Code Vault\\" for future generations (https://archiveprogram.github.com/arctic-vault/), with the Strategy Analyzer A.I. module for decision making support (based on his PhD thesis, used in his Classes on Decision Making and in Strategic Intelligence Consulting Activities) and QNeural Python Quantum Neural Network simulator also preserved in the \\"Arctic Code Vault\\", for access to these software modules see: https://github.com/cpgoncalves. He is also a peer reviewer with outsanding review status from Elsevier journals, including Physica A, Neurocomputing and Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence. 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Currently working as an Assistant Professor in the Department of Mathematics, Institute of Applied Science, Mangalayatan University, Aligarh. She taught so many courses of Mathematics of UG and PG level. Her research Area of Expertise is Functional Analysis & Sequence Spaces. She has been working on Ideal Convergence of double sequence. She has published 17 research papers in National and International Journals including Cogent Mathematics, Filomat, Journal of Intelligent and Fuzzy Systems, Advances in Difference Equations, Journal of Mathematical Analysis, Journal of Mathematical & Computer Science etc. She has also reviewed few research papers for the and international journals. She is a member of Indian Mathematical Society.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"414880",title:"Dr.",name:"Maryam",middleName:null,surname:"Vatankhah",slug:"maryam-vatankhah",fullName:"Maryam Vatankhah",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Borough of Manhattan Community College",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"414879",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohammad-Reza",middleName:null,surname:"Akbarzadeh-Totonchi",slug:"mohammad-reza-akbarzadeh-totonchi",fullName:"Mohammad-Reza Akbarzadeh-Totonchi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ferdowsi University of Mashhad",country:{name:"Iran"}}},{id:"414878",title:"Prof.",name:"Reza",middleName:null,surname:"Fazel-Rezai",slug:"reza-fazel-rezai",fullName:"Reza Fazel-Rezai",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"American Public University System",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"426586",title:"Dr.",name:"Oladunni A.",middleName:null,surname:"Daramola",slug:"oladunni-a.-daramola",fullName:"Oladunni A. 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The motor of the society is the industry and the research of this topic has to be empowered in order to increase and improve the quality of our lives.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/22.jpg",hasOnlineFirst:!0,hasPublishedBooks:!0,annualVolume:11418,editor:{id:"27170",title:"Prof.",name:"Carlos",middleName:"M.",surname:"Travieso-Gonzalez",slug:"carlos-travieso-gonzalez",fullName:"Carlos Travieso-Gonzalez",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/27170/images/system/27170.jpeg",biography:"Carlos M. Travieso-González received his MSc degree in Telecommunication Engineering at Polytechnic University of Catalonia (UPC), Spain in 1997, and his Ph.D. degree in 2002 at the University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria (ULPGC-Spain). He is a full professor of signal processing and pattern recognition and is head of the Signals and Communications Department at ULPGC, teaching from 2001 on subjects on signal processing and learning theory. His research lines are biometrics, biomedical signals and images, data mining, classification system, signal and image processing, machine learning, and environmental intelligence. He has researched in 52 international and Spanish research projects, some of them as head researcher. He is co-author of 4 books, co-editor of 27 proceedings books, guest editor for 8 JCR-ISI international journals, and up to 24 book chapters. He has over 450 papers published in international journals and conferences (81 of them indexed on JCR – ISI - Web of Science). He has published seven patents in the Spanish Patent and Trademark Office. He has been a supervisor on 8 Ph.D. theses (11 more are under supervision), and 130 master theses. He is the founder of The IEEE IWOBI conference series and the president of its Steering Committee, as well as the founder of both the InnoEducaTIC and APPIS conference series. He is an evaluator of project proposals for the European Union (H2020), Medical Research Council (MRC, UK), Spanish Government (ANECA, Spain), Research National Agency (ANR, France), DAAD (Germany), Argentinian Government, and the Colombian Institutions. He has been a reviewer in different indexed international journals (<70) and conferences (<250) since 2001. He has been a member of the IASTED Technical Committee on Image Processing from 2007 and a member of the IASTED Technical Committee on Artificial Intelligence and Expert Systems from 2011. \n\nHe has held the general chair position for the following: ACM-APPIS (2020, 2021), IEEE-IWOBI (2019, 2020 and 2020), A PPIS (2018, 2019), IEEE-IWOBI (2014, 2015, 2017, 2018), InnoEducaTIC (2014, 2017), IEEE-INES (2013), NoLISP (2011), JRBP (2012), and IEEE-ICCST (2005)\n\nHe is an associate editor of the Computational Intelligence and Neuroscience Journal (Hindawi – Q2 JCR-ISI). He was vice dean from 2004 to 2010 in the Higher Technical School of Telecommunication Engineers at ULPGC and the vice dean of Graduate and Postgraduate Studies from March 2013 to November 2017. 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